tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The trickle-down theory of cleaner air.
Authors: L Frazer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments prompted an increased urgency to find new ways to treat airstreams containing volatile organic compounds, which affect the nitrogen photolytic cycle and help produce ground-level ozone, hazardous air pollutants, and odorous air emissions such as hydrogen sulfide. Scientists at the New Jersey company Envirogen have adapted traditional biofiltration technology to perform airborne waste stream cleanup. Preliminary research on pollutants such as phenol, methylene chloride, benzene, and toluene indicates that Envirogen's biotrickling filter may remove an average of about 94% of total hazardous air pollutants. Scientists are working to identify microbes that will clean up more stubborn pollutants.
Dual role for B-1a cells in immunity to influenza virus infection
Authors: Youn Soo Choi, Nicole Baumgarth
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

B-1 cells are known to contribute most of the "natural antibodies" that are secreted in the steady state, antibodies which are crucial for protection against many pathogens including influenza virus. Whether the CD5(+) B-1a subset plays a role during an active immune response is incompletely understood. In contrast to recent data suggesting a passive role for B-1a cells, data provided here show strong highly localized activation of B-1 cells in the draining lymph nodes of the respiratory tract after influenza infection. B-1 cells are identified as a major source for both steady state and infection-induced local virus-neutralizing IgM. The CD5(+) B-1a subset is the main B-1 cell subset generating this response. B-1a cell responses are generated by their increased local accumulation rather than by antigen-specific expansion. Our study reveals that during infection with influenza, CD5-expressing B-1a cells respond to and contribute to protection, presumably without the need for B cell receptor-mediated antigen-specific signals, which are known to induce the death of B-1a cells rather than activation. With that, our data reveal fundamental differences in the response regulation of B-1 and B-2 cells during an infection.
Shedding of the Endothelial Glycocalyx in Patients Undergoing Major Vascular Surgery With Global and Regional Ischemia
Authors: Markus Rehm, Dirk Bruegger, Frank Christ, Peter Conzen, Manfred Thiel, Matthias Jacob, Daniel Chappell, Mechthild Stoeckelhuber, Ulrich Welsch, Bruno Reichart, Klaus Peter, Bernhard F. Becker
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background— The astonishing thickness of the endothelial glycocalyx, which rivals that of endothelial cells in the microvasculature, was disclosed in the last 15 years. As already demonstrated, this structure plays a key role in the regulation of inflammation and vascular permeability. Methods and Results— Two components of the glycocalyx, syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate, were measured in arterial blood of 18 patients undergoing surgery of the ascending aorta with cardiopulmonary bypass (n=12 with and n=6 without deep hypothermic circulatory arrest) and of 14 patients undergoing surgery for infrarenal aortic aneurysm. Basal values of syndecan-1 (1.2 μg/dL) and heparan sulfate (590 μg/dL) of patients were similar to those of control subjects. Anesthesia and initiation of surgery caused no changes. Global ischemia with circulatory arrest (n=12) was followed by transient 42- and 10-fold increases in syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate, respectively, during early reperfusion (0 to 15 minutes). After regional ischemia of heart and lungs (cardiopulmonary bypass; n=6), syndecan-1 increased 65-fold, and heparan sulfate increased 19-fold. Infrarenal ischemia was followed by 15- and 3-fold increases, respectively (n=14). The early postischemic rises were positively correlated ( r =0.76, P &lt;0.001). Plasma concentrations of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 did not change. Circulating polymorphonuclear granulocytes and the level of postischemic heparan sulfate corresponded negatively. Immunohistochemical imaging and immunoassay of isolated hearts (guinea pig) substantiated syndecan-1 and heparan sulfate as components of the endothelial glycocalyx released into the coronary venous effluent. Electron microscopy revealed shedding of the glycocalyx after ischemia/reperfusion. Conclusions— This study provides the first evidence in humans for shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx during ischemia/reperfusion procedures.
Teachers should aim to be stimulating rather than entertaining
Authors: M E Preston-Whyte, R C Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Donald's article on “effective teaching”1 left us with the feeling that this was an opportunity missed. To begin with the analogy of good teaching sessions being akin to parties gives the impression that the prime aim of teachers is to entertain whereas what we need is teachers who are trained to be effective and stimulating.

