tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HEAT PROSTRATION AND DEHYDRATION
Authors: Cornelius Van Zwalenburg
Journal: JAMA (1933)

To the Editor:  —Two years ago, as I heard the story of a friend who collapsed after hours in his orange grove on an intensely hot day, it occurred to me that heat exhaustion is dehydration. He was brought back to practically normal by 1,000 cc. of dextrose salt solution in the half hour it took to give it.The Journalpublished my report, Oct. 17, 1931, p. 1169.  My suggestion a little later to Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur, then Secretary of the Interior, that Hoover Dam would be a good place to test this principle resulted in Dr. W. A. Haas and the officials of the Six Companies interesting themselves in it and establishing the necessary plant and in Harvard University sending a research group to the dam in the summer of 1932.  In April, 1932, I visited Hoover Dam and discussed prevention and treatment of heat exhaustion with
Respiratory failure in chest wall injuries.
Authors: R E Loder
Journal: BMJ (1970)

MCLJOULAt the beginning of 1964 he noticed he was passing more blood per rectum than he fel he could attribute to his haemorrhoids and ,when the latter were removed the bleeding continued.At a second operation in September 1964 "something the size of a go*bail" was removed from his rectum and he was discharged from gaol on account of this.He returned to civilian life and has since then never engaged in his previous practice, although he was sent back to pris- on in September 1968; prisoners are now permitted to have tobacco.He did, however, continue to pass blood per rectum at inter- vals.The clinical and histological features are so out(of the ordinary that we feel that there may be a relationship between the carcin- oma and his eight-year habit of hiding tobacco in his rectum.The tobacco was probably not the cause of the carcinoma, because he was adamant that the quality of the tobacco was in no way altered by its storage in the rectum.Whether the lesion is a consequence of the grease, and whether the cement-bag paper contributed to its development, cannot be determined with certainty.-Weare, etc.,
Glucose activates the carboxyl methylation of gamma subunits of trimeric GTP-binding proteins in pancreatic beta cells. Modulation in vivo by calcium, GTP, and pertussis toxin.
Authors: A Kowluru, G Li, S A Metz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

The gamma subunits of trimeric G-proteins (gamma1, gamma2, gamma5, and gamma7 isoforms) were found to be methylated at their carboxyl termini in normal rat islets, human islets and pure beta [HIT-T15] cells. Of these, GTPgammaS significantly stimulated the carboxyl methylation selectively of gamma2 and gamma5 isoforms. Exposure of intact HIT cells to either of two receptor-independent agonists--a stimulatory concentration of glucose or a depolarizing concentration of K+--resulted in a rapid (within 30 s) and sustained (at least up to 60 min) stimulation of gamma subunit carboxyl methylation. Mastoparan, which directly activates G-proteins (and insulin secretion from beta cells), also stimulated the carboxyl methylation of gamma subunits in intact HIT cells. Stimulatory effects of glucose or K+ were not demonstrable after removal of extracellular Ca2+ or depletion of intracellular GTP, implying regulatory roles for calcium fluxes and GTP; however, the methyl transferase itself was not directly activated by either. The stimulatory effects of mastoparan were resistant to removal of extracellular Ca2+, implying a mechanism of action that is different from glucose or K+ but also suggesting that dissociation of the alphabetagamma trimer is conducive to gamma subunit carboxyl methylation. Indeed, pertussis toxin also markedly attenuated the stimulatory effects of glucose, K+ or mastoparan without altering the rise in intracellular calcium induced by glucose or K+. Glucose-induced carboxyl methylation of gamma2 and gamma5 isoforms was vitiated by coprovision of any of three structurally different cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Conversely, exogenous PGE2, which activates Gi and Go in HIT cells and which thereby would dissociate alpha from beta(gamma), stimulated the carboxyl methylation of gamma2 and gamma5 isoforms and reversed the inhibition of glucose-stimulated carboxyl methylation of gamma subunits elicited by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. These data indicate that gamma subunits of trimeric G-proteins undergo a glucose- and calcium-regulated methylation-demethylation cycle in insulin-secreting cells, findings that may imply an important role in beta cell function. Furthermore, this is the first example of the regulation of the posttranslational modification of G-protein gamma subunits via nonreceptor-mediated activation mechanisms, which are apparently dependent on calcium influx and the consequent activation of phospholipases releasing arachidonic acid.
Age as a function in the development of sodium-related hypertension.
Authors: R W Tuthill, E J Calabrese
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

