tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Routine Diagnostic X-ray Examinations and Increased Frequency of Chromosome Translocations among U.S. Radiologic Technologists
Authors: Alice J. Sigurdson, Parveen Bhatti, Dale L. Preston, Michele Morin Doody, Diane Kampa, Bruce H. Alexander, Dayton Petibone, Lee C. Yong, Alan A. Edwards, Elaine Ron, James D. Tucker
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract The U.S. population has nearly one radiographic examination per person per year, and concern about cancer risks associated with medical radiation has increased. Radiologic technologists were surveyed to determine whether their personal cumulative exposure to diagnostic X-rays was associated with increased frequencies of chromosome translocations, an established radiation biomarker and possible intermediary suggesting increased cancer risk. Within a large cohort of U.S. radiologic technologists, 150 provided a blood sample for whole chromosome painting and were interviewed about past X-ray examinations. The number and types of examinations reported were converted to a red bone marrow (RBM) dose score with units that approximated 1 mGy. The relationship between dose score and chromosome translocation frequency was assessed using Poisson regression. The estimated mean cumulative RBM radiation dose score was 49 (range, 0–303). After adjustment for age, translocation frequencies significantly increased with increasing RBM dose score with an estimate of 0.004 translocations per 100 cell equivalents per score unit (95% confidence interval, 0.002–0.007; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Removing extreme values or adjustment for gender, cigarette smoking, occupational radiation dose, allowing practice X-rays while training, work with radioisotopes, and radiotherapy for benign conditions did not affect the estimate. Cumulative radiation exposure from routine X-ray examinations was associated independently with increased chromosome damage, suggesting the possibility of elevated long-term health risks, including cancer. The slope estimate was consistent with expectation based on cytogenetic experience and atomic bomb survivor data. [Cancer Res 2008;68(21):8825–31]
Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), a stem cell biomarker in liver cancers
Authors: Tsunekazu Oikawa, Akihide Kamiya, Mikio Zeniya, Hiromi Chikada, Ahn Dong Hyuck, Yuji Yamazaki, Eliane Wauthier, Hisao Tajiri, Lance D. Miller, Xin Wei Wang, Lola M. Reid, Hiromitsu Nakauchi
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Abstract Liver cancers, including hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), cholangiocarcinomas (CCs), and fibrolamellar HCCs (FL-HCCs) are among the most common cancers worldwide and are associated with a poor prognosis. Investigations of genes important in liver cancers have focused on Sal-like protein 4 (SALL4), a member of a family of zinc finger transcription factors. It is a regulator of embryogenesis, organogenesis, pluripotency, can elicit reprogramming of somatic cells, and is a marker of stem cells. We found it expressed in normal murine hepatoblasts, normal human hepatic stem cells, hepatoblasts and biliary tree stem cells, but not in mature parenchymal cells of liver or biliary tree. It was strongly expressed in surgical specimens of human HCCs, CCs, a combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma, a FL-HCC, and in derivative, transplantable tumor lines in immune-compromised hosts. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that elevated expression of SALL4 in tumors is associated with poor survival of HCC patients. Experimental manipulation of SALL4′s expression results in changes in proliferation versus differentiation in human HCC cell lines in vitro and in vivo in immune-compromised hosts. Virus-mediated gene transfer of SALL4 was used for gain- and loss-of-function analyses in the cell lines. Significant growth inhibition in vitro and in vivo , accompanied by an increase in differentiation occurred with down-regulation of SALL4. Overexpression of SALL4 resulted in increased cell proliferation in vitro , correlating with an increase in expression of cytokeratin19 (CK19), epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette-G2 (ABCG2). Conclusion: SALL4′s expression is an indicator of stem cells, a prognostic marker in liver cancers, correlates with cell and tumor growth, with resistance to 5-FU, and its suppression results in differentiation and slowed tumor growth. SALL4 is a novel therapeutic target for liver cancers.
The placebo effect. A neglected asset in the care of patients
Authors: H. Benson
Journal: JAMA (1975)

