Rare Outcomes, Common Treatments: Analytic Strategies Using Propensity Scores
Authors: Leonard E. Braitman, Paul R. Rosenbaum
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Editorials15 October 2002Rare Outcomes, Common Treatments: Analytic Strategies Using Propensity ScoresLeonard E. Braitman, PhD and Paul R. Rosenbaum, PhDLeonard E. Braitman, PhDSearch for more papers by this author and Paul R. Rosenbaum, PhDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00015 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail When treated patients are compared to controls, differing outcomes may reflect either effects caused by the treatment or differences in prognosis before treatment. Random assignment of patients to treatment or control, as in a randomized, controlled clinical trial (1), ensures that the groups were comparable before treatment and the prognosis in treated and control groups was nearly the same, so that differing outcomes indicate treatment effects. Somewhat more precisely, random assignment ensures that the only differences in prognosis between groups are due to chance, the flip of a coin in assigning treatments. In an ideal randomized trial, if a common ...References1. Piantadosi S. Clinical Trials: A Methodologic Perspective. New York: J Wiley; 1997. Google Scholar2. Rosenbaum PR. Observational Studies. New York: Springer-Verlag; 2002. Google Scholar3. Cornfield J, Haenszel W, Hammond E, Lilienfeld A, Shimkin M, Wynder E. Smoking and lung cancer: recent evidence and a discussion of some questions. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1959;22:173-203. MedlineGoogle Scholar4. Rosenbaum PR. Discussing hidden bias in observational studies. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:901-5. [PMID: 1952480] LinkGoogle Scholar5. Jasmer RM, Saukkonen JJ, Blumberg HM, Daley CL, Bernardo J, Vittinghoff E, et al . Short-course rifampin and pyrazinamide compared with isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection: a multicenter clinical trial. The Short-Course Rifampin and Pyrazinamide for Tuberculosis Infection (SCRIPT) Study Investigators. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:640-7. LinkGoogle Scholar6. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Reducing bias in observational studies using subclassification on the propensity score. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1984;79:516-24. CrossrefGoogle Scholar7. Rosenbaum PR, Rubin DB. Constructing a control group using multivariate matched sampling methods that incorporate the propensity score. American Statistician. 1985;39:33-8. Google Scholar8. Joffe MM, Rosenbaum PR. Invited commentary: propensity scores. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:327-33. [PMID: 10453808] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9. Bergstralh EJ, Kosanke JL, Jacobsen SJ. Software for optimal matching in observational studies [Letter]. Epidemiology. 1996;7:331-2. [PMID: 8728456] MedlineGoogle Scholar10. Rosenbaum PR. Propensity score.. In: Colton T, Armitage P, eds. Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. 5 New York: Wiley; 1998:3551-5. Google Scholar11. Lu B, Zanutto E, Hornik R, Rosenbaum PR. Matching with doses in an observational study of a media campaign against drug abuse. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 2001;96:1245-53. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12. Rosenbaum PR. Multivariate matching methods. In: Kotz S, Read CR, Banks D, eds. Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences, Update Volume 2. New York: J Wiley; 1998:435-8. Google Scholar13. Rosenbaum PR. Observational studies.. In: Smelser NJ, Baltes PB, eds. International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. New York: Elsevier; 2001:10810-5. Google Scholar14. Jick H, Miettinen OS, Neff RK, Shapiro S, Heinonen OP, Slone D. Coffee and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1973;289:63-7. [PMID: 4710407] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15. Normand ST, Landrum MB, Guadagnoli E, Ayanian JZ, Ryan TJ, Cleary PD, et al . Validating recommendations for coronary angiography following acute myocardial infarction in the elderly: a matched analysis using propensity scores. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54:387-98. [PMID: 11297888] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16. Hill AB. The environment and disease: association or causation? Proc Roy Soc Med. 1965;58:295-300. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17. Rosenbaum PR. Does a dose-response relationship reduce sensitivity to hidden bias? Biostatistics. 2002; 3 [In press]. