tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Electrolyte absorption from the colon.
Authors: L A Turnberg
Journal: Gut (1970)

Progress reportElectrolyte absorption from the colon Though man has always displayed a considerable if somewhat morbid interest in the workings of his bowel little scientific investigation of human large bowel function was carried out until the last decade.It has become clear that a prime function of the colon is the absorption of salt and water, and recently attention has been focused on the capacity of the colon to handle electrolytes and on the underlying mechanisms involved" 2, 3.This review summarizes recent advances in this field.Examples are given of disorders of electrolyte transport in the human colon to illustrate its clinical relevance.Unfortunately none of the several approaches employed for investigation in vivo in man are entirely satisfactory.Both measurement of the appearance in the blood stream of test substances introduced into the lumen of the colon4 and the disappearance from the colon of substances instilled into isolated segments at laparotomy5 have limitations.The measurement of absorptive function by perfusion techniques with the aid of nonabsorbable markers, although tedious and uncomfortable for the subject, has yielded more direct and informative results2' 6, 7.These techniques, together with the recent reports of measurement of electrical potential differences across colonic mucosa,8 9 are beginning to clarify the physiology and pathophysiology of colonic absorptive function in man. Absorptive CapacityAn indirect assessment of the amounts of salt and water which the colon handles each day can be made by comparing the volume and composition of ileostomy discharge and of stool water'0' 11.Daily absorption rates of 400 to 500 ml of water, 70 m-equiv sodium, and 35 m-equiv chloride, and a secretion rate of 4 m-equiv/day of potassium are the usual calculated values'0.The total daily loss in the stools is less than 5 m-equiv sodium, 9 m-equiv potassium, and 2 m-equiv chloride.This very low rate of excretion, which is unaffected by ingestion of ion exchange resins12, explains the ability of man to survive on a very low salt intake for long periods'3, a facility which is severely on July 17, 2023 by guest.
Effect of long term tamoxifen treatment on bone turnover in women with breast cancer.
Authors: C D Wright, R E Mansell, J C Gazet, J E Compston
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Great pressure has recently been put on clinicians by hospital managers and politicians to reduce waiting times.Unfortunately, the emphasis of current initiatives on waiting lists tends to be on reducing the wait for surgery rather than the waiting time for an appointment at an outpatient clinic.We report the potential dangers of long
THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF CANCER
Authors: F. Hernaman-Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1911)

SIR,-I think Sir H. T. Btitliin lhas, as near as possible, solved the cancer problemii.The missing linlk in the chain of evidence is that wA-hiiclh convei-ts the natural cell ilnto a protozoon or vital unit.Now, may that chaange niot be produced by electricity generated by friction or irritation, continued, it m--ay be, for montlhs or even years, witlhout the individual suffering any convenience or being con- scious of its presence'?The excitin1g cause may be
Lehrbuch der Neurologie
Authors: G. R. Haase
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Professor Scheid, the author of this textbook of neurology, has aimed to write a book "which will introduce the student to an important and stimulating field of medicine," and "which will accompany him in his future medical career." Such should be the aim of any textbook. Obviously, it is singularly difficult to measure the success achieved. If clarity of style and of illustrations, and good organization and presentation of the material are any guarantors of success, this book should enjoy great popularity among students and physicians who read German easily. The first chapters of this book are devoted to a short, yet meaningful, review of the history of neurology, followed by a discussion of the methods of neurological examination, including such special techniques as electroencephalography, electromyography, and radiologic contrast studies. Disturbances of function are discussed next, with an adequate review of anatomic and physiological information, followed by a description of
Why blame the obstetrician? A review.
Authors: R S Illingworth
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Because of superficial thinking obstetricians have been blamed unjustifiably for causing brain damage, cerebral palsy, mental subnormality, congenital torticollis, and facial palsy. It is essential to look behind obvious difficulties in labour, such as abnormal presentation or anoxia, to the underlying causes, which are often genetic or social, or concern other prenatal factors.
TUBERCULOSIS; ITS SEED, ITS SOIL AND ITS TREATMENT BY MEDICAL ASEPSIS.
Authors: T. J. McGILLICUDDY
Journal: JAMA (1898)

