tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Idiopathic Pulmonary Hypertension: Therapeutic Opportunities and Pitfalls
Authors: Kenneth M. Moser
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The often relentless progression of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (IPH) in patients who are usually young and otherwise healthy pressures the physician to do something. The primary clinical mandate to do no harm, however, must supersede the urge to act. There are two positive steps that follow the "no harm" mandate in the patient with suspected IPH. The first is to exclude the multiple entities mimicking IPH. These include intracardiac shunts, radiographically silent interstitial lung diseases, left atrial myxoma and thrombi, clinically occult left ventricular or mitral valvular diseases, pulmonary veno-obstructive disorders, and chronic thromboembolic obstruction. Alternative therapies exist for most of these disorders. Therefore, detailed cardiopulmonary evaluation to exclude those diseases is mandatory before diagnosing IPH. The second step entails trying—under carefully controlled conditions—to define a practical drug regimen that will reduce right ventricular afterload. Several drugs known to have the ability to relax pulmonary arterial smooth muscle have been
Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Lung Function
Authors: Melissa J. Whitrow, Seeromanie Harding
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2008)

The relative contribution of body proportion and social exposures to ethnic differences in lung function has not previously been reported in the United Kingdom.To examine ethnic differences in lung function in relation to anthropometry and social and psychosocial factors in early adolescence.The subjects of this study were 3,924 pupils aged 11 to 13 years, of whom 80% were ethnic minorities with satisfactory lung function measures. Data were collected on economic disadvantage, psychological well-being, tobacco exposure, height, FEV(1), and FVC.The lowest FEV(1) was observed for Black Caribbean/African children after adjusting for standing height (SH) (white boys: 2.475 L; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.442-2.509; white girls: 2.449 L; 95% CI, 2.464-2.535]; Black Caribbean boys: -14% [95% CI, -16 to -12]; Black Caribbean girls: -13% [95% CI, -16 to -11]; Black African boys: -15% [95% CI, -17 to -13]; Black African girls: -17% [95% CI, -19 to -14]; Indian boys: -13% [95% CI, -16 to -11]; Indian girls: -11% [95% CI, -14 to -8]; Pakistani/Bangladeshi boys: -7% [95% CI, -9 to -5]; Pakistani/Bangladeshi girls: -9% [95% CI, -11 to -6]). Adjustment for upper body segment instead of SH achieved a further reduction in ethnic differences of 41 to 51% for children of Black African origin and 26 to 39% for the other groups. Overcrowding (boys) and poor psychological well-being (boys and girls) were independent correlates of FEV(1), explaining up to a further 10% of ethnic differences. Similar patterns were observed for FVC. Social exposures were also related to height components.Differences in upper body segment explained more of the ethnic differences in lung function than SH, particularly among Black Caribbeans/African subjects. Social correlates had a smaller but significant impact. Future research needs to consider how differential development of lung capacity is compromised by the social patterning of growth trajectories.
The Effects of Airway Microbiome on Corticosteroid Responsiveness in Asthma
Authors: Elena Goleva, Leisa P. Jackson, J. Kirk Harris, Charles E. Robertson, E. Rand Sutherland, Clifton F. Hall, James T. Good, Erwin W. Gelfand, Richard J. Martin, Donald Y. M. Leung
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Rationale: The role of airway microbiome in corticosteroid response in asthma is unknown.Objectives: To examine airway microbiome composition in patients with corticosteroid-resistant (CR) asthma and compare it with patients with corticosteroid-sensitive (CS) asthma and normal control subjects and explore whether bacteria in the airways of subjects with asthma may direct alterations in cellular responses to corticosteroids.Methods: 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples of 39 subjects with asthma and 12 healthy control subjects. In subjects with asthma, corticosteroid responsiveness was characterized, BAL macrophages were stimulated with pathogenic versus commensal microorganisms, and analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the expression of corticosteroid-regulated genes and cellular p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation.Measurements and Main Results: Of the 39 subjects with asthma, 29 were CR and 10 were CS. BAL microbiome from subjects with CR and CS asthma did not differ in richness, evenness, diversity, and community composition at the phylum level, but