tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
How many deaths have been avoided through improvements in cancer survival?
Authors: M A Richards
Journal: BMJ (2000)

To estimate how many deaths from cancer have been avoided in England and Wales because of recent improvements in survival.Analysis of national statistics.England and Wales.1.5 million adults with diagnosis of one of 47 different cancers during 1981-5 or 1986-90.Reduction in number of cancer deaths within five years of diagnosis among patients with cancer diagnosed during 1986-90 compared with patients with cancer diagnosed during 1981-5.17 041 deaths were avoided within five years of diagnosis among patients with cancer diagnosed during 1986-90. This represents 3.3% of the cancer deaths that would have been expected if survival had been the same as for patients with cancer diagnosed during 1981-5. Two thirds of the avoided deaths arose from improvements in survival for just five cancers: female breast cancer (4822), cancers of the colon (2560), rectum (1090), and bladder (1157), and melanoma of the skin (1098). The largest proportionate reductions in excess deaths were for melanoma of the skin (23%) and cancers of the testis (17%) and bone (17%). About 12 000 (70%) of the avoided deaths arose among adults aged under 75 at death. Improvements in survival from cancers of lung, prostate, stomach, ovary, and brain were small: they accounted for 33% of all cancers but only 11% of avoided deaths.Small gains in survival from common cancers save more lives than larger gains for uncommon cancers. If recent rates of improvement in cancer survival continue, about 24 000 deaths within five years of diagnosis would be avoided in patents aged under 75 by the year 2010, representing about a quarter of the government's overall target of 100 000 fewer cancer deaths.
An Address on MEDICAL EDUCATION AND LICENSURE IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Authors: N. Walker
Journal: BMJ (1929)

