tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of molecular probes to assess geographic distribution of Pfiesteria species.
Authors: P A Rublee, J W Kempton, E F Schaefer, C Allen, J Harris, D W Oldach, H Bowers, T Tengs, J M Burkholder, H B Glasgow
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

We have developed multiple polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods for the detection of Pfiesteria sp. in cultures and environmental samples. More than 2,100 water and sediment samples from estuarine sites of the U.S. Atlantic and gulf coasts were assayed for the presence of Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger &amp; Burkholder and Pfiesteria shumwayae Glasgow &amp; Burkholder by PCR probing of extracted DNA. Positive results were found in about 3% of samples derived from routine monitoring of coastal waters and about 8% of sediments. The geographic range of both species was the same, ranging from New York to Texas. Pfiesteria spp. are likely common and generally benign inhabitants of coastal areas, but their presence maintains a potential for fish and human health problems.
Adenosine kinase inhibition promotes survival of fetal adenosine deaminase–deficient thymocytes by blocking dATP accumulation
Authors: C. Justin Van De Wiele, James G. Vaughn, Michael R. Blackburn, Catherine A. Ledent, Marlene Jacobson, Hong Jiang, Linda F. Thompson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Thymocyte development past the CD4–CD8– stage is markedly inhibited in adenosine deaminase–deficient (ADA-deficient) murine fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs) due to the accumulation of ADA substrates derived from thymocytes failing developmental checkpoints. Such cultures can be rescued by overexpression of Bcl-2, suggesting that apoptosis is an important component of the mechanism by which ADA deficiency impairs thymocyte development. Consistent with this conclusion, ADA-deficient FTOCs were partially rescued by a rearranged T cell receptor β transgene that permits virtually all thymocytes to pass the β-selection checkpoint. ADA-deficient cultures were also rescued by the adenosine kinase inhibitor 5′-amino-5′-deoxyadenosine (5′A5′dAdo), indicating that the metabolite responsible for the inhibition of thymocyte development is not adenosine or deoxyadenosine, but a phosphorylated derivative of an ADA substrate. Correction of ADA-deficient FTOCs by 5′A5′dAdo correlated with reduced accumulation of dATP, implicating this compound as the toxic metabolite. In ADA-inhibited FTOCs rescued with a Bcl-2 transgene, however, dATP levels were superelevated, suggesting that cells failing positive and negative selection continued to contribute to the accumulation of ADA substrates. Our data are consistent with dATP-induced mitochondrial cytochrome c release followed by apoptosis as the mechanism by which ADA deficiency leads to reduced thymic T cell production.
Leukaemia--II. Treatment
Authors: L. Whitby
Journal: BMJ (1951)

The nature, and, indeed, the institution, of treatment are greatly influenced by the acuteness of the disease, by the urgency of symptoms, and to some extent by the haematological type.Symptomless types, especially in the elderly, are better left untreated.And equally, in the final phases of the acute disease, there is little to be gained by prolonging a miserable existence for a few days by a massive blood transfusion.At the outset the practitioner himself should fully appreciate that no cure is known.Treatment,which is designed to relieve symptoms and prolong efficiency has no material effect in prolonging life.Nevertheless, the relief of distress arising from anaemia, or of pain from pressure on other organs or from traction by an enlarged spleen, may greatly increase comfort and efficiency.Rest in bed is essential whenever there are fever, infarcts of the spleen, signs of cardiac failure, haemorrhage, or other generalized symptoms, but otherwise patients should be encouraged to lead a normal life on a full diet.Indeed, the maintenance of morale is one of the important points in treBtment, and how much or how little of the inexorable end-result of the disease should be communicated to the patient or the relatives is a matter for judgment in each case.
