tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cerebral tissue oxygenation in arterial and thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Séverine Müller-Mottet, Florian F. Hildenbrand, Stephan Keusch, Marco Maggiorini, Rudolf Speich, Konrad E. Bloch, Silvia Ulrich
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2014)

Background : Arterial and thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (PH) lead to hypoxemia.  We hypothesised that PH-patients have an impaired cerebral tissue oxygenation (CTO) at rest and during exercise in comparison to healthy controls, and that CTO may be improved by inhalation of oxygen or nitric oxide.   Methods : Patients undergoing right heart catheterization due to unexplained dyspnea were included. Pulmonary hemodynamics, blood oxygenation and CTO by near infrared spectroscopy were assessed after 10min of breathing room air, nitric oxide and oxygen, each randomized, cross-over, and during supine maximal bicycle exercise.   Results : 16 patients with PH (mean pulmonary arterial pressure ≥25mmHg, 14 arterial, 2 chronic thromboembolic) and 15 unaffected controls were included. Exercise was associated with a lower CTO in PH patients (median 61%, quartiles57;64) compared with controls (67%,65;71, p=.013). Oxygen and nitric oxide inhalation led to a significant increase in CTO in PH. The 6minute walk distance significantly correlated with CTO (p=.000), and was the only predictor of CTO in a multivariate analysis including age, pulmonary vascular resistance and mixed venous oxygen saturation (adjusted R 2 .511, P   Conclusion : CTO is decreased in PH vs. controls under even relatively mild exercise at 20 Watt. A lower CTO strongly correlates to a lower 6minute walk distance, even if corrected for age, blood oxygenation and hemodynamics. Supplemental oxygen and nitric oxide significantly improve CTO in PH.  Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01463514.
Kaposi's Sarcoma and Herpesvirus-Like DNA Sequences in Sensory Ganglia
Authors: Mario Corbellino, Carlo Parravicini, Jean Thierry Aubin, Emilio Berti
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

To the Editor: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV), has recently been proposed as a possible cofactor in the development of Kaposi's sarcoma.1 ...
THE PSYCHIC FACTOR IN CARDIAC DISORDERS
Authors: LEWIS A. CONNER
Journal: JAMA (1930)

There are several impelling reasons for the selection of this topic for my contribution to this series of talks on subjects of special interest to the practitioner. These may be stated briefly as: first, the great prevalence of disorders of the heart having as their chief or only determining cause some purely emotional disturbance; second, the frequency with which such psychic disturbances are the result of some injudicious statement or action on the part of a physician—be he family practitioner, specialist or life insurance examiner; third, the fact that emotional reactions may play a very important part in the clinical picture presented by patients who have unmistakable evidences of organic heart disease, and, finally, the necessity, on the part of the practitioner, of a full and sympathetic understanding of these psychic factors if treatment is to be successful. It need hardly be explained, I am sure, that in this discussion
Medical-Legal Implications of Clinical Alert
Authors: Leonard R. Prosnitz
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

Journal Article Medical-Legal Implications of Clinical Alert Get access LEONARD R. PROSNITZ LEONARD R. PROSNITZ Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Box 3085 Duke University Medical CenterDurham, NC 27710 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 80, Issue 19, 7 December 1988, Page 1574, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/80.19.1574 Published: 07 December 1988
Role of the Kv4.3 K <sup>+</sup> Channel in Ventricular Muscle
Authors: Jane E. Dixon, Wenmei Shi, Hong-Sheng Wang, Christine McDonald, Hangang Yu, Randy S. Wymore, Ira S. Cohen, David McKinnon
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

