tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diffuse pulmonary fibrosis and hiatus hernia
Authors: J. E. G. Pearson, R. S. E. Wilson
Journal: Thorax (1971)

Six patients presenting with initially obscure pulmonary fibrosis are described. Reasons are given for attributing the condition to chronic aspiration pneumonitis from gastro-oesophageal reflux in association with hiatus hernia, supported by lung histology in three cases. Study of a further series of 143 cases of hiatus hernia suggests a 4% incidence of this insidious complication in addition to any more acute bronchopulmonary episodes. This possibility should be remembered in the differential diagnosis of any patient with pulmonary fibrosis of doubtful origin, as the advanced condition bears a poor prognosis.
Respiratory Depression Following Use of Antibiotics in Pleural and Pseudocyst Cavities
Authors: Eric W. Davidson
Journal: JAMA (1966)

IN A RECENT REVIEW, Emery documented 22 cases in which the intraperitoneal use of neomycin sulfate or streptomycin sulfate during surgery was implicated as the cause of severe respiratory depression.<sup>1</sup>On the other hand, few examples of this complication have been reported following the intrapleural use of these drugs.<sup>2-4</sup>During a six-month period at Jackson Memorial Hospital, severe respiratory depression has been observed in three patients following the use of neomycin and bacitracin solution during surgery. In two patients, the antibiotics were instilled into the pleural cavity and in the third into a pancreatic pseudocyst and sinus tract. <h3>Report of Cases</h3><h3>Case 1.—</h3> A 46-year-old, 75 lb (34 kg) white woman with pulmonary emphysema and a recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax on the right was treated with a thoracotomy tube connected to underwater drainage. Both lungs were clinically expanded and a chest x-ray film showed bilateral fibroemphysematous lung disease. Results
Will Nicotine Genetics and a Nicotine Vaccine Prevent Cigarette Smoking and Smoking-Related Diseases?
Authors: Wayne D Hall
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

This paper briefly explains why it would be unwise to use genetic and neurobiological knowledge to prevent cigarette smoking and tobacco-related disease. However implausible these uses may seem to those who are well informed about the genetics of tobacco use or tobacco-control policy, it is the preventive uses of genetic information and nicotine vaccines that most excite the interest of the media and the public. The major challenges that these approaches face need to be widely understood if we are to prevent these superfi cially attractive but controversial uses from undermining effective control policies and the development of better methods of helping smokers to quit.
Red-Cell Cytoskeletal Abnormalities — Implications for Malaria
Authors: Ronald L. Nagel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

The study of genetic red-cell defects is doing for the understanding of the normal erythrocyte cytoskeleton what the study of abnormal hemoglobins did for the understanding of the structural and functional relations of normal hemoglobin. The identification, cloning, and sequencing of many of the individual protein components of the cytoskeleton in the past decade have led to a better understanding of the ways in which they interact and are assembled.The red-cell membrane needs to be both strong and pliable at the same time — strong enough to sustain shear stresses of more than 2000 dyn per square centimeter when . . .
Locked-in syndrome
Authors: Eimear Smith, Mark Delargy
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The locked-in syndrome is caused by an insult to the ventral pons, most commonly an infarct, haemorrhage, or trauma.The characteristics of the syndrome are quadriplegia and anarthria with preservation of consciousness.Patients retain vertical eye movement, facilitating non-verbal communication.Ten year survival rates as high as 80% have been reported.Even limited physical recovery can improve quality of life and enable patients to return to live with their families.Early referral to a specialist rehabilitation service for specialist care and technology is therefore important. Summary pointsLife expectancy has improved for patients with locked-in syndrome Early specialist rehabilitation aids patients to regain some function Establishing an effective communication system should be an early target Engaging the family in rehabilitation may enable eventual return home Despite profound disability, patients don't necessarily want to die
Unique Case of "Floating Kidney," in which Nephrorrhaphy was Successfully Performed: The Kidney was within the Peritoneal Cavity and had a Mesonephron
Authors: D. Newman
Journal: BMJ (1904)

