tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fetal Growth and Risk of Stillbirth: A Population-Based Case–Control Study
Authors: Radek Bukowski, Nellie I. Hansen, Marian Willinger, Uma M. Reddy, Corette B. Parker, Halit Pinar, Robert M. Silver, Donald J. Dudley, Barbara J. Stoll, George R. Saade, Matthew A. Koch, Carol J. Rowland Hogue, Michael W. Varner, Deborah L. Conway, Donald Coustan, Robert L. Goldenberg
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2014)

Radek Bukowski and colleagues conducted a case control study in 59 US hospitals to determine the relationship between fetal growth and stillbirth, and find that both restrictive and excessive growth could play a role. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Extraadrenal steroid 21-hydroxylation is not mediated by P450c21.
Authors: S H Mellon, W L Miller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

The 21-hydroxylation of progesterone to deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and of 17-hydroxyprogesterone to 11-deoxycortisol in the human adrenal cortex is mediated by a single enzyme termed P450c21. Extraadrenal tissues can clear circulating progesterone and progesterone sulfate by 21-hydroxylation to DOC and DOC-sulfate. It has previously been established that such extraadrenal 21-hydroxylase activity is widely distributed in adult and fetal tissues, but it has not been known if extra-adrenal 21-hydroxylation is mediated by the same P450c21 enzyme found in the adrenal. We examined human RNA from fetal adrenal, liver, kidney, lung, brain, heart, skin, spleen, testis, and placenta by solution hybridization to human P450c21 probes transcribed from cloned human P450c21 cDNA, followed by nuclease protection and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. No P450c21 mRNA was detectable in any extraadrenal tissue. The sensitivity of the assay would have detected P450c21 mRNA at 0.01% of its abundance in the human fetal adrenal. Similar experiments in rats showed no P450c21 mRNA in brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, testis, ovary, or uterus. These results clearly demonstrate that one or more enzymes other than the classical adrenal 21-hydroxylase are responsible for human and rat extraadrenal 21-hydroxylation.
Erythroblastosis Fetalis
Authors: Louis K. Diamond, Fred H. Allen, William O. Thomas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

EXCHANGE transfusion has become a rather widely used procedure in the treatment of erythroblastosis fetalis, though it has by no means achieved universal acceptance. A number of technics have been described.1 2 3 Recent studies4 , 5 have clearly demonstrated the value of this procedure in the treatment of erythroblastotic infants, particularly in the prevention of kernicterus. The purpose of this paper is to describe the technic of exchange transfusion, as performed at the Infants' and Children's hospitals, Children's Medical Center, and the Boston Lying-in Hospital, to outline the indications for its use and to present the results of its use in more than . . .
Effects of cations, phospholipases, and neuraminidase on calcium binding to "gas-dissected" membranes from cultured cardiac cells.
Authors: G A Langer, L M Nudd
Journal: Circulation Research (1983)

