tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Arsenic and old ways
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Whenever I enter a medical library and look at the ranks (that I dare not call serried) of buckram-bound journals, I think I have entered a graveyard of ambition, with all those heavy, unregarded tomes being the tombstones of the hopes and efforts that produced them.

Still, once they are old enough, they might become of antiquarian interest. It is only the recent past that we do not invest with romance because it is too close to present mundanities.

Recently I bought an isolated volume of the Dublin Journal of Medical Science , namely that for July to December 1879. It was advertised as being particularly interesting because it contained Lister’s lecture to the …
Is Managed Care Really Here to Stay?
Authors: Patrick B. Mullen
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Fuchs betrays his deep sympathy for managed care in his Commentary.<sup>1</sup>Terms like "efficiency" and "economies of scale" are all relative statistical descriptions and can be applied to any abstraction one cares to choose. The dismal science of economics has little to offer the profession of medicine, and Fuchs' article shows that. Apparently, he has not had any direct dealings with managed care. Suppose that a pure free market for economics professors existed. My guess is that it would resemble the system of care and reimbursement that we have enjoyed for many years. Then add conglomerate economic decision making, the new market force, back it up with computer-generated information, and make rules enforced by government that impede associations of economists from "competing." Watch Fuchs change his tone when the blind greed of corporate America turns on him. All physicians have been to meetings at which the solo practitioner
Sidestepping the semantics of “consciousness”
Authors: Michael V. Antony
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Block explains the conflation of phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness by appeal to the ambiguity of the term "consciousness." However, the nature of ambiguity is not at all clear, and the thesis that "consciousness" is ambiguous between phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness is far from obvious. Moreover, the conflation can be explained without supposing that the term is ambiguous. Block's argument can thus be strengthened by avoiding controversial issues in the semantics of "consciousness."
Long-Term <i>In vivo</i> Effects of Cisplatin on γ-H2AX Foci Signaling in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Tumor Patients After Irradiation
Authors: Ali Sak, Sara Grehl, Marianne Engelhard, Arne Wierlemann, Hans-Peter Kaelberlah, Patricia Erichsen, Christoph Pöttgen, Michael Groneberg, Martin Stuschke
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: This study determined the effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) on radiation-induced foci formation of γ-H2AX and Rad51 in lymphocytes. Experimental Design: Twenty-eight cancer patients were irradiated for intrathoracic, pelvic, or head and neck tumors and received simultaneous cisplatin containing chemotherapy. The effect of cisplatin on radiation-induced γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci as a response to ionizing radiation–induced DNA double-strand breaks was measured in lymphocytes after in vivo and in vitro radiochemotherapy. The role of DNA-dependent protein kinase and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated kinase in γ-H2AX signaling, the consequences of altered γ-H2AX foci formation on double-strand break end joining, was studied. Results: Cisplatin decreased the number of induced γ-H2AX foci in lymphocytes after in vivo or in vitro irradiation by 34% ± 6% at days 0 to 3 after cisplatin (P &amp;lt; 0.0001) and remained significant until day 6. The variation in this cisplatin effect from patient to patient was larger than the retest error within the same patient (P = 0.01). The cisplatin effect was not accompanied by an inhibition of end joining of double-strand break as analyzed using gel electrophoresis of DNA under neutral conditions. Cisplatin also decreased radiation induced Rad51 foci formation in lymphocytes after stimulation of proliferation with phytohemagglutinin by 47% ± 6% (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: Cisplatin has long-term effects on the early double-strand break response of γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci formation after ionizing radiation. Inhibition of sensing and processing of double-strand break by γ-H2AX and Rad51 foci formation are important mechanisms by which cisplatin can alter the radiation response.
Zinovy Solomonovich Barkagan
Authors: Pavel Vorobyov, Boleslav Lichterman
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Haematologist who introduced the concept of disseminated intravascular coagulation

Zinovy Solomonovich Barkagan is internationally recognised for his pioneering research on snake bites and blood coagulation. He wrote about 20 monographs—including Poisonous Snakes and their Venoms (with P P Perfilev 1967), Salicylates: Modern Views on their Pharmacodynamics and Clinical Use (1975), Laboratory Methods in Investigation of the System of Haemostasis (1980), Haemorrhagic Diseases and Syndromes (1988, 2nd ed)—and chapters in Russian manuals on haematology (2004, 3rd ed), oncology (2001), and the antiphospholipid syndrome (2003), as well as coauthoring several hundred papers.