did differ at the genus level, with distinct genus expansions in 14 subjects with CR asthma. Preincubation of asthmatic airway macrophages with Haemophilus parainfluenzae, a uniquely expanded potential pathogen found only in CR asthma airways, resulted in p38 MAPK activation, increased IL-8 (P < 0.01), mitogen-activated kinase phosphatase 1 mRNA (P < 0.01) expression, and inhibition of corticosteroid responses (P < 0.05). This was not observed after exposure to commensal bacterium Prevotella melaninogenica. Inhibition of transforming growth factor-β–associated kinase-1 (TAK1), upstream activator of MAPK, but not p38 MAPK restored cellular sensitivity to corticosteroids.Conclusions: A subset of subjects with CR asthma demonstrates airway expansion of specific gram-negative bacteria, which trigger TAK1/MAPK activation and induce corticosteroid resistance. TAK1 inhibition restored cellular sensitivity to corticosteroids.
Changing Over-the-Counter Drugs While Retaining the Brand Name
Authors: Harvey L. Dickstein
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 June 1993Changing Over-the-Counter Drugs While Retaining the Brand NameHarvey L. Dickstein, MDHarvey L. Dickstein, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-12-199306150-00025 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Merikangas stated incorrectly in his letter that Anusol Suppositories used to contain bismuth subgallate, bismuth resorcinol, and pramoxine HCl in a zinc oxide base and coconut oil. Pramoxine hydrochloride and coconut oil were never present in our domestic suppository formulation.I would like to comment on his first statement: There is a new hazard in over-the-counter medication. Anusol suppositories and ointment are marketed under the Final Monograph for Anorectal Drug Products, which was published in the Federal Register on 3 August 1990. This regulation established the conditions under which over-the-counter anorectal drug products are recognized as safe ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 June 1993Volume 118, Issue 12Page: 988KeywordsBismuthDrug regulationDrugsFood and Drug AdministrationHydrochloric acidOilsOintmentsPhenylephrineSuppositoryZinc ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 June 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Myocardial infarction in men. Role of physical activity and smoking in incidence and mortality
Authors: C. W. Frank
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York study of coronary heart disease involves a defined population of some 110,000 adult men and women. In the first 18 months of the study, 301 men suffered an initial myocardial infarction, with a four-week case fatality rate of 32%. The focus of interest in the current report is the relationship of smoking habits and customary level of physical activity at time of infarction to both incidence and early mortality. Age-adjusted incidence rates are presented for smokers and nonsmokers of differing physical activity levels. Smokers exhibit an excess incidence rate for first myocardial infarction, but the case fatality rate is no higher than for nonsmokers. The least  men show both an increased incidence and a higher case fatality rate. The incidence of rapidly fatal myocardial infarction among least  smokers is nine times that found among the more active nonsmokers.
Expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in normal and neoplastic epithelial cells of human skin: a marker for distinguishing malignant epithelial tumours
Authors: M. CHIBA, K. JIMBOW
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

The distribution of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity was studied histochemically in benign and malignant epithelial tumours of human skin. We found that GGT activity in normal skin was confined to the secretory portion of the eccrine and apocrine glands and to the inner root sheath of the hair follicles. In Bowen's disease and actinic keratosis, GGT activity was noted focally in areas where atypical cells were observed. In extramammary Paget's disease, GGT activity was found only in large round cells scattered among GGT negative epidermal cells. No GGT activity was observed in basal cell epitheliomas or benign epithelial tumours, while squamous cell carcinoma and eccrine porocarcinoma exhibited intense GGT activity. Our study suggests that GGT may be useful as a histochemical marker for distinguishing malignant tumours from benign epithelial tumours in human skin.
Immunoglobulin E plays an immunoregulatory role in lupus
Authors: Barbara Dema, Nicolas Charles, Christophe Pellefigues, Tiffany K. Ricks, Ryo Suzuki, Chao Jiang, Jorg Scheffel, Sarfaraz Hasni, Victoria Hoffman, Mathieu Jablonski, Karim Sacré, Delphine Gobert, Thomas Papo, Eric Daugas, Steve Crampton, Silvia Bolland, Juan Rivera
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2014)

