tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evolving Health Effects of Pneumocystis
Authors: Joseph A. Kovacs, Henry Masur
Journal: JAMA (2009)

2009 marks the 100th anniversary of the first description of Pneumocystis, an organism that was ignored for much of its first 50 years but that has subsequently been recognized as an important pathogen of immunocompromised patients, especially patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We present a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who died from Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) despite appropriate anti-Pneumocystis therapy. Although substantial advances in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of PCP have decreased its frequency and improved prognosis, PCP continues to be seen in both HIV-infected patients and patients receiving immunosuppressive medications. Pneumocystis species comprise a family of fungi, each of which appears to be able to infect only 1 host species. Pneumocystis has a worldwide distribution. Immunocompetent hosts clear infection without obvious clinical consequences. Pneumocystis has been identified in patients with other diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, although its clinical impact is uncertain. Immunocompromised patients develop disease as a consequence of reinfection and possibly reactivation of latent infection. In patients with HIV infection, the CD4 count is predictive of the risk for developing PCP, but such reliable markers are not available for other immunocompromised populations. In the majority of patients with PCP, multiple Pneumocystis strains can be identified using recently developed typing techniques. Because Pneumocystis cannot be cultured, diagnosis relies on detection of the organism by colorimetric or immunofluorescent stains or by polymerase chain reaction. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the preferred drug regimen for both treatment and prevention of PCP, although a number of alternatives are also available. Corticosteroids are an important adjunct for hypoxemic patients.
First-line therapy with fludarabine compared with chlorambucil does not result in a major benefit for elderly patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Barbara F. Eichhorst, Raymonde Busch, Stephan Stilgenbauer, Martina Stauch, Manuela A. Bergmann, Matthias Ritgen, Nicole Kranzhöfer, Robert Rohrberg, Ulrike Söling, Oswald Burkhard, Anne Westermann, Valentin Goede, Carmen D. Schweighofer, Kirsten Fischer, Anna-Maria Fink, Clemens M. Wendtner, Günter Brittinger, Hartmut Döhner, Bertold Emmerich, Michael Hallek
Journal: Blood (2009)
Old Chinese Herbal Medicine Used for Fever Yields Possible New Alzheimer Disease Therapy
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

A COMPOUND first isolated from a traditional Chinese herbal medicine may lead to new therapeutic agents for Alzheimer disease (AD). Based on laboratory and x-ray crystallography studies, these agents, some researchers think, could be even better than the 2 drugs already approved for the disease. The alkaloid compound, huperzine A (HupA), was discovered in the Chinese herbal medicine<i>Qian Ceng Ta</i>. This traditional remedy, which is prepared from the moss<i>Huperzia serrata</i>, has been used in China for centuries to treat fever and inflammation. Although it has no antipyretic or antiinflammatory properties, HupA does appear to be a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In addition to appearing more selective and possibly less toxic than the 2 AChE inhibitors currently approved for the treatment of AD, HupA has a number of other pharmacological properties of clinical interest, said Israel Silman, PhD, professor of neurobiology at the Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot,
Maternal Brain Death During Pregnancy
Authors: Harry L. Bremer
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To the Editor. —  The article by Field et al 1 is a technical feat demonstrating medicine's abilities to provide prolonged life support in a brain dead individual. A 27-year-old woman was kept alive for 9 weeks to allow fetal maturation of a 22-week pregnancy after having suffered brain death. She presented with a 5-day history of headaches, vomiting, and disorientation. Vital signs were normal. A lumbar puncture was performed; 4 hours later she had a generalized seizure, respiratory arrest, and was then brain dead.  Her $217 784 hospital bill could have been substantially less if a computed tomographic (CT) scan (at a cost of $300 to $500) had been obtained prior to the lumbar puncture. It does not matter whether the scan would have been done with or without contrast (or both), as the obstructive hydrocephalus would have been recognized easily and subsequent brain herniation prevented.  The only possible
Sustained Expression of Steroid Receptor Coactivator SRC-2/TIF-2 is Associated with Better Prognosis in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Cormac J. Jennings, Anthony O'Grady, Robert Cummins, Bruno Murer, Mazen Al-Alawi, Stephen F. Madden, Luciano Mutti, Brian J. Harvey, Warren Thomas, Elaine W. Kay
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
CONCERNING THE RELATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE TO RESISTANCE TO THYROID AND THYROXINE, AND THE CREATINE CONTENT OF THE HEART AND OTHER TISSUES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: M. Bodansky, J. F. Pilcher, Virginia B. Duff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1936)