The expression of 15 different K+ channels in canine heart was examined, and a new K+ channel gene (Kv4.3), which encodes a rapidly inactivating K+ current, is described. The Kv4.3 channel was found to have biophysical and pharmacological properties similar to the native canine transient outward current (I(to)). The Kv4.3 gene is also expressed in human and rat heart. It is concluded that the Kv4.3 channel underlies the bulk of the I(to) in canine ventricular myocytes, and probably in human myocytes. Both the Kv4.3 and Kv4.2 channels are likely to contribute to the I(to) in rat heart, and differential expression of these two channels can account for observed differences in the kinetic properties of the I(to) in different regions of rat ventricle. There are significant differences in the pattern of K+ channel expression in canine heart, compared with rat heart, and these differences may be an adaptation to the different requirements for cardiac function in mammals of markedly different sizes. It is possible that the much longer ventricular action potential duration observed in canine heart compared with rat heart is due, in part, to the lower levels of Kv1.2, Kv2.1, and Kv4.2 gene expression in canine heart.
Difficulties in diagnosing meningococcal meningitis.
Authors: A Bryceson
Journal: BMJ (1979)

incidence of allergic complications than those with no detected antigen in blood.3Furthermore, high concentrations of antigen in CSF at diagnosis with slow disappearance of antigen were associated with neurological damage.Thus, while I agree with the authors' two conclusions, which, I respectfully submit, are self-evident, there are well-known immuno- logical techniques which can improve diagnostic accuracy and which also have some prognostic and epidemiological value.
The inside story on prison health care
Authors: P. A Mellor
Journal: BMJ (2003)

I can speak from first hand experience about the lack of health care within the prison service, albeit from the perspective of the much over populated female estate.

The job of being a prison doctor is hard. Many inmates are drug users or self harmers. They pull fast ones to get legal prescriptions to alleviate the gnawing need for heroin or crack cocaine. They try to get sick notes so they do not have to work. However, not all prisoners are addicts or skivers, yet we are treated as if we are. On the “out,” as it is colloquially known in prison, a general practitioner doesn't have to ascertain physically that someone has been up all night vomiting—his or her word is accepted as the truth. Unfortunately, someone residing at Her Majesty's pleasure is and always will be an inmate first …
Cisternography and CT Scanning with 111In-DTPA in Evaluation of Posterior Fossa Arachnoid Cysts
Authors: JOHN LUSINS, HIROSHI NAKAGAWA, MOSHE SOREK, STANLEY GOLDSMITH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1979)

A patient with a large, long-standing posterior fossa arachnoid cyst was evaluated. Computed tomography was used to demonstrate the cyst. 111In-DTPA cisternography demonstrated the communication of the cyst with the subarachnoid space, stasis of the 111In in the cystic space, and incomplete ascent of cerebrospinal fluid over the cerebral hemispheres.
Exercise and Blood Pressure: Nutritional Considerations
Authors: DENNIS M. BIER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Exercise dramatically alters metabolic fuel balance and thus affects nutrient requirements. Because amino acids only serve a minor fuel role in exercise, the effect of work on protein requirements has received little recent attention. However, current research into the regulatory roles of amino acids (notably leucine) on muscle metabolism has led to renewed investigation of the substrate homeostatic functions of amino acids during exercise. These interests, coupled with reassessment of the limitations of recommendations for dietary amino acid intake obtained by the balance method and introduction of new tracer kinetic approaches for estimating nutrient requirements, have raised the possibility that exercise of high intensity or long duration may alter dietary amino acid needs to an extent not previously appreciated.
Quantitative assessment of bactericidal ability of leukemic cells in childhood acute leukemia
Authors: Atsushi Komiyama, Hiroharu Saitoh, Hiroshi Kawai, Masashige Tsukada, Taro Akabane
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1980)

