tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Impact of First-Responder Defibrillation in an Urban Emergency Medical Services System
Authors: Arthur L. Kellermann
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To evaluate the impact of adding first-responder defibrillation by firefighters to an existing advanced life-support emergency medical services system. <h3>Design.</h3> —Nonrandomized, controlled clinical trial with periodic crossover. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Memphis, Tenn, a city of 610337 people, which is served by a fire department-based emergency medical services system. All city ambulances provide advanced life support. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Adult victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to heart disease. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Twenty of 40 participating engine companies were equipped with an automated external defibrillator and ordered to apply it immediately in all cases of cardiac arrest. The other 20 companies were ordered to start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) immediately and wait for paramedics to arrive. Every 75 days, group roles were reversed. Care otherwise proceeded according to 1986 American Heart Association guidelines. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Return of spontaneous circulation in the field, survival to hospital admission, survival to hospital discharge, and neurological status at discharge. <h3>Results.</h3> —During the 39-month study interval, 879 patients were treated by a project engine company. Four hundred thirty-one (49%) of these were found in ventricular fibrillation. Bystander CPR was started in only 12% of cases. Overall, firefighters reached the scene a mean of 2.5 minutes faster than simultaneously dispatched paramedics. Although our automated external defibrillators proved to be reliable and efficacious for terminating ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia, patients treated by an automated external defibrillator— equipped engine company were no more likely than CPR-treated controls to be resuscitated (32% vs 34%, respectively), to survive to hospital admission (31% vs 29%), or to survive to hospital discharge (14% vs 10%). Neurological outcomes were also similar in the two treatment groups. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —In a fast-response, urban emergency medical services system served by paramedics, the impact of adding first-responder defibrillation appears to be small. Early defibrillation alone cannot overcome low community rates of bystander CPR. Careful attention to every link in the "chain of survival" is needed to achieve optimal rates of survival after cardiac arrest. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;270:1708-1713)
Dexamethasone reduced length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Henry S. Sacks
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source CitationMeijvis SC, Hardeman H, Remmelts HH, et al. Dexamethasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;377:2023-30. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21636122/AbstractClinical Impact RatingsHospitalists: Infectious Disease: Pulmonology:
Changing Incidence of Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Yawei Zhang, Yong Zhu, Harvey A. Risch
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Short-term energy balance in patients with infections: Carbohydrate-based versus fat-based diets
Authors: B. Schneeweiss, W. Graninger, P. Ferenci, W. Druml, K. Ratheiser, G. Steger, G. Grimm, B. Schurz, A.N. Laggner, P. Siostrzonek, K. Lenz
Journal: Metabolism (1992)
Cancer charity is to “borrow” candidate drugs shelved by companies
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2006)

In a major initiative to develop new cancer drugs Cancer Research UK will “borrow” candidate drugs that have previously been shelved by drug companies so it can further explore their potential, under a special arrangement announced last week.

The initiative, called Clinical Development Partnerships, will mean that Cancer Research UK and Cancer Research Technology, the charity's development and commercialisation arm, will be able to use drugs that companies have developed but decided not to develop commercially.

The charity will effectively borrow a drug from a company and conduct early clinical trials at no cost to the company. If the drug looks promising the company retains the option to develop and market the drug, but the charity will get a share of any revenue.

Harpal Kumar, chief executive of Cancer Research Technology and chief operating …
Three new CJD cases as scientists push ahead
Authors: A. Boulton
Journal: BMJ (1996)

With an apparent cluster of three male cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease being reported in Kent and government scientists investigating three further suspected cases among British women, further evidence on whether prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may cross species barriers is reported by a team of Oxford University scientists in Nature (380:675).

Dr Mark Pagel, research fellow in Oxford's department of zoology, and his team, funded by the Medical Research Council, studied the gene for the prion protein. It is found in the brain of all adult …
The Fatty Acids of Total Lipids and Cholesterol Esters from Normal Plasma and Atheromatous Plaques1
Authors: Naip Tuna, Lois Reckers, Ivan D. Frantz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1958)