Experiments have shown that the survival period of thyrotoxic rats is markedly influenced by the environmental temperature, being of much longer duration at low than at high temperatures. Between 22 degrees and 37.5 degrees C., the relation of temperature to the survival period is approximately linear. The tolerance to relatively large doses of thyroid and thyroxine is considerably increased below 20 degrees C., but is especially striking at 4-6 degrees C. Hyperplasia of the thyroid, which results from exposure to cold, may be prevented by the administration of desiccated thyroid or thyroxine. The diminished concentration of creatine of the myocardium, which is a conspicuous finding in rats treated with thyroid substance, does not occur in physiological hyperthyroidism resulting from long continued exposure to a low thermal environment. In rats kept at high temperatures, whether treated with thyroid substance, or not, there is apparently no storage of colloid in the gland. The significance of the relatively high values for heart creatine in these animals at time of death is briefly discussed.
Letter from France: No red roses for doctors' ladies
Authors: P. Baxter
Journal: BMJ (1983)

anthracyclines and nitrosoureas as well as some important topics that could not be covered in our review such as scheduling of drugs to manipulate cell kinetics, in vitro sensitivity testing, and autologous and allogenic bone marrow transplants.Martin DS.The scientific basis for adjuvant chemotherapy.Cancer Treat Rev 1981 ;8:169-89.A stimulating review of the theory and experimental evidence behind adjuvant chemotherapy.If adjuvant chemotherapy works, and there is increasing evidence that it does, there will be a major increase in the use of cytotoxic drugs and anybody who sees patients with cancer should be familiar with the evidence.Spiegel RJ.The acute toxicities of chemotherapy.Cancer Treat Rez 1981; 8:197-207.A practical guide on how to deal with problems such as extravasation of cytotoxic drugs, vomiting, allergic reactions, mucocitis, and alopecia.Connors TA.Basic research in cancer.In: Collected papers froml cancer topics.Gosport, Hants: Lederle Ltd, 1981.(Fareham Road.)An analysis of the deficiencies in current drug development programmes with suggestions for new approaches.This volume also contains short reviews on the pharmacokinetics of cytotoxic drugs, treatment of individual solid tumours, monoclonal antibodies, and the long term consequences of cytotoxic treatment.
High-dose UVA1 radiation therapy for localized scleroderma
Authors: Helger Stege, Mark Berneburg, Stefanie Humke, Michaela Klammer, Markus Grewe, Susanne Grether-Beck, Rolf Boedeker, Thomas Diepgen, Karsten Dierks, Günter Goerz, Thomas Ruzicka, Jean Krutmann
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1997)
Case of Spasmodic Convulsions Resembling Tetanus, Occurring Periodically
Authors: S. Spratly
Journal: BMJ (1872)

the sponge), arnd then I confidently called on the friends to permit its immediate removal, to which they reluctantly consented.I made an incision over the course of the movable piece of bone, and easily drew it out, when, to my surprise, I found it was at least two-thirds of the whole clavicle.It seems to have died in mass.Near the sternal articulation, there was a well marked pit of the spotted ulceration of scrofula.The opening healed up almost immediately; every effort was made to keep the arm immovable, but without much benefit.The final result is now, that the child has perfect use of the arm, and the distance between the point of the shoulder and the middle of the sternum is only one-half inch less than that of the sound side.There is a ridge of bony matter forming along the site of the former clavicle.I congratulated myself on the successful issue of the case ; but I fear that another centre of mischief is now forming in the lower third of the femur of the same side.
THE PROPRIETY, INDICATIONS AND METHODS FOR THE TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY.
Authors: FRANK A. HIGGINS
Journal: JAMA (1904)

