tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hematology, the Blossoming of a Science: A Story of Inspiration and Effort
Authors: Theodore H. Spaet
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology has been a standard in the field since 1942, its revisions having since appeared with comforting regularity. In recent years, there has been one American and one British entry for competition, but I consider Wintrobe's book to remain the gold standard. This amazing man next generated the definitive history of his field, a Wintrobe edited and multiauthored opus. How to top this?  This volume probably makes no such attempt; instead, it serves to fill in personal and, it is hoped, colorful biographical accounts of those who have made significant impacts on the development of hematology, often with interesting insights into the background leading to their contributions. The persons who qualify for such mention are legion, and how to select without producing a telephone book? What was done appears to represent Wintrobe's personal honor list. I presume that he and selected colleagues did the work on those no
Risk factors associated with asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis among Swedish farmers
Authors: M. Kronqvist, E. Johansson, S.G.O. Johansson, M. Van Hage‐Hamsten, M. Kronqvist, G. Pershagen
Journal: Allergy (1999)

Background: Earlier studies have shown a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms in farming communities and that storage mites constitute important allergens. We examined risk factors associated with asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis among Swedish farmers. Methods: A population of 1015 small‐scale dairy farmers was part of an epidemiologic survey. After selection based on symptom reports in a questionnaire, 461 of the farmers attended a medical examination, which comprised SPT, RAST analyses, and lung‐function measurements. Risk factors for sensitization to different allergens, and development of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis were assessed by multiple logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of atopy was 26.7% among the farmers. For both asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis, sensitization to mites (OR=5.8 vs OR=3.8) and pollens (OR=10.3 vs OR=5.8) was a significant risk factor. There was a significant relationship between sensitization to mites and working time (OR=5.2). Environmental tobacco smoke and exposure to different animal species at the farm did not appear to affect the risk of allergen sensitization or respiratory symptoms. Farmers smoked less than the general population, but they more frequently had reduced FEV 1 . Conclusions: Allergen sensitization, especially to mites and pollens, was significantly associated with asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis in a farming community. The results point to allergen avoidance as a major goal for the prevention of occupational respiratory diseases among the farming population.
Zonal distribution of protein-acetaldehyde adducts in the liver of rats fed alcohol for long periods
Authors: Renee C. Lin, Feng C. Zhou, Michael J. Fillenwarth, Lawrence Lumeng
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Acetaldehyde, a highly reactive intermediate of alcohol metabolism, has been shown to form adducts with liver proteins in rats fed alcohol for long periods. In this report, the zonal distribution of liver proteinacetaldehyde adducts that formed in vivo was studied by means of histoimmunostaining. Rats were pair-fed alcohol-containing and alcohol-free AIN'76 liquid diets for 2 or 11 wk before they were killed and subjected to whole body perfusion with paraformaldehyde. Each liver was cut into 60-μm-thick slices. Slices were first treated with 10% hydrogen peroxide to eliminate endogenous peroxidase activity. They were then incubated sequentially with rabbit antihemocyanin-acetaldehyde adduct, goat antirabbit serum IgG and rabbit peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex. The liver slices were stained with diaminobenzidine and counterstained with methylgreen. In the livers of rats fed alcohol for 2 wk, peroxidase activity was evident in the perivenous zone but not the periportal zone. No staining was obtained when the primary antibody had been preabsorbed with immobilized hemocyanin-acetaldehyde adduct or if the liver slices were incubated with the unimmunized rabbit IgG. Slight staining of the perivenous zone was seen in the livers of control rats, presumably because of minimal protein-acetaldehyde adduct formation emanating from endogenous acetaldehyde. When rats were fed alcohol for longer periods (e.g., 11 wk), protein-acetaldehyde adducts were still seen predominantly in the perivenous zone, but the distribution pattern was more diffuse than that observed in the livers of rats fed alcohol for only 2 wk. More liver cells produced protein-acetaldehyde adducts when rats were fed the alcohol-containing diet supplemented with cyanamide. However, these protein-acetaldehyde adduct-positive cells were still found mainly in the perivenous area. The zonation in the formation of protein-acetaldehyde adducts in the liver may in part explain the preferential damage of perivenous hepatocytes induced by long-term alcohol consumption. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:864-869).
Childhood leukaemia and intramuscular vitamin K: findings from a case-control study
Authors: P. Ansell, D. Bull, E. Roman
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Table 1-Exposure to, recognition of, and infection with orf in mid-Wales farming community No (%) of respondents giving positive replies All respondents (n = 251) Would you recognise orf in a sheep?237 (94) Have you ever handled sheep with orf? 224 (89) Would you reoognise orf if you caught it yourself?196 (78) Have you ever had orf? 73 (29) Have any other members of your household had orf? 86 (34) Would you be prepared to take part in further research on the tFeatment of orf? 205 (82) Patients who had had orf (n = 73) How often have you had orf?Once 58 (80) Twice 10 (14) More than twice 5 (7) What was the length of time between attacks? 1 Year 3 (20) 2 Years 6 (40) 3 Years 2 (13) >3 Years 4 (27)
HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF CULTURES OF PNEUMOCOCCI OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES IN CARBOHYDRATE MEDIA
Authors: O. T. Avery, Glenn E. Cullen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1919)

