tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SERUM SENSITIZATION OF ACID-FAST BACTERIA
Authors: Stuart Mudd, Emily B. H. Mudd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

Serum sensitization of the acid-fast bacteria causes two definite and directly observable changes in the bacterial surface: 1. A change from a surface readily wet by oil to a surface more readily wet by aqueous salt solution than by oil. This change is observed by microscopic examination of the bacteria in a saline-oil interface; thus detected, the surface alteration is said to constitute a "positive interface reaction." 2. An increased cohesiveness of the sensitized bacteria. This may be detected either by centrifuging the bacteria and then shaking up the sediment (resuspension reaction), or by observation of the clumps in the saline-oil interface. The interface reaction is serologically specific and confirms the existence of qualitative differences among acid-fast bacteria. The interface reaction parallels the binding of agglutinins as detected by the resuspension reaction, but not agglutination as ordinarily tested for. The interface reaction is less sensitive,-i.e., gives lower titers-than the resuspension reaction in about the average ratio of 1:3. The interface reaction in most instances runs approximately parallel to the complement fixation reaction; under at least one set of conditions, however, the interface reaction is correlated with the binding of agglutinin but not with the complement fixation reaction. How much of the bacterial surface must be covered with agglutinin in order to produce agglutination varies greatly with the bacterial strain used. The bacterial surfaces are modified by treatment with fresh normal sera in a manner quantitatively less but qualitatively not observably different from the effects of immune sera. Heating normal human, sheep, goat, or rabbit sera for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C. has usually diminished but not abolished their effect on the bacterial surface. Similar inactivation of guinea pig sera left them without detectable effect on the bacterial surface. The agglutination prezone is shown to be due to interference by excess colloidal material with the collisions of the bacteria prerequisite to clumping. The prezone maybe abolished by centrifugation and resuspension of the sediment. Antibodies may be partially dissociated from the sensitized bacteria by alkali, with return of the bacterial surface toward its normal, unsensitized condition. A carbohydrate yielding on hydrolysis a positive pentose test has been detected in the specific alcohol extracts of acid-fast bacteria studied by Furth and Aronson.(27) The tentative suggestion is made that the alcohol-soluble antigens of acid-fast microorganisms may be conjugated lipins owing their specificity to carbohydrate haptenes. Protective antipneumococcus globulins after heat denaturation have shown behavior in the saline-tricaprylin interface indistinguishable from that of maximally sensitized acid-fast bacteria. This strengthens the evidence suggesting that sensitized bacteria are coated with denatured globulin.
<scp>T</scp> cells producing the anti‐inflammatory cytokine <scp>IL</scp>‐10 regulate allergen‐specific <scp>T</scp>h2 responses in human airways
Authors: A. Faith, N. Singh, S. Farooque, S. Dimeloe, D. F. Richards, H. Lu, D. Roberts, E. Chevretton, T. H. Lee, C. J. Corrigan, C. M. Hawrylowicz
Journal: Allergy (2012)

Abstract Background Murine models suggest a critical functional role for the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL ‐10 in local regulation of allergic airways inflammation. There is little corresponding information on human airway cells. This study aimed to investigate whether local IL ‐10 production regulates responses by respiratory mucosal leucocytes isolated from nasal polyps. Materials and Methods Nasal polyp tissue was harvested from 24 patients sensitised to aeroallergens with chronic rhinitis and polyposis undergoing routine polypectomy. Cells were isolated by matrix proteolysis. Cytokine production by polyp cells was determined by cytometric bead array ( CBA ) and intracellular cytokine analysis. Surface marker expression by polyp cells was determined by flow cytometry. Results Allergen stimulation significantly enhanced production of IL ‐10, but not IL ‐5 or IFN ‐γ by nasal polyp cell suspensions. Under the same conditions, neutralisation of IL ‐10 significantly increased allergen‐specific IL ‐5 and IFN ‐γ production by nasal polyp cells. Cell depletion experiments showed that T cells themselves were primarily responsible for IL ‐10 production or for inducing its production by other cells. Intracellular cytokine staining confirmed production of IL ‐10 in the absence of IL ‐2 production by T cells in response to allergen. Conclusion T cells within the human respiratory mucosa produce IL ‐10, which is capable of inhibiting pro‐inflammatory T h2 and T h1 cytokine production in an antigen‐specific fashion.
Role of renal metabolism and excretion in 5-nitrofuran-induced uroepithelial cancer in the rat.
Authors: L A Spry, T V Zenser, S M Cohen, B B Davis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