In the consideration of this subject we will endeavor to simplify it as much as possible, giving it a novel presentation so that its general conception may become clearer and more easy of comprehension. There is no special advantage in clothing and often obscuring our ideas in ultra scientific verbiage. Common sense is what we want in medicine as elsewhere, and the practical aspect of the healing art must not be lost sight of and forgotten in the fogs of hairsplitting laboratory work. Micro-organisms are but a part of medical science, but they have of late engrossed our attention to the exclusion of other, and important factors in the production of disease. In all the long history of that eternal war which man is waging more or less successfully against disease and its consequences, no phase of the conflict is of such vital importance to so many individuals as that
The School Nurse Practitioner Program
Authors: Alfred L. Skinner
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To  Editor.—  Despite his disclaimer, Silver (216:1332-1334, 1971) is proposing fragmentation of health services to children of school age, separating child supervision and investigation of learning disorders. Why not instead include such services under  umbrella Dr. Bornemeier recently proposed, a comprehensive health resource?  Not only does this proposal split off some health services from others, its cost may not be justified.  Does a school nurse practitioner identify and assess the factors that may operate to produce learning disorders, psychoeducational problems, perceptive-cognitive difficulties, and behavior  as well as would  school psychological and counselling staff?  Would  well-child care proposed detect health problems as well as periodic examinations by  family's regular general practitioner or pediatrician?  Would  well-child evaluation by a school nurse practitioner uncover previously unknown problems as effectively as a well-devised self-administered parent questionnaire?  The proposal is in imitation of  European model of
Adenocarcinoma of lung presenting with dysgeusia
Authors: S Karthik
Journal: Thorax (2003)

Is there an association between impaired pulmonary function and mortality in never smokers?I read with great interest the article by Mannino et al 1 on the association between impaired pulmonary function and mortality, and wish to comment on two statements in the paper.Firstly, the authors report that ''an interesting finding in (their) analysis was that, in never smokers, moderate or severe COPD did not have a significantly increased mortality risk''.In never smokers with severe COPD the point estimate for the hazard ratio forming the basis of this statement is 1.3 with 95% confidence intervals ranging from 0.7 to 3.1.However, these confidence intervals overlap with the point estimate of the hazard ratios in current smokers with severe COPD.There were only 92 participants with severe COPD in the entire sample of the population, hence the wide confidence intervals.The estimates are similar in those with moderate COPD.Furthermore, this trend was also evident in patients with mild COPD who had never smoked.In fact, in the latter group the point estimates were identical in current smokers and never smokers.The authors should therefore be cautious in concluding that never smokers with COPD do not have an increased risk of mortality.An analysis of continuous pulmonary function data in relation to mortality in never smokers independent of the GOLD classification or in all patients with COPD may result in statistically significant results.How would one interpret such a finding?The analysis in never smokers should be seen in the context of other studies reporting increased mortality risks in never smokers, 2 as they may be due to small sample size in spite of the overall large sample size in NHANES I.The authors' statement could be misinterpreted to suggest that never smokers would not require screening, a question that is not yet resolved.Secondly, our study did report both FEV 1 % in quintiles as well as continuous variables. 3
Endothelium-Restricted Overexpression of Human Endothelin-1 Causes Vascular Remodeling and Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Farhad Amiri, Agostino Virdis, Mario Fritsch Neves, Marc Iglarz, Nabil G. Seidah, Rhian M. Touyz, Timothy L. Reudelhuber, Ernesto L. Schiffrin
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Background— Endothelin (ET)-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor that contributes to vascular remodeling in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Endogenous ET-1 is produced predominantly by vascular endothelial cells. To directly test the role of endothelium-derived ET-1 in cardiovascular pathophysiology, we specifically targeted expression of the human preproET-1 gene to the endothelium by using the Tie-2 promoter in C57BL/6 mice. Methods and Results— Ten-week-old male C57BL/6 transgenic (TG) and nontransgenic (wild type; WT) littermates were studied. TG mice exhibited 3-fold higher vascular tissue ET-1 mRNA and 7-fold higher ET-1 plasma levels than did WT mice but no significant elevation in blood pressure. Despite the absence of significant blood pressure elevation, TG mice exhibited marked hypertrophic remodeling and oxidant excess-dependent endothelial dysfunction of resistance vessels, altered ET-1 and ET-3 vascular responses, and significant increases in ET B expression compared with WT littermates. Moreover, TG mice generated significantly higher oxidative stress, possibly through increased activity and expression of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase than did their WT counterparts. Conclusions— In this new murine model of endothelium-restricted human preproET-1 overexpression, ET-1 caused structural remodeling and endothelial dysfunction of resistance vessels, consistent with a direct nonhemodynamic effect of ET-1 on the vasculature, at least in part through the activation of vascular NAD(P)H oxidase.
Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Arnold B. Ritterband, Israeli A. Jaffe
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2004)