The populations of the developed nations of the world exhibit an increase in blood pressure with age, while in primitive societies blood pressure remains relatively constant throughout adult life. Hypertension may be a complex of diseases all having the same clinical manifestations but not being caused necessarily by the same factors. A possible common denominator in the development of any chronic elevation of blood pressure is the need for the kidney to increase urine volume to promote sodium excretion and, thereby, prevent a chronically expanded extracellular fluid (ECF). Hypertension may be viewed as a maladaptation of the body in its attempt to maintain homeostasis of the ECF. Man evolved under conditions of relative scarcity of salt and even now can maintain normal body function with an intake of less than 2 g/day. The high risk person appears to have a hereditary predisposition to a rise in blood pressure in the presence of a high sodium (NaCl) intake. Actually, the degree of rise in blood pressure may be an interaction between the amount of genetic predisposition and the level of sodium and its relation to potassium intake. Recent work in two Massachusetts communities supports this interpretation and suggests that differences in blood pressure distribution may increase with age between a higher and lower sodium community.
Chemical inducers of differentiation in a long-term renal cell line.
Authors: J E Lever
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

The long-term renal epithelial cell line LLC-PK1 expresses at confluence several differentiated characteristics of renal proximal tubule including Na/glucose cotransport and several brush border membrane hydrolases. The differentiation-inducing chemical hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) triggers a dramatic induction of Na+/glucose symport, trehalase and maltase, expressed as an increase in the number of cells in the culture that express the differentiated phenotype. Characteristics of the induction response are reviewed in terms of proposed mechanisms of inducer action. New evidence suggests that in addition to elevation of intracellular Na levels mediated by partial inhibition of the sodium pump, HMBA treatment also alters polyamine levels via effects on ornithine decarboxylase. These responses may be mediated by HMBA effects on protein kinase C activity. The possible role of polyamine fluctuations and DNA demethylation in mediating HMBA effects on differentiated gene expression is currently being investigated.
Toilet paper and spread of infection.
Authors: I Taylor
Journal: BMJ (1978)

receptor content to equal extent but has a larger effect on rapidly proliferating cells than on slowly growing cells.'Recent data show that receptor-negative human breast cancers generally have a higher growth rate, as indicated by a higher labelling index and mitotic index.6The conclusions by Lipmann et al may therefore have to be amplified to state that human breast cancers with low oestrogen receptor content usually are the more rapidly growing tumours and consequently are relatively more sensitive to cytostatic treatment.
Effect of Acetylcholine on Pulmonary Vascular Resistance in a Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: ROBERT J. MARSHALL, H. FREDERIC HELMHOLZ, JOHN T. SHEPHERD
Journal: Circulation (1959)

Necropsy studies in cases of pulmonary hypertension of unknown cause show structural changes in the pulmonary vessels that are called irreversible. Acetylcholine chloride was infused at a rate of 2 mg. per minute into the outflow tract of the right ventricle of a 48-year-old woman who had pulmonary hypertension. The mean pulmonary artery pressure decreased from 56 to 25 mm. Hg and the pulmonary flow increased slightly. These findings are consistent with the theory that so-called idiopathic pulmonary hypertension may at some stage be maintained by vasoconstriction.
NICE issues draft guidance on preventing and treating acute kidney injury
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The NHS is being advised on steps to improve care for people with acute kidney injury, to reduce large numbers of avoidable deaths. New quality standards detailing priorities for prevention and treatment were issued for consultation by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) on Friday 30 May.1

