tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hand Hygiene in Hospitals
Authors: Philip P. Mortimer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Letters5 October 1999Hand Hygiene in HospitalsPhilip P. MortimerPhilip P. MortimerCentral Public Health Laboratory; Colindale, London, England (Mortimer)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-7-199910050-00028 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:May I add to the list of reasons why health care workers do not wash their hands as frequently as they should, as referred to in Pittet and colleagues' paper (1) and in Dr. Boyce's editorial (2)? The list should include the following: too few hand-washing basins and poor access to them; antiquated faucets that are hard to turn on and off, do not easily mix hot and cold water, and do not allow hands to be comfortably washed under a gentle warm stream; a hot water supply whose temperature has, through heightened and possibly exaggerated fear ...References1. Pettit D, Mourouga P, Perneger TV. Compliance with handwashing in a teaching hospital. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:126-30. LinkGoogle Scholar2. Boyce JM. It is time for action: improving hand hygiene in hospitals [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1999;130:153-4. LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Central Public Health Laboratory; Colindale, London, England (Mortimer) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoHave We Treated AIDS Too Well? Rationing and the Future of AIDS Exceptionalism David J. Casarett and John D. Lantos Compliance with Handwashing in a Teaching Hospital Didier Pittet , Philippe Mourouga , Thomas V. Perneger , and It Is Time for Action: Improving Hand Hygiene in Hospitals John M. Boyce Metrics Cited byHand Washing: Simple, Cost Effective, Evidence Based … Lip Service! 5 October 1999Volume 131, Issue 7Page: 546KeywordsDisinfectionFearHealth care providersHygieneLegionellaMicrobiologyMorbidityRiversSoapsTemperature Issue Published: 5 October 1999 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Parenteral Nutrition: Substrate and Secretagogue
Authors: Philip Felig
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Maintenance of adequate nutrition in circumstances in which feeding via the gastrointestinal tract is precluded has been the subject of biologic inquiry since Caspar Sotus infused dogs with wine in 1664.1 In terms of current knowledge, the principles of intravenous nutrition can best be understood in the context of two types of clinical situations. In the nontraumatized, previously well nourished adult in whom oral feeding must be withheld for several days, prime attention is directed at minimizing protein losses and preventing starvation ketosis. This purpose is achieved by providing 100 to 150 g of carbohydrate per day (for consumption by . . .
Oilseed rape and seasonal symptoms: epidemiological and environmental studies.
Authors: A Soutar, C Harker, A Seaton, M Brooke, I Marr
Journal: Thorax (1994)

BACKGROUND--There is widespread concern that the cultivation of oilseed rape leads to seasonal epidemics of respiratory symptoms in populations living in the neighbourhood, and it has been suggested that the plant is a potent allergen. A study was therefore undertaken to determine the prevalence of seasonal symptoms in rural populations close to and far from areas of oilseed rape cultivation, and to measure the levels of allergen and other potentially harmful substances released by the crop. METHODS--Random samples of 1000 adults from the general practice populations of two villages surrounded by oilseed rape fields, and 1000 adults from one village far from such cultivation, were taken. The subjects completed a previously validated questionnaire on respiratory and other symptoms, including questions on symptom seasonality, occupation, and smoking habits. Pollen and fungal spore counts were made around fields of oilseed rape and in the villages. The chemicals released by oilseed rape were measured in the field. RESULTS--Overall, 86.8% of the subjects completed the questionnaires and the populations of the two samples were generally comparable. Spring and summer exacerbations of symptoms occurred equally in the two areas in approximately 25% of the population. There were small but significant excesses of cough, wheeze, and headaches in spring in the oilseed rape area (2.3% v 1.1%, 6.8% v 4.6%, and 4.8% v 2.8%, respectively), and cough, wheeze, and itchy skin were more prevalent in smokers. Counts of oilseed rape pollen were generally low except adjacent to fields, and counts of fungal spores were mostly higher in the rape than the non-rape areas. Oilseed rape was shown to give off terpenes and these were detected close to fields. CONCLUSIONS--While it is likely that a proportion of the spring symptoms occurring in people living in close proximity to oilseed rape is caused by the plant, the excess of such symptoms is small. This, together with the low levels of pollen in the area, suggests that allergy to oilseed rape pollen is uncommon. The general prevalence of seasonal symptoms in rural areas is of interest, and a proportion of these cases is likely to be caused by factors other than allergy. Release of chemicals by plants and natural rises in summer ozone levels may be contributors.