My acquaintance u-ith American mnedical educationi goes lackl a long way.Wheni, after gr'aduating in 1884, I pro- c(deed to Vienniia for post-gr-aduate study, I miiade the .1cequaintance of quite a niumber of the 250 American il adiates w-ho were theni studo ilnl(r there.There were 50 glaclllates or Drltlsll senools, anc it w-oti1d be incorrect to say that we formed a hiigh oopinioni of medical educationi in Aiiierica fromii contact with somile Americani colleagues in the lpractical classes.After five years, spent partly as a resident phy-sicialn, and partly in general practice in (timberland, I had, in 1890, my first opportunity of visitinig the States, when I accomipanied my father on a tliree muonitlhs' toun.We landed in New York, made our \ av slowly across countr'y to Sani Francisco by one route, a ad{ returned by aniotlher to Quebec, where we embarked t)r lhome.Myv father's initerests were, of course, in the tileological colleges, and, while lhe visited Princeton and Yale, I devoted miuch of mi-y time to the miedical schools i'Boston, New York, Baltimore, Philadelphia, Chicago, iSioux City, Deniver, San Francisco, Toronto, and Montreal.I look iback over long years with a very lively sense of l)ppi eciatioii of the kind(1ness of our American colleagues to a1 young, miian still well under 30. 1 mInade nimny friendshlips, most of thiem, alas! now broken by death.The closest was i ithi Osler, w%hose guest I was in Baltimiiore, and with hlioim I maintailned cordial relationis to the enid.It is ;!zmoething of a memiiory to ine that it was to my ward that ().sler laid( his last visit to any hospital, less tilan a week before lhis death.Then, in 1906, wihlen the British Medical Association hlt-d its Annual Meeting in Toronto, I again *(TOsed tile Atlantic, anid, on the way home, spent a few layxs wi-ithi my' friiemild James C. Johlistonie in New York, a,nd got a pretty thorough insiglit inito the workinigs of Cornell.Mi next visit n as in 1920, when, on thle invita- t ion of the Carnegie Fpounidation, I accompanied Sir Ilftumpliry Rolleston, Sir Holburt Waring, and Drs.1)es Mar-et anid Rouissy on a real Amnerican tour (of three w-eeks' duration) of selected ujniversities in New York, Waslling-toni, New Orleais, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Chicago, Cleveland, Cinicinnati, 'Ann Ar-bor, Boston, Philadelphia, aind Baltimore.In s-prinig of last year, on the invitation cf tIme Council of Medical Eduication and Hospitals, a branch of thie American Medical Association, I attended their annual conference, anrd took part in.thieir debates. 1 imiay thius claim, I think, to have had ratiler exceptional opportiuities of observing the development of medical education over miiore than forty years, anid, beinig thiorolighlv conviniced of tIme importance of the two great English-
Abstract 259: Novel peptide directed targeting of EWS-FLI1 impairs tumor cell growth
Authors: Hayriye V. Erkizan, Lauren M. Scher, Ellen Gamble, Julie Barber-Rotenberg, Aykut Uren, Jeffrey Toretsky
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction: Patients with Ewing's Sarcoma require improved therapy. EWS-FLI1 fusion protein provides a unique targeting opportunity. In the quest for protein partners, we identified a novel peptide sequence that binds to EWS-FLI1 using phage display. We hypothesize that by identifying peptides, and their cognate proteins, we can modulate the function of EWS-FLI1 to improve therapies for ESFT patients. Methods: Secreted peptide-alkaline phosphatase conjugates were used in ELISA for resolving binding regions. Cytotoxicity experiments were analyzed with MTT or WST reduction. Cell cycle analysis were performed using flow cytometry. Results: A phage display experiment to identify EWS-FLI1 peptides resulted in 96 phage clones that demonstrated binding to EWS-FLI1 by ELISA. Those 96 phage clones resulted in sequences that yielded twenty-seven unique peptides. Peptide A1 is one of 27 unique peptides that was commercially synthesized fused to penetratin (16aa) to facilitate intracellular transport. The cytotoxicity of A1 peptide was evaluated in TC32 and TC71 (EWS-FLI1, type I), A4573 (EWS-FLI1, type III), JN-DSRCT (desmoplastic small round blue cell tumor containing EWS-WT1), and SKNAS (a neuroblastoma cell line lacking EWS-FLI1 rearrangement). The IC50 level for A1 is between 5 -15 μM in cell lines bearing EWS fusion proteins. However, it is more than 50 μM in cells without the rearrangement. A1-alkaline phosphatase (A1-AP) conjugates were prepared with alanine substitutions throughout the peptide. Wild-type non-conjugated A1 competed away the interaction between the EWS-FLI1 and A1-AP, confirming its ability to bind to EWS-FLI1. Mutations in A1 demonstrated that the lysine residues are critical for binding to EWS-FLI1. The minimal interacting amino acids were validated using shortened and mutated versions of A1 in both ELISA and cell growth assays, including soft agar. A1 peptide blocked cell cycle progression of synchronized ESFT cells and caused accumulation at S phase. A1 peptide also inhibited EWS-FLI1 dependent transcription. Discussion: The A1 peptide directly binds to the EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein and leads to cell death in cells with either the EWS-FLI1 or EWS-WT1 fusion proteins. While A1 was discovered based on binding to EWS-FLI1; toxicity in JN-DSRCT studies suggest that the A1 peptide may have potency to EWS bearing fusion proteins. These findings present a novel method of targeting EWS rearranged oncoproteins and could lead to novel therapies Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 259. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-259
Risk factors at medical school for subsequent professional misconduct: multicentre retrospective case-control study
Authors: J. Yates, D. James
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether there are risk factors in a doctor’s time at medical school that are associated with subsequent professional misconduct. <b>Design</b> Matched case-control study. <b>Setting </b>Records from medical schools and the General Medical Council (GMC). <b>Participants</b> 59 doctors who had graduated from any one of eight medical schools in the United Kingdom in 1958-97 and had a proved finding of serious professional misconduct in GMC proceedings in 1999-2004 (cases); 236 controls (four for each case) were selected by systematic sampling from matching graduation cohorts. Case-control status was revealed by the GMC after completion of data entry. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Odds ratios for being a “case,” with multivariable conditional logistic regression of potential risk factors including pre-admission characteristics and progress during the course. These data were obtained from anonymised copies of the students’ progress files held by their original medical schools. <b>Results</b> Univariate conditional logistic regression analysis found that cases were more likely to be men, to be of lower estimated social class, and to have had academic difficulties during their medical course, especially in the early years. Multivariable analysis showed that male sex (odds ratio 9.80, 95% confidence interval 2.43 to 39.44, P=0.001), lower social class (4.28, 1.52 to 12.09, P=0.006), and failure of early or preclinical examinations (5.47, 2.17 to 13.79, P&lt;0.001) were independently associated with being a case. <b>Conclusions</b> This small study suggests that male sex, a lower socioeconomic background, and early academic difficulties at medical school could be risk factors for subsequent professional misconduct. The findings are preliminary and should be interpreted with caution. Most doctors with risk factors will not come before the GMC’s disciplinary panels.
Preparticipation medical evaluation in professional sport in the UK: theory or practice?
Authors: C W Fuller, E O Ojelade, A Taylor
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2007)

