tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE BEST FORM OF CYLINDER TEST AND VARIABLE PRISM, WITH A NEW PHOROMETER.
Authors: EDWARD JACKSON
Journal: JAMA (1893)

<h3>PROFESSOR OF DISEASES OF THE EYE IN THE PHILADELPHIA POLYCLINIC; SURGEON TO WILLS EYE HOSPITAL.</h3> We are all familiar with the Maddox rod or cylinder test. Doubtless many have used it in connection with some form of rotary prism, and Dr. Prince of Springfield, Ill., has combined the two in a convenient phorometer. But both the cylinder test and the rotary variable prism are capable of development into forms of greater practical value. The cylinder test belongs to that class of tests for heterophoria in which binocular fusion is prevented by dissimilarity of the images; the one image being distorted by a very strong cylinder, the Maddox glass rod, placed before one eye. The line of light seen by the eye before which the rod is held, varies in length with the diameter of the rod employed, and the distance at which it is held before the nodal point of
Too Many Excuses for Not Teaching in the Operating Room and One Simple Solution
Authors: P. J. Schenarts, Kristin Flowers
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

Surgical residentsareperforming feweroperations.1Bothsurgical trainees2 and program directors3 are concerned about graduating residents’ readiness to enter practice andability to perform procedures independently after completing residency. As a result, the importance of effective intraoperative teaching is coming into greater focus. While declining resident duty hours are frequently cited as the etiologyof these concerns, this explanation alone is too simplistic. Thereareother significantobstacles thatdisrupt intraoperative resident education. The unstructured operative experience; intoleranceof errors; the realities of the financial landscape; and the everpresent push for greater efficiency all have a significant negative impact on education. Finally, there has also been a fundamental disruption in the sequence of resident training, with assignments frequently based on coverage needs rather than the educational benefit to the trainee. As a result, junior residents are frequently assigned to complexoperations forwhich they are illprepared and fromwhich they reap little educational benefit. While these obstacles are real, they do not relieve the faculty of their educational obligation. The focus of this article by Anderson et al4 on improving faculty performance is an important contribution to the literature. The current educational model requires faculty surgeons with little formal training in the art of teaching to assume the bulk of responsibility for surgical education. Focusing on the perioperative briefing and debriefing periods, the most important finding was that simply providing feedback data to faculty without any other intervention resulted in a 250% improvement. In the era of limited resources, this approach could be easily applied to all types of clinical training at essentially no cost. The final phase of this study, which required the residents to actively seek feedback, proves that creating an educational culture is achievable; a follow-up study to confirm the sustainability of these findings would strengthen this assertion.
Hedgehog pathway and pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Marzena Swiderska-Syn, Ayako Suzuki, Cynthia D. Guy, Jeffrey B. Schwimmer, Manal F. Abdelmalek, Joel E. Lavine, Anna Mae Diehl
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

It is unclear why the histology of pediatric and adult nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) sometimes differs. In adults, severity of portal inflammation and fibrosis correlate with Hedgehog pathway activity. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling regulates organogenesis, but is silent in adult livers until injury reinduces Hh ligand production. During adolescence, liver development is completed and children's livers normally lose cells that produce and/or respond to Hh ligands. We postulated that fatty liver injury interferes with this process by increasing Hh ligand production, and theorized that hepatic responses to Hh ligands might differ among children according to age, gender, and/or puberty status. Using unstained liver biopsy slides from 56 children with NAFLD, we performed immunohistochemistry to assess Hh pathway activation and correlated the results with clinical information obtained at biopsy. Fibrosis stage generally correlated with Hh pathway activity, as demonstrated by the numbers of Hh-ligand-producing cells ( P &lt; 0.0001) and Hh-responsive (glioma-associated oncogene 2-positive [Gli2]) cells ( P = 0.0013). The numbers of Gli2(+) cells also correlated with portal inflammation grade ( P = 0.0012). Two distinct zonal patterns of Hh-ligand production, portal/periportal versus lobular, were observed. Higher portal/periportal Hh-ligand production was associated with male gender. Male gender and prepuberty were also associated with ductular proliferation ( P &lt; 0.05), increased numbers of portal Gli2(+) cells ( P &lt; 0.017) and portal fibrosis. Conclusion : The portal/periportal (progenitor) compartment of prepubescent male livers exhibits high Hh pathway activity. This may explain the unique histologic features of pediatric NAFLD because Hh signaling promotes the fibroductular response.
FIBROSIS OF THE LUNGS DUE TO THE INHALATION OF ASBESTOS DUST
Authors: W. E. Cooke
Journal: BMJ (1924)

