tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is the Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence Contradicted by the Differing Location of Colorectal Adenomas and Carcinomas?
Authors: W. Matek, P. Hermanek, L. Demling
Journal: Endoscopy (1986)

This article takes a look at the different localisation of colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. The risk of malignancy of 4,257 adenomas found in 1742 patients was determined, and the lesions grouped in accordance with various criteria and risk classes. It was found that the distribution of adenoma locations approximated all the more closely to the distribution pattern of carcinoma sites, the higher the malignancy risk of an adenoma group was. The statistical approximation of adenoma and carcinoma localisations as a function of increasing risk of malignancy must be considered an argument in support of the adenoma--carcinoma sequence.
Randomised controlled trial of oxytocin alone versus oxytocin and ergometrine in active management of third stage of labour.
Authors: S J McDonald, W J Prendiville, E Blair
Journal: BMJ (1993)

OBJECTIVE--To compare intramuscular oxytocin alone and intramuscular oxytocin with ergometrine (Syntometrine) for their effect in reducing the risk of postpartum haemorrhage when both are used as part of the active management of the third stage of labour. DESIGN--Double blind, randomised controlled trial. SETTING--Two metropolitan teaching hospitals in Perth, Western Australia. SUBJECTS--All women who expected a vaginal birth during the period of the trial. Informed consent was obtained. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Postpartum haemorrhage, nausea, vomiting, and increased blood pressure. RESULTS--3497 women were randomly allocated to receive oxytocin-ergometrine (n = 1730) or oxytocin (n = 1753). Rates of postpartum haemorrhage (&gt; or = 500 ml or &gt; or = 1000 ml) were similar in both arms (odds ratio 0.90 (0.82); 95% confidence interval 0.75 to 1.07 (0.59 to 1.14) at 500 ml (1000 ml) threshold). The use of oxytocin-ergometrine was associated with nausea, vomiting, and increased blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS--There are few advantages but several disadvantages for the routine use of oxytoxinergometrine when prophylactic active management of the third stage of labour is practised. Further investigation of dose-response for oxytocin may be warranted.
Clozapine: progress in treating refractory schizophrenia.
Authors: S R Hirsch, B K Puri
Journal: BMJ (1993)

