tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Follow up of New Zealand participants in British atmospheric nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific.
Authors: N Pearce, I Prior, D Methven, C Culling, S Marshall, J Auld, G de Boer, P Bethwaite
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To study the health of Royal New Zealand Navy personnel who participated in atmospheric nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United Kingdom at Malden Island and Christmas Island in 1957 and 1958. DESIGN--Blinded, controlled follow up of up to 30 years. SETTING--New Zealand. SUBJECTS--528 Men known to have participated in the tests and a control group of 1504 men who were in the Royal New Zealand Navy during the same period but did not participate in the tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Mortality and incidence of cancer. RESULTS--Follow up for the period 1957-87 was 94% complete in test participants and 91% complete in the controls. There were 70 deaths among test participants and 179 deaths among controls, yielding a relative risk of 1.08 (90% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.38, p = 0.29). The relative risk of death from causes other than cancer was 0.96 (0.71 to 1.29, p = 0.59) whereas the relative risk of death from cancer was 1.38 (0.90 to 2.10, p = 0.09) and of the incidence of cancer was 1.12 (0.78 to 1.60, p = 0.29). For cancers other than haematological malignancies the relative risk was 1.14 (0.69 to 1.83, p = 0.31) for mortality and 1.01 (0.67 to 1.50, p = 0.48) for incidence. There were seven deaths from haematological cancers among test participants (relative risk 3.25, 90% confidence interval 1.12 to 9.64, p = 0.02), including four leukaemias (5.58, 1.04 to 41.6, p = 0.03). The relative risk for incidence of haematological cancers was 1.94 (0.74 to 4.84, p = 0.10) and that for leukaemia was 5.51 (1.03 to 41.1, p = 0.03). There were no cases of multiple myeloma in the test participants during the follow up period, but the expected number was only 0.3. CONCLUSIONS--Although the numbers are small, the findings for leukaemia are similar to those for British participants in the nuclear weapons test programme. Some leukaemias, and possibly some other haematological cancers, may have resulted from participation in this programme. There is little evidence of an increased risk for non-haematological cancers, and there is no evidence of an increased risk for causes of death other than cancer.
Primary and Secondary Renal Transplantation in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Stephen E. Okiye
Journal: JAMA (1983)

A total of 117 (101 primary and 16 secondary) renal transplants were performed on 101 diabetic patients. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus to the onset of end-stage renal disease was 17.5 years. After primary transplantation, overall one- and five-year patient survival was 77% and 55%, respectively; for grafts, it was 58% and 45%, respectively. One- and five-year living-related donor graft survival was 66% and 53%, respectively; for cadaveric kidneys, it was 45% and 33, respectively. One- and five-year graft survival for 20 HLA-identical living-related donor kidneys was 85% and 77%, respectively. Among the 16 recipients of secondary grafts, patient survival at one and five years was 65% and 29%, respectively; graft survival at one year was 24%. Acceptable patient and graft survival continues with primary renal transplantation. In view of the poor results with secondary transplantation in the diabetic patient, however, its continued application should be questioned.
Meeting Report: Hazard Assessment for Nanoparticles—Report from an Interdisciplinary Workshop
Authors: John M. Balbus, Andrew D. Maynard, Vicki L. Colvin, Vincent Castranova, George P. Daston, Richard A. Denison, Kevin L. Dreher, Peter L. Goering, Alan M. Goldberg, Kristen M. Kulinowski, Nancy A. Monteiro-Riviere, Günter Oberdörster, Gilbert S. Omenn, Kent E. Pinkerton, Kenneth S. Ramos, Kathleen M. Rest, Jennifer B. Sass, Ellen K. Silbergeld, Brian A. Wong
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

