tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
In Global Health Research, Is It Legitimate To Stop Clinical Trials Early on Account of Their Opportunity Costs?
Authors: James V. Lavery, Peter A. Singer, Renee Ridzon, Jerome A. Singh, Arthur S. Slutsky, Joseph J. Anisko, David Buchanan
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

After the failure of three large clinical trials of vaginal microbicides, a Nature editorial stated that the microbicide field "requires a mechanism to help it make rational choices about the best candidates to move through trials" [1]. In this month's debate, James Lavery and colleagues propose a new mechanism, based on stopping trials early for "opportunity costs." They argue that microbicide trial sites could have been saturated with trials of scientifically less advanced products, while newer, and potentially more promising, products were being developed. They propose a mechanism to reallocate resources invested in existing trials of older products that might be better invested in more scientifically advanced products that are awaiting clinical testing. But David Buchanan argues that the early stopping of trials for such opportunity costs would face insurmountable practical barriers, and would risk causing harm to the participants in the trial that was stopped.
Histological evidence that infliximab treatment leads to downregulation of inflammation and tissue remodelling of the synovial membrane in spondyloarthropathy
Authors: E Kruithof
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Objective:</b> To confirm and extend the immunopathological evidence of effects of infliximab on the synovium in active spondyloarthropathy. <b>Methods:</b> Synovial biopsies obtained in patients with spondyloarthropathy at baseline and week 12 were stained and scored by two independent observers. Two study populations were evaluated: I, a cohort of 10 patients treated with 5 mg/kg infliximab at week 0, 2, and 6, plus three placebo treated patients; and II, a pooled cohort of 20 patients fulfilling identical inclusion and exclusion criteria and treated with the same loading dose regimen. <b>Results:</b> In study population I, treatment with infliximab induced reduction in synovial lining layer thickness (p = 0.015), endothelial activation (E-selectin, p = 0.034), and inflammatory cell infiltration with neutrophils (p = 0.041), macrophages (p = 0.034), and T cells (p = 0.026), but not with B cells and plasma cells; no such trends were observed in the placebo treated patients. Besides confirming the highly significant downregulation of inflammation, analysis of cohort II showed structural changes such as normalisation of lining layer thickness (p = 0.030), reduction in the number of blood vessels (p = 0.039), and downregulation of follicular organisation (p = 0.050). No differences in histopathological response were observed between spondyloarthropathy subtypes. <b>Conclusions:</b> Profound immunomodulatory changes in the synovium parallel the clinical benefit in patients with spondyloarthropathy treated with infliximab, independently of the subtype. The study provides histological evidence that TNFα blockade not only downregulates inflammation but also leads to tissue remodelling.
Microvascular anatomy of the nose
Authors: John Widdicombe
Journal: Allergy (1997)

The microvasculature of the nose consists of: 1) A dense subepithelial network of capillaries, with fenestrations between the endothelial cells. This network provides nutrients to the epithelium and glands, and allows passage of water into the lumen for evaporation and air‐conditioning. 2) A system of capacitance vessels or sinuses, which when they distend, block the nasal lumen, and when they empty, open the nasal passages. Changes in their volume will affect the filtering and air‐conditioning functions of the nose. 3) Arteriovenous anastomoses which allow rapid passage of blood through the mucosa. They are probably important in air‐conditioning, and in the countercurrent mechanisms that tend to keep the brain cool in a hot dry climate. The anatomical interrelationships between these different systems is not well understood, nor is their differential control in terms of actions of mediators and nerves. In neurogenic inflammation sensory nerves are excited and release local mediators such as substance P via axon reflexes. These sensory neuropeptides will cause vasodilatation, vascular congestion and extravasation of liquid from the postcapillary venules, with resultant oedema and exudate. They may also cause secretion from the submucosal glands.
George Geoffrey Worsp
Authors: Alan Giles, Jim Young, David Cousins
Journal: BMJ (2008)

