tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chemistry, biological activity, and uses of formamidine pesticides.
Authors: R M Hollingworth
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

The formamidines, a relatively new group of acaricide-insecticides, are novel both in their range of biological activities and in their mode of action, which is presently unknown. This paper is a review of the historical development, properties, structures, uses, and chemistry of this group of pesticides, with particular emphasis on chlordimeform (Galecron or Fundal), N'-4-chloro-o-tolyl-N,N-dimethylformamidine, and amitraz, 1,3=di-(2,4-dimethylphenylimino)-2-methyl-2-azapropane. Their biological activity and uses are defined by their toxicity to spider mites, ticks, and certain insects, and they are particularly effective against juvenile and resistant forms of these organisms. A significant, but poorly understood feature of their field effectiveness is their breadth of toxic action which includes direct lethality, excitant-repellant behavioral effects, and chemosterilization. They are generally of low hazard for nontarget species with the significant exception of predaceous mites. Several aspects of the chemistry of these compounds are considered, including structure--activity relations, synthetic pathways, isomerism and configuration, and their chemical and environmental stability. A significant feature of the metabolism and toxicity of these agents is the possible activation of chlordimeform by N-demethylation in vivo. Strong evidence for this has been presented with the cattle tick, but recent results discussed here suggest that in other species, i.e., mice, German cockroaches or black cutworm eggs, N-demethylation is neither a strong activation nor a detoxication reaction.
Evaluation of a computer assisted repeat prescribing programme in a general practice.
Authors: M O Roland, L I Zander, M Evans, R Morris, R A Savage
Journal: BMJ (1985)

After introducing a computer assisted repeat prescribing programme into a south London practice improvements were made in several aspects of practice organisation. Time was saved by doctors and receptionists; prescriptions were produced more rapidly; information in the records about drugs that were available for repeat prescription was improved; and queries from chemists about prescriptions were reduced. The costs of the system in terms of computer operator time were estimated. Computerising prescribing data provides a source of data that may be used to enable doctors to audit their own prescribing.
Medical leaders call for NHS to reduce its carbon footprint
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The leaders of five medical royal colleges have called for the carbon footprint of the NHS to be reduced because of the devastating effect of global warming on maternal and child health in developing countries.

In a letter to the Guardian the heads of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, the Royal College of Physicians, the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, the Royal College of Midwives, and the Royal College of Nursing call on politicians and healthcare leaders to set an example in moving to a low carbon future (www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/mar/12/1goal-education-and-a-better-life).

“Climate change will greatly increase deaths of the most vulnerable through water and food scarcity, increased infectious disease and forced migration,” they write. They add that unless rich countries take …
The Patient's Ordeal
Authors: James M. Humber
Journal: JAMA (1991)

This book functions on two levels. On one it examines the ordeals patients and their families must face when attempting to cope with severe mental and physical trauma. When operating on this level, the author, Professor William May, presents moving accounts of severe burning, retardation, infertility, battery, molestation, alcoholism, organ donation, and the ravages of aging. These accounts are heart-wrenching, to say the least, and the manner in which they are presented testifies to the author's concern, sensitivity, and humanity. If<i>The Patient's Ordeal</i>is taken merely as a description of how patients and their families have responded to crises, it must be counted a success. But,<i>The Patient's Ordeal</i>also repeatedly suggests ways of conceptualizing and responding to these crises, and on this level it is susceptible to a wide variety of criticisms. In what follows I shall examine three of what I think are the most fairly representative
Orthopaedics in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: N. Capener
Journal: BMJ (1938)

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITISMEDICALJOURNAL 391 waters for the correction of metabolic derangements and the improvement of general health, so necessary a part of a concerted attack on the disease.The disadvantages are the expense entailed in a spa cure, which must necessarily be prolonged if good results are to be achieved.In so chronic a disease swift improvement cannot be effected in a short space of time.Nevertheless, even in a limited period a start may be made and a patient be put on the high road to recovery, which may be followed up at home.
Actin assembly is a crucial role on effector functions of adherent human eosinophils
Authors: M. Kato, M. Suzuki, A. Tachibana, T. Takizawa, H. Arkawa, H. Mochizuki, K. Tokuyama, H. Kimura, H. Hanaka, T. Izumi, A. Morikawa
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Registration of observational studies
Authors: E. Loder, T. Groves, D. MacAuley
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The next step towards research transparency