CLINICAL GUIDELINE: PART 1: Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Part I
Authors: Christopher M. Coley
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence of clinically important prostate cancer and to evaluate the effectiveness of digital rectal examination and measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in early detection of prostate cancer. Data Sources: Relevant studies were identified from a structured MEDLINE search (1966 to 1995), reviews, bibliographies of retrieved articles, author files, and abstracts. Study Selection: Articles selected for analysis of test effectiveness were prospective cohort studies of early detection that did not have obvious selection bias. Data Extraction: Likelihood ratios for digital rectal examination and PSA measurement were estimated from studies that specified the age distribution of participants. Data Synthesis: In patients who have abnormalities on digital rectal examination, the risk for a large, intracapsular tumor is increased twofold but the risk for extracapsular disease is increased threefold to ninefold. An elevation in PSA level greater than 4 ng/mL increases the odds of intracapsular tumors by as much as threefold and the odds of extracapsular tumors by threefold to fivefold. For studies in which biopsies were done if results of either test were abnormal, 18% to 26% of screened patients had suspicious results, cancer detection rates were approximately 4%, and the positive predictive value of the tests combined was 15% to 21%. Men who have lower urinary tract symptoms that are consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia are not more likely to harbor prostate cancer; the specificity of PSA measurement is considerably lower among these men. Conclusions: Larger-volume tumors of the prostate are common among older men. Available tests for the early detection of cancer have limited specificity, which necessitates a relatively high biopsy rate. The positive predictive value of combined digital rectal examination and PSA measurement has been defined, but the negative predictive value is less clear. Measurement of PSA is the most sensitive noninvasive test for prostate cancer. However, digital rectal examination detects cancer that would otherwise be missed by PSA measurement.
Abstract 304: Predictive factors of pathological complete response by neoadjuvant chemotherapy for operable breast cancer
Authors: Takashi Ishikawa, Daisuke Shimizu, Takashi Sasaki, Satoshi Morita, Mikiko Tanabe, Ikuko Ota, Kae Kawachi, Takashi Chishima, Yasushi Ichikawa, Itaru Endo
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Nonanthracycline regimens with taxanes have become to be used more frequently than before. Thus, it has become important to consider sensitivities to these two drugs in individual patients. Aim: To examine the association between the pathological response of each regimen and several pathological factors and whether individualized treatment based on HER2 may improve the overall pathological effects. Patients and methods: 1) Retrospective study: 170 patients treated with standard regimens consisted of anthracycline and/or taxan prior to surgery. 2) Prospective study: 18 patients with HER2 overexpression received 4 cycles of anthracycline and cyclophosphamide (AC), while 45 pathients without HER2 expression received 4 cycles of docetaxel and cyclophosphamide (TC). For these 2 studies, the overall pCR rates were examined. The association of pCR with pathological factors including estrogen- and progesterone-receptor (ER and PgR), HER2, nuclear grade, Ki-67, P-53 and Topoisomerase IIα (TopoIIα) etc. were also examined. Results: 1) The overall pCR rate was 24.2 % (41/170). Multivariate analysis with factors revealed that ER and nuclear grade were significantly associated with pCR. 2) The overall pCR rate was 36.5% (23/63), with pCR rates of 27.8% (5/18) and 40.0% (18/45) for the AC and TC regimens, respectively. TC regimen induced a pCR in most triple-negative cancer cases (15/19). Only low expression of ER maintained statistical significance as a predictor of pCR for the TC regimen. Conclusions: Individualized HER2-based treatment improved the efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, probably because HER2 is, at least at present, the most promising predictor for the efficacy of anthracyclines. Further studies with predictive factors including TopoIIα by FISH are now under investigation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 304. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-304
Effects of unilateral stellate ganglion stimulation and ablation on electrophysiologic changes induced by acute myocardial ischemia in dogs.