In this report we present the findings from a nanotoxicology workshop held 6-7 April 2006 at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC. Over 2 days, 26 scientists from government, academia, industry, and nonprofit organizations addressed two specific questions: what information is needed to understand the human health impact of engineered nanoparticles and how is this information best obtained? To assess hazards of nanoparticles in the near-term, most participants noted the need to use existing in vivo toxicologic tests because of their greater familiarity and interpretability. For all types of toxicology tests, the best measures of nanoparticle dose need to be determined. Most participants agreed that a standard set of nanoparticles should be validated by laboratories worldwide and made available for benchmarking tests of other newly created nanoparticles. The group concluded that a battery of tests should be developed to uncover particularly hazardous properties. Given the large number of diverse materials, most participants favored a tiered approach. Over the long term, research aimed at developing a mechanistic understanding of the numerous characteristics that influence nanoparticle toxicity was deemed essential. Predicting the potential toxicity of emerging nanoparticles will require hypothesis-driven research that elucidates how physicochemical parameters influence toxic effects on biological systems. Research needs should be determined in the context of the current availability of testing methods for nanoscale particles. Finally, the group identified general policy and strategic opportunities to accelerate the development and implementation of testing protocols and ensure that the information generated is translated effectively for all stakeholders.
Patients in east London seem happy to give GPs consent for training
Authors: M. Gantley, M. Rickets, M. Sheldon, Y. Carter
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—O'Flynn et al report a qualitative study of patients' concerns about consent and confidentiality when students are present in consultations.1 They conclude their discussion by suggesting that patients should be given a “real choice about whether they see a student” and suggesting that explanations concerning student access to their records and discussion of their case “require further discussion.” Commenting on this conclusion in an editorial, Williamson and Wilkie recommend a move “away from a position where the …
Patients' Choices and the Medical Commons
Authors: Inger L. Nissen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 July 1993Patients' Choices and the Medical CommonsInger L. Nissen, MDInger L. Nissen, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-2-199307150-00024 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I read with interest the article on the treatment of a severely anemic, acutely bleeding Jehovah's Witness who refused blood transfusion [1]. His survival was a remarkable accomplishment. It was also an object lesson in the careful application of physiologic and pharmacologic principles. One is reminded that much can be done by the medical profession even if the patient's requests run counter to common sense and standard therapies.The case raises many questions about preservation of personal choice in the medical setting and the medical cost of personal preference. Ought there to be limits on use of ...References1. Mann MC, Votto J, Kambe J, McNamee MJ. Management of the severely anemic patient who refuses transfusion: lessons learned during the care of a Jehovah's Witness. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117: 1042-8. Google Scholar2. Hardin G. The tragedy of the commons. Science. 1968; 162:1243-8. Google Scholar3. Hiatt HH. Protecting the medical commons: who is responsible? N Engl J Med. 1975; 293:235-41. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 July 1993Volume 119, Issue 2Page: 170-171KeywordsBlood transfusionCaregiversGlobal healthHabitsHealth careHealth care providersHemorrhagePatientsSafety ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 July 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Effect of NSAIDs on risk of Alzheimer's disease: Author's reply
Authors: M. Etminan
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor—We agree with Robertson that confounding may explain the potential protective benefit of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in our meta-analysis. We specifically addressed the issue of confounding in the discussion of our paper.

We also agree that the results of our meta-analysis are purely hypothesis generating and that a cause and effect relationship cannot be inferred from our results.

Robertson refers to a recent randomised trial that found no benefit with the use of NSAIDs.1 This study is a secondary prevention trial in subjects whose Alzheimer's disease has already been diagnosed, with one year follow up. Our meta-analysis attempts to answer a different question: mainly whether NSAIDs can prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease.