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Leonard E. Braitman, PhD; Paul R. Rosenbaum, PhDGrant Support: Dr. Rosenbaum is supported by grant SES-0004205 from the Methodology, Measurement and Statistics Program and the Statistics and Probability Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation.Corresponding Author: Leonard E. Braitman, PhD, Office for Research and Technology Development, Albert Einstein Medical Center, 5501 Old York Road, Philadelphia, PA 19141; e-mail, lbraitman@att.net.Current Author Address: Dr. Braitman: Office for Research and Technology Development, Albert Einstein Medical Center, 5501 Old York Road, Philadelphia, PA 19141.Dr. Rosenbaum: Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania, 400 Jon M. Huntsman Hall, 3730 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoShort-Course Rifampin and Pyrazinamide Compared with Isoniazid for Latent Tuberculosis Infection: A Multicenter Clinical Trial Robert M. Jasmer , Jussi J. Saukkonen , Henry M. Blumberg , Charles L. Daley , John Bernardo , Eric Vittinghoff , Mark D. King , L. Masae Kawamura , and Philip C. Hopewell , for the Short-Course Rifampin and Pyrazinamide for Tuberculosis Infection (SCRIPT) Study Investigators*Propensity Scores for Rare Outcomes and Common Treatments W T. Longstreth Jr , Carol E. Fahrenbruch , and Thomas D. Koepsell Metrics Cited byPost-Authorization Safety Study of Hospitalization for Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Exposed to Dapagliflozin in a Real-World SettingAdding MRI as a Surveillance Test for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis Can Improve PrognosisEarly total care or damage control orthopaedics for major fractures ? Results of propensity score matching for early definitive versus early temporary fixation based on data from the trauma registry of the German Trauma Society (TraumaRegister DGU®)Association Between Hypertension and New-Onset Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Chinese Non-Obese People: A Longitudinal Cohort StudyIdentification of Bioactive Compounds of the Endophytic Fungus Aspergillus egypticus-HT166S Inhibiting the Activity of Pancreatic α-AmylaseAssociation of Long-term Oncologic Prognosis With Minimal Access Breast Surgery vs Conventional Breast SurgeryComparison of various heat waves definitions and the burden of heat-related mortality in France: Implications for existing early warning systemsPropensity score matching for causal inference and reducing the confounding effects: statistical standard and guideline of Life Cycle CommitteeEffect of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring on the Risks of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Injury During ThyroidectomyPropensity scores in surgery: Don't believe the hypeThe Relationship between Veterans’ Employment Program Component Use and Career Advancement Over TimeThyroidectomy for Graves’ Disease Predicts Postoperative Neck Hematoma and Hypocalcemia: A North American cohort studyThe influence of employment program components upon job attainment during a time of identity and career transitionUse of Proton-Pump Inhibitor Is Not Associated with Adverse Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients: A Territory-Wide Cohort StudyQuality of life in patients with diabetic nephropathy: findings from the KNOW-CKD (Korean Cohort Study for Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease) cohortImpact of Statin Treatment Intensity after Endovascular Revascularization on Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery DiseaseMatching on poset‐based average rank for multiple treatments to compare many unbalanced groupsProtease inhibitor-based direct-acting antivirals are associated with increased risk of aminotransferase elevations but not hepatic dysfunction or decompensationRisk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: A nationwide propensity score matched study in TaiwanAssociation of hypertension and incident diabetes in Chinese adults: a retrospective cohort study using propensity-score matchingStrengths and Limitations of Registries in Surgical Oncology ResearchRETRACTED: Climate change perception and impact of on-farm demonstration on intensity of adoption of adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in South AfricaCurrent and Past Infections of HBV Do Not Increase Mortality in Patients With COVID‐19The effect of high intraoperative blood loss on pancreatic fistula development after pancreatoduodenectomy: An international, multi-institutional propensity score matched analysisProspective, Multicenter, Controlled Trial of Mobile Stroke UnitsBamlanivimab use in mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 