A recent study, published after NICE issued guidance in 2013, found that acute kidney injury could be associated with over 40 000 deaths in England each year—far …
Prolongation by captopril of action potential duration in the normal and hypertrophied rat ventricle: direct action or inhibition of the local angiotensin converting enzyme?
Authors: C. Ribuot, R. Cardinal, L. Gouin, P. Moreau, D. Godin, M. Vermeulen, J. d. Champlain, L. Rochette, R. Nadeau
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Objective: The aims were: (1) to study the acute effects of captopril on the action potential characteristics of ventricular fibres from the normal rat, (2) to compare the effects of captopril with those of perindoprilat, a non-thiol angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, (3) to determine the electrophysiological properties of the peptide substrates of converting enzyme, bradykinin and angiotensin I, and (4) to investigate whether the effects of captopril occurring in the healthy heart also occur in two models of ventricular hypertrophy. Methods: Action potentials were recorded with the standard glass microelectrode technique in right ventricular preparations excised from rat hearts and superfused under baseline conditions and with drug containing or peptide containing Tyrode solution. Ventricular hypertrophy was induced in response to hypertension (unilaterally nephrectomised, DOCA-salt model) or 4 week old left ventricular infarction. Results: In preparations from normal rat hearts, captopril increased action potential duration in a concentration dependent fashion [EC50 = 3.5 × 10−8 M; maximum effect = 44(SEM 5.1)% prolongation at 10−5 M for action potential duration at 90% repolarisation, APD90]. Perindoprilat similarly caused a dose dependent increase in action potential duration, but with 100 times greater potency [EC50 = 3.1 × 10−10 M; maximum effect = 71(11)% prolongation at 10−5 M for APD90]. SQ 14,534, a stereoisomer of captopril with one hundredth the ACE inhibitor potency, had no significant effect on action potential duration at 10−5 M. Angiotensin I and bradykinin caused concentration dependent prolongation of action potential, but angiotensin II (10−6 M) had no effect. Captopril (10−5 M) had no significant effect in the hypertrophied right ventricle from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats, but significantly increased APD90 [39(4.9)%] in right ventricular preparations from rats with 4 week old anterior left ventricular infarction. Conclusions: In the rat, captopril prolongs action potential duration, an effect possibly due to local accumulation of bradykinin and angiotensin I. Cardiovascular Research 1994;28:221-227
Epidemiology of Retrolental Fibroplasia
Authors: Theodore H. Ingalls
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

THE emergence of a new disease is a rare event in the middle of the twentieth century, but for over ten years retrolental fibroplasia has represented a new problem, both clinically and epidemiologically. The challenge to understand causes is not only to be able to prevent the new disease; further knowledge promises to help clarify the vascular basis of ocular and extraocular malformations of the fetus and embryo, and thus to throw light on the etiology and epidemiology of some of the oldest conditions of which there is medical record, the congenital anomalies.Retrolental fibroplasia could not have been widely . . .
Treatment of Pericarditis by the Icebag
Authors: D. B. Lees
Journal: BMJ (1893)

showed a girl, aged 19 months, who had a congenital dislocation of the left tibia forwards, the femur lying in the popliteal space.Dr. Marshall divided the rectus niuscle subcutaneously just above the patella, taking care not to injure the synovial membrane.The result was most satisfactory, the child walking quite well, and the 'joint being perfectly restored.IGENU VALGUJM AND OVERGROWTH OF THE INNER TIBIAL t ~~~~~TUBIEROSITY.MrtT JOHN EWENS (Surgeon to the Bristol Hospital for Womeh and Children), having alluded to the silence of some eminent surgical authorities on this subject, and the slight reference as regards the distinction 1 etween this affec-1ion and other forms of genu valgum made by other writers, Xr.Ewens proceeded to call attention to the very distinctive Ifeaures of the two cases by which his observations were illustrated.The inner tuberosities of the tibia were enlarged 'and elongated without any corresponding change in the inner condylV of the femur.The primary cause of genu valgum was, qf course, a rickety condition of, the bones with general loose pondition of the ligaments.Why the femur only was
702 SPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION OF ACUTE HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) INFECTION CORRELATES WITH THE RECONSTITUTION OF THE CIRCULATING CD56DIM NATURAL KILLER (NK)-CELL POOL
Authors: A. Riva, S. Phillips, A. Evans, A. Ambrozaitis, R. Williams, N.V. Naoumov, S. Chokshi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Clinical trials update from Heart Rhythm 2007 and Heart Failure 2007: CARISMA, PREPARE, DAVID II, SAVE‐PACE, PROTECT and AREA‐IN‐CHF
Authors: John G.F. Cleland, Alison P. Coletta, Ahmed Tageldien Abdellah, Klaus K. Witte, Neil Hobson, Andrew L. Clark
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2007)
Breastfeeding, maternal smoking and lower respiratory tract infections
Authors: P Nafstad, JJ Jaakkola, JA Hagen, G Botten, J Kongerud
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1996)

