tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The effect of rising food prices on food consumption: systematic review with meta-regression
Authors: R. Green, L. Cornelsen, A. D. Dangour, R. Turner, B. Shankar, M. Mazzocchi, R. D. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Objective</b> To quantify the relation between food prices and the demand for food with specific reference to national and household income levels. <b>Design</b> Systematic review with meta-regression. <b>Data sources</b> Online databases of peer reviewed and grey literature (ISI Web of Science, EconLit, PubMed, Medline, AgEcon, Agricola, Google, Google Scholar, IdeasREPEC, Eldis, USAID, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, World Bank, International Food Policy Research Institute), hand searched reference lists, and contact with authors. <b>Study selection</b> We included cross sectional, cohort, experimental, and quasi-experimental studies with English abstracts. Eligible studies used nationally representative data from 1990 onwards derived from national aggregate data sources, household surveys, or supermarket and home scanners. <b>Data analysis</b> The primary outcome extracted from relevant papers was the quantification of the demand for foods in response to changes in food price (own price food elasticities). Descriptive and study design variables were extracted for use as covariates in analysis. We conducted meta-regressions to assess the effect of income levels between and within countries on the strength of the relation between food price and demand, and predicted price elasticities adjusted for differences across studies. <b>Results</b> 136 studies reporting 3495 own price food elasticities from 162 different countries were identified. Our models predict that increases in the price of all foods result in greater reductions in food consumption in poor countries: in low and high income countries, respectively, a 1% increase in the price of cereals results in reductions in consumption of 0.61% (95% confidence interval 0.56% to 0.66%) and 0.43% (0.36% to 0.48%), and a 1% increase in the price of meat results in reductions in consumption of 0.78% (0.73% to 0.83%) and 0.60% (0.54% to 0.66%). Within all countries, our models predict that poorer households will be the most adversely affected by increases in food prices. <b>Conclusions</b> Changes in global food prices will have a greater effect on food consumption in lower income countries and in poorer households within countries. This has important implications for national responses to increases in food prices and for the definition of policies designed to reduce the global burden of undernutrition.
Cardiovascular Collapse Caused by Electrocardiographically Silent 60-Hz Intracardiac Leakage Current
Authors: Charles D. Swerdlow, Walter H. Olson, Mark E. O’Connor, Donna M. Gallik, Robert A. Malkin, Michael Laks
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —The national standard for safe 60-Hz intracardiac leakage current under a single-fault condition is 50 μA. This standard is intended to protect patients from alternating current (AC) at levels below the threshold for sensation, but the minimum unsafe level for AC in closed-chest humans is not known. To determine this value, we studied 40 patients at testing of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators using a programmable source of 60-Hz AC. Methods and Results —We applied AC for 5-second test periods in increasing strengths until ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced or 1 mA was reached. Two current paths were tested: bipolar, between tip and ring electrodes of a right ventricular pacing catheter, and unipolar, from tip to a remote electrode. We observed a characteristic sequence of 3 responses as AC was increased: (1) intermittent ventricular capture with QRS morphology identical to pacing through the electrodes (minimum value, 20 μA); (2) continuous capture at cycle length 282±88 ms (minimum value, 32 μA); and (3) VF persisting after AC termination (minimum value, 49 μA). Continuous capture caused loss of pulsatile arterial pressure and cardiovascular collapse (mean arterial pressure, 32±8 mm Hg) for the duration of AC with no ECG evidence of AC stimulation. Thus, the clinical picture was that of hypotensive ventricular tachycardia (VT). The continuous-capture threshold was ≤50 μA in 9 patients (22%) for bipolar AC and in 5 (12%) for unipolar AC. All patients showed continuous capture over a wide range for both bipolar AC (68±18 to 216±238 μA) and unipolar AC (84±27 to 278±226 μA). Conclusions —Leakage current causes cardiovascular collapse at levels below the VF threshold. Stimulation by silent AC that is neither felt nor visible on the ECG presents as hypotensive VT. In patients with intracardiac electrodes, leakage current less than or equal to the present standard of 50 μA may cause VT or VF. The safety standard for leakage current lasting ≥5 seconds should be ≤20 μA. This standard should be based on the continuous-capture threshold.
Differences in gene expression and cytokine levels between newly diagnosed and chronic pediatric ITP
Authors: Margareta Jernås, Yu Hou, Frida Strömberg Célind, Linlin Shao, Intawat Nookaew, Qian Wang, Xiuli Ju, Karin Mellgren, Hans Wadenvik, Ming Hou, Bob Olsson
Journal: Blood (2013)
Challenges of treating thyroid disease: the need for a revisit
Authors: B. Jose, A James
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2007)

