tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Feeling the strain: Predicting the third dimension of core affect
Authors: Mog Stapleton
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract This commentary (1) raises the question about the possible conflation of core affect with the neural representation of interoceptive changes in regard to whether biological value is subpersonal or must be experienced, and (2) proposes that Wundt's third dimension of core affect – strain-relaxation – can be accounted for in the target model under a generalised predictive model of attention.
Assessing the severity of the novel influenza A/H1N1 pandemic
Authors: T. Garske, J. Legrand, C. A Donnelly, H. Ward, S. Cauchemez, C. Fraser, N. M Ferguson, A. C Ghani
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Most human auditory psychophysics research has historically been conducted in carefully controlled environments with calibrated audio equipment, and over potentially hours of repetitive testing with expert listeners. Here, we operationally define such conditions as having high 'auditory hygiene'. From this perspective, conducting auditory psychophysical paradigms online presents a serious challenge, in that results may hinge on absolute sound presentation level, reliably estimated perceptual thresholds, low and controlled background noise levels, and sustained motivation and attention. We introduce a set of procedures that address these challenges and facilitate auditory hygiene for online auditory psychophysics. First, we establish a simple means of setting sound presentation levels. Across a set of four level-setting conditions conducted in person, we demonstrate the stability and robustness of this level setting procedure in open air and controlled settings. Second, we test participants' tone-in-noise thresholds using widely adopted online experiment platforms and demonstrate that reliable threshold estimates can be derived online in approximately one minute of testing. Third, using these level and threshold setting procedures to establish participant-specific stimulus conditions, we show that an online implementation of the classic probe-signal paradigm can be used to demonstrate frequency-selective attention on an individual-participant basis, using a third of the trials used in recent in-lab experiments. Finally, we show how threshold and attentional measures relate to well-validated assays of online participants' in-task motivation, fatigue, and confidence. This demonstrates the promise of online auditory psychophysics for addressing new auditory perception and neuroscience questions quickly, efficiently, and with more diverse samples. Code for the tests is publicly available through Pavlovia and Gorilla.
Screening Older Adults for Impaired Visual Acuity: A Review of the Evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Authors: Roger Chou, Tracy Dana, Christina Bougatsos
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Background: Impaired visual acuity is common in older adults. Screening for impaired visual acuity could lead to interventions to improve vision, function, and quality of life. Purpose: To update the 1996 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force evidence review on benefits and harms of screening for impaired visual acuity in primary care settings in adults age 65 years or older. Data Sources: MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for studies published in English from 1996 to July 2008. Study Selection: Randomized trials and controlled observational studies that directly evaluated screening for impaired visual acuity in older adults were selected. To evaluate indirect evidence on screening, investigators included studies of diagnostic test accuracy and systematic reviews, randomized trials, and controlled observational studies of treatments for uncorrected refractive errors, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Data Extraction: Details were abstracted about the patient sample, study design, data analysis, follow-up, and results. Quality was assessed by using predefined criteria. Data Synthesis: Direct evidence on screening and evidence on accuracy of diagnostic tests were synthesized qualitatively. For benefits and harms of treatments, quantitative estimates for treatment effects from good-quality systematic reviews were reported or relative risks using a random-effects model were calculated. Direct evidence shows that screening for vision impairment in older adults in primary care settings is not associated with improved visual or other clinical outcomes and may be associated with unintended harms, such as increased falls. Effective treatments are available for uncorrected refractive error, cataracts, and AMD. A visual acuity test (for example, the Snellen eye chart) is the standard for screening for vision impairment in primary care, but its diagnostic accuracy is uncertain because no studies compare it against a clinically relevant reference standard. There remains no evidence on accuracy of funduscopic examination. Limitations: A relatively small number of primary studies and methodological shortcomings made it difficult to reach conclusions with a high degree of confidence. In addition, studies not published in English and studies of community- or home-based screening were not included. Conclusion: More research is needed to understand why direct evidence shows no benefits of screening, even though impaired visual acuity is common and effective treatments are available.