The Alzheimer's disease anti-inflammatory prevention trial (ADAPT) is currently comparing naproxen and celecoxib in the primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease.2 The results of this large randomised trial may finally shed light on this question.
Diurnal changes in sympathetic activity. Relation to food intake and to insulin injected into the ventromedial or suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Authors: T Sakaguchi, M Takahashi, G A Bray
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The present study was designed to test whether there are diurnal changes in the firing rate of sympathetic nerves to brown adipose tissue and whether these diurnal rhythms influenced the response to insulin injected into the suprachiasmatic nucleus or ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH). Food intake was highest at the beginning of the dark period (1800-2200 hours) and lowest during the daylight hours (0600-1000 and 1200-1600 hours). The basal sympathetic firing rate was highest at noon (1000-1200 hours) when food intake was lowest. At midnight, when food intake was highest, sympathetic firing rate was lowest. Injection of insulin (77, 144, and 288 pmol) into the VMH produced a dose-dependent depression of sympathetic firing rate at each of the four measurement periods (0400-0600 hours, 1000-1200 hours, 1600-1800 hours, and 2200-2400 hours), but the magnitude of the effect was greater at noon than at night. In contrast, insulin injections into the suprachiasmatic nucleus decreased the sympathetic firing rate at noon but produced a significant increase in the sympathetic firing rate at night. These data show that a diurnal rhythm exists for the sympathetic firing rate. The decrease in firing rate in response to insulin when injected into the VMH is in the same direction but varies in magnitude throughout the day, whereas the responsiveness of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to injections of insulin shows a reversal of response in relation to day/night cycles. The highly significant inverse relationship between basal sympathetic firing rate and food intake suggests that sympathetic activity may be part of an important control system for energy balance.
A Case of Effusion into the Serous Cavities
Authors: A. R. Barnes
Journal: BMJ (1883)

obseration I should prefer to use either a Grove's or Bunse's battery, but in the demonstration just referred to, four cells of a modified Lclache batt were employed and answered admirably.It is advisable to have as great a presre -possible for the water supply so as to ensure perfect circulation, and for this I suspended from a hook fixed near the ceiling of the room a tin can containng water, connecting it with the brass tubes by mean of lengths of India-rubber tubing.
Expression of the apical conjugate export pump, Mrp2, in the polarized hepatoma cell line, WIF-B
Authors: Anne T. Nies, Tobias Cantz, Manuela Brom, Inka Leier, Dietrich Keppler
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