By couching the discussion of Blair and Bush in terms of hubris and nemesis, Lord Owen 1 has avoided the pitfall of diagnosis from afar while still highlighting serious problems with the two world leaders (JRSM November 2006).He does dip his toe into psychodynamics citing Freud and Justin Frank, but, by and large, he sticks to discussing behaviour and its relation to hubris and power.As a politician, Lord Owen is qualified to discuss the political leaders he has encountered.As a physician, should he be making medical judgments on political leaders?Simon Wessely has questions about this and about whether or not psychiatrists should venture beyond the consulting room. 2 Should psychiatrists limit their judgments to patients they have examined?The American Psychiatric Association says 'yes' and Dr Wessely cites data to support that view.But the question remains, can psychiatrists and neuroscientists, with the help of philosophers, provide useful insights that contribute to the understanding of leaders and their followers?I believe that we should try.We should bring whatever scientific data there may be to counter ideology, blind faith and the intoxicating effects of power.It is true hubris often comes with power.Even though we do not have a psychiatric diagnosis for hubris, it is a psychological entity and as such should potentially be understood by science, as are other psychological phenomena.We do not diagnose those that we have not personally examined and we cannot diagnose an entire population, but perhaps we can bring clinical and scientific insights to help understand destructive behaviour As scientists and clinicians, we too must guard against hubris.Hopefully our colleagues will help us with that.JRMS should be applauded for exploring the issue.
Cytomegalovirus Isolation From Healthy Homosexual Men
Authors: Michael Lange
Journal: JAMA (1984)

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has focused renewed interest on cytomegalovirus (CMV) both as an infectious complication of the syndrome and as a potential etiologic agent in the pathogenesis of the immunosuppression. We studied 30 healthy homosexual men in New York City to determine the prevalence of virus excretion and its relationship to CMV-IgM antibodies and to T-lymphocyte subsets. Cytomegalovirus was detected in the urine and/or semen of 11 subjects. Eight of 11 CMV shedders were CMV-IgM positive, but CMV IgM was found in only one of 19 not shedding the virus. While homosexuals as a group had lower OKT4/OKT8 ratios (0.8 +/- 0.4, mean +/- SD) than heterosexual controls (1.8 +/- 0.4, mean +/- SD), there was no significant difference in ratios between homosexuals excreting virus and those not excreting virus. Cytomegalovirus excretion by homosexual men seems to be more prevalent than previously appreciated and may pose a significant risk for sexual transmission.
Does benzyl benzoate prevent colonization of new mattresses by mites?: A prospective study*
Authors: H. Rebmann, A. K. Weber, I. Focke, A. Rusche, S. Lau, B. Ehnert, U. Wahn
Journal: Allergy (1996)