To illustrate a different approach, in our department all academic members of staff do …
Upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the non-European
Authors: S. Grieve, W. Cooper, B. Fraser, A. Dubb, S. Gentin, H. Kavin, I. Law
Journal: Gut (1961)

An analysis of the 149 cases of haematemesis admitted to Coronation Hospital from January 1951, to September 1959, is presented. The commonest cause was found to be acute gastritis and gastric erosion. These cases were more common in males and usually followed on an alcoholic bout. These were in the main mild. Twenty-five cases associated with peptic ulceration were found, and the lesion occurred more commonly in males under the age of 40. Duodenal ulcer was commoner than gastric ulcer. The incidence of haematemesis with peptic ulceration appears to be on the increase, the cause of which is not known. Cirrhosis of the liver is a frequent cause of haematemesis and carries a high mortality.
Association of Human Herpesvirus-6B with Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Julie Fotheringham, Donatella Donati, Nahid Akhyani, Anna Fogdell-Hahn, Alexander Vortmeyer, John D Heiss, Elizabeth Williams, Steven Weinstein, Derek A Bruce, William D Gaillard, Susumu Sato, William H Theodore, Steven Jacobson
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) is a beta-herpesvirus with 90% seroprevalence that infects and establishes latency in the central nervous system. Two HHV-6 variants are known: HHV-6A and HHV-6B. Active infection or reactivation of HHV-6 in the brain is associated with neurological disorders, including epilepsy, encephalitis, and multiple sclerosis. In a preliminary study, we found HHV-6B DNA in resected brain tissue from patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and have localized viral antigen to glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive glia in the same brain sections. We sought, first, to determine the extent of HHV-6 infection in brain material resected from MTLE and non-MTLE patients; and second, to establish in vitro primary astrocyte cultures from freshly resected brain material and determine expression of glutamate transporters.HHV-6B infection in astrocytes and brain specimens was investigated in resected brain material from MTLE and non-MTLE patients using PCR and immunofluorescence. HHV-6B viral DNA was detected by TaqMan PCR in brain resections from 11 of 16 (69%) additional patients with MTLE and from zero of seven (0%) additional patients without MTLE. All brain regions that tested positive by HHV-6B variant-specific TaqMan PCR were positive for viral DNA by nested PCR. Primary astrocytes were isolated and cultured from seven epilepsy brain resections and astrocyte purity was defined by GFAP reactivity. HHV-6 gp116/54/64 antigen was detected in primary cultured GFAP-positive astrocytes from resected tissue that was HHV-6 DNA positive-the first demonstration of an ex vivo HHV-6-infected astrocyte culture isolated from HHV-6-positive brain material. Previous work has shown that MTLE is related to glutamate transporter dysfunction. We infected astrocyte cultures in vitro with HHV-6 and found a marked decrease in glutamate transporter EAAT-2 expression.Overall, we have now detected HHV-6B in 15 of 24 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis/MTLE, in contrast to zero of 14 with other syndromes. Our results suggest a potential etiology and pathogenic mechanism for MTLE.
Allergy to hair dye
Authors: John P McFadden, Ian R White, Peter J Frosch, Heidi Sosted, Jenne D Johansen, Torkil Menne
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Dual-chamber systems (DCS) offer self-administration and home care use for lyophilized (Lyo) biologics. Only a few products have been launched in DCS so far - presumably due to its complex and costly drug product manufacturing process. Within this paper two improved processes (both based on tray filling technology) for freeze-drying pharmaceuticals in DCS are described. Challenges with regards to heat transfer were tackled by (1) performing the freeze drying step in a "needle-down" orientation in combination with an aluminum block or (2) freeze drying the drug product "externally" in a metal cartridge with subsequent filling of the lyo cake into the DCS. Metal mediated heat transfer was shown to be efficient in both cases and batch (unit to unit) homogeneity with regards to sublimation rate was increased. It was difficult to influence ice crystal size using different methods when in use with an aluminum block due to its heat capacity. Using such a metal carrier implies a large heat capacity leading to relatively small ice crystals. Compared to the established process, drying times were reduced by half using the new processes. The drying time was however, longer for syringes compared to vials due to the syringe design (long and slim). The differences in drying times were less pronounced for aggressive drying cycles. The proposed processes may help to considerably decrease investment costs into DCS fill finish equipment.
Endoscopic treatment of duodenal perforation following laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: J. Isaguirre, S. Gutiérrez, R. Ongay, R. Ravier
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Duodenal perforation is an uncommon complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality when diagnosis is delayed [1] [2] [3]. Endoscopic closure has not been reported, although it has become an alternative for selected patients with postoperative gastrointestinal fistulas in other locations [4].
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Pancytopenia
Authors: Jerry L. Spivak
Journal: JAMA (1983)

A patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome experienced pancytopenia during the course of his illness. At the time of maximum depression of the blood cell counts, the hematocrit value was 21%; the WBC count, 1,000/cu mm; and the platelet count, 27,000/cu mm. Lymphopenia was persistent but the number of juvenile neutrophils was not diminished. Peripheral blood smears were noteworthy for the presence of atypical monocytes with phagocytic vacuoles. Histiocytic hemophagocytophagia was prominent in bone marrow aspirate specimens. Bone marrow biopsy specimens were usually hypocellular and contained collections of atypical lymphocytes and increased reticulin. These hematologic abnormalities are most likely the consequence of persistent viral infection in an immunocompromised host. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;250:3084-3087)
Treating myeloma cast nephropathy without treating myeloma
Authors: Nelson Leung
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Cast nephropathy is the result of coprecipitation of immunoglobulin free light chains (FLCs) with Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP). It is a hallmark of multiple myeloma that has significant consequences. Treatment strategies in the past focused on reduction of serum FLC by control of the myeloma. In this issue, Ying et al. report on their successful synthesis of a cyclized competitor peptide that blocks the binding of FLC to THP. In animal studies, this cyclized peptide was capable of reducing cast formation and kidney injury, representing a novel treatment strategy for cast nephropathy that does not depend on the responsiveness of the myeloma to chemotherapy.
Ability of hospital doctors to calculate drug doses
Authors: S Rolfe, N J N Harper
Journal: BMJ (1995)

the first 14 days of life.Denominator data were taken from the national child health computer system.From 1 September 1992 to 25 February 1993, 1170 live babies were born to the residents of Solihull Health District or had moved into the district in their first 14 days of life.The table shows the prevalence of jaundice by age.At the primary visit 175 babies were thought to be jaundiced.Only 78 babies had yellow eyes.Stool was seen in seven cases, urine in 10, both in nine, and neither in 119; the report was incomplete in 30.Dark urine was reported by the parents in three cases, one baby also having pale stools; pale stool was reported by the parents in three and by a health visitor in one.All these babies were well and free of jaundice at 6 weeks.Seven babies were still jaundiced at 6 weeks, six of whom were breast fed.At 1 year the bottle fed baby had mildly raised transaminase activities and one baby was found to be heterozygous for a antitrypsin deficiency, but none had clinically significant liver disease.
Macrophage ferritin and iron deposition in the rat air pouch model of inflammatory synovitis.
Authors: C J Morris, D R Blake, S D Hewitt, J Lunec
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