In order to elucidate the mechanism of atheroma formation in arteriosclerosis, the lipid fractions of plasma and atheromatous plaques have been ex- tensively studied in the past 45 years.It was first noted that there is a high content of cholesterol, phospholipid and total extractable lipids in ather- omatous aortas (1-4).Then came a period when studies dealt primarily with the changing ratios between total, free and esterified cholesterol and phospholipids in normal plasma and atheromatous plaques (5-8).Considerable work has been done in the past decade to correlate the changes in blood cholesterol, phospholipids and lipoproteins with the incidence of arteriosclerosis (9-15).Com- paratively little work has been done, however, on the isolation and identification of fatty acids associated with different lipid fractions of plasma and atheromatous plaques, the lack of adequate meth- ods for fatty acid analysis being the most likely explanation.Schoenheimer (3) isolated the cho- lesterol esters of stearic, oleic and palmitic acids from the adventitia-free atheromatous aorta.In addition to these acids, McArthur (16) isolated linoleic and arachidonic acids from aortic plaques.As far as the fatty acids of the blood are con- cerned, the main sources of information are alkali isomerization studies (17-19) and studies done on the blood of large mammals (20).Recently, more information based on paper (21), column (22) and gas-liquid (23) chromatographic analy- sis of fatty acids of human blood has been reported.However, no comparative studies are available on material from human beings, using the same analytical methods to determine the fatty acids in blood and atheromatous plaques.There have been isolated reports suggesting that the blood of popu-
The Incidence of Prenatal Syphilis at the Boston City Hospital
Authors: Nicholas J. Fiumara, William L. Fleming, John G. Downing, Frederick L. Good
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

IN A previous communication∥ one of us reported on a retrospective analysis of congenital syphilis in patients under one year of age in Massachusetts, from 1946 to 1950 inclusive, in order to determine why congenital syphilis still continued to occur in spite of the following factors: a low prevalence rate of syphilis in this state: the premarital-examination law designed to screen for syphilis prospective couples before marriage and to provide treatment before the wedding of those found to have infectious syphilis; the prenatal-examination law requiring a blood test for syphilis at the first prenatal visit; a specific, effective and nontoxic . . .
The Fate of Polymeric and Secretory Immunoglobulin A After Retrograde Infusion into the Common Bile Duct in Rats
Authors: Albert L. Jones, Gary T. Hradek, Douglas L. Schmucker, Brian J. Underdown
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

In the rat, plasma IgA is rapidly endocytosed by hepatocytes and translocated to the bile via a receptor-mediated vesicular transport system which appears to remain intact even during cholestasis. During the latter phenomenon, there is an accumulation of secretory IgA (sIgA) in plasma. These data suggest that biliary IgA can be regurgitated into the plasma compartment. The present study was designed to determine the location and mechanism(s) by which this might occur. 125 I-labeled human polymeric IgA (plgA) or slgA was infused retrograde into the rat common bile duct at a flow rate of 20 μ1 per min (5 to 10 μg per min pig A; 7 μg per min sIgA) over 1 hr. Blood and liver samples were collected 10, 30 and 60 min, and radioactivity determined. Radioactive label appeared in the blood by 10 min and increased linearly with time. By 30 min, however, the liver had reached saturation. All of the label found in the blood was intact starting material, i.e., plgA or slgA. Electron microscopic autoradiography analysis clearly demonstrated the presence of grains in vesicles in hepatocyte pericanalicular cytoplasm, as well as in vesicles near the sinusoidal plasma membrane. No grains were observed associated with bile duct or ductule epithelium at any time period. Further, there was no grain accumulation near the parenchymal cell intercellular spaces indicating that paracellular flow plays little or no role in large protein regurgitation. In addition, by 60 min, there were grains associated with Kupffer cells. These data provide the first evidence that hepatocytes, during times of elevated biliary pressure can readily transport macro-molecules from bile to plasma via nonreceptor-mediated membrane-limited vesicles.
Abstract 1520: CDX2 regulates Multidrug Resistance 1 gene expression in malignant intestinal epithelium
Authors: Yuji Takakura, Takao Hinoi, Naohide Oue, Tatsunari Sasada, Yasuo Kawaguchi, Masazumi Okajima, Wataru Yasui, Hideki Ohdan
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The intestine-specific caudal-related homeobox transcription factor CDX2 is important for intestinal development and differentiation. CDX2 heterozygous mice form colonic polyps, and loss of CDX2 expression is seen in some poorly differentiated colon carcinoma in humans. Conversely, ectopic CDX2 expression in the stomach of transgenic mice promotes intestinal metaplasia, and CDX2 expression is often seen in stomach and esophageal metaplasia. We sought to define CDX2-regulated genes to enhance the knowledge of CDX2 function. HT-29 colorectal cancer cells with minimal endogenous CDX2 expression were generated to express exogenous CDX2, and the gene expression changes were assessed by microarrays. Activation of CDX2 rapidly induced Multidrug Resistance 1 (MDR1/P-glycoprotein/ABCB1) gene expression in HT-29 cells, even in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitor, and RNA interference-mediated inhibition of CDX2 decreased MDR1 expression. In other colorectal cancer cell lines and human tissues, endogenous MDR1 expression was well correlated to CDX2 expression. Analysis with MDR1 reporter gene constructs and chromatin-immunoprecipitation assays suggested that CDX2 directly regulates MDR1 transcription. Overexpression of CDX2 in HT-29 cells revealed increased resistance to MDR1's known substrate, vincristine and paclitaxel, which was reversed by an MDR1 inhibitor, verapamil. These data indicate that CDX2 directly regulates MDR1 gene expression via binding to elements in the promoter region. Thus, CDX2 is probably important for basal expression of MDR1, regulating drug excretion and absorption in the lower gastrointestinal tract, as well as for multidrug resistance to chemotherapy reagent in CDX2-positive gastrointestinal cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1520.
Loaded Language And Drug Use
Authors: Dale K. Lindberg
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  I agree with the main points presented inThe Journal'seditorial (226:660,1973). However, the authors made an error of their own in interpretation of addict terms used in scientific journals. In my three years of experience with the  addict and as a director of a methadone maintenance program, skin popping is not injecting intradermally, but is the subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of a compound—usually heroin—and usually into the deltoid or buttock area. Intradermal injection of street  with its various diluents would certainly cause necrosis of the dermis in many instances. Skin popping is normally done at two different stages of opiate use; either at the beginning, when the technique of intravenous injection has not been mastered and the heroin rush is not desired, or after the person (usually a long-time addict) has destroyed all of his veins, and skin popping is the only available route
Inhibition of cytotoxic T cell development by transforming growth factor beta and reversal by recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha.
Authors: G E Ranges, I S Figari, T Espevik, M A Palladino
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