Medical Oncology: Basic Principles and Clinical Management of Cancer
Authors: James C. Arseneau
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Among the most recently published of the major textbooks in medical oncology, this multiauthored book, divided into three sections, compares well with other competitive reference works. The editors and authors represent a distinguished collection of authorities, the editing has been well done, and a good many annoying redundancies that characterize some multiauthored texts seem to have been avoided in this book. The first section deals with basic science and general principles of medical oncology. Ample information in overview is provided to give one a feeling for the rapidly changing and often confusing subjects of tumor biology and immunology. For the student or neophyte, very clear sections are provided on the pharmacology of antineoplastic agents and the design and philosophy of clinical trials. The heart of the book is the second section, devoted to discussions of specific neoplasms. Detailed information is provided about the etiology, natural history, and epidemiology of tumors
Baseline characteristics and early on-treatment response predict the outcomes of 2years of telbivudine treatment of chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Stefan Zeuzem, Edward Gane, Yun-Fan Liaw, Seng G. Lim, Adrian DiBisceglie, Maria Buti, Anuchit Chutaputti, Jens Rasenack, Jinlin Hou, Christopher O’Brien, Tuan T. Nguyen, Jidong Jia, Thierry Poynard, Bruce Belanger, Weibin Bao, Nikolai V. Naoumov
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Consuming a hypocaloric high fat low carbohydrate diet for 12 weeks lowers C-reactive protein, and raises serum adiponectin and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in obese subjects
Authors: Megan R. Ruth, Ava M. Port, Mitali Shah, Ashley C. Bourland, Nawfal W. Istfan, Kerrie P. Nelson, Noyan Gokce, Caroline M. Apovian
Journal: Metabolism (2013)
Forfar and Arneil's Textbook of Paediatrics
Authors: Laurence Finberg
Journal: JAMA (1993)

This book serves as a standard pediatric textbook for the United Kingdom. Almost all of its authors reside there, although a few are scattered in former British colonies, including one from Virginia; another is from, of all places, Reno. In undertaking to write a review on a 2068-page textbook, one has to make some decisions with respect to the breadth and depth of reading. I have chosen to do the following: first, I have skimmed through the entire contents to get an idea of the relative coverage and to see what has been excluded. I have then chosen to read in depth in two areas: the topics of which I have the greatest knowledge and experience and a group in which I have the least knowledge and experience. Then I have sought out some areas of important new knowledge created in the past few years to check currency. Finally, I
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Diastolic Stiffness of the Failing Diabetic Heart: Importance of Fibrosis, Advanced Glycation End Products, and Myocyte Resting Tension”
Authors: Loek van Heerebeek, Nazha Hamdani, M. Louis Handoko, Ines Falcao-Pires, René J. Musters, Attila Borbély, Jolanda van der Velden, Ger J.M. Stienen, Walter J. Paulus, Jean G.F. Bronzwaer, Michaela Diamant, Koba Kupreishvili, Hans W.M. Niessen, Casper G. Schalkwijk, Alexander J.J. Ijsselmuiden, Gerrit J. Laarman
Journal: Circulation (2008)
Method and Value of Exercise in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Lewis J. Doshay
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

In few diseases does an essential segment1 of treatment rest so much upon the patient's personal efforts as in Parkinson's disease. In fact, among early and mild cases, especially during stationary phases of the illness, work, exercise and activity of various sorts are more important to the future welfare of the patient than physiotherapy and medication, which have obtained attention in preceding sections of this discussion.2 , 3 Importance of ExerciseExercise is important in Parkinson's disease because there is no paralysis and no involvement of the pyramidal system as in multiple sclerosis or of the anterior-horn cells as in poliomyelitis. The . . .
