tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Utilization of urea nitrogen for albumin synthesis in the stagnant loop syndrome
Authors: R. Varcoe, D. Halliday, A. S. Tavill
Journal: Gut (1974)

A study of urea and albumin metabolism was carried out in a patient with the stagnant loop syndrome and in a control subject using radioisotopic and stable isotopic techniques. The patient had a higher rate of urea synthesis, urea hydrolysis in the gut, and of incorporation of recycled urea nitrogen into albumin. Although only a small proportion (0·4%) of the urea nitrogen available was used for albumin synthesis and this constituted only 0·8% of the daily nitrogen requirement for this purpose, the reutilization of nitrogen was relatively much greater than was observed in the control study.
Persistent Hepatitis C Viremia Predicts Late Relapse after Sustained Response to Interferon-α in Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Liliana Chemello
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Objective: To define long-term outcome in patients with chronic hepatitis C who remain viremic after sustained biochemical response to interferon-α therapy. Design: Prospective evaluation of an outpatient cohort. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 107 patients with chronic hepatitis C who maintained normal aminotransferase levels as long as 12 months after interferon-α therapy. Patients were followed prospectively for an additional 6 to 36 months. Measurements: Aminotransferase levels were monitored at 3-month intervals. Serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was tested by polymerase chain reaction before therapy, at the end of therapy, and 12 months after therapy. The HCV genotype was defined by spot hybridization using serum specimens obtained before treatment. Results: Hepatitis C virus RNA was detected in 27 (25%) patients with sustained biochemical response; 80 (75%) patients were negative for HCV RNA. Patients positive for HCV RNA were older (P < 0.001), had received a smaller interferon-α dose (P = 0.02), and were more frequently infected with HCV genotype 2 (P < 0.01). Liver histologic findings were active in 57% of patients positive for HCV RNA, despite normal alanine aminotransferase levels, compared with only 12% of patients who were negative for HCV RNA (P = 0.01). The estimated probability of hepatitis relapse by 4 years after therapy was 53% in viremic patients and 0% in patients negative for HCV RNA (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with chronic hepatitis C should be tested for serum HCV RNA 1 year after a sustained biochemical response to interferon-α therapy to determine whether the response is complete and permanent.
Recent developments in diagnosis of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Arjun S Takhar, Ponni Palaniappan, Rajpal Dhingsa, Dileep N Lobo
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Pancreatic cancer affects approximately 6000 people in the United Kingdom every year and is one of the 10 most common causes of cancer death in the western hemisphere.1 2 There is a slight male preponderance in the incidence of the disease, with peak incidence in the seventh and eighth decades (box 1).1 The vast majority of patients with pancreatic cancer die within one year of diagnosis,w1 and the overall five year survival rate ranges from 0.4% to 4%, the lowest for any cancer.2 Currently, surgical resection offers the best chance of cure; however, more than 80% of patients present with advanced and unresectable disease,3 which accounts for the low rates of resection and survival. The key to increased resection rates lies with early diagnosis. In this article we describe the clinical features of pancreatic cancer and the various modalities used to diagnose this debilitating disease.

We did an internet based search of the Medline and Science Citation Index databases by using the keywords “pancreatic cancer,” “diagnosis,” and “pancreatic imaging.” We included reviews and evidence based studies in major journals from surgery, gastroenterology, and radiology published from January 1999 to June 2004, as well as key early papers.

Box 2 summarises the signs and symptoms of pancreatic cancer. The early symptoms of pancreatic cancer are usually non-specific and are often ignored by the patient and doctor. These include epigastric bloating, flatulence, general malaise, diarrhoea, vomiting, and constipation. As the disease progresses, patients present with painless jaundice and weight loss. The prevalence of symptoms varies with the site and extent of the tumour. The presence of jaundice with a tumour in the body or tail of the pancreas is invariably associated with late presentation as well as inoperability due to hepatic or hilar nodal metastases.

Abdominal pain …
Chronic inhalation study of fiber glass and amosite asbestos in hamsters: twelve-month preliminary results.
Authors: T W Hesterberg, C Axten, E E McConnell, G Oberdörster, J Everitt, W C Miiller, J Chevalier, G R Chase, P Thevenaz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