cent.The blood urea was 46 mg. per 100 c.cm.There were no clinical symptoms of renal inadequacy, no thirst or head- ache, and the tongue was fairly clean.The patient, though thin, was in fair condition, and had been at work till shortly before admission.
Caring and Cost: The Challenge for Physician Advocacy
Authors: Steven D. Pearson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

How should physicians respond to the growing tension between care and cost? One option is to reinforce the ideal of doing everything to further the best interests of the individual patient. Others, however, have argued that because health care resources are shared and limited, physicians should consciously participate in rationing by saying "no" to patients' requests for some marginally beneficial services. But even physicians who endorse the idea of rationing wonder whether patient–physician relationships could ever survive a frank admission of rationing at the bedside. This article explores the idea that caring about costs can be brought to the bedside in a way that will sustain trust among patients and the public. By illustrating a hypothetical case and the ensuing conversation between a physician and her patient, a mode of "proportional" patient advocacy is presented in which physicians can remain forceful agents for patient good while acting within a framework that admits to the boundaries of responsible budgets for health care needs.
Self-experimentation chronomics for health surveillance and science; also transdisciplinary civic duty?
Authors: Franz Halberg, Germaine Cornélissen, Barbara Schack
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Self-surveillance and self-experimentation are of concern to everyone interested in finding out the factors that increase one's risk of stroke from <8% to nearly 100%; one also thereby contributes to transdisciplinary science.
Comparative study of nanoparticle-mediated transfection in different GI epithelium co-culture models
Authors: Yihua Loo, Christopher L. Grigsby, Yvonne J. Yamanaka, Malathi K. Chellappan, Xuan Jiang, Hai-Quan Mao, Kam W. Leong
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
Differential regulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediates gender-dependent catecholamine-induced hypertrophy
Authors: R Dash
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Exogenous catecholamine exposure has been associated with p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cardiac hypertrophy. In this study, we investigated the regulation of p38 MAPK in cardiac remodeling elicited by endogenous adrenergic mechanisms.Transgenic male and female mice with fourfold phospholamban (PLB) overexpression exhibited enhanced circulating norepinephrine (NE), as a physiological compensatory mechanism to attenuate PLB's inhibitory effects. This enhanced noradrenergic state resulted in left ventricular hypertrophy/dilatation and depressed function.Male transgenics exhibited ventricular hypertrophy and mortality at 15 months, concurrent with cardiac p38 MAPK activation. Female transgenics, despite similar contractile dysfunction, displayed a temporal delay in p38 activation, hypertrophy, and mortality (22 months), which was associated with sustained cardiac levels of MAP Kinase Phosphatase-1 (MKP-1), a potent inhibitor of p38. At 22 months, decreases in cardiac MKP-1 were accompanied by increased levels of p38 activation. In vitro studies indicated that preincubation with 17-beta-estradiol induced high MKP-1 levels, which precluded NE-induced p38 activation.These findings suggest that norepinephrine-induced hypertrophy is linked closely with p38 MAP kinase activation, which can be endogenously modulated through estrogen-responsive regulation of MKP-1 expression.
Aspects of serum and sputum antibody in chronic airways obstruction.
Authors: C W Clarke
Journal: Thorax (1976)