Sarcolemmal membranes prepared by "gas dissection" from monolayers of cultured neonatal rat heart cells were studied with respect to their ability to bind calcium. Lanthanum displacement of calcium was 168 +/- 7 nmol/mg sarcolammel protein. This represents 3.21 mmol Ca/kg dry weight original cells on the basis of the measured membrane protein: dry cell weight ratio of 19.1 g/kg. Lanthanum-displaceable calcium from whole cells was essentially equal (3.32 mmol/kg dry weight), which indicates that all calcium displaceable from whole cells by lanthanum is localized to sarcolemmal sites. The potency of a series of divalent cations for calcium displacement from the sarcolemma was according to similarity of their crystal radii to that of calcium (cadmium greater than manganese greater than magnesium). This order was the same for the cations' ability to displace calcium from whole cells and for their ability to uncouple excitation from contraction in neonatal papillary muscle. The membranes were treated with four enzymes: phospholipase A2, phospholipase C, phopholipase D, and neuraminidase. Phospholipase A2 and phospholipase D produced significantly increased calcium-binding. The increased binding secondary to phospholipase A2 treatment was eliminated by an albumin wash which was indicative of binding to the fatty acid product of hydrolysis. The increase after phospholipase D treatment can be attributed to an increase in phosphatidate, with attendant increase in net anionic charge on the membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Expression of Vitamin D Receptor in Gallbladder Cancer (GBC), Immunoreactivity Scoring (IRS) and Relation of Serum Vitamin D Levels (SVDL) and Effect of Oral Vitamin D Supplementation with Gemcitabine Chemotherapy
Authors: Sonkar Abhinav, Mittal Sanchit, Kushwaha Jitendra, Chandra Abhijit, P. Srivastav, Agarwal Akshay
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Changes in knowledge, beliefs, and perceptions throughout a multifaceted behavioral program aimed at preventing ventilator-associated pneumonia
Authors: Lila Bouadma, Bruno Mourvillier, Véronique Deiler, Nelly Derennes, Bertrand Le Corre, Isabelle Lolom, Bernard Régnier, Michel Wolff, Jean-Christophe Lucet
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2010)
Allergen‐coated lancets (Phazet) for skin prick testing in children
Authors: O. ØSterballe, J. P. Nielsen
Journal: Allergy (1989)

With a new allergen‐coated lancet (Phazet), skin prick tests can be made directly on the skin without separate use of liquid extract (the Phazet dry method), and reactions are recorded as for the ordinary method with liquid allergen extract (Pharmalgen) (the Pharmalgen wet method). 100 children were tested in parallel with the two methods. As a double control each Phazet was used twice (Phazet 1 and 2) in each child, who was tested with nine standard allergens. Good agreement was found between the results obtained with the two methods and also between Phazet 1 and Phazet 2. No general reactions were shown in relation to the numerous skin prick tests with allergen extract of a strength up to 100,000 BU/ml. 66% of the children preferred the Phazet while 22% had no preference.
Human Cytomegalovirus US28 Found in Glioblastoma Promotes an Invasive and Angiogenic Phenotype
Authors: Liliana Soroceanu, Lisa Matlaf, Vladimir Bezrookove, Loui Harkins, Roxanne Martinez, Mary Greene, Patricia Soteropoulos, Charles S. Cobbs
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are seen often in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors, but whether the virus contributes to GBM pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, we explored an oncogenic role for the G-protein–coupled receptor-like protein US28 encoded by HCMV that we found to be expressed widely in human GBMs. Immunohistochemical and reverse transcriptase PCR approaches established that US28 was expressed in approximately 60% of human GBM tissues and primary cultures examined. In either uninfected GBM cells or neural progenitor cells, thought to be the GBM precursor cells, HCMV infection or US28 overexpression was sufficient to promote secretion of biologically active VEGF and to activate multiple cellular kinases that promote glioma growth and invasion, including phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS). Consistent with these findings, US28 overexpression increased primary GBM cell invasion in Matrigel. Notably, this invasive phenotype was further enhanced by exposure to CCL5/RANTES, a US28 ligand, associated with poor patient outcome in GBM. Conversely, RNA interference–mediated knockdown of US28 in human glioma cells persistently infected with HCMV led to an inhibition in VEGF expression and glioma cell invasion in response to CCL5 stimulation. Analysis of clinical GBM specimens further revealed that US28 colocalized in situ with several markers of angiogenesis and inflammation, including VEGF, p-STAT3, COX2, and e-NOS. Taken together, our results indicate that US28 expression from HCMV contributes to GBM pathogenesis by inducing an invasive, angiogenic phenotype. In addition, these findings argue that US28–CCL5 paracrine signaling may contribute to glioma progression and suggest that targeting US28 may provide therapeutic benefits in GBM treatment. Cancer Res; 71(21); 6643–53. ©2011 AACR.
PATTERNS OF LATE GADOLINIUM ENHANCEMENT PREDICT SURVIVAL IN CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF 95 CASES WITH AL OR TTR TYPE
Authors: Jason Dungu, Carol J. Whelan, Simon DJ Gibbs, Jennifer H. Pinney, Sanjay M. Banypersad, Christopher P. Venner, Helen J. Lachmann, Ashutosh Wechalekar, Julian D. Gillmore, Philip N. Hawkins, Lisa J. Anderson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
“Soft” assessment—an oxymoron?
Authors: Murray Lough
Journal: BMJ (2004)