Activation of blood coagulation in bullous pemphigoid: role of eosinophils, and local and systemic implications
Authors: A.V. Marzano, A. Tedeschi, D. Fanoni, E. Bonanni, L. Venegoni, E. Berti, M. Cugno
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is a blistering skin disease caused by autoantibodies to hemidesmosomal proteins, with eosinophils participating in blister formation. Eosinophils are a source of tissue factor (TF), an initiator of blood coagulation.To evaluate the local and systemic activation of coagulation in BP.We studied 20 patients with active BP (eight re-evaluated during remission) and 40 controls. The coagulation markers prothrombin fragment F1+2 and d-dimer were measured in the plasma of all subjects and in both plasma and blister fluid of patients with BP. TF was evaluated immunohistochemically in skin specimens from the 20 patients and in 20 normal samples.F1+2 and d-dimer levels were higher in plasma of patients with BP (649 +/- 96 pmol L(-1) and 18.52 +/- 3.44 nmol L(-1), respectively) than in plasma of controls (157 +/- 7 pmol L(-1) and 1.42 +/- 0.06 nmol L(-1); P = 0.0001), and were very high in blister fluid (40 449 +/- 3491 pmol L(-1) and 1532.32 +/- 262.81 nmol L(-1); P = 0.0001). Plasma and blister fluid F1+2 and d-dimer levels paralleled blood and tissue eosinophilia and disease severity. In the eight patients re-evaluated during remission, there was a marked reduction in F1+2 (from 1127 +/- 144 to 287 +/- 52 pmol L(-1); P = 0.005) and d-dimer (from 24.03 +/- 4.08 to 4.69 +/- 1.51 nmol L(-1); P = 0.029). Immunohistochemistry revealed strong TF reactivity in BP skin (P = 0.0001), and colocalization studies confirmed eosinophils as a source of TF.The coagulation cascade is activated in BP and correlates with the severity of the disease and with eosinophilia, indicating that eosinophils play a role in coagulation activation via TF. The hypercoagulability may contribute to inflammation, tissue damage, blister formation and possibly thrombotic risk in BP.
Anaphylactic Reaction to Ethanolamine Oleate Injection in Sclerotherapy of Esophageal Varices
Authors: J. M. Bordas, F. Feu, A. Vilella, J. Rodés
Journal: Endoscopy (1989)

See also: Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) after Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy with Ethanolamine OleateEndoscopy 1990; 22(03): 151-151DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1012824
Criteria for Judging Methadone Maintenance Programs
Authors: R. G. Newman, D. C. D. Jarlais
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The US General Accounting Office (GAO) recently conducted a study of the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment.<sup>1</sup>The study deserves more attention becauseit illustrates the potential effectiveness of methadone treatment, the nonmedical concerns that often limit its actual outcome, and the difficulties in applying research data to regulatory policies. The study reviewed 5600 patients' records at 24 methadone treatment programs in eight states, and it provides an overview of current outcomes. The results are similar to those from previous, more rigorous studies of methadone treatment<sup>2-4</sup>that led the National Institute on Drug Abuse to judge methadone maintenance "the most effective method available for treating heroin addiction. "<sup>1(p11)</sup> The GAO found that every program achieved abstinence from heroin use in over 50% of patients in treatment for at least 6 months. However, applying a criterion that programs<i>should</i>reduce the number of patients using
Molecular evolutionary analyses implicate injection treatment for schistosomiasis in the initial hepatitis C epidemics in Japan
Authors: Yasuhito Tanaka, Kousuke Hanada, Etsuro Orito, Yoshihiro Akahane, Kazuaki Chayama, Hiroshi Yoshizawa, Michio Sata, Nobuo Ohta, Yuzo Miyakawa, Takashi Gojobori, Masashi Mizokami
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Diffuse Papular Eruption
Authors: Andrew L. Ross, Clifford R. Blieden, Javier Alonso-Llamazares
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2015)

An elderly woman of Bahamian heritage with Fitzpatrick VI skin type presented with a 1-week history of indolent papules all over her body. She was otherwise asymptomatic. Findings from physical examination were notable for discrete skin-colored to pink papules coalescing into plaques on her face, trunk (Figure, A and B), and all 4 extremities. There was no scale or other epidermal change. A punch biopsy for hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed (Figure, C). The patient returned 1 week later with worsening cutaneous eruptions and new complaints of fever, weakness, and malaise. Repeat physical examination revealed splenomegaly and axillary lymphadenopathy. A peripheral blood smear (Figure, D) and other diagnostic tests were performed. A B
Microbiology of pyogenic liver abscess.