Newer Anti-Rheumatic Drugs
Authors: JOHN L. ABRUZZO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Editorial Notes1 July 1978Newer Anti-Rheumatic DrugsJOHN L. ABRUZZO, M.D., F.A.C.P.JOHN L. ABRUZZO, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-89-1-131 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA burgeoning market for drugs generally classed as anti-rheumatic (or anti-inflammatory) and a clear need for drugs able to reduce the joint destruction caused by rheumatoid arthritis have led to intense efforts in drug development. Where we stand in these efforts was reviewed at a forum on the treatment of inflammatory connective tissues held by the American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics at its 79th Annual Meeting in Atlanta, 29-31 March 1978.More than 50 active anti-rheumatic compounds are under investigation. Most of these are drugs classified as arylalkanoic acid derivatives—aspirin, other types of salicylates, indomethacin, and phenylbutazone are...References1. FINKELSTEIN A, WALZ D, BATISTA V, MIZRAJI M, ROISMAN F, and MISHER A: Auranofin. New oral gold compound for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 35:251-257, 1976 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. BERGLOF F, BERGLOF K, and WALZ D: Auranofin: an oral chrysotherapeutic agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 5:68-74, 1978 MedlineGoogle Scholar3. HUSKISSON E, DIEPPE P, SCOTT J, TRAPNELL J, BALME H, and WILLOUGHBY D: Immunostimulant therapy with levamisole for rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1:393-395, 1976 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. ROSENTHAL M, BREYSSE Y, ST J DIXON A, FRANCHIMONT P, HUSKISSON E, SCHMIDT K, SCHUERMANS Y, VEYS E, and VISCHER T: Levamisole and agranulocytosis (letter). Lancet 1: 904-905, 1977 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: JOHN L. ABRUZZO, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Division of Rheumatology Jefferson Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byInterstitial nephropathies and pyelonephritis in the agedMedikamentöse TherapieNonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs 1 July 1978Volume 89, Issue 1Page: 131-132KeywordsClinical pharmacologyDrug therapyDrugsRheumatoid arthritisSalicylates ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 July 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...
Preventing osteoporosis, falls, and fractures among elderly people
Authors: P. Kannus
Journal: BMJ (1999)

In recent decades the number and incidence of injuries caused by falls among older adults have increased dramatically throughout the world, and without any population level intervention the increasing trend is likely to continue—largely because of an increasing number of older people. 1 About two thirds of these injuries are bone fractures, the hip fracture being the most common, the most devastating, and the most expensive that our healthcare systems have to face.1

Regular exercise is probably the only method that may prevent osteoporotic fractures, the true end point of the entire osteoporosis problem, by preventing both osteoporosis and falls. The evidence seems stronger for exercise preventing osteoporosis. Human and animal studies have shown that physical activity can increase bone mass, density, and strength. 2 3 The starting age of activity is crucial: the benefit to bone is doubled if the activity is started before or at puberty …
Reviews and Notes: Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Marc T. Zubrow
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Literature of Medicine15 September 1995Reviews and Notes: Critical Care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and ManagementMarc T. Zubrow, MDMarc T. Zubrow, MDMedical Center of Delaware, Wilmington, DE 19801Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-123-6-199509150-00037 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail JE Parrillo and RC Bone; eds. 1667 pages. St. Louis: Mosby; 1995. $175.00. ISBN 0801670055, Order phone 800-426-4545.Since the late 1970s, critical care medicine as a specialty has come into its own. Each of the major medical disciplines has developed it sown fellowship and certification systems, and each new emergence has been accompanies by a proliferation of books addressing all facets of the specialty. The preface to Critical care Medicine: Principles of Diagnosis and Management clearly states that this text was compiled for the internal medicine intensivist. The authors have done a masterful job.Organizationally, the text follows a ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Medical Center of Delaware, Wilmington, DE 19801 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 September 1995Volume 123, Issue 6Page: 480KeywordsBoneCritical careDrugsEchocardiographyFellowshipsIntensive care unitsLibrariesNitric oxideRenal systemSepsis ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 September 1995 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1995 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Complement fixation by pemphigus antibody. V. Assembly of the membrane attack complex on cultured human keratinocytes.