disease: A matched cohort designNaïve hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B patients are at risk of carotid atherosclerosis: A prospective studyRacial/Ethnic Differences in the 21-Gene Recurrence Score Assay Among Women With Breast Cancer—ReplyVeridical causal inference using propensity score methods for comparative effectiveness research with medical claimsImpact of the introduction of percutaneous edge-to-edge mitral valve reconstruction on clinical practice in Germany compared to surgical valve repairUsing propensity scores to estimate effects of treatment initiation decisions: State of the scienceDifference in surgical outcomes of rectal cancer by study design: meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials, case-matched studies, and cohort studiesRandomized clinical trials of cardiovascular disease in obstructive sleep apnea: understanding and overcoming biasAspirin Reduces the Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Receiving Oral Nucleos(t)ide AnalogDouble-Negative α-Fetoprotein and Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Predict a Good Prognosis in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: A Propensity Score Matching AnalysisPlanned delivery route and outcomes of cephalic singletons born spontaneously at 24‐31 weeks’ gestation: The EPIPAGE‐2 cohort studyEstimating the effects of copy‐number variants on intelligence using hierarchical Bayesian modelsComparing direct acting antivirals for hepatitis C using observational data – Why and how?Early Hypoxic Respiratory Failure in Extreme Prematurity: Mortality and Neurodevelopmental OutcomesPaternal exposure to antiepileptic drugs and offspring outcomes: a nationwide population-based cohort study in SwedenACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme) Inhibitors/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Are Associated With Lower Colorectal Cancer RiskGrade 1 Acute on Chronic Liver Failure Is a Predictor for Subsequent Grade 3 FailurePlasma perfusion combined with plasma exchange in chronic hepatitis B-related acute-on-chronic liver failure patientsViral Respiratory Infection, a Risk in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Propensity-Matched Analysis*Residual Shunt After Patent Foramen Ovale Closure and Long-Term Stroke Recurrence A Prospective Cohort StudyWenjun Deng, PhD, Shanye Yin, PhD, David McMullin, PhD, Ignacio Inglessis-Azuaje, MD, Sammy Elmariah, MD, MPH, Judy Hung, MD, Eng H. Lo, PhD, Igor F. Palacios, MD, Ferdinando S. Buonanno, MD, and MingMing Ning, MD, MMScBig Data vs. Clinical Trials in HPB SurgeryNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but not aspirin are associated with a lower risk of post-colonoscopy colorectal cancerLedipasvir and sofosbuvir for 12 weeks for hepatitis C virus genotype 2 infection: A propensity score matched analysisTenofovir Versus Entecavir for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention in an International Consortium of Chronic Hepatitis BBasic Tools of Multivariate MatchingTenofovir Is Associated With Lower Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Than Entecavir in Patients With Chronic HBV Infection in ChinaCombined effect of emotional labor and job insecurity on sleep disturbance among customer service workersUsing propensity score matching with doses in observational studies: An example from a child physical abuse and sleep quality studyHypothermic Oxygenated Machine Perfusion of Liver Grafts from Brain-Dead DonorsAssociation of Vessel-Sealant Devices vs Conventional Hemostasis With Postoperative Neck Hematoma After Thyroid OperationsPostacute Care Setting Is Associated With Employment After Burn InjuryStatins reduce the progression of non-advanced adenomas to colorectal cancer: a postcolonoscopy study in 187 897 patientsMerits and caveats of propensity scores to adjust for confoundingPropensity score methods to control for confounding in observational cohort studies: a statistical primer and application to endoscopy researchMedical and non‐medical cannabis use and risk of prescription opioid use disorder: Findings from propensity score matchingThe effect of price and tax policies on the decision to smoke among men in KenyaDifferent statistical techniques dealing with confounding in observational research: measuring the effect of breast-conserving therapy and mastectomy on survivalDesign of randomized controlled confirmatory trials using historical control data to augment sample size for concurrent controlsRisk‐Adjusted Comparison of In‐Hospital Outcomes of Transcatheter and Surgical Aortic Valve ReplacementQuantifying the substitutability and complementarity between high-speed