Authors: J C Moore-Gillon, S J Eykyn, I Phillips
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Sixteen patients with pyogenic liver abscesses were studied over 10 years to discover the causative organisms of the condition. Pus was subjected to Gram-negative smear or gas-liquid chromatography to detect volatile acids characteristic of anaerobes and then cultured. All isolates were identified by conventional methods and tested for sensitivity to appropriate antimicrobial agents. Bacteria were grown from the liver abscesses in all 16 patients. Streptococcus milleri Lancefield group F was the commonest organism isolated from the pyogenic liver abscesses, being found in 13 patients. If Strep milleri is isolated care should be taken not to mistake it for an anaerobe, and finding the organism in the blood should alert the clinician to the possible presence of a liver abscesses.
Avoiding deaths on Everest
Authors: Stephen P Cobley, Jim McKenna, John Allan
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A prescription for better prescribing Medical education is a continuumEditor-The editorial by Aronson et al raises important concerns about the preparedness of newly qualified doctors to prescribe safely and effectively, but fails to provide evidence to support the claims that are made. 1 Importantly, the authors assume that the number of curricular hours equates to learning.The General Medical Council issues and regularly updates requirements for the content and outcomes of undergraduate medical education and the first foundation year.We deliberately do not tell medical schools how many hours must be spent on a particular subject: it is the acquisition of our learning objectives that is important.Medical education is a continuum.With respect to prescribing, as with so many other areas of medical education, we expect principles to be learnt and understood at medical school and then put into practice, under supervision, during the F1 year.Our requirements are laid out clearly in Tomorrow's Doctors and The New Doctor and include very clear expectations about the quality and extent of knowledge about the safe and effective use of drugs.Despite the strength of views expressed in the editorial, the authors have not presented robust and generally applicable evidence to show serious inadequacies in the learning of clinical pharmacology in the undergraduate medical curriculum.We look forward, however, to engaging with all interested parties to clarify the issues surrounding this very important subject.
Frequent occurance of lamivudine resistant mutants in HBeAg (+) but not in HBeAg (−) patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: H. Bozkaya, C. Yurdaydin, A.M. Bozdayi, N. Aslan, H. Verdi, K. Çinar, H. Çetinkaya, Ö. Uzunalimoglu
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2001)
Transforming growth factor ?1-regulated gene expression of Ito cells
Authors: T Knittel, T Janneck, L Muller, P Fellmer, G Ramadori
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

During liver fibrogenesis, Ito cells are regarded as the principal matrix synthesizing cells and transforming growth factor β 1 (TGF–β 1) appears to be the main fibrogenic mediator. This study analyzed the effects of TGF–β 1 on Ito cell activation, proliferation, and on the expression of a set of matrix proteins, antiproteases, and TGF–β receptors both in “early cultured” and “culture–activated” Ito cells. Rat liver Ito cells at day 2 of primary culture (“early cultured” cells) were mainly smooth muscle α actin (SMA)–negative, whereas cells at day 6 were judged as “activated” cells (SMA–positive). Following 24–hour exposure to 1 ng/mL TGF–β1, total protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and expression of the “activation” marker SMA were not significantly changed. In addition to previously described stimulatory effects on collagen types I and III, fibronectin, undulin, and proteoglycan–gene expression, TGF–β also dose–dependently increased synthesis and secretion of tenascin, laminin, entactin, collagen type IV, and α2–macroglobulin, but decreased C1–esterase inhibitor production by Ito cells, as revealed by immunoprecipitation of endogenously labeled proteins and by Northern blot analysis. The stimulatory effect of TGF–β was evident both in “early cultured” as well as “culture–activated” Ito cells. By reverse– transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis, TGF–β type II, III, and TGF–β/activin type I receptors were present in Ito cells, and their expression pattern was not changed upon TGF–β exposure. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that type I TGF–β/activin receptor was induced during in vitro activation and that TGF–β exposure resulted in a slight increase of type I and III receptor messenger RNAs. In summary, the data illustrate that TGF–β is an important fibrogenic mediator acting both on “early cultured” as well as “culture–activated” Ito cells, rather than a mitogenic or morphogenic mediator. The differential regulation of TGF–β/activin receptors during in vitro activation and their up–regulation by TGF–β1 might represent a mechanism by which the receptor complex regulates TGF–β signalling in Ito cells.