The objective of the study was to assess the relationship between breastfeeding and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) during the first year of life, with special reference to maternal smoking. A cohort of 3,754 children born in 1992-1993 in the City of Oslo, Norway was recruited and data were collected at birth, 6 and 12 months of age. Complete information was obtained from 3,238 children (follow-up rate 86%). The main outcome was an episode of a LRTI, such as pneumonia, bronchitis or bronchiolitis, based on a self-administered questionnaire addressed to parents when the child was 6 and 12 months old. The outcome was specified as physician-diagnosed. In logistic regression analysis adjusting for confounding, maternal smoking increased the risk of LRTIs in children breastfed for 0-6 months (odds ratio (AOR) 1.7; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.2-2.4), but not essentially when the child was breastfed for more than 6 months (AOR 1.1; 95% CI 0.7-1.6). Short-term breastfeeding (0-6 months) and no maternal smoking was related to an adjusted AOR of LRTIs of 1.3 (95% CI 1.0-1.7), and short-term breastfeeding combined with maternal smoking was related to an adjusted AOR of 2.2 (95% CI 1.6-3.1), as compared with long-term breastfeeding and no maternal smoking. The present study indicates a protective effect of long-term breastfeeding on the risk of lower respiratory tract infection during the first year of life. The results suggest that the protective effect is strongest in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.
An Efficient Strategy for Managing Acute Respiratory Illness in Adults
Authors: ROBERT W. WOOD
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

A safe, effective, and efficient clinical algorithm (management rule) for the care of adults with acute respiratory illness by nonphysician providers is presented. The algorithm was created from a data base collected on more than 5000 patients and prospectively evaluated on an additional 2637. It eliminates unhelpful diagnostic tests and minimizes physician involvement in patient care without compromising clinical standards, illness outcome, or patient satisfaction. Total direct medical care costs when the algorithm was used were approximately 40% of those costs generated by physicians managing similar patients, primarily because the algorithm directed an 80% reduction in a diagnostic test costs. The results suggest that significant savings can result when algorithms are used in the care of ambulatory patients with common illnesses.
Increased serum hepatitis C virus RNA levels among alcoholic patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Masahide Oshita, Norio Hayashi, Akinori Kasahara, Hideki Hagiwara, Eiji Mita, Masafumi Naito, Kazuhiro Katayama, Hideyuki Fusamoto, Takenobu Kamada
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Hepatitis viruses and alcohol are major causes of liver disease. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of alcohol intake on the replication of hepatitis C virus and the efficacy of interferon therapy. Fifty-three patients who were histologically proved to have chronic hepatitis C were tested. Of these, 16 were diagnosed as habitual drinkers whose cumulative total consumption of alcohol was more than 100 kg or who had consumed at least 60 gm of ethanol daily for at least 5 yr. The quantities of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum were measured with a competitive assay that combined reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. The subjects received a 26-wk course of interferon-alpha therapy. There were no significant differences in age and ALT levels between habitual drinkers and nonhabitual drinkers. The titer of viral RNA (logarithmic transformed copy numbers per milliliter of serum) of habitual drinkers (8.5 +/- 0.5) was higher than that of nonhabitual drinkers (7.7 +/- 0.8) (p < 0.01). Neopterin levels in serum, a marker for the activation of cell-mediated immunity, were lower for habitual drinkers (5.7 +/- 1.5 pmol/ml) than for nonhabitual drinkers (8.1 +/- 5.0 pmol/ml) (p < 0.01). Eleven of the nonhabitual drinkers (30%) were long-term responders whose alanine aminotransferase levels remained within normal range during the 24 wk after interferon therapy, whereas only one (6%) of the habitual drinkers was a long-term responder (p = 0.06). These findings suggest that alcohol intake increases hepatitis C virus RNA levels in serum--at least in part--impairment of cellular immunity, and modulates the efficacy of interferon therapy.
Pyogenic liver abscess.
Authors: J P Neoptolemos, D S Macpherson, D P Fossard
Journal: BMJ (1980)