rail and air transportImpact of bronchiectasis on outcomes of hospitalized patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A propensity matched analysisComparison of Radial Artery Occlusion Following Transradial Access for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Using Sheath-based versus Sheathless TechniqueHealth Economics and Outcomes Research of Wound Care: Overview of MethodologyThe Number of Events per Confounder for Valid Estimation of Risk Difference Using Modified Least-Squares RegressionChronic kidney disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B on tenofovir, entecavir, or no treatmentMinimizing Patient Burden Through the Use of Historical Subject-Level Data in Innovative Confirmatory Clinical Trials: Review of Methods and OpportunitiesThe impact of confounder selection in propensity scores when applied to prospective cohort studies in pregnancyLeveraging Real-World Evidence Derived from Patient Registries for Premarket Medical Device Regulatory Decision-MakingEffectiveness of Preoperative Antibiotics in Preventing Surgical Site Infection After Common Soft Tissue Procedures of the HandPartial versus radical nephrectomy for T1b-2N0M0 renal tumors: A propensity score matching study based on the SEER databaseRebar: Reinforcing a Matching Estimator With Predictions From High-Dimensional CovariatesThe Relationship between Neonatal Circumcision, Urinary Tract Infection, and HealthStatins reduce the risk of liver decompensation and death in chronic viral hepatitis: a propensity score weighted landmark analysisRisk of Acute Liver Injury After Statin Initiation by Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection StatusComparison between treatment effects in a randomised controlled trial and an observational study using propensity scores in primary careDeveloping and Applying the Propensity Score to Make Causal Inferences: Variable Selection and StratificationPostauthorization safety study of the DPP-4 inhibitor saxagliptin: a large-scale multinational family of cohort studies of five outcomesPrognosis of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinomas with HBV Infection is Better than Those with Hepatolithiasis After R0 Liver Resection: A Propensity Score Matching AnalysisA systematic review on community-based interventions for elder abuse and neglectLong-term use of oral nucleos(t)ide analogues for chronic hepatitis B does not increase cancer risk - a cohort study of 44 494 subjectsSeverity of ASD symptoms and their correlation with the presence of copy number variations and exposure to first trimester ultrasoundEffect of Bridging Local-Regional Therapy on Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Survival after Orthotopic Liver TransplantationEffectiveness of Fundoplication or Gastrojejunal Feeding in Children With Neurologic ImpairmentMaternal depression and risk for antisocial behaviour in childrenDouble propensity-score adjustment: A solution to design bias or bias due to incomplete matchingA new method to address unmeasured confounding of mortality in observational studiesAssociation between Caesarean Delivery and Childhood Asthma in India and VietnamPropensity scores for comparative effectiveness research: Finding the right matchEffects of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy on mortality in patients with healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a propensity-matched analysisEfficacy of extra-peritoneal pelvic packing in hemodynamically unstable pelvic fractures, a Propensity Score AnalysisRole of Tiotropium in Reducing Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease When Combined With Long‐Acting β2 ‐Agonists and Inhaled Corticosteroids: The OUTPUL StudyA national evaluation of clinical and economic outcomes in open versus laparoscopic colorectal surgeryVitamin K Antagonists and Cognitive Function in Older Adults: The Three-City Cohort StudyEffect of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Outcomes in Children With Acute Lung InjuryThe Study on Relation between Implementation of Six Sigma Quality Management and Financial Performance using Propensity Score MatchingRisk of Cardiovascular Outcomes among Psoriasis Patients Treated with Biologics and Other Systemic AgentsThe Effect on Total Mortality of Adding Inhaled Corticosteroids to Long-Acting Bronchodilators for COPD: A Real Practice Analysis in ItalyBeta-lactam versus beta- lactam/macrolide therapy in pediatric outpatient pneumoniaPlasmapheresis Is Associated With Better Renal Outcomes in Lupus Nephritis Patients With Thrombotic MicroangiopathyHIV Infection Itself May Not Be Associated With Subclinical Coronary Artery Disease Among