tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
MORPHOLOGIC VARIATION IN PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Robert Austrian
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

The interaction of each of the four morphologic variants of pneumococcus with the transforming principles of the heterologous morphologic variants of the same species has been studied and has resulted in the isolation of eighteen of the twenty variants predicted to arise through such interactions. The analogy of the findings to the recombination of independently heritable characters in sexually reproducing forms has been noted.
History of Staining
Authors: Robert H. Riddell
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This is the third edition of a book whose previous editor was Dr H. J. Conn. The current edition was initially being written by Dr R. D. Lillie, but was completed by the current authors following Dr Lillie's death in 1979; the first chapter is appropriately dedicated to him and reviews his life and works. There follows a series of 20 relatively short chapters (averaging about five pages each) dealing with the development of classes of various dyes and their applications, intermingled with short chapters on some of the "greats" in the field, which have a strong biographical content. While interesting to read, the book becomes frustrating when attempts are made to use it as a reference source. If tempted to look up mucin stains, for instance, mucicarmine, PAS, or Alcian blue-high iron diamine, one finds they seem either not to have been mentioned or just touched on. In a
Elucidation of the natural history of ventricular septal defects by serial Doppler color flow mapping studies
Authors: Lisa K. Hornberger, David J. Sahn, Kimberly A. Krabill, Frederick S. Sherman, Richard E. Swensson, Erkki Pesonen, Sandy Hagen-Ansert, Kyung J. Chung
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1989)
New Drugs
Authors: ROBERT H. HEISSENBUTTEL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Bretylium tosylate (Bretylol) has recently been approved for parenteral use against resistant ventricular arrhythmias. The pharmacologic action of bretylium is complex, and its antiarrhythmic action differs significantly from other drugs. Bretylium is an adrenergic neuronal blocking agent taken up selectively at peripheral adrenergic nerve terminals, where it initially releases norepinephrine (sympathomimetic effect) and then produces adrenergic neuronal blockade. It has direct cardiac membrane effect to prolong action potential duration and effective refractory period but, unlike other membrane active antiarrhythmic agents, does not depress conduction velocity or automaticity. Bretylium increases ventricular fibrillation threshold and prevents the decrease in ventricular fibrillation threshold associated with myocardial ischemia. It does not depress myocardial contractility. Clinical studies have shown parenteral bretylium to be effective in suppressing ventricular arrhythmias, particularly recurrent, drug resistant ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation.
An Improved Method of Digitoxin Therapy
Authors: ROGER W. JELLIFFE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

An improved method of digitoxin therapy is presented for adult euthyroid patients of average weight with normal hepatic function, electrolyte balance, and gastrointestinal absorption whose renal function may be normal, reduced, or changing. The method uses a loading dose of 0.8 to 1.4 mg of United States Pharmacopeia (USP) digitoxin in three divided doses 6 hr apart. The proper maintenance dose depends on renal function. Reasonable estimates of it are found from graphs and simple equations presented. In 95% of patients the maintenance dose should sustain body glycoside stores at 73 to 150% of the selected level when renal function is normal and from 73 to 133% in anuric patients. Caution is urged when raising body glycoside stores above 1.4 mg, though this may be necessary to control ventricular rate when atrial arrhythmias are present.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR HOG CHOLERA VIRUS
Authors: Richard E. Shope
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1958)

Suspensions of adult lungworms, procured from swine that were outwardly healthy but derived from eggs passed by swine with hog cholera, induced this disease in a small proportion of swine into which they were injected intramuscularly. This result was achieved in both lungworm-free and lungworm-infested swine, though perhaps slightly more regularly in the lungworm-infested animals. Swine that had had an intramuscular injection of lungworm suspension and that had remained normal, developed hog cholera much more regularly following the ingestion of lungworm larvae of cholera origin than did swine not previously injected with lungworms. The findings described were markedly dependent upon season and were regularly reproducible only during the first 4 or 5 months of the year. The results presented are considered as further evidence that the swine lungworm serves as reservoir and intermediate host for hog cholera virus and that the virus is ordinarily carried by the lungworm in a masked form which must be provoked to pathogenicity by some stress before it can cause obvious disease in swine.
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Hypertension
Authors: Francis G. Dunn, Marc A. Pfeffer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

