tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mutation (variation) databases and registries: a rationale for coordination of efforts
Authors: Arleen D. Auerbach, John Burn, Jean-Jacques Cassiman, Mireille Claustres, Richard G. H. Cotton, Garry Cutting, Johan T. den Dunnen, Mona El-Ruby, Aida Falcon Vargas, Marc S. Greenblatt, Finlay Macrae, Yoichi Matsubara, David L. Rimoin, Mauno Vihinen, Christine Van Broeckhoven
Journal: Nature Reviews Genetics (2011)
48 COMMUNITY-BASED SCREENING FOR HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION IN THE GAMBIA, WEST AFRICA: PREVALENCE OF INFECTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING THE SCREENING ATTENDANCE
Authors: Y. Shimakawa, M. Lemoine, H.F. Njai, A. Jatta, B. Sanneh, M. Taal, T. Corrah, U. D'Alessandro, R. Njie, M. Thursz
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
TUBERCULOUS CERVICAL ADENITIS: A STUDY OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLI CULTIVATED FROM FIFTEEN CONSECUTIVE CASES
Authors: Paul A. Lewis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1910)

The examination of fifteen consecutive cases of primary tuberculous cervical adenitis resulted in the isolation of nine cultures of B. tuberculosis of bovine type and six cultures of human type, the classification being made on the basis of adaptability to artificial cultivation, character of growth on glycerine bouillon, virulence for rabbits, and, in three instances, virulence for calves. The results of the determination of the reaction changes in glycerine bouillon due to the growth of the cultures on this medium were in general accord with the classification as based on other characters. One culture otherwise of human type was found to give the slightly acid or even alkaline end reaction characteristic of the bovine type of bacillus. One culture, otherwise of bovine type, has so far given an end reaction more highly acid than is usual with bovine cultures. Two cultures, highly virulent for rabbits, showed even less adaptability to artificial cultivation than the usual true bovine cultures and the reaction change could not, therefore, be determined.
Evaluation of Alternate Categorical Tumor Metrics and Cut Points for Response Categorization Using the RECIST 1.1 Data Warehouse
Authors: Sumithra J. Mandrekar, Ming-Wen An, Jeffrey Meyers, Axel Grothey, Jan Bogaerts, Daniel J. Sargent
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

We sought to test and validate the predictive utility of trichotomous tumor response (TriTR; complete response [CR] or partial response [PR] v stable disease [SD] v progressive disease [PD]), disease control rate (DCR; CR/PR/SD v PD), and dichotomous tumor response (DiTR; CR/PR v others) metrics using alternate cut points for PR and PD. The data warehouse assembled to guide the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1 was used.Data from 13 trials (5,480 patients with metastatic breast cancer, non-small-cell lung cancer, or colorectal cancer) were randomly split (60:40) into training and validation data sets. In all, 27 pairs of cut points for PR and PD were considered: PR (10% to 50% decrease by 5% increments) and PD (10% to 20% increase by 5% increments), for which 30% and 20% correspond to the RECIST categorization. Cox proportional hazards models with landmark analyses at 12 and 24 weeks stratified by study and number of lesions (fewer than three v three or more) and adjusted for average baseline tumor size were used to assess the impact of each metric on overall survival (OS). Model discrimination was assessed by using the concordance index (c-index).Standard RECIST cut points demonstrated predictive ability similar to the alternate PR and PD cut points. Regardless of tumor type, the TriTR, DiTR, and DCR metrics had similar predictive performance. The 24-week metrics (albeit with higher c-index point estimate) were not meaningfully better than the 12-week metrics. None of the metrics did particularly well for breast cancer.Alternative cut points to RECIST standards provided no meaningful improvement in OS prediction. Metrics assessed at 12 weeks have good predictive performance.
The Personal Diary of Major Edward "Mick" Mannock
Authors: R. Heys
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The recent belated pardoning of servicemen executed for “cowardice” during the first world war makes this expertly researched diary of an undisputed hero of that bloodiest of conflicts—with its reproduced handwritten account of his personal experience of the condition now known as post-traumatic stress disorder and now recognised as the blameless cause of such breakdowns—of particular interest in the current era of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