African Americans Without Cardiovascular SymptomsOral Azole Antifungal Medications and Risk of Acute Liver Injury, Overall and by Chronic Liver Disease StatusHepatitis B Surface Antigen Loss and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Patients With Dual Hepatitis B and C InfectionPost-Operative Outcomes in Children With and Without Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Noncardiac SurgeryThe Central Role of Bayes’ Theorem for Joint Estimation of Causal Effects and Propensity ScoresEstimating Effects with Rare Outcomes and High Dimensional Covariates: Knowledge is PowerPropensity Score: an Alternative Method of Analyzing Treatment EffectsMortality Benefits of Antibiotic Computerised Decision Support System: Modifying Effects of AgeComparative safety of atypical antipsychotics and the risk of pneumonia in the elderlyStatin and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and death in a hospital-based hepatitis B-infected population: A propensity score landmark analysisIncreased risk of hip fracture associated with dually treated HIV/hepatitis B virus coinfectionProtecting victims of elder financial exploitation: the role of an Elder Abuse Forensic Center in referring victims for conservatorshipLong‐term safety of oral nucleos(t)ide analogs for patients with chronic hepatitis B: A cohort study of 53,500 subjectsRisk of poor neonatal outcome at term after medically assisted reproduction: a propensity score–matched studyEvaluation of Early-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Gadoxetic Acid Detects Additional Lesions and Increases Overall SurvivalSmall Versus Large-Sized Drug-Eluting Beads (DEBIRI) for the Treatment of Hepatic Colorectal Metastases: A Propensity Score Matching AnalysisVaginal progesterone in women with twin gestations complicated by short cervix: a retrospective cohort studyExploitation of Healthcare Databases in Anesthesiology and Surgical Care for Comparing Comorbidity Indexes in Cholecystectomized PatientsStatistical Methods for Establishing Personalized Treatment Rules in OncologyMarket Reaction to XBRL FilingsPrimary skin closure after damage control laparotomyNon-Experimental Comparative Effectiveness Research: How to Plan and Conduct a Good StudyPropensity-Based Study of Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity in Patients with Severe Sepsis or Septic ShockInhaled nitric oxide usage in preterm infants in the NICHD neonatal research network: inter-site variation and propensity evaluationDelayed Antimicrobial Therapy Increases Mortality and Organ Dysfunction Duration in Pediatric Sepsis*Impact of Infectious Disease Consultation on the Clinical and Economic Outcomes of Solid Organ Transplant Recipients Admitted for Infectious ComplicationsObservational Study:Definition and ExamplesNon‐Randomized Trial: A TutorialNonrandomized TrialsImpact of Spontaneous Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rupture on Recurrence Pattern and Long-term Surgical Outcomes after Partial HepatectomyRisk of hip fracture associated with untreated and treated chronic hepatitis B virus infectionCoronary Artery Calcium TestingAntidepressant Use in Pregnancy and the Risk of Cardiac DefectsFirst do no harm: population-based study shows non-evidence-based trastuzumab prescription may harm elderly women with breast cancerA Comparison of Confounding Adjustment Methods for Assessment of Asthma Controller Medication EffectivenessStudies with Many Covariates and Few OutcomesImpact of guideline-concordant microbiological testing on outcomes of pneumoniaResearch Methods for Pharmacoepidemiology StudiesApplications of propensity score methods in observational comparative effectiveness and safety research: where have we come and where should we go?Relationship between anticholinergic drug use and one-year outcome among elderly people hospitalised in medical wards via emergency department: The safes cohort studyThe Use of Cefepime for Treating AmpC β-Lactamase–Producing EnterobacteriaceaePropensity scores used for analysis of cluster randomized trials with selection bias: a simulation studyLong-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infectionOsteoporosis Management Program Decreases Incidence of Hip Fracture in Patients With Prostate Cancer Receiving Androgen Deprivation TherapyHolding Abusers Accountable: An Elder Abuse Forensic Center Increases Criminal Prosecution of Financial ExploitationReevaluating the Relationship Between Prenatal Employment and Birth Outcomes: A Policy-Relevant Application of Propensity Score MatchingComparison of Precuffed Expanded Polytetrafluorothylene and Heparin-Bonded Polytetrafluorothylene Graft in Crural BypassEmerging