tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Children
Authors: Patrick H. Conway, Avital Cnaan, Theoklis Zaoutis, Brandon V. Henry, Robert W. Grundmeier, Ron Keren
Journal: JAMA (2007)

ContextThe evidence regarding risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and the risks and benefits of antimicrobial prophylaxis in children is scant.ObjectivesTo identify risk factors for recurrent UTI in a pediatric primary care cohort, to determine the association between antimicrobial prophylaxis and recurrent UTI, and to identify the risk factors for resistance among recurrent UTIs.Design, Patients, and SettingFrom a network of 27 primary care pediatric practices in urban, suburban, and semirural areas spanning 3 states, a cohort of children aged 6 years or younger who were diagnosed with first UTI between July 1, 2001, and May 31, 2006, was assembled. Time-to-event analysis was used to determine risk factors for recurrent UTI and the association between antimicrobial prophylaxis and recurrent UTI, and a nested case-control study was performed among children with recurrent UTI to identify risk factors for resistant infections.Main Outcome MeasuresTime to recurrent UTI and antimicrobial resistance of recurrent UTI pathogens.ResultsAmong 74 974 children in the network, 611 (0.007 per person-year) had a first UTI and 83 (0.12 per person-year after first UTI) had a recurrent UTI. In multivariable Cox time-to-event models, factors associated with increased risk of recurrent UTI included white race (0.17 per person-year; hazard ratio [HR], 1.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-3.16), age 3 to 4 years (0.22 per person-year; HR, 2.75; 95% CI, 1.37-5.51), age 4 to 5 years (0.19 per person-year; HR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.19-5.12), and grade 4 to 5 vesicoureteral reflux (0.60 per person-year; HR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.26-15.29). Sex and grade 1 to 3 vesicoureteral reflux were not associated with risk of recurrence. Antimicrobial prophylaxis was not associated with decreased risk of recurrent UTI (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.50-2.02), even after adjusting for propensity to receive prophylaxis, but was a risk factor for antibimicrobial resistance among children with recurrent UTI (HR, 7.50; 95% CI, 1.60-35.17).ConclusionAmong the children in this study, antimicrobial prophylaxis was not associated with decreased risk of recurrent UTI, but was associated with increased risk of resistant infections.
HURRICANE KATRINA AND THE TIMING OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: SEVEN YEARS AFTER THE STORM
Authors: Matthew N. Peters, Kevin Deandrade, Henry Quevedo Diaz, Andrew R. Burchett, Sumit Tiwari, Kanwar Singh, Thomas A. Turnage, Edmond N. Fomunung, Holly Gonzales, Patrice Delafontaine, Anand Irimpen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Effect of Topical Mitomycin C on Glaucoma Filtration Surgery in Monkeys
Authors: Louis R. Pasquale, Diane Thibault, Mary Ellen Dorman-Pease, Harry A. Quigley, Henry D. Jampel
Journal: Ophthalmology (1992)