Observational studies, such as cohort and case-control studies, are an important form of medical research, but they are also vulnerable to bias and selective reporting.1 They often produce large datasets that can be subjected to multiple analyses. Researchers may then craft a paper that selectively emphasises certain results, often those that are statistically significant or provocative. These decisions may reflect strong financial or academic interests and prior beliefs. At present, consumers of observational research cannot easily distinguish hypothesis driven studies from exploratory, post hoc data analyses. Researchers do not routinely disclose the number of additional analyses performed. Nor is there any satisfactory way to know whether the research questions or methods of statistical analysis diverged from those initially planned. It has been observed that there is “little or no penalty” for data dredging and selective reporting. Rather than attracting censure it can “get you into the BMJ and the Friday papers.”2

In the linked article (doi: 10.1136/bmj.b4184), Hemingway and colleagues reinforce many of these arguments, particularly with respect to studies of prognosis, because these can be important clinically but are often flawed.3 This group, which includes two of the BMJ ’s statistics editors, Doug Altman and Richard Riley, recommends that “all research on humans should have a protocol.” Such calls for registries of observational research are gathering pace, and indeed an international meeting held …
LEFT ATRIAL DIAMETER AND FREQUENCY OF ATRIAL FIBRILLATION IN PATIENTS WITH PAROXYSMAL ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND HYPERTENSION: RESULT FROM THE JAPANESE RHYTHM MANAGEMENT TRIAL II FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION (J-RHYTHM II) STUDY
Authors: Takeki Suzuki, Tsutomu Yamazaki, Satoshi Ogawa, Ryozo Nagai, Takeshi Yamashita
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Changes in cardiac shape in the ischemic porcine heart does not contribute to the improvement in myocardial function following adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of cDNA for vascular endothelial growth factor
Authors: R.T. Hahn, C.A. Mack, S.R. Patel, A. Ilercil, D. Fishman, R.B. Devereux, R.G. Crystal, T.K. Rosengart
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Polyethylene Catheter in the Heart
Authors: Michael L. Steiner
Journal: JAMA (1965)

THE ACCIDENTAL introduction into the heart of plastic tubing being used for intravenous fluid administration is an uncommon but by no means unique occurrence. Indeed, at least 14 cases have now been recorded in the literature. In eight of these cases the plastic catheter was introduced into a surgically exposed vein under direct vision. In six other cases, catheter placement involving the threading of plastic tubing through a large-bore needle introduced by direct venipuncture was employed. Recently the use of commercially available intravenous catheter sets has become quite popular due to the ease of introduction and the obviation of exposing a vein. With the use of this set, the needle, through which the tubing is introduced, is withdrawn toward the end of the tubing closest to the infusion bottle and left in place. The sharp edges of the needle are therefore in a position to sever the polyethylene catheter lying
CARE AND OUTCOMES OF ASIAN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS: RESULTS FROM THE AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION GET WITH THE GUIDELINES-CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PROGRAM
Authors: Feng Qian, Frederick S. Ling, Prakash Deedwania, Adrian F. Hernandez, Gregg C. Fonarow, Christopher P. Cannon, Eric D. Peterson, W. Frank Peacock, Lisa A. Kaltenbach, Warren K. Laskey, Lee H. Schwamm, Deepak L. Bhatt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Plain packaging seems to increase thoughts about quitting smoking
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Plain packaging for cigarettes reduces the appeal of tobacco and makes smokers think more about quitting, early findings from a survey in Australia have indicated.

Australia is the first country in the world to legislate for plain packaging for tobacco products, and introduced brown packaging with graphic warnings taking up three quarters of the front of the packet in December 2012.

