tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Higher Urine Nitric Oxide Is Associated with Improved Outcomes in Patients with Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Dana E. McClintock, Lorraine B. Ware, Mark D. Eisner, Nancy Wickersham, B. Taylor Thompson, Michael A. Matthay
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

Nitrogen oxide (NO) species are markers for oxidative stress that may be pathogenic in acute lung injury (ALI).We tested two hypotheses in patients with ALI: (1) higher levels of urine NO would be associated with worse clinical outcomes, and (2) ventilation with lower VT would reduce urine NO as a result of less stretch injury.Urine NO levels were measured by chemiluminescence in 566 patients enrolled in the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network trial of 6 ml/kg versus 12 ml/kg VT ventilation. The data were expressed corrected and uncorrected for urine creatinine (Cr).Higher baseline levels of urine NO to Cr were associated with lower mortality (odds ratio, 0.43 per log(10) increase in the ratio), more ventilator-free days (mean increase, 1.9 d), and more organ-failure-free days (mean increase, 2.3 d) on multivariate analysis (p < 0.05 for all analyses). Similar results were obtained using urine NO alone. NO to Cr levels were higher on Day 3 in the 6 ml/kg than in the 12 ml/kg VT group (p = 0.04).Contrary to our hypothesis, higher urine NO was associated with improved outcomes in ALI at baseline and after treatment with the 6 ml/kg VT strategy. Higher endogenous NO may reflect less severe lung injury and better preservation of the pulmonary and systemic endothelium or may serve a protective function in patients with ALI.
Thoracic Tenderness in Pulmonary Infarction
Authors: John Godfrey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

DURING the last decade, steadily increasing attention has been paid to the early diagnosis, in both medical and surgical cases, of phlebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis. Earlier diagnosis and prompt treatment with the anticoagulants, or by venous ligation, have appreciably reduced the number of unfortunate cases in which the patient, making an uneventful convalescence, suddenly succumbs to a pulmonary embolism. However, in spite of routine daily examinations of the legs and scanning of the chart, the first evidence of such a process is all too often observed too late.Boyd1 divides pulmonary emboli into three classes: large emboli occluding a main artery . . .
VP22-mediated and light-activated delivery of an anti-c-raf1 antisense oligonucleotide improves its activity after intratumoral injection in nude mice
Authors: David Zavaglia, Nadia Normand, Neil Brewis, Peter O'Hare, Marie-Christine Favrot, Jean-luc Coll
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

VP22, a protein of the herpes simplex virus tegument, can form complexes with fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides. These particles, termed "Vectosomes," are efficiently taken up by cells and remain stable in the cell cytoplasm without any particular activity. Interestingly, these Vectosomes can be disrupted by light, which releases the antisense activity. Here we show that anti-c-raf1 Vectosomes are efficiently activated by light in vivo after injection into subcutaneous A549 (non-small-cell lung cancer) tumors implanted in nude mice. Moreover, two injections per week of anti-c-raf1 Vectosomes followed by illumination result in a stronger inhibition of tumor growth than injections of the antisense alone or of the different control Vectosomes. This effect correlates with a strong inhibition of the c-Raf1 protein expression. As a consequence of c-Raf1 loss, apoptosis was also detected in these tumors. Vectosomes thus represent a new powerful tool to improve the delivery of oligonucleotides in vitro and in vivo.
Lipids and Hypertension
Authors: W. E. Feeman
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> The article by Williams et al<sup>1</sup>entitled "Familial Dyslipidemic Hypertension" merits comment. In my experience, the lipid-blood pressure connection is pervasive within the hypertensive population. The clinical experience on which this letter is based is the Bowling Green Study (BGS), which is my own 14-year ongoing study of the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease. The BGS involves 7399 patients, representing my private practice of family medicine in Bowling Green, Ohio. This substudy represents all patients since 1974 who were found to have hypertension (sitting blood pressure, 140/90 mm Hg). In my practice, blood pressure is measured on every office visit. A lipid evaluation is performed as part of the hypertensive workup. In this substudy, a patient must have hypertension and no other dominant reason for having lipid levels tested. Seventy-seven men and 82 women met this criterion. (Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-cholesterol] and high-density
Analysis of the role of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxic antibody activity in murine neonatal herpes simplex virus infection with antibodies to synthetic peptides of glycoprotein D and monoclonal antibodies to glycoprotein B.
Authors: S Kohl, N C Strynadka, R S Hodges, L Pereira
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