All infants jaundiced after 2 weeks of age must have their urine tested for bilirubin and their total and direct bilirubin measured.If conjugated bilirubin is present the infant should be referred to a paediatrician for urgent investigation.The doctor should see the stool to determine whether it is yellow or green; if it lacks pigment the infant should be referred to a specialist centre to exclude or treat biliary atresia.Introducing systematic screening for hepatobiliary disorders has been suggested, as has reducing the age of well baby reviews from 6 to 4 weeks of age.It would allow the identification of infants with hepatobiliary disorders and other conditions that may benefit from earlier diagnosis.Physiological jaundice almost always clears by 14 days of age except in a very few breast fed infants.In Japan, parents receive written advice on the serious implications of yellow stained urine, pale stools, and jaundice in early infancy.Posters in infant welfare clinics and general practitioners' surgeries reinforce this message.In Japan well baby review is carried out at 4 weeks; other countries should adopt similar measures.The "Yellow Alert" National Awareness Campaign launched this week is the first serious attempt to tackle the problem in Britain.As well as targeting parents it is aimed at ensuring that all doctors dealing with babies are fully aware of liver disease, its signs, and the need for early intervention.
Abstract 2213: Influence of genetic polymorphism in UGT1A1, UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 on irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38G pharmacokinetics.
Authors: Belen Valenzuela, Mario González-Sales, Vanessa Escudero, Elena Navarro, Carlos Perez-Ruixo, Joseba Rebollo, Ramon González-Manzano, Juan José Pérez-Ruixo
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background and objective: SN-38 is the active metabolite of irinotecan (CPT-11) and mainly responsible of hematological and intestinal toxicity after CPT-11 treatments. SN-38 is inactivated into SN-38G by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes. Some polymorphism of these enzymes leads lower clearance (CL) of SN-38 and therefore bigger exposition and bigger risk of hematological and/or intestinal toxicity (1). Therefore, the goal of this study has been to evaluate the influence of genetic polymorphism in UGT1A1, UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 on the population pharmacokinetics of CPT-11 and its metabolites, SN-38 and SN-38G on Caucassian cancer population. Methods: Plasma concentrations of CPT-11, SN-38 and SN-38G from 72 patients were pooled to develop a joint population pharmacokinetic model using NONMEM 7. The effect of age, sex, body surface area, total bilirubin, co-medication, tumor type, and UGT1A1, UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 genotypes on the model parameters was evaluated. Results: The typical values (between-subject variability; %) of the irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38G clearances were 42,9 L/h (56,4%), 1340 L/h (76,8%) and 188 L/h (70,1%), respectively. Clearance in patients with some allele (heterozygous or homozygous) associated with low enzymatic activity of UGT1A1*28 was a 35,7% lower (CI 95%: 6,7 - 64,7; p=0,003) than in wild-type patients. Additionally, linkage dissequilibrium indicates a strong interaction between functional UGT1A1, UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 polymorphisms related to the alteration of the UGT enzyme activity. Conclusion: The impact of UGT1A1*28 genotype on the systemic exposure of SN-38 justifies its routine determination in patients receiving CPT-11 and subsequent dose adjustment. Citation Format: Belen Valenzuela, Mario González-Sales, Vanessa Escudero, Elena Navarro, Carlos Perez-Ruixo, Joseba Rebollo, Ramon González-Manzano, Juan José Pérez-Ruixo. Influence of genetic polymorphism in UGT1A1, UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 on irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38G pharmacokinetics. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2213. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2213
642 CHARACTERISATION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS ENTRY AND RNA REPLICATION IN CELLS OF CNS ORIGIN
Authors: B. Bürgel, M. Friesland, A. Koch, M.P. Manns, H. Wedemeyer, K. Weissenborn, T. Pietschmann, E. Steinmann, S. Ciesek
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Antiplatelet antibody [7E3 F(ab')2] prevents rethrombosis after recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator-induced coronary artery thrombolysis in a canine model.
Authors: J K Mickelson, P J Simpson, M Cronin, J W Homeister, E Laywell, J Kitzen, B R Lucchesi
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Coronary artery rethrombosis can complicate initially effective thrombolytic therapy. Platelets interacting with injured vascular endothelium in a region along the coronary artery with reduced luminal cross-sectional area contribute to rethrombosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of the F(ab')2 fragment of the murine monoclonal antibody 7E3 [7E3 F(ab')2] to prevent rethrombosis after intracoronary clot lysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in an experimental model. The 7E3 F(ab')2 binds to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex (GPIIb/IIIa), thereby preventing platelet-fibrinogen interaction and intravascular thrombus formation. Experimental coronary artery thrombosis was produced in the anesthetized dog by application of direct anodal current to the intimal surface of the left circumflex coronary artery in the region of an external stenosis. Lysis of the established intracoronary thrombus was achieved with the intravenous administration of rt-PA (25 mg) after which the animals were randomized into two groups. Group 1 (n = 10) served as the control, receiving the saline diluent, and group 2 (n = 9) received 7E3 F(ab')2, given as a single intravenous injection (0.8 mg/kg). The times required for occlusive thrombus formation, rt-PA-induced thrombolysis, and rethrombosis (if it occurred) were similar in the animals treated with saline and those treated with 7E3 F(ab')2. The initial left circumflex coronary artery blood flow was similar in both groups but decreased to a negligible level in group 1. In group 2, left circumflex coronary artery blood flow declined modestly (24 +/- 2 to 10 +/- 2 ml/min). Rethrombosis occurred in all animals in group 1 but in only two of nine animals in group 2 (p less than 0.05). Oscillations in coronary blood flow preceded rethrombosis in group 1, whereas 7E3 F(ab')2 stabilized left circumflex coronary artery blood flow patterns during the course of teh experimental protocol (5.2 +/- 0.9 vs. 0.7 +/- 0.4 oscillations, respectively; p less than 0.05). Thrombus mass recovered from the left circumflex coronary artery at the conclusion of each experiment was greater in group 1 as compared with group 2 (7.0 +/- 2.3 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.7 mg, respectively; p less than 0.05). The area of left ventricle at risk for infarction was similar in both groups but infarct size, infarction/at risk assessed histochemically, was larger in group 1 than group 2 (35 +/- 9% vs. 6 +/- 4%, respectively; p less than 0.05). Platelet aggregation induced by ADP and arachidonic acid was similar at baseline for all of the animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Poetry and Medicine
Authors: Andrew D. Firlik
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Ecological analysis of ethnic differences in relation between tuberculosis and poverty
Authors: J. I Hawker, S. S Bakhshi, S. Ali, C P. Farrington
Journal: BMJ (1999)