The (patho)physiological role of IgE in nonallergic inflammatory diseases is not well understood. Here, we explored the effect of IgE deficiency on the inflammatory response in FcγRIIB-deficient mice as well as in mice carrying both a deletion of FcγRIIB and the chromosomal translocation of Y-linked autoimmune acceleration (Yaa) that hastens and results in a more aggressive lupuslike disease in these mice. The findings show that deficiency of IgE delays disease development and severity as demonstrated by reduced autoantibody production and amelioration of organ pathologies. This was associated with decreased numbers of plasma cells and reduced levels of IgG2b and IgG3. Unexpectedly, the loss of IgE also caused a striking decrease of immune cell infiltration in secondary lymphoid organs with a marked effect on the presence of dendritic cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils in these organs and decreased activation of basophils. The presence of autoreactive IgE in human systemic lupus erythematosus subjects was also associated with increased basophil activation and enhanced disease activity. These findings argue that IgE facilitates the amplification of autoimmune inflammation.
Distinct mechanisms of mitochondrial ATP- sensitive K channel opening by nicorandil and diazoxide: dependence of PKC activation
Authors: Nozomu Harada, Toshiro Miura, Yuka Dairaku, Kazuko Iwamoto, Ryosuke Kametani, Yasuhiro Ikeda, Masunori Matsuzaki
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Genotypic inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor ligand incompatibility enhances the long-term antileukemic effect of unmodified allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with myeloid leukemias
Authors: Dietrich W. Beelen, Hellmut D. Ottinger, Stanislav Ferencik, Ahmet H. Elmaagacli, Rudolf Peceny, Rudolf Trenschel, Hans Grosse-Wilde
Journal: Blood (2004)
Linkage Analysis of Chromosome 12 Markers in Italian Families with Atopic Asthmatic Children
Authors: GIOVANNI MALERBA, MARIA C. LAUCIELLO, TITIA SCHERPBIER, ELISABETTA TRABETTI, ROBERTA GALAVOTTI, VERONICA CUSIN, LYDIA PESCOLLDERUNGG, GIOVANNA ZANONI, LAURA C. MARTINATI, ATTILIO L. BONER, ROY C. LEVITT, PIER FRANCO PIGNATTI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

We investigated 116 Italian atopic families (560 individuals) for linkage with 13 DNA markers on chromosome 12. All the subjects were phenotyped for asthma, total serum IgE, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, skin-prick positivity to common aeroallergens, and atopy. A relative location map of the markers was prepared from Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain families. Affected sib pair multipoint linkage methods were used to perform the statistical analyses. We report suggestive linkage for asthma with markers on chromosome 12. The region of interest centers around marker D12S390 (maximum logarithm of odds [mlod] = 2.81; p = 0.003). These results provide additional support that asthma susceptibility factors are located on chromosome 12q.
Paradoxical effects of exercise on the QT interval in patients with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia receiving type Ia antiarrhythmic agents.
Authors: A H Kadish, H F Weisman, E P Veltri, A E Epstein, M J Slepian, J H Levine
Journal: Circulation (1990)

