tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Irving J. Selikoff
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1974)

Some 99,000 new cases of cancer of the colon are expected next year, an incidence rate higher than that for both cancer of the lung and cancer of the breast. Evidence from geographic pathology suggests that some environmental factors play a strong role in its etiology. Data obtained in the 1959 survey of one million people by the American Cancer Society and followed since, has failed to show correlation with any of the large number of factors listed. It is suggested that the etiology is one of multiple factors. The synergistic effect of exposure to asbestos and cigarette smoking in the production of bronchogenic carcinoma is demonstrated by data on cohorts of insulation workers. There was also a modest increase in the number of deaths from gastrointestinal cancer in asbestos workers, but smoking did not seem to act in synergistic fashion at that site, except perhaps in the esophagus. Deaths from cancer occurred almost entirely after a period of 20 years or more from initial exposure. The death rate from cancer tended to increase with duration of exposure, but a distinct rise over the expected was seen in those who had been exposed less than one year to amosite dust.
Infantile Disseminated Histoplasmosis
Authors: Hugh E. Evans
Journal: JAMA (1962)

SINCE THE INITIAL report by Dodd and Tompkins of infantile disseminated histoplasmosis, several other cases have been recorded. The source of infection was unknown in these patients. This is in contrast to the experience in adults in whom the source of infection is commonly soil contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum. It is our purpose to report a case of severe disseminated histoplasmosis in an infant from whose pillow feathers H. capsulatum was cultured. Report of a Case The patient, a male, was born Nov. 2, 1960, weighing 5 lb. and 11 oz. (2.6 kg.). Gestation had been terminated by induction of labor in the eighth month because of erythroblastosis fetalis. He became severely icteric during the first day of life and was successfully treated with 3 exchange transfusions. After 2 weeks he was discharged from the nursery in good condition. He appeared to be thriving until February, 1961, when fever developed
CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA. REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: B. M. KAUFMAN, H. R. VICKERS, J. RAYNE, T. J. RYAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1967)

Journal Article CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA. REPORT OF A CASE Get access B. M. KAUFMAN, B. M. KAUFMAN Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. R. VICKERS, H. R. VICKERS Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. RAYNE, J. RAYNE Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. J. RYAN T. J. RYAN Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 79, Issue 4, 1 April 1967, Pages 210–220, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1967.tb11477.x Published: 01 April 1967
ALLOGENEIC THYMUS GRAFTS AND THE RESTORATION OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN IRRADIATED THYMECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: Alan C. Aisenberg
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1970)

Irradiated and thymectomized CBA mice are markedly depressed in several immunological parameters (skin homograft rejection, graft-vs.-host activity and hemolytic plaque-forming cells of the spleen, hemolysin and hemagglutinin formation, and peripheral lymphocyte counts). In the present experiments the ability of homografts of neonatal thymus placed beneath the kidney capsule to restore immunological capacity of such animals was studied. Thymus homografts which share the same H-2 locus with the CBA mouse were permanently tolerated and immunological restoration was complete. Skin from the thymus donor was specifically retained, but third party skin with even minor (non-H-2) incompatibility was normally rejected and hemolytic plaque-forming cells of the spleen were restored. Thymus homografts which differ at the H-2 locus were promptly rejected and led to accelerated rejection of skin subsequently grafted from the thymus donor. With such H-2 incompatible thymus grafts, third party skin with minor histo-incompatibility was retained while there was slight to moderate restoration of rejection of skin with major (H-2) incompatibility. Graft-vs.-host activity was restored, but there was no return of plaque-forming spleen cells, hemolysins, hemagglutinins, or peripheral lymphocyte counts. In view of the cross-reactivity at the H-2 locus in CBA mice between thymus and third party skin donors, it was felt that restoration of skin rejection and graft-vs.-host activity could be adequately explained on the basis of immunization by the thymus graft and did not require the postulation of true immune restoration or a thymus hormone.
Bayesian animals sense ecological constraints to predict fitness and organize individually flexible reproductive decisions
Authors: Patricia Adair Gowaty, Stephen P. Hubbell
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract A quantitative theory of reproductive decisions (Gowaty &amp; Hubbell 2009) says that individuals use updated priors from constantly changing demographic circumstances to predict their futures to adjust actions flexibly and adaptively. Our ecological/evolutionary models of ultimate causes seem consistent with Clark's ideas and thus suggest an opportunity for a unified proximate and ultimate theory of Bayesian animal brains, senses, and actions.
The high-risk angina patient. Identification by clinical features, hospital course, electrocardiography and technetium-99m stannous pyrophosphate scintigraphy.
Authors: H G Olson, K P Lyons, W S Aronow, P J Stinson, J Kuperus, H J Waters
Journal: Circulation (1981)

