tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The modulation of IGF-1 signalling by the intestine-specific factor CDX2
Authors: J. K Liu, J. P Lynch
Journal: Gut (2009)

Cell surface receptors, when bound by their ligands, initiate intracellular signalling cascades that ultimately serve to modulate cell proliferation and growth, metabolism, survival and differentiation. Critical to the initiation and progression of these cascades are adaptor proteins such as the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins. IRS proteins are a small family (IRS1–IRS6) of structurally related intracellular signalling adaptors that serve as scaffolding proteins, linking the activated receptor to their downstream effectors such as the phospatidylinositol-3′-kinase (PI3K) and Ras/Erk pathways.1 Originally identified as components of insulin receptor signalling, IRS factors are now known to serve as critical intermediates for the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-1R), as well as other receptor tyrosine kinases. The IRS family of adaptors has captured the attention of clinicians and scientists alike since they have been implicated in a number of human cancers.1 Given this critical role in both normal cell physiology and human pathologies, understanding how tissue-specific factors regulate their expression and thereby modulate IGF-1R signalling is of great importance. In this issue of Gut ( see page 1250 ), Antonio Moschetta and colleagues present new findings on the intestinal localisation of IRS2 …
ABC of Medical Computing: CHOOSING A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Authors: N. Lee, A. Millman
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Although computer equipment or hardware is continually falling in price, it represents a considerable investment and requires careful though before purchase. Start by thinking what you wish the computer to do. Remember that you will probably soon find many unexpected uses for it and that the demands you place on the system are likely to grow. It is therefore important to buy a system that can be easily expanded and upgraded. Even the most basic computer will run a simple word processor, but a modern, user friendly graphical user interface such as Microsoft Windows requires a more powerfull computer.



What you can do with a computer.



Many people are torn between buying an IBM PC and an Apple Macintosh. Both systems are excellent and have enthusiastic users. The Macintosh has been favoured because it has a graphical user interface which is easy to use and upgrading is simple. On the other hand, PCs now have a similar interface, are cheaper, and are more widely used. Furthermore, many companies offer optional extras for the PC at a reasonable price. Currently the PC dominates the business market while Macintosh has been favoured by graphic designers.



Apple Macintosh computer.



An extensive range of software is available for both formats, and most of the major programs are now available for both the PC and Macintosh. There is also a trend towards common file formats so that work can easily be transferred from one to the other. It is often best to buy the same type of computer as used in your department because there will be an established body of expertise to draw on and you will be able to share resources with your colleagues. As most people use PCs we have focused onthese, but the basic principles can be applied to both types …
Painful gynaecomastia treated with tamoxifen.
Authors: D B Jefferys
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Mortality in sodium chlorate poisoningSodium chlorate poisoning is rare but is associated with a high mortality rate,' death occurring from massive intravascular haemolysis and acute renal failure.We report the outcome in 14 patients poisoned by sodium chlorate, with special regard to the amount ingested and subsequent management.
Impairment of endothelium-dependent pulmonary artery relaxation in children with congenital heart disease and abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics.
Authors: D S Celermajer, S Cullen, J E Deanfield
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Endothelial injury may be an important event in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension. We therefore investigated whether endothelial dysfunction occurs early in children with congenital heart defects who are at risk of developing pulmonary vascular disease. METHODS AND RESULTS In 25 children aged 3-16 years, we studied the response of the pulmonary circulation to graded infusions of acetylcholine (an endothelium-dependent vasodilator) and nitroprusside (a dilator not dependent on endothelial function). Diameter of a bronchopulmonary segment artery and pulmonary blood flow velocity were measured using quantitative angiography and intra-arterial Doppler catheters in 10 children aged 4-16 years with normal pulmonary hemodynamics (controls), seven children aged 3-12 years with left-to-right shunt lesions resulting in increased pulmonary flow, and eight children aged 3-14 years with established pulmonary vascular disease. In the controls, there was a dose-dependent increase in flow velocity in response to acetylcholine (maximal increase, 93 +/- 7%) and in response to nitroprusside (51 +/- 8%). In contrast, in patients with pulmonary vascular disease, the response of flow velocity to similar doses of acetylcholine (33 +/- 7%, p &lt; 0.01) and nitroprusside (7 +/- 13%, p &lt; 0.01) were impaired. In the patients with high pulmonary flow, there was an impaired response to acetylcholine (46 +/- 9%, p &lt; 0.01), but response to nitroprusside was preserved (42 +/- 8%, p &gt; 0.10), consistent with endothelial dysfunction. Arterial diameter was unchanged during acetylcholine infusion in all subjects and increased only modestly in response to nitroprusside (&lt; or = 10%), indicating that the major site of action of each agent is distal to the segmental pulmonary arteries. CONCLUSIONS Endothelium-dependent pulmonary artery relaxation can be demonstrated in vivo and is impaired in young patients with increased pulmonary flow secondary to congenital heart disease. This impairment may be an important early event in the pathogenesis of pulmonary vascular disease.
Serum Hormones and the Alcohol-Breast Cancer Association in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: J. F. Dorgan, D. J. Baer, P. S. Albert, J. T. Judd, E. D. Brown, D. K. Corle, W. S. Campbell, T. J. Hartman, A. A. Tejpar, B. A. Clevidence, C. A. Giffen, D. W. Chandler, F. Z. Stanczyk, P. R. Taylor
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2001)