5-Nitrofurans have been used in the study of chemical carcinogenesis. There is substantial evidence that N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide (FANFT) is deformylated to 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (ANFT) in the process of FANFT-induced bladder cancer. Paradoxically, ANFT is less potent as a uroepithelial carcinogen than FANFT when fed to rats. Feeding aspirin with FANFT to rats decreases the incidence of bladder cancer. Isolated kidneys were perfused with 5-nitrofurans to determine renal clearances and whether aspirin acts to decrease urinary excretion of the carcinogen. In FANFT-perfused kidneys, FANFT was deformylated to ANFT and excreted (1.06 +/- 0.22 nmol/min) at a rate eightfold higher than excretion of FANFT. In kidneys perfused with equimolar ANFT, excretion of ANFT was 0.25 +/- 0.05 nmol/min, which suggests a coupling of renal deformylation of FANFT to excretion of ANFT in FANFT-perfused kidneys. Neither aspirin nor probenecid altered the urinary excretion or half-life of FANFT or ANFT. In rats fed 0.2% FANFT as part of their diet, coadministration of aspirin (0.5%) increased urinary excretion of ANFT during a 12-wk feeding study, which suggests decreased tissue binding or metabolism of ANFT. Kidney perfusion with acetylated ANFT (NFTA), a much less potent uroepithelial carcinogen, resulted in no ANFT excretion or accumulation, which indicates the specificity of renal deformylase. Renal deformylase activity was found in broken cell preparations of rat and human kidney. These data describe a unique renal metabolic/excretory coupling for these compounds that appears to explain the differential carcinogenic potential of the 5-nitrofurans tested. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that aspirin decreases activation of ANFT by inhibiting prostaglandin H synthase.
Carbohydrate content of endoscopic gastric biopsies in carcinoma of the stomach.
Authors: G Machado, J R Clamp, A E Read
Journal: Gut (1977)

An investigation of the glycoproteins of gastric mucus from biopsies of patients with gastric cancer has shown a change in certain carbohydrate components. There is a significant increase (P less than 0-001) in mannose and a significant decrease in N-acetylgalactosamine in both secretors and non-secretors from cancer-free and cancer-bearing regions of the stomach as compared with normal stomachs. The possible reasons for this change and its relation to two possible glycoprotein fractions are discussed.
Natural Course of Egg, Milk and Peanut Allergy Using a Novel Diagnostic Scheme: 1 Year Follow-Up in an Observational Study (CoFAR2) of Food Allergy
Authors: S.H. Sicherer, D. Stablein, R.A. Wood, A.W. Burks, A.H. Liu, S.M. Jones, D.M. Fleischer, D.Y. Leung, R. Lindblad, H.A. Sampson
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Cyberconference Helps Archivists Manage Trove of Scientific Papers
Authors: Lynne Lamberg
Journal: JAMA (1996)

