tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Growing Importance of Diabetes Screening
Authors: Todd P. Gilmer, Patrick J. O'Connor
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

Aclassic report by T. Franklin Williams et al. (1) in 1967 documented glaring deficiencies in diabetes care that went largely uncorrected for the next 30 years. It is only in the last 10 years that we have seen substantial and sustained improvement in basic aspects of care such as glycemic control, blood pressure control, and lipid control (2). Since 1995, there have been substantial and sustained improvements in glucose, blood pressure, and lipid control in adults with diabetes, and in some reports from medical groups, A1C is now <7.0%, mean SBP <128 mmHg, and mean LDL <90 mg/dl (3). The increased likelihood that those with diabetes will receive adequate treatment increases the importance of early detention of diabetes through screening for diabetes and pre-diabetes.

However, in the last decade sobering data have also emerged that indicate that more intensive control is not necessarily better. The hope that normalization of glucose in those with diabetes would virtually abolish the increased cardiovascular risk associated with type 2 diabetes is vanishing. Rather than confirm expected benefits, recent trials instead provide a most unwelcome quantification of the risks of intensive glycemic control, including high treatment costs, increased risk of severe hypoglycemia, substantial weight gain, and even, in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial, an increased risk of death (4–6). These sobering and unexpected data have far reaching implications that will take years to appreciate. However, it is immediately apparent that more attention needs to be devoted to primary prevention of type 2 diabetes and to early identification of cases of diabetes and its insidious progenitor, pre-diabetes.

Our recent success in achieving reasonable levels of glycemic control, and emerging data that more intensive control is not necessarily better, clearly indicate the need for more effective screening for and primary …
Psychologism and conceptual semantics
Authors: Luke Jerzykiewicz, Sam Scott
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Psychologism is the attempt to account for the necessary truths of mathematics in terms of contingent psychological facts. It is widely regarded as a fallacy. Jackendoff's view of reference and truth entails psychologism. Therefore, he needs to either provide a defense of the doctrine, or show that the charge doesn't apply.
HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG THE INDIANS
Authors: Frederick L. Hoffman
Journal: JAMA (1923)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, Aug. 14, 1920, appeared a communication of mine on conditions in the Indian Medical Service, which has since been reprinted in the congressional hearings on the Pueblo land question. The conditions set forth at the time have remained practically unchanged, certainly as far as the vast Navajo Reservation is concerned, with which I am most familiar. The present situation is deplorable and is evidence of most regrettable apathy on the part of the nation which has assumed responsibility for the medical needs of the Indian population on reservations or otherwise under government jurisdiction. The physicians are inadequately compensated for arduous services, the equipment is generally poor or antiquated, and the hospital facilities are insufficient, considering the area to be served. Ambulances or other suitable forms of transportation for patients are entirely wanting, although a large number of the Indians live remote from the agencies
Comparative trial of sodium cromoglycate enemas with prednisolone enemas in the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Authors: R H Grace, A E Gent, M D Hellier
Journal: Gut (1987)