DISPLACEMENTS of the kidney may be divided into three kinds-simple misplacements without mobility of the organ, "movable kidney," where the kidney is perceptibly mobile behind the peritoneum, and'"floating kidney," where the p.eritoneum forms a mesonephron which attaches the kidney loosely to the spine.The terms "movable kidney" and "floating kidney," as used by most writers, are synonymous.Morris, in his excellent work on-Surgical Di8easesof the Kidney and Ureter (p. 95),remarks: "A,'floating kidney' is one which, whether it possesses a mesonephron or not, moves freely forward, so as to rise or'float ' towards the anterior abdominal wall, as well as,vertically and laterally.This 'forward' movement or 'floating ' makes the distinction between it and the ' movable kidney.?.It is not possible to distinguish until the abdomen is opened or the kidney is ex- posed through the loin, whether a 'floating kidney' has a; mesonephron or not."And-again, at p.97, he says: '"For convenience of description the terms' movable' and'floating' kidney will be used indiscriminately, except when one or the other type is specially referred to.It will then be designated by the term ' movable behind the peritoneum,' or 'floating kidney without a mesonephro±i,' or 'floating kidney with a mesonephron,' as the case m4y`be.-"
Mean airway pressure as an index of mean alveolar pressure.
Authors: P Valta, C Corbeil, M Chassé, J Braidy, J Milic-Emili
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

Mean airway pressure (Pao) has been advocated as a useful index for monitoring hemodynamic performance and risk for barotrauma during mechanical ventilation. This is based on the assumption that Pao closely reflects mean alveolar pressure (Palv). In the present study we have compared Pao with Palv in 12 sedated, paralyzed, mechanically ventilated patients. External PEEP ranged from 0.3 to 8.9 cm H2O. Palv was estimated by measuring Pao after rapid flow interruptions made at different points in time of the breathing cycle, using a modification of the method of Fuhrman and coworkers (4). All subjects exhibited intrinsic PEEP (PEEPi), which ranged from 0.5 to 9.4 cm H2O. A significant negative correlation (p < 0.001) was found between Pao/Palv and PEEPi. On average, at PEEPi of 10 cm H2O, Pao underestimated Palv by about 50%. We conclude that Pao cannot be taken as an index of Palv in patients who exhibit dynamic hyperinflation and PEEPi caused by expiratory flow limitation.
Lactate dehydrogenase in synovial fluid diagnostic evaluation of total activity and isoenzyme patterns.
Authors: E M Veys, R J Wieme
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1968)