George Geoffrey Worsp (“Geoff”) was a man of extraordinary talents. A superb and totally committed athlete, at the age of 14, he scaled five inches above his own height in the high jump in the days before air bags were placed to cushion the jumper’s return to earth. It was this courage and commitment to …
Physicians measure up. A study of 13 surgical procedures
Authors: R. V. Elliott
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The Colorado Foundation for Medical Care Professional Standards Review Organization performed a six-month study in the latter half of 1978 to determine if the following surgical procedures were performed in accordance with the appropriate indications: primary appendectomy, cataract surgery, cholecystectomy, coronary arteriography, uterine dilation and curettage, surgical repair of hiatal hernia, abdominal hysterectomy, vaginal hysterectomy, lumbar disk excision, meniscectomy, tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, and tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. Data were collected concurrently by nurse reviewers on 4,850 hospitalized Medicare and Medicaid patients in Colorado hospitals. Cases that did not meet explicit indications were referred to physician reviewers for final determination. The 4,728 cases (97%) either met indications for these procedures or were justified by physician review. The conclusion from the study was that Colorado physicians are performing these procedures appropriately.
Effectiveness of, Adherence to and Satisfaction with Montelukast Treatment in Allergic Rhinitis Patients with Uncontrolled Asthma Symptoms while on Treatment with Low Dose Inhaled Corticosteroids
Authors: C. Koch, A. Kaplan, J. Sampalis, E. Psaradellis, A. McIvor
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Investigation of the Effect of Duodenoscopy on Sphincter of Oddi Manometry
Authors: M. Staritz, M. Goeke, A. Rambow, K.-H. Meyer zum Büschenfelde
Journal: Endoscopy (1991)

To investigate whether endoscopy affects sphincter of Oddi (SO) manometry, three patients who had undergone previous cholecystectomy and had a T-tube in situ for drainage were studied. Manometry was performed using a perfused triple lumen manometry catheter (diameter 1.7 mm), which was advanced into the SO lumen through the T-tube. SO motility, baseline pressure, common bile duct pressure and duodenal pressure were monitored before and during endoscopy while the tip of the endoscope was in the mouth, esophagus (upper third, precardial), stomach and duodenum. Endoscopy and even a moderate insufflation of air necessary to pass the pylorus and inspect the papilla of Vater did not affect the parameters mentioned. Thus, ERCP manometry is a reliable method for evaluation of SO motility which is not affected by endoscopy. Duodenal pressure is a stable parameter and suitable for serving as reference pressure.
Acting on Significant Laboratory Results
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1981)

The nine steps in the performance of any  test include ordering, collection, identification (at several stages), transportation, separation (or preparation), analysis, reporting, interpretation, and action. 1 Unless the appropriate action occurs,  is as if the cycle had never begun and is, at the most, a tragedy and, at the least, a waste.  Several years ago, we coined the phrase brain-to-brain turnaround time in which we envisioned a loop such as is shown in the Figure.  Anything that interferes with closure of the loop through step 9 leaves an open loop—the bane of any decision or information system. 2   We have discovered over many years at several institutions that physicians  what they want when they want it and that anything that stands in the way of their prompt and perfect receiving of  results for their patients is perceived as a laboratory problem or error. Thus, matching responsibility,
Thorne's Better Medical Writing
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1977)