The adverse effect of left ventricular hypertrophy, as measured by the weight of the heart on the pathologist's scale, was recognized in the early part of this century, even before routine measurements of arterial pressure or electrocardiography was available. With the advent of sphygmomanometry, it soon became apparent that hypertension was a major factor in the development and progression of left ventricular hypertrophy. Observational studies on the natural history of hypertension underscored the importance of electrocardiographic findings as a prognostic factor.1 The landmark studies of the Framingham investigators were among the first to quantify the clinical risk of left ventricular . . .
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: John Y. Sugg, William L. Fleming, James M. Neill
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

Diphtheria bacilli possess a heat-labile, endocellular maltase, which retains its activity in sterile solutions of the intracellular substances which are liberated by physical disintegration of the bacterial cells. The proof of the maltase activity and the detection of the hexose products constitute experimental evidence that the living diphtheria bacillus attacks maltose by way of a preliminary hydrolysis.
EWS-FLI1 Fusion Protein Up-regulates Critical Genes in Neural Crest Development and Is Responsible for the Observed Phenotype of Ewing's Family of Tumors
Authors: Siwen Hu-Lieskovan, Jingsong Zhang, Lingtao Wu, Hiroyuki Shimada, Deborah E. Schofield, Timothy J. Triche
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Tumor-specific translocations are common in tumors of mesenchymal origin. Whether the translocation determines the phenotype, or vice versa, is debatable. Ewing's family tumors (EFT) are consistently associated with an EWS-FLI1 translocation and a primitive neural phenotype. Histogenesis and classification are therefore uncertain. To test whether EWS-FLI1 fusion gene expression is responsible for the primitive neuroectodermal phenotype of EFT, we established a tetracycline-inducible EWS-FLI1 expression system in a rhabdomyosarcoma cell line RD. Cell morphology changed after EWS-FLI1 expression, resembling cultured EFT cells. Xenografts showed typical EFT features, distinct from tumors formed by parental RD. Neuron-specific microtubule gene MAPT, parasympathetic marker cholecystokinin, and epithelial marker keratin 18 were up-regulated. Conversely, myogenesis was diminished. Comparison of the up-regulated genes in RD-EF with the Ewing's signature genes identified important EWS-FLI1 downstream genes, many involved in neural crest differentiation. These results were validated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis and RNA interference technology using small interfering RNA against EWS-FLI1 breakpoint. The present study shows that the neural phenotype of Ewing's tumors is attributable to the EWS-FLI1 expression and the resultant phenotype resembles developing neural crest. Such tumors have a limited neural phenotype regardless of tissue of origin. These findings challenge traditional views of histogenesis and tumor origin.
Italians are offered “do it yourself” paternity testing kits
Authors: Sophie Arie
Journal: BMJ (2004)

An Italian businessman has triggered debate in Italy by advertising “do it yourself” paternity testing kits, with which men can check their children's DNA without telling their wives.

The kit—which Aurelio Coppola has been advertising for €700 (£470; $840) each since May—allows suspicious fathers to take a swab from their child's mouth, and their own, and send it to a laboratory for …
Point: Yes, It Is Necessary to Rely Entirely on Glycemic Values for the Insulin Treatment of All Gestational Diabetic Women
Authors: Lois Jovanovic
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

The goal of therapy for gestational diabetic women is to have the outcome of pregnancy as perfect as possible. Therapeutic decisions should be designed to decrease the morbidity and mortality for the mother and the fetus. Until there is a proven test to identify the pregnancies at risk for untoward outcome, then all women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) need to perform self-blood glucose monitoring to guide the treatment decisions about insulin therapy.