The role of antibody in neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection remains controversial. A battery of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies to HSV glycoprotein B (gB), and polyclonal antibodies against synthetic peptides of predicted epitopes of HSV glycoprotein D (gD) were used to determine in vitro functional activity and association with protection against lethal infection in a murine model of neonatal HSV disease. Antiviral neutralization activity of HSV was not associated with antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity to HSV-infected cells in vitro. In a model of high dose challenge (10(4) PFU), protection was not afforded by any antibody alone, but was by antibody plus human mononuclear cells, and highly associated with ADCC functional activity (P less than 0.001). In a low dose challenge model, neutralizing activity of antibody alone was associated with protection in vivo (P less than 0.001). Of the nine neutralizing epitopes of gD in vitro, eight were predicted surface regions. Four of the five epitopic sites of gD (2-21, 267-276, 288-297, and 303-312) that were determined to be important targets of ADCC and in vivo protection were also predicted to be surface regions. The only exception was the antiserum to region 52-61 which was predicted to be buried and also showed these activities. ADCC as well as neutralizing antibody activity are important in protection against neonatal HSV infection.
Inadequate Blood Glucose Control Is Associated With In-Hospital Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Authors: R. Ascione, C.A. Rogers, C. Rajakaruna, G.D. Angelini
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Background— Derangement of glucose metabolism after surgery is not specific to patients with diabetes mellitus. We investigated the effect of different degrees of blood glucose control (BGC) on clinical outcomes after cardiac surgery. Methods and Results— We analyzed 8727 adults operated on between April 1996 and March 2004. The highest blood glucose level recorded over the first 60 hours postoperatively was used to classify patients as having good (&lt;200 mg/dL), moderate (200 to 250 mg/dL), or poor (&gt;250 mg/dL) BGC; 7547 patients (85%) had good, 905 (10%) had moderate, and 365 (4%) had poor BGC. Patients with inadequate BGC were more likely to present with advanced New York Heart Association class, congestive heart failure, hypertension, renal dysfunction, and ejection fraction &lt;50% ( P ≤0.001). We found that 52% of patients with poor, 31% with moderate, and 8% with good BGC had diabetes mellitus. Inadequate BGC, but not diabetes mellitus ( P =0.79), was associated with in-hospital mortality (good, 1.8%; moderate, 4.2%; poor, 9.6%; adjusted odds ratio: poor versus good BGC, 3.90 [95% confidence interval, 2.47 to 6.15]; moderate versus good BGC, 1.68 [95% confidence interval, 1.25 to 2.25]). Inadequate BGC also was associated with postoperative myocardial infarction (eg, odds ratio, poor versus good BGC: 2.73 [95% confidence interval, 1.74 to 4.26]) and with pulmonary and renal complications in patients without known diabetes mellitus (eg, odds ratio, poor versus good BGC: 2.27 [95% confidence interval, 1.65 to 3.12] and 2.82 [95% confidence interval, 1.54 to 5.14] respectively). Conclusions— More than 50% of patients with moderate to poor BGC after cardiac surgery were not previously identified as diabetic. Inadequate postoperative BGC is a predictor of in-hospital mortality and morbidity.
Low Health Literacy and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review
Authors: Nancy D. Berkman, Stacey L. Sheridan, Katrina E. Donahue, David J. Halpern, Karen Crotty
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Background: Approximately 80 million Americans have limited health literacy, which puts them at greater risk for poorer access to care and poorer health outcomes. Purpose: To update a 2004 systematic review and determine whether low health literacy is related to poorer use of health care, outcomes, costs, and disparities in health outcomes among persons of all ages. Data Sources: English-language articles identified through MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, and Cochrane Library databases and hand-searching (search dates for articles on health literacy, 2003 to 22 February 2011; for articles on numeracy, 1966 to 22 February 2011). Study Selection: Two reviewers independently selected studies that compared outcomes by differences in directly measured health literacy or numeracy levels. Data Extraction: One reviewer abstracted article information into evidence tables; a second reviewer checked information for accuracy. Two reviewers independently rated study quality by using predefined criteria, and the investigative team jointly graded the overall strength of evidence. Data Synthesis: 96 relevant good- or fair-quality studies in 111 articles were identified: 98 articles on health literacy, 22 on numeracy, and 9 on both. Low health literacy was consistently associated with more hospitalizations; greater use of emergency care; lower receipt of mammography screening and influenza vaccine; poorer ability to demonstrate taking medications appropriately; poorer ability to interpret labels and health messages; and, among elderly persons, poorer overall health status and higher mortality rates. Poor health literacy partially explains racial disparities in some outcomes. Reviewers could not reach firm conclusions about the relationship between numeracy and health outcomes because of few studies or inconsistent results among studies. Limitations: Searches were limited to articles published in English. No Medical Subject Heading terms exist for identifying relevant studies. No evidence concerning oral health literacy (speaking and listening skills) and outcomes was found. Conclusion: Low health literacy is associated with poorer health outcomes and poorer use of health care services. Primary Funding Source: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
PAPAIN DIGESTION FRAGMENTS OF HUMAN I<scp>G</scp>M GLOBULINS
Authors: Constantin Mihaesco, Maxime Seligmann
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