1. The optimum hydrogen ion concentration for growth of pneumococcus is pH 7.8. 2. In broth cultures growth of pneumococcus continues until a final hydrogen ion concentration of about pH 5.0 is reached, if sufficient fermentable carbohydrate' (above 0.4 per cent) is present. Apparently this acidity is sufficient in itself to stop growth. 3. If less carbohydrate is present in the medium growth ceases at a lower hydrogen ion concentration, apparently because of exhaustion of carbohydrate. If no carbohydrate is present save that extracted from the meat of which the broth is made (plain broth medium), growth initiated at pH 7.8 (optimum reaction) ceases at about pH 7.0. 4. If bacteria-free filtrates of plain broth cultures in which growth has ceased are readjusted to pH 7.8 and reinoculated with pneumococcus, no growth occurs unless carbohydrate is added. However, if bacteria-free filtrates of dextrose broth cultures in which growth has ceased (pH 5) are readjusted to pH 7.8 and reinoculated with pneumococcus growth occurs. 5. Cultures of pneumococcus with all the carbohydrates which were fermentable under the conditions used, namely maltose, saccharose, lactose, galactose, raffinose, dextrose, and inulin, gave identical results in the rate of reaction change, and final hydrogen ion concentration (pH 5.0) attained. 6. The different immunological types of pneumococcus, for the limited number of strains studied, behaved alike in fermenting the carbohydrates mentioned above.
Six minute walk distance is greater when performed in a group than alone
Authors: D Grindrod, C D Paton, W L Knez, B J O’Brien
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2006)