Abstract Bactericidal ability of leukemic cells was evaluated in four children with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and in two with acute monocytic leukemia (AMoL) by means of quantitative assay of intracellular viable bacteria and by electron microscopy. The electron microscopy confirmed phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by the leukemic cells. The leukemic cells killed a significantly smaller proportion of phagocytized bacteria than normal neutrophils. In some patients the leukemic cells virtually lacked bactericidal ability, despite presence of phagocytic ability. The defect of the cells in killing bacteria was more prominent in AML than in AMoL. The clinical importance of the defective bactericidal ability of leukemic cells is discussed.
Abstract 4664: Fast analysis and quantification of collagen fibril alignment in the tumor microenvironment in an MNU-induced model of mammary carcinogenesis
Authors: Marna E. Ericson, Nathan Gallus, Clinton J. Grubbs, Ann Bode, Ronald Lubet
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract We have developed a one-day imaging acquisition and analysis protocol to quantify orientation of the collagen fibrils at the boundary of a mammary tumor lobule in a tissue biopsy. We reported that the degree of radially-aligned collagen fibrils in the tumor-stromal interface of rodent mammary tumor tissue is an indicator of chemotherapeutic potential of the EGFr inhibitor, gefitinib (Ericson et al. 2009 In: Proc Annu Meet AACR; Abstract nr 5002). The MNU-induced model of mammary carcinogenesis was used to develop image capture and analysis protocols. Small, 1-mm punch biopsies, were acquired from female rats with palpable (app. 250 mm2) tumor masses. Biopsy tissues were fixed and cut into 150-micron thick sections. No staining was necessary as fibrillar collagen, a hyperpolarizable structural protein, is readily detected using second harmonic generation imaging (SHG). Using this technique, the collagen fibrils can be imaged using fresh ex vivo, fixed, or paraffin-embedded tissue. Multiple SHG images of adjacent fields of view (FOV) were acquired at 200X magnification over the entire 1-mm biopsy section. Each FOV image is a stack of 14 five-micron optical sections, acquired in the Z-plane of the sample. This is an automated process using a programmable stage allowing for fast 3D data acquisition over the entire section. We developed Photoshop and Image J plug-ins to automate the projection of the individual optical Z-stacks and subsequent image stitching of all the projections. Tumor/stromal boundaries were then identified by the operator. The angle of divergence to the tangent at the tumor interface for all fibrils was quantified. Collagen fibrils running parallel to the tangent are at zero degrees while fibrils perpendicular to the tangent are at 90 degrees. This analysis can be completed in a single day. More perpendicular collagen orientation at the tumor/stromal interface may be indicative of a fast-growing aggressive tumor or enhanced ability of the tumor to invade surrounding tissue whereas predominant parallel collagen orientation could reflect increased encapsulation of the tumor mass which would then discourage further tumor growth or as our work has shown, the collagen orientation may serve as an indicator of responsiveness to chemotherapy. The development of an indicator/test for chemotherapeutic efficacy would be a useful tool for drug design or in creation of an individualized patient treatment plan. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4664.
Increased blood levels of methyl tert-butyl ether but not of ethyl propionate during instillation with contact gallstone dissolution agents in the pig
Authors: Oliver Esch, Claudio D. Schteingart, Dirk Pappert, Diane Kirby, Rita Streich, Alan F. Hofman
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

We performed experiments in anesthetized piglets with two cholesterol gallstone solvents, methyl tert-butyl ether and ethyl propionate, to determine whether blood levels of either solvent would increase during gallbladder instillation of these solvents under conditions simulating gallstone dissolution. The solvent was oscillated rapidly in and out of the gallbladder with a computer-controlled syringe pump; intraluminal pressure was set below the leakage pressure, and oscillating volume was set below the leakage volume to decrease loss of solvent into the intestine. Blood levels were measured with gas chromatography. Six piglets received methyl tert-butyl ether, and six piglets received ethyl propionate. During 2 hr of instillation with methyl tert-butyl ether, blood levels increased steadily to concentrations averaging 0.3 ml/L blood at 2 hr; during a 6-hr period of instillation, blood levels rose to above 0.4 ml/L blood. Replacement of methyl tert-butyl ether with saline solution in the gallbladder caused blood levels to decline gradually; plasma levels decreased by half in 90 min. In contrast, when ethyl propionate was infused for 2 or 6 hr, blood levels remained below the detection limit, probably because of high first-pass hepatic extraction. We conclude that, under conditions simulating those likely present in patients undergoing contact dissolution of gallbladder stones, the two solvents differ: Ethyl propionate is removed so rapidly from blood that its levels remain undetectable, whereas methyl tert-butyl ether levels in blood (and, presumably, peripheral tissues) increase continuously.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
On the Abundance and Distribution of Transposable Elements in the Genome of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Carolina Bartolomé, Xulio Maside, Brian Charlesworth
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

