tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Development of an Assessment Tool for Screening Children for Glucose Intolerance by Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: Sarah Ehtisham, Nick Shaw, Jeremy Kirk, Timothy Barrett
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has recommended screening for type 2 diabetes by fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in children who are overweight (BMI >85th percentile) who have two of the following risk factors: at-risk ethnic minority origin, family history of diabetes in a first- or second-degree relative, or insulin resistance (acanthosis nigricans, polycystic ovarian syndrome, hypertension, or dyslipidemia) (1).

The case for refining the criteria for screening has been made previously (2). In that study, the sensitivity of the criteria was 24%, with a positive predictive value of 3%, i.e., 40 children needed to be tested to yield one abnormal result. In a response to this, Rosenbloom (3) highlighted the need to test the ADA criteria in high-risk populations to establish the strength and risk level of different …
Leptin inhibits 4-aminopyridine– and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures and AMPAR-mediated synaptic transmission in rodents
Authors: Lin Xu, Nicholas Rensing, Xiao-Feng Yang, Hai Xia Zhang, Liu Lin Thio, Steven M. Rothman, Aryan E. Weisenfeld, Michael Wong, Kelvin A. Yamada
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Leptin is a hormone that reduces excitability in some hypothalamic neurons via leptin receptor activation of the JAK2 and PI3K intracellular signaling pathways. We hypothesized that leptin receptor activation in other neuronal subtypes would have anticonvulsant activity and that intranasal leptin delivery would be an effective route of administration. We tested leptin's anticonvulsant action in 2 rodent seizure models by directly injecting it into the cortex or by administering it intranasally. Focal seizures in rats were induced by neocortical injections of 4-aminopyridine, an inhibitor of voltage-gated K+ channels. These seizures were briefer and less frequent upon coinjection of 4-aminopyridine and leptin. In mice, intranasal administration of leptin produced elevated brain and serum leptin levels and delayed the onset of chemical convulsant pentylenetetrazole-induced generalized convulsive seizures. Leptin also reduced neuronal spiking in an in vitro seizure model. Leptin inhibited alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole proprionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in mouse hippocampal slices but failed to inhibit synaptic responses in slices from leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice. JAK2 and PI3K antagonists prevented leptin inhibition of AMPAergic synaptic transmission. We conclude that leptin receptor activation and JAK2/PI3K signaling may be novel targets for anticonvulsant treatments. Intranasal leptin administration may have potential as an acute abortive treatment for convulsive seizures in emergency situations.
Definition of Brain Death
Authors: Millard Bass
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  In March 1979, a nurse was tried by a jury for the murder of a patient in a Maryland hospital. 1 She was accused of deliberately killing this comatose patient by unplugging his respirator.  A state forensic pathologist testified that there was no gross evidence of a  brain, a term synonymous with brain death. A forensic pathologist called by the defense said the man was probably brain dead at time of respirator turn-off. An internist testified for the prosecution that the man was alive at time of respirator turn-off. But another internist called by the defense testified that the patient was dead before disconnection of the respirator.  The jury was deadlocked after two days of deliberation. The judge then dismissed the jury and declared a mistrial. The prosecutor has decided not to retry the nurse.  One week after the mistrial, I interviewed 11 of the 12
ABC of AIDS. AIDS and the lung.
Authors: A Millar
Journal: BMJ (1987)