In 12 house-dust-mite-infested double beds, one of the mattresses was replaced by a new one, the other being regarded as a mite source. All new mattresses were treated in a double-blind fashion, with either benzyl benzoate or placebo before being placed on the bed as well as 1 year later. They were examined for mites and allergen concentrations over a period of 18 months. This period of time covered two mite seasons. Dust samples were taken bimonthly and analyzed by guanine test strip, microscopic mite counting, and determination of the mite allergens Der p 1 (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and Der f 1 (D. farinae) by ELISA. Although, at the end of the observation period, the new mattresses still had significantly lower mite and allergen levels than the old mattresses, there were no significant differences between the placebo and the benzyl benzoate groups. In our setting, benzyl benzoate plus frequent cleansing was not significantly more effective in controlling mites than frequent cleansing alone.
Relationship of Patient and Medical Characteristics to Health Status in Children and Adolescents After the Fontan Procedure
Authors: Brian W. McCrindle, Richard V. Williams, Paul D. Mitchell, Daphne T. Hsu, Stephen M. Paridon, Andrew M. Atz, Jennifer S. Li, Jane W. Newburger
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Background— After the Fontan procedure, patients are at risk for suboptimal health status related to their complex healthcare experience, physiological limitations, medical complications, and guarded long-term prognosis. Methods and Results— In the Pediatric Heart Network cross-sectional study of Fontan survivors 6 to 18 years of age, parents completed the Child Health Questionnaire, and scores were related in multivariable analysis to patient and medical characteristics obtained from medical record review. For 537 patients (mean age at study, 11.9 years; 60% male) with a median age at Fontan of 2.8 years (range, 0.7 to 14.6 years), parent-reported patient morbidities included deficits in vision in 33%, speech in 27%, and hearing in 7%, as well as problems with attention in 46%, learning in 43%, development in 24%, behavior in 23%, anxiety in 17%, and depression in 8%. Child Health Questionnaire summary scores were significantly lower than the US population sample for Physical Functioning (mean Z score, −0.47±1.19; P &lt;0.001) and Psychosocial Functioning (−0.28±1.08; P &lt;0.001). Parent-reported medical conditions and long-term and current medical problems explained the greatest amount of variation in the Physical Functioning scores. Parent-reported patient conditions, including behavior, learning, anxiety, and attention problems and depression, explained the greatest amount of variation in the Psychosocial Functioning scores. Lower family income had a negative impact on both Physical and Psychosocial Functioning. Conclusions— There are deficits in health status in children and adolescents after the Fontan procedure. Strategies to address this problem might emphasize coordinated and effective prevention, detection, and management of noncardiac and psychosocial conditions, as well as specific targeting of patients from low-income households.
Effects of chloroform and bromodichloromethane on DNA synthesis in male F344 rat kidney.
Authors: M M Lipsky, M Skinner, C O'Connell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

We have been investigating the actions of chloroform (CHCl3) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM) in rat kidney after different routes of exposure. Male F344 rats were exposed by gavage with corn oil or water as the diluting vehicle. All experiments lasted 30 days with gavage exposures 5 days per week for 4 weeks (20 doses). All animals were injected IP with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) 3 times over a 6-day period at 50 mg/kg/injection. Kidney tissue was fixed and slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for routine viewing and by the PAP (peroxidase-antiperoxidase) technique using anti-BrdU to label cells in DNA synthesis. There were no significant changes in gross parameters evaluated between the control rats and the rats exposed to CHCl3 or BDCM. Rats exposed via corn oil gavage to CHCl3 displayed a segment-specific epithelial cell necrosis (6/6 high dose, 2/6 low dose). The lesions were primarily localized to the second segment of the proximal tubule, although some spread to cells in the first segment was occasionally observed. No histologic lesions were observed in the kidneys of rats exposed to BDCM. Preliminary results indicate a significant increase in DNA synthesis in the CHCl3-treated rats and a slight increase in DNA synthesis in BDCM-treated rats with corn oil as the diluent. The increase in BrdU labeling was primarily in cells of the S2 segment of the proximal tubule and interstitial cells of CHCl3-exposed animals and in cells of the S3 segment of BDCM-exposed animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gastrointestinal Inhibition of Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3 Reduces Phosphorus Absorption and Protects against Vascular Calcification in CKD
Authors: Eric D. Labonté, Christopher W. Carreras, Michael R. Leadbetter, Kenji Kozuka, Jill Kohler, Samantha Koo-McCoy, Limin He, Edward Dy, Deborah Black, Ziyang Zhong, Ingrid Langsetmo, Andrew G. Spencer, Noah Bell, Desiree Deshpande, Marc Navre, Jason G. Lewis, Jeffrey W. Jacobs, Dominique Charmot
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