THE PLACEBO EFFECT is a neglected and berated asset of patient care. As health care delivery systems evolve, it is imperative to recognize the value of the placebo effect so that provisions can be made for its incorporation and proper use. Any health care system that minimizes and fragments the relationship between the physician and the patient will lessen the effects of this asset. Disdain for the placebo effect is the prevalent attitude in medicine today. However, throughout much of the history of medicine, until the 19th century, the placebo effect was the most a physician was able to offer his patients,<sup>1-3</sup>and it was relied on to maintain the physician's reputation. Despite patients' submission to "purging, puking, poisoning, puncturing, cutting, cupping, blistering, bleeding, leeching, heating, freezing, sweating, and shocking,"<sup>3</sup>the doctor or healer managed to retain his respected position throughout the ages. Although medicine has since developed
Prognostic impact of IDH2 mutations in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Felicitas Thol, Frederik Damm, Katharina Wagner, Gudrun Göhring, Brigitte Schlegelberger, Dieter Hoelzer, Michael Lübbert, Wolfgang Heit, Lothar Kanz, Günter Schlimok, Aruna Raghavachar, Walter Fiedler, Hartmut Kirchner, Gerhard Heil, Michael Heuser, Jürgen Krauter, Arnold Ganser
Journal: Blood (2010)
NOTE ON THE BLOOD IN SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA
Authors: C. P. Jones, S. H. Browning
Journal: BMJ (1911)

CASE VIII.B. E., 'aged 16 years, had a history and symptQms (of a week's duration), strongly suggestive of su early stage of tuberculous meningitis.By lumbar puncture 18'a.cm. of fluid were re- moved; it came out in 'a let, was 'rather turbid, and began to show a deposit in five mmutes.It was slightly alkaline and did'not reduce Fehling's solution.The average field contained 100 leucosytes, of which 98 per cent.were mononuclear.,During the night he answered questions and complained of headache.Next day 30 c.cm. of fluid were removed; this was quite cloudy and came out at the rate of 120'drops per minnte.At night the temperature dropped from 101.40 F. to 98.60 F., and in the morning he quite understood questions 'put to him; 18 o.cm. of fluid were removed, but this was distinctly.less turbid.The fluid next day was still clearer; 41 c.cm." were' drawn off, and with it came a clot of lymph about 10 mm.long.In the evening he became unconscious and died.No tubercle bacilli were ever found in the fluid.At the necropsy was found dense inflammation and many tubercles in the membranes at; the base of the brain and of the cord, being,more marked in the dorsal region.No tubercles were seen in the 'thorax, but the great omentum, the visceral peritoneum, and the, appendix were thickly covered with them''.A tuberoulous abscess was found over the right lobe of the liver and one in the spleen.CASE IX.
Coronary thrombolysis with recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
Authors: D Collen, E J Topol, A J Tiefenbrunn, H K Gold, M L Weisfeldt, B E Sobel, R C Leinbach, J A Brinker, P A Ludbrook, I Yasuda
Journal: Circulation (1984)

Forty-five patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction and angiographically confirmed complete coronary occlusion were prospectively randomized, two for one, to treatment of acute coronary thrombosis with intravenous recombinant human tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) or placebo. Each of five additional consecutive patients was treated with a high dose of rt-PA for 2 hr. Twenty-five of 33 patients (75%) receiving 0.5 to 0.75 mg/kg of rt-PA over 30 to 120 min had angiographically proven recanalization within 90 min of initiation of therapy. Only one of 14 patients given placebo had spontaneous recanalization within 45 min (p less than .001). Thirteen placebo-treated patients were crossed over to the intracoronary rt-PA group. Nine (69%) exhibited subsequent recanalization within 45 min. Levels of circulating fibrinogen decreased after treatment with rt-PA by an average of only 8% of baseline values. None of the patients manifested a depletion of fibrinogen level to below 100 mg/dl. Six patients who were completely unresponsive to rt-PA were subsequently treated with intracoronary streptokinase and none responded. Thus, either intravenous or intracoronary rt-PA induced coronary thrombolysis without eliciting clinically significant fibrinogenolysis in patients with evolving myocardial infarction due to thrombotic coronary occlusion.
Effect of erythropoietin on anaemia in patients with myeloma receiving haemodialysis.
Authors: J Taylor, R A Mactier, W K Stewart, I S Henderson
Journal: BMJ (1990)

pm atropine value of 257 (205 to 309) I/min (t=2 4, df= 10, p<0 05) but not different from the 4 pm placebo values. Discussion
RESULTS OF SURGERY IN SPINA BIFIDA
Authors: ANATOLE KOLODNY
Journal: JAMA (1933)