The lungs are commonly affected in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), accounting for almost halfofall initial presentations.As Opportunistic infections the numbers ofpatients increase so will the workload for thoracic and Non-opportunistic infections general physicians.Pulmonary manifestations include both opportunistic and non-opportunistic infections as well as non-infective disorders.The Non-infective disorders presenting clinical features and treatment of these disorders are described below in their order ofincidence.This is followed by an outline of investigation and diagnosis. Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaPneumocystis carinit pneumonia accounts for 85% ofpulmonary infections in AIDS.Patients typically complain ofa prolonged history (6-8 weeks) ofbreathlessness and dry-cough, and a common sy to thateof a inability to tiake a deep breath.Fever is almostintvariable, but the * patients rarely complain of a high temperature.'Treatment is with co-trimoxazole 20 mg/kg/day (ofthe trimethoprim component) diluted 1/25 in either 0n9 saline or 5% dextrose.Two weeks of intravenous therapy are followedby one-week 6f oral therapy.Iforal treatment is not tolerated by the patient or iffever or symptoms recur then intraenut rea tent should be resumed.Eightyper cent ofpaes raven o dgluc ec ce a i eedtobecls tem e nitor pahrot oxiecnits develop some side effects, the most common ofwhich are nausea, rashes, and cytopenia.Prophylactic prqchlor efazine (oe ac pient weight) is used routinely, but despite this nausea proves intractable in some ~~~~~patients.Intravenous folinic acid (15 mg/day) is given to prevent cytopenia iftheplatelet count is below SOX 109/1lorthewhite cell count below 1 5 x 109/1 either before or during treatment.Pentamidine maybeusedasanalternativetreatfmentt aepdose of4 mg/kg/ Chest radiograph of patient with typical day (oftheisethionate salt) byintramuscularinjection or diluted in 250 ml appearances of pneumocystis pneumonia.
Newborn Screening Controversy
Authors: Michelle Huckaby Lewis
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Pediatrics HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Pediatrics journal
Factors predictive of attendance at clinic and blood pressure control in hypertensive patients.
Authors: P Degoulet, J Menard, H A Vu, J L Golmard, C Devries, G Chatellier, P F Plouin
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Poor compliance with appointments and drug treatment is one of the recognised factors preventing effective management of hypertension. Factors predictive of poor attendance and inadequate blood pressure control in patients attending a hypertension clinic were therefore determined using univariate analyses and a multivariate logistic model. Out of 1346 patients with blood pressure exceeding 160/95 mm Hg followed up for three years, 209 (15.5%) dropped out during the first year. Variables that were significantly related to increased drop out rates were male sex, young age, obesity at entry, cigarette smoking, direct referral to the clinic as a result of screening instead of referral by a general practitioner, absence of pre-existing antihypertensive treatment at the first visit, moderate hypertension, and low socioeconomic category. Variables at entry that were significantly related to poor blood pressure control at one year were old age, evidence of coronary heart disease, severe hypertension, and raised blood glucose concentrations. Early detection of patients at high risk of drop out or poor blood pressure control might improve treatment of hypertension and allow management to be more individually adapted to each patient.
An Evaluation of Optic Disc and Nerve Fiber Layer Examinations in Monitoring Progression of Early Glaucoma Damage
Authors: Harry A. Quigley, Joanne Katz, Robert J. Derick, Donna Gilbert, Alfred Sommer
Journal: Ophthalmology (1992)

From annual examinations of 813 ocular hypertensive eyes, the authors compared optic disc and nerve fiber layer photographs in 2 age-matched subgroups: 37 eyes that converted to abnormal visual field tests at the end of a 5-year period and 37 control eyes that retained normal field tests. Disc change was detected in only 7 of 37 (19%) converters to field loss and in 1 of 37 (3%) controls. Progressive nerve fiber layer atrophy was observed in 18 of 37 (49%) converters and in 3 of 37 (8%) controls. Serial nerve fiber layer examination was more sensitive than color disc evaluation in the detection of progressive glaucoma damage at this early stage of glaucoma. The evaluation of cup-to-disc ratio or of the nerve fiber layer appearance in the initial photograph taken 5 years before field loss were equally predictive of future field damage. The position of nerve fiber layer defects was highly correlated with the location of subsequent visual field loss. From annual examinations of 813 ocular hypertensive eyes, the authors compared optic disc and nerve fiber layer photographs in 2 age-matched subgroups: 37 eyes that converted to abnormal visual field tests at the end of a 5-year period and 37 control eyes that retained normal field tests. Disc change was detected in only 7 of 37 (19%) converters to field loss and in 1 of 37 (3%) controls. Progressive nerve fiber layer atrophy was observed in 18 of 37 (49%) converters and in 3 of 37 (8%) controls. Serial nerve fiber layer examination was more sensitive than color disc evaluation in the detection of progressive glaucoma damage at this early stage of glaucoma. The evaluation of cup-to-disc ratio or of the nerve fiber layer appearance in the initial photograph taken 5 years before field loss were equally predictive of future field damage. The position of nerve fiber layer defects was highly correlated with the location of subsequent visual field loss.
Adaptations of alpha2- and beta-cells of rat and mouse pancreatic islets to starvation, to refeeding after starvation, and to obesity.
Authors: F M Matschinsky, C Rujanavech, A Pagliara, W T Norfleet
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