The immunoregulatory effects of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) and recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor alpha (rMuTNF-alpha) on CTL generation and activity were examined. The results demonstrate that TGF-beta, in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited CTL generation but not CTL activity. The inhibitory effects were detected only when TGF-beta was added within the first 48 h of the MLC. Little activity was seen when it was added thereafter, including the addition of TGF-beta to the cytotoxicity assay. The production of TNF-alpha, which occurs during early phases of the MLC and which is inhibited in the presence of TGF-beta, appears to have an important regulatory role, as altering the levels of TNF-alpha in an MLC can significantly influence CTL development. The inhibitory effects of TGF-beta on the MLC can be significantly reversed by the addition of rMuTNF-alpha to the cultures. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta can inhibit MLC and subsequent CTL generation at early stages of the reaction, and such inhibition may involve the suppression of TNF-alpha production.
Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of <i>TMPRSS2-ERG</i> Fusion in Familial Prostate Cancer
Authors: Matthias D. Hofer, Rainer Kuefer, Christiane Maier, Kathleen Herkommer, Sven Perner, Francesca Demichelis, Thomas Paiss, Walter Vogel, Mark A. Rubin, Josef Hoegel
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Fusion of the 5'-untranslated region of androgen-regulated TMPRSS2 promoter with ETS transcription factor family members is found frequently in prostate cancers, and recent work suggests that the most common TMPRSS2-ERG fusion is associated with an aggressive clinical phenotype compared with fusion-negative prostate cancer. Thus far, analysis of the fusion has been limited to sporadic cases of prostate cancer. In the current study, we explore for an enrichment of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in familial prostate cancer. TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was identified using a break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization assay on tissue microarrays. Presence of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion was associated with higher Gleason scores (P = 0.027). Of 75 patients with established history of prostate cancer, we detected the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion in 44 (59%) patients. Almost three quarters (73%) of fusion-positive patients accumulated within 16 specific families whereas only 27% were single fusion-positive cases within one family. Based on reported prevalence rates, we calculated a sibling recurrence risk ratio of up to 18.9. A subset (63%) of families with uniformly TMPRSS2-ERG-positive prostate cancer underwent a genome-wide linkage scan at 500 markers. This revealed several loci located on chromosomes #9, #18, and X that were suggestive of linkage to the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion-positive prostate cancer phenotype with linkage-of-disease scores up to 2.16 and nonparametric linkage scores up to 2.77. This suggests the presence of an inherited susceptibility to developing the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion. Given the association of TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and aggressive prostate cancer, close surveillance of relatives of patients with established fusion-positive prostate cancer or a family history of prostate cancer in general would be warranted.
Uncoupling protein-2 deficiency promotes oxidant stress and delays liver regeneration in mice
Authors: Masayoshi Horimoto, Péter Fülöp, Zoltán Derdák, Jack R. Wands, György Baffy
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

