tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Women in Medicine: Better Studies Needed
Authors: ANN H. BEUF
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Editorials1 January 1978Women in Medicine: Better Studies NeededANN H. BEUF, PH.D.ANN H. BEUF, PH.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-88-1-122 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe number of women applying to medical schools has nearly quadrupled since 1963 (1), but women who aspire to be physicians are still beset with difficulties. They face discrimination in premedical programs, in faculty attitudes in medical schools, and in being excluded from informal networks of communication (2). They are likely to see members of their sex unfavorably portrayed in medical textbooks (3). Many of them face conflicts between what is expected of them as physicians and what is expected of them in their other social roles (1). Their situation merits study. Because many more physicians in the future will...References1. MCARARNY E: The impact of women in United States medical schools, in Women in Medicine 1976, edited by SPIELER C. New York, Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, 1977, pp. 9-57 Google Scholar2. CAMPBELL M: Why Would a Girl Go into Medicine? Old Westbury, New York, The Feminist Press, 1973 Google Scholar3. HOWELL M: What medical schools teach about women. N Engl J Med 291:304-307, 1974 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. REALERBUCKLEY AJ: A comparison of personality types among female student health professionals. J Med Educ 52:475-477, 1977 MedlineGoogle Scholar5. ROESKELAKE NK: Role models for women medical students. J Med Educ 52:459-466, 1977 MedlineGoogle Scholar6. CARTWRIGHT L: Personality changes in a sample of women physicians. J Med Educ 52:467-474, 1977 MedlineGoogle Scholar7. VAILLANT G: Adaptation to Life. Boston, Little, Brown & Co., 1977 Google Scholar8. KOSA J: Women and medicine in a changing world, in The Professional Woman, edited by THEODORE A. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Schenkman Publishing Co., 1971, pp. 709-719 Google Scholar9. WALSH M: Doctors Wanted: No Women Need Apply. New Haven Yale University Press, 1977 Google Scholar10. FRANKKATCHER HA: The qualities of leadership: how male medical students evaluate their female peers. Hum Relations 30:403-416, 1977 CrossrefGoogle Scholar11. WILSONAMBER PB: Career patterns of women in medicine, in Women in Medicine 1976, edited by SPIELER C. New York, Josiah Macy, Jr., Foundation, 1977, pp. 88-104 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byRape of the Straw WomanLILLIAN KAUFMAN CARTWRIGHT, PH.D. 1 January 1978Volume 88, Issue 1Page: 122-123KeywordsForecasting Issue Published: 1 January 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...
Valproic Acid, a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Is an Antagonist for Oncolytic Adenoviral Gene Therapy
Authors: Naseruddin Höti, Wasim Chowdhury, Jer-Tsong Hsieh, Markus D. Sachs, Shawn E. Lupold, Ronald Rodriguez
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Oncolytic adenoviruses preferentially replicate in and lyse tumor cells. However, their application to cancer gene therapy has been complicated by the low levels of coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) expressed in many solid tumors. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) significantly up-regulate CAR expression in tumor cells and have additional antineoplastic activities. Therefore, there is a clear rationale for the combination of HDACIs and oncolytic adenoviral gene therapy. We present evidence that HDACI treatment significantly inhibits adenoviral replication, viral burst, and tumor cell kill. Valproic acid (VPA), a well-established HDACI, inhibits adenoviral replication late in the viral life cycle. We hypothesized that VPA induction of the cell-cycle-regulating protein p21WAF1/CIP1 may be partly responsible for this activity. We demonstrate that p21WAF1/CIP1 expression alone limits viral replication and decreases viral titers in different cancer cell models. We also demonstrate that VPA and replicating adenovirus mutually inhibit each other's ability to kill cells, independent of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression. These results not only identify the importance of p21WAF1/CIP1 in the biology of adenoviral replication, but also suggest that oncolytic adenoviral gene therapy will be inhibited rather than enhanced by VPA (HDACI) treatment.
RELEASE OF ENDOTOXIN IN THE FORM OF CELL WALL BLEBS DURING IN VITRO GROWTH OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS
Authors: I. W. Devoe, J. E. Gilchrist
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

