tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lipopolysaccharide induced apoptosis of rat pancreatic acinar cells.
Authors: V J Laine, K M Nyman, H J Peuravuori, K Henriksen, M Parvinen, T J Nevalainen
Journal: Gut (1996)

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been proposed to participate in the pathogenesis of pancreatic inflammatory disease.This study investigated the role of endotoxaemia in the pathogenesis of pancreatic acinar cell injury.Sixty eight male Spraque-Dawley rats were used in the study. Escherichia coli LPS (5 mg/kg) was injected into the peritoneal cavity of the rats. The concentration of pancreatic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) in plasma was measured and pancreatic tissue examined by histology, in situ detection of free DNA 3'-ends, and electrophoretic DNA analysis.The concentration of pancreatic PLA2 increased in plasma and the catalytic activity of PLA2 increased in pancreatic tissue after an LPS injection. Apoptosis in pancreatic acinar cells and fragmentation of DNA typical of apoptosis in pancreatic tissue was seen 24 hours after an LPS injection. Pancreatic acinar atrophy was seen 72 hours after the LPS injection.These data show that LPS causes release of pancreatic PLA2 into blood plasma, activation of PLA2 in pancreatic tissue, and apoptosis of acinar cells.
Use of Modern Contraception by the Poor Is Falling Behind
Authors: Emmanuela Gakidou, Effy Vayena
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Background The widespread increase in the use of contraception, due to multiple factors including improved access to modern contraception, is one of the most dramatic social transformations of the past fifty years. This study explores whether the global progress in the use of modern contraceptives has also benefited the poorest. Methods and Findings Demographic and Health Surveys from 55 developing countries were analyzed using wealth indices that allow the identification of the absolute poor within each country. This article explores the macro level determinants of the differences in the use of modern contraceptives between the poor and the national averages of several countries. Despite increases in national averages, use of modern contraception by the absolute poor remains low. South and Southeast Asia have relatively high rates of modern contraception in the absolute poor, on average 17% higher than in Latin America. Over time the gaps in use persist and are increasing. Latin America exhibits significantly larger gaps in use between the poor and the averages, while gaps in sub-Saharan Africa are on average smaller by 15.8% and in Southeast Asia by 11.6%. Conclusions The secular trend of increasing rates of modern contraceptive use has not resulted in a decrease of the gap in use for those living in absolute poverty. Countries with large economic inequalities also exhibit large inequalities in modern contraceptive use. In addition to macro level factors that influence contraceptive use, such as economic development and provision of reproductive health services, there are strong regional variations, with sub-Saharan Africa exhibiting the lowest national rates of use, South and Southeast Asia the highest use among the poor, and Latin America the largest inequalities in use.
Sulphanilamide in Gonococcal Infections
Authors: T. J. Hollins
Journal: BMJ (1937)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following Sulphanilamide in Gonococcal Infections Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Recruitment of Normal Stem Cells to an Oncogenic Phenotype by Noncontiguous Carcinogen-Transformed Epithelia Depends on the Transforming Carcinogen
Authors: Yuanyuan Xu, Erik J. Tokar, Rachel J. Person, Ruben G. Orihuela, Ntube N.O. Ngalame, Michael P. Waalkes
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. The microenvironment is critical to the fate of CSCs. We have found that a normal stem cell (NSC) line from human prostate (WPE-stem) is recruited into CSC-like cells by nearby, but noncontiguous, arsenic-transformed isogenic malignant epithelial cells (MECs).Objective: It is unknown whether this recruitment of NSCs into CSCs by noncontact co-culture is specific to arsenic-transformed MECs. Thus, we used co-culture to examine the effects of neighboring noncontiguous cadmium-transformed MECs (Cd-MECs) and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea–transformed MECs (MNU-MECs) on NSCs.Results: After 2 weeks of noncontact Cd-MEC co-culture, NSCs showed elevated metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and MMP-2 secretion, increased invasiveness, increased colony formation, decreased PTEN expression, and formation of aggressive, highly branched duct-like structures from single cells in Matrigel, all characteristics typical of cancer cells. These oncogenic characteristics did not occur in NSCs co-cultured with MNU-MECs. The NSCs co-cultured with Cd-MECs retained self-renewal capacity, as evidenced by multiple passages (&gt; 3) of structures formed in Matrigel. Cd-MEC–co-cultured NSCs also showed molecular (increased VIM, SNAIL1, and TWIST1 expression; decreased E-CAD expression) and morphologic evidence of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition typical for conversion to CSCs. Dysregulated expression of SC-renewal genes, including ABCG2, OCT-4, and WNT-3, also occurred in NSCs during oncogenic transformation induced by noncontact co-culture with Cd-MECs.Conclusions: These data indicate that Cd-MECs can recruit nearby NSCs into a CSC-like phenotype, but MNU-MECs do not. Thus, the recruitment of NSCs into CSCs by nearby MECs is dependent on the carcinogen originally used to malignantly transform the MECs.
Letter to the Editor: Emergency Research Consent Waiver—A Proper Way
Authors: Adil E. Shamoo
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2006)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Since 2003, Adil E. Shamoo has served as a paid ethics consultant to the Restore Effective Survival in Shock (RESUS) trial, the Naval Medical Research Center's (NMRC) proposed clinical trial of Hemopure®, a prehospital resuscitative fluid in trauma subjects with hemorrhagic shock. Dr. Shamoo also is a member of the RESUS trial Advisory Board. Dr. Shamoo has never had any financial relationship with the Biopure Corportation, the manufacturer of Hemopure®. Dr. Shamoo wrote this article on his own time and on his own volition.
Have sperm densities declined? A reanalysis of global trend data.
Authors: S H Swan, E P Elkin, L Fenster
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