The research, published in BMJ Open , involved interviews with 536 cigarette smokers in …
THE ANATOMIC FACTOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF BALDNESS.
Authors: GEORGE ELLIOTT
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Cunningham, in opening his chapter on the dissection of the scalp, says: "Strictly speaking, the term 'scalp' should be restricted to the soft parts which cover the vault of the cranium above the level of the temporal ridges and the superior curved line of the occipital bone"; whilst Treves states it is convenient to consider the term "scalp" as limited to the structures formed by the union of the first three layers, viz., the skin, the subcutaneous fatty tissue or superficial fascia, and the occipito-frontalis muscle and its epicranial aponeurosis. How strikingly does the scalp area of Cunningham correspond with the area of baldness as seen in most individuals the subjects of this condition! But still more precisely and accurately does the area of baldness correspond to the area of the epicranial aponeurosis, a structure in which there are no muscular fibers nor yet any underlying muscular fibers between it
Comparative pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of brimonidine following ocular and dermal administration of brimonidine tartrate ophthalmic solution and gel in patients with moderate-to-severe facial erythema associated with rosacea
Authors: K. Benkali, M. Leoni, F. Rony, R. Bouer, A. Fernando, M. Graeber, N. Wagner
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Persistent facial erythema is the most common primary pathological feature of rosacea, the only treatment for which is brimonidine tartrate (BT) gel.To assess the relative bioavailability of topical BT gel in comparison with the ophthalmic BT solution.A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to compare intraindividual systemic exposures after dermal application of BT gel (0·07%, 0·18% and 0·5%) under maximal use conditions in patients with moderate-to-severe facial erythema associated with rosacea, and administration of BT ophthalmic solution 0·2%.Patients who received BT ophthalmic solution 0·2% three times a day for 1 day had a mean Cmax of 54 ± 28 pg mL(-1) and a mean 0-24-h area under the curve (AUC0-24 h ) of 568 ± 277 pg h mL(-1) . Topical application of BT gel for 29 days resulted in quantifiable systemic exposure in 22%, 48%, 71% and 79% of patients who received BT gel 0·07% twice daily, 0·18% once daily, 0·18% twice daily and 0·5% once daily, respectively. The mean Cmax values for the BT gels ranged between 13 and 25 pg mL(-1) , and mean AUC0-24 h values ranged between 42 and 290 pg h mL(-1) . Systemic exposure increased with applied dose, with no drug accumulation for the duration of treatment. The systemic exposure observed with the highest dose of BT gel (0·5% once daily) was significantly lower than the systemic levels observed for the ophthalmic solution. 0·2% apply for all the concentrations.The systemic safety profile of BT gel may be considered better than that of the ophthalmic solution.
Relation between upper limit of vulnerability and defibrillation threshold in humans.
Authors: P S Chen, G K Feld, J M Kriett, M M Mower, R Y Tarazi, R P Fleck, C D Swerdlow, E S Gang, R M Kass
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND In the canine model, an upper limit of shock strength exists that can induce ventricular fibrillation during the vulnerable period of the cardiac cycle. This shock strength (the upper limit of vulnerability) closely correlates with the defibrillation threshold and supports the "upper limit of vulnerability" hypothesis of defibrillation. It is not known whether an upper limit of vulnerability exists in humans or whether this limit correlates with the defibrillation threshold. METHODS AND RESULTS In 13 patients undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation, the shock strengths associated with a 50% probability of reaching the upper limit of vulnerability (ULV50) and a 50% probability of reaching the defibrillation threshold (DFT50) were determined by the up-down algorithm. The ULV50 was determined only for the mid-upslope of the positive T waves and for the mid-downslope of the negative T waves. No major complications occurred during surgery. An upper limit of vulnerability was demonstrated in each patient. The ULV50 was 300 +/- 138 V or 6.8 +/- 5.8 J, which was significantly lower than the DFT50 of 347 +/- 167 V (p = 0.038) or 9.1 +/- 7.3 J (p = 0.013). The correlation between the ULV50 and the DFT50 was significant (r = 0.90, p &lt; 0.001 for voltage; r = 0.93, p &lt; 0.001 for energy). CONCLUSIONS An upper limit of vulnerability is present in humans. There is a significant correlation between the ULV50 and the DFT50, and the ULV50 is significantly lower than the DFT50.
Improved Survival After Prophylactic Portal Nondecompression Surgery for Esophageal Varices: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Kiyoshi Inokuchi
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