Objective: To determine the level of pre-employment, pre-season, and post-injury medical evaluation of players undertaken within UK professional team sports. Design: A postal, whole population survey. Setting: Elite professional sports teams in England. Population: Six groups comprising the following clubs: professional football (Premiership, 15 of 20; Championship, 22 of 24), rugby union (Premiership, 9 of 12; Division 1, 11 of 14), rugby league (Super League, 6 of 11) and cricket (County, 12 of 18). Main outcome measures: Number (percentage) of clubs recording players’ medical history and undertaking medical examinations of players’ cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems at pre-employment, pre-season and post-injury. Results: The overall response to the survey was 74%, with a range from 55% to 92% among groups. Almost 90% of football (Premiership and Championship) and rugby union (Premiership) clubs took a pre-employment history of players’ general health, cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems, but fewer than 50% of cricket and rugby union (Division 1) clubs recorded a history. The majority of football (Premiership and Championship) and rugby union (Premiership) clubs implemented both cardiovascular and musculoskeletal examinations of players before employment. Fewer than 25% of clubs in any of the groups implemented neurological examinations of players at pre-employment, although 100% of rugby union (Premiership) and rugby league clubs implemented neurological testing during pre-season. Conclusions: None of the sports implemented best practice guidelines for the preparticipation evaluation of players at all stages of their employment. Departures from best practice guidelines and differences in practices between clubs within the same sport leave club physicians vulnerable if their players sustain injuries or ill health conditions that could have been identified and avoided through the implementation of a preparticipation examination.
Effect of acute cigarette smoking on gastric secretion.
Authors: J C Roxburgh, P F Whitfield, M Hobsley
Journal: Gut (1992)

The effects of smoking one cigarette on a plateau of submaximal gastric secretion induced by histamine acid phosphate (16 nmol kg-1 h-1 (0.005 mg kg-1 h-1)) were measured in eight normal volunteers and in eight duodenal ulcer subjects. The rate of secretion in both groups fell by 25% without any statistically significant change in pyloric loss or duodenogastric reflux. It is concluded that smoking reduces gastric secretion. The possibility that relative antral hypoacidity induced by regular smoking produces an increase in parietal cell mass via a feedback mechanism mediated by gastrin is discussed: such a mechanism would explain the previously reported positive correlation between maximal gastric secretion of acid and the total dose of cigarettes.
Surface adsorption of protein corona controls the cell uptake mechanism in efficient cationic liposome/DNA complexes in serum
Authors: Daniela Pozzi, Giulio Caracciolo, Cristina Marchini, Maura Montani, Augusto Amici, Luciano Callipo, Anna Laura Capriotti, Chiara Cavaliere, Aldo Laganà
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2010)
A PIECE OF STEEL RETAINED IN THE EYE FOR SEVEN YEARS.
Authors: LOUIS W. FLANDERS
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>Patient.</h3> —Mr. J. G., aged 42, was sent to me Dec. 21, 1905, for treatment of his left eye. He gave the following history: <h3>History.</h3> —Seven years ago, while striking with a stone chisel, a bit of steel flew from the tool and struck him with great force in the left eye. He went to an infirmary where "they found the hole, but could not find the bit of steel." After six weeks of inflammation the eye quieted down, and in six months after the injury the sight was reduced to perception of light only. From that time he had occasional attacks of irritation with blurring of the sound eye, but nothing to amount to anything until the night before he appeared for treatment. He spent that night, as he graphically expressed it, "on my hands and knees in bed, shrieking with pain." <h3>Examination.</h3> —I found a marked irido-cyclitis and
Pregnancy and the Hyperprolactinemic Woman
Authors: Mark E. Molitch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