In CKD, phosphate retention arising from diminished GFR is a key early step in a pathologic cascade leading to hyperthyroidism, metabolic bone disease, vascular calcification, and cardiovascular mortality. Tenapanor, a minimally systemically available inhibitor of the intestinal sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3, is being evaluated in clinical trials for its potential to (1) lower gastrointestinal sodium absorption, (2) improve fluid overload-related symptoms, such as hypertension and proteinuria, in patients with CKD, and (3) reduce interdialytic weight gain and intradialytic hypotension in ESRD. Here, we report the effects of tenapanor on dietary phosphorous absorption. Oral administration of tenapanor or other intestinal sodium-hydrogen exchanger 3 inhibitors increased fecal phosphorus, decreased urine phosphorus excretion, and reduced [(33)P]orthophosphate uptake in rats. In a rat model of CKD and vascular calcification, tenapanor reduced sodium and phosphorus absorption and significantly decreased ectopic calcification, serum creatinine and serum phosphorus levels, circulating phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 levels, and heart mass. These results indicate that tenapanor is an effective inhibitor of dietary phosphorus absorption and suggest a new approach to phosphate management in renal disease and associated mineral disorders.
Clinical Cardiopulmonary Physiology
Authors: Louis J. Kettel
Journal: JAMA (1970)

This, the third edition of a book devoted to clinical cardiac and respiratory physiology, is the combined effort of three editors, an editorial board of five, and 80 authors and co-authors. The objective is to focus attention on "new" problems and developments in this area of medicine. In keeping with the goal, this edition is not simply a revision of the 1957 and 1960 editions. Indeed, most authors are new and most of the 53 chapters are unrelated to similar chapters in earlier editions. The book's strengths and weaknesses lie in these facts. Certainly the magnitude of the subject requires multiple authors. The contributors, largely established authorities in their fields, include basic physiologists, internists, surgeons, and clinical pharmacologists. However, despite a large editorial board the multiple authorship accounts for the marked variation in style, depth of presentation, and a degree of redundance. The liberal editorial policy even allowed variation in
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor-like Immunoreactivity in Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Garth Bissette, Gavin P. Reynolds, Clinton D. Kilts, Erik Widerlöv, Charles B. Nemeroff
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The concentration of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactivity (CRF-LI) in the human central nervous system was measured by radioimmunoassay in postmortem tissue of control patients and in those with histologically confirmed senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT). In the controls, CRF-LI was found in high concentrations in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10), in moderate concentrations in amygdala, substantia innominata, temporal and parietal cortex (Brodmann's areas 38 and 7), and the caudate nucleus, and in low concentrations in posterior hippocampus and nucleus accumbens. A marked reduction in the concentration of CRF-LI was observed in the frontal and temporal cortex (approximately 50%) as well as in the caudate nucleus (approximately 70%) in the SDAT group. The present findings suggest that neurons containing corticotropinreleasing factor are pathologically altered in SDAT, in addition to the previously described cholinergic and somatostatinergic neuronal degeneration. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;254:3067-3069)
Basophil Histamine Release in Cord Blood Regulatory Role of IgE
Authors: F. Ebbesen, P. Stahl Skov, C. Jensen, S. Norn, I. Søndergaard
Journal: Allergy (1986)

Thirty‐two cord blood samples were studied for histamine releasing capability by using a sensitive glass microfibre‐based histamine analysis. Histamine was obtained after challenge with anti‐IgE in 24 of the 32 samples. However, the net release in cord blood was only 25 % of that in adult blood and no relationship was found between histamine release response, total IgE in cord plasma, and a family history of atopic diseases. The low histamine release in cord blood seemed to be associated with the immunological IgE receptor complex activation and not with an immature basic cell function, since the calcium ionophore A23187 which bypasses the receptor complex induced identical histamine release curves in cord and adult blood. Furthermore, when comparing the results of passive sensitization of basophils from new‐born and adult persons, the new‐born basophils possessed a significant fraction of free IgE receptors, whereas in adults most of the receptors were occupied by IgE.
The sight test fee Abolish charges for elderly people
Authors: J G Hillman
Journal: BMJ (1994)

