tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Monitoring treatment with aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Authors: A P MacGowan, D S Reeves
Journal: BMJ (1993)

EDITOR,-Renewed interest in the activities and professional training of counsellors in general practice is welcome.'2In the 1990s there will be a concerted move by professional bodies such as the British Association for Counselling and the British Psychological Society to regulate counselling and ensure that those who practise are both competent and qualified to do so.Contrary to some popular wisdom, bad counselling can be damaging to patients.The question of who counsels patients in medical settings needs to be addressed.There is some difference between being a counsellor and having counselling skills.Almost all health care professionals with primary training in medicine, nursing, physiotherapy, or other allied professions counsel people during their work: if the broadest definition of the term is used an episode of counselling occurs in every medical consultation.Health care professionals constantly give patients information, clarify treatment options, and help people to adjust to new, and sometimes unwelcome, circumstances.Specialist counsellors, on the other hand, have usually had advanced training in counselling, psychotherapy, or family therapy, and some may be professionally trained in other disciplines such as medicine, clinical psychology, social work, or nursing.Although specialist training is not a requirement to practise as a counsellor, a professional may occasionally refer a patient to a specialist counsellor in the same way that a doctor may refer medical problems to a specialist colleague.3Clinical and counselling psychologists do not deal only with mental illness.Our training (at MSc level) emphasises the need for counselling skills for people with many complex medical problems, including HIV infection, management of diabetes, infertility, problems after disasters, pain control after surgery, and neurological problems.In addition, psychologists conduct collaborative research with their colleagues in general practice, provide health education to patients, and conduct psychosocial assessments and may also provide a consultation and liaison service.Though there may currently be an undersupply of qualified and accredited counsellors, this should not deter doctors from referring patients to them when resources permit.
Gypsy women launch claim following sterilisation
Authors: Katka Kosner
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Gypsy women in the Czech Republic who claim they were coerced into being sterilised by doctors are to launch the first claims for damages with courts this month. Jiri Lifka, a legal adviser with the Czech ombudsman's office, said that 61 complaints from women claiming they were forced to have sterilisation have been lodged with his office in recent months. “The cases go back to the 1970s and up to 2004,” he told the BMJ , adding that all but two complaints were lodged by Gypsy women.
A CASE OF CROSSED PARALYSIS
Authors: G. Lambert
Journal: BMJ (1909)

CROSBA r IS.see these ehildike' usualy in-bed.In,addition to hbad- ache, te may be severe.painsin the' baek'of -the nek running downinto, the arms.The head may b retractd.Both externl recti are completely paralysed, and some, or all, the muscles supplied by the third nerve (except the levator) may be paralysed also.There may even be im;mobility of the pupils.These cases are-frequently
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling within hepatocytes attenuates systemic inflammatory response and lethality in septic mice
Authors: Ryotaro Sakamori, Tetsuo Takehara, Chihiro Ohnishi, Tomohide Tatsumi, Kazuyoshi Ohkawa, Kiyoshi Takeda, Shizuo Akira, Norio Hayashi
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Sepsis is an infection-induced syndrome with systemic inflammatory response leading to multiorgan failure and occasionally death. During this process, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is activated in the liver, but the significance of this molecule has not been established. We generated hepatocyte-specific STAT3-deficient mice (L-STAT3 KO) and examined the susceptibility of these mice to cecal ligation and puncture–induced peritonitis, a well-established septic model. L-STAT3 KO mice showed significantly higher mortality and produced lesser amounts of various acute phase proteins than control littermates. Although blood bacterial infection did not differ between L-STAT3 KO mice and control mice, the former showed deterioration of the systemic inflammatory response as evidenced by a significant increase in various cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1β. A similar hyperinflammatory response was observed in another septic model caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. In vitro analysis revealed that soluble substances derived from hepatocytes and dependent on STAT3 were critical for suppression of cytokine production from LPS-stimulated macrophage and splenocytes. Conclusion: STAT3 activation in hepatocytes can attenuate a systemic hyperinflammatory response and lethality in sepsis, in part by suppressing immune cell overactivation, implying a critical role of hepatocyte STAT3 signaling in maintaining host homeostasis.
A double-blind, randomized, stratified controlled study of the treatment of tinea imbricata with oral terbinafine or itraconazole
Authors: U. BUDIMULJA, K. KUSWADJI, S. BRAMONO, J. BASUKI, L.S. JUDANARSO, S. UNTUNG, S. WIDAGDO, RHPRABOWO WYDIANTO, D. KOESANTO, P. WIDJANARKO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