To investigate whether the distance covered in the six minute walk test was affected by walking with a group of others in comparison with performing the test alone.Eight healthy men (mean (SD) age 21.0 (0.9) years) and eight healthy women (mean (SD) age 20.8 (2.0) years) performed in random order two six minute walk tests either alone or in a group of four on two separate occasions one week apart.Distance covered increased significantly from a mean of 653 (61) m in the individual male tests to 735 (79) m in the male group tests (p<0.05), and 616 (75) m in the individual female tests to 701 (54) m in the female group tests (p<0.01). The men increased the distance walked in six minutes by 12.5% and the women by 13.7% when they performed the test as a group.Performing the six minute walk test in a group facilitates its execution.
19Analysis of TSC2-deficient hearts revealed the importance of autophagy in not only the quality but also the quantity control of mitochondria
Authors: M Taneike, K Otsu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Purpose: Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is extremely important for cell growth and proliferation by activating protein synthesis. In addition, it also regulates protein degradation. There are two protein degradation systems in mammalian cells, namely autophagy and ubiquitin/proteasome systems. mTORC1 suppresses autophagic activity. We have previously reported that autophagy has a crucial role in maintaining cardiac structure and function in the heart. Tuberous sclerosis complex 1 (TSC1) and 2 heterodimer can inactivate ras homologue enriched in brain (Rheb) by the conversion of Rheb-GTP to Rheb-GDP in intracellular signalling pathway towards mTORC1, resulting in the inhibition of mTORC1 activity. It has been reported that ablation of Mtor in the adult mouse myocardium causes fatal and dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the role of mTORC1 in the regulation of autophagy is unclear. To investigate the role of mTORC1 under the condition of physiological inhibition in the heart, we generated cardiac-specific Rheb-deficient mice. Our study showed that Rheb is essential for mTORC1 signalling and normal cardiac development in the period of hypertrophy after proliferation. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of mTORC1 under the condition of physiological stimulation in the heart. Results: We generated cardiac-specific TSC2-deficient mice. The TSC2-deficient mice died earlier than wild type mice, and the median life span was approximately 10 months. Echocardiographic parameters of the mice at 16 weeks of age showed LV chamber dilatation and LV contractile dysfunction. Physiological, histological and RT-qPCR analyses indicated cardiac hypertrophy, but not fibrosis. Western blotting analysis showed that the phosphorylation of S6 and 4EBP in the downstream of mTORC1 was upregulated in the heart and that autophagic activity was reduced. Ultrastructural analysis of the heart revealed disorganized, small and increased number of mitochondria, although mitochondrial respiratory functions or the content of ATP in the heart was not impaired. Conclusion: These results suggest that continuous constitutive autophagy plays a crucial role in not only the quality but the quantity control of mitochondria to maintain cardiac structure and function.
Endoscopic Treatment of a Duodenal Duplication Cyst
Authors: F. Vandenbroucke, M. Dagenais, R. Létourneau, R. Lapointe, A. Roy
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

A 23-year-old Caucasian woman underwent investigations for symptoms of epigastric pain and gastroesophageal reflux. She was treated with a proton pump inhibitor for a few months without any improvement in symptoms. Abdominal computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasound examination revealed a paraduodenal cystic lesion on the antimesenteric side of the second part of the duodenum. This lesion was echo-poor, was more than 6 cm in length, and was composed of multiple layers similar to those of the intestinal wall. The diagnosis was a duodenal duplication. Examination with a side-viewing Olympus TJF-160 duodenoscope revealed a soft and depressible mass (Figure [1]). An incision was made with a needle-knife papillotome (Microknife XL; Boston Scientific Microvasive, Spencer, Indiana, USA) on the proximal, dependent portion of the cyst. The cyst was cannulated with a sphincterotome (Cotton Cannulatome II PC Double Lumen; Wilson-Cook Medical, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA). The incision was extended until an opening of 1.5 cm was obtained. One month later, a second endoscopy was performed and the duplication cavity was found to be totally collapsed. The previous incision was now about 2 cm long and was extended for another 1 cm (Figure [2]). One month after discharge, the patient was well and symptom-free.
Quantitative Diagnosis of Malignant Pleural Effusions by Single-Cell Mechanophenotyping
Authors: Henry T. K. Tse, Daniel R. Gossett, Yo Sup Moon, Mahdokht Masaeli, Marie Sohsman, Yong Ying, Kimberly Mislick, Ryan P. Adams, Jianyu Rao, Dino Di Carlo
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2013)

Single-cell biophysical properties were used for diagnosing malignant pleural effusions from patients.
When I use a word . . . : Medical Greek
Authors: J. Aronson
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The Reverend Spooner (1844-1930), warden of New College Oxford 1903-24, is well known for the verbal tic that we call a spoonerism. Spoonerisms are formed by metaplasm or metathesis, which were first defined by Henry Peachum in The garden of eloquence conteyning the figures of grammer and rhetorick (1577): “Metaplasmus, is a transformation of Letters, or syllables in single words … eyther for cause of necessity, or else to make the verse more fine” and “Metathesis, when letters be transposed in a word, and remoued from their proper places.” A good example of metathesis quoted in the Oxford English Dictionary is the change from Fastolph to Falstaff.

