tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Credibility of Scientists: Conflict of Interest and Bias
Authors: Jennifer Sass
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Uncertainty" (Schmidt 2005) overlooked many serious concerns about the environmental and health risks of this new technology.Potential problems from antibiotic-resistant genes used in gene-altered crops, risks from unintended effects of the genetic engineering process, the increases in pesticide use stemming from widespread planting of genespliced varieties-these and several other concerns were ignored or hardly mentioned in the lengthy article.Additional information on this topic is available from the Center for Food Safety (CFS 2000(CFS , 2004)).Instead, Schmidt's article states that "GM agriculture is here to stay" (Schmidt 2005) and gives readers the false impression that safety and regulatory issues have been adequately addressed by industry and government.Nothing could be further from the truth.For example, regarding the risk of allergies from gene-altered foods, Schmidt stated that biotech companies avoid allergy problems by avoiding genes from the most common allergens.However, in an editorial in the New England Journal of Medicine, Nestle (1996) pointed out that this approach leaves many uncertainties:Most biotechnology companies use microorganisms rather than food plants as gene donors, even though the allergenic potential of these newly introduced microbial proteins is uncertain, unpredictable, and untestable ….Because FDA requirements do not apply to foods that are rarely allergenic or to donor organisms of unknown allergenicity, the policy would appear to favor industry over consumer protection.
Self-assembled glycol chitosan nanoparticles for the sustained and prolonged delivery of antiangiogenic small peptide drugs in cancer therapy
Authors: Jong-Ho Kim, Yoo-Shin Kim, Kyeongsoon Park, Eunah Kang, Seulki Lee, Hae Yun Nam, Kwangmeyung Kim, Jae Hyung Park, Dae Yoon Chi, Rang-Woon Park, In-San Kim, Kuiwon Choi, Ick Chan Kwon
Journal: Biomaterials (2008)
AUTOPLASTIC SURGERY OF THE EYELIDS
Authors: A. Prichard
Journal: BMJ (1856)

o opatol m.e difcult, and bust ten 61, asit aid In Oh,x.Moreover, it seems probable that the proe e of 'hepstOIa after -the operation, by covering in the front of *e wound, and preventing the free escape of purulent and oee hids, may do harm.
Abstract 5329: Induction of VEGF-C expression via mGluR5 in the lymph node metastases of oral cancer by the SDF-1/CXCR4 system
Authors: Daisuke Uchida, Nobuyuki Kuribayashi, Tetsuya Tamatani, Hirokazu Nagai, Youji Miyamoto
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Previously, we identified a metastasis-candidate gene, metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-5, which is a target gene of stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1/CXCR4 system in oral cancer. In this study, we examined the role of mGluR5 on the lymph node metastasis of oral cancer. We used 2 kinds of mGluR5-specific antagonists, 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) and 3-((2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl)pyridine (MTEP). These antagonists did not affect the growth of oral cancer cells, but did inhibit the SDF-1/CXCR4 dependent-migration of the cells. In order to confirm the drug toxicities, these antagonists were intraperitoneally injected into wild-type mice for 4 weeks. All the mice injected with MPEP (5 mg/kg) and MTEP (5 mg/kg) did not show side effects, such as hematotoxicity, allergic reaction and body weight loss. When the CXCR4 expressing-oral cancer cells were transplanted into masseter muscle of nude mice, these antagonists significantly inhibited lymph node metastases of the cells. Although SDF-1/CXCR4 dependent production of angiogenic factors, including interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A were observed, mGluR5 antagonists did not influence the production of these factors. However, induction of a lymphangiogenic factor, VEGF-C was specifically inhibited by the treatment with these mGluR5 antagonists. These results suggested that SDF-1/CXCR4 system induce lymph node metastases by the production of VEGF-C via upregulation of mGluR5. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5329. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5329
Rural Health Care Ethics: Is There a Literature?
Authors: William Nelson, Gili Lushkov, Andrew Pomerantz, William B. Weeks
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2006)