We evaluated 193 consecutive unstable angina patients by clinical features, hospital course and electrocardiography. All patients were managed medically. Of the 193 patients, 150 (78%) had a technetium-99m pyrophosphate (Tc-PYP) myocardial scintigram after hospitalization. Of these, 49 (33%) had positive scintigrams. At a follow-up of 24.9 +/- 10.8 months after hospitalization, 16 of 49 patients (33%) with positive scintigrams died from cardiac causes, compared with six of 101 patients (6%) with negative scintigrams (p less than 0.001). Of 49 patients with positive scintigrams, 11 (22%) had had nonfatal myocardial infarction at follow-up, compared with seven of 101 patients (7%) with negative scintigrams (p less than 0.01). Age, duration of clinical coronary artery disease, continuing angina during hospitalization, ischemic ECG, cardiomegaly and a history of heart failure also correlated with cardiac death at follow-up. Ischemic ECG and a history of angina with a crescendo pattern also correlated with nonfatal infarction at follow-up. Patients with continuing angina, an ischemic ECG and a positive scintigram constituted a high-risk unstable angina subgroup with a survival rate of 58% at 6 months, 47% at 12 months and 42% at 24 and 36 months. We conclude that the assessment of clinical features, hospital course, ECG and Tc-PYP scintigraphy may be useful in identifying high-risk unstable angina patients.
Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy
Authors: C. B Ferguson, S. Mahsud-Dornan, R N. Patterson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Active maternal inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy carries a greater risk to the fetus than appropriate treatment.Careful management is essential to achieve good obstetric outcome This is one of a series of occasional articles about how to manage a pre-existing medical condition during pregnancy METHODSWe searched the PubMed database using the terms "inflammatory bowel disease", "Crohn's disease", "ulcerative colitis", "pregnancy", and "congenital malformations".We assessed the results for relevance and all relevant articles were reviewed where possible.
The Neurophysiological Background for Anesthesia
Authors: William Z. Rymer
Journal: JAMA (1973)

This book aims to acquaint anesthetists with the elements of neurophysiology relevant to their discipline, and neurophysiologists with the effects of anesthetic agents on the nervous system. Both objectives, while laudable, are inadequately fulfilled. Analgesia, amnesia, and muscular relaxation have central importance for anesthetists and are dealt with in separate chapters. The material on analgesia considers the effects of local anesthetic agents but does not include centrally acting analgesic agents. Further chapters on the neurophysiological mechanisms of pain, and on the electrical signs of the effects of anesthetic agents on the brain complete the volume. The opening chapter on pain provides on acceptable historical perspective, but it deals less capably with recent evidence on the question of specificity in afferent systems related to pain perception. Perhaps too much credence is given to the "gate-control" hypothesis, which has not received recent experimental support. The related accounts of primary afferent depolarization and
Two-and-One-Half-Year Survival of Patient With Ruptured Wilms' Tumor
Authors: Carl Pochedly
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Rupture of a Wilms' tumor with intraperitoneal dissemination of tumor cel's rarely occurs. Of the few reported cases, all died either from the acute episode or soon afterwards from widespread metastases.<sup>1,2</sup>We recently observed such a case in which there was prolonged survival. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 5-year-old white boy was admitted to the Nassau County Medical Center because of severe abdominal pain. On the day prior to admission, after playing football with his father, he started to have continuous pain on the right side of his abdomen which became progressively worse. When examined he showed exquisite tenderness to abdominal palpation and percussion. There was boardlike rigidity, and obvious rebound tenderness. Bowel sounds were decreased and results of rectal examination were normal. The hemoglobin level was 10.4 gm/100 ml, hematocrit value was 33%, and white blood cell count was 17.700/cu mm, with 89% neutrophils, 5%
Patients on Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs: Another High-Risk Group for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Michael E.J. Lean, Frank-Gerald Pajonk
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Our review in Diabetes Care (1) described the understanding of schizophrenia and diabetes and antipsychotic medication in relation to how it emerged from the published literature when we wrote the article. New results will change the emphasis in a balanced review, and delays between literature search, writing, and publication may exacerbate this phenomenon. We did not seek to prove causation or to quantify the links between specific atypical antipsychotics and the onset of type 2 diabetes. However, we presented evidence that patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic drug therapy are at elevated risk of type 2 diabetes. Hardy and Breier (2), in their letter in this issue of Diabetes Care , make several points that we would like to address.