Background: Alcohol ingestion is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in most epidemiologic studies. Results, however, are heterogeneous at lower levels of alcohol intake, and a biologic mechanism for the association has not been clearly identified. To determine whether alcohol consumption by postmenopausal women elevates serum levels of hormones associated with an increased risk of breast cancer, we performed a controlled feeding study. Methods: Participants were 51 healthy postmenopausal women not using hormone replacement therapy. Each participant rotated through three 8-week dietary periods in which she consumed 15 or 30 g of alcohol per day or an alcohol-free placebo beverage. The order of assignment to the three alcohol levels was random. During the dietary periods, all food and beverages were supplied by the study, and energy intake was adjusted to keep body weight constant. Levels of estradiol, estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, androstenedione, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate (DHEAS), and androstenediol were measured by radioimmunoassays in serum collected at the end of each dietary period. All statistical tests are two-sided. Results: When women consumed 15 or 30 g of alcohol per day, respectively, estrone sulfate concentrations increased by 7.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.3% to 15.9%; P = .06) and 10.7% (95% CI = 2.7% to 19.3%; P = .009) and DHEAS concentrations increased by 5.1% (95% CI = 1.4% to 9.0%; P = .008) and 7.5% (95% CI = 3.7% to 11.5%; P<.001) relative to levels when women consumed placebo. None of the other hormones measured changed statistically significantly when women consumed alcohol. Conclusions: Results suggest a possible mechanism by which consumption of one or two alcoholic drinks per day by postmenopausal women could increase their risk of breast cancer.
Origins of the Pernkopf Anatomy Atlas
Authors: Daniel S. Cutler
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Anatomist Eduard Pernkopf was appointed dean of the Vienna Medical School faculty within days of the Nazi takeover of Austria. In his new position Pernkopf summarily fired his Jewish colleagues and those who were married to Jews. As an epidemic of suicides swept through Vienna's despairing medical scientists, Pernkopf set about revamping the curriculum of the famous school that had been turned over to his control. He promised to focus all the intellectual power of the venerable institution on the single most pressing scientific concern of the new Reich—the problem of race.<sup>1</sup>The Austrian physician, he further declared, wished nothing other than to be a humble servant in the work of<i>Der Fuhrer</i>, Adolf Hitler.<sup>2</sup> Were Jewish corpses used as models for Pernkopf s classic anatomy atlas? As Williams<sup>3</sup>has pointed out, it is unlikely. That they were non-Jewish Fatherland Front activists or other non-Jewish enemies of
Extremely rigorous subliminal paradigms demonstrate unconscious influences on simple decisions
Authors: Michael Snodgrass, Howard Shevrin, James A. Abelson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract While showing unconscious influences on complex decisions is indeed difficult, relevant awareness in relatively simpler subliminal paradigms is more easily assessed. Utilizing objective detection (vs. more typical identification or classification) tasks to assess awareness overcomes longstanding residual methodological problems, and prior work using such methods (e.g., Snodgrass &amp; Shevrin 2006) clearly shows unconscious influences on simple decisions.
Smooth muscle tone and rapid resetting of rat aortic baroreceptors.
Authors: M C Andresen, M Yang
Journal: Circulation Research (1992)