The effects of chronic inhalation of glass fibers and amosite asbestos are currently under study in hamsters. The study includes 18 months of inhalation exposure followed by lifetime recovery. Syrian golden hamsters are exposed, nose only, for 6 hr/day, 5 day/week to size-selected test fibers: MMVF10a (Schuller 901 insulation glass); MMVF33 (Schuller 475 durable glass); amosite asbestos (three doses); or to filtered air (controls). Here we report interim results on airborne fiber characterization, lung fiber burden, and pathology (preliminary) through 12 months. Aerosolized test fibers averaged 15 to 20 microns in length and 0.5 to 1 micron in diameter. Target aerosol concentrations of World Health Organization (WHO) fibers (longer than 5 microns) were 250 fibers/cc for MMVF10a and MMVF33, and 25, 125, or 250 fibers/cc for amosite. WHO fiber lung burdens showed time-dependent and (for amosite) dose-dependent increases. After a 12-month exposure, lung burdens of fibers longer than 20 microns were greatest with amosite high and mid doses, similar for low-dose amosite and MMVF33, and smaller for MMVF10a. Biological responses of animals exposed for 12 months to MMVF10a were limited to nonspecific pulmonary inflammation. However, exposures to MMVF33 and each of three doses of amosite were associated with lung fibrosis and possible mesotheliomas (1 with MMVF33 and 2, 3, and 1 with amosite low, mid, and high doses, respectively). Pulmonary and pleural changes associated with amosite were qualitatively and quantitatively more severe than those associated with MMVF33. As of the 12-month time point, this study demonstrates that two different fiber glass compositions with similar fiber dimensions but different durabilities can have distinctly different effects on the hamster lung and pleura after inhalation exposure. (Preliminary tumor data through 18 months of exposure and 6 weeks of postexposure recovery became available as this manuscript went to press: No tumors were observed in the control or MMVF10a groups, and no additional tumors were observed in the MMVF33 group; however, a number of additional mesotheliomas were observed in the amosite groups.
Guidelines for electrocardiography. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures (Committee on Electrocardiography).
Authors: R C Schlant, R J Adolph, J P DiMarco, L S Dreifus, M I Dunn, C Fisch, A Garson, L J Haywood, H J Levine, J A Murray
Journal: Circulation (1992)
Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening in Elderly Men
Authors: G. Lu-Yao
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2003)

Although the efficacy of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening for prostate cancer has not been established, it is widely used. However, despite the overall controversy regarding PSA screening, there has been general agreement that elderly men (i.e., those aged 75 years or older) should not be screened. By using a nationally representative sample of 7889 men who participated in the 2000 National Health Interview Survey, we found that the rate of PSA screening among men aged 75 or older was 32.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 28.8% to 36.1%), which was greater than that of fecal occult blood screening among men of the same age (22.8%, 95% CI = 19.2% to 26.4%) and was comparable with that of annual Pap smear screening among women aged 75 years or older (29.0%, 95% CI = 26.6% to 31.3%). Among screened elderly men, 88.4% (95% CI = 82.3% to 92.6%) reported that their doctor first suggested screening and 66.5% (95% CI = 59.7% to 73.3%) reported that the risks and benefits of screening were discussed before screening. We conclude that strategies are needed to increase understanding of the risks and benefits of PSA screening among elderly men.
Effect of plasma exchange on cytokines measured by multianalyte bead array in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Sherry Shariatmadar, Mehdi Nassiri, Vladimir Vincek
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

The serum cytokine profile in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) has not been extensively characterized. In this pilot study, a novel technique was utilized to evaluate multiple cytokines in patients with idiopathic TTP during a course of plasma exchange (PE). Single serum samples were obtained from five TTP patients before and after each PE. Random sera were obtained from nine healthy volunteers who served as controls. The samples were evaluated for 13 cytokines (IL-1B, IL-2 , IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF, and TNF-alpha) using the Luminex bead array (LINCOplex) multianalyte detection system that permits simultaneous detection of multiple cytokines from a single sample. Each patient received 4-6 PEs (Cobe Spectra) with 3.0-4.0 L of fresh frozen plasma as replacement fluid. Four of 5 patients received corticosteroids prior to and during PE. The control group did not receive steroids. Baseline values for IL-8 (182.9 vs. 6.5 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and TNF-alpha (11.4 vs. 0.9 pg/mL, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in TTP patients compared with controls. Other tested cytokines were not significantly different between the two groups. Comparison of cytokine values pre- and post-PE indicate a substantial decrease after each PE. However, cytokines rebounded to abnormal levels by the following day. There was no correlation between cytokines and serum LDH or platelet count. These findings suggest that certain cytokines, particularly IL-8 and TNF-alpha, are altered in TTP, and this may indicate a direct role in TTP pathogenesis, reflect ongoing tissue injury, or perhaps indicate an inadequate attempt to limit tissue injury.
Appendicectomy has no beneficial effect on admission rates in patients with ulcerative colitis
Authors: J Hallas
Journal: Gut (2004)