HYPERPROLACTINEMIA has been found to be the cause of infertility in about one third of women presenting with this problem.1 2 3 Hyperprolactinemia may impair the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis at several levels, with the primary site of inhibition probably at the hypothalamic level.4 , 5 Studies of gonadotropin secretion in hyperprolactinemic subjects sometimes show decreased pulsatile secretion,6 , 7 which reverts to normal in most women when hyperprolactinemia is corrected by bromocriptine treatment.6 , 7 Pituitary responsiveness to gonadotropin-releasing hormone is normal in such women, however, and a normal pattern of gonadotropin pulsatile secretion is restored with small, repetitive doses of the hormone.7 Such data support the concept that . . .
Deterioration of renal function in a patient with lupus.
Authors: E C Rankin, G H Nield, D A Isenberg
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

Case historyA 38 year old woman of Pakistani-Hindu origin was diagnosed as having systemic lupus ery- thematosus (SLE) when she presented, aged 23, with fatigue, malaise, a photosensitive rash and arthralgia in 1977.Born in Sri Lanka, she lived in Japan from the age of nine months to 18 years.She then moved to England where
Targeted Therapy for Advanced Colorectal Cancer — More Is Not Always Better
Authors: Robert J. Mayer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

During the past few years, the outlook for patients with colorectal cancer has brightened considerably. Fluorouracil, an inhibitor of thymidylate synthase (and therefore DNA synthesis), was until recently the only effective systemic treatment for this disease. Fluorouracil is usually administered with leucovorin (i.e., folinic acid), which appears to stabilize the binding of the drug to thymidylate synthase. Since 1996, three new cytotoxic drugs — capecitabine (an oral fluoropyrimidine), irinotecan (a topoisomerase I inhibitor that blocks DNA repair), and oxaliplatin (an inhibitor of DNA replication and possibly a down-regulator of the expression of thymidylate synthase) — have been introduced into clinical . . .
PATHOLOGY OF MALARIAL FEVERS, STRUCTURE OF THE PARASITES AND CHANGES IN TISSUE.
Authors: JESSE W. LAZEAR
Journal: JAMA (1900)

For diagnosis the examination of the fresh unstained blood is usually sufficient, but for the study of the structure of the parasite, dried and stained specimens must be made. The blood is to be spread on the cover-slip in a thin uniform layer, so that the red corpuscles lie separate from each other. To obtain this result the cover-slips must be absolutely free from all foreign material. It is best to immerse them in alcohol and dry them carefully with a soft cloth just before taking the specimens, handling them with forceps rather than with, fingers. A small drop of blood from the cleansed lobe of the ear is allowed to spread between two cover-slips, which are at once slid apart and allowed to dry in the air or by holding high above a flame. Another satisfactory method is to receive the blood from the ear on the edge of
Plasma N-terminal pro-BNP predicts the occurrence of major clinical events in severe chronic heart failure: results of a substudy of the COPERNICUS trial
Authors: Franz S. Hartmann, Gert Richardt, Milton Packer, Andrew J. Coats, Michael B. Fowler, Henry Krum, Paul Mohacsi, Jean L. Rouleau, Michal Tendera, Alain Castaigne, Matthias Baumann, Juergen Trawinski, Silke Horsch, Ildiko Amann-Zalan, Hugo A. Katus
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Outcome of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Early Primary Graft Failure After Pediatric Heart Transplantation
Authors: Cecile Tissot, Shannon Buckvold, Christina M. Phelps, D. Dunbar Ivy, David N. Campbell, Max B. Mitchell, Suzanne Osorio da Cruz, Bill A. Pietra, Shelley D. Miyamoto
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
Routine Preoperative Screening for HIV
Authors: Laurance J. Guido
Journal: JAMA (1988)

To the Editor.—  I write to comment on an article in the March 4 issue ofJAMA.1I am truly disturbed about the comments and conclusions reached by Hagen et al.  As a practicing neurosurgeon, it is essential for me to be aware of every medical aspect of the patients on whom I operate. I grow weary of the posturing of physicians who are not daily in the trenches. The Division of Clinical Decision Making in the Department of Medicine of the Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston has little or nothing to do with the neurosurgical operating room.  All of their statistics can be thrown out the window if a surgeon who is operating on a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome inadvertently punctures his skin with a needle or a scalpel and is not aware that the patient is infected. Two patients on whom I have operated
Abnormal mobility of neonatal polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Relationship to impaired redistribution of surface adhesion sites by chemotactic factor or colchicine.
Authors: D C Anderson, B J Hughes, C W Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