Changes in conditioning mean arterial pressure (cMAP) selectively alter the set point of arterial baroreceptors and baroreflexes without affecting gain. Changes in smooth muscle tone at constant cMAPs shift the pressure-discharge curves of aortic baroreceptors in a similar manner. Using an in vitro preparation of the rat aortic arch, we tested whether near maximal changes in smooth muscle tone affect rapid resetting in single regularly discharging aortic baroreceptors. Discharge, pressure, and aortic diameter were simultaneously measured. By using vasoactive drugs (phenylephrine, angiotensin II, Bay K 8644, and nitroprusside), rapid resetting to cMAP changes was tested during different smooth muscle tone conditions (control, constricted, and dilated). Baroreceptor discharge-response curves were periodically assessed with slow ramps of increasing pressure at each of three different cMAP levels (10-15 minutes each). Rapid resetting relations were constructed for pressure threshold (Pth) and diameter threshold (Dth) plotted against cMAP and conditioning diameter (cD), respectively. Vasoconstriction decreased Pth in all baroreceptors (n = 13, p less than 0.05). Baroreceptor resetting ability as indicated by the slopes of the resetting relations (pressure- or diameter-resetting ratios, delta Pth/delta cMAP or delta Dth/delta cD, respectively) was unaffected by large increases in smooth muscle tone (p greater than 0.12). Vasoconstriction, however, offset the pressure-resetting relation, shifting the linear relation in a parallel manner to higher Pth values. In contrast, Dth values during vasoconstriction were not offset but instead fell along a single diameter-resetting relation coincident with the control relation for each baroreceptor. This last result suggests that acute alteration of vessel mechanics by vasoconstriction does not alter the basic rapid resetting process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE
Authors: E. B. Krumbhaar
Journal: JAMA (1925)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The fifth congress to be held on the history of medicine since the foundation of the society in 1920 took place at the Athéneé in Geneva, July 20 to 25, under the presidency of Dr. Charles Greene Cumston, formerly of Boston, and now instructor in medical history in the University of Geneva. Eleven nations were represented (Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Holland, Italy, Morocco, Poland, Spain, Switzerland and the United States) and although the number of those registered was not as great as at the previous congress (influenced largely by the unfavorable rate of exchange), the percentage attending the various séances was considerably higher. Five national sections (Egypt, Greece, Portugal, Roumania and Sweden) were not represented. Each session was presided over by the representative of one of the countries participating. In opening the congress Monday afternoon, Dr. Cumston gave an interesting talk on several men prominent in
Atrial natriuretic peptide in a rat model of cardiac failure. Atrial and ventricular mRNA, atrial content, plasma levels, and effect of volume loading.
Authors: H Drexler, J Hänze, M Finckh, W Lu, H Just, R E Lang
Journal: Circulation (1989)