To better understand the available publications addressing ethical issues in rural health care we sought to identify the ethics literature that specifically focuses on rural America. We wanted to determine the extent to which the rural ethics literature was distributed between general commentaries, descriptive summaries of research, and original research publications. We identified 55 publications that specifically and substantively addressed rural health care ethics, published between 1966 and 2004. Only 7 (13%) of these publications were original research articles while (12) 22% were descriptive summaries of research and 36 (65%) were general commentaries. The majority of publications examined (55%) were clinically focused while 27% addressed organizational ethics and 18% addressed ethical ramifications of rural health care policy at a national or community level. Our findings indicate that there are a limited number of publications focusing on rural health care ethics, suggesting a need for scholars and researchers to more rigorously address rural ethics issues.
A Feasibility Study of a 3-Day Basal-Bolus Insulin Delivery Device in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Julia K. Mader, Leslie C. Lilly, Felix Aberer, Stefan Korsatko, Ellie Strock, Roger S. Mazze, Peter Damsbo, Thomas R. Pieber
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

This study tested the feasibility of transition from multiple daily injections (MDI) to a 3-day, basal-bolus insulin delivery device (PaQ) for type 2 diabetes (T2D).Twenty MDI-treated individuals with T2D with HbA(1c) ≤9% (75 mmol/mol) were enrolled in a single-center, single-arm pilot study, lasting three 2-week periods: baseline (MDI), transition to PaQ, and PaQ therapy. Feasibility of use, glycemic control, safety, and patient satisfaction were assessed.Nineteen participants transitioned to PaQ treatment and demonstrated competency in assembling, placing, and using the device. Self-monitored blood glucose and blinded continuous glucose-monitoring data showed glycemic control similar to MDI. Study participants reported high satisfaction and device acceptance.PaQ treatment is both feasible and acceptable in individuals with T2D. Transition from MDI is easy and safe. PaQ treatment might lead to better therapy adherence and improvements in glycemic control and clinical outcomes.
Adenosine: front and center in linking nutrition and metabolism to neuronal activity
Authors: Robert W. Greene
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Many individuals with epilepsy benefit from consuming a ketogenic diet, which is similar to the more commonly known Atkins diet. The underlying molecular reason for this has not been determined. However, in this issue of the JCI, Masino et al. have elucidated the mechanism responsible for the antiepileptic effects of the ketogenic diet in mice. The diet is shown to decrease expression of the enzyme adenosine kinase (Adk), which is responsible for clearing the endogenous antiepileptic agent adenosine (Ado) from the extracellular CNS space. Decreased expression of Adk results in increased extracellular Ado, activation of inhibitory Ado A1 receptors, and decreased seizure generation, the desired therapeutic effect. The authors' work serves to emphasize the importance of controlling Adk expression, not only as the mechanism of action of the ketogenic diet, but also as a potential target of future therapies.
Dilatation of the Constricted Human Airway by Tidal Expansion of Lung Parenchyma
Authors: Tera L. Lavoie, Ramaswamy Krishnan, Harrison R. Siegel, Essence D. Maston, Jeffrey J. Fredberg, Julian Solway, Maria L. Dowell
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