Multiple cell wall blebs were observed on the surface of three strains of N. meningitidis taken from log phase cultures. The blebs originated as evaginations of the outer layer of the cell wall. Bleb production was noted on both defined or complex media either as broth or a solid medium. The addition of 10% normal bovine serum to the various media did not affect the production and release of these surface blebs. However, as broth cultures progressed into the stationary phase of growth, the blebs disappeared from the surface of the cells. Blebs were present in substantial quantities in culture supernatant fluids and on cell surfaces and were readily isolated by ultracentrifugation. Analysis for 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate in cultures revealed that 18% of the total endotoxin of log phase cultures was present in blebs from the cell wall.
Pelvic Kidney Displacing a Sigmoid Diverticular Bleed Scintigraphic and Angiographic Correlation
Authors: LIONEL S. ZUCKIER, YASHWANT D. PATEL, PETER S. KRATKA, LEROY A. SUGARMAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

A Tc-99m red blood cell bleeding scan was obtained in a 76-year-old man with frank rectal bleeding. In addition to accurately localizing the anatomic site of bleeding to the sigmoid region, a left-sided pelvic kidney was observed which displaced the sigmoid colon out of the pelvis, into the lower abdomen. This finding was useful to the angiographer in allowing rapid catheterization of the inferior mesenteric artery and accurate positioning of the patient for the subsequent arteriogram.
Chromogranin A: a surprising link between granule biogenesis and hypertension
Authors: T. Kim
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

Chromogranin A (CHGA) and its derived peptides, which are stored and released from dense-core secretory granules of neuroendocrine cells, have been implicated as playing multiple roles in the endocrine, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. In this issue of the JCI, Mahapatra et al. present in vivo evidence for 2 important functions of CHGA: the regulation of catecholamine-containing dense-core chromaffin granule biogenesis in the adrenal gland and the control of blood pressure. Obliteration of CHGA expression in a KO mouse model led to decreased size and number of chromaffin granules as well as hypertension in these animals. Transgenic expression of human Chga and exogenous injection of human catestatin, a CHGA-derived nicotinic cholinergic antagonist, restored normal blood pressure in these mice. These results suggest a coupled relationship between CHGA-mediated chromaffin granule biogenesis, necessary for catecholamine storage, and catestatin-induced inhibition of cholinergic-stimulated catecholamine release, which regulates autonomic control of blood pressure.
Civil Rights and Medicare
Authors: William H. Stewart
Journal: JAMA (1966)

On July 1, the great majority of American hospitals will be qualified for participation in Medicare—qualified on the basis of health-care standards (which are similar to those of the Joint Commission of the Accreditation of Hospitals) and qualified also under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act. The physician can be of enormous help in the next several weeks in seeing to it that the hospitals in his community are numbered among these qualified institutions. Title VI prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin in any institution receiving financial aid from the US government. It applies not only to Medicare but to some 50 other federal programs which at the present time extend aid or support to hospitals, including the Hill-Burton program, other grant programs administered by the Public Health Service, and other programs administered by the federal government. The Public Health Service has issued and
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF ERYTHEMA INDURATUM (BAZIN).
Authors: LUDWIG WEISS
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Besides those dermatoses which are known to be of tuberculous origin, like lupus vulgaris, tuberculosis verrucosa cutis and scrofuloderma, there are to-day numerous other skin lesions regarded as closely related to tuberculosis, if not entirely of tuberculous origin. One of them, lichen scrofulosus, the older Hebra regarded as associated with tuberculosis. He found that 90 per cent, of patients so afflicted were youthful individuals, with cervical and other kinds of lymphadenitis, periostitis, caries, necrosis, or affected with ulcerating scrofulodermata, symptoms which are characteristic of what we call "scrofulosis," making the name of lichen scrofulosus a proper one. In some inveterate cases of this disease acne-like lesions appear with or without pus formation. Hebra called them acne cachecticorum. He found it associated with a moist or dry seborrhea, causing the so-called pityriasis tabescentium. A third affection brought by him in connection with tuberculosis is chromophytosis. It appears with predilection in those
Metformin in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: J. M Lord
Journal: BMJ (2003)