did see fewer patients after the introduction of sight test fees and also referred fewer patients with suspected glaucoma to general practitioners for referral to an ophthalmologist for further manage- ment.If the opticians did see fewer patients for sight tests and found fewer patients with asympto- matic early glaucoma one would expect these patients to present later with visual loss due to advanced disease.There is no information in the reported study to show that patients presented with more advanced glaucoma after introduction of the sight test fee.At about this time many optical practices were purchasing computerised visual field analysers, which would have altered their management of patients suspected of having glaucoma.For example, a patient with an intraocular pressure of 24 mm Hg would previously have been referred as suspected of having glaucoma, but if the result of visual field analysis was found to be normal this patient might be invited to reattend the optical practice for review because he or she probably had physiological ocular hypertension.Screening the whole population for glaucoma is impracticable and not cost effective; it is most advantageous to screen those people with a recog- nised risk of developing the condition-that is, first degree relatives aged over 40 of patients with glaucoma, and such relatives are entitled to a free sight test to facilitate such screening.
ABC of sexual health: Homosexual men and women
Authors: R. Bell
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The range of sexual dysfunctions encountered in gay men and lesbians is the same as that found in men and women in general, and the skills needed to help them are the same. That said, there are areas of concern, both for patients and doctors, that merit particular consideration.    ![][1] 

People may encounter problems when they become aware of their homosexual orientation and try to match it to their view of an ideal self. If this occurs in adolescence it may be useful to offer counselling to help with the readjustment in life that may be required. However tolerant our society may become, being openly gay still has major implications for future career and family life. Help at this time can include (for men especially) information about safer sex, since sexual exploration may present a greater risk of exposure to HIV.

Although many gay men and lesbians are aware of their orientation from their earliest sexual thoughts, a sizeable minority do not discover their orientation until later in life, perhaps in a failing marriage and with the responsibilities of parenthood. These people require careful and compassionate counselling. Some choose to remain married, and the couple may need help to reorganise the basis of their heterosexual relationship. The counsellor must be seen to be completely impartial and not encourage any particular outcome.

Presumptions —When counselling gay people about sex, it is important not to have preconceived ideas about their sexual repertoire. Perhaps as many as a third of gay men choose not to practise penetrative anal sex on a regular basis,1 and the traditional division of gay men into “active” and “passive” is not born out by experience—most gay men who do have anal sex will play either role. The assumption that the passive partner is somehow less “male” or less …

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Cathepsin L Regulates CD4+ T Cell Selection Independently of Its Effect on Invariant Chain
Authors: Karen Honey, Terry Nakagawa, Christoph Peters, Alexander Rudensky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

CD4+ T cells are positively selected in the thymus on peptides presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules expressed on cortical thymic epithelial cells. Molecules regulating this peptide presentation play a role in determining the outcome of positive selection. Cathepsin L mediates invariant chain processing in cortical thymic epithelial cells, and animals of the I-Ab haplotype deficient in this enzyme exhibit impaired CD4+ T cell selection. To determine whether the selection defect is due solely to the block in invariant chain cleavage we analyzed cathepsin L–deficient mice expressing the I-Aq haplotype which has little dependence upon invariant chain processing for peptide presentation. Our data indicate the cathepsin L defect in CD4+ T cell selection is haplotype independent, and thus imply it is independent of invariant chain degradation. This was confirmed by analysis of I-Ab mice deficient in both cathepsin L and invariant chain. We show that the defect in positive selection in the cathepsin L−/− thymus is specific for CD4+ T cells that can be selected in a wild-type and provide evidence that the repertoire of T cells selected differs from that in wild-type mice, suggesting cortical thymic epithelial cells in cathepsin L knockout mice express an altered peptide repertoire. Thus, we propose a novel role for cathepsin L in regulating positive selection by generating the major histocompatibility complex class II bound peptide ligands presented by cortical thymic epithelial cells.