We analyzed the results of exercise testing performed in the absence of all antiarrhythmic drugs in 11 case patients with newly documented polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in response to type Ia antiarrhythmic agents. These results were compared with those found in 11 control patients matched for age, sex, and heart disease to determine whether the response of the QT interval to exercise testing was abnormal in patients who developed worsening of arrhythmia while taking antiarrhythmic drugs. QT, RR, and QTc intervals (by Bazett's method) were evaluated at rest and at 3 minutes of exercise in both groups. At rest, there was no significant difference in the QT interval (410 +/- 13 vs. 386 +/- 11 msec), RR interval (890 +/- 56 vs. 781 +/- 43 msec), or corrected QT interval (438 +/- 10 vs. 438 +/- 4 msec) in the case patients and the control patients. Both groups demonstrated a similar chronotropic response to exercise. The QT interval shortened in both groups with exercise (p less than 0.001), but the degree of shortening tended to be greater in the control patients (to 310 +/- 9 msec) than in the case patients (to 357 +/- 11 msec) (p = 0.06). Thus, there was a paradoxical increase in the QTc interval in the patients who experienced a proarrhythmic effect of type Ia drugs but not in the control patients (to 482 +/- 8 vs. 431 +/- 5 msec; p less than 0.001). Ten of 11 case patients but only one of 11 control patients had an increase in QTc interval of more than 10 msec with exercise (p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
EFFECTS OF AN INTENSIVE GLYCEMIC CONTROL WITH INSULIN ON CARRIERS OF THE C ALLELE OF THE RS956115 MARKER OF THE INSULIN RECEPTOR SUSTRATE-1 GENE IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Authors: David Vivas, Esther Bernardo, Juan Carlos Garc&iacute;a-Rubira, Dominick Angiolillo, Patricia Mart&iacute;n, Ana Ramos, Ivan Nu&ntilde;ez-Gil, Carlos Macaya, Antonio Fernandez-Ortiz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Intraobserver and Interobserver Agreement in Measurement of Optic Disc Characteristics
Authors: James M. Tielsch, Joanne Katz, Harry A. Quigley, Neil R. Miller, Alfred Sommer
Journal: Ophthalmology (1988)

Reliable measures of optic nerve status are important parameters for epidemiologic and clinical studies of glaucoma. Stereo fundus photography has been used to reduce Interobserver variation, but little data have been reported quantifying the level of agreement in these situations. This article examines chance-corrected Intraobserver and Interobserver agreement for horizontal and vertical cup:disc ratios and width of the narrowest remaining neuroretinal rim on stereo, color, fundus photographs. Intraobserver agreement was substantial to almost perfect for both readers (kappas between 0.82 and 0.86 for horizontal and vertical cup:disc ratios and 0.71 for the neuroretinal rim). Interobserver agreement was also substantial (kappas of 0.71 for horizontal cup:disc ratio, 0.74 for vertical cup:disc ratio, and 0.58 for the neuroretinal rim). Both Intraobserver and Interobserver agreement were best for glaucoma patients followed by ocular hypertensives and controls. Dichotimizing cup:disc ratios into suspicious or not suspicious using a range of cutoff points (≥0.5, ≥0.6, and ≥0.7 disc diameters [DD]) had little effect on agreement levels. Estimation of the status of the optic nerve is complex, requiring judgment about the shape and structure of the cup. Agreement is optimized by using stereo photographs, using the same observer and, when evaluating progression, comparing photographs from different points in time at a single sitting.
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and Survival
Authors: Elias Abrutyn, Donald Kaye
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Letters1 December 1994Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and SurvivalElias Abrutyn and Donald KayeElias AbrutynSearch for more papers by this author and Donald KayeSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-121-11-199412010-00039 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Hyman questions the criteria we used to define a case of asymptomatic bacteriuria (two cultures with 2 weeks of the same organism at a titer of 105 CFU/mL or more in an asymptomatic volunteer) [1]. He apparently also questions our view that screening and treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in elderly ambulatory women do not appear warranted [1].His concerns are based in part on results from a computer model that simulates the turnover of bacteriuria in the urine under several conditions [2] and on nonquantitative descriptive studies of a new staining technique for visualizing bacteria in the urine ...References1. Abrutyn E, Mossey J, Berlin JA, Boscia J, Levison M, Pitsakis P, et al. Does asymptomatic bacteriuria predict mortality and does antimicrobial treatment reduce mortality in elderly ambulatory women? Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120:827-33. Google Scholar2. Hyman ES. Computer algorithm offers a comprehensive view of bacteriuria. Nephron. 1993; 65:549-58. Google Scholar3. Hyman ES. Improved microscopic detection of bacteriuria. Biotechnic Histochem. 1992; 67:1-8. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Elias Abrutyn; Donald KayeAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 December 1994Volume 121, Issue 11Page: 896 ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 December 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Spatial perception is contextualized by actual and intended deictic codes
Authors: J. Scott Jordan
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