Immunoglobulin levels and precipitating antibody against a range of microbial antigens were measured in simultaneously collected serum and sputum samples from patients with chronic bronchitis (11), cystic fibrosis (9), bronchiectasis (9), and asthma (4). Sputum was prepared by dialysis and high-speed centrifugation methods. Results showed that it was possible to detect precipitating antibody in the sputum, and the rate was increased when both methods were used. A discrepancy was noted between the detection rate in the sputum and serum. This, combined with the lack of correlation between sputum and serum immunoglobulins, lack of relationship between bronchial inflammation and sputum immunoglobulins, and the lack of IgM in the sputum suggested that the antibody and immunoglobulin were locally produced. Sputum IgA (7S) in patients with chronic bronchitis was significantly lower (P less than 0-05) than that found in patients with cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Significant differences (P less than 0-05) were also noted in serum IgG levels between patients with chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis while serum IgM levels in patients with chronic bronchitis were significantly lower (P less than 0-05) when compared to serum levels in patients with cystic fibrosis. The presence of precipitating antibody in the sputum raises the possibility that type III reactions may be important in the pathogenesis of these conditions.
[211] THROMBOPOIETIN/THROMBOCYTOSIS AND BONE MARROW CELL TRANSPLANTATION REDUCE CCL INDUCED LIVER FIBROSIS IN MICE
Authors: M. Watanabe, S. Murata, Y. Nakano, A. Myronovych, K. Hisakura, O. Ikeda, R. Matsuo, N. Ohkohchi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
<i>AIDS</i>and Preventive Treatment in Hemophilia
Authors: Jane F. Desforges
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

THE lives of hemophiliacs have been transformed by advances in treatment during the past decade. The demonstration in 1937 by Patek and Taylor1 that a fraction isolated from plasma could correct the coagulation defect in this disease provided the impetus for subsequent efforts to isolate and concentrate the deficient factor, later designated factor VIII. It was not until 30 years later, however, that cryoprecipitate, shown by Pool et al.2 to contain factor VIII, came into widespread use. The availability of this material meant that patients could be treated with concentrations of factor VIII that could not be obtained from fresh . . .
Letter: Treatment of asthmatic children with steroids.
Authors: P D Phelan
Journal: BMJ (1975)