Papain digestion of two Waldenström IgM globulins produced a high amount of small peptides and resulted in the formation of two end products, the Fabmicro and Fcmicro fragments. The Fcmicro fragment is characterized by a fast electrophoretic mobility, a high content in carbohydrate, and a high molecular weight. It was demonstrated that this fragment is made of heavy chain pieces belonging to several disulfide-linked monomeric subunits, presumably representing the carboxy-terminal end of the micro-chains. Fc fragments from the two macroglobulins could not be distinguished immunologically. An appreciable proportion of IgM molecules apparently underwent degradation without the formation of a stable Fc fragment. An Fc-like fragment, analogous to the reduced Fc fragment, was obtained at early stages of papain digestion of the IgM subunits. The Fabmicro fragment, with slow and individually distinct electrophoretic mobility, bears many physicochemical and immunological similarities to the Fabgamma fragment. It consists of one light chain and one Fd piece, both of which were isolated. The interaction of these two constituents was demonstrated by gel diffusion studies. Fab fragments of both IgM globulins were resolved into two subpopulations with different electric charges. In addition to these fragments, intermediary split products were observed at early stages of the degradation process, together with a high yield of small peptides mainly derived from the papain-sensitive region of the heavy chains. Immunologic data strongly suggested that this segment of micro-chains is situated between the Fd piece and the portion included in the Fc fragment. Several experiments indicated the importance of conformational antigenic specificity in both Fab and Fc regions of the IgM globulins.
Physicians on Nuclear War
Authors: Robert D. Gillette
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Aug 3,1984, issue ofThe Journalcontained a number of excellent articles relating to medical aspects of nuclear war. Open discussion of this topic is valuable and should be encouraged. However, such dialogue has been unnecessarily constricted by the widespread acceptance of some debatable assumptions, including the following: We must educate our leaders on the disastrous consequences of thermonuclear war. Anyone who has seen pictures of Hiroshima and can multiply by a million knows what the results of a total nuclear exchange would be. Further repetition of such obvious facts is not likely to be useful. The real issue is how our leaders should respond to this reality. Thermonuclear war would destroy society; therefore, it is futile to think about the medical care of survivors.<sup>1</sup>This belief discounts the possibility of a single nuclear blast. There are a variety of conditions under which
The Era of the Patient-Reply
Authors: Stanley J. Reiser
Journal: JAMA (1993)

In Reply.  —I heartily agree with the suggestion of Dr Banner that consumers can play a significant role in the continuing education of physicians. To bring the experiences of people who have encountered illness and therapy to the dispensers of that therapy and to have them hear firsthand about their therapy's effects would do much to improve medical care.  In response to Dr Papp, as I used the terms in my essay, consumers are lay persons who use medical knowledge and services when both well and ill, while patients are consumers of services who are ill. Papp objects to the concept of consumers. What does he wish to call people who are not sick and are involved with health care, for example, as participants in health promotion programs? All those who use the health care system are not patients.  He is equally concerned about bringing the experiences of those who
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation With Mechanical Chest Compressions and Simultaneous Defibrillation
Authors: Pierre-Nicolas Carron, Bertrand Yersin
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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1118-80 Effects of intracoronary low-dose enalaprilat on QT dynamicity in patients undergoing direct percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Hendrik Bonnemeier, Ulrich Schaefer, Thomas Kurz, Uwe Wiegand, Jasmin Ortak, Hugo A Katus, Gert Richardt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
THE RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH PREDICTS 30-DAY READMISSION RISK AMONG PATIENTS WITH A PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS OF HEART FAILURE
Authors: Jason Lappe, Jeffrey Anderson, Abdallah Kfoury, Donald Lappe, Kimberly Brunisholz, J. Muhlestein, Heidi May, Benjamin Horne
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Gene Scene: A Master Control Switch for Myogenesis Muscles Its Way Into the Clinic
Authors: Teri Randall
Journal: JAMA (1992)

