tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lithium and renal tumors: a critical comment to the report by Zaidan et al.
Authors: Rasmus W. Licht, Linus B. Grabenhenrich, René E Nielsen, Anne Berghöfer
Journal: Kidney International (2014)

To the Editor: Zaidan et al.1.Zaidan M. Stucker F. Stengel B. et al.Increased risk of solid renal tumors in lithium-treated patients.Kidney Int. 2014; 86: 184-190Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (48) Google Scholar reported a high prevalence of renal tumors in tertiarily referred patients previously treated with lithium and suffering from impaired renal function, as compared to the prevalence in patients who had similar renal impairment but who had not been treated with lithium. The authors concluded that their study provided clear evidence for a potential association between long-term lithium treatment and an increased risk of renal solid tumors. Owing to methodological shortcomings this interpretation is questioned by the members of the International Group for the Study of Lithium (IGSLi), an association of experts on long-term treatment with lithium (http://www.igsli.org). The study design is a case-series design and not a 'retrospective cohort study' as claimed by the authors. All patients initiated on lithium (and controls) were not identified and followed over time, implying that time at risk and cumulative events over time were not determined. Therefore, risks or incidence rate ratios as reported cannot be estimated.2.Dekkers O.M. Egger M. Altman D.G. et al.Distinguishing case series from cohort studies.Ann Intern Med. 2012; 156: 37-40Crossref PubMed Scopus (189) Google Scholar The observed difference in prevalence of tumors between the two patient samples may be explained by other factors than the effects of lithium, such as differential use of medications and differential referral patterns. Lithium-treated patients are generally under careful observation for renal symptoms, even if not causally related to lithium, and non-lithium-treated patients may suffer from even serious renal problems that never lead to tertiary referral or renal imaging. In conclusion, we find that no causal relation between lithium and solid renal tumors can be inferred from the study. Even we acknowledge that renal impairment per se occasionally may occur after long-term lithium treatment.3.Bendz H. Schon S. Attman P.O. et al.Renal failure occurs in chronic lithium treatment but is uncommon.Kidney Int. 2010; 77: 219-224Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (145) Google Scholar We still consider lithium as a safe treatment, provided close monitoring is done, and as the cornerstone in the long-term management of bipolar disorder.4.Licht R.W. Lithium: still a major option in the management of bipolar disorder.CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012; 18: 219-226Crossref PubMed Scopus (112) Google Scholar
Diseases of the Bronchial Glands
Authors: R. Quain
Journal: BMJ (1878)

of atropia sulphate was again injected into the jugular vein, and it is evident from the chart that the physostigma was completely antagonised thereby.A continuation of the experiment was, perhaps, scarcely necessary; still a grain and a half of Calabar extract, triturated with i cc.bile and 5 cc.water, was injected into the duodenum at c', and two grains of the extract similarly treated were injected at c".The exciting effect was not very marked; nor need this be wondered at, considering how powerfully the liver had been previously stimulated, and its partial exhaustion induced not merely to the above cause, but also to the duration of the experiment.As the action of acetate of lead on tbe liver was to be investigated, eight grains of that substance, dissolved in 20 CC. of water, were injected into the duodenum at 1, and the secretion of bile soon thereafter came to a standstill.Subsequent experiments show that this effect was unusual and attributable to the depressant effect of the lead on a liver already well-nigh exhausted.NECROPSY.-Greatirritation of the mucous membrane of the sipall intestine to the extent of about fifteen inches below the pylorus.The viscus contained only slight evidence of purgative action.Result of Experiments with Physostigrma.-The relation of the dose to the size of the animal, and the coefficients of the secretion before and after its administration, are stated in Table I.TABLE 1. Grains $ecretien of Bile per Kilogramme Tosa.inDose Klgramof of Body-Weight per Hour.gris.Body-Weight.Before.After.
IMPACT OF β-BLOCKER THERAPY ON LONG-TERM OUTCOMES IN ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PATIENTS WITH MULTIVESSEL CORONARY DISEASE
Authors: Naoyuki Abe, Takashi Miura, Naoto Hashizume, Uichi Ikeda, Atsushi Tosaka, Ryoma Ishihara, Toshio Katagiri, Takayuki Ishihara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
<i>Rule</i> and <i>similarity</i> as prototype concepts
Authors: Edward E. Smith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