However, both metathesis and metaplasm seem …
Neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells and factors affecting adhesion in patients with Behcet's disease.
Authors: S Sahin, T Akoglu, H Direskeneli, L S Sen, R Lawrence
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1996)

OBJECTIVES: To study the in vitro adhesion of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNLs) to endothelial cells in patients with Behçet9s disease (BD), and the humoral and cellular factors which may contribute to adhesion. METHODS: A total of 118 patients with BD and 60 healthy controls were studied. In vitro adhesion of chromium-51 labelled normal neutrophils to human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers were studied in the presence of normal serum or serum obtained from patients with BD. Adhesion of neutrophils from patients with BD to HUVEC stimulated with tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adhesion molecule (CD11a, CD11b, CD18 and L-selectin) expression on the patient9s neutrophils and lymphocytes were determined, and the serum concentration of IL-8 was measured. RESULTS: Sera from patients with BD were found to enhance the adherence of normal PMNLs to HUVEC monolayers in vitro. Patients9 sera induced an increase in surface expression of CD11a and CD18 on normal neutrophils and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression on HUVECs. The number of CD11a positive neutrophils was greater in the blood of patients with BD than in that of healthy controls (89.4% v 71%; p &lt; 0.001). Pretreatment of HUVECs with IL-1 alpha, TNF alpha or LPS resulted in an increased adhesion of patients9 PMNLs greater than that observed for normal PMNLs. Monoclonal antibodies to CD11a, CD11b, CD18, and ICAM-1 caused varying degrees of inhibition of neutrophil adhesion. The concentration of IL-8 was also found to be significantly increased in sera of patients with BD (490 (SD 470) pg/ml) compared with normal controls (97.5 (56.3) pg/ml). CONCLUSION: Abnormalities of neutrophils, endothelial cells, or both, have been suggested to be responsible for many of the clinical manifestations of BD. Our findings may explain the underlying mechanism of neutrophil accumulation in Behçet9s lesions.
Nurse in New Zealand reinstated after whistle blowing
Authors: C. Essex
Journal: BMJ (1994)

A senior nurse in New Zealand who warned the minister of health about the release of a dangerous psychiatric patient has been reinstated on the orders of the Employment Court after being suspended by his employers on full pay. Neil Pugmire, who works as a charge nurse at Lake Alice Psychiatric Hospital secure unit in Wanganui, wrote last May to the former minister of health warning about the release of …
An Address ON THE PRESENT POSITION OF MEDICAL BACTERIOLOGY: Inaugural Address delivered at Edinburgh University on October 11th, 1923
Authors: T. J. Mackie
Journal: BMJ (1923)