To examine the effect of ethnicity on the relation between tuberculosis and deprivation.Retrospective ecological study comparing incidence of tuberculosis in white and south Asian residents of the 39 electoral wards in Birmingham with ethnic specific indices of deprivation.Birmingham, 1989-93.1516 notified cases of tuberculosis.Rates of tuberculosis and measures of deprivation.Univariate analysis showed significant associations of tuberculosis rates for the whole population with several indices of deprivation (P<0.01) and with the proportion of the population of south Asian origin (P<0.01). All deprivation covariates were positively associated with each other but on multiple regression, higher level of overcrowding was independently associated with tuberculosis rates. For the white population, overcrowding was associated with tuberculosis rates independently of other variables (P=0.0036). No relation with deprivation was found for the south Asian population in either single or multivariable analyses.Poverty is significantly associated with tuberculosis in the white population, but no such relation exists for those of Asian ethnicity. These findings suggest that causal factors, and therefore potential interventions, will also differ by ethnic group.
Cholesteryl Oligoarginine Delivering Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor siRNA Effectively Inhibits Tumor Growth in Colon Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Won Jong Kim, Lane V. Christensen, Seongbong Jo, James W. Yockman, Ji Hoon Jeong, Yong-Hee Kim, Sung Wan Kim
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a multifunctional angiogenic growth factor that is a primary stimulant of the development and maintenance of a vascular network in the vascularization of solid tumors. It has been reported that a blockade of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis is a powerful method for tumor regression. RNA interference represents a naturally occurring biological strategy for inhibition of gene expression. In mammalian systems, however, the in vivo application of small interfering RNA (siRNA) is severely limited by the instability and poor bioavailability of unmodified siRNA molecules. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a hydrophobically modified protein transduction domain, cholesteryl oligo-d-arginine (Chol-R9), may stabilize and enhance tumor regression efficacy of the VEGF-targeting siRNA. The noncovalent complexation of a synthetic siRNA with Chol-R9 efficiently delivered siRNA into cells in vitro. Moreover, in a mouse model bearing a subcutaneous tumor, the local administration of complexed VEGF-targeting siRNA, but not of scrambled siRNA, led to the regression of the tumor. Hence, we propose a novel and simple system for the local in vivo application of siRNA through Chol-R9 for cancer therapy.
Quantitative Assessment of Polymerized and Depolymerized Platelet Microtubules
Authors: M. Steiner, Y. Ikeda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