According to the literature, the operative mortality in spina bifida is extremely high. In 1905, Moore<sup>1</sup>reported a mortality of 50 per cent, computed from a study of reports of treatment of some 378 cases. Twenty years later, Cutler<sup>2</sup>stated that this mortality was at least as high as 60 per cent, basing his conclusions on a study of sixty-five cases from the Children's Hospital in Boston. In 1929, the experience of the Mayo Clinic showed a mortality of about 50 per cent if operation is carried out at a young age.<sup>3</sup>There is little wonder that, with these figures at hand, the general practitioner and the obstetrician, who are the first to come in contact with these cases, hesitate to recommend early surgical treatment, notwithstanding the fact that, if not operated on, the largest majority of these infants die within the first year of life. My
Survey of occupancy of paediatric intensive care units by children who are dependent on ventilators
Authors: J. Fraser, Q. Mok, R. Tasker
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Objective: To assess the role of polymerase chain reaction in defining infectiousness among people infected with hepatitis C virus.Design: Published studies of hepatitis C transmission were examined.Twenty nine studies with identified sources of hepatitis C infection who were tested for presence of hepatitis C RNA by polymerase chain reaction were reviewed, including studies of vertical transmission (n = 21), transmission after transplantation (n = 3), transfusion of blood components (n = 3), and needlestick exposure (n = 2).Subjects: All patients identified in studies.Results: A total of 2022 people who had been exposed to sources positive for antibody to hepatitis C were identified.Among 1148 people exposed to sources positive by polymerase chain reaction 148 cases of transmission occurred compared with no definite case among 874 people exposed to negative sources.Rates of transmission from positive sources were 6.2% for perinatal exposure, 6.1% after needlestick exposure, 78% after solid organ or bone marrow transplantation, and 83% after transfusion of blood components.Other factors influencing risk of vertical transmission were coinfection with HIV and level of hepatitis C viraemia.Conclusions: Negative results by polymerase chain reaction indicate an extremely low probability of transmission of hepatitis C from a person with antibody to hepatitis C.
Genetic control of resistance to hepatocarcinogenesis by the mouse<i>Hpcr3</i>locus
Authors: Giacomo Manenti, Antonella Galvan, F. Stefania Falvella, Rosa M. Pascale, Elena Spada, Silvano Milani, Anna Gonzalez Neira, Francesco Feo, Tommaso A. Dragani
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