The polarized rat hepatoma/human fibroblast hybrid cell line, WIF–B, forms apical vacuoles into which cholephilic substances are secreted. We studied expression, localization, and function of the apical conjugate export pump, Mrp2, in WIF–B cells. Mrp2, the apical isoform of the multidrug resistance protein, alternatively termed canalicular Mrp (cMrp) or canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMoat), is a 190–kd membrane glycoprotein mediating adenosine triphosphate (ATP)–dependent transport of glucuronides, glutathione S –conjugates, and other amphiphilic anions across the hepatocyte canalicular membrane into bile. Expression of the rat mrp2 gene in WIF–B cells was shown by reverse–transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing of the amplified 789–bp fragment. Immunoblotting, using antibodies reacting with the amino–terminal or with the carboxyl–terminal sequence of rat Mrp2, detected the 190–kd glycoprotein in WIF–B cell homogenates. Immunofluorescence microscopy localized Mrp2 to the apical membrane domain. Preloading of WIF–B cells with a membrane–permeable ester of the calcium–dependent fluorescent indicator, Fluo–3, was followed by Mrp2–mediated secretion of the amphiphilic anion, Fluo–3, into the apical vacuoles. This transport was potently inhibited by cyclosporin A added to the culture medium. Direct measurements of ATP–dependent transport into Mrp2–containing plasma membrane vesicles in comparison with Mrp2–deficient vesicles established that Fluo–3 is transported by Mrp2 with a K m value of 3.7 μmol/L. Our results indicate that the polarized WIF–B cells express the rat ortholog of the apical conjugate-transporting ATPase, Mrp2. The function of Mrp2 as well as the action of inhibitors can thus be analyzed by use of the fluorescent amphiphilic anion, Fluo–3.
Histamine Poisoning Associated With Eating Tuna Burgers
Authors: Karen Becker
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Histamine poisoning occurs when persons ingest fish in which bacteria have converted histidine to histamine, a process that usually can be controlled by storage at low temperatures. From 1994 to 1997, North Carolina averaged 2 cases annually; however, from July 1998 to February 1999, a total of 22 cases of histamine fish poisoning were reported.To examine the increase in histamine case reports, identify risk factors for poisoning, and develop recommendations for prevention.Case series evaluated in North Carolina from July 1998 to February 1999.Reported case-patients with 2 of the following symptoms within 2 hours of eating tuna: rash, facial flushing, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, a tight feeling in the throat, headache, or a metallic or peppery taste in the mouth.Twenty cases occurred during 5 outbreaks, and there were 2 single occurrences. Of the 22 persons affected, 19 (86%) sought emergency medical care. All case-patients ate tuna: 18 ate tuna burgers, 2 ate salad containing tuna, and 2 ate filets. Tuna samples (available from 3 outbreaks) had histamine levels above the Food and Drug Administration regulatory level of 50 ppm (levels were between 213 and 3245 ppm). In 19 cases, the tuna used to prepare burgers or salads was frozen and thawed more than once before serving. Violations of recommended temperature controls were identified in 2 of the 5 restaurants, accounting for 14 (64%) cases.Tuna burgers, a relatively new menu item in restaurants, were associated with an increase in histamine poisoning cases in North Carolina. Tuna ground for burgers can be susceptible to both temperature fluctuations and bacterial contamination.
Abstract 4414: Distinct taxonomic, metagenomic and metabolomic profiles from a comprehensive gut flora analysis in healthy and colon adenoma African Americans
Authors: Hassan Brim, Susan Sumner, Edward Lee, Hassan Hassanzadeh Namin, Duane T. Smoot, Karen Nelson, Shibu Yooseph, Cynthia Sears, Wimal Pathmasiri, Hassan Ashktorab
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Gut flora has long been suspected to play a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) pathogenesis. Elegant experiments have substantiated such claims with the use of single pathogenic bacteria in germ free colon cancer mouse models. Here we run a comprehensive taxonomic, metagenomic and metabolomics analysis of stool samples from healthy and colon adenoma African American (AA) patients to define further this role. Patients &amp; Methods: DNA extracts from stool samples of 6 healthy and 6 colon adenoma patients were used for the taxonomic and metagenomic analysis. The sequencing was done using a 454 pyrosequencer and the generated data was processed using informatics pipeline for phylogenetic bacterial affiliation and for bacterial functions assignment. For the metabolomics analysis, 10 fecal water extracts from healthy individuals and 10 from colon adenoma patients were analysed for their metabolites’ contents using NMR spectrometry. Results: The analysis of 16S-rDNA sequences revealed the existence of 22 groups of bacteria. A phylogenetic clustering revealed colon adenoma cases clustering together. Most predominant groups in both sets of samples were Clostridia and Bacteroides. No Lactobacilli or Bifidobacteria (good bacteria) were detected. The synergistetes_Dynergistia group -involved in gastrointestinal infections and Firmicutes phylum: Firmicutes group - involved in energy resorption and obesity were 20 and 10 folds more prevalent in adenoma patients, respectively. Bacteria TM7 group that contain active agents in IBD was 5 folds more represented in the control compared to the adenoma group. The metagenomic experiment have led to the generation of about 100,000 reads per sample, 80% of which were successfully annotated. Among the annotated functions, many were differentially present in the colon adenoma compared to healthy individuals. The metabolomics analysis led to a strong clustering of the adenoma samples metabolomes further consolidating the role of bacteria and their metabolites in colon cancer pathology. Conclusion: Our taxonomic, metagenomic and metabolomics analysis have led the presence of clear differential profiles in colon adenoma patients vs. healthy persons. Lack of detection of “good bacteria” (Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria) in this study defines already a first level of intervention in this high risk CRC population. A comprehensive analysis of all the results is underway to bridge the Taxo, Meta and metabolomics data. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4414. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4414
NORE1A Tumor Suppressor Candidate Modulates p21CIP1 via p53
Authors: Diego F. Calvisi, Howard Donninger, Michele D. Vos, Michael J. Birrer, Laura Gordon, Virna Leaner, Geoffrey J. Clark
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