Analytical Techniques for Comparative Effectiveness ResearchRegulatory Issues of Propensity Score Methodology Application to Drug and Device Safety StudiesEfficacy of linezolid-based salvage therapy compared with glycopeptide-based therapy in patients with persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremiaEvaluating components of dental care utilization among adults with diabetes and matched controls via hurdle modelsRisk of hip fracture associated with hepatitis c virus infection and hepatitis C/human immunodeficiency virus coinfectionSafety of saxagliptin: rationale for and design of a series of postmarketing observational studiesRegulatory Considerations in the Design of Comparative Observational Studies Using Propensity ScoresLost jobs, broken marriagesDelayed and Forgone Care for Families with Chronic Conditions in High-Deductible Health PlansSituación actual del manejo de la hemorragia digestiva alta no varicosa en EspañaAssociation of Statin Use with Risk and Outcome of Acute Kidney Injury in Community-Acquired PneumoniaThe Methods of Comparative Effectiveness ResearchAssociation Between Helicopter vs Ground Emergency Medical Services and Survival for Adults With Major TraumaElective repeat cesarean delivery compared with spontaneous trial of labor after a prior cesarean delivery: a propensity score analysisEvaluation of Clinical Outcomes With Alvimopan in Clinical PracticeIncreased risk of death and de novo chronic kidney disease following reversible acute kidney injuryComparative Safety of Antipsychotic Medications in Nursing Home ResidentsInhaled Glucocorticoids during Pregnancy and Offspring Pediatric DiseasesStatistics: Analysis and Presentation of Safety DataRates of 5 Common Antidepressant Side Effects Among New Adult and Adolescent Cases of Depression: A Retrospective US Claims StudyUse of Restaging Bladder Tumor Resection for Bladder Cancer Among Medicare BeneficiariesDecreased post-transplant survival among heart transplant recipients with pre-transplant hepatitis C virus positivityClinical trial methodologyThe challenge of demonstrating long-term benefit of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosisPolyomavirus-Associated NephropathyImpact of inappropriate empiric antimicrobial therapy on outcome in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteraemia: a stratified analysis according to sites of infectionRenin-Angiotensin System Inhibition for Aortic StenosisUnderstanding the potential role of statins in pneumonia and sepsis*An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational StudiesBisphosphonate use and risk of post-operative fracture among patients undergoing a total knee replacement for knee osteoarthritis: a propensity score analysisFracture risk before and after total hip replacement in patients with osteoarthritis: Potential benefits of bisphosphonate usePropensity scoresIs early surgery beneficial in infective endocarditis? A systematic reviewNoncirrhotic Portal Hypertension and Didanosine: A Re-AnalysisUsing Propensity Score Modeling to Minimize the Influence of Confounding Risks Related to Prenatal Tobacco ExposureMaternal or Paternal Suicide and Offspring's Psychiatric and Suicide-Attempt Hospitalization RiskOutcomes of carotid stenting compared with endarterectomy are equivalent in asymptomatic patients and inferior in symptomatic patientsHeterogeneous Treatment Effects: What Does a Regression Estimate?Single dose Dexamethasone for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting – a Matched Case-Control Study of Postoperative Infection RiskFlapless Implant Surgery Using an Image-Guided System. A 1- to 4-Year Retrospective Multicenter Comparative Clinical StudyComparative Safety of Antidepressant Agents for Children and Adolescents Regarding Suicidal ActsMedical DevicesPropensity Score Analysis and Its Application in Regulatory SettingsPropensity Score Adjustment With Multilevel Data: Setting Your Sites on Decreasing Selection BiasMichael E. Griswold, PhD, A. Russell Localio, PhD, and Cynthia Mulrow, MD, MSc, Senior Deputy EditorEthnic group comparisons in mental health outcomes of adult alumni of foster careBasic Tools of Multivariate MatchingReasonable Duration of Clopidogrel Use After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in Korean PatientsDispensing of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination in the summer and asthma-related outcomes in the fallRisk of pulmonary aspiration with laryngeal mask airway and tracheal tube: analysis on 65 712 procedures with positive pressure ventilationDisproportionality in education and employment outcomes of adult foster care alumniGastrointestinal Safety