The genome of the BALB/c mouse strain provides alleles that dominantly inhibit hepatocellular tumor development in F1 crosses with the highly hepatocarcinogenesis-susceptible C3H/He strain. Genome-wide linkage analysis using a 1536-single-nucleotide polymorphism array in a (C3H/He x BALB/c)F2 intercross population treated with urethane to induce hepatocellular tumor development revealed a locus with a major role in the resistance to hepatocarcinogenesis. This locus, designated hepatocarcinogen resistance 3 (Hpcr3) and mapping to central chromosome 15, showed a linkage at LOD score = 16.52 and accounted for 40% of the phenotypical variance. The BALB/c-derived allele at Hpcr3 reduced tumor-occupied area of the liver up to 25-fold, in a semidominant way. Additional minor loci were mapped to chromosomes 1, 10, and 18. A gene expression profile of normal adult mouse liver showed a significant association with susceptibility of BALB/c, C3H/He, and F1 mice to hepatocarcinogenesis and identified the genes expressed in the Hpcr3 locus region; moreover, this analysis implicated the E2F1 pathway in the modulation of the phenotype susceptibility to hepatocarcinogenesis.These findings, indicating the complex genetics of dominant resistance to hepatocarcinogenesis, represent a step toward the identification of the genes underlying this phenotype.
Delayed Age of Menarche of Athletes-Reply
Authors: Rose E. Frisch
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> An answer to the question that Dr Malina presented in his letter is already in our article. As is stated, since pooled data on age of menarche do not answer the question of whether the late age of menarche of athletes is due to late maturers choosing to be athletes or whether the physical training delays menarche, we questioned the 38 college runners and swimmers in our study as to the age of beginning regular athletic training, in addition to requesting their age of menarche. We found that those athletes whose training had begun before menarche had a mean age of menarche of 15.1± 0.5 years, whereas their teammates whose training had begun after menarche had a mean age of 12.8 ±0.2 years, similar to the controls and the general population. Covariance analysis showed that age of menarche and the age at which athletic training began could be
GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION IN EUROPE
Authors: LOUIS B. WILSON
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The present report is based on my personal observations in seventeen medical centers of Europe during May, June and July of 1926, on printed material and letters from twelve other European medical centers in response to inquiries during the fall of 1926, and on personal communications from American physicians who visited these and other European medical centers during 1926. Many American physicians are familiar with the opportunities for graduate medical education in Europe prior to the war. Hence an historical survey will be omitted and attention confined to a study of the changes that have occurred since the war, and to the present status. <h3>CHANGES IN GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION</h3> The principal changes in conditions since the war are in: 1. The teaching personnel. 2. The mental attitude of medical teachers as affected by social depression or stimulation in their country. 3. The lack of financial resources for equipment.
Time course of geometric remodeling after coronary angioplasty: Balloon angioplasty versus directional coronary atherectomy
Authors: Takeshi Kimura, Satoshi Kaburagi, Hiroyoshi Yokoi, Yoshihisa Nakagawa, Masakiyo Nobuyoshi, Gary S. Mintz, Jeffery J. Popma, Martin B. Leon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
AFos Dissociates Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy and Expression of the Pathological Gene Program
Authors: Mark Y. Jeong, Koichiro Kinugawa, Charles Vinson, Carlin S. Long
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Although induction of activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor activity has been observed in cardiac hypertrophy, a direct role for AP-1 in myocardial growth and gene expression remains obscure. Methods and Results— Hypertrophy was induced in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes with phenylephrine or overexpression of a constitutively active MAP3K, MKK6. In both treatment groups, induction of the pathological gene profile was observed, ie, expression of β-myosin heavy chain (βMHC), atrial/brain natriuretic peptides (ANP/BNP), and skeletal α-actin (sACT) was increased, whereas expression for α-myosin heavy chain (αMHC) and the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA) genes was repressed. The role of AP-1 in the hypertrophic phenotype was evaluated with the use of an adenoviral construct expressing a dominant negative mutant of the c-Fos proto-oncogene (AdAFos). Although AFos did not change the myocyte growth response, it abrogated the gene profile to both agonists, including the upregulation of both αMHC and SERCA expression. Conclusions— Although c-Fos/AP-1 is necessary for induction of the pathological/fetal gene program, it does not appear to be critical for cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
Hepatocyte growth factor in transgenic mice: Effects on hepatocyte growth, liver regeneration and gene expression
Authors: Goshi Shiota, Timothy C. Wang, Toshikazu Nakamura, Emmett V. Schmidt
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Attention has recently been focused on hepatocyte growth factor as a major candidate factor in liver regeneration because it is the most potent known mitogen for hepatocytes in vitro. However, hepatocyte growth factor also displays diverse activities in vitro as scatter factor, as an epithelial morphogen, as a pluripotent mitogen and as a growth inhibitor. Consequently, we developed transgenic mice that expressed hepatocyte growth factor under the control of albumin regulatory sequences to examine its in vivo role in hepatocyte growth. Hepatocytes of these mice expressed increased levels of hepatocyte growth factor as an autocrine growth factor. Hepatocyte growth factor was a potent stimulus for liver repair; the livers of hepatocyte growth factor-transgenic mice recovered completely in half the time needed for their normal siblings after partial hepatectomy. This transgenic model also enabled us to study the chronic effects of hepatocyte growth factor expression. During several months of observation, the labeling index of hepatocytes in albumin-hepatocyte growth factor mice was doubled, and liver DNA content was increased compared with that in wild-type mice. To identify intermediate signaling pathways for hepatocyte growth factor that might regulate this increased growth response, we examined transgenic mice for changes in expression of genes that are known to be regulated during liver regeneration. We found that levels of c - myc and c - jun mRNA were increased in the hepatocyte growth factor-transgenic mice. In additional experiments the increased c - myc expression was the consequence of increased transcription rates as seen in nuclear run-on and myc-CAT reporter gene experiments. We conclude that hepatocyte growth factor increases growth and repair processes when expressed for long periods in the liver and that c - myc and c - jun may be important intermediaries in the hepatocyte growth response caused by hepatocyte growth factor. (Hepatology 1994;19:962-972.)
The cellular specificity of leptin-mediated actions in the infarcted heart
Authors: M. Dobaczewski, N. G. Frangogiannis
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2010)

This editorial refers to ‘Cardiac-specific leptin receptor deletion exacerbates ischaemic heart failure in mice’ by Kenneth R. McGaffin et al. , doi:10.1093/cvr/cvq288. 