It is apparent that there is a strong tendency generally in the medical profession toward a broadening of the indications for the termination of pregnancy. It seems that the wisdom of this can scarcely be questioned. While it may be said that this may open the way for the not overconscientious physician, by distortion of the symptoms and indications, to perform abortion in many unnecessary cases, it is believed that this will not be true to any large extent, as the great majority of physicians are undoubtedly honest in this respect as in other things, and are no more likely to go astray than formerly. Temptation and opportunity are always present for those who may wish to take advantage of it. That errors of judgment or of unintentional misunderstanding may occasionally arise there is no doubt. I believe I am right in stating that it has always formerly been
Treatment of children with chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: Patient selection and therapeutic options
Authors: Maureen M. Jonas, Joan M. Block, Barbara A. Haber, Saul J. Karpen, W. Thomas London, Karen F. Murray, Michael R. Narkewicz, Philip Rosenthal, Kathleen B. Schwarz, Brian J. McMahon
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children presents a therapeutic challenge for the practitioner. Decisions regarding selection of patients who may benefit from treatment, appropriate timing of treatment, and the choice of antiviral therapy are complex and are compounded by the limited number of drugs that have been studied in children. An expert panel of nationally recognized pediatric liver specialists was convened by the Hepatitis B Foundation on August 11, 2009, to consider clinical practice relative to the therapeutic options available for children. A detailed account of these discussions is provided, and the opinions expressed are based on consensus of the experts, as well as on published evidence when available. The panel concludes that, at this time, there is no established benefit of treatment of children in the immune tolerant phase, and there is a very high risk of development of drug resistance. In addition, there is no indication for treatment of children in the inactive carrier state. For children in the immune active or reactivation phases, liver histology can help guide treatment decisions, and family history of liver disease, especially hepatocellular carcinoma, may argue for early treatment in some cases. Outside of clinical trials, interferon is the agent of choice in most cases. Nucleos(t)ide analogues are secondary therapies, and children who receive these agents require careful monitoring for development of resistance. There are a few situations when treatment is indicated regardless of HBV DNA or alanine aminotransferase levels. There is still much to be elucidated about the appropriate use of HBV therapy in children. Until more clinical data and therapeutic options are available, a conservative approach is warranted.
Clinical trial experience by simulation: a workshop report.
Authors: B W Madsen, T L Woodings, K F Ilett, G M Shenfield, J M Potter, J W Paterson
Journal: BMJ (1978)

A new computer program for experimental design simulation was used in a three-day postgraduate workshop on clinical trials. Participants were given information on a fictitious new drug and asked to design a trial to evaluate it. On the first day they reviewed the data and designed a protocol, and results for these specifications were generated on the computer. The second day was spent analysing results, and on the last day the findings of the different studies were presented at a symposium. Flexibility of the program ensured a high degree of realism in all trials and emphasised the influence of design on results and conclusions.
Disulfide crosslinked polyion complex micelles encapsulating dendrimer phthalocyanine directed to improved efficiency of photodynamic therapy
Authors: Stephanie Herlambang, Michiaki Kumagai, Takahiro Nomoto, Souta Horie, Shigeto Fukushima, Makoto Oba, Kozo Miyazaki, Yuji Morimoto, Nobuhiro Nishiyama, Kazunori Kataoka
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin as biomarker in the differential diagnosis of impairment of kidney function in cirrhosis
Authors: Claudia Fagundes, Marie-Noëlle Pépin, Mónica Guevara, Rogelio Barreto, Gregori Casals, Elsa Solà, Gustavo Pereira, Ezequiel Rodríguez, Elisabet Garcia, Verónica Prado, Esteban Poch, Wladimiro Jiménez, Javier Fernández, Vicente Arroyo, Pere Ginès
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
A new section: Image of the month
Authors: Keith D. Lindor
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Anew feature entitled Image of the Month was introduced in the January 2009 issue of HEPATOLOGY. This section, which occurs following our Hepatology Elsewhere section, is intended to provide a forum for demonstration of interesting hepatic histopathology accompanied by a brief discussion of the conditions shown within the image. This section is edited by Drs. M. Isabel Fiel of the Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, and Dr. Thomas Schiano from Adult Liver Transplantation at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY. Submissions for this section are invited, and instructions can be found in the Instructions to Authors. The journal's editors also invite comments, suggestions, and submissions regarding this new section which we hope will be of broad appeal to our readership.
Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Ernst Epstein
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr. Eade's criticism of excision of basal cell carcinomas as a routine procedure (229:23, 1974) offers a remarkable amount of misinformation and erroneous advice. Dr. Eade says, "The number of these lesions that ever bleed or go on to significant problems is so rare that treatment is not indicated for that possibility alone." Is Dr. Eade unaware that basal cell carcinomas, while usually slow-growing, invariably grow relentlessly, and if the patient lives long enough, a basal cell carcinoma of the face will destroy vital organs. Who can predict how long an "older person" is going to live? Removal of an<i>early</i>asymptomatic basal cell carcinoma is an office procedure causing little discomfort and no disability. Removing a large symptomatic tumor can be a harrowing, mutilating surgical operation. What physician has not seen a patient with a mutilating, advanced tumor whose physician told him—many years earlier—that the small
THE GROWTH, THE DEATH AND THE REGENERATION OF BONE
Authors: H.G. WETHERILL
Journal: JAMA (1913)