In 1992 a worldwide decline in sperm density was reported; this was quickly followed by numerous critiques and editorials. Because of the public health importance of this finding, a detailed reanalysis of data from 61 studies was warranted to resolve these issues. Multiple linear regression models (controlling for abstinence time, age, percent proven fertility, specimen collection method, study goal and location) were used to examine regional differences and the interaction between region (United States, Europe, and non-Western countries) and year. Nonlinear models and residual confounding were also examined in these data. Using a linear model (adjusted R2 = 0. 80), means and slopes differed significantly across regions (p = 0. 02). Mean sperm densities were highest in Europe and lowest in non-Western countries. A decline in sperm density was seen in the United States (studies from 1938-1988; slope = -1.50; 95% confidence interval (CI), -1.90--1.10) and Europe (1971-1990; slope = -3.13; CI, -4.96- -1.30), but not in non-Western countries (1978-1989; slope = 1.56; CI, -1.00-4.12). Results from nonlinear models (quadratic and spline) were similar. Thus, further analysis of these studies supports a significant decline in sperm density in the United States and Europe. Confounding and selection bias are unlikely to account for these results. However, some intraregional differences were as large as mean decline in sperm density between 1938 and 1990, and recent reports from Europe and the United States further support large interarea differences in sperm density. Identifying the cause(s) of these regional and temporal differences, whether environmental or other, is clearly warranted.
Relation Between Ischemia Time, Infarct Size, and Left Ventricular Function in Humans
Authors: Edmund T. Hasche, Clyne Fernandes, S. Ben Freedman, Richmond W. Jeremy
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Experimental studies indicate that duration of ischemia is a major determinant of myocardial infarct size, but only limited information is available about the relation between ischemia time and infarct size in individual patients. This prospective study sought to document the role of ischemia time as a determinant of infarct size in humans. Methods and Results We studied 61 patients (50 men, 11 women) 57±11 years old admitted with a first infarct (31 anterior, 30 inferior) who underwent continuous 12-lead ECG monitoring to document ischemia time. Infarct size (32-point QRS score on day 7) and changes in regional myocardial wall motion (echocardiography) during the following month were related to ischemia time. Among patients with &lt;3 hours of ischemia (n=16), mean infarct size on day 7 was 21±13% of potential infarct size; in patients with 3 to 6 hours of ischemia (n=23), infarct size was 38±18% of potential ( P &lt;.05 versus 0 to 3 hours of ischemia); and in patients with 6 to 9 hours of ischemia (n=10), infarct size was 66±14% of potential ( P &lt;.05 versus 3 to 6 hours). In contrast, the 12 patients with an ischemia time &gt;9 hours had a final infarct size of 77±10% of potential ( P &lt;.01 versus 3 to 6 hours). Multivariate regression identified size of risk region, duration of ischemia, and degree of initial ST-segment elevation as independent predictors of infarct size, of which the most important variable was ischemia time. The regression models accurately predicted both individual absolute infarct size ( R 2 =.83) and individual infarct/risk ratio ( R 2 =.74). Patients with &lt;6 hours of ischemia exhibited significant recovery of myocardial wall motion by day 7 (wall motion score, 2.1±1.4 versus 5.7±3.2 on day 1, P &lt;.01). Patients with 6 to 9 hours of ischemia had some recovery by 1 month (score, 6.3±4.4 versus 10.9±3.8 on day 1, P &lt;.01), but patients with &gt;9 hours of ischemia had little recovery of wall motion by 1 month (score, 10.3±4.5 versus 12.8±3.1 on day 1, P &lt;.05). Conclusions Measurement of ischemia time allows improved prediction of infarct size in humans. Significant myocardial salvage and functional recovery may be achieved by reperfusion up to 9 hours after coronary occlusion. Continuous ST-segment monitoring should be used to measure ischemia time and guide interventions to reperfuse the infarct artery.
It's good to talk
Authors: L. Hoy
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Much of a doctor's work centres around communication. It seems a little disproportionate, then, that as an undergraduate, I spent only two days on a communication skills course. However, as a student at Royal Free and University College London Medical School, I also took part in a student psychotherapy scheme, a kind of training that I think should be more widely available.