IN A RESEARCH career that began in 1919 and continued for nearly 6 decades at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in Baltimore, Md, Psychobiologist Curt P. Richter, PhD (1894-1988), observed more than 20000 animals, often for their entire lifespans. He kept— and saved—meticulous records on every one, from rodents to humans, creating a mountain of logbooks, charts, and graphs.  An investigator with encyclopedic interests, Richter, who died in 1988:  • found that rats deprived of salt, protein, fat, and other nutrients developed specific hungers for the missing substances;  • localized the hypothalamus as the site of the biological clock;  • charted the natural history of the grasp reflex from cradle to grave;  • documented the impact of domestication on wild rats;  • tied alterations in biological rhythms to psychiatric illness;  • and anticipated modern chaos theory as applied to medical illness.  While Richter published more than 375 scientific papers,
108 A NOVEL MODEL OF PRIORITY ASSESSMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ON A COMMON LIVER TRANSPLANT WAITING LIST: A MULTICENTRE, COHORT STUDY
Authors: A. Vitale, T.M. De Feo, P. Burra, A.C. Frigo, R. Ramirez Morales, L. De Carlis, M. Manini, S. Fagiuoli, A. Picciotto, P. Toniutto, E. Regalia, U. Cillo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Neuronal Differentiation and Synaptogenesis in Retinoblastoma
Authors: Dianna A. Johnson, Jiakun Zhang, Sharon Frase, Matthew Wilson, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Michael A. Dyer
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Retinoblastomas initiate in the developing retina in utero and are diagnosed during the first few years of life. We have recently generated a series of knockout mouse models of retinoblastoma that recapitulate the timing, location, and progression of human retinoblastoma. One of the most important benefits of these preclinical models is that we can study the earliest stages of tumor initiation and expansion. This is not possible in human retinoblastoma because tumors initiate in utero and are not diagnosed until they are at an advanced stage. We found that mouse retinoblastoma cells exhibit a surprising degree of differentiation, which has not been previously reported for any neural tumor. Early-stage mouse retinoblastoma cells express proteins found normally in retinal plexiform layers. They also extend neurites and form synapses. All of these features, which were characterized by immunostaining, Golgi-Cox staining, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, suggest that mouse retinoblastoma cells resemble amacrine/horizontal cells from the retina. As late-stage retinoblastoma cells expand and invade the surrounding tissue, they lose their differentiated morphology and become indistinguishable from human retinoblastomas. Taken together, our data suggest that neuronal differentiation is a hallmark of early-stage retinoblastoma and is lost as cells become more aggressive and invasive. We also show that rosette formation is not a hallmark of retinoblastoma differentiation, as previously believed. Instead, rosette formation reflects extensive cell-cell contacts between retinoblastoma cells in both early-stage (differentiated) and late-stage (dedifferentiated) tumors. [Cancer Res 2007;67(6):2701–11]
Duration of breast feeding and adult arterial distensibility
Authors: K. A Dettwyler, W. Holmes, T. Greiner, J. Sikorski, C. Dezateux, A. Holt, I. B Wilkinson, J. R Cockcroft, P. M. Dark, M.-J. Rolli, P. Leeson, A. Lucas, S. Davies
Journal: BMJ (2001)
Non-surgical invasive procedures such as dermal fillers should also be regulated
Authors: C. Bunker, T. Griffiths
Journal: BMJ (2012)