Macroaneurysm in a Renal Fibromuscular Dysplasia
Authors: Martin Kimmel, Thomas Hupp, Niko Braun, Joerg Latus, Mark Dominik Alscher
Journal: Circulation (2011)

A 25-year-old woman presented with a headache.The general practitioner diagnosed hypertension 18 months previously, no regular antihypertensive medication was started, and the patient took bisoprolol as needed.There was no family history of hypertension.Physical examination revealed a blood pressure of 195/ 115 mm Hg in both arms.Renal function tests and serum potassium was normal.A renal ultrasound showed a slightly smaller left kidney.Renal artery duplex ultrasonography showed signs of a renal artery stenosis (narrowing and an aliasing effect in the left renal artery (Figure 1A arrow) with a peak velocity of Ͼ3 m/s (Figure 1B), lower intrarenal resistance indices with a parvus and tardus intrarenal flow spectrum (Figure 1C) on the left side), and there was a suspected poststenotic aneurysm (Figure 1A arrow head).Magnetic resonance imaging showed a subtotal stenosis (Figure 2A arrow) with an aneursym (15ϫ15 mm) in the mid third of the left renal artery (Figure 2A arrow head).For detailed treatment planning of this fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) with poststenotic aneurysm, we performed an angiography, which showed a complex morphological macroaneurysm with two draining arteries (Figure 2B arrows).An antihypertensive medication with bisoprolol and amlodipin was started, the blood pressure dropped, and the patient was referred to surgical intervention.The intraoperative situation is shown in Figure 3A.The postoperative histological workup confirmed a medial fibroplasia (Figure 3B).
Endothelin-1 and isoprenaline co-stimulation causes contractile failure which is partially reversed by MEK inhibition
Authors: F MUNZEL, U MUHLHAUSER, W ZIMMERMANN, M DIDIE, K SCHNEIDERBANGER, P SCHUBERT, S ENGMANN, T ESCHENHAGEN, O ZOLK
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

Objective: The mitogen-activated kinase kinases (MEK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling pathway is activated by agonists like catecholamines or endothelin-1 (ET-1) and has been implicated in cardiac pathology, such as the progression from cardiac hypertrophy to failure. The purpose of the present study, performed in an in vitro model of contractile failure, was to evaluate whether MEK inhibition prevents functional deterioration.
The comparative psychology of uncertainty monitoring and metacognition
Authors: J. David Smith, Wendy E. Shields, David A. Washburn
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Researchers have begun to explore animals' capacities for uncertainty monitoring and metacognition. This exploration could extend the study of animal self-awareness and establish the relationship of self-awareness to other-awareness. It could sharpen descriptions of metacognition in the human literature and suggest the earliest roots of metacognition in human development. We summarize research on uncertainty monitoring by humans, monkeys, and a dolphin within perceptual and metamemory tasks. We extend phylogenetically the search for metacognitive capacities by considering studies that have tested less cognitively sophisticated species. By using the same uncertainty-monitoring paradigms across species, it should be possible to map the phylogenetic distribution of metacognition and illuminate the emergence of mind. We provide a unifying formal description of animals' performances and examine the optimality of their decisional strategies. Finally, we interpret animals' and humans' nearly identical performances psychologically. Low-level, stimulus-based accounts cannot explain the phenomena. The results suggest granting animals a higher-level decision-making process that involves criterion setting using controlled cognitive processes. This conclusion raises the difficult question of animal consciousness. The results show that animals have functional features of or parallels to human conscious cognition. Remaining questions are whether animals also have the phenomenal features that are the feeling/knowing states of human conscious cognition, and whether the present paradigms can be extended to demonstrate that they do. Thus, the comparative study of metacognition potentially grounds the systematic study of animal consciousness.