of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors in Patients on WarfarinAntidepressant Adequacy and Work Status Among Medicaid Enrollees with Disabilities: A Restriction-based, Propensity Score-adjusted AnalysisInfliximab and other immunomodulating drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of serious bacterial infectionsImpact of Deceased Donor Diabetes Mellitus on Kidney Transplant Outcomes: A Propensity Score-Matched StudyMicrovolt T-Wave Alternans, Peak Oxygen Consumption, and Outcome in Patients with Severely Impaired Left Ventricular Systolic FunctionPalliative sedation therapy does not hasten death: results from a prospective multicenter studyBENEFITS AND COSTS OF INTENSIVE FOSTER CARE SERVICES: THE CASEY FAMILY PROGRAMS COMPARED TO STATE SERVICESDisease management voor depressieve patiënten van 55+The Role of Proton Pump Inhibitors in the Management of Upper Gastrointestinal BleedingJob loss is bad for your health – Swedish evidence on cause-specific hospitalization following involuntary job lossCommentary: Maziak's essay, seen from another anglePrognostic Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes and Stent Thrombosis After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in Asian PatientsDepression Among Alumni of Foster CarePropensity analysis of survival after subcoronary or root replacement techniques for homograft aortic valve replacementAprotinin: 1 year onFamily History of Alcohol Dependence and Initial Antidepressant Response to an N-methyl-D-aspartate AntagonistImproving asthma self-efficacy: Developing and testing a pilot community-based asthma intervention for African American adultsThe Relationship of Personal Assistance Service Utilization to Other Medicaid Payments Among Working-Age Adults with DisabilitiesAlcohol and Drug Use among Alumni of Foster Care: Decreasing Dependency Through Improvement of Foster Care ExperiencesLies, Damned Lies, and StatisticsSelection Bias and Utilization of the Dual Eligibles in Medicare and Medicaid HMOsPrimary care management of major depression in patients aged ≥55 years:Commentary: What is a propensity score?Replicated studies of two randomized trials of angiotensin‐ converting enzyme inhibitors: further empiric validation of the ‘prior event rate ratio’ to adjust for unmeasured confounding by indicationComparing outcomes for youth in treatment foster care and family-style group careThe essential role of balance tests in propensity-matched observational studies: Comments on ‘A critical appraisal of propensity-score matching in the medical literature between 1996 and 2003’ by Peter Austin,Statistics in MedicineComparison of “Risk-Adjusted” Hospital OutcomesL’analyse par score de propensionLimitations of Claims and Registry Data in Surgical Oncology ResearchThe Association Between Statins and Cancer Incidence in a Veterans PopulationResearch Methods for Pharmacoepidemiology StudiesPropensity ScoreNon-Randomized TrialA Simulation-Based Evaluation of Methods to Estimate the Impact of an Adverse Event on Hospital Length of StayImpact of a statewide home visiting program to prevent child abuseReduced Mortality: The Unexpected Impact of a Telephone-Based Care Management Intervention for Older Adults in Managed CareAnti–tumor necrosis factor α therapy and the risk of serious bacterial infections in elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritisNew natural history of interferon-β-treated relapsing multiple sclerosisAn Invasive Strategy Is Associated With Decreased Mortality in Patients 80 Years and Older With Acute Myocardial InfarctionThe Relationship between Influenza Vaccination and Outpatient Visits for Upper Respiratory Infection by the Elderly in TaiwanConditioning on the propensity score can result in biased estimation of common measures of treatment effect: a Monte Carlo studyEl análisis de resultados quirúrgicos y el laberinto de la confusiónCircadian‐Rhythm Differences among Emergency Department Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ExacerbationStatistical and Regulatory Issues with the Application of Propensity Score Analysis to Nonrandomized Medical Device Clinical StudiesDiscussion of: Statistical and Regulatory Issues with the Application of Propensity Score Analysis to Nonrandomized Medical Device Clinical StudiesComparative Safety of Long-Acting Inhaled BronchodilatorsEducational and employment outcomes of adults formerly placed in foster care: Results from the Northwest Foster Care Alumni StudyA Comparison of the Effects of C2-Cyclosporine and C0-Tacrolimus on Renal Function and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Kidney Transplant