> O wad some Power the giftie gie us, To see oursels as ithers see us! 
> 
> R Burns, 1798 

The desire to assess the “softer” parts of practice is strong. In addressing this ambition, many of the tensions and controversies surrounding the assessment process are thrown into sharp focus. Exactly how one defines soft practice for the jobs carried out by, say, general practitioners or orthopaedic surgeons is open to wild speculation. One key message of the paper by Evans et al is the importance of those being assessed having a stake in their assessment; this may be the “missing link” that could make the assessment process less threatening.

Assessment has to be rigorous, not least because it should be …
Effect of St John's Wort on Drug Metabolism by Induction of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Enzyme
Authors: John S. Markowitz
Journal: JAMA (2003)

St John's wort is a popular herbal product used to treat depression but it has been implicated in drug interactions.To assess the potential of St John's wort administration to alter the activity of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes extensively involved in drug metabolism.Open-label crossover study with fixed treatment order conducted March 2002 to February 2003 in a US general clinical research center involving 12 healthy volunteers (6 men and 6 women) aged 22 to 38 years before and after 14 days of administration of St John's wort.Participants were given probe drugs (30 mg of dextromethorphan and 2 mg of alprazolam) to establish baseline CYP 3A4 and CYP 2D6 activity. After a minimum 7-day washout period, participants began taking one 300-mg tablet 3 times per day. After 14 days of St John's wort administration, participants were given the probe drugs along with 1 St John's wort tablet to establish postadministration CYP activity; the St John's wort dosing regimen was continued for 48 hours.Changes in plasma pharmacokinetics of alprazolam as a probe for CYP 3A4 activity and the ratio of dextromethorphan to its metabolite, dextrorphan, in urine as a probe for CYP 2D6 activity.A 2-fold decrease in the area under the curve for alprazolam plasma concentration vs time (P<.001) and a 2-fold increase in alprazolam clearance (P<.001) were observed following St John's wort administration. Alprazolam elimination half-life was shortened from a mean (SD) of 12.4 (3.9) hours to 6.0 (2.4) hours (P<.001). The mean (SD) urinary ratio of dextromethorphan to its metabolite was 0.006 (0.010) at baseline and 0.014 (0.025) after St John's wort administration (P =.26).A 14-day course of St John's wort administration significantly induced the activity of CYP 3A4 as measured by changes in alprazolam pharmacokinetics. This suggests that long-term administration of St John's wort may result in diminished clinical effectiveness or increased dosage requirements for all CYP 3A4 substrates, which represent at least 50% of all marketed medications.
Endoscopic Perforation of the Hypopharynx: Anatomy of a Disaster
Authors: E. Skapa, G. Neumann
Journal: Endoscopy (1979)

An initially unrecognized endoscopic perforation of the hypopharynx provided a rare photograhic record of endoscopic appearances from within the mediastinum. The problem of endoscopic perforations is briefly reviewed and analyzed.
Relationship between temporal changes in coronary flow velocity pattern and recovery of left ventricular wall motion after successful direct angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: T. Wakatsuki, T. Oki, K. Sakabe, H. Fujinaga, J. Ikata, T. Toyoshima, A. Nishikado, S. Ito
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
THE LIVER AND ITS CIRRHOSES
Authors: WILLIAM J. MAYO
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The liver is the central metabolic laboratory of the human body responsible for the final preparation of nutritive material for conversion into tissue-building and energizing substances. A brief review of some of its anatomic and physiologic characteristics may not be out of place. The weight of the average liver in man is 50 ounces, with a normal variation of about 10 per cent. It may be assumed, therefore, that a liver weighing more than 55 ounces is increased in size and might properly be called hypertrophic, and one weighing less than 45 ounces might be called atrophic, unless such difference could be explained by the size, above or below the normal, of the person. If the weight of the liver is an indication of its metabolic activities, the liver of the female should be larger in proportion than that of the male, made so by the necessity of taking care
The use of hyperventilation therapy after traumatic brain injury in Europe: an analysis of the BrainIT database
Authors: J.-O. Neumann, I. R. Chambers, G. Citerio, P. Enblad, B. A. Gregson, T. Howells, J. Mattern, P. Nilsson, I. Piper, A. Ragauskas, J. Sahuquillo, Y. H. Yau, K. Kiening
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2008)
Bronchoalveolar lavage with trypsin in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.
Authors: Y. Nagasaka, M. Takahashi, H. Ueshima, Y. Tohda, S. Nakajima
Journal: Thorax (1996)