As a consequence of advances in invasive and pharmacological treatment, significantly more patients survive an acute myocardial infarction and enter the chronic phase of infarct healing. Unfortunately, their convalescence is complicated by the development of adverse myocardial remodelling, a pathophysiological condition characterized by dilation and increased sphericity of the infarcted ventricle and by hypertrophy of the non-infarcted myocardium. Post-infarction remodelling is a strong predictor of mortality and arrhythmias and leads to the development of heart failure.1 The pathogenesis of remodelling in the infarcted heart is intertwined with the responses involved in cardiac repair. Loss of cardiomyocytes following infarction initiates an inflammatory reaction that leads to clearance of the wound from dead cells and debris, but also activates pro-apoptotic and matrix-degrading pathways that may exacerbate injury and enhance chamber dilation. Mobilization of fibroblasts provides the cellular substrate necessary to form a supportive scar, but also results in matrix deposition and active interstitial remodelling in the perimysium of the viable myocardium, increasing dysfunction. Deposition and cross-linking of collagen worsens diastolic function, whereas loss of endogenous matrix-derived survival signals, due to active turnover of extracellular matrix proteins and persistent …
Localization of the Kidney for Percutaneous Biopsy
Authors: WARREN K. BOLTON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1974)

Intravenous pyelography, radionuclide scan, and ultrasonography were compared to image-amplification fluoroscopy in 48 patients to assess the accuracy of each technique in determining renal size and lower pole position. The reliability of ultrasonographic renal-depth prediction for biopsy was also evaluated in 37 patients. Scan and ultrasound delineated renal size accurately, but pyelography showed a marked projection distortion (P <0.001). Ultrasound localized the lower pole most precisely, followed by scan, and pyelography demonstrated poor accuracy. Five cases could be localized only by ultrasound. The correlation of renal depth by ultrasound and exploring needle was highly significant (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). Renal tissue was obtained in 100% of biopsies, cortex in 97%, and tissue adequate for diagnosis in 92%. Ultrasound and scan appear superior to pyelography and comparable to fluoroscopy in accuracy of renal localization. Ultrasound has additional major advantages over the other methods for percutaneous renal biopsy.
Drug Spotlight on Antacids and Anticholinergics
Authors: George N. Aagaard
Journal: JAMA (1975)

The DRUG SPOTLIGHT (p 540) is focused on antacids and anticholinergic drugs. Since these agents are most commonly used in peptic ulcer disease, our questions will relate primarily to their use in that clinical situation. These questions are offered to hospital pharmacy and therapeutics committees in an effort to suggest one or more points that they might wish to review in the study of drug therapy in the local hospital. What was the antacid dosage in relationship to meals? Were the buffering capacity and sodium content of the antacids appropriate to the individual patient? In patients who had received antacid therapy for chronic conditions, was an effort made to detect complications of increased calcium excretion or phosphate depletion? Were antacids administered along with other drugs with which they would interact? Was there an appropriate indication for the use of an anticholinergic drug? In patients
Learn from business and test drive new ideas to improve A&amp;E efficiency, says report
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The NHS could manage pressures in accident and emergency departments better if it made use of simulation and modelling tools already well established in business, according to a new report.1

Intuition and experience, the mental tools generally used by clinicians and managers designing services, have limitations when the interactions are as complex as they are in healthcare, said Terry Young of Brunel University at the launch of the report in London.

He is the cofounder of the Cumberland Initiative, a network of academics, clinicians, modellers, and industry specialists set up to promote the wider use of modelling. “Nobody would design a smartphone or an airport without modelling capacity,” he said, contrasting that with the informal methods used by …