Letters2 March 2004Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular DiseaseArnold B. Ritterband, MD and Israeli A. Jaffe, MDArnold B. Ritterband, MDFrom Niskayuna, NY 12309. and Israeli A. Jaffe, MDFrom Niskayuna, NY 12309.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-5-200403020-00020 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:On the subject of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and hormone replacement therapy (1), 2 letters published in the 15 April 2003 issue of Annals(2, 3) suggested that the synthetic nature of the hormones given or their route of administration might have been responsible for the failure to demonstrate a beneficial effect on CVD.In 1963, we published the results of a study that addressed this issue in a different manner (4). We evaluated 2 groups of women for the presence of CVD 10 to 25 years after bilateral oophorectomy (n = 267) or hysterectomy only (n = 385). ...References1. Humphrey LL, Chan BK, Sox HC. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:273-84. [PMID: 12186518] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Meyerson SJ. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:687. [PMID: 12693902] LinkGoogle Scholar3. Chausmer AB. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:687-8. [PMID: 12693901] LinkGoogle Scholar4. Ritterband AB, Jaffe IA, Densen PM, Magagna JF, Reed E. Gonadal function and the development of coronary heart disease. Circulation. 1963;27:237-51. [PMID: 14173491] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Arnold B. Ritterband, MD; Israeli A. Jaffe, MDAffiliations: From Niskayuna, NY 12309. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoPostmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Linda L. Humphrey , Benjamin K.S. Chan , and Harold C. Sox Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Steven J. Meyerson Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy Arthur B. Chausmer Metrics Cited byCurrent World Literature 2 March 2004Volume 140, Issue 5 Page: 402 Keywords Cardiovascular diseases Estrogen replacement therapy Estrogens Hormone replacement therapy Hormones Hysterectomy Medical risk factors Oophorectomy Routes of administration ePublished: 2 March 2004 Issue Published: 2 March 2004 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2004 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children: Author's reply
Authors: Jonathan C Craig
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—Lozano's letter is a useful reminder about equivalence and no difference detected. Although I agree that this point should be considered whenever research data are interpreted, the weight given to the width of the confidence intervals is context specific. We believe that our conclusions are reasonable for intravenous or oral antibiotics in children with acute pyelonephritis. …
A pilot study about causes of dropouts in high-level decathlon competitions
Authors: P Edouard, J Pruvost, J-L Edouard, J-B Morin
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Decathlon is a track and field discipline where participants run, jump, and throw; and the competitions are highly demanding from both the physical and psychological standpoints because of the frequency and intensity of the events. Knowing the frequency and causes of dropouts in decathlon competitions seems relevant and helpful to develop strategies of injury prevention for decathletes. Objective To determine the causes of dropouts and the frequency of injury as the cause of dropout in decathlon. Design Pilot prospective epidemiological study. Setting This study focused on three senior male national or international level (high-level) decathlon competitions. Participants 50 senior male national or international decathletes. Interventions Data concerning athlete's participation (number of participating athletes listed on the start list, number of athletes in the final ranking), the event (or time) of dropout, and the causes of dropouts were collected prospectively during the three high-level decathlon competitions. In case injury was retained as the cause of dropout, its description was made following the IAAF and IOC recommendations. Main outcome measurements Percentage of dropouts and percentage of each dropout cause, description and percentage of injuries (circumstance, location, type). Results 38% of decathletes did not complete these competitions. The causes of dropout were: injury (36%), loss of motivation (36%), tiredness (9%), and indeterminate (18%). 50% of injuries were acute hamstring injuries during explosive events on the first day (100-m and long jump). Conclusion Not completing a decathlon is rather common due to various difficulties (physical, technical and psychological). Although caution is needed when interpreting these results due to methodological limitations, musculoskeletal injury prevention and motivational aspects seem important to complete an entire decathlon and to aim at best performance. More detailed prospective studies are needed to determine the exact medical causes of dropouts in decathlon.
Metastatic Occult Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Timothy Boehm
Journal: JAMA (1976)