Students who join see one (carefully selected) patient, on their own, for one hour a week, for up to 18 months. Students also meet weekly in small supervision groups, with a psychotherapist or psychiatrist, to present and discuss each session with patients.

> I realised that I do not have to be the perfect doctor. It is acceptable to have limitations 

My patient was an anxious nurse in her early 30s. She was experiencing difficulties concerning an enmeshed relationship with her mother, with whom she lived. She had suffered several traumatic separations during her life. The main issues we discussed concerned closeness, trust, separation anxiety, and loss. She was extremely …
Fat Intake After Diagnosis and Risk of Lethal Prostate Cancer and All-Cause Mortality
Authors: Erin L. Richman, Stacey A. Kenfield, Jorge E. Chavarro, Meir J. Stampfer, Edward L. Giovannucci, Walter C. Willett, June M. Chan
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3> Nearly 2.5 million men currently live with prostate cancer in the United States, yet little is known about the association between diet after diagnosis and prostate cancer progression and overall mortality. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine postdiagnostic fat intake in relation to lethal prostate cancer and all-cause mortality. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Prospective study of 4577 men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2010). <h3>Exposures</h3> Postdiagnostic intake of saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated,<i>trans</i>, animal, and vegetable fat. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Lethal prostate cancer (distant metastases or prostate cancer–specific death) and all-cause mortality. <h3>Results</h3> We observed 315 events of lethal prostate cancer and 1064 deaths (median follow-up, 8.4 years). Crude rates per 1000 person-years for lethal prostate cancer were as follows (highest vs lowest quintile of fat intake): 7.6 vs 7.3 for saturated, 6.4 vs 7.2 for monounsaturated, 5.8 vs 8.2 for polyunsaturated, 8.7 vs 6.1 for<i>trans</i>, 8.3 vs 5.7 for animal, and 4.7 vs 8.7 for vegetable fat. For all-cause mortality, the rates were 28.4 vs 21.4 for saturated, 20.0 vs 23.7 for monounsaturated, 17.1 vs 29.4 for polyunsaturated, 32.4 vs 17.1 for<i>trans</i>, 32.0 vs 17.2 for animal, and 15.4 vs 32.7 for vegetable fat. Replacing 10% of energy intake from carbohydrate with vegetable fat was associated with a lower risk of lethal prostate cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51-0.98;<i>P</i>= .04) and all-cause mortality (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.61-0.88;<i>P</i>= .001). No other fats were associated with lethal prostate cancer. Saturated and<i>trans</i>fats after diagnosis (replacing 5% and 1% of energy from carbohydrate, respectively) were associated with higher all-cause mortality (HR, 1.30 [95% CI, 1.05-1.60;<i>P</i>= .02] and 1.25 [95% CI, 1.05-1.49;<i>P</i>= .01], respectively). <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Among men with nonmetastatic prostate cancer, replacing carbohydrates and animal fat with vegetable fat may reduce the risk of all-cause mortality. The potential benefit of vegetable fat for prostate cancer–specific outcomes merits further research.
PWE-091 Are Qualitative Faecal Calprotectin Assays Useful in Clinical Practice?: Abstract PWE-091 Table 1
Authors: L Pee, K Josephs, A McNair