The effects of starvation and refeeding and of obesity on pancreatic alpha2- and beta-cell responses to glucose or tolbutamide were studied with the isolated rat or mouse pancreas perfused with an amino acid mixture in the presence and absence of glucose. It was observed that the physiological adaptation to a regimen of fasting and realimentation and to obesity differed greatly in the two types of endocrine cells. Whereas beta-cells of rats showed a dramatic reduction of glucose- and tolbutamide-stimulated insulin release during starvation that was reversed by refeeding, alpha2-cells preserved their response to stimulators and inhibitors during this experimental manipulation. Amino acid stimulation of glucagon release occurred equally well with the pancreas from fed and starved rats and was suppressed efficiently by glucose and tolbutamide in both nutritional states. Surprisingly, the rate of onset of glucose suppression of alpha2-cells was significantly higher in the fasted than in the fed state. This glucose hypersensitivity was apparent 2 d after after food deprivation and had disappeared again on the 2nd d of refeeding. In the pancreas from animals starved for 3 d, glucose and tolbutamide suppression of alpha2-cells took place in the absence of demonstrable changes of insulin release. In the isolated perfused pancreas taken from the hyperphagic obese hyperglycemic mouse (C57 Black/6J; ob/ob), the observed rate of insulin secretion as a result of a combined stimulus of amino acids and glucose and of glucagon release stimulated by amino acids was about four times higher than achieved by the pancreas of lean controls. However, glucose was unable to suppress the alpha2-cells in the pancreas of obese animals, in spite of the hypersection of the beta-cells, again in contrast to the alpha2-cells of controls that were readily inhibited by glucose. These data imply that the acute suppression of alpha2-cells by glucose is largely independent of a concomitant surge of extracellular insulin levels and that the adaptation of the islet organ to starvation leads to decreased glucose sensitivity of beta-cells, which contrasts with an improved glucose responsiveness of alpha2-cells. However, hyperphagia, which is assumed to be the primary abnormality in the ob/ob mouse, leads to overproduction of insulin and glucagon by the pancreas while greatly reducing the alpha2-cell sensitivity to glucose. An attempt is made to incorporate these data on starvation, refeeding, and obesity, as well as previous results with experimental diabetes, in a comprehensive picture describing a regulative principle underlying the glucose responsivness of alpha2-cells.
Too simple by half, says minister
Authors: J. Warden
Journal: BMJ (1987)

<i>Introduction:</i> Obesity is the leading health problem in the United States. Providers often fail to document obesity in patients whose body mass index (BMI) is more than 30. <i>Methods:</i>Using a structured data query of the military health system electronic medical record, we determined the BMI and presence of an associated International Classification of Disease code in a cohort of more than 3 million patients. <i>Results:</i>Fifteen percent of patients (482,628) had a BMI exceeding 30. Of those patients with a BMI more than 30,78,776 (16%) had an associated International Classification of Disease 9 code documenting obesity in their record. <i>Conclusion:</i>Coding and documentation of obesity is inadequate. This has implications for delivery of preventive counseling and efforts to mitigate rising trends in obesity.
CAN WE IMPROVE UPON THE SANITARY CONDITION OF OUR CARS?
Authors: WM. T. DALBY
Journal: JAMA (1896)

I take it that every physician is a sanitarian; if not, he should be. The doctor's true sphere of action is not confined to disease alone, but embraces man's whole life when in a state of health as well as when in a state of disease. A knowledge of the laws of hygiene is essentially necessary to the education of every physician, and its worth as a true science is of no less importance to the general public. We find in searching the archives of the past that those who preceded us in our noble calling recognized the science of sanitation as a true sister to the art of medicine as well as her greatest, brightest ally. Every civilized government has assumed the inherent right to protect the health and provide for the safety and welfare of its people; and this is not merely a presumed right, but it is
B7/CD28 Costimulation Is Essential for the Homeostasis of the CD4+CD25+ Immunoregulatory T Cells that Control Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Benoît Salomon, Deborah J Lenschow, Lesley Rhee, Neda Ashourian, Bhagarith Singh, Arlene Sharpe, Jeffrey A Bluestone
Journal: Immunity (2000)
Germination of a Bean Impacted Six Months in Nostril: Removal
Authors: T. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1867)

On reflection, I cannot help feeling how much the science of surgery has been benefited by the invention of Dr. Arnott's mode of making equal support on an uneven surface; also the invention of the "swing' by M. Sauter of Constance.I, on my part, only claim the merit of having been the first to publish the principle of suspension in the AMedical Gazette in the year i832; also in adding the curved groove to the board so as to allow the limb to revolve on its own axis.
Alexander Bryce Stewart
Authors: Stewart Munday
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Former senior medical officer Department of Health (b 1916; q Durham 1941; FRCGP), died from bronchopneumonia following a stroke on 15 October 2004.​2004.