The work of Ropes and Bauer (1953) has focused attention on the analysis of synovial fluid in the differential diagnosis of joint effusion.White blood cell total and differential counts, glucose assay, and mucin precipitation tests have thus all been applied to the distinction of non-inflammatory, mild inflammatory, severe inflammatory, and infectious effusions.These analyses do not, however, indicate the true origin of the effusion, and we have carried out this investigation to find out whether differential assay of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes could yield more specific information.It is known that the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and of lymphocytes is different in non-inflammatory, inflammatory, and infectious effusions.Recent studies (Dioguardi, Agostoni, Fiorelli, and Lomanto, 1963; Bottomley, Locke, and Ingram, 1966; Hule, 1967) indicate that polymor- phonuclear cells and lymphocytes have different LDH isoenzyme patterns.One may thus expect to find LDH shifts in parallel with the type of the cellular material.It could also be of interest to look for any enzyme contribution originating in the lining walls of the synovia.Vesell, Osterland, Bearn, and Kunkel (1962) and especially Cohen (1964), who studied the LDH activity of synovial fluid in rheumatic disease states, reported that total synovial fluid LDH was raised in patients with inflammatory articular disease, and found marked rises of LDH5 in total synovial fluids of rheumatoid, gouty, and infected joints.They only found a minimal increase of LDH5 in fluids from cases of degenerative joint disease.Although these observations suggest that this type of analysis will be of little diagnostic value, one must remember that Vesell and others (1962) studied only a limited number of cases, nucleotide (NADH2, 0 1 ml. of a 5 x 103 mol.solution).The reaction was started by adding pyruvate (0 05 ml., 6 x 10-2 mol.).The kinetics were followed at 370 C. in a Zeiss spectrophotometer PMQ II, wavelength 340 mI.Results are reported in international units/millilitre (i.u./ml.).
Practical Fiberoptic Colonoscopy
Authors: Phillip M. Berman
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy have grown rapidly over the past decade. Most trainees in gastroenterology, and many surgical residents, are studying and applying these procedures in clinical practice. There is need for a text to aid the teaching of the techniques of colonoscopy and the interpretation of observations. This monograph is an attempt to meet those needs. Written material can outline indications and complications and provide an overall approach to the subject, but when learning a technical skill, there is no substitute for the actual experience of performing the procedure. As one might expect from the standards set in Japanese photoreproduction, the endoscopic photographs are of excellent quality. There are representative examples of common and uncommon lesions. The inclusion on the same page of endoscopic, roentgenographic, and pathological findings adds a finished touch. The discussion of the various configurations of the colon seems unnecessarily lengthy. The small number of references
Retention and biliary excretion of poly-α, β[N(2-hydroxyethyl)-d,l-aspartamide] (PHEA) and its tyramine derivative (PHEA-Tyr) by isolated perfused rat liver. The role of molecular weight and chemical structure
Authors: F. Ryjpáček, B. Šrámek, J. Drobnik, J. Kvĕtina
Journal: Biomaterials (1985)
A bioengineered microenvironment to quantitatively measure the tumorigenic properties of cancer-associated fibroblasts in human prostate cancer
Authors: Ashlee K. Clark, Anna V. Taubenberger, Renea A. Taylor, Birunthi Niranjan, Zhen Y. Chea, Elena Zotenko, Shirly Sieh, John S. Pedersen, Sam Norden, Mark Frydenberg, Jeremy P. Grummet, David W. Pook, Clare Stirzaker, Susan J. Clark, Mitchell G. Lawrence, Stuart J. Ellem, Dietmar W. Hutmacher, Gail P. Risbridger
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Other Side of Table Mountain
Authors: W. P. U. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Case 2.-Female aged 23 years.Iprindole prescribed for postinfluenzal depression.Hb and E.S.R. normal.Eight days after first taking the drug suddenly developed pain in the right hypo- chondrium and right posterior chest with transient fever (temperature taken by the patient and found to be 101 'F.(38-3'C.)).When seen on the tenth day, apyrexial, marked tenderness present in the right hypochondrium, definite clinical jaundice.Urine strongly positive for bile.
Mast cells feel the strain
Authors: A Chester
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

See article by Huang et al. [1] ( pages 150 -160) in thiscytokines, prostanoids, platelet activators, vasoactive issue.agents and growth factors [8].Mast cell activation may also have a role to play in the Mast cells are implicated to be involved in the patho-initiation and progression of heart disease.Histamine has genesis of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes.been shown to promote vascular smooth muscle cell However, the contribution of mast cells in the initiation of growth, and blockade of H -receptors has been shown to
Hospitalization, Restricted Activity, and the Development of Disability Among Older Persons
Authors: Thomas M. Gill
Journal: JAMA (2004)