malignant processes did develop, by contrast, in others of their patients, who had received irradiation alone or in combination with various other multiple-agent chemotherapy regimens, in conformity with data presented by several other investigators.1-3A possible explanation for these results lies in the observation reported by the Late Effects Study Group, which found that actinomycin D appeared to decrease the risk of radiationassociated second malignant neoplasms by a factor of 7.4 Adriamycin, one of the agents in ABVD, resembles actinomycin D in certain fundamental and clinical ways.Both are antibiotics that intercalate-in the DNA molecule and both are radiation enhancers and reactivators.5t; Thus it is possible that adriamycin is acting like actinomycin D in protecting against radiation-associated cancers.This possibility is given some credence in view of the fact that 2 60, of the patients reported by Mr Valagussa and his colleagues who received only irradiation developed second tumours within five years and 14 9o0 did so within 10 years.Of additional interest is the fact that second tumours were observed in irradiated patients given the five-drug regimen MABOP.The latter contains adriamycin, but also includes nitrogen mustard and procarbazine.The latter two alkylating agents have been widely held to be oncogenic in their own right.7 8 This suggests that adriamycin-if it does act like actinomycin D in protecting against second tumours following irradiation-is not efficient for this purpose when alkylating agents are concerned.It will be important to see whether the experience accumulated in other groups of irradiated patients who receive adriamycin with or without alkylating agents with high oncogenic potential duplicate the very in- terestinig and thought-provoking results reported by the Milan investigators.The implications regarding choice of treatment for patients requiring combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy are obvious.
Transporting patients with chest injuries.
Authors: A E Young
Journal: BMJ (1971)

used the discovery of staphylococcuskilling products of a fungus to make penicillin which saved millions of lives.Other scientists used the principle of atomic fission to make weapons and bombs.Two of these bombs were dropped in Japan, and killed over 2 million people, and horribly crippled many more, in seconds.Some of the machines invented or made by scientists now spew out pollutants into the air and waters."This, I believe, is the greatest contribution leading scientists can make to the wel- fare of mankind-to admit failures as readily as they admit apparent successes.-Iam, etc., C. DE F. W. GOONARATNA Dundee Anorexia Nervosa SIR,-In the leading article on anorexia nervosa (23 October, p. 183) you state "Though doubts have been expressed about its status as a distinct entity, it is generally regarded as a consistent syndrome."I have been-trying without success to fathom what this means.I think I know what a con- sistent syndrome is; but I have no idea what is meant by "distinct entity," nor how one would decide whether or no "a consistent syndrome" is "a distinct entity."Could you enlighten me ?-I am, etc.,
A STREPTOCOCCUS PRODUCING SYMPTOMS OF CHOREA IN A DOG
Authors: George F. Dick
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The streptococcus spoken of in this report was isolated from the throat of a patient with a case of chorea of five years' duration, Similar organisms have been isolated from a number of cases of more acute chorea. A detailed report will be published in the<i>Journal of Infectious Diseases.</i> The streptococcus as grown on hlood-agar forms a heavy, dirty-white growth with a border well raised above the medium and a wide zone of hemolysis. It grows aerobically and anaerobically equally well and grows on all ordinary media. It ferments milk with slight acid production but no coagulation. It does not ferment dextrose, lactose, mannite, inulin or saccharose. As grown on the surface of agar-slants, the strep tococcus is a Gram-positive organism occurring in irregular groups and short chains with such in abundance of smaller Gram-negative forms as to give the impression of a mixed culture. In milk it grows in