First, they question the quality of the studies that we review, stating that they “are not suited to address causation.” Our review of over 50 years of literature included studies of variable quality but this richness would not satisfy modern criteria for systematic …
Esophageal Perforation With Obturator Airway
Authors: William J. Carlson
Journal: JAMA (1979)

RUPTURE of the esophagus is an infrequent sequel to insertion of an esophageal obturator airway<sup>1</sup>during cardiopulmonary arrest. Since many of these patients have a poor prognosis, however, prompt recognition coupled with effective treatment when this complication occurs becomes important. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 47-year-old woman with a flu-like syndrome for a two-day period and with no notable past medical history sustained a cardiopulmonary arrest (ventricular fibrillation) while at home. Fire department emergency medical technician (EMT)-paramedics successfully resuscitated her by using closed-chest cardiac massage, an esophageal obturator airway, and electrical direct current countershock. On arrival at Bethesda Lutheran Medical Center, the patient was comatose but breathing spontaneously. Her blood pressure was 136/98 mm Hg, and she had a sinus rhythm of 100 beats per minute. After a grand mal seizure lasting one hour (possibly owing to anoxia), she regained consciousness with no residual cerebral damage. Serial cardiac isoenzyme
Predictors of new fragility fractures after diagnosis of indolent systemic mastocytosis
Authors: Eveline van der Veer, Suzanne Arends, Sjoukje van der Hoek, Joris B. Versluijs, Jan G.R. de Monchy, Joanna N.G. Oude Elberink, Jasper J. van Doormaal
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Common Phylogenetic Origin of Protamine-like (PL) Proteins and Histone H1: Evidence from Bivalve PL Genes
Authors: José M. Eirín-López, John D. Lewis, Le Ann Howe, Juan Ausió
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Sperm nuclear basic proteins (SNBPs) can be grouped into three main categories: histone (H) type, protamine (P) type, and protamine-like (PL) type. Protamine-like SNBPs represent the most structurally heterogeneous group, consisting of basic proteins which are rich in both lysine and arginine amino acids. The PL proteins replace most of the histones during spermiogenesis but to a lesser extent than the proteins of the P type. In most instances, PLs coexist in the mature sperm with a full histone complement. The replacement of histones by protamines in the mature sperm is a characteristic feature presented by those taxa located at the uppermost evolutionary branches of protostome and deuterostome evolution, while the histone type of SNBPs is predominantly found in the sperm of taxa which arose early in metazoan evolution; giving rise to the hypothesis that protamines may have evolved through a PL type intermediate from a primitive histone ancestor. The structural similarities observed between PL and H1 proteins, which were first described in bivalve molluscs, provide a unique insight into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying SNBP evolution. Although the evolution of SNBPs has been exhaustively analyzed in the last 10 years, the origin of PLs in relation to the evolution of the histone H1 family still remains obscure. In this work, we present the first complete gene sequence for two of these genes (PL-III and PL-II/PL-IV) in the mussel Mytilus and analyze the protein evolution of histone H1 and SNBPs, and we provide evidence that indicates that H1 histones and PLs are the direct descendants of an ancient group of "orphon" H1 replication-dependent histones which were excluded to solitary genomic regions as early in metazoan evolution as before the differentiation of bilaterians. While the replication-independent H1 lineage evolved following a birth-and-death process, the SNBP lineage has been subject to a purifying process that shifted toward adaptive selection at the time of the differentiation of arginine-rich Ps.
Apprentice to Genius: The Making of a Scientific Dynasty
Authors: Mike Oppenheim
Journal: JAMA (1987)