Maternal mortality is no longer an issue given the levels of control achieved in most healthcare settings; however, maternal morbidity is still at a higher rate if the pregnancy is terminated by cesarean section. Thus, our treatment goals also need to be directed toward decreasing the cesarean section rate. Unfortunately, the mere label of “gestational diabetes” has increased the cesarean section rate (2). However, when the criteria for performing a cesarean section have been based solely on fetal size and degree of maternal hyperglycemia (3), the cesarean section rate has been brought down to that seen in the general population.

The literature also supports the opinion that there is a need to rely on maternal glucose levels in order to achieve the best outcome for the infant. Langer et al. (4) tested the hypothesis that stringent glycemic control, verified glucose data, adherence to an established criterion for insulin initiation, and achievement of near normoglycemia resulted in the reduction of adverse outcomes. Their intensified management group had rates of macrosomia, cesarean section, metabolic complications, shoulder dystocia, stillbirth, neonatal intensive care unit days, and respiratory complications that were lower than the rates in a group of GDM …
Expression of smooth muscle and extracellular matrix proteins in relation to airway function in asthma
Authors: Annelies M. Slats, Kirsten Janssen, Annemarie van Schadewijk, Dirk T. van der Plas, Robert Schot, Joost G. van den Aardweg, Johan C. de Jongste, Pieter S. Hiemstra, Thais Mauad, Klaus F. Rabe, Peter J. Sterk
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
THE TREATMENT OF LATE SYPHILIS
Authors: T. Ferguson
Journal: BMJ (1930)

TM "' 513 27, 19301 1 i Mu" -ro=w"~~~~~~~~~~~~ little or no improvement.Should lno improvement be noted within two mnonths, surgical treatment, such as excision with the diathermy knife and subsequenit skin grafting, should be considered.In the more-advaiiced cases it is exceptional to obtain a cure, but a large pro- portioni show improvement with temporary arrest of the disease.REPETITION OF IRRADIATION TREATMENT.There is no doubt it is best to give a maximnum dose at the first treatment, for after each successive dose a rodent ulcer becomes more refractory to treatment.It is
The Temporomandibular Syndrome
Authors: Howard D. Sutcher
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In his editorial (224:622, 1973) Greene called attention to the problems of the many patients who suffer with the temporomandibular joint pain-dysfunction syndrome (TMJ-PDS). He proposed a "clinical system" of diagnosis and treatment in which the central modalities are proper explanation, medications, rest, and heat. Dr. Greene referred to an extensive literature and cited his own recent survey of professional attitudes about the TMJ-PDS,<sup>1</sup>both of which indicate that his proposed "system" has been widely employed for many years by physicians and dentists. We agree that, initially, a conservative approach is always the method of choice. However, in the editorial, Dr. Greene did not include the results of his own studies which showed that these modalities are beneficial in only about 60% of TMJ patients and infrequently effect a complete remission of symptoms.<sup>2-4</sup>He appears to have ignored the 40% of his patients who were
Macrophages are an abundant component of myeloma microenvironment and protect myeloma cells from chemotherapy drug–induced apoptosis
Authors: Yuhuan Zheng, Zhen Cai, Siqing Wang, Xiang Zhang, Jianfei Qian, Sungyoul Hong, Haiyan Li, Michael Wang, Jing Yang, Qing Yi
Journal: Blood (2009)
Acute Suppurative Epididymal Orchitis
Authors: ELMER J. PACHECO, CARLOS JIMÉNEZ, ALBERT J. MORENO, ALAN J. CARPENTER, MOHAMMAD A. NADJEM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