NORE1A (RASSF5) is a proapoptotic Ras effector that is frequently inactivated by promoter methylation in human tumors. It is structurally related to the RASSF1A tumor suppressor and is itself implicated as a tumor suppressor. In the presence of activated Ras, NORE1A is a potent inducer of apoptosis. However, when expressed at lower levels in the absence of activated Ras, NORE1A seems to promote cell cycle arrest rather than apoptosis. The mechanisms underlying NORE1A action are poorly understood. We have used microarray analysis of an inducible NORE1A system to screen for physiologic signaling targets of NORE1A action. Using this approach, we have identified several potential signaling pathways modulated by NORE1A. In particular, we identify the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(CIP1) as a target for NORE1A activation and show that it is a vital component of NORE1A-mediated growth inhibition. In primary human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), loss of NORE1A expression is frequent and correlates tightly with loss of p21(CIP1) expression. NORE1A down-regulation in HCC also correlates with poor prognosis, enhanced proliferation, survival, and angiogenic tumor characteristics. Experimental inactivation of NORE1A results in the loss of p21(CIP1) expression and promotes proliferation. The best characterized activator of p21(CIP1) is the p53 master tumor suppressor. Further experiments showed that NORE1A activates p21(CIP1) via promoting p53 nuclear localization. Thus, we define the molecular basis of NORE1A-mediated growth inhibition and implicate NORE1A as a potential component of the ill-defined connection between Ras and p53.
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 is a significant negative prognostic biomarker in triple-negative breast cancer: results from a controlled randomised trial of premenopausal breast cancer.
Authors: L Ryden, M Ferno, O Stal, B Linderholm, A Ostman, K Jirstrom
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #1087 Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNB) is today an established phenotype of primary breast cancer recognized by estrogen (ER) negativity, progesterone (PgR) negativity and (human epidermal growth factor) HER2 negativity. The prognosis is poor and moreover patients with TNB dont benefit from established targeted drugs with antiestrogen therapies or trastuzumab. The role of other putative targets in TNB, like angiogenic markers and additional tyrosine kinase receptors is therefore a topic of interest in order to find effective targeted therapies improving the prognosis.&amp;#x2028; Patients and methods: In a cohort of premenopausal breast cancer (n=564) randomized to adjuvant tamoxifen or no adjuvant treatment a tissue microarray was prepared from available primary tumors (n=500) and immunhistochemical (IHC) staining was performed including ER, PgR, HER2, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), epidermal receptor growth factor (EGFR) and platelet derived growth factor ß (PDGFR ß). HER2 status was additionally defined using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH). Data regarding Nottingham histological grade (NHG) and Ki67, node status, tumour size and age was also included. All included patients were used for descriptive analysis, whereas only untreated patients were included in survival analysis.&amp;#x2028; Results: In the whole cohort 96 patients had a TNB phenotype characterized by low age, high NGH (p&amp;lt;0.001), high Ki67-index (p&amp;lt;0.001), T2 tumors (p=0.002), N-negativity (p=0.004. EGFR-positivity (p&amp;lt;0.001) and tumor-specific VEGFR2 expression (p=0.03). TNB phenotype was not associated with VEGF-A or stromal expression of PDGFR ß, and was a significant prognostic factor for 10-year BCSS (HR 2.1 CI: 1.4-3.3) by univariate analysis in the untreated arm. The prognosis was further explored among TNB patients and VEGFR2 was a significant negative prognostic factor (HR 2.5 CI; 1.1-5.5) for 10-year BCSS, whereas VEGF-A , EGFR and PDGFR ß were not.&amp;#x2028; Discussion: In a controlled randomized trial of premenopausal breastcancer, TNB was associated with worse prognosis. VEGFR2 was a significant prognostic biomarker for TNB patients which makes VEGFR2 a putative therapeutic target for this specific phenotype. Additional analysis of EGFR, VEGF-A and PDGFR ß did not add any prognostic information for TNB patients in this study. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 1087.
Iraqi doctors face climate of fear
Authors: G Butt
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Doctors in Iraq say that one of their colleagues has been executed and several others have been imprisoned for refusing to cut off limbs or ears as a punishment for lawbreakers. The pressure on doctors to perform such operations comes against the background of growing difficulties in the day to day practice of medicine caused by shortages of drugs.

The amputation of hands and legs was introduced in June for Iraqis caught stealing. In the last week of August Decree No 115 issued by Saddam Hussein's Revolutionary Command Council stated that army deserters and people evading military service …