Authors: M J Janse, P J Schwartz, F Wilms-Schopman, R J Peters, D Durrer
Journal: Circulation (1985)

We recorded direct-current extracellular electrograms simultaneously from 60 left ventricular epicardial sites in 38 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs during repeated, 5 min coronary arterial occlusions. In each dog recordings made during control occlusions were compared with those made in occlusions after, or during, the following interventions on the sympathetic nervous system: left stellate ganglion stimulation, left stellectomy, right stellectomy, and clamping the abdominal aorta with intact sympathetic nerves to induce a rise of blood pressure equal to that present during left stellate stimulation. Heart rate was kept constant. Measurements included determination of TQ segment potentials and times of local activation. After 2 min of ischemia, the degree of TQ segment depression was increased by left stellate ganglion stimulation and was decreased by both left stellectomy and clamping the aorta. Also, the area showing negative TQ potentials, indicating decreased resting membrane potentials, was enlarged by both left stellate stimulation and right stellectomy and reduced by left stellectomy. No differences were found in the results of experiments in which the left anterior descending coronary artery was occluded and those in which the circumflex branch was occluded. Left stellate stimulation significantly improved conduction within the ischemic zone. No evidence was found to suggest that the arrhythmogenic effects of left stellate stimulation and of right stellectomy, confirmed in the present study, resulted from an increased likelihood for reentry in the subepicardium of the ischemic zone.
Insulin Deficiency and Insulin Inefficiency
Authors: H. P. Himsworth
Journal: BMJ (1940)

The work I wish to present to you had its origin in a chance observation by Claude Bernard (1877) He noticed ,that when starving dogs were allowed to satisfy their hunger with carbohydrate food sugar appeared in their urine.This phenomenon was amply confirmed by suLbsequent workers, but little further progress was made towards understanding its significance until the invention of reliable methods for estimating the blood sugar enabled Bang (1913) to demonstrate that starvation impaired the blood glucose-tolerance curve.Ten years later Adlersberg and Porges (1926, 1929) in Vienna and Sweeney (1927) in America, and soon many other workers, showed that diets rich in fat were associated with a similar impairment of the glucose-tolerance curve and, further, that diets rich in carbohydrates resulted in an improvement of the toler- ance curve.This sudden renewal of interest in the effect of diet upon sugar tolerance was directly attributable to a revolution that had occurred in the therapeutics of diabetes mellitus.
Higher Executive Control and Visual Memory Performance Predict Treatment Completion in Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Eric A. Fertuck, John Keilp, Inkyung Song, Melissa C. Morris, Scott T. Wilson, Beth S. Brodsky, Barbara Stanley
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2011)

Non-completion of a prescribed course of treatment occurs in 20-60% of individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD). While symptom severity, personality traits and environmental factors have been implicated as predictors of treatment non-completion (TNC), there have been no studies of neuropsychological predictors in this population.From a randomized controlled trial, a subsample of 31, unmedicated outpatients diagnosed with BPD with recent self-injurious behavior was assessed on 5 neuropsychological domains. Patients were also assessed for general IQ, demographic and other salient clinical variables. Patients were randomized to one of four treatment conditions, which lasted up to 1 year. Number of weeks in treatment (WIT) up to 1 year was utilized as the index of TNC.Thirty-three percent of the subsample (n = 12) did not complete 1 year of treatment. However, more WIT were predicted by better baseline executive control (Trails B; p < 0.01) and visual memory performance (Benton visual retention; p < 0.001); other neuropsychological domains did not predict WIT.In the treatment of outpatients with BPD, better executive control and visual memory performance predict more WIT. Assessing and addressing these neurocognitive factors in treatment may reduce TNC in this high-risk population.