FOLLICULAR carcinoma of the thyroid with distant metastases is considered a relatively progressive tumor associated with a poor five-year survival rate<sup>1-3</sup>and is rare in the absence of any abnormality in the neck by palpation or scan.<sup>4</sup>The following case illustrates two unusual features: (1) slow growth of a solitary metastasis from follicular carcinoma (2) distant metastasis from a small focus of follicular carcinoma that could not be detected by palpation or isotopic scanning of the thyroid. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 28-year-old woman was initially seen in October 1974, with a one-year history of left occipital headaches, which had increased in frequency over the previous three months. A skull roentgenogram (Fig 1) showed a 16-mm diameter lytic lesion of the left occiput. In December 1972, she had been beaten during a family quarrel and was taken to a local hospital. Skull roentgenograms (Fig 1) obtained from this
Cough Variant Asthma in Children
Authors: Paul J. Hannaway
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Thirty-two patients were referred for evaluation of chronic cough. We believe that these 32 patients represent a variety of asthma in which the presenting manifestation is cough. The characteristics of the cough are discussed. All 32 patients responded to therapeutic trials of theophylline. Obvious clinical asthma developed in 18 of 24 patients available for long-term follow-up, and in 11 of these patients, the asthma was classified as mild. However, in seven of these 18 patients, the asthma was classified as moderate in severity in that they eventually required around-the-clock daily bronchodilators. We believe that this group demonstrates that cough variant asthma is a distinct but frequently unrecognized entity in children.  ( JAMA 1982;247:206-208)
CEREBROSPINAL RHINORRHEA: REPORT OF CASE
Authors: John Edward Loftus
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Cerebrospinal rhinorrhea is a rare affection, characterized by the escape of cerebrospinal fluid into the nose. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> A woman, aged 40, single, engaged in housework, was seen, Jan. 5, 1922, after she had been treated three months for sinusitis. She was complaining of a persistent dripping of clear fluid from the left nostril for the preceding three months. The family history was negative with the exception that obesity ran in the family. The patient had always been very stout; the present weight was 241 pounds (109 kg.); otherwise the past history was negative. There was no history of any head injury. The present condition began, Oct. 23, 1921. After a very hearty laughing attack, followed by a severe sneezing, the patient was aware of a clear, limpid fluid from the left nostril; associated with this there was a severe frontal headache, which extended to the vertex. The headache
Influence of Developed Tension on Myocardial Potassium Balance in the Dog Heart
Authors: J. P. GILMORE, E. D. GERLINGS
Journal: Circulation Research (1968)