After service as a sergeant in the Royal Army Medical Corps, Mannock, although blind in one eye, requested transfer to the Royal Flying Corps (later the Royal Air Force) in 1916, aged 29. Knowing that if detected his defective vision would preclude allocation to flying duties, he avoided its discovery by …
Effects of Propranolol on the Transmembrane Potentials of Ventricular Muscle and Purkinje Fibers of the Dog
Authors: LARRY D. DAVIS, JOHN V. TEMTE
Journal: Circulation Research (1968)

Papillary muscle-false tendon tissue preparations isolated from dog hearts were perfused with Tyrode's solution containing propranolol in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 20.0 mg/liter. Transmembrane action potentials of both ventricular muscle fibers and Purkinje fibers were recorded. With sufficient concentration of drug, the velocity of the upstroke and the overshoot of both fiber types decreased. The curve relating upstroke velocity to level of membrane potential for Purkinje fibers was displaced to the right and down. The ability of both ventricular muscle fibers and Purkinje fibers to respond to rapid frequencies of stimulation was decreased. Repolarization of Purkinje fibers was accelerated by propranolol, but repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers was unaffected. Duration of the effective refractory period of Purkinje fibers decreased; that of ventricular muscle fibers was unchanged. Graded responses and decremental impulse conduction in Purkinje fibers were abolished in the presence of propranolol. Low doses of propranolol which caused no change in the transmembrane potential completely blocked the increase in Purkinje diastolic depolarization normally induced by epinephrine. The possible mechanisms by which propranolol might exert its antiarrhythmic actions on ventricular arrhythmias were discussed.
Clinical Problems Related to Surgical Repair of Intracardiac Defects with the Aid of an Extracorporeal Pump-Oxygenator
Authors: HOWARD B. BURCHELL
Journal: Circulation (1957)

The medical problems in the selection of patients for direct-vision reconstructive operations utilizing the pump-oxygenator of the Gibbon type are discussed. The evaluation of the pulmonary vascular changes is one of the most important medical tasks in many cases. The operative risk for such lesions as ventricular septal defect with high pulmonary flow, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary stenosis with intact ventricular septum, and atrial septal defect of the partial atrioventricular canal type is constantly decreasing and is 15 per cent or less at the present time. Heart block and cardiac arrhythmias are still, on occasion, serious postoperative complications. During 1 period of 3 months, subacute bacterial endocarditis ( Pseudomonas ) occurred in 4 patients but it has not recurred since.
Investigation into data fraud results in heart researcher's dismissal
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Five published articles on the genetic causes of cardiac arrhythmia are being retracted after the dismissal of a Montreal Heart Institute researcher who falsified data in his work. The institute dismissed Zhiguo Wang after an investigation triggered in August when he requested the retraction of two articles in the Journal of Biological Chemistry (2007;282:12363-7, doi:10.1074/jbc.A111.700015; 2008;283:20045-52, doi:10.1074/jbc.A111.801035).

Two terse retractions appeared in the 12 August issue. One of the articles had been cited 126 times, the other 76 times. At the time, Dr Wang told the website Retraction Watch, “We noticed some mistakes in the Western blot band images shown in these papers. These …
Epilepsy and learning.
Authors: C R Haines
Journal: BMJ (1979)

incidence of allergic complications than those with no detected antigen in blood.3Furthermore, high concentrations of antigen in CSF at diagnosis with slow disappearance of antigen were associated with neurological damage.Thus, while I agree with the authors' two conclusions, which, I respectfully submit, are self-evident, there are well-known immuno- logical techniques which can improve diagnostic accuracy and which also have some prognostic and epidemiological value.
IQ and Schizophrenia in a Swedish National Sample: Their Causal Relationship and the Interaction of IQ With Genetic Risk
Authors: Kenneth S. Kendler, Henrik Ohlsson, Jan Sundquist, Kristina Sundquist
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2014)