In the first edition of this book, the authorship was attributed to "Charles Thorne." In the present second edition, we learn that this pseudonym cloaked the identity of two assistant editors of the<i>British Medical Journal</i>, Drs Tony Smith and Stephen Lock. The new second edition dispenses with pseudonyms, and Lock, now chief editor of the<i>British Medical Journal</i>, carries the sole authorship. However, single additional chapters are contributed by Drs Bill Whimster and George Dunea. The volume was designed primarily for the young physician just beginning to write for publication. In a pleasant, discursive style, Dr Lock explains the steps involved in writing for publication. When to write, what to write, what not to write, and how to write are the underlying themes Dr Lock discusses in numerous chapters. Much of the book he devotes to mechanisms of the editorial process and the procedures that would make the editor's
IL-5-Deficient Mice Have a Developmental Defect in CD5+ B-1 Cells and Lack Eosinophilia but Have Normal Antibody and Cytotoxic T Cell Responses
Authors: Manfred Kopf, Frank Brombacher, Philip D Hodgkin, Alistair J Ramsay, Elizabeth A Milbourne, Wen J Dai, Karen S Ovington, Carolyn A Behm, Georges Köhler, Ian G Young, Klaus I Matthaei
Journal: Immunity (1996)
PRIMARY LUNG TUMORS IN MICE FOLLOWING THE CUTANEOUS APPLICATION OF COAL TAR
Authors: James B. Murphy, Ernest Sturm
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

The external application of tar to a number of separated areas on the surface of mice, in such fashion that no single area is irritated sufficiently long to cause lesions of the skin, has resulted in a very high incidence of lung tumors. This incidence ranged from 60.0 per cent in one experiment to 78.3 per cent in another. Control mice from the same stock but from 3 to 6 months older, and for that reason the more liable to spontaneous lung tumors, failed to show a single instance of such growths. Even in a stock in which spontaneous lung tumors had been frequent, the incidence for corresponding age periods has never been above 5.5 per cent while the average has been between 1 and 2 per cent over a period of years. The tumors in the tar-painted animals occur as small white nodules, either single or multiple. They are typical epithelial neoplasms, identical histologically with those described by previous authors as occurring spontaneously in mice. Some possible factors in the causation of the tumors are briefly discussed.
Lung Cancer and MicroRNAs
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Optimum duration of antithyroid drug treatment determined by assay of thyroid stimulating antibody in patients with Graves' disease.
Authors: G. Edan, C. Massart, B. Hody, J. Y. Poirier, M. Le Reun, J. P. Hespel, G. Leclech, M. Simon
Journal: BMJ (1989)

To determine the optimal duration of antithyroid drug treatment by monitoring serum thyroid stimulating antibody values in patients with Graves' disease.Prospective longitudinal trial of patients with Graves' disease followed up for 24 months after withdrawal of treatment.Tertiary referral centre.A total of 64 consecutive patients with untreated Graves' disease, eight of whom were subsequently excluded. Fifty six patients completed the study.All patients were treated initially with carbimazole 40 mg, then with decreasing doses that maintained a euthyroid state. Treatment was scheduled to continue for 18 months but was withdrawn earlier if serum thyroid stimulating antibody became undetectable.Serum values of thyroid stimulating antibody (assayed by stimulation of human thyroid cells in vitro) and thyroid hormones and thyroid state every three months during treatment and afterwards every six months for 24 months.In 44 patients serum thyroid stimulating antibody became undetectable during treatment and treatment was withdrawn (median duration of treatment nine months, range 3-18 months). In 12 patients the antibody could be detected during 18 months of treatment. Among the first group of 44 patients initial values of the antibody before treatment were significantly lower than in the second group of 12 patients (median 225% (range 138-1236%) v 570% (250-1480%), p less than 0.001); the incidence of relapse was also lower (41% v 92%, p less than 0.001); and among those who did relapse the disease free interval after treatment was longer (median 12 months v 1 month, p less than 0.001). Moreover, the initial median serum values of thyroid stimulating antibodies were not related to the occurrence of relapse or remission as these did not differ between patients who did and did not have a relapse (median 267% (range 139-1480%) v 220% (range 138-1236%).Monitoring of serum thyroid stimulating antibody was a good guide to the duration of treatment as it allowed the treatment period to be considerably shortened in a large group of patients with no loss of efficiency.
Evaluation of Tests of Pancreatic Function in Chronic Pancreatic Disease
Authors: William Y. Chey
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Pancreatic function tests were studied in 81 patients with chronic pancreatic disease. These tests included pancreozymin-secretin stimulation, fasting serum enzyme levels, starch tolerance, triolein I 131 test, and chemical determination of fecal fat. Abnormal results were obtained by analysis of duodenal contents in 86%, by serum enzyme response in 19%, and by elevated fasting serum enzyme levels in 9%. An abnormal serum enzyme response was observed more frequently in patients with a mild degree of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Abnormal results were obtained by the glucose tolerance test in 69%, the starch tolerance test in 35%, and the triolein I 131 test in 36%. These abnormal results were observed more frequently in patients with advanced pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Analysis of duodenal contents was the most sensitive and reliable test in the diagnosis of chronic pancreatic disease.
Endoscopic Resection of Laterally Spreading Tumours of the Large Intestine Using a Distal Attachment
Authors: H. Yoshikane, H. Hidano, A. Sakakibara, S. Mori, Y. Takahashi, Y. Niwa, H. Goto
Journal: Endoscopy (1999)