In this study, an experimental model of glaucoma filtration surgery was used to evaluate the clinical and histologic effects of a single intraoperative topical application of mitomycin C. Argon laser treatment to the trabecular meshwork produced sustained elevation of intraocular pressure in monkeys. Eight eyes of four animals were randomly assigned to receive topical mitomycin C or balanced salt solution at the time of fullthickness sclerostomy. Surgical success was substantially increased in four of five eyes that received mitomycin C when compared with three eyes that received topical balanced salt solution. Mitomycin C was also effective in prolonging surgical success in two eyes that had previously undergone surgery and failed. No significant ocular toxicity was observed in eyes treated with mitomycin C. Histologic examination of mitomycin Ctreated eyes showed patent sclerostomies and hypocellular, well-formed bleb cavities. A single intraoperative application of mitomycin C has a marked effect on postoperative wound healing after filtration surgery in monkeys. In this study, an experimental model of glaucoma filtration surgery was used to evaluate the clinical and histologic effects of a single intraoperative topical application of mitomycin C. Argon laser treatment to the trabecular meshwork produced sustained elevation of intraocular pressure in monkeys. Eight eyes of four animals were randomly assigned to receive topical mitomycin C or balanced salt solution at the time of fullthickness sclerostomy. Surgical success was substantially increased in four of five eyes that received mitomycin C when compared with three eyes that received topical balanced salt solution. Mitomycin C was also effective in prolonging surgical success in two eyes that had previously undergone surgery and failed. No significant ocular toxicity was observed in eyes treated with mitomycin C. Histologic examination of mitomycin Ctreated eyes showed patent sclerostomies and hypocellular, well-formed bleb cavities. A single intraoperative application of mitomycin C has a marked effect on postoperative wound healing after filtration surgery in monkeys.
Role of intracellular calcium handling in force-interval relationships of human ventricular myocardium.
Authors: J K Gwathmey, M T Slawsky, R J Hajjar, G M Briggs, J P Morgan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Experiments were performed in human working myocardium to investigate the relationship of intracellular calcium handling and availability to alterations in the strength of contraction produced by changes in stimulation rate and pattern. Both control and myopathic muscles exhibited potentiation of peak isometric force during the postextrasystolic contraction which was associated with an increase in the peak intracellular calcium transient. Frequency-related force potentiation was attenuated in myopathic muscles compared to controls. This occurred despite an increase in resting intracellular calcium and in the peak amplitude of the calcium transient as detected with aequorin. Therefore, abnormalities in contractile function of myopathic muscles during frequency-related force potentiation are not due to decreased availability of intracellular calcium, but more likely reflect differences in myofibrillar calcium responsiveness. Sarcolemmal calcium influx may also contribute to frequency-related changes in contractile force in myopathic muscles as suggested by a decrease in action potential duration with increasing stimulation frequency which is associated with fluctuations in peak calcium transient amplitude.
Digenic inheritance of an SMCHD1 mutation and an FSHD-permissive D4Z4 allele causes facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 2
Authors: Richard J.L.F. Lemmers, Rabi Tawil, Lisa M. Petek, Judit Balog, Gregory J. Block, Gijs W.E. Santen, Amanda M. Amell, Patrick J. van der Vliet, Rowida Almomani, Kirsten R. Straasheijm, Yvonne D. Krom, Rinse Klooster, Yu-chun Sun, Johan T. den Dunnen, Quinta Helmer, Colleen M Donlin-Smith, George W. Padberg, Baziel G.M. van Engelen, Jessica C. de Greef, Annemieke M. Aartsma-Rus, Rune R. Frants, Marianne de Visser, Claude Desnuelle, Sabrina Sacconi, Galina N Filippova, Bert Bakker, Michael J. Bamshad, Stephen J Tapscott, Daniel G. Miller, Silvère M. van der Maarel
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
Just Reach Out and Percuss Someone
Authors: Merilee D. Karr
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —While reading the article by Wasson et al<sup>1</sup>on scheduled outpatient follow-up by telephone, I remembered one wild night that occurred during my residency. I tried to reassure a worried mother over the telephone by having her hold the telephone mouthpiece against her child's chest. Imagine my surprise when I heard end-expiratory wheezes through the instrument! I have used the technique since and found it a useful supplement. A limited physical examination by telephone auscultation is possible, using available technology.
In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens.
Authors: M Schlumpf, B Cotton, M Conscience, V Haller, B Steinmann, W Lichtensteiger
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Ultraviolet (UV) screens are increasingly used as a result of growing concern about UV radiation and skin cancer; they are also added to cosmetics and other products for light stability. Recent data on bioaccumulation in wildlife and humans point to a need for in-depth analyses of systemic toxicology, in particular with respect to reproduction and ontogeny. We examined six frequently used UVA and UVB screens for estrogenicity in vitro and in vivo. In MCF-7 breast cancer cells, five out of six chemicals, that is, benzophenone-3 (Bp-3), homosalate (HMS), 4-methyl-benzylidene camphor (4-MBC), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC), and octyl-dimethyl-PABA (OD-PABA), increased cell proliferation with median effective concentrations (EC(50)) values between 1.56 and 3.73 microM, whereas butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane (B-MDM) was inactive. Further evidence for estrogenic activity was the induction of pS2 protein in MCF-7 cells and the blockade of the proliferative effect of 4-MBC by the estrogen antagonist ICI 182,780. In the uterotrophic assay using immature Long-Evans rats that received the chemicals for 4 days in powdered feed, uterine weight was dose-dependently increased by 4-MBC (ED(50 )309mg/kg/day), OMC (ED(50) 935 mg/kg/day), and weakly by Bp-3 (active at 1,525 mg/kg/day). Three compounds were inactive by the oral route in the doses tested. Dermal application of 4-MBC to immature hairless (hr/hr) rats also increased uterine weight at concentrations of 5 and 7.5% in olive oil. Our findings indicate that UV screens should be tested for endocrine activity, in view of possible long-term effects in humans and wildlife.
Hold guest authors of ghostwritten research liable for fraud, say legal scholars
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Holding the “guest author” of a ghostwritten paper legally liable for fraud may help to curb the practice in the face of the reluctance of universities and journals to act, argue legal scholars in PLoS Medicine (2011;8(8):e1001070, doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001070).