In the normal lung, breathing and deep inspirations potently antagonize bronchoconstriction, but in the asthmatic lung this salutary effect is substantially attenuated or even reversed. To explain these findings, the prevailing hypothesis focuses on contracting airway smooth muscle and posits a nonlinear dynamic interaction between actomyosin binding and the tethering forces imposed by tidally expanding lung parenchyma.This hypothesis has never been tested directly in bronchial smooth muscle embedded within intraparenchymal airways. Our objective here is to fill that gap.We designed a novel system to image contracting intraparenchymal human airways situated within near-normal lung architecture and subjected to dynamic parenchymal expansion that simulates breathing.Reversal of bronchoconstriction depended on the degree to which breathing actually stretched the airway, which in turn depended negatively on severity of constriction and positively on the depth of breathing. Such behavior implies positive feedbacks that engender airway instability.These findings help to explain heterogeneity of airflow obstruction as well as why, in people with asthma, deep inspirations are less effective in reversing bronchoconstriction.
Abstract 1714: Chemoresistance in patients with papillary serous carcinoma of the ovary
Authors: Elizabeth H. Kerr, Peter J. Frederick, Denise K. Oelschlager, Hope Amm, Jeffery Sellers, Debbie Della Manna, Donald J. Buchsbaum, William E. Grizzle, Lacey R. McNally
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The majority of patients with ovarian carcinoma present at an advanced stage, with metastatic disease throughout the peritoneal cavity. Therefore, patients commonly undergo platinum-based chemotherapy. Even though the initial response rates can be high, the majority of patients will have recurrent disease and the 5-year survival rate is only 10-20%. The human lung resistance protein (LRP) is a multidrug resistance protein that has been shown to be overexpressed in models of chemotherapy resistance, but has not been adequately explored in platinum-resistant epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The primary aim of this study was to compare LRP expression in the tumor cells from ascitic fluid with tumor cells from omental metastasis in chemotherapy-naïve patients with advanced EOC. The secondary aim was to explore possible mechanisms in which LRP might cause drug resistance. After IRB approval, patient ascites and metastatic implants were collected and evaluated for platinum sensitivity and expression of LRP, phospho-ERK, and AKT using western blots and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Both ascites and omental metastatic implants were treated with 50 uM carboplatin for 48 hours and cell viability was analyzed. LRP, phospho-ERK, and AKT were analyzed using IHC on samples treated with 50 uM carboplatin or phosphate buffered saline. Of 20 patients who had matched ascites and omental metastatic implants adequate for analysis, 4 were platinum resistant, 3 were platinum sensitive, and 13 displayed intermediate platinum sensitivity. Overall, the malignant cells in ascites were more resistant to carboplatin than the metastatic implants (p=0.001) and the malignant cells in ascites showed higher expression of LRP than the omental metastatic implants by IHC and western blotting. IHC and western blotting also demonstrated that the malignant cells in ascites had lower expression of phospho-ERK and higher expression of AKT than the metastatic implants. After treatment with 50 uM carboplatin, the platinum resistant patients had decrease in phospho-ERK and an increase in AKT versus the platinum sensitive patients who had an increase in phopho-ERK and a decrease in AKT and LRP. High expression of LRP in the tumor cells in ascitic fluid may indicate platinum resistance prior to initiation of platinum-based chemotherapy. Also, changes in phospho-ERK and AKT following platinum based therapy may indicate the extent of response of EOC to this therapy. Supported in part by the Kaleidoscope of Hope ovarian cancer foundation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1714. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1714
Thyroid Supplements and Breast Cancer
Authors: Mark E. Molitch
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Kapdi and Wolfe relating thyroid hormone supplements to breast cancer requires comment. (1) It is important to distinguish between those patients receiving dessicated thyroid or levothyroxine to see if the statistical association is true for both. Since estrogens have been used to fatten cattle, it is possible, albeit unlikely, that enough estrogen could be given with dessicated thyroid over many years to result in an increased risk of breast cancer.<sup>1</sup>(2) The indications for thyroid hormone use are not spelled out and, in fact, are misleading in the article. Although the title specifically states that the supplements were given for hypothyroidism, the methods section states that thyroid hormones were also given for simple goiter. Is there a difference in the results for these two groups? How many patients had thyroid nodules? (3) The criteria for diagnosing hypothyroidism initially are not given. As an
Abstract 1074: Tumor-associated microglia secrete paracrine factors that promote Nf1-deficient optic glial cell growth
Authors: Anne C. Solga, Winnie W. Pong, Patrick J. Cimino, Keun Y. Kim, Jason Walker, Todd Wylie, Vincent Magrini, Joshua B. Rubin, David Piwnica-Worms, Mark H. Ellisman, Elaine R. Mardis, David H. Gutmann
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that brain tumors are composed of heterogeneous mixtures of neoplastic and non-neoplastic (stromal) brain cells. However, current brain tumor therapies are primarily focused on inhibiting the growth of the cancerous cells, largely ignoring the contribution of the surrounding stromal elements. One of these stromal cell types is an immune system-like cell (microglia), which constitutes as many as half of the cells present in human brain tumors (gliomas). The tumor microenvironment is considered to play an important role in tumor formation and maintenance by providing signals that both negatively and positively influence tumor cell growth. Since children with the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) inherited cancer syndrome are prone to the development of gliomas involving the optic nerve (optic gliomas), we have employed Nf1 genetically-engineered mice as an experimental model system to examine the role of microglia in optic glioma formation and maintenance. We leveraged RNA-sequencing data from FACS-isolated, mouse optic glioma-associated microglia to identify specific paracrine factors that are expressed in tumor-associated, but not normal, microglia. These factors were validated using RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization and investigated for their ability to increase the growth of Nf1-deficient optic nerve astroglial cells in vitro. Current studies are ongoing to determine whether (1) inhibition of microglia function in Nf1 genetically engineered mice reduces the expression of these paracrine factors and (2) inhibiting these factors attenuates optic glioma growth in vivo. Together, these studies identify a novel set of paracrine factors secreted by a key glioma-associated stromal cell type (microglia) relevant to the pathogenesis of NF1-associated tumors, raising the possibility that future therapies might be directed against tumor microenvironment paracrine factors. Citation Format: Anne C. Solga, Winnie W. Pong, Patrick J. Cimino, Keun Y. Kim, Jason Walker, Todd Wylie, Vincent Magrini, Joshua B. Rubin, David Piwnica-Worms, Mark H. Ellisman, Elaine R. Mardis, David H. Gutmann. Tumor-associated microglia secrete paracrine factors that promote Nf1-deficient optic glial cell growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1074. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1074
The WEIRD are even weirder than you think: Diversifying contexts is as important as diversifying samples
Authors: Stephen J. Ceci, Dan M. Kahan, Donald Braman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