ContextPreventing the development of disability in activities of daily living is an important goal in older adults, yet relatively little is known about the disabling process.ObjectivesTo evaluate the relationship between 2 types of intervening events (hospitalization and restricted activity) and the development of disability and to determine whether this relationship is modified by the presence of physical frailty.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsProspective cohort study, conducted in the general community in greater New Haven, Conn, from March 1998 to March 2003, of 754 persons aged 70 years or older, who were not disabled (ie, required no personal assistance) in 4 essential activities of daily living: bathing, dressing, walking inside the house, and transferring from a chair. Participants were categorized into 2 groups according to the presence of physical frailty (defined on the basis of slow gait speed) and were followed up with monthly telephone interviews for up to 5 years to ascertain exposure to intervening events and determine the occurrence of disability.Main Outcome MeasureDisability, defined as the need for personal assistance in bathing, dressing, walking inside the house, or transferring from a chair.ResultsDuring the 5-year follow-up period, disability developed among 417 (55.3%) participants, 372 (49.3%) were hospitalized and 600 (79.6%) had at least 1 episode of restricted activity. The multivariable hazard ratios for the development of disability were 61.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 49.0-78.0) within a month of hospitalization and 5.54 (95% CI, 4.27-7.19) within a month of restricted activity. Strong associations were observed for participants who were physically frail and those who were not physically frail. Hospital admissions for falls were most likely to lead to disability. Intervening events occurring more than a month prior to disability onset were not associated with the development of disability. The population-attributable fractions associated with new exposure to hospitalization and restricted activity, respectively, were 0.48 and 0.19; 0.40 and 0.20, respectively, for frail participants and 0.61 and 0.16, respectively, for nonfrail participants.ConclusionsIllnesses and injuries leading to either hospitalization or restricted activity represent important sources of disability for older persons living in the community, regardless of the presence of physical frailty. These intervening events may be suitable targets for the prevention of disability.
Radiation exposure to the child during cardiac catheterization.
Authors: J D Waldman, P S Rummerfield, E A Gilpin, S E Kirkpatrick
Journal: Circulation (1981)

Few data are available regarding radiation exposure to children during cardiac catheterization. Using lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters, radiation exposure was measured during precatheterization chest roentgenography, fluoroscopy (hemodynamic assessment phase of catheterization) and cineangiography in 30 infants and children, ages 3 days to 21 years. Dosimeters were placed over the eyes, thyroid, anterior chest, posterior chest, anterior abdomen, posterior abdomen and gonads. Average absorbed chest doses were 24.5 mR during chest roentgenography, 5810 mR during catheterization fluoroscopy and 1592 mR during cineangiography. During the complete catheterization, average doses were 26 mR to the eyes, 431 mR to the thyroid area, 150 mR to the abdomen and 11 mR to the gonads. Radiation exposure during pediatric cardiac catheterization is low to the eyes and gonads but high to the chest and thyroid area. To decrease radiation dosage we suggest (1) low pulse-rate fluoroscopy; (2) substitution of contrast echocardiography for cineangiography; (3) large-plate abdominal/gonadal shielding; (4) a selective shield for thyroid area; (5) a very small field during catheter manipulation. Minimum radiation consistent with accurate diagnosis is optimal; however, erroneous or incomplete diagnosis is more dangerous than radiation-related hazards.
Creative use of existing clinical and health outcomes data to assess NHS performance in England: Part 1—performance indicators closely linked to clinical care
Authors: Azim Lakhani, James Coles, Daniel Eayres, Craig Spence, Bernard Rachet
Journal: BMJ (2005)

