tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dietary Arsenic Exposure in Bangladesh
Authors: Molly L. Kile, E. Andres Houseman, Carrie V. Breton, Thomas Smith, Quazi Quamruzzaman, Mahmuder Rahman, Golam Mahiuddin, David C. Christiani
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Millions of people in Bangladesh are at risk of chronic arsenic toxicity from drinking contaminated groundwater, but little is known about diet as an additional source of As exposure.We employed a duplicate diet survey to quantify daily As intake in 47 women residing in Pabna, Bangladesh. All samples were analyzed for total As, and a subset of 35 samples were measured for inorganic arsenic (iAs) using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry equipped with a dynamic reaction cell.Median daily total As intake was 48 microg As/day [interquartile range (IQR), 33-67) from food and 4 microg As/day (IQR, 2-152) from drinking water. On average, iAs comprised 82% of the total As detected in dietary samples. After adjusting for the estimated inorganic fraction, 34% [95% confidence interval (CI), 21-49%] of all participants exceeded the World Health Organization's provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) of 2.1 microg As/kg-day. Two of the 33 women who used a well with < 50 microg As/L exceeded this recommendation.When drinking water concentrations exceeded the Bangladesh drinking water standard of 50 microg As/L, ingested water was the dominant source of exposure. However, as drinking water As concentrations decrease, the relative contribution of dietary As sources becomes more important to ingested dose. The combined intake from both diet and drinking water can cause some individuals to exceed the PTDI in spite of using a tube well that contains < 50 microg As/L.
Comment Re: Vitamin E Transport Gene Variants and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Jean-Marc Zingg, Angelo Azzi
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

To the Editor: 

In the February 15, 2009 issue of Cancer Research , Wright and colleagues ( [1][1]) investigated whether polymorphisms in two vitamin E transport genes are associated with elevated prostate cancer risk resulting from altered plasma vitamin E concentrations. However, the circulating
PROGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF SERIAL HIGH SENSITIVITY CARDIAC TROPONIN DETERMINATION IN STABLE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE: ANALYSIS FROM PROVE IT-TIMI 22
Authors: Ryan G. O'Malley, Marc Sabatine, Marc Bonaca, Sabina Murphy, Petr Jarolim, Michael Conrad, Christopher Cannon, Eugene Braunwald, David Morrow
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
The Academic Hospice
Authors: Charles F. von Gunten, True Ryndes
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

The academic hospice is a recent development in health care. Hospice programs and hospitals evolved from the same historical roots in Greek and Roman medicine. The academic hospital emerged as a place where patient care, education, and research are pursued as inextricable parts of the mission. The unique role of the academic medical center in health care is supported by the government, the medical profession, and the public. This article provides a perspective on the emergence of the academic hospice. Dr. Cicely Saunders, who died on 14 July 2005, founded the first such hospice in London, England, in 1967. The authors show that the philosophy of hospice care has the same historical roots as standard health care and describe those elements that distinguish academic hospice programs from other kinds of hospice programs. Finally, the authors note that demographic and economic challenges in the United States and elsewhere only increase the need for academic hospice programs.
Toward Safer Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Robert A. Good
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Bone-marrow transplantation is a promising therapy for a variety of hematopoietic and immunodeficiency diseases that are otherwise impossible to treat effectively. Indeed, more than 20 previously fatal diseases can now be successfully treated with bone-marrow transplantation.1 , 2 These disorders range from genetically determined severe combined immunodeficiency diseases to acute leukemias and include a number of life-threatening aplastic and aregenerative anemias, immunohematopoietic disorders, genetically determined congenital hematologic abnormalities, and even the awful marble-bone disease, osteopetrosis.A cornerstone of the modern approaches that have allowed successful bone-marrow transplantation has been the use of sibling marrow donors matched with the recipient at the major . . .
A Novel Histopathological Evaluation Method Predicting the Outcome of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treated by Neoadjuvant Therapy: The Prognostic Importance of the Area of Residual Tumor
Authors: Yuki Yamane, Genichiro Ishii, Koichi Goto, Motohiro Kojima, Masayuki Nakao, Yoshihisa Shimada, Yutaka Nishiwaki, Kanji Nagai, Hirotsugu Kohrogi, Atsushi Ochiai
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
LONG TERM RESULTS FOR THE DIVERGE TRIAL: 1 AND 2 YEAR CLINICAL OUTCOMES FOR THE AXXESS BIOLIUMS A9 ELUTING SELF EXPANDING STENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF DE NOVO BIFURCATION LESIONS
Authors: Alexandra J. Lansky, Stefan Verheye, John Ormiston, Christophe Dubois, Ecaterina Cristea, Roxana Mehran, Brett Trauthen, Rachel Johnson
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Lymphocyte Transformation in Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia
Authors: L. H. Jones, R. M. Hardisty, D. G. Wells, H. E. M. Kay
Journal: BMJ (1971)