Universities and journals “have been slow on the uptake and haven’t done much” to tackle ghostwriting because they often have divided loyalties and don’t want to confront the powerful figures who are recruited as guest authors, the paper’s …
TCT-449 The Recording of Monophasic Action Potentials Simultaneously from both the Epicardial and Endocardial Surfaces of Porcine Hearts
Authors: Megan M. Schmidt, Tinen Iles, Gabriel A. Hernandez, Mark A. Benscoter, Michael R. Franz, Paul A. Iaizzo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Trends in Diabetes Prevalence and Diabetes-Related Complications in Older Mexican Americans From 1993–1994 to 2004–2005
Authors: Holly A. Beard, Majd Al Ghatrif, Rafael Samper-Ternent, Kerstin Gerst, Kyriakos S. Markides
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

OBJECTIVE Evidence has shown that Mexican Americans have a higher prevalence of diabetes and a greater risk for diabetes-related complications than non-Hispanic whites. However, no studies have described the changes in prevalence among older Mexican Americans. The purpose of this study was to expand on the current literature by examining the trends in diabetes prevalence and diabetes-related complications in Mexican Americans aged ≥75 years from 1993–1994 to 2004–2005. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The prevalences of self-reported diabetes and diabetes-related complications were estimated in the original cohort (1993–1994) and the new cohort (2004–2005) of the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (Hispanic EPESE) and were compared across the two surveys. RESULTS The prevalence of diabetes among Mexican Americans aged ≥75 years has nearly doubled between 1993–1994 and 2004–2005 from 20.3 to 37.2%, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.001). The increase in the prevalence of diabetes was similar across all sociodemographic factors. Diabetes complications did not change significantly between the two cohorts. However, the prevalence of having any lower-extremity function disability did increase between the two cohorts. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of diabetes in older Mexican Americans has increased dramatically. At the same time, there has been no improvement in diabetes-related complications as has been found in the general older population. These findings heighten the urgency for more effective public health interventions targeted to this population. As diabetes and obesity become more prevalent in older adults, physicians should encourage appropriate management in older patients, including early detection and glycemic control.
The protective roles of nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase in adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity
Authors: M COLE, L CHAISWING, T OBERLEY, S EDELMANN, M PIASCIK, S LIN, K KININGHAM, D STCLAIR
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

Objective: Treatment with adriamycin (ADR) is associated with cardiotoxicity mediated through the generation of superoxide (O2·−). Because nitric oxide (·NO) reacts with O2·−, generating peroxynitrite, we hypothesized that decreased ·NO production would lead to protection in acute cardiac injury.
Research Priorities for Parkinson's Recommended
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1995)

THE EMPHASIS in research on Parkinson's disease should be put on factors that lead to cell death, the study of genetic susceptibility, improvements in drug therapy, and the identification of clinically useful markers. This was the major advice a broad spectrum of neurologic researchers and clinicians handed to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) after a 2-day workshop on research priorities related to Parkinson's disease held in Washington, DC. The workshop was convened at the request of Congress. Initially, said Thomas Chase, MD, chief of the experimental therapeutics branch of the NINDS, Congress wanted the institute to hold a consensus meeting to recommend the best ways to treat the disorder. But, he said, there is not yet enough knowledge to reach a consensus. As an alternative, the NINDS, along with two sister National Institutes of Health (NIH) agencies—the National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Md, and the National
Involve children with life limiting conditions in decisions to stop treatment, says new guidance
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The views of children who have incurable and life limiting conditions should be actively sought and considered in decisions on whether to continue life prolonging treatment, says new guidance from the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health.1