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Distinguishing organic and functional bowel disease is often clinically difficult. Faecal biomarkers have been used to aid the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and reduce the need for invasive investigations. Quantitative faecal calprotectin (CAL) at certain thresholds has been shown to have a high sensitivity and specificity for identifying IBD. There is also similar evidence for faecal lactoferrin (LAC). There is less evidence for the use of point of care qualitative assays in clinical practise, however previously it has demonstrated comparable efficacy to the quantitative test. <h3>Methods</h3> This is a retrospective study of 528 patients with abdominal symptoms who had faecal CAL measured (Quantum Blue® LFCAL) from June 2011 to June 2012 in Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woolwich and Queen Mary’s Hospital, Sidcup. Faecal LAC (IBD EZ VUE®) was only measured when CAL was positive. The tests were ordered by both hospital physicians and general practitioners (GPs). Definitive outcome for hospital patients was determined by blood tests, endoscopy with histology and further imaging. Outcome was not recorded for patients with a negative test result. <h3>Results</h3> 136 patients had positive CAL and therefore also had LAC measured. 392 patients had negative CAL. Outcome was not known for 42/136 patients as these tests were ordered by GPs and they possibly attended other hospitals. Some tests were carried out to assess patients with known IBD (15 tests total – 7 CAL +/LAC -, 8 CAL +, LAC +). 121 patients with positive CAL had the test for primary diagnostic purposes. 60 patients had a positive CAL and a negative LAC, of which47/60 (78%) had normal colonoscopies; 13/60 (22%) had an abnormal result. 34 patients had a positive CAL and a positive LAC, of which 10/34 (29%) had normal colonoscopies; 24/34 (71%) had an abnormal result. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In this study, a positive qualitative CAL result was a poor marker of bowel inflammation. The number of false positive results was greatly reduced by using it in conjunction with LAC, 29% in comparison to 78%. Qualitative CAL may be useful at excluding IBD when it is negative and the threshold is low, however, our data shows that a positive test is not specific and cannot be compared to a quantitative CAL test. This may be because of the low threshold of our particular test (30–300 ng/ml) and qualitative LAC testing may improve this. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Assessment of peripheral vascular disease in diabetics.
Authors: F G Fowkes, E Housley, G C Leng
Journal: Circulation (1994)

population.The subsequent 2-year incidence of overt coronary artery disease was 2.3% in men under the age of 65 years without aortic calcification and 4.1% for men under the age of 65 with aortic calcification.After adjustment for other risk factors, this difference was not statistically significant despite the large number of patients studied.Thus, the statement by Agatston and Janowitz that the presence of substantial calcification "puts that person in a higher risk category and justifies more aggressive risk factor intervention" is an attractive hypothesis that is as yet unproven.This hypothesis should be the subject of "carefully designed clinical and epidemiologic investigation," as recommended in the AHA statement.Agatston and Janowitz appear to imply that a full range of viewpoints was not heard before the AHA issued its statement on ultrafast computed tomography.The opinion of investigators involved in the application of this modality was sought during the development of this statement.
Survey of patient information booklets.
Authors: P J Sloan
Journal: BMJ (1984)