The equilibrium between assembled and disassembled microtubules was studied in human platelets exposed to aggregating agents. Soluble and insoluble tubulin were "frozen" by addition of a glycerol-dimethyl sulfoxide-containing medium. The two pools were estimated by measuring the colchicine binding activities of total and polymerized tubulin. Resting platelets were found to contain an average of 56.2 μg tubulin/1 × 109 cells of which 56.7% was in polymerized form. Platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, ADP, epinephrine, or collagen produced a transient decrease in the pool of polymerized tubulin which was evident within 15 s after addition of the aggregating agent. A return to base-line values occurred within 1-4 min depending upon the specific aggregating agent used. Neither secretory release nor aggregation of platelets were found to be prerequisites for the temporary disturbance of the equilibrium between soluble and polymerized tubulin. With thrombin as the aggregating agent a clear threshold concentration could be demonstrated above with a dose-dependent dissociation response of microtubules was evident. We conclude that microtubules exist in a dynamic equilibrium between polymerized and depolymerized forms in human platelets, which is transiently disturbed by their interaction with aggregating agents.
The Stockholm Network
Authors: S. Harkins, M. Jones
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Earlier this month, UK health secretary Andrew Lansley announced that the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) would be stripped of its power to halt the purchase of drugs not considered cost effective for the NHS.1 He argued that the new system would be one where the “price of a drug will be determined by its assessed value”.2

The Stockholm Network, a pan-European think tank network, agreed with the proposed change to NICE’s remit. In a press release its chief executive, Helen Disney, argued that the move showed that, “even at a time of austerity, the British public does not want or accept rationed healthcare”.3

The network, which produces research for “market-oriented policy ideas in Europe”,4 has long had NICE within its sights. In …
How representation works is more important than what representations are
Authors: Shimon Edelman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract A theory of representation is incomplete if it states “representations are X ” where X can be symbols, cell assemblies, functional states, or the flock of birds from Theaetetus , without explaining the nature of the link between the universe of X s and the world. Amit's thesis, equating representations with reverberations in Hebbian cell assemblies, will only be considered a solution to the problem of representation when it is complemented by a theory of how a reverberation in the brain can be a representation of anything.
Palliative care in chronic illness
Authors: Scott A Murray, Kirsty Boyd, Aziz Sheikh
Journal: BMJ (2005)

many years' effort by health services in rural areas, only 5.4% of people with hypertension receive drug treatment and only 0.9% have their blood pressure effectively controlled. 7 11 Research evidence on the biological efficacy of these drugs is often universally generalisable.Guidelines are, however, value laden, have cost implications, and are not universally applicable; thus those developed for one population may not suit another.As well as the thresholds for initiating treatment, factors such as treatment targets, competing priorities for drugs, diagnostic testing, and frequency of follow-up all have cost implications.The treatment target is the level of blood pressure or cholesterol to achieve through treatment-the lower the target the more resources are required to achieve it.China should probably consider targets that differ from those for Western populations.Locally tailored treatment guidelines could further improve cost efficiency.For instance, antihypertensive drugs might be given precedence in China, particularly in the rural areas, over cholesterol lowering drugs because they are cheaper and also reduce the incidence of stroke.Stroke is common in China, and in some areas it is the leading cause of death.Each year 1.3 million people have a first stroke, four times the incidence of acute myocardial infarction. 12iven national differences in epidemiology, local needs, and affordability, developing countries such as China need to tailor their national policies for managing chronic conditions.If policies for other populations are used, adapting, rather than simply adopting, will bring greater benefits to patients.
Gonococcal pilin variants in experimental gonorrhea.
Authors: J Swanson, K Robbins, O Barrera, D Corwin, J Boslego, J Ciak, M Blake, J M Koomey
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

When pilus+ Gc were introduced into a male subject's urethra, they gave rise to pilus+ variants whose pilin mRNAs differed from that of input Gc. The differences stemmed from the Gc genome's single complete pilin gene having undergone gene conversion by different partial pilin genes' sequences and by different length stretches of a single partial pilin gene. In some instances, the variant's pilin mRNA appeared to reflect two independent gene-conversion events that used sequences from two different partial pilin genes. The resulting variants' pilins exhibited antigenic differences compared with the pilin polypeptide of input Gc; these differences were discernible by immunoblotting with mAbs. Amino acid and antigenic changes occurred in a segment of the variants' pilin polypeptides that previously was thought to be conserved or constant in sequence.
Priming of hepatitis C virus-specific cytotoxic t lymphocytes in mice following portal vein injection of a liver-specific plasmid DNA
Authors: Alexander Y. Lee, William C. Manning, Christopher L. Arian, Noelle K. Polakos, Jose L. Barajas, Jeffrey B. Ulmer, Michael Houghton, Xavier Paliard
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