AFTER YEARS of speculation, scientists are finally peering into the black box of differentiation, the prophetic moment during development when a cell closes off all options but one and commits to a singular lineage. It has long been postulated that this moment is controlled, not by a cohort of genes, but by a "master regulatory switch," a single gene that, once activated, sets in motion the cell's machinery to make only one cell type. In 1987, the first master regulatory gene was identified by a team led by Harold Weintraub, MD, PhD, at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Wash. Called<i>MyoD</i>, this gene is thought to activate the entire program of skeletal muscle differentiation. Furthermore, when researchers transfect<i>MyoD</i>into primary cultures of other cell types—such as fibroblasts, adipocytes, and brain cells—these cells also convert to muscle. This capacity has been demonstrated repeatedly in cell types derived from
THE RELATION OF THE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF CERTAIN DYES TO OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES
Authors: René Dubos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

Oxidized indophenols and methylene blue are bacteriostatic for Pneumococcus and hemolytic streptococci of human and bovine origin, while the indigoes, malachite green and litmus are not toxic. 2-Chloroindophenol, the most positive of the indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials used, is also the only one to have a bacteriostatic action on cheese strains of Streptococcus haemolyticus. Methylene blue and the indophenols are no longer bacteriostatic when present in a reduced form in a medium capable of maintaining them in such a condition. A comparison of these results with the growth in plain broth of the organisms studied suggests that the "inhibiting" dyes "poise" the medium at an oxidation potential outside the range in which the inhibited organisms can grow.
Identification of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase I as a target gene of HBx-induced cell cycle progression of hepatoma cell
Authors: Yuanyan Wei, Dan Liu, Fengbiao Zhou, Yuqing Ge, Jiejie Xu, Xiaojing Yun, Jianxin Gu, Jianhai Jiang
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Putting pancreatic cell plasticity to the test
Authors: Jorge Ferrer, Mercè Martín, Joan Marc Servitja
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Diabetes results from the absolute or relative deficiency of insulin-producing β cells. The prospect that non-β pancreatic cells could be harnessed to become β cells has led to interest in understanding the plasticity of pancreatic cells. Recent studies, however, have shown that adult β cells are largely derived from preexisting β cells. In this issue of the JCI, Desai et al. show that acinar cells, the major cell type in the pancreas, do not contribute to new β cells formed during pancreatic regeneration (see the related article beginning on page 971). These studies suggest that the fate of adult pancreatic cell lineages is immutable. However, also in this issue of the JCI, Collombat et al. demonstrate that inducing a single transcription factor named Arx in adult β cells causes these cells to undergo massive transdifferentiation into α and pancreatic polypeptide endocrine cells (see the related article beginning on page 961). This finding points to an unexpected plasticity of postnatal pancreatic endocrine cells.
On the Nature of Rifle-Bullet Wounds, and the Principles of their Early Treatment
Authors: G. Kirker
Journal: BMJ (1884)

4f retu [ i 18" fiaoe lour after the operatioh, Irwas Utet for,-as there was a good do4liof biieding.Onitakingdiowithe dreosinis, a large: blood-clot was fouriid distending thd 'wotkd,and passing uhder the -sulrroundia ns.Having cleired oW the -clots, a mall vehsel as ulautd *R1 siured,after which there Way" no ;fuTther trouble.Had the peuing, inl&1the peritoneal cavity.*t b6entbfficiently closed, ito dodbt-internal bleeding would have gone on, to a possibly fatal extent.tSubsequently, the patient had very violint diairheea, and gradually sank.She died omithe't&nth day after operation.At the post Ahortom examination, it mas found that a small portion of the intestine (about the size of a) thr6epenny-pieee) which had octupied the hertnia had sloughed ; ther abdominal opening was closed by aiplug of lymph, -and from t spiralW radiating fdtlds of peritoneum could be traced for -a tonsiderabIe dis, t a, adherent in many places by, recent lymph to the attached peri.toaeal $urfaOe; showing, when the specimen was recent, very beauti- fully the result of torsion.-,'M yexperience of this operation is as yet but small; I trust, how- ekri' that the present communication may be the means of inducing other,surgeons to give this method a fair trial, so that soon we may haive sufficient statistics from which to draw conclusions; and I am d&nvinced that a large number of permanent and complete cures will dreatually be credited to the operation b_y torsion of the sac.-TV .
A clinical classification and grading system of the cutaneous changes in onchocerciasis
Authors: M.E. MURDOCH, R.J. HAY, C.D. MACKENZIE, J.F. WILLIAMS, H.W. GHALIB, S. COUSENS, A. ABIOSE, B.R. JONES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Although onchocerciasis is one of the most important diseases of the skin and eye in the tropical world, to date there has been no formal consensus regarding the description and terminology of skin lesions. Furthermore, the contribution of cutaneous pathology to the morbidity and socio‐economic effects of the disease has been largely neglected. We present a clinical classification and grading system for recording the cutaneous changes of onchocerciasis, and propose that this system be used as a standard method of description to convey clinical information between workers in all endemic areas to assist local and comparative research.