A double blind multicentre study comparing sodium cromoglycate (600 mg/100 ml) by enema with prednisolone (20 mg/100 ml) by enema is reported. The study was conducted over a nine week period in the treatment of 70 patients with ulcerative colitis. Analysis of symptoms showed significant decreases in scores for patients in both groups, both at four and eight weeks; the only difference between the two groups was a significantly greater improvement in the reduction of rectal bleeding after four weeks in the prednisolone group. On sigmoidoscopy, both treatment groups showed a highly significant improvement after four and eight weeks with no significant differences being seen between the groups. Histology of the rectal biopsies showed a significant improvement in the inflammation of the mucosa for both treatment groups after four and eight weeks with no differences being observed between the groups. There were no significant changes in eosinophils from baseline and no difference between the groups at four and eight weeks.
Abstract A57: Nonsense-mediated decay escaping mutations in microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer
Authors: Alexandra Gylfe, Iina Niittymäki, Leena Ahonen, Heli Lehtonen, Marko Laakso, Johanna Sirkiä, Kari Nousiainen, Jeroen Pouwels, Heikki Järvinen, Kyösti Nuorva, Jukka-Pekka Mecklin, Ari Ristimäki, Torben Ørntoft, Sampsa Hautaniemi, Auli Karhu, Marko Kallio, Lauri Aaltonen
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Genomic instability drives tumorigenesis by allowing the accumulation of genetic alterations that provide cells with growth advantage. Microsatellite-instability (MSI) and the underlying mutator phenotype caused by a defect in mismatch repair (MMR) functions is the hallmark of Lynch syndrome, and is also observed in a subset of all colorectal cancers (CRC). In cells with a defective MMR system, spontaneous length changes of repetitive microsatellite sequences accumulate all over the genome at highly increased rates. At coding regions instability may lead to frameshift mutations and altered protein products. Genes that mutate this way under MMR deficiency giving selective advantage to cells in tumorigenesis are called MSI target genes. It is generally anticipated that the frameshift mutation-containing transcripts that lead to prematurely terminated proteins undergo nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), followed by a reduction in gene expression levels. However, when a premature stop occurs in the carboxyl-terminal end of the gene it might escape decay mechanisms, which may lead to either dominant-negative or oncogenic effects. Aim of this study was a genome-wide unbiased identification of new MSI CRC target genes that escape NMD. By combining bioinformatic search to expression profiling, we created a list of 330 genes that contained mononucleotide repeats from 6 to 10 base pairs and were likely to be translated despite potential mutations. A novel frameshift predictor software was developed to search all repeat-containing transcripts in the human genome that would escape NMD after one nucleotide deletion. To enhance the odds of identifying oncogenic mutants, the analysis was restricted to genes that were overexpressed in MSI CRC versus normal colonic mucosa. All of these genes were screened initially by sequencing the given repeat in a panel of 30 MSI CRCs.Whenever the mutation frequency exceeded 20% in the tumor set, which was considered evidence for possible selection in MSI tumorigenesis, an additional set of 70 MSI CRCs was sequenced. The great majority of the successfully sequenced genes had no mutations. Altogether four genes were mutated in over 20% of the samples in the extended 100 MSI tumor panel. These candidate driver target genes are being evaluated further by various methods, including sequencing of MSI CRC cell lines and microsatellite-stable (MSS) CRCs, statistical analyses, and functional in vitro experiments. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A57.
Estimates of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe, 2009–2010: Results of Influenza Monitoring Vaccine Effectiveness in Europe (I-MOVE) Multicentre Case-Control Study
Authors: Marta Valenciano, Esther Kissling, Jean-Marie Cohen, Beatrix Oroszi, Anne-Sophie Barret, Caterina Rizzo, Baltazar Nunes, Daniela Pitigoi, Amparro Larrauri Cámara, Anne Mosnier, Judith K. Horvath, Joan O'Donnell, Antonino Bella, Raquel Guiomar, Emilia Lupulescu, Camelia Savulescu, Bruno C. Ciancio, Piotr Kramarz, Alain Moren
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Results from a European multicentre case-control study reported by Marta Valenciano and colleagues suggest good protection by the pandemic monovalent H1N1 vaccine against pH1N1 and no effect of the 2009–2010 seasonal influenza vaccine on H1N1.
Proinflammatory tachykinins that signal through the neurokinin 1 receptor promote survival of dendritic cells and potent cellular immunity
Authors: Brian M. Janelsins, Alicia R. Mathers, Olga A. Tkacheva, Geza Erdos, William J. Shufesky, Adrian E. Morelli, Adriana T. Larregina
Journal: Blood (2008)
Assessment of fibrosis in infarcted human hearts by analysis of ultrasonic backscatter.
Authors: R H Hoyt, S M Collins, D J Skorton, E E Ericksen, D Conyers
Journal: Circulation (1985)