Zinovy Barkagan was born in Odessa in 1925 into a teaching family. Later on his father graduated from the local medical school and became a professor at Odessa Medical Institute. At the turn of the 20th century Odessa was a cosmopolitan city on the Black Sea in the south of Russia, the birth place of many outstanding Soviet poets and writers, including Isaac Babel, Konstantin Paustovsky, Eduard Bagritsky, Valentin Kataev, Ilja Ilf, and Yevgeny Petrov. Barkagan explained this phenomenon with his “formula of genius”—everyone in Odessa ate a lot of fish and shrimps. Barkagan himself hesitated in his choice between literature and medicine. He combined his medical studies during the second world war at Alma-Ata in Kazakhstan with evening classes at the journalism faculty of the literary institute evacuated from Moscow. He learnt that O Henry was awarded a prize for the shortest story consisting of just two sentences: …
The effects of exercise on lower extremity functioning in peripheral arterial disease patients without intermittent claudication: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Mary M. McDermott, Susan D. Tiukinhoy, Ty Gluckman, Shay Unterreiner, William H. Pearce, Michael H. Criqui, Kiang Liu, Jack M. Guralnik, Philip Greenland
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular risk profile in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Nicola Villanova, Simona Moscatiello, Stefano Ramilli, Elisabetta Bugianesi, Donatella Magalotti, Ester Vanni, Marco Zoli, Giulio Marchesini
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is consistently associated with features of the metabolic syndrome, a condition carrying a high risk of cardiovascular events. We measured the vasodilatory response of the brachial artery in response to ischemia (a test of endothelial function) (FMV) as well as cardiovascular risk profile in 52 NAFLD cases and 28 age- and sex-matched controls. The 10-year risk of coronary events was calculated according to the Framingham equation and the scores derived from the PROCAM study and NCEP-ATPIII proposals. FMV was 6.33% +/- 5.93% in NAFLD versus 12.22% +/- 5.05% in controls (P < .0001), and higher in pure fatty liver (9.93%) compared with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (4.94%) (P = .010). No differences were observed in flow-independent vasodilation (response to sublingual nitroglycerin). Percent FMV was negatively associated with insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment) in the whole population (r = -0.243; P = .030). In logistic regression analysis, NAFLD was associated with a percent FMV in the lower tertile (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.26-36.1), after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, and insulin resistance. Among NAFLD patients, low FMV was associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (adjusted OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 1.2-40.2). The 10-year probability of cardiovascular events was moderately increased in NAFLD, and particularly in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. In conclusion, our study provides evidence of endothelial dysfunction and increased risk of cardiovascular events in NAFLD. The risk of advanced liver disease is well recognized in NAFLD patients, but the large majority of cases might experience cardiovascular disease in the long term, indirectly limiting the burden of liver failure.
Radiation-induced lesions of the aorta.
Authors: M Dossing, S Rasmussen, B Fischer-Hansen, S Walbom-Jorgensen
Journal: BMJ (1977)