Two cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis were treated with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) via a fibreoptic bronchoscope. Additional clinical improvement was seen when trypsin was added to the lavage fluid. Analysis of effluents in the BAL fluid showed marked reduction of protein constituents with clinical improvement after treatment with trypsin in the lavage. BAL with trypsin was well tolerated.
Bilateral Renal Artery Reconstruction
Authors: Richard H. Dean
Journal: JAMA (1976)

RECENT reports have indicated that operative treatment of renovascular hypertension in patients over 50 years of age is not warranted because of high morbidity, high mortality, and poor response.<sup>1,2</sup>This has not been our experience; of 162 patients with renovascular hypertension who underwent operative treatment, 70 were over 50 years of age and 56 (80%) of these were either cured or improved one year later.<sup>3</sup>The overall operative mortality was 8.6%, but five of the six operative deaths occurred in patients who were simultaneously undergoing operative treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm or for occlusive disease. Only one death (1.9%) occurred in a patient in whom operative treatment was limited to the renal arteries. We describe a patient with severe renovascular hypertension and bilateral renal artery stenosis who was treated with bilateral aortorenal bypass grafts and who has had a ten-year serial arteriographic follow-up. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A
Memories Remain of Rwandan Medical Mission
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1995)

RWANDA IS gone from the news for the moment. But the region remains in the memories of physicians who helped size up the situation for US military medicine early in the crisis. Among these physicians are Ann P. Fallon, MD, MPH, a US Navy lieutenant commander stationed in Naples, Italy, pending assignment to the National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Md, and Michael E. Neuland, MD, a US Air Force colonel who is chief of clinical medicine, Ramstein Air Base, Germany. If their memories of the area were not vivid enough, the medical, refugee, and political problems that continue to simmer in Rwanda and in neighboring Burundi and Zaire doubtless would be constant reminders. British, Australian, Canadian, Israeli, and German military medical units remained in Rwanda somewhat longer, providing what help they could, but—like military medical units— some voluntary medical relief agencies have pulled out and United Nations Secretary General Boutros
THE RENAL LESIONS OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE
Authors: Malcolm A. Holliday, Nancy H. Bright, Dale Schulz, Jean Oliver
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