Experiments were carried out to determine the effect of changing preload on myocardial potassium balance. A blood-perfused dog heart was employed. Changes in the pressure recorded from a balloon in the left ventricle were assumed to reflect directional changes in myocardial wall tension. Developed tension was altered by changing the volume of the balloon. Net potassium balance was calculated as the product of the coronary A-V plasma potassium difference and coronary plasma flow. When the ventricle was developing little tension, it usually gained potassium. When diastolic volume and thus developed tension was increased, a net loss of myocardial potassium occurred. In some experiments the hemodynamic response of the ventricle to the increase in diastolic volume suggested that the contractility of the heart was increasing while the heart was losing potassium.
Clinical Phenotype and Outcome of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Associated With Thin-Filament Gene Mutations
Authors: Raffaele Coppini, Carolyn Y. Ho, Euan Ashley, Sharlene Day, Cecilia Ferrantini, Francesca Girolami, Benedetta Tomberli, Sara Bardi, Francesca Torricelli, Franco Cecchi, Alessandro Mugelli, Corrado Poggesi, Jil Tardiff, Iacopo Olivotto
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)

Mild hypertrophy but increased arrhythmic risk characterizes the stereotypic phenotype proposed for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) caused by thin-filament mutations. However, whether such clinical profile is different from more prevalent thick-filament–associated disease is unresolved. This study aimed to assess clinical features and outcomes in a large cohort of patients with HCM associated with thin-filament mutations compared with thick-filament HCM. Adult HCM patients (age >18 years), 80 with thin-filament and 150 with thick-filament mutations, were followed for an average of 4.5 years. Compared with thick-filament HCM, patients with thin-filament mutations showed: 1) milder and atypically distributed left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (maximal wall thickness 18 ± 5 mm vs. 24 ± 6 mm; p < 0.001) and less prevalent outflow tract obstruction (19% vs. 34%; p = 0.015); 2) higher rate of progression to New York Heart Association functional class III or IV (15% vs. 5%; p = 0.013); 3) higher prevalence of systolic dysfunction or restrictive LV filling at last evaluation (20% vs. 9%; p = 0.038); 4) 2.4-fold increase in prevalence of triphasic LV filling pattern (26% vs. 11%; p = 0.002); and 5) similar rates of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (p = 0.593). In adult HCM patients, thin-filament mutations are associated with increased likelihood of advanced LV dysfunction and heart failure compared with thick-filament disease, whereas arrhythmic risk in both subsets is comparable. Triphasic LV filling is particularly common in thin-filament HCM, reflecting profound diastolic dysfunction.
Towards a complete multiple-mechanism account of predictive language processing
Authors: Nivedita Mani, Falk Huettig
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Although we agree with Pickering &amp; Garrod (P&amp;G) that prediction-by-simulation and prediction-by-association are important mechanisms of anticipatory language processing, this commentary suggests that they: (1) overlook other potential mechanisms that might underlie prediction in language processing, (2) overestimate the importance of prediction-by-association in early childhood, and (3) underestimate the complexity and significance of several factors that might mediate prediction during language processing.
Breast carcinoma associated with pregnancy: a clinician's dilemma.
Authors: G G Ribeiro, M K Palmer
Journal: BMJ (1977)

<h3>SUMMARY</h3> Organoids are 3-dimensional (3D) stem cell-derived cell culture lines that offer a variety of technical advantages compared to traditional 2-dimensional (2D) cell cultures. Although murine models have proved useful in biomedical research, rodent models often fail to adequately mimic human physiology and disease progression, resulting in poor preclinical prediction of therapeutic drug efficacy and toxicity. With the advent of organoid technology, many of these challenges can be overcome. Previously, the use of canine organoids in drug testing and disease modeling was limited to organoids originating from the intestine, liver, kidney, and urinary bladder. Here, we report the cultivation, maintenance, and molecular characterization of three novel adult-stem cell-derived canine organoid cell lines, including the endometrium, lung, and pancreas, in addition to previously reported kidney, bladder, and liver organoids from two genetically related canines. Six tissues and organoid lines from each donor were characterized using bulk RNASeq, allowing for a unique, multi-organ comparison between these two individuals and identification of specific cell types such as glandular epithelial cells in endometrial organoids.