INTRODIUCTION.THE chair of bacteriology is still young in the history of the University of Edinburgh, and, lacking the historical traditions of older foundations, owes its present prestige not olylk to its origin and associations, but also in large miieasure to its first occupant, the late Professor James Ritchie; and on this occasion I may be permitted to pay a humble tribute to the distinguished memory of my predecessor by recalling the eminent place he had earned for himself as one of our leaders in pathology and bacteriology through his scientific achievements, his teaching and writings, and his constructive work in the interests of these sciences.He was aptly described as one of the moving forces in pathological work in this country, and his death deprived British meuicine of one of its best influences.The justification for the subject I have selected for this customary inaugural lecture is, I think, an ample one.At all times there is need for critical revision in .everydomain of learning, for sorting out and arranging accumu- lated data so that each achievement may be apportioned its due place in the general structure.Only in this wav can we ensure a sound basis for further progress.In recent years knowledge has advanced with truly remarkable rapidity, and in all the sciences such often bewildering masses of detailed information have been accumulating that the present times demand the most accurate and proportioned survey of scientific knowledge-if only for its direct application to human needs.This is particularly true for bacteriology, which, no one will deny, has con- ferred on mankind some of the great advantages enjoyed in these modern times.This science has long passed out of that phase in its history when it presented to the world those dramatic dis- coveries that established the germ theory of infective disease and defined the causal agents of many hunfan and animal scourges; but even to-day the scope for discovery of unknown morbific germs is by no means exhausted.Of recent years a vast amount of non-spectacular work has been accomplished by laborious and patient research, all directed to increasing the knowledge of our microbe enemies, their method of attack, and our means of defence against them.The information obtained has elucidated many a problem, but new data have often served only to exhibit the complexity of the subject; and in this, as in other sciences, there are many tangles that still require unravelling.
Improved method for the study of myocardial protection in the small animal: The heterotopic rat heart transplant model with in-vivo hemodynamic and myocardial blood flow measurements
Authors: Shu-Ching Sun, Paolo Masetti, John G. Byrne, Robert F. Appleyard, Rita G. Laurence, Gregory S. Couper, James D. Marsh, Lawrence H. Cohn
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Recalls and Safety Alerts Affecting Automated External Defibrillators
Authors: Jignesh S. Shah, William H. Maisel
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) play a key role in the community resuscitation of persons with cardiac arrest and are of proven clinical benefit. Although AEDs are complex medical devices designed to function during life-threatening emergencies, little is known about their reliability.To determine the number and rate of AED recalls and safety alerts, to identify trends in these rates, and to identify the types of malfunctions prompting AED and AED accessory advisories.Analysis of weekly US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Enforcement Reports between January 1996 and December 2005 was performed to identify all recalls and safety alerts (collectively referred to as "advisories") involving AEDs and AED accessories. Confirmed AED device malfunctions were identified by reviewing AED-related adverse events reported to the FDA.Number of AEDs and AED accessories subject to FDA recall or safety alert between January 1996 and December 2005; annual AED advisory rates; and number of confirmed fatal AED-related device malfunctions reported to the FDA.During 2.78 million AED device-years of observation, 52 advisories (median [25th and 75th percentiles], 4.5 [3.0 and 5.0] per year) affecting 385,922 AEDs and AED accessories were issued. The mean (SE) annual number of AEDs affected by advisories was 5.1 (1.5) devices per 100 AED device-years. Overall, 21.2% of AEDs distributed during the study period were recalled, most often because of electrical or software problems. The AED advisory rate did not significantly increase during the study period, although the annual number of AED advisories (P for trend =.02) and AED advisory devices (P for trend = .01) did increase. Confirmed fatal AED-related device malfunctions occurred in 370 patients.Automated external defibrillators and AED accessory advisories occur frequently and affect many devices. Actual AED malfunctions do occur occasionally, although the number of observed malfunctions is small compared with the number of lives saved by these important devices. As the prevalence of AEDs continues to increase, the number of devices affected by advisories can also be expected to increase. Efforts should be directed at developing a reliable system to locate and repair potentially defective devices in a timely fashion.
Reprofiled drug targets ancient protozoans
Authors: Anjan Debnath, Momar Ndao, Sharon L. Reed
Journal: Gut Microbes (2013)

Recently, we developed a novel automated, high throughput screening (HTS) methodology for the anaerobic intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica. We validated this HTS platform by screening a chemical library containing US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs and bioactive compounds. We identified an FDA-approved drug, auranofin, as most active against E. histolytica both in vitro and in vivo. Our cell culture and animal studies indicated that thioredoxin reductase, an enzyme involved in reactive oxygen species detoxification, was the target for auranofin in E. histolytica. Here, we discuss the rationale for drug development for three parasites which are major causes of diarrhea worldwide, E. histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum and extend our current finding of antiparasitic activity of auranofin to Entamoeba cysts, G. lamblia and C. parvum. These studies support the use of HTS assays and reprofiling FDA-approved drugs for new therapy for neglected tropical diseases.