There is a continuum between prototypical cases of rule use and prototypical cases of similarity use. A prototypical rule: (1) is explicitly represented, (2) can be verbalized, and (3) requires that the user selectively attend to a few features of the object, while ignoring the others. Prototypical similarity-use requires that: (1) the user should match the object to a mental representation holistically, and (2) there should be no selective attention or inhibition. Neural evidence supports prototypical rule-use. Most models of categorization fall between the two prototypes.
Response to Letters Regarding Article, “Periprocedural Bleeding and Thromboembolic Events With Dabigatran Compared With Warfarin: Results From the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) Randomized Trial”
Authors: Jeff S. Healey, John Eikelboom, Sean Yang, Ellison Themeles, Stuart J. Connolly, Salim Yusuf, James Douketis, Lars Wallentin, Jonas Oldgren, Hein Heidbuchel, Alvaro Avezum, Paul Reilly, Michael Ezekowitz
Journal: Circulation (2013)
Teleological perception without a biological perceiver?
Authors: Théophile Ohlmann, Bernard Amblard, Brice Isableu
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

Strong between- and within-animal differences during spatial activities lead us to claim that a given animal is directly sensitive to a given substructure of the global array. This vicarious subset is not cut out by the senses but by redundancies emerging from physical properties. We argue that the subset is not a single ambient array, or a combination of single ambient arrays, but a complex holistic part of the global array.
Loss of Urate Oxidase Activity in Hominoids and its Evolutionary Implications
Authors: Masako Oda, Yoko Satta, Osamu Takenaka, Naoyuki Takahata
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

We have determined and compared the promoter, coding, and intronic sequences of the urate oxidase (Uox) gene of various primate species. Although we confirm the previous observation that the inactivation of the gene in the clade of the human and the great apes results from a single CGA to TGA nonsense mutation in exon 2, we find that the inactivation in the gibbon lineage results from an independent nonsense mutation at a different CGA codon in exon 2 or from either one-base deletion in exon 3 or one-base insertion in exon 5, contrary to the previous claim that the cause is a 13-bp deletion in exon 2. We also find that compared with other organisms, the primate functional Uox gene is exceptional in terms of usage of CGA codons which are prone to TGA nonsense mutations. Nevertheless, we demonstrate rather strong selective constraint against nonsynonymous sites of the functional Uox gene and argue that this observation is consistent with the fact that the Uox gene is unique in the genome and evolutionarily conserved not only among animals but also among eukaryotes. Another finding that there are a few substitutions in the cis-acting element or CAAT-box (or both) of primate functional Uox genes may explain the lowered transcriptional activity. We suggest that although the inactivation of the hominoid Uox gene was caused by independent nonsense or frameshift mutations, the gene has taken a two-step deterioration process, first in the promoter and second in the coding region during primate evolution. It is also argued that the high concentration of uric acid in the blood of humans and nonhuman primates has developed molecular coevolution with the xanthine oxidoreductase in purine metabolism. However, it remains to be answered whether loss of Uox activity in hominoids is related to protection from oxidative damage and the prolonged life span.
Effects of Sodium Restriction on Blood Pressure, Renin, Aldosterone, Catecholamines, Cholesterols, and Triglyceride
Authors: Niels A. Graudal, Anders M. Galløe, Peter Garred
Journal: JAMA (1998)