The authors sought to clarify the relationship between IQ and subsequent risk for schizophrenia.IQ was assessed at ages 18-20 in 1,204,983 Swedish males born between 1951 and 1975. Schizophrenia was assessed by hospital diagnosis through 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate future risk for schizophrenia in individuals as a function of their IQ score, and then stratified models using pairs of relatives were used to adjust for familial cluster. Finally, regression models were used to examine the interaction between IQ and genetic liability on risk for schizophrenia.IQ had a monotonic relationship with schizophrenia risk across the IQ range, with a mean increase in risk of 3.8% per 1-point decrease in IQ; this association was stronger in the lower than the higher IQ range. Co-relative control analyses showed a similar association between IQ and schizophrenia in the general population and in cousin, half-sibling, and full-sibling pairs. A robust interaction was seen between genetic liability to schizophrenia and IQ in predicting schizophrenia risk. Genetic susceptibility for schizophrenia had a much stronger impact on risk of illness for those with low than high intelligence. The IQ-genetic liability interaction arose largely from IQ differences between close relatives.IQ assessed in late adolescence is a robust risk factor for subsequent onset of schizophrenia. This association is not the result of a declining IQ associated with insidious onset. In this large, representative sample, we found no evidence for a link between genius and schizophrenia. Co-relative control analyses showed that the association between lower IQ and schizophrenia is not the result of shared familial risk factors and may be causal. The strongest effect was seen with IQ differences within families. High intelligence substantially attenuates the impact of genetic liability on the risk for schizophrenia.
Counterfactuals need not be comparative: The case of “As if”
Authors: Keith D. Markman, Matthew N. McMullen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Byrne (2005) assumes that counterfactual thinking requires a comparison of facts with an imagined alternative. In our view, however, this assumption is unnecessarily restrictive. We argue that individuals do not necessarily engage in counterfactual simulations exclusively to evaluate factual reality. Instead, comparative evaluation is often suspended in favor of experiencing the counterfactual simulation as if it were real.
UK is set to allow mitochondrial donation after MPs vote in favour
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The United Kingdom is on course to become the first country to allow in vitro fertilisation (IVF) to create babies using biological material from three people to prevent serious inherited disease, after MPs voted overwhelmingly in favour of the procedure.

The House of Commons voted by 382 to 128 to approve regulations allowing mitochondrial donation, after MPs were given a free vote of conscience on the issue. The Conservative led government and the Labour front bench both made clear that they saw the move as an important scientific advance for families that are blighted by mitochondrial disease and that it did not amount to …
Protein products for dieting may sport warning labels
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Legal skirmishing continues in the federal government's effort to require warning labels on "liquid protein" and other protein products intended for use in weight reduction or as diet supplements. Food and Drug Administration officials have been seeking the warning labels for three years (<i>JAMA</i>[MEDICAL NEWS] 1977;238:2243-2244, 2680) after becoming concerned "about the rapidly growing use of liquid protein products that were being used as the primary or sole source of calories in low-calorie diets." Seventeen deaths have been attributed to use of these products. In the absence of supervision to ensure adequate potassium intake, hypokalemia is a possibility, the FDA has said. Cardiac arrhythmias may also occur (<i>N Engl J Med</i>1980;303:735-738). A regulation requiring the warning labels was to have gone into effect Sept 4, but a federal judge granted a stay to those opposing it. The FDA officials say the court has directed them "to do some more
Regulating Firearm Advertisements
Authors: Daniel L. Orr
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Vernick and colleagues<sup>1</sup>seem to have a recurrent problem confusing their minority opinions as gun control advocates with consensus. In 1993, Vernick and Teret<sup>2</sup>wrote that it was "well established" among scholars that the US Supreme Court had disparaged an individual's right to keep and bear arms while confirming that the Second Amendment only protected the right of states to form a militia.<sup>2</sup>A search of the peer-reviewed legal literature revealed that of 50 articles on the subject, 47 found that the Supreme Court affirms the individual's rights and only 3 supported the militia-only view. Now, in their 1997 article apparently critical of both the First and Second Amendments, Vernick et al<sup>1</sup>proffer that there is a consensus that "the best available scientific evidence contradicts the advertising message that a gun in the home is, on balance, protective." Kleck and Gertz<sup>3</sup>
The role of complementary and alternative medicine
Authors: E Ernst
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Based on a presentation from the Millennium Festival of Medicine 

Complementary and alternative medicine is defined as “diagnosis, treatment and/or prevention which complements mainstream medicine by contributing to a common whole, by satisfying a demand not met by orthodoxy or by diversifying the conceptual frameworks of medicine.”1 It comprises a confusingly large and heterogeneous array of techniques, with both therapeutic and diagnostic approaches (table 1).