To evaluate prophylactic surgery for esophageal varices, a prospective randomized controlled trial was begun in 1980 by the Japanese Research Society for Portal Hypertension. Methods of operation included selective shunts and nonshunting interruption procedures. One hundred and twelve Japanese patients, in whom endoscopic findings suggested risk of bleeding but who had no bleeding episode, were randomly allocated to the operated group of 60 patients or nonoperated group of 52 patients. Nine patients with idiopathic portal hypertension, histologically proven noncirrhotic disease, which all fell in the operated group, were excluded from the study and the remaining 103 patients (51 operated and 52 nonoperated) were analyzed. Long-term follow-up of patients for a median of 49 mo with a maximum of 73 mo showed a total of 11 (22%) deaths, including 2 operative deaths, in the operated group compared with 23 (49%) deaths in the nonoperated group. The cumulative survival rate at 5 yr in the operated group was 72%, which was significantly higher than the 45% of the nonoperated group (p less than 0.05). The cumulative variceal bleeding rate at 5 yr was 7% in the operated group, which was significantly lower than that of the nonoperated group of 46% (p less than 0.001). It was concluded that portal nondecompression surgery was effective in preventing the variceal bleeding and in improving survival.
"Little evidence" that the government is prepared to engage with criticism of its plans, says BMA
Authors: M. Limb
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The government confirmed it will press on with major health reforms as critics warned of upheaval and claimed they had not been listened to.

Health secretary Andrew Lansley said he was going ahead with plans to give GPs responsibility for the bulk of NHS funding from 2013.

He said a three month consultation showed there was “broad support” for the underlying principles in the white paper, Equity and Excellence , which was published in July.

But there was also criticism among the 6000 submissions from a mixture of people including patients, clinicians, academics, trades unions, voluntary and professional groups.

The British Medical Association said the health secretary’s decision to stick to the plans showed that many major concerns raised …
Effect of hysterectomy on bowel function.
Authors: B. T. Parys
Journal: BMJ (1989)

and one at the American Forces Madigan Hospital to be built in Seattle) hospital wide projects are being implemented.Individual scientific evaluations of the various components that go to make up PACS are indeed vital but will never predict accurately the performance of a completely integrated system.The Wright brothers could have carried on analysing each individual component of their aeroplane for the rest of their lives, but at the end of the day the only way they could tell whether it would fly was to take to the air.We firmly believe, to pursue this aeronautical metaphor, that the time has come for digital radiology to take off; there will undoubtedly be one or two setbacks, but the fainthearted will remain forever earthbound.
Determinants of hypoxic contracture in isolated heart muscle preparations
Authors: M. J. LEWIS, A. C. GREY, A. H. HENDERSON
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1979)

Further studies on hypoxic contracture are described, using resting and contracting isolated muscle preparations from several species. The effect of temperature, pH, substrate, calcium concentration, osmolality and inotropic interventions was explored. The 'protective' effect of acidosis was not contingent on its negative inotropic influence. No evidence was adduced that hypoxic contracture can be modulated other than by altering energy supply or demand. The study does not discriminate between rigor and raised cytosolic calcium as mechanisms causing hypoxic contracture, but demonstrates that hypoxic contracture is not directly dependent on the availability of intracellular calcium.
US Senate passes patients' bill of rights
Authors: J. Ciment
Journal: BMJ (1999)

For the first time since managed health care was introduced, the US Senate has passed a bill that would protect the rights of health insurance customers. But the Republican sponsored bill, passed last week, offers far fewer patients' rights than the bill proposed by the Democrats.