To assess the effectiveness of metformin in improving clinical and biochemical features of polycystic ovary syndrome.Systematic review and meta-analysis.Randomised controlled trials that investigated the effect of metformin compared with either placebo or no treatment, or compared with an ovulation induction agent.13 trials were included for analysis, including 543 women with polycystic ovary syndrome that was defined by using biochemical or ultrasound evidence.Pregnancy and ovulation rates. Secondary outcomes of clinical and biochemical features of polycystic ovary syndrome.Meta-analysis showed that metformin is effective in achieving ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, with odds ratios of 3.88 (95% confidence interval 2.25 to 6.69) for metformin compared with placebo and 4.41 (2.37 to 8.22) for metformin and clomifene compared with clomifene alone. An analysis of pregnancy rates shows a significant treatment effect for metformin and clomifene (odds ratio 4.40, 1.96 to 9.85). Metformin has an effect in reducing fasting insulin concentrations, blood pressure, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. We found no evidence of any effect on body mass index or waist:hip ratio. Metformin was associated with a higher incidence of nausea, vomiting, and other gastrointestinal disturbance.Metformin is an effective treatment for anovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Its choice as a first line agent seems justified, and there is some evidence of benefit on variables of the metabolic syndrome. No data are available regarding the safety of metformin in long term use in young women and only limited data on its safety in early pregnancy. It should be used as an adjuvant to general lifestyle improvements and not as a replacement for increased exercise and improved diet.
Cellular mechanisms of captopril-induced matrix remodeling in Syrian hamster cardiomyopathy.
Authors: G Davison, C S Hall, J G Miller, M Scott, S A Wickline
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Although angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have become a mainstay of treatment for chronic congestive heart failure (CHF), it is not known whether the cardiac remodeling effects are a secondary phenomenon, resulting from ACE inhibitors' hemodynamic actions of afterload reduction, or occur through an independent mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS We used ultrasonic tissue characterization to define potentially salutary effects of treatment with ACE inhibitors on the material properties of the heart and its potential influence on cardiac remodeling at the cellular level. Ten 1-month-old, cardiomyopathic (CM) Syrian hamsters and 6 normal (NL) hamsters were treated with captopril (2 g/L water ad libitum), and 10 CM hamsters and 10 NL hamsters were maintained untreated for 3 months. Hearts were excised, and backscattered radiofrequency data were acquired from 1200 independent sites from each specimen with a high-resolution 50-MHz acoustic microscope for calculation of integrated backscatter (IB). Treatment with captopril reduced left ventricular mass, calcium concentration, and IB in CM hearts without affecting myofiber size or collagen concentration. The IB from grossly normal regions of myocardium in NL hamsters, treated CM hamsters, and untreated CM hamsters was not significantly different. The IB from the microscopic regions of scar tissue in treated CM hamsters was significantly less (P = .0004) than that from scar tissue in untreated CM hamsters. CONCLUSIONS The reduced IB from treated scar tissue components reflects specific alterations in the material properties (elastic stiffness, density) of fibrous regions in CM hearts induced by captopril. This is the first report that defines specific cellular effects of ACE inhibitors on the material properties of isolated components of cardiac tissue in experimental cardiomyopathy. These alterations in material properties of scar tissue components represent a potential mechanism for the salutary actions of ACE inhibitors in heart failure.
Interleukin-1-induced anorexia in the rat. Influence of prostaglandins.
Authors: M K Hellerstein, S N Meydani, M Meydani, K Wu, C A Dinarello
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