Ballard et al. model eye position as a deictic pointer for spatial perception. Evidence from research on gaze control indicates, however, that shifts in actual eye position are neither necessary nor sufficient to produce shifts in spatial perception. Deictic context is instead provided by the interaction between two deictic pointers; one representing actual eye position, and the other, intended eye position.
Hand bone densitometry in rheumatoid arthritis, a five year longitudinal study: an outcome measure and a prognostic marker
Authors: A A Deodhar
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

To investigate whether hand bone mineral content (BMC) measurement is an outcome measure for RA and whether the early changes in hand BMC predict functional disability.Tender and swollen joints in hands and body, HAQ score, Larsen score on hand radiographs, serum CRP, and hand BMC measurement by DXA were studied every six months for five years in 40 patients with early RA. At the final visit, patients completed the SF-36 and Duruoz hand function questionnaires.All patients completed two years and 29 completed five years' follow up. Hand BMC worsened over the first three years (percentage loss from baseline: mean (SD) -5.5 (7.2), -7.5 (8.4), -9.8 (9.4)) and stabilised over last two years (-9.9 (8.8), -10 (7.8)). Baseline disease activity and function correlated with hand BMC loss at five years (swollen joints in hands: r=-0.38, p=0.043; swollen joints in body: r=-0.47, p=0.01; HAQ: r=-0.52, p=0.004). Percentage change in hand BMC over five years correlated with SF-36 physical function (r=0.61, p<0.01), hand function (r=-0.64, p<0.01), HAQ score (r=-0.63, p<0.01) at five years. Relative risk of bad hand functional outcome at five years was significantly higher for patients with hand BMC loss of >/=1.17 g (smallest detectable difference) than for patients with less bone loss within the first six months (OR=6.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 34.5, p<0.02).Early loss of hand BMC in patients with RA is a composite marker of disease activity and functional status and can predict poor functional outcome.
Smoking: The Artificial Passion
Authors: Donald W. Goodwin
Journal: JAMA (1991)

This book tells you everything you might want to know about smoking cigarettes except<i>why</i>. Why do 50 million Americans smoke? There are many theories and lots of data. The problem is the theories are hard to confirm and the data are conflicting. After thousands of scientific investigations on the subject, no one really knows why people smoke. Nicotine is a dirty drug, the pharmacologists say, and this book—lucidly and entertainingly— documents how right they are. In general, there are two theories: Smoking improves mental efficiency. Smokers smoke because they are addicted to cigarettes. Stanley Schachter of Columbia University, a supporter of the latter theory, concludes that "the heavy smoker gets nothing out of smoking. He smokes only to prevent withdrawal." By now, everyone uninfluenced by mercenary considerations believes nicotine is addictive. Animals will work hard to get nicotine, almost as hard as they will work for cocaine. You don't
AML at older age: age-related gene expression profiles reveal a paradoxical down-regulation of p16INK4A mRNA with prognostic significance
Authors: Hendrik J. M. de Jonge, Eveline S. J. M. de Bont, Peter J. M. Valk, Jan Jacob Schuringa, Marcel Kies, Carolien M. Woolthuis, Ruud Delwel, Nic J. G. M. Veeger, Edo Vellenga, Bob Löwenberg, Gerwin Huls
Journal: Blood (2009)
Prehospital-Initiated vs Hospital-Initiated Thrombolytic Therapy for Myocardial Infarction-Reply
Authors: W. Douglas Weaver
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In Reply.  —As stated in the Methods section on page 1212 of our article, the trial of prehospital vs hospital initiation of thrombolytic therapy had power (β=.85) to detect a difference in the composite end point (death, stroke, serious bleeding, and infarct size). We did not expect to find a significant difference in mortality; however, additional deaths in one group vs the other could contribute to the primary composite end-point score for each of the two randomized groups. It is for this reason that we stated in the abstract that there were no significant differences in the composite score and provided a P value only for the composite score and not for each of the components. We provided a percentage rate for each event contributing to the composite score, as this is common practice and shows the contribution of each component to the overall result.  This trial was never aimed