The so called “Patients Bill of Rights”—which was passed by the Senate by 53 votes to 47, with two Republicans joining the Democrats in …
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PULMONARY ABSCESS IN CHILDREN
Authors: DAVID T. SMITH
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Pulmonary abscess is not diagnosed as frequently in children as in adults probably because it occurs less commonly and is more difficult to differentiate from other pulmonary infections. Among 2,250 cases of lung abscess collected from the American literature, only fifty-nine were in infants and children.<sup>1</sup>Unquestionably the disease occurs more often than these figures indicated, since a majority of the clinics reporting cases did not treat children. Among 2,119 patients admitted to the pediatric service of the Duke Hospital, seven had pulmonary abscess. An analysis of 172 consecutive cases of lung abscess by Flick and his co-workers 1f showed 6.4 per cent in the first decade, 10.5 per cent in the second, 27.9 per cent in the third, 30.8 per cent in the fourth, 18.6 per cent in the fifth, 3.6 per cent in the sixth and 2.3 per cent in the seventh decade of life. Multiple embolic
Case 26-1964
Authors: William Dameshek, Leonard S. Gottlieb
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

Presentation of CaseA fifty-nine-year-old housewife was referred to the Tufts Hematology Clinic for evaluation of anemia.Nine months before she had noted the gradual onset of weakness and fatigue and a weight loss of 9.1 kg. (20 pounds). Shortly thereafter pounding headaches developed. The family noted that her skin was a pale-yellow color. There was no history of dark urine, drug ingestion or exposure to toxins.Four months previously she had been admitted to another hospital for investigation, and an enlarged spleen, severe anemia and mild jaundice were discovered. She was treated with prednisone, 40 mg. a day, and . . .
Should Heroin Be Available To Treat Severe Pain?
Authors: John R. Lewis
Journal: JAMA (1978)

THE TREATMENT of patients with chronic, severe pain is a major problem. It has been estimated that 70% to 90% of hospitalized cancer patients suffer severe pain, although specific data on this point are not available. Because of reports that many cancer patients do not obtain adequate pain relief, the news media have publicized a proposal that heroin should be made available for these patients. This proposal is based on the belief that heroin has certain advantages over morphine and other available strong analgesics. Its proponents claim that it causes more euphoria and less sedation, nausea, and constipation, and it enhances the appetite. However, none of the supposed benefits have been demonstrated by controlled clinical trial.<sup>1</sup>In summarizing a review of the published literature on heroin prior to 1957, Eddy et al<sup>2</sup>stated: Most reports agree that nausea and vomiting and the milder side-effects occur less frequently after heroin
ROENTGENOSCOPY OF THE LIVER AND BILIARY PASSAGES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GALL-STONES
Authors: JAMES T. CASE
Journal: JAMA (1913)

It seems timely to emphasize the possibilities of soft tissue roentgenography in the recognition of diseases in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. The purpose of this paper is to call attention to a number of facts concerning the biliary tract, and particularly the gallbladder, obtainable with the aid of the Roentgen-ray. Iwish to pprefacerks by insisting on the necessity of sityl history and a thorough physical and laboratory examination of the patient by the otherby the other older established methods before a correct estimate can be placed on the roentgen findings. The liver, being opaque to the Roentgen ray and surrounded by more or less transparent organs, permits a study of changes in its position, its size and itsashape—often contributory evidence of considerable value. The outline of the upper border of the liver is easily determined. Roentgenographically speakin ththe didiaphra inseparable from the normal liver, their shadows being
In-Vitro Cloning Techniques for Hemopoietic Cells: Clinical Applications
Authors: DONALD METCALF
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Proliferating populations of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, erythroid cells, and T-lymphocytes from normal subjects or patients with various diseases can now be analysed by colony formation in semisolid cultures. These cultures accurately determine the number and proliferative activity of the precursor cells of each population and can also be used to monitor the levels of specific regulatory factors (for example, erythropoietin, colony-stimulating factor) in the serum or urine of such patients. Studies using semisolid cultures have shown that the leukemic cells in chronic and acute myeloid leukemia remain dependent on the normal regulator, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, for proliferation. The cultures have proved valuable in the prognostic assessment of acute leukemic patients and in monitoring impending changes in the clinical status of patients with acute or chronic myeloid leukemia or myeloproliferative disorders.