Using a rat air pouch model of red cell promoted allergic inflammation, we have investigated the relation between ferritin synthesis and iron deposition in pouch wall lining cells. These cells have structural and immunohistochemical similarities to human synovial intimal cells and studies of them are pertinent to the clinical situation. In control air pouch wall tissue after single or double antigenic challenge the (apo)ferritin containing macrophages are most numerous seven days after antigenic challenge when there is active connective tissue proliferation and a generalised mononuclear cell response in the pouch wall, suggesting that (apo)ferritin is produced in macrophages as part of the tissue inflammatory response. In contrast with control tissue, where there is a steady decrease in positive cells over the ensuing weeks, injection of blood into both single and double challenge air pouches produces a significant (p less than 0.001) and continuing rise in the numbers of ferritin containing macrophages after day 7. Also, after 14 days Perls' positive ferric iron is detectable in increasing numbers of ferritin containing macrophages, a trend which is more marked in double challenge, blood injected air pouches. The histological data clearly show that there is a close relation between the presence of Perls' iron and proliferation of vascular and connective tissue elements in the pouch wall. We propose that this proinflammatory role of iron is the result of its ability to promote oxidative damage in tissues, and discuss ways in which this may take place.
Urethral stricture after cardiac surgery.
Authors: M D Dinneen
Journal: BMJ (1991)

infection rises the number of doctors infected during their clinical duties will also rise.Despite this doctors have treated and will, I hope, continue to treat HIV positive patients as they would any other person.Ethics demands no less.Doctors put their own lives at risk.Can it be right that the few who succumb should be the only HIV positive group to be let down by the NHS?
Specialized Adult Congenital Heart Disease Care
Authors: Darren Mylotte, Louise Pilote, Raluca Ionescu-Ittu, Michal Abrahamowicz, Paul Khairy, Judith Therrien, Andrew S. Mackie, Ariane Marelli
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Background— Clinical guidelines recommend specialized care for adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients. In reality, few patients receive such dedicated care. We sought to examine the impact of specialized care on ACHD patient mortality. Methods and Results— We examined referral rates to specialized ACHD centers and ACHD patient mortality rates between 1990 and 2005 in the population-based Quebec Congenital Heart Disease database (n=71 467). This period covers several years before and after the publication of guidelines endorsing specialized care for ACHD patients. A time-series design, based on Joinpoint and Poisson regression analyses, was used to assess the changes in annual referral and patient mortality rates. The association between specialized ACHD care and all-cause mortality was assessed in both case–control and cohort studies. The time-series analysis demonstrated a significant increase in referral rates to specialized ACHD centers in 1997 (rate ratio, +7.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], +6.6% to +8.2%). In parallel, a significant reduction in expected ACHD patient mortality was observed after year 2000 (rate ratio, −5.0%;95% CI, −10.8% to −0.8%). In exploratory post hoc cohort and case–control analyses, specialized ACHD care was independently associated with reduced mortality (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65–0.94) and a reduced odds of death (adjusted odds ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.08–0.97), respectively. This effect was predominantly driven by patients with severe congenital heart disease (hazard ratio, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.22–0.67). Conclusions— A significant increase in referrals to specialized ACHD centers followed the introduction of the clinical guidelines. Moreover, referral to specialized ACHD care was independently associated with a significant mortality reduction. Our findings support a model of specialized care for all ACHD patients.
The Cost Effectiveness of Therapeutic and Prophylactic Leukocyte Transfusion
Authors: Marc S. Rosenshein, Vernon T. Farewell, Thomas H. Price, Eric B. Larson, David C. Dale
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

We analyzed the cost effectiveness of leukocyte transfusion in preventing death from infection during intensive chemotherapy for acute leukemia. Effectiveness was estimated with an odds-ratio analysis based on published results of controlled studies of therapeutic and prophylactic leukocyte transfusion. Cost estimates were based on blood-bank charges throughout the country. Calculations of effectiveness suggest that leukocyte transfusion might prevent 50 to 75 per cent of early deaths from infection. Therapeutic transfusion would add approximately 10.9 per cent to the hospital bill of the average leukemic patient and cost $17.7 million annually nationwide. Prophylactic transfusion would add 35.2 per cent to the hospital bill and cost $57.8 million annually. Mean cost-effectiveness ratios were $14,982 per life-year for therapeutic transfusion and $35,020 to $50,029 per life-year for prophylactic transfusion. The cost per additional life-year achieved with prophylactic rather than therapeutic leukocyte transfusion was $85,291. These data suggest that leukocyte transfusion is an extremely expensive technologic procedure.
William David Doey
Authors: Louise Doey
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former consultant ear, nose, and throat surgeon London (b County Armagh, Northern Ireland, 1912; q Cambridge/the London Hospital 1937; FRCS, MA, DLO), died from a heart condition on 12 January 2004.​2004.