A wealth of written information is available for patients on the whole range of medical topics. The great variety of material available makes it difficult to choose the most appropriate card or booklet for the patient. Pharmaceutical firms produce cards and booklets for patients of varying type and quality. This paper surveys the existing cards and booklets and categorises them as warning cards, cooperation cards, compliance cards, and educational booklets. It also discusses some of the uses and problems of educational booklets and compares booklets from all sources on the subject of heart disease. Finally, there is a list of educational non promotional leaflets and booklets provided free of charge by pharmaceutical firms.
Reviews and Notes: Neurology: Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management
Authors: Vladimir Hachinski
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Literature of Medicine15 November 1993Reviews and Notes: Neurology: Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and ManagementVladimir Hachinski, MDVladimir Hachinski, MDUniversity of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5A5.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-10-199311150-00040 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and ManagementSecond edition. Henry J. M. Barnett, J. P. Mohr, Bennett M. Stein, and Frank M. Yatsu. 1270 pages. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1992. $225.00.Much has happened in the study of stroke since the first edition of this book appeared in 1986. Magnetic resonance imaging continues to show unimagined details. Carotid endarterectomy has been proven highly effective in symptomatic patients with 70% to 99% stenosis, and anticoagulants have been shown to decrease substantially the risk for stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. In addition, ticlopidine has been added to the repertoire of effective antiplatelet agents and evidence ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5A5. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 November 1993Volume 119, Issue 10Page: 1058KeywordsAortic valveAtrial fibrillationCarotid endarterectomyCerebrospinal fluidCerebrovascular diseasesElderlyMagnetic resonance imagingNeurologyStenosisStroke ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 November 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
The constraints of academic politics are not violations of academic freedom
Authors: Emanuel Donchin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

Tenure is designed to protect the academic freedom of faculty members by insulating them from arbitrary dismissal by administrative authorities external to their community of scholars. Therefore, the target article's focus on constraints that derive from peer pressures and academic politics is misplaced, rendering the results of the survey irrelevant to the issue of the value of tenure.
EBV-positive Hodgkin lymphoma is associated with suppression of p21cip1/waf1 and a worse prognosis
Authors: Ting-Yun Liu, Shang-Ju Wu, Mi-Hsin Huang, Fei-Yun Lo, Mong-Hsun Tsai, Ching-Hwa Tsai, Su-Ming Hsu, Chung-Wu Lin
Journal: Molecular Cancer (2010)

Abstract Background About 30-50% of Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs) harbor the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), but the impact of EBV infection on clinical outcomes has been unclear. EBV-encoded small RNAs ( EBER s) are presented in all EBV-infected cells, but their functions are still less understood. Results EBER1 was transfected into two HL cell lines, KMH2 and L428, and microarrays were used to screen for EBER1 -induced changes. We found that EBER1 suppressed p21 cip1/waf1 transcription in HL cell lines. In addition, positive regulators of p21 cip1/waf1 transcription, such as p53, EGR1, and STAT1, were decreased. Suppression of p21 cip1/waf1 in the EBER1 + HL cell lines was associated with increased resistance to histone deacetylase inhibitors or proteasome inhibitors, drugs known to cause apoptosis by increasing p21 cip1/waf1 levels. On biopsy specimens, EBV + HLs had weaker expression of both p21 cip1/waf1 and active caspase 3. Clinically, suppression of p21 cip1/waf1 in EBV + HLs was associated with a worse 2-year disease-free survival rate (45% for EBV + HLs vs . 77% for EBV - HLs, p = 0.002). Conclusion Although the underlying mechanisms are still relatively unclear, EBER1 inhibits p21 cip1/waf1 transcription and prevents apoptosis through down-regulation of p53, EGR1, and STAT1. The anti-apoptotic activity of EBER1 may be important in the rescue of Reed-Sternberg cells from drug-induced apoptosis and in the clinical behaviors of EBV + HLs.