The immunology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection should be studied in the context of HCV antigen expression in the liver, because HCV primarily infects this organ. Indeed, the nature, function, and fate of T cells primed after antigen expression in the liver might differ from those primed when antigens are expressed systemically or in other organs, because the nature of the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) involved may be different. In addition, the normal liver contains a resident population of lymphocytes that differ from those present at other sites. Thus, we investigated whether HCV-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) could be elicited following portal vein (PV) injection of plasmid DNA in mice whose hepatic veins were transiently occluded. We show that PV injection of mice with "naked" DNA expressing the HCV-NS5a protein, under the control of a liver-specific enhancer/promoter, resulted in NS5a expression in the liver and the priming of HCV-specific CTLs. These results suggested that such a model might be relevant to the study of HCV-specific immune responses primed during natural infection.
Unilateral Antegrade Cerebral Perfusion Through the Right Axillary Artery Provides Uniform Flow Distribution to Both Hemispheres of the Brain : A Magnetic Resonance and Histopathological Study in Pigs
Authors: J. Ye, G. Dai, L. N. Ryner, P. Kozlowski, L. Yang, R. Summers, J. Sun, T. A. Salerno, R. L. Somorjai, R. Deslauriers
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) has decreased in popularity over the past decade because of its complexity and the risk of cerebral embolism. We used magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging to assess flow distribution in both hemispheres of the brain during unilateral ACP through the right carotid artery via a cannula placed in the right axillary artery in conjunction with hypothermic circulatory arrest.Twelve pigs were randomly exposed to 120 minutes of either bilateral ACP through both carotid arteries (n=6) or unilateral ACP through the right axillary artery (n=6) at pressures of 60 to 65 mm Hg at 15 degrees C, followed by 60 minutes of cardiopulmonary bypass at 37 degrees C. MR perfusion images were acquired every 30 minutes before, during, and after ACP. The brain was perfusion fixed for histopathology. During initial normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass, MR perfusion imaging showed a uniform distribution of flow in the brain. In both the bilateral and unilateral ACP groups, the same pattern was maintained, with an increase in regional cerebral blood volume during ACP and reperfusion. The changes in regional cerebral blood volume and mean transit time were similar in both hemispheres during and after unilateral ACP. No difference was observed between the 2 groups. Histopathology showed normal morphology in all regions of the brain in both groups.Both bilateral ACP and unilateral ACP provide uniform blood distribution to both hemispheres of the brain and preserve normal morphology of the neurons after prolonged hypothermic circulatory arrest.
Dosage of Aspirin-Reply
Authors: James A. Schoenberger
Journal: JAMA (1980)

In Reply.—  Dr Wood is correct in stating that at the time AMIS was planned the role of endothelial prostacyclin was unknown. There was, however, ample justification in the selection of the dosage of aspirin used (0.5 g twice daily) from numerous previous field studies that had also used this dosage and reported favorable, if statistically nonsignificant, trends for aspirin.  The studies of Masotti and coworkers 1 are based on only nine human subjects, three of whom showed sustained inhibition of prostacyclin formation when pretreated with 8 and 10 mg/kg. Under these circumstances it is not possible to state that the dosage of aspirin used in AMIS was likely to inhibit prostacyclin production for a 24-hour period in all subjects. Furthermore, the role of prostacyclin in man has not yet been conclusively established. There is, therefore, no a priori basis for considering the dosage of aspirin used to have been