This study examined the relation between synthesis, atrial storage, and plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and it examined plasma ANP levels and hemodynamic output in response to volume expansion in a rat model of myocardial infarction and failure. Arterial ANP concentrations did not correlate linearly with infarct size, but they did show an abrupt increase when infarct size exceeded 30% of the left ventricle, similar to the abrupt increase of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with infarct size greater than 30%. Consequently, a close relation was found between plasma ANP levels and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (n = 23, r = 0.89, p less than 0.001). Atrial ANP content per gram of tissue but not ANP content per pair of atria was reduced in rats with large infarcts (greater than 40%, p less than 0.05 vs. control animals). ANP mRNA level per pair of atria (related to total atrial RNA), determined by liquid hybridization (controlled by northern blot analysis), was increased by 38% in infarcted rats (p less than 0.05 vs. controls), but the ratio of atrial ANP mRNA relative to atrial beta-actin mRNA levels was not increased. Right and left ventricular ANP mRNA level increased by 90% and 380%, respectively, far exceeding the concomitant increase in beta-actin mRNA (+26% in the left ventricle). Plasma ANP increased with volume loading in controls and rats with moderate infarcts but not in rats with large infarcts despite a similar increase in right atrial pressure (compared with control animals); thus, the relation of delta ANP/delta right atrial pressure exerted by volume loading decreased in rats with large infarcts. Similarly, the response of cardiac output and renal blood flow (determined by radioactive microspheres) to volume loading was attenuated in rats with large infarcts. Thus, in this model of chronic cardiac failure, the activation of the ANP system is closely coupled with the increase in intracardiac pressures without correlating linearly to the extent of myocardial loss. Second, in severe cardiac failure, additional stimulation such as volume loading may elicit only an attenuated ANP secretion response, for example, due to saturation of the ANP receptor sensing system or to a limited transformation rate of pro-ANP. Third, the increase in atrial ANP synthesis and the increase in atrial ANP gene expression seems limited; however, substantial specific ANP gene expression occurs in the ventricles, which, in turn, may contribute to increased plasma ANP levels in chronic heart failure.
Macrophage‐megakaryocyte interaction in bone marrow after high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy
Authors: Nagahito Saito, Nobuo Takemori, Katsuyuki Hirai, Ryuichi Onodera, Shinji Watanabe, Masayoshi Namiki
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1993)

Localization of IgG in bone marrow after high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy (IVIG) was investigated via light and electron microscopy. IgG was incorporated into the cytoplasm of various types of bone marrow cells of all the three lineages, particularly in reticulum cells, fat cells, and megakaryocytes. In addition, both reticulum cells and fat cells showed many elongated cytoplasmic protrusions, which were in contact with the various types of blood cells, especially the megakaryocytes. A filamentous structure was also seen near the point of contact between the cells. Ultrastructural changes of macrophages in bone marrow after IVIG suggest that these cells were activated by IVIG.
Efficacy of venlafaxine, medroxyprogesterone acetate, and cyproterone acetate for the treatment of vasomotor hot flushes in men taking gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues for prostate cancer: a double-blind, randomised trial
Authors: Jacques Irani, Laurent Salomon, Rostand Oba, Philippe Bouchard, Nicolas Mottet
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2009)
Renoprotective Effect of Remote Ischemic Post-Conditioning by Intermittent Balloon Inflations in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Spyridon Deftereos, Georgios Giannopoulos, Vasileios Tzalamouras, Konstantinos Raisakis, Charalambos Kossyvakis, Andreas Kaoukis, Vasiliki Panagopoulou, Sofia Karageorgiou, Dimitrios Avramides, Konstantinos Toutouzas, George Hahalis, Vlassios Pyrgakis, Antonis S. Manolis, Dimitrios Alexopoulos, Christodoulos Stefanadis, Michael W. Cleman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Irregular Pigmented Lesion on the Oral Mucosa
Authors: Pamela A. Morganroth, Diane Jackson, Marsha Chaffins
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

A woman in her 50s presented with a several-week history of asymptomaticdark lesionsonher lowermucosal lip.Thepatientwas not taking anymedications at the time the lesiondeveloped. Physical examination revealed brown to black coalescing irregular macules involving a largeportionof her lower labialmucosa (Figure, A). Nopigmented lesionswere seenonother areas of theoralmucosa, on the ocular mucosa, or on the skin or nails. An incisional punch biopsy specimen from a pigmented macule was submitted for histologicalexaminationwithroutinehematoxylin-eosinstaining(Figure, B). Fourteenweeks later thepatientwas seen for follow-up, and the pigmented macules on her lip had substantially regressed without treatment (Figure, C). A second incisional punch biopsy was performed at this time for repeated histological examination. What is your diagnosis?
Comparison of the standard gamble, rating scale, AQLQ and SF-36 for measuring quality of life in asthma
Authors: E.F. Juniper, G.R. Norman, F.M. Cox, J.N. Roberts
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