Acute chloride depletion in rats is associated with the occurrence of an extensive cell damage in the mid-portion of the proximal convolutions which is followed by an excessive hyperplastic reaction of the renal epithelium; no other significant lesions were found by microdissection in either the tubules of the nephrons or the collecting system. Potassium deficiency is not essential to the development of this lesion but does increase the severity of the reaction. As in the case of potassium deficiency, chloride depletion predisposes to or exaggerates the structural alterations that accompany excess phosphate intake. The relations of the different structural changes in renal architecture that occur in various states of electrolyte imbalance are discussed as well as the relation of the lesions seen experimentally in the rat and monkey and clinically in man.
RELATIVE VALUE OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCER
Authors: BERTRAM W. SIPPY
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The relative value of medical and surgical treatment of peptic ulcer and the indications for each are dependent on a number of factors. Among these, three stand foremost. The first factor has to do with the conditions and complications that attend the ulcer. The second involves a careful consideration of the character of the surgical treatment to which the patient is to be subjected. Herein, the skill of the surgeon who is to perform the operation is of the utmost importance, since it influences enormously the immediate mortality and, to a lesser degree, the late bad effects of the operative treatment of the disease. The third pertains to the straightforwardness with which the type of medical treatment employed combats or removes the conditions that retard or prevent healing and thus contributes to the eradication of the ulcer and its complications.  Careful analysis of these three factors should more frequently serve
Evaluation of prick skin tests (PSTs) to predict the outcome of double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) to egg when egg-specific serum IgE is low
Authors: A.K. Knight, W. Shreffler, H. Sampson, S. Sicherer, S. Noone, A. Nowak-Wegrzyn
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)
National Medical Education.
Authors: C. L. Sweet
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Boise, Idaho, Nov. 10, 1897. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In the article on "National Medical Education" by Dr. Greeley in theJournal, October 23, someone is quoted as stating that "the effort of the State Society to establish a State Board of Examiners was defeated by the quacks, but this winter will see such a bill passed"; this in reference to Idaho. I am proud to say that the above quoted prediction was verified on March 12, 1897, and Idaho now has in operation a mixed board of medical examiners, and the act under which this board is operating provides that the person wishing to take up practice in Idaho must possess diploma from a recognized school, and pass a satisfactory examination before this board. This provision is met by applicants receiving a marking of at least 75 per cent. on all questions asked. The examination is written, and comprises papers
PET/CT Imaging of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Camila Mosci, Andrei Iagaru
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive, low invasive technology for cancer biology imaging. The role of F-18 FDG PET/CT in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is well established, particularly in patients presenting with elevated Tg levels and negative radioactive iodine WBS. It has been demonstrated that F-18 FDG uptake represents less differentiated thyroid cancer cells or dedifferentiated cells and PET positive lesions are more likely to be resistant to I treatment. The uptake of F-18 FDG is related to tumor size, thyroid capsule invasion and histological variants with a poor prognosis. As in other cancers, early detection of recurrences improves outcomes and survival. I PET/CT can also be used to image the patients with DTC, similarly to I WBS. Compared with F-18 FDG PET/CT, its spatial resolution is only slightly degraded but increasing the imaging time reduces this difference. In addition, F-18 FDG PET/CT has been found helpful in the management of patients with anaplastic and medullary thyroid cancer. Other radiopharmaceuticals such as Ga-DOTATOC and F-18 DOPA may provide complimentary information to F-18 FDG PET/CT in the detection of recurrent thyroid cancer.
The Origin of an Immediate Diastolic Murmur in Atrioventricular Defects
Authors: JANE SOMERVILLE, LEON RESNEKOV
Journal: Circulation (1965)

The origin of an audible immediate diastolic murmur in 10 of 22 patients with atrioventricular defects was investigated by intracardiac phonocardiography. It was shown to arise at the site of the atrial septal defect, and all other possible causes of such a murmur were excluded. The production of the murmur depended on the combination of mitral regurgitation and an atrial septal defect of such a size as to permit an interatrial pressure gradient in early diastole.
Medical Care of the Athlete
Authors: Martin E. Blazina
Journal: JAMA (1962)

In recent years, the role of medicine in athletics has been necessarily emphasized. The AMA Committee on the Medical Aspects of Sports has organized numerous meetings and sponsored suitable journal publications. Dr. Allan J. Ryan, past Chairman of the Committee, has written<i>Medical Care of the Athlete</i>, a purview of this important area of medical endeavor. In the introductory chapters, he describes the interrelationships between the team physician and the other members of the athletic family. He then proceeds to delineate medical responsibility in regard to preseason physical examinations, training program supervision, and attendance at practice sessions and games. He discusses the common injuries in sports and their immediate management and classifies them on a regional basis. He also devotes chapters to nontraumatic medical problems and hazards in each sport. His final section on reconditioning stresses the importance of this phase of the athlete's care. There is no attempt made