#### Summary points

The one year prevalence for use of complementary and alternative medicine is around 20% and is predicted to rise

Some of the reasons for this popularity amount to a biting criticism of conventional medicine

At present much complementary and alternative medicine is still opinion based

View this table:

Table 1 
Examples of techniques used in complementary and alternative medicine



A recent telephone survey on the use of complementary and alternative medicine in the United Kingdom yielded a one year prevalence of 20%.14 Herbalism, aromatherapy, homoeopathy, acupuncture, massage, and reflexology were among the most popular. This level of use may seem impressive but, compared with other countries, it is low (figure). National differences are difficult to interpret. To some they indicate that in the United Kingdom complementary and alternative medicine will grow to match its popularity in Germany or France, where, contrary to the United Kingdom, it is mostly practised by medically trained doctors.



One year prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine in various countries. Data based on surveys of random or representative samples of population



The exact reasons for the popularity of complementary and alternative medicine are complex; they change with time and space, they may vary from therapy to therapy, and they are different from one individual to another—for example, a patient with AIDS will have other motives than someone who is “worried well.” Reporting on complementary and alternative medicine in the British daily press is …
Prosthetic Valves for Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Joseph E. MacManus
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This excellent volume contains a report of procedures, papers, and discussion at the Conference on Prosthetic Valves for Cardiac Surgery, held at the Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago, on Sept. 9 and 10, 1960. This conference brought together more than 200 participants and guests who represented active medical workers, as well as research teams in industry who were interested in pooling their knowledge in this expanding field. The general topics covered were physiology of normal valve function; hydraulics of blood flow; desirable physical characteristics of artificial valves; methods of molding, bonding, and altering surfaces of fabrics; effects of design on fatigue; total valve and monocusp replacements; in vivo problems of thrombosis, fibrosis, and immobility; technical problems of insertion; and the use of hypothermia and coronary perfusion during the application of the materials to patients. The essential elements in each of the 49 presentations have been extracted and presented in a precise
Effects of Replacement Doses of Sodium-L-Thyroxine on the Peripheral Metabolism of Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine in Man
Authors: Lewis E. Braverman, Apostolos Vagenakis, Patricia Downs, Angela E. Foster, Kenneth Sterling, Sidney H. Ingbar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Studies of the effect of L-thyroxine administration (0.3 mg daily for 7-9 wk) on the peripheral metabolism of (131)I-labeled triiodothyronine (T(3)) and (125)I-labeled thyroxine (T(4)) and on the concentration and binding of T(4) and T(3) in serum were carried out in 11 euthyroid female subjects. Administration of L-thyroxine led to consistent increases in serum T(3) concentration (137 vs. 197 ng/100 ml), T(3) distribution space (39.3 vs. 51.7 liters), T(3) clearance rate (22.9 vs. 30.6 liters/day) and absolute T(3) disposal rate (30 vs. 58 mug/day), but no change in apparent fractional turnover rate (60.3 vs. 60.6%/day). The proportion and absolute concentration of free T(3) also increased during L-thyroxine administration. Increases in serum total T(4) concentration (7.3 vs. 12.8 mug/100 ml) and in both the proportion and absolute concentration of free thyroxine also occurred. In five of the subjects, the kinetics of peripheral T(4) turnover were simultaneously determined and a consistent increase in fractional turnover rate (9.7 vs. 14.2%/day), clearance rate (0.84 vs. 1.37 liters/day), and absolute disposal rate (64.2 vs. 185.0 mug/day) occurred during L-thyroxine administration. Despite these increases in the serum concentration and daily disposal rate of both T(4) and T(3), the patients were not clinically thyrotoxic. However, basal metabolic rate (BMR) values were marginally elevated and, as in frank thyrotoxicosis, T(4)-binding capacities of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) and thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA) reduced, suggesting that subclinical thyrotoxicosis was present. Thus, the often recommended replacement dose of 0.3 mg L-thyroxine daily may be greater than that required to achieve the euthyroid state. The studies have also provided additional evidence of the peripheral conversion of T(4) to T(3) in man and have permitted the calculation that approximately one-third of exogenously administered T(4) underwent deiodination to form T(3). To the extent that a similar fractional conversion occurs in the normal state, it can be calculated that a major fraction of the T(3) in serum derives from the peripheral deiodination of T(4) and that only a lesser fraction derives from direct secretion by the thyroid gland.
Treatment of Acute Poisoning
Authors: T. J. Thomson, S. Alstead
Journal: BMJ (1960)