County, Denmark, blood samples were drawn in the fasting state at 8 a.m. for determination of serum levels of calcium, protein, cholesterol, and triglyceride.The serum calcium levels were corrected to a constant serum protein level.2All determinations were made in duplicate, and the co- efficients of variation (C.V.) of duplicate measurements and the mean values and standard deviations (S.D.) are given in the table.A ihighly significant inverse corre- lation was found between serum calcium and serum triglyceride (r= -0-36, P<0001).No significant correlation was found between serum calcium and serum cholesterol (r = 0-03, P>0 05). C.v. (from Serum LevelsNo. of Mean S.D. duplicate Subjects measurements)Calcium (mmol/l) 80 2-46 0-06 0m8nt Cholesterol (mmol/l) 80 7-04 1-48 1-50°O Triglyceride (mmol/l) 80 1-27 0-95 2-6 ,Conversion: SI to Traditional Units-Calcium: 1 mmol/l -4 mg!100 ml.Cholesterol: 1 mmol/l -38-6mg'100 ml.Triglyceride: 1 mmol/l 88 5 mg/100 ml.Our results seem to be supported by the findings that serum cholesterol is lower than normal in patients with hyperparathyroidism and that the seruim concentration of lipids increases after operation.3They indicate that in the elderly serum calcium levels in the lower part of the normal range are not pro- tective against raised serum lipid levels.-We are, etc.
Surfactant Homeostasis in Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Deficiency in Adult Mice
Authors: ALAN H. JOBE, MACHIKO IKEGAMI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Glucocorticoids are essential for lung maturation and pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids increase surfactant in adult rats. Therefore, we asked if glucocorticoid deficiency in corticotropin-releasing hormone–deficient mice (CRH − / − ) with very low plasma corticosterone levels would alter surfactant pool sizes and precursor incorporation into saturated phosphatidylcholine (Sat PC). Alveolar and lung tissue Sat PC pool sizes were not different for CRH − / − mice and wild-type mice. The incorporation of [3H]choline into Sat PC also was similar for the two strains of mice. Glucocorticoids are not a major regulator of surfactant homeostasis in the adult mouse.
Correlation of Serum Digoxin Level with Acetylstrophanthidin Tolerance.
Authors: I. Barr
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1971Correlation of Serum Digoxin Level with Acetylstrophanthidin Tolerance.I. Barr, M.D., M. D. Klein, M.D., B. Lown, M.D., T. Smith, M.D., F. Hagemeijer, M.D.I. Barr, M.D., M. D. Klein, M.D., B. Lown, M.D., T. Smith, M.D., F. Hagemeijer, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-74-5-817_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptWith the advent of a reliable radioimmunoassay it has become possible to quantify serum digoxin levels. Whereas a high serum digoxin level helps confirm toxicity, some overlap with therapeutic glycoside levels exists. In the presence of a normal digoxin level proximity to a toxic state cannot be defined with precision. Degree of digitalization was therefore assessed by both serum digoxin levels and an independent pharmacoassay using acetylstrophanthidin. In 10 anesthetized dogs given 0.04 to 0.08 mg/kg body weight digoxin intravenously 6 hr earlier, the serum digoxin level inversely correlated with the amount of acetylstrophanthidin required to produce ventricular tachycardia (r... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: I. Barr, M.D.; M. D. Klein, M.D.; B. Lown, M.D.; T. Smith, M.D.; F. Hagemeijer, M.D.Affiliations: Boston, Mass. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byGlykosideDigitalis toxicity: Epidemiology and clinical use of serum concentration measurementsDigitalisChanges in Left Ventricular Performance from Early after Acute Myocardial Infarction to the Convalescent PhaseContribution of Quantitative Assay Technics to the Understanding of the Clinical Pharmacology of DigitalisAssays of digitalis in the blood 1 May 1971Volume 74, Issue 5Page: 817-817KeywordsBody weightGlycosidesRadioimmunoassaysToxicityVentricular tachycardia ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1971 PDF downloadLoading ...
STUDIES ON PNEUMOCOCCUS GROWTH INHIBITION
Authors: Oswald H. Robertson, Shutai T. Woo, Sheo Nan Cheer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