necropsied.The cord and brain were quite edematous and the vessels were congested.Microscopically the cord presented at all levels the characteristic perivascular and pericellular infil¬ tration of leukocytes but this condition was especially marked in the lumbar swelling mi one side in the anterior horns of the gray matter, probably corresponding to the u fleet cd limb.Here the infiltration was inore diffuse in the anterior horn and the ganglion cells were degenerated.The he.rrhages were quite marked at all levels in the gray matter in the cord.The brain presented no characteristic lesions, The abdominal and tho¬ racic viscera were normal.Bacteria were not seen on any of the sections.An emulsion of the cord ami brain of this guinea pig was injected into a monkey.The animal became quite ill Iwo days after the inject inn and remained so lor linee days but ultimately recovered and is perfectly well now.While I do not care to draw any definite conclusions fioiii these few experiments, 1 believe I am justified in assuming, as did Roemer, that the lirst two guinea-pigs ami Guinèa-Pig 6 presented clinical symptoms ami path¬ ologic lesions of poliomyelitis ami thai the probable man¬ ner in which Guinea-Pig 1 was infected was through virus of the infected monkey mixed with the dust of ihe cage in which the guinea-pigs were confined, the dust obviously infecting the guinea-pigs through the nasal mucosa.It is also pertinent to note that the guinea-pigs used had nut been experimented with before and flint their antecedents had been traced to the farm from which they came.I desire to thank Dis. Iteilcy and Fraser for their kind assistance.
Advanced Extra-uterine Pregnancy
Authors: A. Patrick
Journal: BMJ (1937)

Extra-uterine pregnancy is not a very common condition, although within the last two decades it appears to have become more frequent, this probably being due to greater accuracy in diagnosis.Advanced extra-uterine pregnancy is, however, still a rarity, and the following case is worthy of mention from that poinf of view alone. Case RecordMrs. X., aged 33 years, was admitted to hospital on September 12, 1935, suffering from severe abdominal pain, sickness and vomiting, and collapse.The previous history showed that she was well advanced in pregnancy.Her last menstrual period commenced on April 16, 1935.During the first few months of pregnancy she complained of severe sick- ness and vomiting, which was always accentuated at the suppressed menstrual periods.After the third month the
<scp>d</scp>-Dimer Testing to Determine the Duration of Anticoagulation Therapy
Authors: Gualtiero Palareti, Benilde Cosmi, Cristina Legnani, Alberto Tosetto, Carlotta Brusi, Alfonso Iorio, Vittorio Pengo, Angelo Ghirarduzzi, Corrado Pattacini, Sophie Testa, Anthonie W.A. Lensing, Armando Tripodi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