<b>Background and aims:</b> Those who have had an appendicectomy have a reduced risk of developing ulcerative colitis. However, the effect of appendicectomy on disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis has not been established. <b>Methods:</b> We used the Danish National Patient Registry to identify all incident cases of ulcerative colitis in Denmark during the period 1981 to 1999. Of these, 202 had an appendicectomy after their first admission with ulcerative colitis. In these patients, we compared the incidence rate of hospitalisations with ulcerative colitis as first diagnosis during the period between the onset of ulcerative colitis and appendicectomy, with the rate of such hospitalisations after appendicectomy. To adjust for the clinical course of ulcerative colitis unrelated to appendicectomy, we extracted a reference cohort (n = 808), matched to the index subjects with respect to age, sex, and year of first admission, but with an intact appendix. <b>Results:</b> The rate of admission with ulcerative colitis as first diagnosis decreased by 47% after appendicectomy (rate ratio 0.53 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–0.80)). However, the reference cohort showed a similar decline in admission rate (rate ratio 0.51). Thus appendicectomy had no apparent beneficial effect on admission rate after adjustment for the clinical course of disease unrelated to appendicectomy (adjusted rate ratio 1.05 (95% CI 0.67–1.67)). <b>Conclusions:</b> Appendicectomy had no significant beneficial effect on admission rates in patients with ulcerative colitis.
The Glycocalyx of the Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell
Authors: Daniel Chappell, Matthias Jacob, Oliver Paul, Markus Rehm, Ulrich Welsch, Mechthild Stoeckelhuber, Peter Conzen, Bernhard F. Becker
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

Potter and Damiano recently assessed the hydrodynamic dimensions of the endothelial glycocalyx in vivo (mouse cremaster muscle venules) and in vitro (human umbilical vein and bovine aorta endothelium cultured in perfused microchannels) using fluorescent microparticle image velocimetry ( Circ Res . 2008;102:770–776). Great discrepancy was observed, the glycocalyx presenting a zone of interaction extending ≈0.52 μm into the vessel lumen in vivo, but only 0.02 to 0.03 μm from cultured cells. In an accompanying editorial, Barakat cautioned that the difference in hydrodynamic interaction did not allow one to conclude that the cultured cells totally lack a physical cell surface layer capable of mechanotransduction ( Circ Res . 2008;102:747–748). To stabilize the glycocalyx for electron microscopic investigation, we perfusion-fixed 6 human umbilical veins and confluent and nonconfluent cultures (5 each) of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with lanthanum/glutaraldehyde solution. Ex vivo, the thickness of glycocalyx of umbilical vein endothelium averaged 878 nm. HUVECs in vitro presented a glycocalyx with a dense-zone thickness of only 29.4 nm, plus sparse filaments reaching out on average to 118 nm, there being no difference between the nonconfluent and confluent cells. Immunohistology demonstrated the presence of heparan sulfates and syndecan-1, main constituents of the glycocalyx, both ex vivo and in vitro. These results support the observed discrepancy between glycocalyx thickness in vivo and in vitro, now for one and the same type of human cell. The presence of heparan sulfates and syndecan-1 also on cultured cells may explain why mechanotransduction phenomena can be observed even with a nonmature glycocalyx.
Studies Address Racial and Geographic Disparities in Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2008)

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Mice lacking the signaling molecule CalDAG-GEFI represent a model for leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III
Authors: Wolfgang Bergmeier, Tobias Goerge, Hong-Wei Wang, Jill R. Crittenden, Andrew C.W. Baldwin, Stephen M. Cifuni, David E. Housman, Ann M. Graybiel, Denisa D. Wagner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Single gene mutations in beta integrins can account for functional defects of individual cells of the hematopoietic system. In humans, mutations in beta(2) integrin lead to leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) syndrome and mutations in beta(3) integrin cause the bleeding disorder Glanzmann thrombasthenia. However, multiple defects in blood cells involving various beta integrins (beta(1), beta(2), and beta(3)) occur simultaneously in patients with the recently described LAD type III (LAD-III). Here we show that the product of a single gene, Ca(2+) and diacylglycerol-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor I (CalDAG-GEFI), controlled the activation of all 3 integrins in the hematopoietic system. Neutrophils from CalDAG-GEFI(-/-) mice exhibited strong defects in Rap1 and beta(1) and beta(2) integrin activation while maintaining normal calcium flux, degranulation, and ROS generation. Neutrophils from CalDAG-GEFI-deficient mice failed to adhere firmly to stimulated venules and to migrate into sites of inflammation. Furthermore, CalDAG-GEFI regulated the activation of beta(1) and beta(3) integrins in platelets, and CalDAG-GEFI deficiency caused complete inhibition of arterial thrombus formation in mice. Thus, mice engineered to lack CalDAG-GEFI have a combination of defects in leukocyte and platelet functions similar to that of LAD-III patients.
Defining the genetic origins of three rheumatoid synovium-derived IgG rheumatoid factors.
Authors: M Deftos, T Olee, D A Carson, P P Chen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