The anorexia associated with acute and chronic inflammatory or infectious conditions is poorly understood. Our objectives were to explore the anorexigenic effects of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the rat. Recombinant human (rh) IL-1 beta, murine (rm) IL-1 alpha and to a lesser extent rhIL-1 alpha significantly reduced food intake at greater than or equal to 4.0 micrograms/kg i.p. but not at lower doses, in young (200-250 g) meal-fed rats on chow diets. The anorexic effect appears to be mediated by prostaglandins since pretreatment with ibuprofen completely blocked it, and a fish oil based diet abolished it, in comparison to corn oil or chow diets. Fish oil feeding also decreased basal and IL-1 stimulated prostaglandin E2 production by tissues in vitro (liver, brain, peritoneal macrophages) and in the whole body. Constant intravenous infusions of lower doses of IL-1 also diminished food intake, though intravenous boluses did not (reflecting rapid renal clearance). Chronic daily administration of IL-1 caused persistent inhibition of food intake for 7-17 d in chow and corn oil fed rats, but had no effect in fish oil fed rats. There was an attenuation of the effect (tachyphylaxis) after 7 d in corn oil and chow fed rats, but slowed weight gain and lower final weights were observed after 17-32 d of daily IL-1. Old (18-20 mo Fisher 344) rats showed less sensitivity to IL-1 induced anorexia. In conclusion, IL-1 is anorexigenic in the rat, but this is influenced by the structural form of IL-1, the route and chronicity of administration, the source of dietary fat, and the age of the animal. The ability of prior fat intake to influence the anorexic response to IL-1 represents a novel nutrient-nutrient interaction with potential therapeutic implications.
A tribute to Rosalyn S. Yalow
Authors: Jesse Roth
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

On May 30, 2011, after a decade and a half of physical and cognitive decline, Rosalyn S. Yalow died, just before her ninetieth birthday. Two days later on a green hillside in New Jersey, a short drive from the Bronx, a dozen intimates gathered to bid farewell. After a round of informal testimonials and traditional recitations, we took turns gently shoveling earth to cover the pine box that protected her remains. The rhythm of the shovels, the camaraderie of the mourners, and the glow of the sun brought forth kaleidoscopic flashbacks — Stockholm, Atlantic City, and the Bronx.

Rosalyn Yalow lived nearly all of her life in the Bronx, where she was born, educated and worked, raised her family and met Solomon Berson, her scientific partner for many years (1). Yalow and Berson were born in New York, children and grandchildren of immigrants from Europe (1–3). For both families finances were constrained due to shortage of capital, anti-Semitic impediments to employment, and the Great Depression. Both Berson and Yalow were educated in New York City public schools. Berson graduated from the legendary City College of New York, then all-male and tuition-free. After graduation, it took him three years (earning a master’s degree and working as an assistant in the New York University Anatomy Department) before he broke through the extreme barriers then in place for Jewish applicants to medical school. Berson bragged about his hundred or more medical school rejections. A classmate of Berson at New York University School of Medicine recalled that on Day One it was obvious to all that Berson would be the leading student in their class. 

Yalow was a top student at Hunter College, the tuition-free, all-female counterpart of City College, where she majored in physics. Despite a brilliant record, she failed to gain admission to any graduate programs in physics, specifically and openly because she was female and Jewish. Finally, as a favor to one of her Hunter College professors, the University of Illinois accepted her into their PhD program in nuclear physics with the condition that they bear no responsibility for placing her in a job after graduation. Indeed, despite a brilliant school record and the World War II shortage of civilian males, employment for her was spotty. It was two years before she joined the Veterans Administration Hospital (“Bronx VA”) as a consultant and five years until she was hired as a full-time physicist (1, 2). 