We of the British Association of Dermatologists strongly believe that the advertising of cosmetic surgery should be controlled and limited.1 2 Regulation of these services and those who conduct them must also be extended to higher risk non-surgical procedures such as dermal fillers and laser because, like surgery, they can carry clinically significant health …
Greater Incidence of Hospitalized Myocardial Infarction Among Mexican Americans Than Non-Hispanic Whites
Authors: David C. Goff, Milton Z. Nichaman, Wenyaw Chan, David J. Ramsey, Darwin R. Labarthe, Carmen Ortiz
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Since Mexican Americans have adverse patterns of risk factors for myocardial infarction relative to non-Hispanic whites, the incidence of myocardial infarction should be greater among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites. This expectation conflicts with reports generated from death certificate registries. Methods and Results Data regarding myocardial infarction attacks and incident events were collected for a 4-year period in the Corpus Christi Heart Project, a population-based surveillance project for hospitalized coronary heart disease events. For both women and men, Mexican Americans experienced greater hospitalization rates for both attacks and incident events than non-Hispanic whites. Age-adjusted attack rate ratios comparing Mexican Americans with non-Hispanic whites were 1.59 (95% CI, 1.05 to 2.41) and 1.31 (95% CI, 1.18 to 1.45) among women and men, respectively. Corresponding incidence ratios were 1.52 (95% CI, 1.28 to 1.80) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.10 to 1.42). Conclusions This is the first report documenting greater incidence of hospitalized myocardial infarction among Mexican Americans than among non-Hispanic whites, a biologically plausible finding given the risk factor patterns observed in the Mexican-American population. Public health planners and clinicians should be aware of the importance of myocardial infarction as a health problem in the Mexican-American population. Culturally appropriate prevention strategies should be developed for and tested in Mexican-American populations.
USE OF THE NEWER URICOSURIC AGENTS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GOUT
Authors: J. E. Seegmiller
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Zoxazolamine in doses up to 125 mg., administered to patients with gout, increased the urinary excretion of uric acid and lowered the serum urate level. In some patients increasing the dosage to 250 mg. intensified these effects to the point of causing a urate crystalluria. Sulfinpyrazone and probenecid each had additive uricosuric effects when given with zoxazolamine, but all three of these uricosuric drugs (especially sulfinpyrazone) were antagonized by sodium salicylate. Given without due precautions during acute attacks of gout, the uricosuric drugs may cause exacerbations. They should be given during quiescent phases of the disease. The newer drugs are of special value in treating patients who have failed to respond to probenecid. A large fluid intake, alkalinization of the urine, and an initial low dosage of the drug helps prevent urate deposition in the urinary tract.
PSYCHIATRIC CASUALTIES IN THE ROYAL CANADIAN NAVY
Authors: MARVIN WELLMAN, J. F. SIMPSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1945)

1. Mental conditions were responsible for 15% of the medical discharges from the Royal Canadian Navy. This figure has remained constant. 2. Psychoneurotic reactions were by far the most frequent psychiatric casualties observed. More than half of these were anxiety states. Psychoses have been rare. 3. The most frequent precipitating factor was naval service life, and in this the most important component was failure to adjust to the demands of living in a group. Sea service was the next most frequent factor and enemy action the most important component. 4. Of those who broke down at sea practically half did so during the first six months. Following a decrease for nine months the incidence rises, from which we might conclude that personnel should not be left at sea under conditions of active warfare for more than fifteen months. 5. At least 85% of our psychiatric casualties have been returned to full duty.
ROC Curve Analysis of Skin Testing and Specific IgE Antibodies Values to Predict Clinical Allergy to Alternaria in Asthmatic Subjects
Authors: E. Bevilacqua, N. Fernández, C. Fernández, M. Garcimartin, S. Romero, A. Gomez, R. Vives
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Influence of HLA Matching on Thoracic Transplant Outcomes
Authors: Jeffrey D. Hosenpud, Erick B. Edwards, Hung-Mo Lin, O. Patrick Daily
Journal: Circulation (1996)

The benefit of matching donor organs and recipients for HLAs has been well established in renal transplantation and has been suggested for thoracic organ transplantation. To determine the effect of HLA matching in cardiac and single-lung transplantation, the following study was performed.Using the joint Thoracic Transplant Registry or the United Network for Organ Sharing and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, all adult primary heart and single-lung transplant procedures performed in the United States from October 1987 through December 1993 were analyzed to determine the effects of HLA matching on transplant mortality. Both total HLA matches and matches at individual HLA loci were considered. Including HLA matching, 16 potential risk factors for heart transplant outcome and 16 potential risk factors for lung transplant outcome were subjected to multivariate analysis. A total of 10752 heart transplants and 1239 lung transplants were included in the independent analyses for each organ. For heart transplantation, there was a progressive reduction in risk for greater matching (1 or 2 matches: risk ratio, 0.83; 3 matches: risk ratio, 0.67; 4 to 6 matches: risk ratio, 0.59; all P < or = .01). The primary benefit of matching appeared to be at the A and DR loci (risk ratios, 0.87 and 0.79, respectively; P < .001). For lung transplantation, any matching had an independent positive effect on outcome; however, the relationship between numbers of HLA matches and relative risk was not present and ranged from risk ratios of 0.71 to 0.87 (P = .01 and P = .47, respectively). In this analysis, only matching at the A locus appeared to statistically influence outcome (risk ratio, 0.76; P = .01).These data demonstrate that HLA matching independently impacts survival in both heart and single-lung transplantation.
Familial Mesothelioma After Intense Asbestos Exposure at Home
Authors: Frederick P. Li
Journal: JAMA (1978)