A simplified and compact agitator for growth inhibition tests with serum-leucocyte mixtures has been described. Several modifications have been made as well in the technique of the test, which have eliminated occasional irregularities that necessitated discarding the results of the individual experiment. Such irregularities were found to be due chiefly to injury of the pneumococci brought about by prolonged suspension in gelatin-Locke's solution which resulted in failure of the organisms to grow in the control serum-leucocyte tubes. This deterioration of the pneumococcus suspension may be greatly lessened or entirely prevented by the addition of a small quantity of a balanced phosphate mixture to the gelatin-Locke's solution. The use of small tubes made of Pyrex glass has also eliminated the former, not infrequent, occurrence of early hemolysis which was sometimes intense enough to disturb the results of the test. It has been found that washed rabbit leucocytes, suspended in their homologous serum, may be kept in the ice box for as long a period as 2 days without showing any apparent diminution of their functional activity in the serum-leucocyte test.
ESTABLISHMENT OF A GENERAL PRACTICE CLINIC
Authors: Paul Williamson
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The University of Tennessee, after a two-year study of the problem of general practice training, has inaugurated a program to give the general practitioner official status in the medical school and its teaching program. It is a typically American anomaly that, in medical education, the man who does nearly 85% of the medical practice in this country has absolutely no specific training for his job. In order to correct this it is proposed that the medical student devote a portion of his senior year to the general practice of medicine under the supervision of qualified general practitioners. The practice will be made to resemble, as nearly as possible, a typical, small-town general practice. The general practice clinic has been set up as a part of the outpatient department of the hospital. The physical equipment will be made to resemble a typical, well-equipped small-town office. A 100 ma.
The postbinding activity of scavenger receptor class B type I mediates initiation of hepatitis C virus infection and viral dissemination
Authors: Muhammad N. Zahid, Marine Turek, Fei Xiao, Viet Loan Dao Thi, Maryse Guérin, Isabel Fofana, Philippe Bachellier, John Thompson, Leen Delang, Johan Neyts, Dorothea Bankwitz, Thomas Pietschmann, Marlène Dreux, François-Loïc Cosset, Fritz Grunert, Thomas F. Baumert, Mirjam B. Zeisel
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL) receptor highly expressed in the liver and modulating HDL metabolism. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is able to directly interact with SR-BI and requires this receptor to efficiently enter into hepatocytes to establish productive infection. A complex interplay between lipoproteins, SR-BI and HCV envelope glycoproteins has been reported to take place during this process. SR-BI has been demonstrated to act during binding and postbinding steps of HCV entry. Although the SR-BI determinants involved in HCV binding have been partially characterized, the postbinding function of SR-BI remains largely unknown. To uncover the mechanistic role of SR-BI in viral initiation and dissemination, we generated a novel class of anti-SR-BI monoclonal antibodies that interfere with postbinding steps during the HCV entry process without interfering with HCV particle binding to the target cell surface. Using the novel class of antibodies and cell lines expressing murine and human SR-BI, we demonstrate that the postbinding function of SR-BI is of key impact for both initiation of HCV infection and viral dissemination. Interestingly, this postbinding function of SR-BI appears to be unrelated to HDL interaction but to be directly linked to its lipid transfer function.Taken together, our results uncover a crucial role of the SR-BI postbinding function for initiation and maintenance of viral HCV infection that does not require receptor-E2/HDL interactions. The dissection of the molecular mechanisms of SR-BI-mediated HCV entry opens a novel perspective for the design of entry inhibitors interfering specifically with the proviral function of SR-BI.
Constrictive Pericarditis
Authors: WALTER SOMERVILLE
Journal: Circulation (1968)

Patients with untreated constrictive pericarditis sooner or later have ascites, edema, and pleural effusions. Unless these are treated, the patient soon becomes bedridden. Treatment with a low-sodium diet, diuretics, and aspiration often allows a patient to live a semi-invalid life for 5 to 15 years and occasionally to survive to old age. However, the general tendency is toward gradual deterioration despite treatment. The course in children and young adults is more rapid and the effects of medical treatment less effective. Pericardiectomy abolishes or greatly improves symptoms and signs in 60 to 85% of patients; the benefits are long lasting; and life expectation is increased. The operative mortality is in the range of 4 to 20%. Persistence of symptoms and signs after operation is attributable to one of the following factors: delayed hemodynamic adjustment, imperfect surgical relief, or myocardial changes. These changes may be the result of myocardial atrophy, other degenerative myopathies, or associated disease. After an effective pericardiectomy, the hemodynamic fault may be completely corrected, but some residual abnormality can persist with symptomatic improvement. The electrocardiogram may improve, become completely normal, or remain unchanged; while electrocardiographic improvement is invariably associated with clinical improvement, the latter may occur despite persistence of an abnormal electrocardiogram. The heart size usually diminishes. Protein-losing gastroenteropathy is completely cured or greatly improved.
Surgical therapy of hepatic colorectal metastasis
Authors: Y. Fong
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1999)

This review summarizes data demonstrating the safety and efficacy of liver resection for colorectal metastases. Hepatic resection in appropriately selected patients remains the only potentially curative treatment for patients with such metastases. Recommendations for preoperative patient evaluation, patient selection, adjuvant therapy, and postoperative follow-up are presented. Other surgical modalities utilized in the treatment of unresectable or recurrent hepatic colorectal metastases, including ablative modalities and surgical delivery of regional chemotherapy, are described. (CA Cancer J Clin 1999;49:231–255.)