This study compared the efficacy of the new fungicidal allylamine antimycotic, terbinafine, with the triazole antimycotic, itraconazole, in patients with chronic tinea imbricata. Forty-three patients received terbinafine 250 mg daily, and 40 received itraconazole 100 mg daily, for 4 weeks. A total of 72 patients were eligible for follow-up at weeks 5 and 17. Of these, four patients, all from the itraconazole group, did not respond either clinically or mycologically. All of the remaining 68 patients were clinically and mycologically cured. No adverse effects were reported in either group. Terbinafine was assessed as having a superior clinical and mycological cure rate to itraconazole after 4 weeks (P=0·05) with borderline statistical significance. In addition, after 13 weeks of follow-up, terbinafine provided a significantly reduced rate of reinfection/relapse from further T. concentricum infection compared with itraconazole (P<0·001). This superior protective effect may be explained by the fungicidal activity and the long persistance in the skin of terbinafine, and indicates the need for higher doses of itraconazole in this particular infection.
Stimulation of murine B lymphocytes by isolated C3b.
Authors: K U Hartmann, V A Bokisch
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

Addition of isolated B3b to murine lymph node cell cultures induced increased DNA synthesis. The stimulation is dependent on the dose of C3b added and is potentiated by fetal calf serum present in the medium. Isolated C3 is less stimulatory than C3b; C3a and C3c had no effect on DNA synthesis in these cultures. 10-20% large immunoglobulin containing blastlike cells developed in lymph node cell cultures stimulated by 50 mug C3b in the presence of 3% fetal calf serum. The stimulation by C3b was observed in cultures of lymph node and spleen cells of several mouse strains including C3H/HeJ and congenitally thymus-deficient (nu/nu) mice. The results suggest that B lymphocytes are the main target of the stimulatory effect of C3b. Two mechanisms which may be involved in the stimulation of lymphocytes by C3b are discussed: (a) cross-linking of receptors on the cell surface or between cells, and (b) the binding of C3b to receptors of B lymphocytes and the formation of the complement enzyme C3bB. The results are compatible with the suggestion that activation of C3 is part of the events triggering the B lymphocytes.
Dead Yet Speaketh.
Authors: John M. Allen
Journal: JAMA (1903)

St. Johnsbury, Vt., Oct. 12, 1903. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I read my obituary notice, published in your last week's issue, with interest. As Mark Twain said of a similar occurrence: "The report was greatly exaggerated." I was injured in an automobile accident, and received fractures of each femur, dislocation of the left elbow and right shoulder and fractures of the nasal and superior maxillary bones. Aside from these I am all right and am getting on well with them.
Panic Attacks and Phobias
Authors: David V. Sheehan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

UNTIL recently panic disorder was viewed almost exclusively in psychological terms. It was believed that the patient was overreacting to a life stress or an "unconscious" conflict.1 A growing body of evidence now suggests that we revise this view in favor of a medical-illness model.2 , 3 This model suggests that in contrast to stress-related situational anxiety, panic disorder is associated with a biochemical abnormality in the nervous system, to which there is a genetic vulnerability.3 4 4a This new view has important implications for treatment and research.Natural HistoryPanic disorder usually starts with paroxysmal attacks of anxiety that strike suddenly, without warning, . . .
Successful Treatment of Gastroparesis Following Total Esophagectomy Using Botulinum Toxin
Authors: A. Tcherniak, D. H. Kashtan, E. Melzer
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

A 52-year-old man with a malignant esophageal tumor underwent near-total esophagectomy with gastric replacement and feeding jejunostomy. Pyloroplasty was not performed. The postoperative course was unremarkable, except for excessive drainage from the nasogastric tube of 1000 - 1300 ml per day from the first postoperative day.
Transglutaminase inhibitors induce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis in tissue-engineered skin
Authors: C.A. Harrison, C.M. Layton, Z. Hau, A.J. Bullock, T.S. Johnson, S. MacNeil
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