Severe epididymal orchitis can deteriorate into testicular necrosis. The authors present the case of a 19-year-old man with acute left testicular pain and no laboratory abnormalities other than a mildly elevated WBC count. Although the scrotal radionuclide scan was consistent with epididymitis, color-flow ultrasound showed no flow to the left testicle and a relatively normal epididymis. An orchiopexy was performed and the patient was placed on antibiotics. One week later, the patient returned with similar symptoms and a left orchiectomy was performed.
Autologous Blood Donations Before Elective Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Donald R. Avoy
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I was intrigued by the excellent report of Owings et al<sup>1</sup>inThe Journalentitled "Autologous Blood Donations Prior to Elective Cardiac Surgery." They have made a substantial contribution by documenting how benign phlebotomy is, even in what would generally be considered to be a high-risk group. They also demonstrate how effective such a program can be in avoiding the risks still tragically and unavoidably present in homologous blood transfusion. Other points merit specific comment. As the authors point out, hypovolemic symptoms are most unusual following the removal of 10% or less of the circulatory volume. By far the most frequent cause of postphlebotomy hypotension is vasovagal syncope. I am not aware of any mechanism by which saline infusion could be expected to prevent this phenomenon. I urge the investigators to pursue their promise to document the need for this part of the process. If it
Are Low-Yield Cigarettes Really Safer?
Authors: Claude Lenfant
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Is it hazardous to one's health to smoke, or is it not?Basically, the debate between the tobacco industry and those who campaign against smoking has raged around this question since the first surgeon general's report on smoking and health was issued nearly 20 years ago.Although the tobacco industry never accepted the conclusions of that report or of the many subsequent studies that incriminated tar, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and other compounds as the deleterious elements of cigarette smoke, it is interesting that over the years the industry has actively endeavored to develop what has been termed a "safe," "less . . .
The Genetic Basis of Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia
Authors: Harald Jüppner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Important insights into the regulation of mineral-ion homeostasis, cartilage development, and thus bone growth have been obtained through the molecular definition of various genetic disorders. Several of these disorders, most of which are rare, are now known to be caused by mutations in a single gene, GNAS1, which gives rise to several different messenger RNA transcripts that are derived from the paternal allele, the maternal allele, or both and are either coding or noncoding. Because of this unusual complexity, GNAS1 mutations can lead to a variety of different phenotypic changes.In 1942, Fuller Albright and his colleagues described a syndrome, . . .
Neuropathology: A Summary for Students
Authors: Peter C. Burger
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Each new introductory text in neuropathology offers a fresh solution to the old problem of covering a large field in a small book. Some authors have produced a heavily illustrated manual with little text, others have used the case method to characterize important entities, and still others have used the standard photograph/ text ratio and prepared a book in the classic format. The present authors attempt a comprehensive discussion by reliance on the written word and selected line drawings. There are no photographs. The book begins with introductory accounts of cellular reactions to injury, and brain edema and the consequences of expanding masses. Twelve subsequent chapters treat subjects such as vascular disease, trauma, disorders of muscle and nerve, and aging and dementia. The book concludes with a 15th chapter on special topics such as epilepsy, radiation necrosis, and hydrocephalus. Throughout, the authors are careful to complement neuropathological descriptions with emphasis
Xylitol as a causative agent of oral erosive eczema
Authors: Yoshiko Hanakawa, Yasushi Hanakawa, M. Tohyama, K. Yamasaki, K. Hashimoto