RecipientsEffects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Systolic Heart Failure Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease: A Propensity Score AnalysisA comparison of propensity score methods: a case-study estimating the effectiveness of post-AMI statin useMissed opportunities in the secondary prevention of myocardial infarction: An assessment of the effects of statin underprescribing on mortalityA review of the application of propensity score methods yielded increasing use, advantages in specific settings, but not substantially different estimates compared with conventional multivariable methodsPropensity scores and the surgeonReplyIndications for Propensity Scores and Review of their Use in PharmacoepidemiologyResults of Multivariable Logistic Regression, Propensity Matching, Propensity Adjustment, and Propensity-based Weighting under Conditions of Nonuniform EffectOutcome of inappropriate empirical antibiotic therapy in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: analytical strategy using propensity scoresOptimal Timing of Intervention in Non–ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary SyndromesThe use and effect of surgical therapy for prosthetic valve infective endocarditis: A propensity analysis of a multicenter, international cohortUse of surgery in patients with native valve infective endocarditis: Results from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged DatabaseObservational StudyHousing Status and HIV Risk Behaviors: Implications for Prevention and PolicyComparison of Results of Carotid Stenting Followed by Open Heart Surgery Versus Combined Carotid Endarterectomy and Open Heart Surgery (Coronary Bypass With or Without Another Procedure)An application of propensity score matching using claims dataThe Effects of Splinting on Outcomes for EpicondylitisPropensity score methods gave similar results to traditional regression modeling in observational studies: a systematic reviewThe use of the propensity score for estimating treatment effects: administrative versus clinical dataAnalytic Strategies to Adjust Confounding using Exposure Propensity Scores and Disease Risk Scores: Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs and Short-term Mortality in the ElderlyWeaknesses of goodness-of-fit tests for evaluating propensity score models: the case of the omitted confounderA review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeuticsThe Effect of Employer-Sponsored Education on Job Mobility: Evidence from the U.S. NavyAssociation between Screening for Osteoporosis and the Incidence of Hip FractureLisa M. Kern, MD, MPH, Neil R. Powe, MD, MPH, MBA, Michael A. Levine, MD, Annette L. Fitzpatrick, PhD, Tamara B. Harris, MD, MS, John Robbins, MD, and Linda P. Fried, MD, MPHApplication of a Propensity Score Approach for Risk Adjustment in Profiling Multiple Physician Groups on Asthma CareImpact of Simultaneous Kidney–Pancreas Transplant and Timing of Transplant on Kidney Allograft SurvivalAuthor's ReplyAcute renal failure and diuretics: Propensity, equipoise, and the need for a clinical trial*The Canadian Registry on Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Endoscopy (RUGBE): Endoscopic Hemostasis and Proton Pump Inhibition are Associated with Improved Outcomes in a Real-Life SettingPropensity Analysis of Long-Term Survival After Surgical or Percutaneous Revascularization in Patients With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease and High-Risk FeaturesCare concordant with guidelines predicts decreased long-term mortality in patients with unstable angina pectoris and non–ST-Elevation myocardial infarctionAnticoagulation in Hospitalized Patients With Renal InsufficiencyImpact of Donor Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage on Outcome after Heart TransplantationDoes Prior Transfusion Worsen Outcomes from Infection in Surgical Patients?Inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy and its effect on survival in a clinical trial of immunomodulating therapy for severe sepsisPropensity Scores for Rare Outcomes and Common TreatmentsW T. Longstreth Jr, MD, MPH, Carol E. Fahrenbruch, MSPH, and Thomas D. Koepsell, MD, MPHThe dark side of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors during percutaneous coronary interventionsProgress toward a global understanding of infective endocarditis 15 October 2002Volume 137, Issue 8 Page: 693-695 Keywords Asthma Clinical trials Coronary arteries Drugs Isoniazid Liver Observational studies Patients Surgery Tuberculosis ePublished: 15 October 2002 Issue Published: 15 October 2002 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2002 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...