Figure 1




In 1940 Bill Doey joined the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve as an ear, nose, and throat specialist and served on medical boards and in hospitals in the United Kingdom. His wartime service also took him to mobile field hospitals in France, Belgium, and Holland. From 1947 to 1977 he was consultant ear, nose, and throat surgeon at the Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital, London and a lecturer at the Institute of Laryngology and Otology. He also held appointments at St Albans City Hospital and The West Herts Hospital. He leaves a wife, Mariamne; three daughters, and four grandchildren.
Ethical issues in the management of sickle cell pain
Authors: Samir K. Ballas
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Abstract Care providers who manage patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) often face several questions. Most prominent among these pertain to the importance of pain and its treatment. The duties of the health care providers concerning pain management are often not well defined and vary considerably among providers and institutions. Despite the availability of national guidelines that address the ethical issues of pain management, patients with SCD often receive suboptimal pain control, especially during acute painful episodes. Although there are many reasons for this situation, an important aspect of the problem pertains to the complexity of applying ethical standards to specific patients with sickle cell pain. Decisions are frequently made according to perceptions and circumstances without taking ethical principles into consideration. The purpose of this paper is to present the range of ethical principles pertinent to sickle pain management and discuss specific examples of physician‐patient interactions where ethical dilemmas occur. Am. J. Hematol. 68:127–132, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral Inguinal Adenitis Due to a Nonphotochromogenic Atypical Mycobacterium
Authors: Conrad L. Andringa
Journal: JAMA (1966)

ATYPICAL, "unclassified" or "anonymous" mycobacteria are a heterogeneous group of microorganisms that are being implicated with increasing frequency as the cause of both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections in children.<sup>1-6</sup>These infections have been associated with cervical<sup>1-4</sup>and axillary adenitis,<sup>1</sup>pulmonary disease,<sup>5</sup>osteomyelitis,<sup>6</sup>superficial granulomas, and disseminated fatal disease.<sup>6</sup>In children, the most commonly reported illness has been unilateral cervical adenitis.<sup>1,2,4</sup>The present report concerns a child with bilateral inguinal adenitis due to a nonphotochromogenic atypical mycobacterium. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 5-year-old white girl was admitted to Madison (Wis) General Hospital on Jan 4, 1966, because of bilateral inguinal swelling. Four weeks prior to admission the onset of vaginal discharge and labial pruritis was noted. This persisted until admission in spite of sitz baths and frequent washing. Two weeks prior to admission right inguinal erythema was noted. During the next week this area became
Obesity, Cholesterol Metabolism, and Breast Cancer Pathogenesis
Authors: Donald P. McDonnell, Sunghee Park, Matthew T. Goulet, Jeff Jasper, Suzanne E. Wardell, Ching-yi Chang, John D. Norris, John R. Guyton, Erik R. Nelson
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Obesity and altered lipid metabolism are risk factors for breast cancer in pre- and post-menopausal women. These pathologic relationships have been attributed in part to the impact of cholesterol on the biophysical properties of cell membranes and to the influence of these changes on signaling events initiated at the membrane. However, more recent studies have indicated that the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), and not cholesterol per se, may be the primary biochemical link between lipid metabolism and cancer. The enzyme responsible for production of 27HC from cholesterol, CYP27A1, is expressed primarily in the liver and in macrophages. In addition, significantly elevated expression of this enzyme within breast tumors has also been observed. It is believed that 27HC, acting through the liver X receptor in macrophages and possibly other cells, is involved in maintaining organismal cholesterol homeostasis. It has also been shown recently that 27HC is an estrogen receptor agonist in breast cancer cells and that it stimulates the growth and metastasis of tumors in several models of breast cancer. These findings provide the rationale for the clinical evaluation of pharmaceutical approaches that interfere with cholesterol/27HC synthesis as a means to mitigate the impact of cholesterol on breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Res; 74(18); 4976-82. ©2014 AACR.