Through talent, hard work, and good luck, in 1950 Ros became the fledgling head of the nascent radioisotope unit at the Bronx VA. Novel applications of radioisotopes to medicine were burgeoning. She developed a solid program of service, teaching, and research but recognized that to reach its full potential the unit needed a physician. After the rejection of many candidates, Bernard Straus, the highly regarded chief of the medical service, introduced Ros to the smartest MD he had ever trained. After an hour, Ros was certain that Sol Berson was the smartest MD she had ever met (1).
Pigmentary mosaicism with mosaic chromosome 5p tetrasomy
Authors: L.K. Hansen, F. Brandrup, K. Rasmussen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Pigmentary mosaicism with mosaic chromosome 5p tetrasomy is described. A 5-year-old girl had phylloid hyperpigmentation segregated in the midline, and neurological deficits. Chromosome analysis performed on blood lymphocytes was normal, whereas skin fibroblasts from affected skin areas revealed chromosomal mosaicism.
Surgical training using simulation
Authors: R. Kneebone, R. Aggarwal
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an immunoinhibitory receptor expressed on exhausted T cells during chronic illness. Interaction of PD-1 with its ligand PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) delivers inhibitory signals and impairs proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity of T cells. We reported that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is closely associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression in bovine chronic infections and canine tumors. Moreover, we found that blocking antibodies targeting PD-1 and PD-L1 restore T-cell functions and may be used in immunotherapy in cattle and dogs. However, the immunological role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway remains unclear for chronic equine diseases, including tumors. In this study, we identified nucleotide sequences of equine PD-1 (EqPD-1) and PD-L1 (EqPD-L1) and investigated the role of anti-bovine PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against EqPD-L1 using <i>in vitro</i> assays. We also evaluated the expression of PD-L1 in tumor tissues of equine malignant melanoma (EMM). The amino acid sequences of EqPD-1 and EqPD-L1 share a high identity and similarity with homologs from other mammalian species. Two clones of the anti-bovine PD-L1 mAbs recognized EqPD-L1 in flow cytometry, and one of these cross-reactive mAbs blocked the binding of equine PD-1/PD-L1. Importantly, PD-L1 expression was confirmed in EMM tumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. A cultivation assay revealed that PD-L1 blockade enhanced the production of Th1 cytokines in equine immune cells. These results suggest that our anti-PD-L1 mAbs may be useful for investigating the expression and role of the equine PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Further research is required to discover the immunological role of PD-1/PD-L1 in chronic equine diseases and elucidate a future application in immunotherapy for horse.
Large-scale Exploration of Gene–Gene Interactions in Prostate Cancer Using a Multistage Genome-wide Association Study
Authors: Julia Ciampa, Meredith Yeager, Laufey Amundadottir, Kevin Jacobs, Peter Kraft, Charles Chung, Sholom Wacholder, Kai Yu, William Wheeler, Michael J. Thun, W. Ryan Divers, Susan Gapstur, Demetrius Albanes, Jarmo Virtamo, Stephanie Weinstein, Edward Giovannucci, Walter C. Willett, Geraldine Cancel-Tassin, Olivier Cussenot, Antoine Valeri, David Hunter, Robert Hoover, Gilles Thomas, Stephen Chanock, Nilanjan Chatterjee
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Recent genome-wide association studies have identified independent susceptibility loci for prostate cancer that could influence risk through interaction with other, possibly undetected, susceptibility loci. We explored evidence of interaction between pairs of 13 known susceptibility loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) across the genome to generate hypotheses about the functionality of prostate cancer susceptibility regions. We used data from Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility: Stage I included 523,841 SNPs in 1,175 cases and 1,100 controls; Stage II included 27,383 SNPs in an additional 3,941 cases and 3,964 controls. Power calculations assessed the magnitude of interactions our study is likely to detect. Logistic regression was used with alternative methods that exploit constraints of gene-gene independence between unlinked loci to increase power. Our empirical evaluation demonstrated that an empirical Bayes (EB) technique is powerful and robust to possible violation of the independence assumption. Our EB analysis identified several noteworthy interacting SNP pairs, although none reached genome-wide significance. We highlight a Stage II interaction between the major prostate cancer susceptibility locus in the subregion of 8q24 that contains POU5F1B and an intronic SNP in the transcription factor EPAS1, which has potentially important functional implications for 8q24. Another noteworthy result involves interaction of a known prostate cancer susceptibility marker near the prostate protease genes KLK2 and KLK3 with an intronic SNP in PRXX2. Overall, the interactions we have identified merit follow-up study, particularly the EPAS1 interaction, which has implications not only in prostate cancer but also in other epithelial cancers that are associated with the 8q24 locus.