We argue that Henrich et al. do not go far enough in their critique: Sample diversification, while important, will not lead to the detection of generalizable principles. For that it will be necessary to broaden the range of contexts in which data are gathered. We demonstrate the power of contexts to alter results even in the presence of sample diversification.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Engineered to Express Erythropoietin Induce Anti-erythropoietin Antibodies and Anemia in Allorecipients
Authors: Philippe M Campeau, Moutih Rafei, Moïra François, Elena Birman, Kathy-Ann Forner, Jacques Galipeau
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

Autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been successfully used for the delivery of erythropoietin (EPO) in murine models of anemia and myocardial infarction. For clinical applications where a transient effect would be adequate, such as myocardial infarction, the use of EPO-engineered universal donor allogeneic MSCs would be a substantial convenience. We thus investigated whether MSCs from C57BL/6 mice would permit robust transient EPO delivery in normal BALB/c allorecipients. Implantation of MSCs overexpressing murine EPO led to increases in hematocrit in syngeneic and allogeneic mice, but the latter eventually developed severe anemia due to acquired neutralizing anti-EPO antibodies. As MSCs constitutively produce the CCL2 chemokine which may behave as an adjuvant to the anti-EPO immune response, experiments were performed using EPO-engineered MSCs derived from CCL2(-/-) mice and similar results were obtained. In conclusion, MHC-mismatched MSCs can break the tolerance to autoantigens and lead to the development of pathogenic autoantibodies.
INCOMPLETE OUTWARD DISLOCATION OF THE KNEE
Authors: RUSSELL S. FERGUSON
Journal: JAMA (1918)