As skill on a sequence of movements is acquired through practice, each movement in the sequence becomes seamlessly associated with another. To study the neural basis of acquired skills, we trained two monkeys (<i>Cebus apella</i>) to perform two sequential reaching tasks. In one task, sequential movements were instructed by visual cues, whereas in the other task, movements were generated from memory after extended practice. Then, we examined neural activity in the dorsal premotor area (PMd) and the effects of its local inactivation during performance of each task. Comparable numbers of neurons in the PMd were active during the two tasks. However, inactivation of the PMd had a marked effect only on the performance of sequential movements that were guided by memory. These results emphasize the importance of the PMd in the internal generation of sequential movements, perhaps through maintaining arbitrary motor–motor associations. <b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> The dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) has long been thought to be a critical node in the cortical networks responsible for visually guided reaching. Here we show that PMd neurons are active during both visually guided and internally generated sequential movements. In addition, we found that local inactivation of the PMd has a marked effect only on the performance of sequential movements that were internally generated. These observations suggest that, although the PMd may participate in the generation of visually guided sequences, it is more important for the generation of internally guided sequences.
Physical capability in mid-life and survival over 13 years of follow-up: British birth cohort study
Authors: R. Cooper, B. H. Strand, R. Hardy, K. V. Patel, D. Kuh
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>Objectives</b> To examine associations between three commonly used objective measures of physical capability assessed at age 53 and a composite score of these measures and all cause mortality; to investigate whether being unable to perform these tests is associated with mortality. <b>Design</b> Cohort study. <b>Setting</b> MRC National Survey of Health and Development in England, Scotland, and Wales. <b>Participants</b> 1355 men and 1411 women with data on physical capability at age 53 who were linked to the National Health Service (NHS) central register for death notification. <b>Main outcome measure</b> All cause mortality between ages 53 (1999) and 66 (2012). <b>Results</b> For each of the three measures of physical capability (grip strength, chair rise speed, and standing balance time) those participants unable to perform the test and those in the lowest performing fifth were found to have higher mortality rates than those in the highest fifth. Adjustment for baseline covariates partially attenuated associations but in fully adjusted models the main associations remained. For example, the fully adjusted hazard ratio of all cause mortality for the lowest compared with the highest fifth of a composite score of physical capability was 3.68 (95% confidence interval 2.03 to 6.68). Those people who could not perform any of the tests had considerably higher rates of death compared with those people able to perform all three tests (8.40, 4.35 to 16.23). When a series of models including different combinations of the measures were compared by using likelihood ratio tests, all three measures of physical capability were found to improve model fit, and a model including all three measures produced the highest estimate of predictive ability (Harrell's C index 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.77). There was some evidence that standing balance time was more strongly associated with mortality than the other two measures. <b>Conclusions</b> Lower levels of physical capability at age 53 and inability to perform capability tests are associated with higher rates of mortality. Even at this relatively young age these measures identify groups of people who are less likely than others to achieve a long and healthy life.
Exercise performance after repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery.
Authors: S M Paridon, Z Q Farooki, L R Kuhns, E Arciniegas, W W Pinsky
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Eleven patients underwent exercise testing after operative repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Five patients repaired after 2 years of age comprised a childhood surgery group, and six patients repaired before 2 years of age comprised an infant surgery group. All patients were exercised using either a treadmill or electronically braked bicycle with simultaneous thallium 201 scintigraphy. Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, pulmonary functions, and electrocardiogram were all monitored continuously. Pulmonary reserve was normal in all patients. Based on heart rate reserve, respiratory exchange ratio, and oxygen-consumption response to work load, two patients in the infant surgery group stopped exercise before achieving maximum aerobic capacity. All remaining patients achieved their maximum aerobic capacity. There was no difference in work rate or oxygen consumption during exercise between the infant and childhood surgical group. Four patients (two in each surgical group) had an impaired chronotropic response to exercise. Three of these four patients demonstrated perfusion defects by thallium scintigraphy. Thallium scintigraphy was normal in all remaining patients. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were noted in seven of 11 patients having ventricular arrhythmias or ST segment depression. It is concluded from this study that exercise performance after repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery is not affected by the age at which surgery is performed. Exercise is frequently associated with electrocardiographic evidence of abnormal myocardial perfusion despite frequently negative simultaneous 201Tl scintigraphy.
Eltrombopag-Associated Hyperpigmentation
Authors: Inbal Braunstein, Karolyn A. Wanat, Rosalie Elenitsas, XiaoWei Xu, Noelle Frey, Misha Rosenbach
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