Although circumstances will differ, children who have had extensive experience of disease and its treatment, such as repeated cycles of chemotherapy, will have more informed views about continuing treatment than an adult facing treatment for the first time, the document says. The presumption should be that children will be involved in decisions “at a level that reflects their …
Molecular localization and polymorphism of HLA class II restriction determinants defined by Mycobacterium leprae-reactive helper T cell clones from leprosy patients.
Authors: T H Ottenhoff, S Neuteboom, D G Elferink, R R de Vries
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1986)

MHC class II molecules carry the restriction determinants (RDs) for antigen presentation to antigen-specific Th lymphocytes. This restriction of T cell activation endows those molecules with a key role in the induction and regulation of antigen-specific immune responses. Moreover, class II molecules are the products of class II immune response (Ir) genes. The polymorphism of these Ir genes leads to genetically controlled differences in immuneresponsiveness between different individuals. An important human example is leprosy, in which HLA class II-linked Ir genes determine the immune response against Mycobacterium leprae, the causative organism of the disease. Since the immune response against M. leprae is entirely dependent on Th cells, the HLA class II-linked Ir gene products may well regulate the immune response by controlling the presentation of M. leprae antigens to Th cells. We therefore have investigated the HLA class II RD repertoire of M. leprae-reactive Th cell clones (TLC) by means of extensive panel and inhibition studies with fully class II-typed allogeneic APCs and well-defined HLA class II-specific mAbs. The TLC studied (n, 36) proliferated specifically towards M. leprae, produced IFN-gamma upon activation, and had the CD3+CD4+CD8- phenotype. The results show in the first place that the majority of the RDs for M. leprae reside on DR and not on DP or DQ molecules. This indicates a major role for DR molecules in the immune response to M. leprae and suggests that these molecules are the main products of M. leprae-specific Ir genes. Furthermore, since the expression of DR molecules is much stronger than that of DP and DQ molecules, these findings suggest that the localization of RDs for M. leprae on class II molecules correlates with the quantitative expression of these molecules. The observation that the RDs on DR molecules coded by a DR4 haplotype were situated only on those DR molecules that are known to be highest in expression can be explained in the same way. Second, four distinct RDs related with but not identical to the Dw13 allodeterminant were carried by the DR+DRw53- (alpha beta 1) molecules of a DR4Dw13 haplotype. Since the known amino acid residue differences between the allelic DR4 related Dw beta 1 chains cannot explain the observed RD-polymorphism, this observation suggests that multiple distinct RDs unique for the DR4Dw13 haplotype are expressed by these molecules. Only 2 of 36 TLC were not restricted by DR.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Spotlight on childhood blindness
Authors: José-Alain Sahel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare disease that severely affects vision in early life. It is characterized by genetic and clinical heterogeneity due to complex and not fully understood pathogenetic mechanisms. It is also now widely known as a disease model for gene therapy. In this issue of the JCI, two independent research groups report valuable new data on LCA. Specifically, they provide important insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of LCA and offer strong hope that the outcome of gene therapy for retinal degenerative diseases will be successful.
Changes of serum hepatitis B virus DNA in two types of clinical events preceding spontaneous hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion in chronic type B hepatitis
Authors: Yun-Fan Liaw, Chia C. Pao, Chia-Ming Chu, I-Shyan Sheen, Miau-Ju Huang
Journal: Hepatology (1987)