The response of lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin was tested as an index of lymphocyte function in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission. No significant differences were found in the results of tests on lymphocytes from patients treated with B.C.G. and those from patients given methotrexate, nor was any difference detected between patients and controls.
Hemangioma of Bone
Authors: ALBERT J. MORENO, TERRY A. REEVES, GOTTLIEB L. TURNBULL
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

A 68-year-old man was diagnosed with carcinoma of the prostate. On a bone scan obtained for staging purposes, a focal region of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake was noted. Radiographs and computed tomography of this region demonstrated a hemangioma involving bone.
Abstract 174: Characterization of methylation-controlled DnaJD1 in Hep3B hepatoma cell line
Authors: Yi-Wen Lai, Meng-Feng Tsai, Chuan-Mu Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The development of hepatocllular carcinoma (HCC) is a multistep process with accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alternations in regulatory genes, leading to activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. For genome-wide DNA methylation study, we used homemade MCGI (mouse CpG islands) microarray to identify many genes that were hypermethylation in the liver tumor tissues of HBx-overexpressd transgenic mice. These selected hypermethylation genes were also confirmed in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) lines. In this study, we focused on a methylation-controlled DNAJ family (MCJ) gene, DnaJD1. It has been observed highly frequent DnaJD1 gene methylation and silencing in ovarian cancer, and associated with increased resistance to chemotherapeutic. The DnaJD1 was found hypermethylation in the promoter region and followed reduced mRNA expression in Hep3B hepatoma cells, which contain HBV genome. After treated by 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (DAC) in Hep3B cells, the methylation level of DnaJD1 could be reduced and mRNA re-expressed. We over-expressed DnaJD1 in Hep3B cells to study the physiologic effects of DnaJD1 in cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion ability in vitro. The tumorgenesis in xenotransplanted nude mice were also examined. Data suggested that DnaJD1 re-expressed in Hep3B cells that could affect the cell morphology and lost cell contact insensitive. In these results, we concluded that DnaJD1 could be the one of main role of HCC progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 174.
Predicting public concern regarding toxic substances in the environment.
Authors: H L Howe
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