Authors: P Xia, R E Jordon, W D Geoghegan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Previous studies have shown that pemphigus vulgaris (PV) IgG will fix early complement components (C1q, C4, and C3) to cultured murine epidermal cell surfaces and that PV IgG and complement alter epidermal cell membrane integrity. The present study was undertaken to determine if assembly of terminal complement components (C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9) and expression of C5b-9 neoantigens occur when PV IgG interacts with human keratinocyte (HuK) cell surface antigens in the presence of a source of complement. Monoclonal antibodies specific for C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, and C5b-9 neoantigens were screened for reactivity to the individual complement components in an assembled complex of human C5b-9 on rabbit red blood cell ghosts. Monoclonal antibodies (tissue culture supernatants) that bound to antigenic determinants accessible in the C5b-9 complex were selected for this study using immunofluorescence methods. HuK treated with PV IgG fixed C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, and C5b-9 neoantigens in a characteristic speckled pattern, while normal IgG did not. Heat inactivation or EDTA treatment of the complement source, or substitution of C2-depleted serum abolished C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, and C5b-9 neoantigen staining. PV IgG and complement also resulted in significant cytotoxicity to cell membranes as assessed using an ethidium bromide-fluorescein diacetate assay. These results suggest that PV IgG will activate the membrane attack complex of the complement system on HuK cell surfaces, resulting in cytotoxicity to cell membranes, further implicating complement in the pathogenesis of pemphigus.
Invasion Factors uPA/PAI-1 and HER2 Status Provide Independent and Complementary Information on Patient Outcome in Node-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Iris Zemzoum, Ronald E. Kates, Jeffrey S. Ross, Peer Dettmar, Moshumi Dutta, Cordula Henrichs, Suna Yurdseven, Heinz Höfler, Marion Kiechle, Manfred Schmitt, Nadia Harbeck
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: The independent clinical relevance of invasion factors urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)/PAI-1 and HER2 status was evaluated in lymph node-negative breast cancer patients (N = 118) without adjuvant systemic therapy after long-term follow-up of more than 10 years (median, 126 months). Patients and Methods: Levels of uPA and its inhibitor PAI-1 were prospectively measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in primary tumor tissue extracts. HER2 gene amplification (HER2_AMP) was evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH; Ventana Medical Systems HER-2/neu probe; Tucson, AZ), and HER2 protein overexpression (HER2_EXP) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC; Oncogene Science antibody Ab-3; Cambridge, MA) on parallel-cut formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Results: uPA/PAI-1 was high (either one or both factors were high) in 44% of the tumors. HER2_AMP was detected by FISH in 33% of the patients, and HER2_EXP was found by IHC in 44% of the patients. In a multivariate analysis of established and tumor-biologic prognostic factors, uPA/PAI-1 was the only independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival ([DFS]; P &lt; .001; relative risk [RR], 8.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4 to 20.4). Although HER2_AMP and HER2_EXP did not reach significance for DFS, they were significant for overall survival (OS), even in multivariate analysis (HER2_AMP: P = .004; RR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 9.2; HER2_EXP: P = .009; RR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.4 to 8.7). Conclusion: After long-term follow-up, uPA/PAI-1 levels in primary tumor tissue reliably and strongly indicate an aggressive course of disease in lymph node-negative breast cancer independent of HER2 status. The particular prognostic effect of HER2 status on OS may reflect its ability to predict resistance to systemic therapy.