than the ordinary remedies.Accordingly, the test was dropped.Several months later, when Dakin pub¬ lished his article on the improvement in the method by using an oily solution known as dichloramin-T, the matter was again taken up and tried out in about two dozen cases with exceptionally satisfactory results, case histories of four being given below as examples. METHOD OF APPLICATIONAlthough the use of from 10 to 15 per cent, solu¬ tions is recommended by Dakin in general surgery, we found that the best results were obtained by a 0.5 per cent, solution, instilled every hour, at least 3 or 4 drops being used each time.While considerable smarting is caused, this lasts only a moment or two, and is easily borne, even by children. REPORT OF CASESCase 1.-T.L., a boy, aged 12, suffering from trachoma of several years' duration, had been given the usual treatment for trachoma, including rolling, grattage, carbon dioxid snow, and copper sulphate, without permanent benefit, for in spite of all the treatment an acute exacerbation would occur from every three to six weeks.His vision was greatly reduced, owing to pannus and corneal opacities, and at no time was he entirely free from a conjunctival discharge.Finally the 0.5 per cent.dichloramin-T solution was given a trial by instillation every hour.On the sixth day there was no dis¬ charge, and the lids were not agglutinated in the morning.After three weeks of the treatment the boy was dismissed, and up to the present time, six months later, no recurrence has taken place.Case 2.-E.R., a girl, aged 5, had been coming to our service at the San Francisco Polyclinic for several months on account of phlyctenular conjunctivitis.The results of the usual methods of treatment fluctuated, and finally she presented herself with an acute infection superimposed in one eye.It was swollen shut, and there was a purulent discharge due to an unidentified diplococciis.She was immediately placed in hospital and the 0.5 per cent.dichloramin-T solu¬ tion instilled every hour for the first twenty-four hours, at the end of which time the swelling was greatly reduced.The drops were continued every hour the following day, and every two hours that night.At the end of forty-eight hours the child could open the eye, and very little discharge was present.The treatment was then kept up by instillation of the drops every two hours during the day, but none during the night.After the fourth day the child was dismissed from the hos¬ pital, no further treatment being required.Case 3.-A Japanese child, aged 4 years, presented the left eye so swollen shut that the cornea could not be seen even
Blood Pressure and Serum Creatinine-Reply
Authors: Thomas V. Perneger
Journal: JAMA (1993)

In Reply.  —The comments of Rosansky, Salive, and Havlik provide support for our finding that blood pressure levels in the normal range are associated with serum creatinine levels. Rosansky et al 1 were indeed the first to report an association between average blood pressure levels and change in serum creatinine level. In this respect, their study provided an even stronger argument for a causal association than ours. However, their finding was obtained in a group of 115 patients discharged from a Veterans Administration hospital, not in the general population. Hospital patients may suffer from systemic diseases or may be exposed to nephrotoxic substances, such as analgesics, antibiotics, or radiological contrast media, that can harm the kidneys, potentially creating an artifactual association between change in serum creatinine and blood pressure levels. Similarly, a progressive association between average blood pressure in the normal range and change in renal function was recently reported
The Limited Reliability of Physical Signs for Estimating Hemodynamics in Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Lynne Warner Stevenson
Journal: JAMA (1989)

The cardiovascular physical examination is used commonly as a basis for diagnosis and therapy in chronic heart failure, although the relationship between physical signs, increased ventricular filling pressure, and decreased cardiac output has not been established for this population. We prospectively compared physical signs with hemodynamic measurements in 50 patients with known chronic heart failure (ejection fraction, .18 +/- .06). Rales, edema, and elevated mean jugular venous pressure were absent in 18 of 43 patients with pulmonary capillary wedge pressures greater than or equal to 22 mm Hg, for which the combination of these signs had 58% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Proportional pulse pressure correlated well with cardiac index (r = .82), and when less than 25% pulse pressure had 91% sensitivity and 83% specificity for a cardiac index less than 2.2 L/min/m2. In chronic heart failure, reliance on physical signs for elevated ventricular filling pressure might result in inadequate therapy. Conversely, the adequacy of cardiac output is assessed reliably by pulse pressure. Our results facilitate decisions regarding treatment in chronic heart failure.