The purpose of this research was to identify the variables that increase concern about the health, environmental contamination, and economic consequences of toxic substances in the environment. A mail survey was sent to a New York State sample, and a 66% response was obtained. Seven indices were developed from specific concerns about toxic substances in the environment including, among others, exposure, health effects, pollution, and economic consequences. Stepwise regression analysis was conducted for each concern index. The results suggest that the number of information sources regarding environmental issues was a strong predictor of concern in nearly all models. Other variables that were repeatedly found to be important contributors to the models were years of education, attitudes about government involvement in private industry, knowledge of epidemiology and the scientific method, and the perceived proximity to sources of potential contamination. Unlike other research, women and mothers of sick children did not make large contributions to the model.
Dermatology--more than skin deep
Authors: Z. Danilevicius
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Research in immunobiology, immunopathology, and immunochemistry has left deep impressions on many of the clinical disciplines. Although tissue and organ transplantation is in the field of surgery, it is tied in deeply with immunological phenomena, especially the graft-vs-host reaction. Changing the patient's immunological status exposes the patient to opportunistic, previously unknown infections. The resistance to various diseases or lack of it is now explained by immunological factors and conditions.  The skin, being a large, important, and more exposed organ than others of the body, depends to a high degree on various immunological changes, degrees of immunity, and the body's own immunological defenses. Some authors have even created a new term, immunodermatology, which actually describes the interrelation between immunological phenomena and dermatological conditions and their treatment or prevention.  Recently, K. Frank Austen and other prominent immunologists and dermatologists prepared a special issue of The Journal of Investigative Dermatology (September 1976). The
Cost benefits of low dose subcutaneous erythropoietin in patients with anaemia of end stage renal disease.
Authors: M. E. Stevens, G. P. Summerfield, A. A. Hall, C. A. Beck, A. J. Harding, J. R. Cove-Smith, A. D. Paterson
Journal: BMJ (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the cost benefits of low dose subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin in correcting the anaemia of end stage renal disease. DESIGN--Three year retrospective study. SETTING--Subregional nephrology service serving a mixed urban and rural population of 800,000. SUBJECTS--60 patients with symptoms of anaemic end stage renal disease treated with erythropoietin (43 receiving haemodialysis; 11 receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis; two with predialysis end stage renal disease; four with failing renal transplants). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Costs and savings of achieving and maintaining a haemoglobin concentration of 85-105 g/l with erythropoietin. RESULTS--All patients treated with erythropoietin achieved the target haemoglobin concentration at median induction doses of 97 (95% confidence interval 95 to 108) units/kg/week, and this was maintained with 79 (75 to 95) units/kg/week at an average annual cost per patient of 2260 pounds. Admissions related to anaemia were virtually eliminated (246 v 1 inpatient days for 12 months before and after starting erythropoietin). 54 patients required no blood transfusions after starting erythropoietin, and the total requirements fell from 230 to 21 units in the 12 months before and after starting erythropoietin. Iron stores were maintained with oral or intravenous iron. All patients reported increased wellbeing, appetite, and exercise capacity. Hypertension developed or worsened in 30 patients, resulting in hospital admissions in five patients, one of whom had seizures. CONCLUSION--Low dose subcutaneous erythropoietin restores haemoglobin concentrations sufficiently to abolish blood transfusion requirements and reduce morbidity. The net cost of erythropoietin prescribed in this way (2260 pounds/patient/year) was largely offset by savings in costs of hospital admissions. The true annual cost to the NHS was around 1200 pounds per patient.
FURTHER REMARKS ON MYASTHENIA
Authors: W. R. Gowers
Journal: BMJ (1902)

MIYASTHENIA. IJOUNALHiatory.-The patient was a male Hindu, aged 6o, a sturdy farmer.Twent;y.yeprs before admission to hospital he had had gonorrhoea.Three ars ago he was in the Bowring Hospital, Bangalore.for inability to pass his urine freely, but got no better.He was admitted under my care into the Victoria Hospital, Bangalore, on January 4th, I902, in great distress.lie said that for the past twelve months he had to pass water every halfbiour in the knee-elbow position, with much straining.State on Examination.-Nostricture was found, but the prostate was con- siderably erlarged.Residual cloudy urine measured 4 Oz.Cystoscopic
Potential Role of Decoy B7-H4 in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Mouse Model Informed by Clinical Data
Authors: Takeshi Azuma, Gefeng Zhu, Haiying Xu, A. Cecilia Rietz, Charles G. Drake, Eric L. Matteson, Lieping Chen
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