There have been several recent calls for better data on NHS outputs and outcomes in England, which will require new data collection with long lead times.In this, the first of two articles, the authors show what can be done now with existing routine data across many sectors and raise issues about assumptions and technical aspects for discussion.A recent BMJ editorial on whether the NHS was improving after recent government investments concluded that we did not have the data to answer the question reliably. 1The latest NHS chief executive's report commented on the constraints of current measures of quality and productivity and on the need for better measures of output and outcome extending beyond hospital data. 2 The Atkinson review of measurement of government output and productivity also acknowledged, in an interim report, the lack of measures of output and outcome attributable to the NHS. 3 Reports of multidisciplinary working groups commissioned by the Department of Health describe potential health outcome indicators for 10 health topics, but many require new data collection that could take several years. 4ertainly, better data on outputs and outcomes, especially on those attributable to health service interventions, could help the NHS measure its success in its stated aim of improving the health and wellbeing of people in England. 5However, creative and informed use of existing data in the interim, acknowledging known shortcomings, may provide insights into the extent to which outcomes are changing. 6The main challenges are, firstly, to measure health validly and, secondly, to make judgments about the extent to which any improvements can be attributed to NHS interventions, given other influences on health outcome.In two articles we explore some of the technical issues involved and make practical suggestions about how best to use existing data.We have selected examples to illustrate a range of methodological issues covering specific sectors (hospital, primary care, community care), multiple sectors, individual conditions, multiple conditions, patients, and whole populations.This, the first, article covers indicators more directly related to clinical care-that is, hospital case fatality, hospital admissions for conditions treatable in primary care, cancer survival, and stroke.Our second article covers developmental approaches for mental health, potentially avoidable deaths, and forecasting coronary heart disease outcomes. 7Many other indicators could be produced along similar lines. 8
The influence of pyrogen-induced fever on salicylamide metabolism in man
Authors: Chull S. Song, Nancy A. Gelb, Sheldon M. Wolff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Salicylamide is metabolized in man by biotransformation to salicylamide glucuronide, salicylamide sulfate, and gentisamide glucuronide. The metabolites are quantitatively and rapidly excreted in urine. Study of the metabolism of this drug in volunteers during episodes of pyrogen-induced fever shows a significant reduction in the half-life (t(1/2)) of the excretion of the drug metabolites. The proportion of the drug transformed to its major metabolite, salicylamide glucuronide, is significantly reduced by fever, with concomitant increase in the proportion of one or both of the other metabolites. Thus, the pattern of urinary metabolites of salicylamide is altered. The shortened t(1/2) of the metabolite excretion is probably due to increased hepatic and renal blood flow known to accompany pyrogen-induced fever. This concept was supported by the observation that when two subjects were placed in a high-temperature environmental chamber, a condition in which hepatic and renal blood flows are known to diminish, the t(1/2) of salicylamide metabolite excretion actually increased. No simple explanation exists to explain the changed metabolite pattern noted during febrile periods. It is most likely to be due to complex interactions between the direct or indirect effects of the pyrogens and the factors affecting the hepatic biotransformation of drugs.
Clinical Lecture on the Treatment of Pulmonary Consumption
Authors: T. K. Chambers
Journal: BMJ (1862)

In 566 auitopsies of tuberc-lar-personis, whichi T fotunid recorded in the post 7saorten boolks ot St. George's Hos)ital during teli years, there was seeti cretaceous imatter in the pulmnonatry tissue in 65.See Dccennium Pathtologicitu, chap.v, sect. 7,wvhere stattistical argll ments are assigtned lor considering this solid substauce to be really of tubercular character.
Demographic Analysis of the Study
Authors: Morton H. Maxwell
Journal: JAMA (1972)

This report on the Cooperative Study of Renovascular Hypertension, includes details of its purposes, organization, diagnostic studies, statistical methodology, and demographic data. Of 2,442 patients studied, 1,128 subjects were judged to have primary (essential) hypertension, 880 renovascular disease, 355 parenchymal kidney disease, and 79 miscellaneous disorders. There were 577 operative procedures in 502 patients with renal arterial disease. There were 384 patients with follow-up of at least one year postsurgery. A unique aspect of this multidisciplinary cooperative study was its decentralization into special study groups for analysis and refinement of data. This and subsequent publications should provide prospective definitions of "renovascular hypertension," as well as an objective basis for the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Excess mortality can be explained by case mix selection
Authors: S. J. Breusch, C. R. Howie
Journal: BMJ (2012)

McMinn and colleagues’ conclusion that cemented total hip replacement increases the risk of death compared with uncemented hip replacement and hip resurfacing through an increased risk of fat embolism is misleading.1

Their paper shows a late apparent difference in mortality, but not an increased risk of death at 30 days, as would be expected if fat embolism had been …