Two types of clinical events, acute exacerbation and uneventful course, precede spontaneous HBeAg serocon-version to its antibody (anti-HBe) in chronic type B hepatitis. To examine the possible mechanism responsible for these two types of clinical events, serial serum specimens from 75 patients who underwent spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion were assayed for hepatitis B virus DNA by slot blot hybridization with 32 P-labeled cloned hepatitis B virus DNA as probe. Of these 75 patients, 47 (62.7%) had episodes of acute exacerbation (ALT &gt;300 IU per liter) within 3 months prior to HBeAg seroconversion. All of these 47 patients had high hepatitis B virus DNA levels (&gt; 1,000 pg per ml) at the onset of acute exacerbation. Their serum hepatitis B virus DNA disappears shortly before or simultaneously with the HBeAg clearance in 27 patients (57.4%) and persisted but with decreasing levels for 2 to 40 months in 20 patients. Most of these patients had high α-feto-protein levels or evidence of bridging hepatic necrosis. In contrast, the serum hepatitis B virus DNA was undetectable for a minimum of 3 (3-17) months in the 28 patients who had an uneventful course before HBeAg seroconversion. Twenty of these 28 patients had well-documented episodes of acute exacerbation with high hepatitis B virus DNA levels, but with normal α-feto-protein and little evidence of extensive necrosis as far back as 6 to 27 months before HBeAg seroconversion. The data might suggest that all spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in chronic type B hepatitis was preceded by acute exacerbation as a result of immune clearance of hepatitis B virus, and the clinical events occurred within 3 months before HBeAg seroconversion were related to the serum hepatitis B virus DNA levels.
Chromosome Abnormalities in Patients Treated with Chlorpromazine, Perphenazine, and Lysergide
Authors: J. Nielsen, U. Friedrich, T. Tsuboi
Journal: BMJ (1969)

In a chromosome study on leucocyte cultures made in 13 patients treated with chlorpromazine, 15 treated with perphenazine, and nine treated with lysergide, a significantly higher frequency of gaps, breaks, and hypodiploid cells in the patients treated with perphenazine and lysergide occurred compared with the 41 controls studied. It is concluded that if some drugs can induce major chromosome abnormalities, and less toxic alternatives are available, the latter should be used in preference.
Basic fibroblast growth factor and heparin influence coronary arteriolar tone by causing endothelium-dependent dilation
Authors: Christiane P Tiefenbacher, William M Chilian
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Objective: The strong angiogenic and mitogenic agents acidic and basic fibroblast growth factors (aFGF and bFGF, respectively) share signalling pathways with known vasodilatory agonists. Therefore, we hypothesized that FGF's produce vasoactive responses. We also proposed that heparin would exert a similar action to FGF, because this proteoglycan not only binds to the FGF receptor, but also facilitates the release of FGF from the cardiac extracellular matrix and promotes its binding to a high-affinity receptor. To test these hypotheses, we examined the vasodilatory reactions of coronary arterioles to aFGF, bFGF, and heparin, and the effects of antagonists to nitric oxide synthase (l-NMMA), prostaglandins (indomethacin), ATP-sensitive potassium (K[ATP]) channels (glibenclamide), FGF and FGF receptors on the vasoactive responses. Methods: Arterioles (70–110 μm, internal diameter) were dissected from pig hearts and cannulated with micropipettes. Diameter was determined with videomicroscopy in response to bFGF and aFGF in concentrations of 1–100 ng/ml and to heparin (5–200 U/ml). Results: Basic FGF, but not aFGF, caused dose-dependent vasodilation with a maximum of 61±4%. Relaxation to bFGF was antagonized by pretreatment with l-NMMA, but was not affected by pretreatment with indomethacin or glibenclamide. Heparin caused dose-dependent vasodilation with a maximum of 100±3% which was partially blocked by either l-NMMA or glibenclamide, but not by indomethacin. Furthermore, the effect of bFGF could be significantly blocked by pretreatment with an FGF receptor antibody as well as with a monoclonal antibody against FGF. Pretreatment with both antibodies significantly inhibited also the effect of heparin. Conclusions: These results indicate that bFGF and heparin cause vasodilation of coronary arterioles via an increase in NO production and heparin additionally by other mechanisms such as by activating K[ATP] channels. Furthermore, the effect of heparin is partially mediated via FGF and FGF receptors. We therefore speculate that both substances may be involved in the regulation of coronary microvascular tone acting partially through the same signalling mechanisms.