One of the controversies in preventive medicine is whether a general reduction in sodium intake can decrease the blood pressure of a population and thereby reduce the number of strokes and myocardial infarctions. In recent years the debate has been extended by studies indicating that reduced sodium intake has adverse effects.To estimate the effects of reduced sodium intake on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), body weight, and plasma or serum levels of renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, cholesterols, and triglyceride, and to evaluate the stability of the blood pressure effect in relation to additional trials.MEDLINE search from 1966 through December 1997 and reference lists of relevant articles.Studies randomizing persons to high-sodium and low-sodium diets were included if they evaluated at least one of the effect parameters.Two authors independently recorded data.In 58 trials of hypertensive persons, the effect of reduced sodium intake as measured by urinary sodium excretion (mean, 118 mmol/24 h) on SBP was 3.9 mm Hg (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0-4.8 mm Hg) (P<.001) and on DBP was 1.9 mm Hg (95% CI, 1.3-2.5 mm Hg) (P<.001). In 56 trials of normotensive persons, the effect of reduced sodium intake (mean, 160 mmol/24 h) on SBP was 1.2 mm Hg (95% CI, 0.6-1.8 mm Hg) (P<.001) and on DBP was 0.26 mm Hg (95% CI, -0.3-0.9 mm Hg) (P=.12). The cumulative analysis showed that this effect size has been stable since 1985. In plasma, the renin level increased 3.6-fold (P<.001), and the aldosterone level increased 3.2-fold (P<.001); the increases were proportional to the degree of sodium reduction for both renin (r=0.66; P<.001) and aldosterone (r=0.64; P<.001). Body weight decreased significantly, and noradrenaline, cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased. There was no effect on adrenaline, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.These results do not support a general recommendation to reduce sodium intake. Reduced sodium intake may be used as a supplementary treatment in hypertension. Further long-term studies of the effects of high reduction of sodium intake on blood pressure and metabolic variables may clarify the disagreements as to the role of reduced sodium intake, but ideally trials with hard end points such as morbidity and survival should end the controversy.
Radiography of the lumbar spine in primary care patients with low back pain: randomised controlled trial
Authors: D. Kendrick
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To test the hypothesis that radiography of the lumbar spine in patients with low back pain is not associated with improved clinical outcomes or satisfaction with care. <b>Design:</b> Randomised unblinded controlled trial. <b>Setting:</b> 73 general practices in Nottingham, north Nottinghamshire, southern Derbyshire, north Lincolnshire, and north Leicestershire. 52 practices recruited participants to the trial. <b>Subjects:</b> 421 patients with low back pain of a median duration of 10 weeks. <b>Intervention:</b> Radiography of the lumbar spine. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Roland adaptation of the sickness impact profile, visual analogue scale for pain, health status, EuroQol, satisfaction with care, use of primary and secondary care services, and reporting of low back pain at three and nine months after randomisation. <b>Results:</b> The intervention group were more likely to report low back pain at three months (relative risk 1.26, 95% confidence interval 1.00 to 1.60) and had a lower overall health status score and borderline higher Roland and pain scores. A higher proportion of participants consulted their doctor in the three months after radiography (1.62, 1.33 to 1.97). Satisfaction with care was greater in the group receiving radiography at nine but not three months after randomisation. Overall, 80% of participants in both groups at three and nine months would have radiography if the choice was available. An abnormal finding on radiography made no difference to the outcome, as measured by the Roland score. <b>Conclusions:</b> Radiography of the lumbar spine in primary care patients with low back pain of at least six weeks9 duration is not associated with improved patient functioning, severity of pain, or overall health status but is associated with an increase in doctor workload. Guidelines on the management of low back pain in primary care should be consistent about not recommending radiography of the lumbar spine in patients with low back pain in the absence of indicators for serious spinal disease, even if it has persisted for at least six weeks. Patients receiving radiography are more satisfied with the care they received. The challenge for primary care is to increase satisfaction without recourse to radiography.
Aerobiologic particle sampling by a new personal collector (Partrap FA52) in comparison to the Hirst (Burkard) sampler
Authors: A. Fiorina, A. Scordamaglia, M. Mincarini, L. Fregonese, G. W. Canonica
Journal: Allergy (1997)