In animal hearts, the magnitude of integrated ultrasonic backscatter is increased in fibrotic myocardium. Our purpose in this study was to quantitate the relationship between ultrasonic backscatter and collagen deposition in 10 excised human hearts with old infarcts. A 2.25 MHz, 50% fractional bandwidth transducer was positioned at the transducer focal distance from the epicardium of each specimen. The radio frequency backscatter signal was digitized, squared, and integrated to yield the integrated ultrasonic backscatter, which was referenced to the backscatter from a water/steel interface. The interrogated myocardium was then excised and divided into two portions. One portion was assayed for hydroxyproline, a marker for collagen. A second portion was sectioned, stained with Masson's trichrome, and studied with the use of a computer-assisted image analysis system. There was a linear correlation between the magnitude of integrated backscatter and myocardial collagen content estimated by hydroxyproline assay (r = .78). Quantitative histologic analysis revealed a variable relationship between the transmural distribution of collagen and the corresponding transmural pattern of the backscatter signal. In two specimens exhibiting a discrete layer of subendocardial fibrosis, the backscatter amplitude was also increased in the subendocardial region. In specimens with other patterns of fibrosis, the local backscatter amplitude did not correspond to the transmural pattern of collagen distribution. We conclude that the quantitative analysis of ultrasonic backscatter shows promise for the noninvasive evaluation of myocardial fibrosis after infarction.
NEW POSITION FOR MAKING ROENTGENOGRAMS OF THE MASTOIDS
Authors: AMÉDÉE GRANGER
Journal: JAMA (1927)

For the last two years, every examination of the mastoid regions made in our department at the Charity Hospital has consisted of two roentgenograms: a lateral oblique view made in the Law 1 position, and a petrous bone view made in the Arcelin 2 position.  To obtain a good petrous bone view, the head must be placed in such a position that the petrous bone will lie parallel to the film, and the roentgen rays must pass through it at that angle which will free the shadow of the petrous bone from the shadows of the cervical spine and maxilla.  In a previous article, I 3 described a new device and technic which have enabled me to obtain roentgenograms of excellent uniformity and to duplicate these whenever necessary. For the benefit of those who have not read this article and to save them the trouble of looking it up, I
Aortocoronary Bypass With Saphenous Vein Graft
Authors: Vallee L. Willman
Journal: JAMA (1996)

THE 1973 report by Garrett, Dennis, and DeBakey<sup>1</sup>on the long-term patency of an aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass graft established at an operation 9 years previously (November 1964) identifies a high plateau that had been reached in the search for a means to improve blood flow to the myocardium in the presence of flow-limiting coronary atherosclerosis. Few medical interventions have gained such investigative and clinical dominance as those procedures increasing blood flow to the heart. Now, 20 years subsequent to the demonstrated capability, close to a million procedures are performed annually in this country alone. This is especially remarkable considering that these procedures are not curative of the disease but treat only the consequences, termed by Lewis Thomas<sup>2</sup>as "half way technology." The malady, coronary artery occlusive disease, remains the leading cause of death in Western cultures in spite of rigorous attempts to control the alterable risk factors
Myocardial drug distribution generated from local epicardial application: Potential impact of cardiac capillary perfusion in a swine model using epinephrine
Authors: Mikhail Y. Maslov, Elazer R. Edelman, Matthew J. Pezone, Abraham E. Wei, Matthew G. Wakim, Michael R. Murray, Hisashi Tsukada, Iraklis S. Gerogiannis, Adam Groothuis, Mark A. Lovich
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
Guidelines of care for contact dermatitis
Authors: None Committee on Guidelines of Care, Lynn A Drake, William Dorner, Robert W Goltz, Gloria F Graham, Charles W Lewis, David M Pariser, Stuart J Salasche, John W Skouge, Maria L Chanco Turner, Barbara J Lowery, None Task Force on Contact Dermatitis, Robert L Rietschel, Robert M Adams, Arthur D Daily, William P Jordan, C.G Toby Mathias, Elizabeth Sherertz
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1995)
Two Fatalities After Acute Occupational Exposure to Ethylene Dibromide
Authors: Gideon A. Letz
Journal: JAMA (1984)