Legal Problems With Diazepam for Epilepsy
Authors: Samuel Livingston
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I have recently received inquiries from several physicians concerning their legal liability relative to the use of diazepam (Valium) in the treatment of epilepsy. Many current reports of specialists in the field of convulsive disorders, including several of my own, describe good results with this drug in epilepsy, particularly myoclonic epilepsy. On the basis of such positive reports, physicians prescribed this drug for patients with myoclonic epilepsy refractory to all of the standard antiepileptic agents. In some of these patients, diazepam produced seizure control without any apparent untoward reactions, and, therefore, the patients continued to receive this therapy. To their great surprise and consternation, however, these physicians subsequently learned of the following statement, which is currently included in the diazepam package insert:<i>"Contraindications:</i>Valium (diazapem) is contraindicated in infants, patients with a history of convulsive disorders or patients with a history of glaucoma." These physicians asked my
Rho Kinase Inhibitors Block Melanoma Cell Migration and Inhibit Metastasis
Authors: Amine Sadok, Afshan McCarthy, John Caldwell, Ian Collins, Michelle D. Garrett, Maggie Yeo, Steven Hooper, Erik Sahai, Sandra Kuemper, Faraz K. Mardakheh, Christopher J. Marshall
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract There is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic opportunities for metastatic melanoma. Fragment-based screening has led to the discovery of orally available, ATP-competitive AKT kinase inhibitors, AT13148 and CCT129254. These compounds also inhibit the Rho-kinases ROCK 1 and ROCK 2 and we show they potently inhibit ROCK activity in melanoma cells in culture and in vivo. Treatment of melanoma cells with CCT129254 or AT13148 dramatically reduces cell invasion, impairing both “amoeboid-like” and mesenchymal-like modes of invasion in culture. Intravital imaging shows that CCT129254 or AT13148 treatment reduces the motility of melanoma cells in vivo. CCT129254 inhibits melanoma metastasis when administered 2 days after orthotopic intradermal injection of the cells, or when treatment starts after metastases have arisen. Mechanistically, our data suggest that inhibition of ROCK reduces the ability of melanoma cells to efficiently colonize the lungs. These results suggest that these novel inhibitors of ROCK may be beneficial in the treatment of metastasis. Cancer Res; 75(11); 2272–84. ©2015 AACR.
Appearance of an inverted appendix on virtual colonoscopy
Authors: A.-L. Chou, C.-W. Lin, K.-C. Tseng
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Figure 1 A 55-year-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus, who had been followed up regularly for 7 years, visited our hospital complaining of chronic abdominal fullness, constipation, and stringy stools. She had a history of a total hysterectomy for uterine prolapse at the age of 38. At colonoscopy we found a 3-cm-long tubular structure, with normal-appearing mucosa, in the cecum; histopathological examination showed colonic mucosa with mild inflammation. A diagnosis of inverted appendix was made.
Endocrinology and Metabolism
Authors: Barry Z. Izenstein
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Endocrinology is a cerebral specialty, and it is not surprising that the third edition of Felig's excellent textbook, Endocrinology and Metabolism , is a cerebral textbook. The editors (Felig, Baxter, and Frohman) have assembled outstanding endocrinologists, who have written a comprehensive textbook that combines basic science and clinical endocrinology. There are 32 chapters and 1885 pages of reading, including references (an amazing 1244 for the chapter on the adrenal cortex).  The format of the text has been well conceived. The early chapters, which no doubt clinicians often scan, lay the groundwork. The authors try to simplify the chapter Gene Expression and Recombinant DNA, which has minimal clinical relevance and is mostly for the basic scientist. This is balanced by the chapter Clinical Manifestations of Endocrine Disease, on which disease states fit the symptoms presented. Molecular Mechanisms of Hormone Action, though germane, is esoteric, and I suspect will be perused only at
Gogarty and Joyce
Authors: Michael D. Decker
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> As one who reluctantly set aside the study of James Joyce for that of medicine, I was delighted to encounter the recent article by J. B. Lyons, MD (241:1409, 1979), discussing his appreciation of Oliver St John Gogarty. However, I cannot accept the thesis of John P. Callan, MD, in the appended commentary, that the conflict between Joyce and Gogarty stemmed from social and familial rivalry; rather, these rivalries grew out of the professional and personal hostility between the two. The developing professional rivalry between the two young men competing for the favors and attentions of the Dublin literary aristocracy took a personal turn when Gogarty expelled Joyce from the Martello Tower lodgings they had shared, and which Joyce had originally secured; thus, Gogarty was (literal) Usurper, a role that Joyce believed Gogarty played in a literary as well as philosophical sense. This simmering hostility, interspersed with
HIV Treatment-As-Prevention Research: Taking the Right Road at the Crossroads
Authors: Richard Hayes, Sarah Fidler, Anne Cori, Christophe Fraser, Sian Floyd, Helen Ayles, Nulda Beyers, Wafaa El-Sadr
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2015)

Reflecting on a Policy Forum article by Till Bärnighausen and colleagues, the HPTN 071 (PopART) Study Team consider ethical and study power concerns and the importance of the trial's future findings.