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Conflicts of interest: none declared. Sir, Xylitol, which is a sweetener used in sweets and chewing gum, is consumed worldwide, based on the belief that high‐concentration xylitol confections inhibit the formation of dental caries.1 We present the unusual case of a patient who manifested oral erosions as a result of contact allergy to xylitol‐containing chewing gum. A 45‐year‐old Japanese man presented with oral erosions. An area of erythema with bullae was also found on his right thigh and on the right side of his chest (Fig. 1). A patch test demonstrated no allergic reaction to metals, despite the suspicion of metal allergy due to a dental crown. Interview revealed that he had chewed xylitol‐containing gum every day for 5 months. He usually kept the xylitol‐containing chewing gum in the right pocket of his shirt or the right pocket of his trousers. After placing the xylitol‐containing chewing gum into the left pocket of his trousers, he presented with a new area of erythema on his left thigh and experienced sweats. Patch testing to various chewing gums showed that only xylitol‐containing gums elicited severe allergic reactions. The subject also had an allergic reaction to the wrapping paper of the xylitol‐containing chewing gum. A further patch test using the components of the chewing gums confirmed that xylitol was the causative reagent of the allergic reaction. Therefore, we conclude that xylitol acted as a contact allergen that induced the oral erosions and skin erythema.
Platelet aggregation and platelet-derived growth factor inhibition for prevention of insufficiency of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: A randomized study comparing trapidil plus ticlopidine with heparin treatment
Authors: Volker Siegerstetter, Michael Huber, Andreas Ochs, Hubert E. Blum, Martin Rössle
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Intimal proliferation at the interface between prosthetic material and tissue is an intrinsic phenomenon of stenting and the major cause of insufficiency of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS). For its prevention, a randomized study was performed comparing standard heparin treatment with a combination of trapidil, a drug with anti–platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) activity, and ticlopidine, a platelet aggregation inhibitor. Ninety patients with cirrhosis who received a transjugular shunt were randomized, and 84 patients completed the trial. Group 1 (n = 42) received a bolus of heparin (12 to 24 U/kg) at shunt placement, followed by 1 week of intravenous and 4 weeks of subcutaneous heparin treatment. Group 2 (n = 42) received the same heparin bolus, followed by a 1-day intravenous heparin treatment and a 6-month treatment with trapidil (400 mg/d) and ticlopidine (250 mg/d). Shunt function was assessed by duplex-sonography and angiography. Stenoses were classified according to their location as type 1 (within the stent) and type 2 (in the draining hepatic vein). The estimated rate of overall stenoses (intention-to-treat analysis) at 1 year showed a significant reduction in patients receiving trapidil and ticlopidine (group 2) as compared with heparin (33 vs. 57%; P = .047). There was no difference in the estimated 1-year rate of type 1 stenoses between the two groups, but there was a significant reduction in type 2 stenoses (group 1: 58%, group 2: 19%; P = .016). The treatment effect continued after withdrawal of the drugs and was accompanied by a decreased incidence of rebleeding. The study demonstrates that the incidence of type 2 stenosis of the transjugular shunt can be reduced by combined inhibition of platelet aggregation and PDGF activity. The findings may be of relevance not only for the transjugular shunt, but also for other stent applications, e.g., vascular and biliary, as well as for bypass and shunt surgery.
Selfishness and sex or cooperation and family values?
Authors: Joshua M. Ackerman, Douglas T. Kenrick
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract Evolutionary models of behavior often encounter resistance due to an apparent focus on themes of sex, selfishness, and gender differences. The target article might seem ripe for such criticism. However, life history theory suggests that these themes, and their counterparts, including cooperation, generosity, and gender similarities, represent two sides of the same coin – all are consequences of reproductive trade-offs made throughout development.
Bulimia: The Binge-Purge Obsession
Authors: Sara C. Charles
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>The Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa, parts 1, 2, and 3, produced by Norman Baxley and associates, content consultant, Lyn Marshall, 3 videotapes, $850 set, $325 each part, rental $135 set, $50 each part, Urbana, Ill, Carle, 1986.</h3> The first of these cassettes presents a basic introduction to a widely publicized and worrisome phenomenon, the bingeing and purging obsession that characterizes the clinical presentation of bulimia. The format is essentially that of a lecture presented by an attractive woman, presumably Anita Siegman, PhD, the content consultant, to a group of equally attractive young women students in an Urbana, Ill, high school classroom. The underlying message is that unpleasant feelings can give rise to a state of inner tension, which many women attempt to relieve by eating. Eating is, therefore, like "taking a tranquilizer" and, in excess, can cause obesity. The counterpoint to this behavior is the enormous pressure on women in