A worker collapsed while working inside a tank that was later found to contain residues of ethylene dibromide. He died 12 hours later with metabolic acidosis, depression of the CNS, and laboratory evidence of liver damage. A supervisor attempting to rescue the first victim also collapsed inside the tank and died 64 hours later with intractable metabolic acidosis and hepatic and renal failure. The clinical, pathological, and toxicological findings, as well as results of industrial hygiene sampling, are reported. Pathophysiological mechanisms and possible therapeutic interventions are discussed. The cases demonstrate the extreme hazards of exposure to the highly toxic chemical. The importance of protective work practices wherever there is potential exposure to ethylene dibromide is emphasized.
Targeting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor to overcome bortezomib resistance in preclinical models of multiple myeloma
Authors: Deborah J. Kuhn, Zuzana Berkova, Richard J. Jones, Richard Woessner, Chad C. Bjorklund, Wencai Ma, R. Eric Davis, Pei Lin, Hua Wang, Timothy L. Madden, Caimiao Wei, Veerabhadran Baladandayuthapani, Michael Wang, Sheeba K. Thomas, Jatin J. Shah, Donna M. Weber, Robert Z. Orlowski
Journal: Blood (2012)
Risk for Death Associated with Medications for Recently Diagnosed Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Todd A. Lee, A. Simon Pickard, David H. Au, Brian Bartle, Kevin B. Weiss
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Background: Concerns exist regarding increased risk for mortality associated with some chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) medications. Objective: To examine the association between various respiratory medications and risk for death in veterans with newly diagnosed COPD. Design: Nested case–control study in a cohort identified between 1 October 1999 and 30 September 2003 and followed through 30 September 2004 by using National Veterans Affairs inpatient, outpatient, pharmacy, and mortality databases; Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services databases; and National Death Index Plus data. Cause of death was ascertained for a random sample of 40% of those who died during follow-up. Case patients were categorized on the basis of all-cause, respiratory, or cardiovascular death. Mortality risk associated with medications was assessed by using conditional logistic regression adjusted for comorbid conditions, health care use, and markers of COPD severity. Setting: U.S. Veterans Health Administration health care system. Participants: 32 130 case patients and 320 501 control participants in the all-cause mortality analysis. Of 11 897 patients with cause-of-death data, 2405 case patients had respiratory deaths and 3159 case patients had cardiovascular deaths. Measurements: All-cause mortality; respiratory and cardiovascular deaths; and exposure to COPD medications, inhaled corticosteroids, ipratropium, long-acting β-agonists, and theophylline in the 6 months preceding death. Results: Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for all-cause mortality were 0.80 (95% CI, 0.78 to 0.83) for inhaled corticosteroids, 1.11 (CI, 1.08 to 1.15) for ipratropium, 0.92 (CI, 0.88 to 0.96) for long-acting β-agonists, and 1.05 (CI, 0.99 to 1.10) for theophylline. Ipratropium was associated with increased cardiovascular deaths (OR, 1.34 [CI, 1.22 to 1.47]), whereas inhaled corticosteroids were associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular death (OR, 0.80 [CI, 0.72 to 0.88]). Results were consistent across sensitivity analyses. Limitations: Current smoking status and lung function were not measured. Misclassification of cause-specific mortality is unknown. Conclusion: The possible association between ipratropium and elevated risk for all-cause and cardiovascular death needs further study.
Breast Cancer: A View From the Trenches
Authors: Martin G. Wertkin
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Love<sup>1</sup>makes some excellent suggestions as to how the Department of Defense can spend $210 million on breast cancer research. However, the remarks at the end of her Commentary can only be described as insulting and gratuitous: "The current approaches to breast cancer, surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy (slash, burn, and poison) are crude and inadequate." Many of us out here "in the trenches" care deeply about breast cancer. But until Love convinces the government to spend its money on prevention, we must deal with these patients using the only methods available to us, however crude and inadequate they may be. We spend a good portion of our time and energies helping patients overcome this terrible disease, and we do not appreciate having our efforts demeaned by Love's ill-chosen words.
Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) polymorphism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: T Ishii, T Matsuse, S Teramoto, H Matsui, M Miyao, T Hosoi, H Takahashi, Y Fukuchi, Y Ouchi
Journal: Thorax (1999)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Enzymes that contribute to the local detoxification in alveoli and bronchioles have an important role in the defence mechanism against tobacco smoke. It has been suggested that genetic susceptibility to smoking injury may confer a risk for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1), a xenobiotic metabolising enzyme, were investigated in patients with COPD. <h3>METHODS</h3> Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) were performed to genotype GSTP1 polymorphisms in exon 5 (Ile105Val) and exon 6 (Ala114Val). Blood samples were taken from 53 patients with COPD and 50 control subjects at the Tokyo University Hospital, the Juntendo University Hospital, and the Tokyo Kenbikyoin Clinic for use in the study. <h3>RESULTS</h3> The proportion of GSTP1/Ile105 homozygotes was significantly higher in the patients with COPD than in the control subjects (79% vs 52%). The odds ratio for GSTP1/Ile105 homozygotes versus all other genotypes was 3.5 (95% CI 2.7 to 4.6) for COPD. Polymorphism at residue 114 of GSTP1 was not found in either group. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Genetic polymorphism of exon 5 of GSTP1 may be associated with COPD because the GSTP1/Ile105 genotype is predominantly found in COPD. It is suggested that the GSTP1/Ile105 genotype may be less protective against xenobiotics in tobacco smoke.
Unresponsive thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in critically ill adults
Authors: Eric Mariotte, Alice Blet, Lionel Galicier, Michael Darmon, Nathalie Parquet, Etienne Lengline, David Boutboul, Emmanuel Canet, Richard Traineau, Benoît Schlemmer, Agnès Veyradier, Elie Azoulay
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2013)
Key Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Class IB in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Charlotte E. Edling, Federico Selvaggi, Richard Buus, Tania Maffucci, Pierluigi Di Sebastiano, Helmut Friess, Paolo Innocenti, Hemant M. Kocher, Marco Falasca
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling is well established as important in cancer. To date most studies have been focused on the PI3K/p110α isoform, which has been found to be mutated in several different cancers. The aim of our study was to determine which specific PI3K isoforms are involved in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and investigate the effects of these isoforms on proliferation, survival, and induction of Akt activation in pancreatic cancer cells.The expression of all PI3K isoforms and downstream targets was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in human pancreatic cancer tissue and normal counterparts. Isoform selective inhibitors and short interfering RNA (siRNA) were employed to investigate the effects of the different PI3Ks on proliferation, survival, and intracellular signaling in PDAC cell lines.Immunohistochemical screening revealed high specific expression of the PI3K/p110γ isoform. Scoring indicated that 72% of the PDAC tissue stained positive for PI3K/p110γ, whereas no stain was detected in normal pancreatic ducts. Proliferation analyses after selective inhibition and siRNA downregulation of PI3K/p110γ showed that PI3K/p110γ, but not other PI3K isoforms, was required for cell proliferation. Overexpression of PI3K/p110γ indeed increased cell numbers and mediated activation of Akt in PDAC cell lines. Moreover, PI3K/p110γ was required for Akt activation via lysophosphatidic acid receptors.These data represent the first identification of a tumor-specific accumulation of the PI3K isoform p110γ in human cancer. Further, our results signify a critical role for PI3K/p110γ in pancreatic cancer, and we hypothesize that PI3K/p110γ overexpression is a key event in the disease progression.
Oesophageal Stricturing Secondary to Adult Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: Similarities in Presentation and Management to Corrosive Injury
Authors: A. Agrawal, M. G. Bramble, S. Shehade, J. Dean
Journal: Endoscopy (2003)

Clinical decisions often have to be made in the absence of evidence. In some cases, it is appropriate to use evidence from similar but more common conditions for which studies have resulted in evidence-based practice. This report describes a case of oesophageal stricture following Stevens-Johnson syndrome illustrating this concept, although it is likely that there are many other conditions in which the same principle will stand the clinician in good stead. Dilatation led to long-standing relief of dysphagia in our case.