Background and Study Aims: Among colorectal neoplasms, laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are lesions over 10 mm in diameter that are low in height and grow superficially. As most LSTs are adenomas or mucosal carcinomas, endoscopic resection is desirable, but this has been not easy because of their flat and wide shape. The aim of this study was to explore the usefulness of a distal attachment to the endoscope in the endoscopic resection of LSTs.
Nucleic acid and protein sequences of phosphocholine-binding light chains.
Authors: S P Kwan, S Rudikoff, J G Seidman, P Leder, M D Scharff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

An 18-kilobase DNA fragment containing the sequence coding for both the variable and constant regions of the S107 mouse immunoglobulin light chain was cloned from total cellular DNA. The complete nucleotide sequence of the kappa-chain variable-region gene is reported. Determination of the amino acid sequence encoded by the DNA is found to be identical to the protein sequence of the T15 light chain through residue 88. Direct sequence analysis confirmed that the J1 joining segment is used in the recombination event producing the active kappa light chain gene.
Antibiotic-releasing porous polymethylmethacrylate/gelatin/antibiotic constructs for craniofacial tissue engineering
Authors: Meng Shi, James D. Kretlow, Patrick P. Spicer, Yasuhiko Tabata, Nagi Demian, Mark E. Wong, F. Kurtis Kasper, Antonios G. Mikos
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Constipation in Children
Authors: Vera Loening-Baucke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Constipation is a frequent problem among infants and children. For example, in a U.S. study, 16 percent of parents of 22-month-olds reported that their children had constipation.1 In the United Kingdom, 34 percent of 4-to-7-year-old children were said to be constipated,2 and the frequency was 37 percent among 1005 Brazilian children who ranged in age from birth to 12 years.3 Most often, constipation is short-lived and of little consequence; however, chronic constipation does occur, as shown in the British study, in which 5 percent of the children had constipation lasting for more than six months.2 Intolerance of cow's-milk protein occurs . . .
Narrowband UV-B Phototherapy for Steroid-Refractory Sclerotic Chronic Cutaneous Graft-vs-Host Disease
Authors: Eric Sorenson, Rachel McAndrew, Viraat Patel, Aaron C. Logan, John Koo, Ethan Levin
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2015)

Chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) affects 50% to 70% of patients who receive allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants (HCTs), and the skin is the most common site of involvement. Chronic cutaneous GVHD can present with sclerotic or nonsclerotic changes of the skin and often requires treatment with systemic immunosuppressants, extracorporeal photopheresis, or phototherapy. We describe the first reported case, to our knowledge, of the effective treatment of sclerotic chronic cutaneous GVHD with narrowband UV-B (NB UV-B) phototherapy.A woman in her 40s presented with sclerotic chronic GVHD of the skin 6 years after HCT for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The patient's cutaneous disease progressed despite treatment with prednisone and oral tacrolimus. The patient was initiated on NB UV-B phototherapy 3 times per week, resulting in clinically significant improvement of cutaneous lesions over the first 2 months. The NB UV-B regimen allowed for a reduction of prednisone dose and continued control of cutaneous GVHD over 6 months of therapy.Our case report describes the successful use of NB UV-B phototherapy for the treatment of sclerotic chronic cutaneous GVHD. Further study should be performed to evaluate the effectiveness of this therapeutic modality for patients with sclerotic chronic cutaneous GVHD.
Gradwohl's Clinical Laboratory Methods and Diagnosis
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1981)