To determine the mechanism(s) of diminished, stimulated, and directed migration of neonatal (N) polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), chemotactic factor (CF) sensory and PMN effector functions were studied in healthy N and adult or maternal controls (C). N PMN demonstrated high affinity binding for N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-[3H]phenylalanine (fMLP), which was saturable between 40 and 100 nM as observed with C PMN. The kinetics of binding and the characteristics of dissociation of binding by N PMN were equivalent to control PMN. Both "threshold" and "peak" concentrations (1 and 10 nM, respectively) of fMLP effected comparable PMN chemiluminescence among neonates and controls. An equivalent threshold concentration (0.05 nM) of fMLP effected N and C PMN shape change in suspension, and a maximally effective concentration (5 nM) induced comparable bipolar configuration, although uropod formation was only 38 +/- 8% of N PMN, compared with 73 +/- 11% of C PMN (P less than 0.01). Striking abnormalities of N PMN adherence were identified: mean +/- SD base-line (unstimulated) N adherence values (39 +/- 8%) were equal to C (38 +/- 9%), but diminished increments in response to single CF stimuli were noted among N (fMLP: 42 +/- 7% (N), 70 +/- 11% (C); C5a: 41 +/- 6% (N), 68 +/- 6% (C); BCF: 41 +/- 6% (N), 63 +/- 9% (C), P less than 0.01 for each CF). On sequential exposure to increasing concentrations of CF N PMN failed to demonstrate expected decreased adherence values; sequential stimuli with fMLP (0.1 nM, 10 nM) or C5a (8 microgram protein/ml, 32 microgram protein/ml) effected mean +/- 1 SD values of 51 +/- 9% (N), 30 +/- 9% (C), and 34 +/- 10 (N), 48 +/- 14% (C), respectively. As demonstrated with a latex bead-binding technique, N PMN failed to redistribute adhesion sites to the cell's tail under the same experimental conditions; in 21 N samples studied, restricted unipolar binding occurred in 33 +/- 8% (fMLP) or 37 +/- 7% (C5a) of PMN in contrast to C values of 70% (fMLP), or 71% (C5a), P less than 0.001. Similar findings were observed when PMN were preincubated with colchicine (25 microgram/ml); expected diminished adherence scores (compared with base-line values) were demonstrated with C PMN but not with N cells, P less than 0.01. Additionally colchicine-induced redistribution of adhesion sites as was observed with C samples (72 +/- 14% unipolar binding) was significantly (P less than 0.001) less among N PMN (31 +/- 11% unipolar binding). These investigations indicate that CF sensory mechanisms of N PMN are normal, compared with healthy adult or maternal controls. Diminished stimulated locomotion of the N PMN may be functionally related to reduced modulation of cell adhesiveness by chemotactic stimulation.
Fecal Impaction Containing Cactus Seeds
Authors: Gregory W. Bartha
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Pima and Papago Indians of the Desert Southwest historically consumed wild plant and animal products to supplement their cultivated food supply.<sup>1</sup>Today, among the older and more traditional tribal members, the custom persists of eating the fruit of various cacti including the saguaro (<i>Carnegiea gigantea</i>) and the prickly pear cactus (genus<i>Opuntia</i>). <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A very elderly Papago woman living on the San Xavier Indian Reservation near Tucson was brought to the Veterans Administration Hospital because of constipation of several days' duration and a brief episode of rectal bleeding after a friend administered a glycerin suppository to her. On examination she was an extremely aged, edentulous woman in no distress. The blood pressure reading was 130/80 mm Hg, without postural changes. Bowel sounds were normal. There was slight fullness and tenderness in the left lower quadrant. Rectal examination showed no active bleeding. A
Spontaneous premature birth in twin pregnancy.
Authors: A R Weekes, D N Menzies, C R West
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Factors associated with spontaneous premature birth were investigated in 459 consecutive twin deliveries at this hospital. Low maternal age, low parity, and zygosity were significantly related to the incidence of this complication. The number of previous abortions, sex combinations and related birth order, and mode of presentation of the first twin were not related to the incidence of spontaneous premature delivery. We conclude that apart from low maternal age and low parity there are no obvious factors that would permit early identification of twin pregnancies at risk from spontaneous premature birth.