A new personal portable sampler of biologic particles (Partrap FA52, Coppa, Biella, Italy) was used for pollen sampling in comparison with Hirst's (Burkard) fixed device. The acrobiologic samplings were carried out simultaneously outdoors with the two devices coupled on the same axis, during the daytime of 10 dry, nonconsecutive spring days. The total amount and the percentages of the pollens most often trapped by the two collectors were compared by Student's t ‐test for paired samples. The Partrap FA52 showed a highly significant efficacy, quite comparable to that of the Burkard device, in pollen trapping for both the total number ( P &lt; 0.0001) and the percentages of Parietaria ( P &lt; 0.0001), pine ( P &lt; 0.002), and grass ( P &lt; 0.0001) pollens. Therefore, Partrap FA52 proved to be highly effective in obtaining quantitative and qualitative aerobiologic samples in comparison with the commonly used fixed samplers.
Decreased sulfotransferase SULT1C2 gene expression in DPT-induced polycystic kidney
Authors: Kazunobu Sugimura, Tomoaki Tanaka, Yoshihiko Tanaka, Haruna Takano, Kenji Kanagawa, Nobuyoshi Sakamoto, Shin-Ichi Ikemoto, Hidenori Kawashima, Tatsuya Nakatani
Journal: Kidney International (2002)
Use of Perinatal and Infant Health Services by Mexican-American Medicaid Enrollees
Authors: Patricia Moore, Joseph T. Hepworth
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>Objectives.</h3> —Lack of health insurance and a regular source of medical care are barriers affecting use of health services by Mexican Americans. We studied perinatal and infant health service use by Mexican-American women and non-Hispanic white women and their infants enrolled in Arizona's Medicaid program and explored characteristics associated with use of health services. <h3>Design.</h3> —A descriptive comparative study that used data collected from office records, birth certificates, and household interviews. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Participants resided in the state's most populous county and were enrolled in the Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System, a health maintenance organization—oriented Medicaid demonstration project. <h3>Subjects.</h3> —Random sample of 308 Mexican-American mother-infant dyads and 312 non-Hispanic white mother-infant dyads. The women were enrolled before the sixth month of pregnancy and for 60 days post partum; their infants were continuously enrolled throughout their first year. <h3>Outcome Measures.</h3> —Timing and number of prenatal visits and a modified Kessner Index, postpartum visits, number and purpose of office visits during the infants' first year, and immunizations received. <h3>Results.</h3> —Mexican Americans averaged fewer prenatal visits than non-Hispanic whites (8.6 vs 10.2 visits) and were less likely to have "adequate" care (41.1% vs 52.8%). Both groups of mothers are well below the 68% of women nationally who receive adequate prenatal care. Controlling for important socioeconomic status and cultural characteristics, ethnicity had a strong independent effect on the number of prenatal visits and adequacy of prenatal care. Mexican-American infants made fewer visits (8.2 vs 9.8) and completed fewer age-appropriate immunizations than non-Hispanic whites. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Health insurance and a regular source of care are insufficient conditions for ensuring adequate use of maternal and child health services by Mexican-American Medicaid enrollees. Factors associated with their less frequent use of these preventive health services include higher numbers of children, transportation problems, and less assistance from their support system. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;272:297-304)
717 LIVER SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF A CARNITINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE 1A INSENSITIVE TO MALONYL-COA ATTENUATED HEPATIC STEATOSIS INDUCED BY METHIONINE-CHOLINE-DEFICIENT DIET
Authors: A. Mansouri, I. Cohen, C. Esnous, E. Souil, M. Akkaoui, V. Lenoir, J. Girard, C. Prip-Buus
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Subaortic obstruction after the use of an intracardiac baffle to tunnel the left ventricle to the aorta.
Authors: A P Rocchini, A Rosenthal, A R Castaneda, J F Keane, R Jeresaty
Journal: Circulation (1976)