A major diagnostic marker in most rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients is the rheumatoid factor (RF), an autoantibody that binds to the Fc region of IgG. To delineate the Ig genes and the underlying mechanism for RF production in RA patients, we applied a systematic approach to define the genetic origins of three IgG RFs derived from the synovial fluid of two RA patients. The results show that two of three IgG RF have substantial numbers of somatic mutations in their variable (V) regions, ranging from 13 to 23 mutations over a stretch of 291-313 nucleotides, resulting in a frequency of 4.4-7.8%. However, one IgG RF has only one mutation in each V region. This result indicates that an IgG RF may arise from a germline gene by very few mutations. The mutations occur mainly in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), and the mutations in the CDRs often lead to amino acid substitutions. Five of the six corresponding germline V genes have been found to encode either natural autoantibodies or autoantibodies in other autoimmune disorders; and three of the six V genes have been found in fetal liver. Taken together with other results, the data show that (a) several potentially pathogenic RFs in RA patients arise from natural autoantibodies, and (b) only a few mutations are required to convert the natural autoantibodies to IgG RFs.
Myocardial Acceleration During Isovolumic Contraction
Authors: Erik Lyseggen, Stein Inge Rabben, Helge Skulstad, Stig Urheim, Cecilie Risoe, Otto A. Smiseth
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Acceleration of the mitral ring during isovolumic contraction has been proposed as a load-independent index of global left ventricular (LV) contractility. This study investigates whether myocardial isovolumic acceleration (IVA) reflects regional contractility. Methods and Results— In acutely instrumented, anesthetized dogs, we measured LV pressure, myocardial long-axis velocities, and IVA by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and sonomicrometry at different levels of global LV contractility and preload and during regional myocardial ischemia (reduced flow in the left anterior descending coronary artery). Dobutamine caused dose-dependent increments in IVA from 3.6±0.6 (mean±SEM) to a maximum of 7.1±1.4 m/s 2 ( P &lt;0.01) by TDI, and there were parallel increments in LV dP/dt max ( P &lt;0.01). However, volume loading decreased IVA from 3.6±0.6 to 2.5±0.4 m/s 2 ( P &lt;0.05), whereas LV dP/dt max was unchanged, and LV pressure–segment length loop analysis confirmed unchanged regional contractility. During myocardial ischemia, sonomicrometry indicated severely depressed regional function, whereas IVA remained unchanged. These findings were confirmed when IVA was measured by sonomicrometry. In contrast to peak ejection velocity that increased from apex toward the LV base, peak IVC velocity was maximum midway between apex and base. The onset of IVA coincided with onset of the first heart sound by phonocardiography. Peak IVA occurred at a LV pressure of 14±1 mm Hg, ie, close to end-diastole. Conclusions— There was no consistent relationship between peak IVA and regional myocardial contractility. Peak IVA was markedly load dependent and did not reflect impaired myocardial function during ischemia. Peak IVA may reflect late-diastolic events and possibly wall oscillations that are related to global LV function. Peak IVA seems to have limited potential in the assessment of regional myocardial function.
Long-term Topical Steroid Treatment after Penetrating Keratoplasty in Patients with Pseudophakic Bullous Keratopathy
Authors: Adam H. Ross, Mark N.A. Jones, Dan Q. Nguyen, Philip D. Jaycock, W. John Armitage, Stuart D. Cook, Stephen B. Kaye, Derek M. Tole
Journal: Ophthalmology (2009)
Abstract 977: Combination treatment of pantoprazole and TRAIL reduce cell viability by activating caspase cascade and down-regulation of phosphorylated ERK in AGS cell line.
Authors: Sang Young Roh, Jae Ho Byun, Byoungyong Shim, Young Seon Hong
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background Pantoparzole(PPZ) is a proton pump inhibitor which is known to have an apoptotic activity in gastric cancer cells. Meanshile, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is known to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. However, some types of cancer cells, including AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cells show resistance for the TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. This study was aimed to investigate the sensitizing effectcs of PPZ on TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in AGS cell line. Methods Sensitivity to TRAIL and activation of TRAIL-induced apoptotic pathways were analyzed in AGS cell lines. WST-1 method was used to evaluate cell viability; Western blots was used to evaluate TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Results TRAIL alone had little effect on apoptosis in AGS cells. However, treatment with TRAIL in combination with subtoxic concentrations of PPZ sensitized TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in AGS cells. Combined treatment of PPZ and TRAIL induced caspase(caspase-8, -9, -3) and the pro-apoptotic molecules (Bax). In addition, the down regulation of phosphorylated ERK were also found in cells treated with the combination of PPZ and TRAIL. Conclusion The combination of TRAIL and PPZ may be considered as an approach to overcome the resistance of TRAIL in cancer treatment. Citation Format: Sang Young Roh, Jae Ho Byun, Byoungyong Shim, Young Seon Hong. Combination treatment of pantoprazole and TRAIL reduce cell viability by activating caspase cascade and down-regulation of phosphorylated ERK in AGS cell line. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 977. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-977