A pathogenic hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is persistent inflammatory responses in target tissues and organs. Immune responses mediated by T cells and autoantibodies are known to play pivotal roles. A possible interpretation for this observation is a loss of negative regulation of autoimmune responses. Here we sought to investigate whether B7-H4, a cell surface inhibitory molecule of the B7-CD28 signaling pathway, may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA.In a cross-sectional study of a clinical convenience sample using monoclonal antibodies against human B7-H4 molecules, we detected high levels of the soluble form of B7-H4 (sH4) in the sera of 65% of patients with RA (n = 68) versus only 13% of healthy donors (n = 24). Elevated sH4 was associated with an increased disease severity score (DAS28) in a cross-sectional analysis. In a mouse model of RA, transgenic expression of sH4 or genetic deletion of B7-H4 accelerated the progression of collagen-induced arthritis, accompanied by enhanced T and B cell-mediated autoimmune responses as well as increased activity of neutrophils. Expression in vivo of an agonist, a B7-H4-immunoglobulin Fc fusion protein, profoundly suppressed disease progression in the mouse model.Our findings in mice indicate that sH4 acts as a decoy molecule to block the inhibitory functions of cell-surface B7-H4, leading to exacerbation of collagen-induced arthritis. If the preliminary correlation between sH4 levels and disease activity in patients with RA can be confirmed to reflect a similar mechanism, these findings suggest a novel target for treatment approaches. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
The Impact of Breastfeeding on Nasopharyngeal Microbial Communities in Infants
Authors: Giske Biesbroek, Astrid A. T. M. Bosch, Xinhui Wang, Bart J. F. Keijser, Reinier H. Veenhoven, Elisabeth A. M. Sanders, Debby Bogaert
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Breastfeeding elicits significant protection against respiratory tract infections in infancy. Modulation of respiratory microbiota might be part of the natural mechanisms of protection against respiratory diseases induced by breastfeeding.To study the association between breastfeeding and nasopharyngeal microbial communities, including all cultivable and noncultivable bacteria.In this observational study, we analyzed the microbiota of infants that had received exclusive breastfeeding (n = 101) and exclusive formula feeding (n = 101) at age 6 weeks and 6 months by 16S-based GS-FLX-titanium-pyrosequencing.At 6 weeks of age the overall bacterial community composition was significantly different between breastfed and formula-fed children (nonmetric multidimensional scaling, P = 0.001). Breastfed children showed increased presence and abundance of the lactic acid bacterium Dolosigranulum (relative effect size [RES], 2.61; P = 0.005) and Corynebacterium (RES, 1.98; P = 0.039) and decreased abundance of Staphylococcus (RES, 0.48; P 0.03) and anaerobic bacteria, such as Prevotella (RES, 0.25; P < 0.001) and Veillonella (RES, 0.33; P < 0.001). Predominance (>50% of the microbial profile) of Corynebacterium and Dolosigranulum was observed in 45 (44.6%) breastfed infants compared with 19 (18.8%) formula-fed infants (relative risk, 2.37; P = 0.006). Dolosigranulum abundance was inversely associated with consecutive symptoms of wheezing and number of mild respiratory tract infections experienced. At 6 months of age associations between breastfeeding and nasopharyngeal microbiota composition had disappeared.Our data suggest a strong association between breastfeeding and microbial community composition in the upper respiratory tract of 6-week-old infants. Observed differences in microbial community profile may contribute to the protective effect of breastfeeding on respiratory infections and wheezing in early infancy. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00189020).
Counterpoint: Appreciating Homeostasis Model Assessment
Authors: Derek Hockaday, Mehmood Sayyad, Chattaranjan Yajnik
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

The insulin-deficient mechanism for diabetes, discovered around a century ago, was questioned by observations on the human response to intravenous insulin (1). Later, it was more severely challenged by the raised plasma insulin values usually found by radioimmunoassay in type 2 diabetic subjects (2), then and since rapidly increasing in number, and often with accompanying adiposity (3). At this time, the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes was unknown, and it seemed crucial to determine whether it was essentially based on increased resistance to the hypoglycemic action of insulin or on failing β-cells with secondary gluco- and lipotoxicities. Could this be determined from the glucose and insulin levels of single or duplicate basal blood samples? If so, epidemiological logistics might be transformed, without the need for stimulated tests or tests as sophisticated as measurement of the basal endogenous glucose production rate with tritiated glucose, and the calculation of postabsorptive hepatic insulin resistance to the hypoglycemic effect of insulin as the product of this and the overnight fasting insulin concentration (4).