MALARIAL PIGMENT (HEMATIN) AS A FACTOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE MALARIAL PAROXYSM
Authors: Wade H. Brown
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1912)

The paroxysm of hematin intoxication in the rabbit undoubtedly presents many features of striking similarity to the paroxysm of human malaria; still one must hesitate to apply such results unreservedly in an attempt to identify the causative agent of the malarial paroxysm. When, in addition to the character of the paroxysm, we consider the sequence of events in the two instances, the analogy becomes so close that it seems impossible to regard the matter as a mere coincidence. The injection of hematin, especially in fractional doses, is in a measure comparable to the liberation of hematin into the human circulation by the malarial parasite. In these experiments, See PDF for Structure both solution and finely divided suspensions of hematin have been found equally effective in eliciting the phenomena of the paroxysm, and while it seems possible that a portion of the malarial pigment might be dissolved in the alkaline human serum, such an assumption is probably not essential. It might be objected that the toxic action of foreign hematin thus injected into the circulation would probably be greater than that of hematin derived from an animal's own blood, but as far as I have been able to determine, this objection does not seem valid, as rabbit hematin, dog hematin, and ox hematin produce in the rabbit effects that are alike in both character and degree. The dose of hematin remains as the one factor to which it is possible to attach some degree of uncertainty, but even here the author feels that the range of experimental conditions has been kept within the bounds of legitimate analogy with conditions existing in the human subject of malarial infection. Finally, the most conservative estimate of the value of such experiments points strongly to the fact that we have at least a potentially toxic substance in the pigment hematin as liberated by the malarial parasite into the circulation of the human host. There is also abundant evidence to show that the action of hematin is not confined to the paroxysmal phenomena of malaria, but that other features of the disease may find their explanation in the action of this pigment. For the present, however, it seems advisable to confine the discussion to this one phase of the question.
Failure of Verapamil in Inhibiting Allergen‐Induced Histamine Release <i>in Vivo</i>
Authors: S. Ting, L. E. Mansfield, D. O. Raults
Journal: Allergy (1985)

In order to evaluate the effect of Verapamil on human cutaneous anaphylactic responses, ragweed‐sensitive individuals were skin tested with ragweed, ragweed plus Verapamil, and Verapamil alone. In addition, using a skin chamber technique, the effect of Verapamil on antigen‐induced histamine release in vivo was investigated. The results suggest that Verapamil, applied locally in non‐irritant doses, does not affect Type I hypersensitivity skin reactions.
Abstract LB-189: <i>BRAF</i>deletion and pharmacological inhibition enhance K-ras driven tumorigenesis
Authors: Christopher L. Murriel, Honglin Chen, Denise Kenski, Hani Bou-Reslan, Wenlin Yuan, Yuxin Liang, Richard Carano, Suzana Couto, Somasekar Seshagiri, David P. Davis, Leisa Johson
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Discussion Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-189.
Budget holding in Calverton
Authors: L G Millard
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Charlton and Cuninghame propose regular standard quality checks on computer health records, but this should be cost effective.We fear that the authors underestimate the effort and resources required in manual checking.3In the future, electronic reconciliation of data on patients held on different computers must be pursued.6In the meantime, we suggest that regular feedback of data to general practitioners is likely to improve accuracy and to encourage a higher rate of immunisation in the target populationthe prime objective.Finally, we agree that computers, like humans, should be immunised against attack by viruses.7
Self-administered Analgesia With Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Erwin R. Thal, S. J. Montgomery, James M. Atkins, Bill G. Roberts
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Analgesia with a mixture containing 50% nitrous oxide and 50% oxygen (Nitronox) was evaluated in 47 patients with abdominal pain, chest pain, musculoskeletal trauma, and burns. Of these, 93.6% experienced either partial or complete relief of pain. There were no complications attributed to its application; the short duration of action makes its use suitable during emergency transportation. (<i>JAMA</i>242:2418-2419, 1979)