I have always believed that the noblest American institution—one that the most embittered radical could not despise—was our free public library system. Lately I wonder if I should add the National Institutes of Health. The NIH is, as Lewis Thomas has written, the greatest research institution on earth. We forget how unique it is. Other wealthy countries support medical research in a modest way. None spends more than a tiny fraction of the NIH budget. We also forget how "American" it is. Essentially everyone approves. One can always find political support for cutting spending on defense, space, welfare, or the environment. Attacking the NIH gets little sympathy from Congress. Science writer Robert Kanigel has not produced a history of the NIH but a more focused story of five scientists who illustrate the explosion of US research during the past 50 years. Each nurtured the next—thus the book's title. James Shannon
Of the Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Obstructions of the Intestines
Authors: J. Burne
Journal: BMJ (1851)

THE frequency of obstructions of the intestinal canal, the variety of causes, the difficulty of diagnosis, the diversity of opinion as to treatment, and the imperfect consideration given to the subject hitherto, have without doubt determined the Royal College of Surgeons to select for competition "The Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Obstructions of the Intestines within the Abdomen."The danger that always attends and the fatal issue that too often results from intestinal obstruction have induced me to bring this subject before the Association, satisfied that the members recognise its great practical importance, as well as the great principle that the alle- viation and cure of disease is the proper aim of all our studies, researches, and labours; satisfied, also, that the collective experience of this assembly will go far to determine the most rational and most promising treatment.The CAUSES of obstruction may be divided into- 1st.Intrinsic, or those causes which affect the intestine from within.2nd.Extrinsic, or those causes which affect the intestine from without.3rd.Those causes which do not range themselves under either of the foregoing divisions.The intrinsic causes embracea.Accumulations of ingesta, taken as food or otherwise.b.* I have found, since I t,anscribed this case from my notes, that it was alluded to by my father in a paper "On Cerebral Diseases and their Treatm-nt," read betore the Medical Section of the British Association.t Thissud the ijilowingeawswere admittedat the " Bristol Dispensary forthe cure of.complaints in the eyea'r
Effect of Chemotherapy in Patients With Resected Small-Cell or Large-Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma
Authors: Nader Abedallaa, Lise Tremblay, Charlotte Baey, Dominique Fabre, David Planchard, Jean Pierre Pignon, Joel Guigay, Cécile Le Pechoux, Jean Charles Soria, Vincent Thomas de Montpreville, Benjamin Besse
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Serum S-100 protein: a potentially useful prognostic marker in cutaneous melanoma
Authors: H.D. ABRAHA, L.C. FULLER, A.W.P. DU VIVIER, E.M. HIGGINS, R.A. SHERWOOD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