ABSTRACT This reviewer wasn't even a toddler when Gradwohl wrote the first edition of Clinical Laboratory Methods and Diagnoses: A Textbook on Laboratory Procedures With their Interpretation, published by CV Mosby Co, St Louis, in 1935. Now the same publisher has released the much awaited eighth edition in 1980. It has two editors, 51 authors, 108 chapters, and 2,339 pages in two handsomely bound brown-and-red hardback volumes and weighs 6.3 kg. The previous edition (1970), as well as some of its predecessors, was known largely as a St Louis offering since ten of 25 contributing authors were from Missouri. The 1980 edition lists only 12 of its 51 authors from Missouri, and only ten of the 51 are repeaters from the seventh edition. This broadening of the base of author experience, the number and quality of presentations, and the sharpening of focus with elimination of extraneous elements may well cause these
Computer-Aided Design and Manufacture of Prostheses Is Still Experimental
Authors: Sidney Fishman
Journal: JAMA (1987)

To the Editor.—  I would like to comment on the section regarding developments in prosthetics in the article entitled Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation by Dr Glass 1 in the Oct 17, 1986, issue. Although I take issue with only two sentences and the tense of the verbs used in the article, these details are of critical importance.  In the past few years a semiautomated system of prosthetic manufacture has been developed [italics added], writes the author. To be precise, these systems, the so-called CAD-CAM (computer-aided-design; computer-aided-manufacture) systems, to which Dr Glass alludes deal only with the prosthetic socket and are such that even the most optimistic proponents do not claim clinical readiness at present. Critics of these systems would say that without a significant breakthrough in current technology they may never be of any clinical value.  It is well understood that correct fitting and fabrication of prosthetic sockets requires data
The utility of specific immunoglobulin E measurements in primary care
Authors: E. Duran‐Tauleria, G. Vignati, M. J. A. Guedan, C. J. Petersson
Journal: Allergy (2004)

Background: The identification of atopic patients may not be considered a necessary step in the diagnosis process in primary care. This study investigated the impact of the addition of a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody test on the current management by primary‐care physicians of patients with respiratory and skin symptoms. Methods: The study had a prospective before–after design. It was conducted in two geographic areas of Italy and Spain and consisted of two parts, Part I and Part II. In each part patients were recruited according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. After the clinical examination, the patients were classified into one of the following categories using a physician's classification: allergic, nonallergic or uncertain. A blood sample was taken from each included patient for specific IgE antibody determination using a Pharmacia CAP System TM , including either Phadiatop Infant (0–5 years of age) or Phadiatop and food mix (fx5e) (&gt;5 years of age). If a positive result was found, an additional 6–26 specific IgE tests were performed. In Part I the result of the specific IgE antibody determinations was not available before the physician's classification was made. In contrast, in Part II, the result of the IgE test was available at the time when the physician's classification was made. Between Part I and Part II an educational intervention for physicians to improve their knowledge of blood testing for IgE‐mediated allergy was carried out. Results: A total of 721 patients were included in the study. The agreement between classifications based on clinical data and IgE antibody results changed from a kappa coefficient of 0.13 in Part I to 0.86 in Part II. With regard to the allergic status the proportion of uncertain cases was reduced from 26.3% in Part I to 4.1% in Part II. The proportion of patients that were advised to avoid allergens increased from 18% in Part I to 62% in Part II in the group of patients classified both by the clinician and the IgE test. Conclusions: The use of specific IgE antibody determinations improves the clinical management of patients with allergy related symptoms in primary care, allowing advice to be given on specific allergen avoidance. However, the applicability of this diagnostic tool in different areas and countries should be further assessed in cost‐effectiveness studies.