MESOTHELIOMA is primarily an occupational disease of asbestos workers, but the neoplasm may also develop after intense exposure to asbestos outside the workplace.<sup>1</sup>This report of pleural mesotheliomas in the wife and a daughter of an asbestos handler suggests that gross asbestos contamination of the home can be a serious health hazard. <h3>Report of Cases</h3> Patient 1 (Figure), the father, worked as a pipe insulator at a shipyard for approximately 25 years (1940 to 1965). Pulmonary asbestosis was diagnosed at age 60 years in 1966. He also smoked one to two packs of cigarettes daily for several decades. In 1977, metastatic adenocarcinoma in the left upper lobe of the lung developed and the patient died. Findings from an autopsy demonstrated severe pulmonary asbestosis and lung cancer. Patient 2, the mother, was in good health until a right pleural effusion developed in 1967 at age 50 years. A right thoracotomy
Marketplace model is destructive of NHS
Authors: L. Wood
Journal: BMJ (1993)

We question what improvement in the data is afforded by treating thQse who do not sit a voluntary examination as equivalent to those who enter and fail it.In the emerging atmosphere of higher education, in which quality and value for money are watchwords, funding bodies are increasingly using performance indicators.Such indicators include numbers of staff and students; school leaving qualifications; drop out rates; quality of educational provision; pass rates; measures of graduates' subsequent success; and excellence and productivity of research.Data on many of these have been published or made available to universities, and they provide material for reflection-for example, one of us has reported substantial differences in the clinical experience provided by groups of medical schools (London, Oxford and Cambridge, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland).'Medical education is a continuum from under- graduate training through to continuing medical education.One object of undergraduate training is to prepare students for postgraduate training, which is typically assessed at some point by the examinations of the royal colleges.Measures of success in medicine are thus likely to include the results of these examinations, and we do not think that this is inappropriate.To this end it is desirable that all royal colleges publish data on the performance in their examinations of British graduates by medical school.
The Dietetic Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus*†
Authors: L. H. NEWBURGH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1929)

Article1 January 1929The Dietetic Treatment of Diabetes MellitusA Restatement of the Fundamental PrinciplesL. H. NEWBURGHL. H. NEWBURGHSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-2-7-645 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAs long ago as 1914, F. M. Allen had demonstrated that the principle of undernutrition was vastly more successful in the reduction of diabetic hyperglycemia and glycosuria than the older methods in use at that time. Joslin enthusiastically adopted this principle and made it the central feature in the routine treatment of his diabetic patients. Both men emphasized the value of a sharp reduction of calories, but paid little attention to the source of the energy of the diet, with the exception that they permitted only minimal amounts of fat. Joslin felt it necessary to keep the fat as low...References(1) JOSLIN EP Ideals in the Treatment of Diabetes and Methods of Their Realization., New England J. Med., 1928, cxcviii, 379. CrossrefGoogle Scholar(2) MARSHWALLER PLHG: Arch. Int. Med., 1923, xxxi, 63. CrossrefGoogle Scholar(3) WILEECKSTEINCURTIS VJHCAC Lipid studies in Xanthoma, : Accepted for publication by Archives of Dermatology. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Ann Arbor*From the Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Michigan.†Presented to the Michigan State Medical Society at its annual meeting in Detroit, September 28. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByWhat are we to think when results from mouse research contradict those from human experiments and clinical practice?Insulin 1 January 1929Volume 2, Issue 7Page: 645-649KeywordsDietFatsHyperglycemia Issue Published: 1 January 1929 PDF DownloadLoading ...