Basal and stimulated tests measure two different phenomena, rather than two different aspects of the same thing. In theory, the two islet cell states do not need to be closer than are muscular activity in movement and in posture. There will always be common features (e.g., muscle bulk), and, indeed, there are consistent positive relationships between basal and poststimulation insulin. However, there are also many different properties with altered membrane potentials (e.g., in the basal state, there is no influence on β-cell activity from recent glucose variation [5], which presumably leaves β-cells aware of changes in glucose). Additionally, the various clamp tests do not measure basal function, for while they involve steady states, clamp tests follow considerable interference. In these tests, insulin action in muscle is the major …
Treatment Research at the Crossroads: The Scientific Interface of Clinical Trials and Effectiveness Research
Authors: Kenneth B. Wells
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1999)

OBJECTIVE: Policy and clinical management decisions depend on data on the health and cost impacts of psychiatric treatments under usual care, i.e., effectiveness. Clinical trials, however, provide information on treatment efficacy under best-practice conditions. An understanding of the design, analysis, and conventions of both efficacy and effectiveness studies can lead to research that better informs clinical and societal questions. METHOD: This paper contrasts the strengths and limitations of clinical trials and effectiveness studies for addressing policy and clinical decisions. These research approaches are assessed in terms of outcomes, treatments, service delivery context, implementation conventions, and validity. RESULTS: Clinical trials and effectiveness research share problems of internal and external validity despite more attention to internal validity in clinical trials (e.g., randomization, blinding, standardized protocols) and to external validity in effectiveness studies (e.g., community-based treatments, representative samples). CONCLUSIONS: To develop research at the interface of clinical trials and effectiveness studies, research goals must be redefined, and methods, such as cost-utility and econometric analyses, must be shared and developed. Development of hybrid designs that combine features of efficacy and effectiveness research will require separation of conventions such as frequency of follow-up, intensity of measurement, and sample size from the central scientific issues of aims and validity.
Slit2-Mediated Chemorepulsion and Collapse of Developing Forebrain Axons
Authors: Kim Tuyen Nguyen Ba-Charvet, Katja Brose, Valérie Marillat, Tom Kidd, Corey S Goodman, Marc Tessier-Lavigne, Constantino Sotelo, Alain Chédotal
Journal: Neuron (1999)
Lifestyle intervention and antioxidant therapy in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Valerio Nobili, Melania Manco, Rita Devito, Vincenzo Di Ciommo, Donatella Comparcola, Maria Rita Sartorelli, Fiorella Piemonte, Matilde Marcellini, Paul Angulo
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

No proven treatment exists for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children and adolescents. We sought to determine the efficacy of lifestyle intervention with or without antioxidant therapy in pediatric NAFLD. A total of 53 patients (age 5.7-18.8 years, 37 boys) were included. Lifestyle intervention consisting of a diet tailored to the patient's calorie needs, and increased physical activity was prescribed in all. Patients were concomitantly randomized to alpha-tocopherol 600 IU/day plus ascorbic acid 500 mg/day (n = 25) or placebo (n = 28), and treated for 24 months. The study was an extension of a previous study aimed at evaluating the effect of 12-month lifestyle intervention and antioxidant therapy on serum levels of aminotransferases. The primary end point of the present study was change in liver histology on repeated biopsy at 24 months. Secondary end points were changes in body weight, liver enzymes, and insulin sensitivity indices on 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test. The amount of weight lost at 24 months was similar in the placebo and antioxidant groups (−4.75 [range, −16-4.0] versus −5.5 [range, −12.2-0.4] kg, respectively, P = 0.9). A significant improvement occurred in the grade of steatosis, lobular inflammation, and hepatocyte ballooning, and in the NAFLD activity score in both groups. Levels of aminotransferases, triglycerides, cholesterol, fasting glucose, and insulin, and insulin sensitivity indices improved significantly as well. The improvement in all these parameters was not significantly different between the two groups. Conclusion: Lifestyle intervention with diet and increased physical activity induces weight loss and is associated with a significant improvement in liver histology and laboratory abnormalities in pediatric NAFLD. Alpha-tocopherol plus ascorbic acid does not seem to increase the efficacy of lifestyle intervention alone. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)