The optimal duration of oral anticoagulation in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism is uncertain. Testing of D-dimer levels may play a role in the assessment of the need for prolonged anticoagulation.We performed D-dimer testing 1 month after the discontinuation of anticoagulation in patients with a first unprovoked proximal deep-vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism who had received a vitamin K antagonist for at least 3 months. Patients with a normal D-dimer level did not resume anticoagulation, whereas those with an abnormal D-dimer level were randomly assigned either to resume or to discontinue treatment. The study outcome was the composite of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding during an average follow-up of 1.4 years.The D-dimer assay was abnormal in 223 of 608 patients (36.7%). A total of 18 events occurred among the 120 patients who stopped anticoagulation (15.0%), as compared with 3 events among the 103 patients who resumed anticoagulation (2.9%), for an adjusted hazard ratio of 4.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23 to 14.6; P=0.02). Thromboembolism recurred in 24 of 385 patients with a normal D-dimer level (6.2%). Among patients who stopped anticoagulation, the adjusted hazard ratio for recurrent thromboembolism among those with an abnormal D-dimer level, as compared with those with a normal D-dimer level, was 2.27 (95% CI, 1.15 to 4.46; P=0.02).Patients with an abnormal D-dimer level 1 month after the discontinuation of anticoagulation have a significant incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism, which is reduced by the resumption of anticoagulation. The optimal course of anticoagulation in patients with a normal D-dimer level has not been clearly established. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00264277 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Aspirin and medium intensity coumadin versus aspirin alone in the prevention of reocclusion after successful thrombolysis for suspected acute myocardial infarction: one-year follow-up of APRICOT-2
Authors: Marc A. Brouwer, Paul J.P.C. van den Bergh, Peter C. Kievit, Wirn RM. Aengevaeren, Gerrit Veen, Hans E. Luijten, Don P. Hertzberger, Gerard J.H. Uijen, Freek W.A. Verheugt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Abstract 568: Transcriptional repression of SKP2 is impaired in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma
Authors: Frank Westermann, Kai-Oliver Henrich, Matthias Fischer, Manfred Schwab
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The cell cycle regulator, SKP2, is overexpressed in various cancers, and plays a key role in p27 degradation, which is involved in tumor cell dedifferentiation. Little is known about the mechanisms leading to impaired SKP2 transcriptional control in tumor cells. We used neuroblastoma as a model to study SKP2 regulation because SKP2 transcript levels gradually increase with aggressiveness of neuroblastoma subtypes. Highest SKP2 levels are found in neuroblastomas with amplified MYCN. Accordingly, we found 5.5-fold (range 2-9.5) higher SKP2 core promoter activity in MYCN-amplified cells. Higher SKP2 core promoter activity in MYCN-amplified cells is mediated through a defined region at the transcriptional start site (TSSR). This region includes a specific E2F-binding site that makes SKP2 activation largely independent of mitogenic signals integrated through the SP1/ELK-1 site. We demonstrate by chromatin immunoprecipitation that SKP2 activation through the TSSR in MYCN-amplified cells is associated with low abundance of pRB-E2F1 complexes bound to the SKP2 promoter. Transcriptional control of SKP2 via this regulatory mechanism can be re-established in MYCN-amplified cells by restoring pRB activity using selective small compound inhibitors of CDK4. In contrast, doxorubicin or nutlin-3 treatment - both leading to p53-p21 activation - or CDK2 inhibition had no effect on SKP2 regulation in MYCN-amplified cells. Together, this implies that deregulated MYCN protein levels in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cells activate SKP2 through CDK4 induction, abrogating repressive pRB-E2F1 complexes bound to the SKP2 promoter. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 568.
Rapid clearance of malaria circumsporozoite protein (CS) by hepatocytes.
Authors: C Cerami, U Frevert, P Sinnis, B Takacs, V Nussenzweig
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

The circumsporozoite protein (CS) covers uniformly the plasma membrane of malaria sporozoites. In vitro, CS multimers bind specifically to regions of the hepatocyte plasma membrane that are exposed to circulating blood in the Disse space. The ligand is in the region II-plus of CS, an evolutionarily conserved stretch of the protein that has amino acid sequence homology to a cell adhesive motif of thrombospondin. We have now found that intravenously injected CS constructs bind rapidly to the basolateral surface of hepatocytes, provided that the recombinant proteins contain region II-plus, and that they are aggregated. Significant amounts of CS were not retained in any other organ. The striking parallelism between these in vitro and in vivo findings with the target specificity of malaria sporozoites, reinforces the hypothesis that the attachment of the parasites to hepatocytes is via region II-plus of CS.