Disinfection by-products in drinking water: critical issues in health effects research.
Authors: J Fawell, D Robinson, R Bull, L Birnbaum, G Boorman, B Butterworth, P Daniel, H Galal-Gorchev, F Hauchman, P Julkunen, C Klaassen, S Krasner, J Orme-Zavaleta, J Reif, R Tardiff
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)
Pharyngeal and Laryngeal Symptoms of Thyroid Origin
Authors: Richard Thomas Barton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

IT IS the purpose of this paper to point out some of the pharyngeal and laryngeal symptoms of thyroid origin and the lesions they may represent. Sore Throat The fact that sore throat can be a symptom of thyroid disease is not new, but it is not generally realized by practicing physicians. Crile and Rumsey1 have demonstrated in a recent study the chief complaints in a series of 38 cases of subacute thyroiditis. These are listed in the table below:As seen in the table, sore throat was the commonest chief complaint of all, and it was shown by the . . .
Control of breathing in patients with limb girdle dystrophy: a controlled study.
Authors: F Gigliotti, A Pizzi, R Duranti, M Gorini, I Iandelli, G Scano
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--In patients with limb girdle dystrophy the relative contribution of peripheral factors (respiratory muscle weakness, and lung and/or airway involvement) and central factors (blunted and/or inadequate chemoresponsiveness) in respiratory insufficiency has not yet been established. To resolve this, lung volumes, arterial blood gas tensions, respiratory muscle strength, breathing pattern and neural respiratory drive were investigated in a group of 15 patients with limb girdle dystrophy. An age-matched normal group was studied as a control. METHODS--Respiratory muscle strength was assessed as an arithmetic mean of maximal inspiratory (MIP) and expiratory (MEP) pressures. Breathing pattern was evaluated in terms of volume (ventilation VE, tidal volume VT) and time (respiratory frequency Rf, inspiratory time TI, expiratory time TE) components of the respiratory cycle. Neural respiratory drive was assessed as the mean inspiratory flow (VT/TI), mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1) and electromyographic activity (EMG) of the diaphragm (EMGd) and the intercostal parasternal (EMGp) muscles. In 10 of the 15 patients the responses to carbon dioxide (PCO2) stimulation were also evaluated. RESULTS--Most patients exhibited a moderate decrease in vital capacity (VC) (range 37-87% of predicted), MIP (range 23-84% of predicted), and/or MEP (range 13-41% of predicted). The arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) was increased in three patients breathing room air, while PaO2 was normal in all. Compared with the control group Rf was higher, and VT, TI and TE were lower in the patients. EMGd and EMGp were higher whilst VT/TI and P0.1 were normal in the patients. Respiratory muscle strength was inversely related to EMGd and EMGp. PaCO2 was found to relate primarily to VC and duration of illness, but not to respiratory muscle strength. During hypercapnic rebreathing delta VE/delta PCO2, delta VT/delta PCO2, and delta P0.1/delta PCO2 were lower than normal, whilst delta EMGd/delta PCO2 and delta EMGp/delta PCO2 were normal in most patients. A direct relation between respiratory muscle strength and delta VT/delta PCO2 was found. CONCLUSIONS--The respiratory muscles, especially expiratory ones, are weak in patients with limb girdle dystrophy. Reductions in respiratory muscle strength are associated with increased neural drive and decreased ventilatory output (delta VT/delta PCO2). The decrease in VC, together with the duration of disease, influence PaCO2. VC is a more useful test than respiratory muscle strength for following the course of limb girdle dystrophy.
Many older people may be overtreated for diabetes, US study finds
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

More than half of older adults with multiple comorbidities may be overtreated for diabetes, a US study has shown. It found that many of these patients are on insulin or sulphonylureas, resulting in low HbA1c levels and putting them at risk of hypoglycaemia despite guidelines that recommend less aggressive glucose control in this group.