confined to scars or sites with previous inflammation or trauma.In type 2, blue-gray pigmentation occurs within previously normal-appearing skin, especially in the lower legs and forearms.Type 3 is characterized by the presence of diffuse brownish discoloration of sun-exposed areas.Histopathologically, types 1 and 2 demonstrate pigment granules in the dermis, concentrated around vasculature within macrophages, and, in type 2, around myoepithelial cells as well.Perls staining is positive in type 1.In type 2, both Perls and Masson-Fontana stainings are positive.In type 3, there is increased melanin in basal keratinocytes with subjacent dermal melanophages without the presence of iron.Only Masson-Fontana staining is positive in this type. 4ltrastructural observations have confirmed that the clinical coloration is a result of a minocycline derivative chelated with iron that is stored within the lysosomes of macrophages.To our knowledge, there are no reports of cutaneous pigmentation due to rifampicin.Our patient's symptoms and the histologic findings were similar to those described for minocycline pigmentation type 2 and previous cases associated with levofloxacin and pefloxacin.The course of the pigmentation is unknown, but it tends to fade if levofloxacin treatment is discontinued.Months or years are necessary to achieve resolution, although in some cases the pigmentation can be permanent.Treatment with Qswitched laser has been reported with successful results.
Pseudotachycardia in Holter Monitoring
Authors: William B. Harden
Journal: JAMA (1981)

A pseudotachycardia was produced by a worn motor in a Holter recorder. This malfunction concealed an extreme bradycardia that was identified by simultaneous telemetry monitoring. Shortly thereafter, two other recorders purchased at the same time developed motor wear. In two of the three cases, motor failure was indicated by recorder noises. The artifactual nature of the pseudotachycardia was identified by the intermittent loss of voltage and compression of the ECG complexes in time that occurred during these intervals. Unrecognized artifacts in Holter monitor recordings may have serious adverse effects on both diagnosis and treatment. Potential causes of pseudoarrhythmia and methods for prevention and identification are reviewed.  ( JAMA 1981;245:2427-2428)
PEDUNCULATED LIPOMA OF UNUSUAL SIZE
Authors: Murray N. Hadley
Journal: JAMA (1933)

A white man, aged 65, a farm laborer, entered the University Hospital because of a foul odor which complicated a large tumor mass hanging from the left gluteal region. The accompanying illustration shows the size and location of the tumor. It had been present fourteen years, beginning as a small growth just beneath the skin.  Physical examination was essentially negative, the only departure from normal being the pupils, which were somewhat sluggish to light, an early senile cataract, and a soft diastolic blow heard over the aortic area.  The tumor was hard and somewhat irregular and had three open ulcers on the posterior and inferior surfaces. The pedicle was soft and pliable and gave no evidence of infiltrating the deeper structures. The mass was excised with a diathermic knife, and wound healing by first intention followed. Gross examination and section showed it to be a lipoma, and that diagnosis was
Land mines mostly affect civilians but medical care often inadequate
Authors: John Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2007)