The transglutaminase (TG) family consists of eight distinct isoforms. TG types 1, 3 and 5 play a major role in normal skin development, with TG2 also being elevated during dermal wounding. TG1, 3 and 5 are responsible for the cross-linking of keratin precursors and formation of the cornified envelope during keratinocyte differentiation. TG2 may play a role in keratinocyte basement membrane cross-linking. Abnormal TG expression has been demonstrated in Darier disease, Netherton syndrome, psoriasis and lamellar ichthyosis. During a recent investigation of skin contraction in tissue-engineered skin, transglutaminase inhibitors were found to produce hyperproliferation and parakeratosis.Accordingly, this study was designed to study the effect of pan-transglutaminase inhibition on morphology of tissue-engineered skin and expression of keratinocyte differentiation and proliferation-associated antigens.We used a tissue-engineered model of human skin, based on de-epidermized acellular human dermis, seeded with normal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts and cultured at an air-liquid interface. The pan-transglutaminase inhibitors putrescine, NTU283 (1-dimethyl,2-[(oxopropyl)thio]imidazolium) and NTU285 (N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-glutaminyl-6-dimethylsulfonium-5-oxo-l-norleucine) were added to the culture medium. After 28 days, histology and immunohistochemistry for collagen IV, involucrin and cytokeratins 6, 10 and 16 were performed.Keratinocyte hyperproliferation and parakeratosis were seen in response to transglutaminase inhibition. Inhibition of transglutaminase also resulted in loss of basement membrane collagen IV. Involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16 were confined to the basal layers in control composites but expressed throughout the epidermis in response to transglutaminase inhibition. A distinct band of expression of cytokeratin 10 was seen in the upper stratum granulosum of control composites but only patchy expression was seen after transglutaminase expression.Pan-transglutaminase inhibition inhibits terminal differentiation of keratinocytes, leading to a hyperproliferative epidermis with parakeratosis and enhanced expression of involucrin and cytokeratins 6 and 16. Expression of the differentiation-associated cytokeratin, cytokeratin 10, is reduced. Basement membrane integrity is also lost as a result of transglutaminase inhibition.
Notes on Health Resorts: VII.--Schwalbach
Authors: A. E. Garrod
Journal: BMJ (1892)

Bartholomew's Hospital.THE following brief description of Schwalbach, and of the modes of treatment there carried out, are based upon notes taken upon the spot during a visit in the summer of 1891.Schwalbach (or, more correctly, Langen-Schwalbach) is about nine miles from Wiesbaden, and is 1,050 feet above the sea level.It may be reached either by railway from Wies- baden or by a carriage drive of two hours from Eltville on the Rhine.The railway journey is somewhat tedious, although the line runs through beautiful beech woods.The gradient is so steep that the train can only travel at a very elow pace, either up or down, taking an hour and ten minutes to cover the distance.The town is surrounded, but by no means shut in, by hills belonging to the Taunus range, which are for the most part -covered by woods of birch, beech, oak, and fir trees.The air is usually fresh and bracing, especially in the higher parts of
IGF-II Serum Levels Increase Discrimination Between Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostate Cancer and Improve the Predictive Value of PSA in Clinical Staging
Authors: Lutz Trojan, Christian Bode, Christel Weiss, Doris Mayer, Rainer Grobholz, Peter Alken, Maurice Stephan Michel
Journal: European Urology (2005)
The runaway brain
Authors: T. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Does Darwinian theory really explain Mozart and Michelangelo? Biologists would have us believe that the processes of random mutation, natural selection, and survival of the fittest are enough to explain the whole process of evolution. Primitive man is said to have evolved in the Rift Valley in Africa somewhere between 1 1/2 and 3 1/2 million years ago. Evolutionary pressures would presumably have focused on survival from predators, success in food gathering and breeding, and adaptation to climatic changes. It is difficult to believe that the genes that contribute to artistic creativity and mathematical innovation have any practical value to a hunter-gatherer. Does primitive man …
Discriminant analysis of symptom pattern and serum antibody titres in humidifier related disease.
Authors: C McSharry, K Anderson, A Speekenbrink, C Lewis, G Boyd
Journal: Thorax (1993)

<h3>Objective</h3> The aim of this research was to involve migrants and other key stakeholders in a participatory dialogue to develop a guideline for enhancing communication in cross-cultural general practice consultations. In this paper, we focus on findings about the use of formal versus informal interpreters because dialogues about these issues emerged as central to the identification of recommendations for best practice. <h3>Design</h3> This qualitative case study involved a Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) research methodology. <h3>Participants</h3> The sample comprised 80 stakeholders: 51 from migrant communities; 15 general practitioners (GPs) and general practice staff; 7 established migrants as peer researchers; 5 formal, trained interpreters; and 2 service planners from the national health authority. <h3>Setting</h3> Galway, Ireland. <h3>Results</h3> There was 100% consensus across stakeholder groups that while informal interpreters have <i>uses</i> for migrants and general practice staff, they are not considered <i>acceptable</i> as best practice. There was also 100% consensus that formal interpreters who are trained and working as per a professional code of practice are acceptable as best practice. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Policymakers and service planners need to work in partnership with service providers and migrants to progress the implementation of professional, trained interpreters as a routine way of working in general practice.
Medical charity is expelled from Darfur
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2011)

This month’s expulsion of the medical aid organisation Doctors of the World (Medecins du Monde) from South Darfur has been widely condemned.

A number of local staff members were arrested by local security officers early this month, and the group was expelled on 17 February, in a move reminiscent of the expulsion of 13 charities in March 2009 that occurred immediately after President Omar al Bashir’s indictment for war crimes by the International Criminal Court in the Hague ( BMJ 2009; 338:b985, doi:10.1136/bmj.b985).