Optimal glucose management in older people is currently unclear, particularly in those with complex medical problems. Guidelines recommend higher glycaemic targets for older people with comorbidities because intensive …
Insertion Events of CR1 Retrotransposable Elements Elucidate the Phylogenetic Branching Order in Galliform Birds
Authors: V. B. Kaiser, M. van Tuinen, H. Ellegren
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Using standard phylogenetic methods, it can be hard to resolve the order in which speciation events took place when new lineages evolved in the distant past and within a short time frame. As an example, phylogenies of galliform birds (including well-known species such as chicken, turkey, and quail) usually show low bootstrap support values at short internal branches, reflecting the rapid diversification of these birds in the Eocene. However, given the key role of chicken and related poultry species in agricultural, evolutionary, general biological and disease studies, it is important to know their internal relationships. Recently, insertion patterns of transposable elements such as long and short interspersed nuclear element markers have proved powerful in revealing branching orders of difficult phylogenies. Here we decipher the order of speciation events in a group of 27 galliform species based on insertion events of chicken repeat 1 (CR1) transposable elements. Forty-four CR1 marker loci were identified from the draft sequence of the chicken genome, and from turkey BAC clone sequence, and the presence or absence of markers across species was investigated via electrophoretic size separation of amplification products and subsequent confirmation by DNA sequencing. Thirty markers proved possible to type with electrophoresis of which 20 were phylogenetically informative. The distribution of these repeat elements supported a single homoplasy-free cladogram, which confirmed that megapodes, cracids, New World quail, and guinea fowl form outgroups to Phasianidae and that quails, pheasants, and partridges are each polyphyletic groups. Importantly, we show that chicken is an outgroup to turkey and quail, an observation which does not have significant support from previous DNA sequence- and DNA-DNA hybridization-based trees and has important implications for evolutionary studies based on sequence or karyotype data from galliforms. We discuss the potential and limitations of using a genome-based retrotransposon approach in resolving problematic phylogenies among birds.
GALVANIZATION OF THE BRAIN
Authors: R. T. Caesar
Journal: BMJ (1912)

TDAICL Jousaw .io6j cups, can generally be roused, at any rate to mutter and grumble.Moreover, his nervous signs are no more on the one side tlan the other; and liis urine, tho'uglih of low gravity, is probably free from albtumen and sugar.The same points hold good for opium, except, perhaps, that the patient may have sunk-too far Lethe-wards to be recalled at all.In addition, his pupils will be narrowly contracted, his skin cold, moist, and livid, his pulse slow and weak, and towards the end his -breathing flickers out.As to
Constitutive and inducible expression of drug metabolizing enzymes in cultured human keratinocytes
Authors: F. VECCHINI, K. MACE, J. MAGDALOU, Y. MAHE, B.A. BERNARD, B. SHROOT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1995)

Journal Article Constitutive and inducible expression of drug metabolizing enzymes in cultured human keratinocytes Get access F. VECCHINI, F. VECCHINI CIRD Galderma, BP 87 06902 Sophia Antipolis cedes, Valbonne. France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. MACE, K. MACE Nestec SA, Research Center, Vers‐chez‐Ies‐blanc. Lausanne, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. MAGDALOU, J. MAGDALOU Centre du Médicament, U.R.A. CNRS n° 997, 30 rue Lionnois, 14000 Nancy, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y. MAHE, Y. MAHE L'OréaI. Centre de Recherches Charles Zviak, 90 rue du Général Roguet. 92583 Clichy cedex, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.A. BERNARD, B.A. BERNARD L'OréaI. Centre de Recherches Charles Zviak, 90 rue du Général Roguet. 92583 Clichy cedex, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. SHROOT B. SHROOT CIRD Galderma, BP 87 06902 Sophia Antipolis cedes, Valbonne. France B.Shroot, CIRD Galderma, Sophia‐Antipolis, 06565 Valbonne, France. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 132, Issue 1, 1 January 1995, Pages 14–21, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1995.tb08618.x Published: 01 January 1995 Article history Accepted: 20 May 1994 Published: 01 January 1995