Historically, acute poisoning is the classic medical emergency. The most important principle in manage ment is speed in starting the appropriate treatment; initial delay may render subsequent measures ineffective, and in all cases will increase uncertainty in the prognosis. Many substances may cause poisoning in man, but the general principles of treatment are the same in all cases: remove the poison from the patient; administer the specific antidote when it is available; prevent or treat the complications which may result from the action of the poison.
Hypertriglyceridemia and Atherosclerosis
Authors: W.E. Feeman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters1 January 1998Hypertriglyceridemia and AtherosclerosisW.E. Feeman, Jr., MDW.E. Feeman, Jr., MDBowling Green, OH 43402Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-1-199801010-00022 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I may be able to shed some light on the quandary concerning the role of triglycerides in the pathogenesis of atherothrombotic disease, as voiced by Dr. Ginsberg in his recent editorial [1]. I am the chief investigator for the Bowling Green Study of the primary and secondary prevention of atherothrombotic disease [2, 3]. To date, I have compiled an age and sex registry of 668 patients who developed some form of the disease between 4 November 1974 and 1 January 1997.The Bowling Green Study uses as its lipid predictor the cholesterol retention fraction ([low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ...References1. Ginsberg HN. Is hypertriglyceridemia a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease? A simple question with a complicated answer [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126:912-4. Google Scholar2. Feeman WE Jr. The Bowling Green Study of the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerosis: descriptive findings, applications, and conclusions. Ohio J Sci. 1992:153-81. Google Scholar3. Feeman WE Jr. The Bowling Green Study of the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease: update 1991-1993. Ohio J Sci. 1994; 105-12. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: W.E. Feeman, Jr., MDAffiliations: Bowling Green, OH 43402 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byPedometer-Determined Physical Activity and Body Composition in Chinese Working AdultsWhy jump on estrogen?Carbohydrate-induced hypertriacylglycerolemia: historical perspective and review of biological mechanisms,, 1 January 1998Volume 128, Issue 1Page: 73-74KeywordsAtherosclerosisCholesterolGlucose toleranceHigh density lipoproteinHypercholesterolemiaLipidsLipoproteinsLongitudinal studiesLow density lipoproteinPathogenesis ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 January 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Silver Anniversary Celebrated for Penn State Heart
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1995)

A TRIBUTE to persistence and delivery of paeans of praise for a man one of his sons affectionately called "the Grand Pooh-Bah of artificial heart surgery" took place at the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center in Hershey, Pa, in May. William S. Pierce, MD, was honored at a symposium, "The Artificial Heart: Past, Present, and Future—Celebrating 25 Years at Penn State." During the 2-day gathering, investigators from around the United States and other countries who have played prominent roles in developing the Penn State Heart (<i>JAMA</i>. 1985;253:2617-2621 and 1993:269:966-973) and other pioneering artificial organ parts and systems looked back at the brave (if somewhat naive) beginnings of their discipline, assessed where they are now, and predicted an expanding future for fabricated bits of human beings. Currently, the Penn State model is one of two air-driven devices the Food and Drug Administration has approved for use as a bridge to transplantation.