Abdul-Hamid Musa Kasha, governor of South Darfur state, said, “We have expelled the French non-governmental organisation Doctors of the World because we have information indicating …
Prospective Evaluation of an Algorithm for the Functional Assessment of Lung Resection Candidates
Authors: CHRISTOPH WYSER, PETER STULZ, MARKUS SOLÈR, MICHAEL TAMM, JAN MÜLLER-BRAND, JAMES HABICHT, ANDRÉ P. PERRUCHOUD, CHRIS T. BOLLIGER
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Patients with impaired pulmonary function are at increased risk for the development of postoperative complications. Recently exercise testing and predicted postoperative (ppo) function have gained increasing importance in the evaluation of lung resection candidates. We prospectively evaluated an algorithm for the preoperative functional evaluation that was developed at our institution. This algorithm incorporated the cardiac history including an electrocardiogram (ECG), and the three parameters FEV1, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (Dl CO), and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙ o 2max), as well as their respective ppo values (FEV1-ppo, Dl CO-ppo, and V˙ o 2max-ppo) calculated based on radionuclide perfusion scans. A consecutive group of 137 patients (mean age 62 yr; range 23 to 81; 102 males, 35 females) with clinically resectable lesions underwent assessment according to our algorithm. Five patients were deemed functionally inoperable, 132 passed the algorithm and underwent pulmonary resections with standard thoracotomy: 9 segmental or wedge resections, 85 lobectomies (inclusive 3 bilobectomies), and 38 pneumonectomies. All patients were extubated within 24 h. The mean stay in the ICU was 1.4 ( ± 1.8) d, and the mean hospital stay was 14.6 ( ± 5) d. Postoperative complications (within 30 d) occurred in 15 patients (11%), of whom two died (overall mortality rate 1.5%). In comparison to our previous series this meant a 50% reduction in complications whereas the percentage of inoperable patients remained unchanged (4% now, 5% before). We conclude that adherence to our algorithm resulted in a very low complication rate (morbidity and mortality), and excluded more rigorous patient selection as a bias for the improved results.
Diagnosis and antibiotic treatment of acute otitis media: report from International Primary Care Network.
Authors: J Froom, L Culpepper, P Grob, A Bartelds, P Bowers, C Bridges-Webb, I Grava-Gubins, L Green, J Lion, B Somaini
Journal: BMJ (1990)

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The relation between a history of disorders suggestive of acute otitis media, symptoms, and findings of an examination of the tympanic membrane and doctors9 certainty of diagnosis. Also, to examine differences in prescribing habits for acute otitis media among doctors from different countries. DESIGN--Questionnaires were completed by participating doctors for a maximum of 15 consecutive patients presenting with presumed acute otitis media. SETTING--General practices in Australia, Belgium, Great Britain, Israel, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Canada, Switzerland, and the United States. PATIENTS--3660 Children divided into the three age groups 0-12 months, 13-30 months, and greater than or equal to 31 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--General practitioners9 responses to questions on their diagnostic certainty and resolution of patients9 symptoms after two months. RESULTS--The diagnostic certainty in patients aged 0-12 months was 58.0%. This increased to 66.0% in those aged 13-30 months and 73.3% in those aged greater than or equal to 31 months. In all age groups diagnostic certainty was positively associated with the finding of a tympanic membrane that was discharging pus or bulging. Redness of the membrane and pain were also associated with certainty in patients aged 13-30 months, and a history of decreased hearing or recent upper respiratory infection was positively associated in patients aged greater than or equal to 31 months. The proportion of patients prescribed antibiotics varied greatly among the countries, from 31.2% in The Netherlands to 98.2% in both Australia and New Zealand, as did the duration of treatment. Patients who did not take antibiotics had a higher rate of recovery than those who did; the rate of recovery did not differ between different types of antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS--Doctors9 certainty of diagnosis of acute otitis media was linked to patient9s age. Improved criteria or techniques for diagnosing acute otitis media, especially in very young children, need to be developed. Antibiotic treatment did not improve the rate of recovery of patients in this study.
New Vaccines for Respiratory Tract Ills? Genetic Engineering Pursues These Goals
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1989)

TWO CHILDHOOD diseases for which no prophylaxis exists may be prevented in the future by genetically engineered vaccines. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which causes bronchopneumonia and bronchiolitis mostly in infants and young children, and group A streptococcus, which causes pharyngitis ("strep throat") and can lead to serious sequelae, are the targets. Michael W. Wathen, PhD, of the Cancer and Infectious Diseases Research Unit at the Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Mich, leads one group that is working with RSV. The virus' F and G glycoproteins are immunogenic: F governs cell-to-cell fusion (by which infection spreads within the body) and G governs viral attachment and penetration. Wathen and colleagues have isolated the portion of the F glycoprotein gene that stimulates antibody production and fused it with its counterpart from the gene for the G glycoprotein to make a chimeric FG glycoprotein, which can be used to induce an immune response against both of