the consultant pathologist whose failure to disclose the results of micro biological tests on one of Sally Clark's two baby sons led to the quashing of her murder convictions, lost his High Court appeal last week against a finding of serious professional misconduct.Mrs Clark was convicted in 1999 of kill ing babies Christopher and Harry but was cleared on appeal in 2003 after spending three and a half years in prison.She died earlier this year at the age of 42.A coroner ruled this week that the cause of her death was acute alcohol intoxication.A General Medical Council fitness to practise panel found Dr Williams, aged 58, guilty of serious professional misconduct in 2005 for not disclosing the results of tests on her second son, Harry, at or before her trial.Dr Williams was banned from doing Home Office forensic pathology or coro ners' work for three years, although he was allowed to continue working as a consult ant histopathologist at Macclesfield General Hospital, in Cheshire.His lawyers appealed on a range of issues, including delays in bringing his case before the GMC.But Mr Justice Davis ruled last week, "In my judg ment this appeal fails on essentially every ground advanced.There was no procedural unfairness giving rise to injustice; nor were the findings and conclusions of the panel wrong."Mrs Clark was cleared after a second appeal, when previously unreported micro biological results came to light.They showed the presence of Staphylococcus aureus at eight sites of the baby's body, including cerebro spinal fluid, raising the possibility that Harry died from natural causes.Dr Williams told the GMC panel that he had not considered the tests to be relevant and that if the defence had wished to see them, they should have asked for them. Court upholds GMC decision over Sally Clark case pathologistUK NEWS Charity warns of proposed restrictions to asylum seekers' access to care, p 1012 World NEWS �erck to pay ���n in rofeco�i� claims, p 1011 �erck to pay ���n in rofeco�i� claims, p 1011 , p 1011 �mj.com �o�ernment may lea�e some patients out of 1�� week tar�et �o�ernment may lea�e some patients out of 1�� week tar�et
Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics of anticancer agents
Authors: R. S. Huang, M. J. Ratain
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2009)

Large interindividual variation is observed in both the response and toxicity associated with anticancer therapy. The etiology of this variation is multifactorial, but is due in part to host genetic variations. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic studies have successfully identified genetic variants that contribute to this variation in susceptibility to chemotherapy. This review provides an overview of the progress made in the field of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics using a five-stage architecture, which includes 1) determining the role of genetics in drug response; 2) screening and identifying genetic markers; 3) validating genetic markers; 4) clinical utility assessment; and 5) pharmacoeconomic impact. Examples are provided to illustrate the identification, validation, utility, and challenges of these pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic markers, with the focus on the current application of this knowledge in cancer therapy. With the advance of technology, it becomes feasible to evaluate the human genome in a relatively inexpensive and efficient manner; however, extensive pharmacogenetic research and education are urgently needed to improve the translation of pharmacogenetic concepts from bench to bedside.
Adenovirus-mediated chronic “hyper-resistinemia” leads to in vivo insulin resistance in normal rats
Authors: Hiroaki Satoh, M.T. Audrey Nguyen, Philip D.G. Miles, Takeshi Imamura, Isao Usui, Jerrold M. Olefsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

We investigated the chronic in vivo effect of resistin on insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism by overexpressing resistin protein in male Wistar rats using intravenous administration of an adenovirus encoding mouse resistin. After 7 days of elevated resistin levels at a supraphysiological concentration, the animals displayed glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia during glucose tolerance tests, and insulin tolerance tests demonstrated an impaired glucose-lowering effect of insulin. The glucose clamp studies were performed at submaximal (4 mU/kg/min) and maximal (25 mU/kg/min) insulin infusion rates and demonstrated the presence of insulin resistance induced by elevated resistin levels. Indeed, the insulin-stimulated glucose infusion rate was decreased by 12–31%; suppression of hepatic glucose output was attenuated by 28–55%; and insulin suppression of circulating FFA levels was inhibited by 7%. Insulin receptor substrate–1 and –2 phosphorylation and Akt activation were impaired in muscle and adipose tissue. Interestingly, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue was also significantly downregulated. Together, these results indicate that chronic "hyper-resistinemia" leads to whole-body insulin resistance involving impaired insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue, resulting in glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia. Thus elevated resistin levels in normal rats fed a regular chow diet produce many of the features of human syndrome X.
Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy maps to chromosome 19q12
Authors: Elisabeth Tournier-Lasserve, Anne Joutel, Judith Melki, Jean Weissenbach, G. Mark Lathrop, Hugues Chabriat, Jean-Louis Mas, Emmanuel-André Cabanis, Marielle Baudrimont, Jacqueline Maciazek, Marie-Anne Bach, Marie-Germaine Bousser
Journal: Nature Genetics (1993)