The control of liver regeneration remains elusive. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) are able to mediate cell growth arrest and activate proteins that inhibit the cell cycle, ROS production may have a negative impact on liver regeneration. We examined how liver regeneration is affected by uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), an inner mitochondrial membrane carrier that senses and negatively regulates superoxide production. Liver regeneration was monitored up to 5 days and was found to be significantly delayed in UCP2(-/-) mice after partial hepatectomy. Apoptosis rates in UCP2(+/+) and UCP2(- /-) liver remnants were similar, while parameters of cell proliferation indicated a diminished response in UCP2(- /-) mice with corresponding changes in the expression of key cell cycle regulatory proteins and prolonged activation of stress-responsive protein kinase p38. Levels of malondialdehyde, a marker of ROS generation and oxidant stress, were elevated in UCP2(- /-) livers at every examined time point. Liver remnants of UCP2(+ /+) mice 48 hours post-hepatectomy showed a fourfold increase in the expression of UCP2 protein primarily detected in hepatocytes. In conclusion, our results suggest that absent or insufficient UCP2 function in the regenerating liver results in increased ROS production and negatively modulates the control of cell cycle.
COMPARISON OF REACTIONS OF ANTIBODIES TO RAT COLLAGEN AND TO RAT KIDNEY IN THE BASEMENT MEMBRANES OF RAT RENAL GLOMERULI
Authors: Sidney Rothbard, Robert F. Watson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

By in vivo and in vitro methods of immunofluorescence, antibody to rat collagen and to rat kidney show the same regular, linear fluorescence following the outlines of the renal glomerular capillaries. Absorption of each antiserum with its homologous antigen completely removed the antibody for immunofluorescence, while absorption with the heterologous antigen had no effect. The nephrotoxicity persisted in the anti-kidney serum absorbed with collagen. By pretreatment of frozen normal rat kidney sections with various enzymes followed by immunofluorescence, it was shown that trypsin and hyaluronidase had no effect on the subsequent fluorescence of either antibody; papain reduced the fluorescence; and pepsin and Pronase acted on both antigens so that no fluorescence was present. One preparation of neuraminidase, derived from V. cholerae, reduced fluorescence of both antibodies in some preparations, but the same enzyme derived from influenza virus or C. perfringens had no effect on either. Collagenase completely prevented fluorescence of the antibody to collagen and had no effect on that to rat kidney. The findings in this study show that the antibody to collagen is directed to collagen in rat renal glomerular basement membranes and that the antibody to rat kidney reacts with some antigen other than collagen in these membranes.
Cotton dust exposure, across-shift drop in FEV1, and five-year change in lung function.
Authors: D C Christiani, T T Ye, D H Wegman, E A Eisen, H L Dai, P L Lu
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

To evaluate chronic loss of lung function in cotton dust-exposed workers, a 5-yr follow-up study was performed in Shanghai, China from 1981 to 1986. Workers at a nearby silk thread manufacturing mill were used as a control population. There were 384 cotton textile workers restudied from an original group of 446, and 403 silk workers restudied from the original 468. The presence of byssinosis among retested cotton workers at the time of first survey was 7.3%. The prevalence of byssinosis was 9.7% at the initial survey among those lost to follow-up. No byssinosis was found among control subjects. The mean annual decline in FEV1 was 39.5 ml among cotton workers and 30.6 ml for silk workers (p < 0.05). The greatest annual decrements were found among smoking cotton workers, but nonsmoking cotton workers also lost lung function at a faster rate than silk nonsmokers (annual loss = 33.3 ml versus 24.4 ml, respectively). Autoregressive modeling revealed that after adjustments for age, sex, height, and smoking, cotton dust exposure was significantly associated with decline in FEV1. Moreover, across-shift drop of 5% or more at the time of first survey was predictive of 5-yr decline in FEV1. Cotton workers who had an acute response (5% or greater drop in FEV1 at the time of first survey) suffered a 57.0 ml/yr FEV1 drop compared with a 35.1-ml drop among cotton workers with less acute response at baseline (p < 0.01). Silk workers with or without 5% across-shift drops had similar annual rates of decline (-33.8 ml and -36.1 ml, respectively).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)