With interest in health economics growing, there is a demand for valid methods for measuring health-related quality of life (HRQL) in asthma using utilities. The aims of this study were to develop disease-specific versions of the standard gamble and rating scale, to compare their measurement properties with those of the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) and the Medical Outcomes Survey Short-Form 36 (SF-36), as well as to determine their validity for assessing asthma-specific quality of life. Forty adults with symptomatic asthma participated in a 9-week observational study. Participants completed the standard gamble, rating scale, AQLQ, SF-36 and other measures of clinical asthma status at baseline and after 1, 5 and 9 weeks. In patients whose asthma was stable between assessments, reliability was good for the rating scale (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)=0.89) and the AQLQ (ICC=0.95) but more modest for the SF-36 mental score (ICC=0.68), SF-36 physical score (ICC= 0.65) and standard gamble (ICC=0.59). The responsiveness index was highest in the AQLQ (1.35), followed by the rating scale (0.74), the physical score of the SF-36 (0.61) and the standard gamble (0.31). Construct validity (correlation with other indices of health status) was strongest for the AQLQ and the rating scale. In conclusion, both the disease-specific rating scale and the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire have strong measurement properties for measuring asthma-specific quality of life; the Short-Form 36 health survey physical summary score has more modest properties. Although the disease-specific standard gamble has acceptable discriminative properties, its evaluative properties are too inadequate for it to be used in cost/utility analyses. Poor correlation between the standard gamble and the rating scale indicates that utilities cannot be derived from rating scale data.
Relapse of fibrosing alveolitis (desquamative interstitial pneumonia) after twelve years.
Authors: A M Hunter, D Lamb
Journal: Thorax (1979)

A patient with desquamative interstitial pneumonia completely recovered after treatment with oral corti- costeroids.Twelve years after stopping treatment the patient relapsed but has again recovered after treatment. Case reportA 34-year-old woman presented with a 15 month history of dyspnoea progressing to breathlessness on minimal exertion.She had slight cough and scanty mucoid sputum.There was no history of arthralgia.She had taken no drugs and had been exposed to no recognised allergens.Gross clubbing of fingers and toes was present.Chest expansion was reduced and numerous inspiratory crackles were heard over the lower two-thirds of both lungs.The chest radiograph showed nodular opacities in the lower half of both lung fields, being more pronounced on the right side.Lung function tests showed a restrictive pattern (table).Arterial oxygen saturation was reduced to 89%.Blood tests including a full connective tissue disorder screen gave normal results.
X-Ray Dermatitis; Suit for Damages.
Authors: Frank Boyd
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Paducah, Ky., Feb. 2, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In October, 1897, the undersigned was sued for malpractice in the sum of $10,000 for subjecting a patient to the X-rays which produced a severe dermatitis, the plaintiff setting up the claim that the apparatus was carelessly used, and further that the means used was not yet sufficiently well understood as to warrant its use for the purpose of locating foreign bodies, etc. The suit was ably contested and fortunately was decided in my favor, the court holding that in this as in other cases the physician was bound to use ordinary skill and judgment, and placed the case upon the same footing as chloroform anesthesia. Knowing that there were several suits of this character in the courts I thought perhaps it would be of some interest to report it, since I have as yet been unable to find that the subject
Wegener's Granulomatosis
Authors: Michael C. Sneller
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>SELECTED CASES</h3><h3>Patient 1</h3> A previously healthy 20-year-old man experienced the subacute onset of an influenzalike illness characterized by diffuse arthralgias, malaise, fever, nonproductive cough, nasal congestion, epistaxis, and frontal headaches. His symptoms were unresponsive to decongestants and multiple courses of oral antibiotics. During the next several weeks he developed pain and swelling over the bridge of his nose and migratory pain and swelling of multiple joints. Because of persistent epistaxis he consulted an otolaryngologist, who noted diffusely inflamed nasal mucosa and performed a biopsy, which showed acute and chronic inflammation. The patient was referred to the National Institutes of Health 4 months after his symptoms began. Laboratory evaluation showed a white blood cell count of 10.8×10<sup>9</sup>/L, hemoglobin of 126 g/L, erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 71 mm/h, creatinine of 80 μmol/L (0.90 mg/dL), and a normal urinalysis. Radiographic studies revealed pansinusitis and a nodule in the upper lobe