Figure 1




As a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps he saw active service in the second world war, initially in Tunisia and after the D Day landings at Caen, Nijmegen, and Arnhem. He later served as a medical officer in Belsen. After the war he purchased what had previously been his father's medical practice in Bury, Lancashire. He joined the then Department of Health and Social Security 14 years later. His final post was as senior medical officer heading the southern division of the regional medical service. He was an accomplished sailor. He leaves a wife, Vera, and four children.
EC proposals fail to distinguish between information and advertising
Authors: Rory Watson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

UK paediatricians will debate a motion of no confidence in the General Medical Council's handling of disciplinary cases involving child protection work, at their professional association's forthcoming meeting.The motion has been put forward by 32 members of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health and will be tabled at the college's annual spring meeting, to be held at York University from 14 April.Many but not all of the motion's signatories are members of Professionals Against Child Abuse, a group formed last year in response to high profile GMC cases against paediatricians.The motion argues that paediatricians are more harshly treated than other specialties, citing cases in which other doctors escaped removal from the register after convictions for assaulting children and viewing child pornography.The motion also accuses the GMC of giving too much weight to serial and vexatious complaints by campaigners and of failing to consider previous investigations that have exonerated paediatricians when starting proceedings against them.This constitutes double jeopardy, the paediatricians argue.Paul Davis, a consultant paediatrician in Cardiff and one of the signatories, said the fear of being struck off was a "powerful deterrent" in discouraging professionals from giving expert testimony and from making child protection referrals."The numbers on the child protection register have declined sharply," he said.A spokesperson for the GMC said, "It is extremely rare for a paediatrician to appear before a panel in connection with child protection work.Since 2004 panels have considered more than 600 cases.Only two could reasonably be said to have been about paediatricians involved in child protection work.Our critics are trying to create the impression that the GMC is intent on unfairly persecuting paediatricians involved in child protection work.Nothing could be further from the truth." Paediatricians debate a motion of no confidence in GMCUK NEWS Review shows growing trend for trials of new cancer drugs to stop early, p 793 WoRld NEWS Germany "has two tier health service" p 796 bmj.comCompany's decision to lengthen lipid lowering trial causes controversy
MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF DISEASED PERIDENTAL TISSUES
Authors: EDWARD H. HATTON
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Most of the material on which these studies are based came from the peridental membrane clinic at the Northwestern University Dental School. In all of these, therefore, there are alterations of a high degree. At the same time, there are portions of each fragment that are only moderately changed. Zenker's fluid was used most often for fixation, and either celloidin or paraffin used for embedding. Paraffin was finally selected as the routine procedure because it was possible to get thinner sections and serial sections were more readily obtained. Hematoxylin and eosin, or methylene blue and eosin were the chief stains used. Occasionally methylene blue was used alone. The serial section procedure has more than paid for the trouble it entails, as it is only in this manner that the changes can be followed straight through the block, and reconstructions of the various parts achieved. An especially good illustration of this
Impaired hedonic capacity in major depressive disorder: Impact on affiliative behaviors
Authors: Diego A. Pizzagalli, Christen M. Deveney
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

research on the neurobiology and psychosocial features of major depressive disorder has the ability to extend our understanding of affiliative behavior. in depression, decreased hedonic capacity and hypoactivity in dopaminergic and prefrontal circuitries may decrease the ability to experience affiliative relationships as rewarding. we suggest that neurobiological research on depression can provide a test case for theoretical models of affiliation.
Genomic Aberrations Occurring in Subsets of Serrated Colorectal Lesions but not Conventional Adenomas
Authors: Andrea N. Burnett-Hartman, Polly A. Newcomb, John D. Potter, Michael N. Passarelli, Amanda I. Phipps, Michelle A. Wurscher, William M. Grady, Lee-Ching Zhu, Melissa P. Upton, Karen W. Makar
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

A subset of aggressive colorectal cancers exhibit BRAF mutation, MLH1 methylation, and a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), but precursors are poorly established. In this study, we determined the status of these markers in colorectal polyps and evaluated associated risk factors. The study included 771 polyp cases and 1,027 controls who were ages 24 to 80 years, part of a group health program, received a colonoscopy from 1998 to 2007, and completed a structured questionnaire assessing risk factors. Following standard pathology review, polyps were assayed for BRAF mutation (V600E) and tested for MLH1 and CIMP methylation, the latter including the genes, CACNA1G, IGF2, NEUROG1, RUNX3, and SOCS1. Polytomous logistic regression was used to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals for the association between molecularly defined subsets of polyps and potential risk factors. There were 580 conventional adenomas and 419 serrated lesions successfully assayed. For adenomas, the prevalence of each marker was ≤1%. In contrast, 55% of serrated lesions harbored mutant BRAF, 26% were CIMP-high, and 5% had methylated MLH1. In these lesions, the highest prevalence of markers was in sessile-serrated polyps (SSP) of ≥10 mm that were in the right-side/cecal regions of the colon. Risk factors for CIMP-high-serrated lesions included Caucasian race, current smoking status, and a history of polyps, whereas for serrated lesions with mutant BRAF, the significant risk factors were male sex, current smoking status, obesity, and a history of polyps. Our results suggest that SSPs and other large, right-sided serrated lesions have a unique molecular profile that is similar to CIMP-high, BRAF-mutated colorectal cancers.