The abundance and distribution of transposable elements (TEs) in a representative part of the euchromatic genome of Drosophila melanogaster were studied by analyzing the sizes and locations of TEs of all known families in the genomic sequences of chromosomes 2R, X, and 4. TEs contribute to up to 2% of the sequenced DNA, which corresponds roughly to the euchromatin of these chromosomes. This estimate is lower than that previously available from in situ data and suggests that TEs accumulate in the heterochromatin more intensively than was previously thought. We have also found that TEs are not distributed at random in the chromosomes and that their abundance is more strongly associated with local recombination rates, rather than with gene density. The results are compatible with the ectopic exchange model, which proposes that selection against deleterious effects of chromosomal rearrangements is a major force opposing element spread in the genome of this species. Selection against insertional mutations also influences the observed patterns, such as an absence of insertions in coding regions. The results of the analyses are discussed in the light of recent findings on the distribution of TEs in other species.
Abstract 2363: Comparison and characterization of two orthotopic glioblastoma <i>in vivo</i> mouse models with human U87 and LN-229 cells using <i>in vivo</i> bioluminescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Authors: Andreas Lingnau, Steffen Hoffmann, Claudia Weidensteiner, Wilfried Reichardt, Fabian Kording, Cynthia Obodozie-Schaefer, Christoph Schaechtele
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Glioblastoma is the most common and most aggressive type of malignant brain tumors. The prognosis is poor, with a median survival time of several months only. Despite steady progress in treatment of glioblastomas this tumor entity is still not curable. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of novel effective therapies, and for appropriate in vivo models to characterize them. Most often novel antiglioblastoma drugs are tested in subcutaneous xenograft mouse models using various human or murine glioblastoma cell lines. To generate more relevant, orthotopic brain cancer in vivo models, we stably transduced the human glioblastoma cell lines U-87 and LN-229 with fire fly luciferase suitable for in vivo bioluminescence imaging. To initiate orthotopic growth, nude mice were anesthetized and placed in a stereotactic fixation device. Through a burr hole cells were implanted intracranially using a Hamilton syringe. Once to twice a week we used bioluminescence imaging to continually monitor tumor growth in vivo. However, as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most relevant tool to monitor oncological therapy in glioblastomas clinically, we adapted this translational aspect and analysed the mice in parallel using a dedicated animal MRI System. MRI offers detailed information about growth characteristics, size, blood supply and interaction with the surrounding tissue of the tumor. To achieve this, we performed T2-weighted imaging, and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) weekly to visualise the tumors as well as necrosis and edemas. The use of both methods allowed independent and complementary characterization of the tumors. When exponential growth of the orthotopic tumors was observed, and the tumors reached critical sizes necropsy was done. In vivo bioluminescence imaging revealed only a very dominant signal in the region of the brain where the primary tumor was located. To address potential metastases in more detail we analysed a set of different resected organs and tissues for in vitro luciferase activity followed by extensive histological examination. Currently, we test different anti-glioblastoma agents in these orthotopic models to evaluate an antitumoral effect as well as a potential reduction of the edemas comparing the results in both models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2363. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2363
Benefits of fetal surgery must be carefully evaluated
Authors: M. D Kilby, M. J Whittle
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—The expanding role of intrauterine fetal surgery is creating much interest.1 At the fetal medicine centre in Birmingham we have performed an intrauterine angioplasty for critical pulmonary stenosis, which led to the birth of a viable baby (J Wright et al, meeting of Fetal Medicine and …
Johnson's Early Sign of Pregnancy.
Authors: H. L. E. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Washington, D. C., April 23, 1904. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Replying to the letter by Drs. L. M. Giffin and O. M. Gilbert,The Journal, April 23, page 1090, giving their experience with the Johnson early sign of pregnancy, I beg to say I noted the same condition, together with the intermittent softening, in Case 10, reported in my article inThe Journal, Feb. 20, 1904, but made no mention of the softening and change in color of the fundus uteri observed in the laparotomy case because I was dealing solely with those conditions occurring in the intravaginal portion of the cervix uteri. I have received a large number of letters making inquiry concerning the rhythm in intermittent hardening and softening and change in color of the cervix, but, I regret to say, I am not able to report on that important feature of the new sign, but hope to present
Physical Activity Efficacy and Effectiveness Among Older Adults and Minorities
Authors: Daniel O Clark
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