S-100, an acidic calcium-binding protein, is present within cells of neuroendocrine origin. Its value in the immunohistochemical diagnosis of tumours of melanocytic origin is well established. More recently, a potential role has been proposed for the serum concentration of this protein as a marker of metastatic melanoma disease activity. In the present study, the concentration of serum S-100 protein was measured in 97 patients with histologically proven malignant melanoma who were attending a dermatology and/or oncology department for the follow-up of their disease. Serum S-100 was also measured in 48 control subjects without malignant melanoma. The clinical stage of the patients was classified according to the criteria of the American Joint Committee on Cancer into stages I-IV. The median (range) serum S-100 protein concentration was significantly higher in stage I (0.11 (0.1-0.21) microgram/L, P < 0.001), stage II (0.11 (0.05-0.22) microgram/L, P < 0.001), stage III (0.24 (0.07-0.41) microgram/L, P < 0.0001) and stage IV (0.39 (0.06-15.0) microgram/L, P < 0.0001) compared with the control group (0.1 (0.05-0.15) microgram/L). At a threshold value of 0.2 microgram/L, the sensitivity and specificity for detection of advanced disease were 82% and 91%, respectively. Thus serum S-100 protein may be a valuable prognostic marker for malignant melanoma and for monitoring therapy. Serum S-100 protein concentration was also compared with the Breslow thickness of the tumours. There was a significant correlation between these variables (n = 72, rs = 0.32, P < 0.01). Combining a serum S-100 threshold value of > 0.22 microgram/L and a Breslow thickness of > 4 mm improved the sensitivity and specificity for the presence of secondary spread to 91% and 95%, respectively. Therefore, a combination of both baseline serum S-100 protein and Breslow thickness may provide a better indication of the prognosis at diagnosis.
Cessation of Zidovudine Therapy May Lead to Increased Replication of HIV-1
Authors: Mark A. Wainberg
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A Canadian multicenter study, started in 1986, has assessed the potential toxic effect of zidovudine in 72 adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 (Centers for Disease Control stages II and III). <h3>Study. —</h3> Isolation of HIV-1 from circulating mononuclear cells of each subject was carried out both before the start of therapy and at regular intervals thereafter. Subjects received 600 mg/d of drug for 18 weeks, 900 mg/d for the subsequent nine weeks, and 1200 mg/d for a further nine-week period. After 36 weeks of therapy, subjects did not receive zidovudine for a six-week washout period designed to establish the reversibility of the hematologic effects of the drug.<sup>1</sup>Zidovudine therapy was then restarted at 42 weeks at a dose of 1200 mg/d. Human immunodeficiency virus was isolated successfully<sup>2</sup>in 33% and 41% of patients six weeks before and at the start of therapy, respectively.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in temporal arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: T. Ellingsen, P. Elling, A. Olson, H. Elling, U. Baandrup, K. Matsushima, B. Deleuran, Kristian Stengaard-Pedersen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2000)

To examine the localisation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in the inflamed vessel wall in temporal arteritis (TA) and to measure MCP-1 in plasma both in patients with TA and patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR).By immunohistochemical techniques MCP-1 was localised to the vessel wall in patients with TA. In TA, PMR, and healthy controls MCP-1 was quantified by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in plasma.MCP-1 was localised to the majority of mononuclear cells, some smooth muscle cells, and giant cells in the arterial biopsy specimens from 12 patients with histologically verified TA. In all sections, including the vasa vasorum, the endothelium stained positive. In the intima 73% (range 57-91%), in the media 49% (range 32-67%), and in the adventitia 74% (range of 62-91%) of all cells stained positive. In plasma MCP-1 was significantly raised in untreated TA (n=33) and untreated PMR (n=27) compared with healthy controls (n=12). Untreated TA plasma levels of MCP-1 (mean 391 pg/ml (range 82-778 pg/ml)) were similar to untreated PMR plasma levels (mean 402 pg/ml (range 29-1153 pg/ml)), and no significant difference was found between the two groups of patients. In both patients with TA and patients with PMR no correlation was found between the plasma level of MCP-1 and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, haemoglobin concentration, and CD4/CD8 ratio.These results show that MCP-1 plays a part in the disease processes of TA and PMR.
1097 INDEPENDENT RISK FACTORS AND PREDICTIVE SCORE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C AFTER SUSTAINED RESPONSE TO PEGINTERFERON AND RIBAVIRIN COMBINATION THERAPY
Authors: K.-C. Chang, C.-M. Lee, S.-N. Lu, J.-H. Wang, C.-H. Hung, C.-H. Chen, T.-H. Hu
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)