The objective of this study was to consider efficacy and effectiveness of physical activity for the prevention and management of NIDDM among minorities and older adults of the U.S. Relevant population trends and projections are discussed, followed by a review of the efficacy of physical activity based on theoretical, prospective cohort, and intervention studies. With few empirical studies available, the assessment of effectiveness is largely theoretical and focuses on potentially important issues for future studies among older adults and minorities. Efficacy studies have shown that moderate-intensity physical activity is associated with a one- to two-thirds lower incidence of NIDDM over 4–14 years and 15–20% lower glycosylated hemoglobin over 3–4 months among people with NIDDM. With physical inactivity prevalence at 60–70%, much work remains to be done to improve physical activity effectiveness. In the most vulnerable populations, physician referral and community involvement structured around stage of change and self-efficacy theories are suggested as the most promising approaches to promoting physical activity adoption and maintenance. Effectiveness or demonstration studies that test and build on stage of change, self-efficacy, and other concepts of physical activity promotion and outcomes would likely prove to be highly valuable investments for public health.
Bayesian statistical methods
Authors: L. Freedman
Journal: BMJ (1996)

In this week's BMJ, Lilford and Braunholtz (p 603) explain the basis of Bayesian statistical theory.1 They explore its use in evaluating evidence from medical research and incorporating such evidence into policy decisions about public health. When drawing inferences from statistical data, Bayesian theory is an alternative to the frequentist theory that has predominated in medical research over the past half century.

As explained by Lilford and Braunholtz, the main difference between the two theories is the way they deal with probability. Consider a clinical trial comparing treatments A and B. Frequentist analysis may conclude that treatment A is superior because there is a low probability that such an extreme difference would have been observed when the treatments were in fact equivalent. Bayesian analysis begins with the observed difference and then asks how likely is it that treatment A is in fact superior to B. In other words, frequentists deduce the probability of observing an outcome given the true underlying state (in this case no difference between treatments), while Bayesians induce the probability of the existence of the true but as yet unknown underlying state (in this case, A is superior to B) given the data.

The difference is quite profound, and, although the conclusions reached by applying the two methods may be qualitatively the same, the mode of expressing those conclusions will always be different. For example, a frequentist may conclude that the difference between treatments A and B is highly significant (P = 0.002), meaning that the chance of observing such an extreme difference when A and B are in fact …
Factors Affecting Work Load in General Practice--II
Authors: G. N. Marsh, R. A. McNay
Journal: BMJ (1974)

The second part of a survey studying factors that affect a general practitioner's work load considers the effects of age, sex, social class and time on list. Women, the old, and the young created the most work for the doctor and his paramedical team. Patients in the lower social classes also generated more work, even though a larger proportion of the higher social classes used the resources of the general practice-and more fully. Newly-registered patients generated slightly more work than the more permanent residents. Not only the size of a doctor's list, therefore, but also the demographic features of the community should be taken into account in determining the size and structure of the general-practice team needed for an area.