Postoperative hemodynamic studies in five patients document subaortic obstruction after surgical repair utilizing an intracardiac baffle to establish continuity between the left ventricle and the aorta. Four of the patients had a Rastelli procedure for D-transposition of the great arteries with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis; one patient had repair of double outlet right ventricle with a ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis. The left ventricular outflow was shown to be a long narrow tunnel by angiography in four of five patients and by echocardiography in one patient. Resting aortic peak systolic pressure gradient ranged from 10 to 42 mm Hg (mean 24). The obstruction was localized to the proximal end of the left ventricule to aorta tunnel (i.e., at the site of ventricular septal defect) in five patients. One patient with a gradient of 42 mm Hg has angina and decreased exercise tolerance. Subaortic obstruction is a newly described sequelae after the Rastelli procedure for transposition or repair of double outlet right ventricle. The obstruction may be hemodynamically significant and should be searched for at postoperative cardiac catheterization.
Genome-wide analysis shows that Ldb1 controls essential hematopoietic genes/pathways in mouse early development and reveals novel players in hematopoiesis
Authors: Athina Mylona, Charlotte Andrieu-Soler, Supat Thongjuea, Andrea Martella, Eric Soler, Ruud Jorna, Jun Hou, Christel Kockx, Wilfred van Ijcken, Boris Lenhard, Frank Grosveld
Journal: Blood (2013)
Role of Temperature in the Production of the L.E. (Lupus Erythematosus) Cell Phenomenon
Authors: G. Bencze, L. Lakatos, K. Hansagi
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1963)

In previous experiments dealing with the two types of L.E. plasma factor we found that the transferable (stable) type did not become inactivated, even when heated at 650 C. for 60 min.In plasma transfer experiments carried out on dogs we suc- ceeded in producing L.E. cells by means of a stable type of plasma factor kept at 560 C. for 60 min., whereas the non-transferable (labile) type of plasma
PWE-080 Prevalence of Faecal Incontinence in Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: J Duncan, G Sebepos-Rogers, O Poole-Wilson, C To, J B Canavan, M Ward, V Kariyawasam, R Goel, K Patel, A Stanton, M Sastrillo, S Anderson, K Taylor, J Sanderson, P Irving
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The prevalence of faecal incontinence (FI) in people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not been fully explored. FI is not only associated with social stigma but also with decreased quality of life. In the general population prevalence is estimated at between 1–10%. Awareness of the prevalence of FI in IBD is important to aid management strategies and resource allocation. <h3>Methods Aim:</h3> To investigate the prevalence of FI in adults with IBD in a tertiary care setting. <b>Methods:</b> We performed a cross sectional questionnaire survey of 380 adults attending IBD outpatients at Guy’s &amp; St.Thomas’ Hospitals. Patient surveys were: the validated International Consultation on Incontinence – Bowels (ICIQ-B) questionnaire, detailing frequency and severity of bowel pattern, control and quality of life; and the non-validated Bowel Leakage questionnaire, detailing any prior interventions by health care professionals. Demographics of age, gender, diagnosis, Montreal classification, St Mark’s Continence Score and disease activity were also recorded. Data was entered into a database and analysed using a SPSS statistical package. <h3>Results</h3> Median age was 38 years (IQR 31–50) and 180/380 (47%) were female. The mean duration of IBD diagnosis was 8.7 years (3.4–15.1). 151/380 (40%) had UC vs 229/380 (60%) CD. Overall, 255/380 (67%) reported FI as defined by any episode of uncontrolled bowel opening in the preceding three months, while 343/380 (90%) reported anal incontinence of flatus or faeces. Incontinence was strongly associated with disease activity, occurring during disease flares in 57% of people. However, 37% experienced incontinence both during relapse and remission, whilst only 5% experienced incontinence uniquely when in remission. The ICIQ-B control score was associated with current disease activity in CD (r = 0.29, p &lt; 0.0001) but not in UC. There was no significant difference in FI prevalence between patients with Crohn’s Disease (CD) or Ulcerative Colitis (UC), (66% vs 68%, p = 0.74). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Faecal incontinence in IBD increases in proportion to disease activity. Given the availability of specialist FI interventions and support, we recommend that sensitive questioning regarding FI should be part of routine disease surveillance in the outpatient setting to cater for this unmet need. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Blood Clotting and Platelet Aggregation during Oral Progestogen Contraception: A Follow-up Study
Authors: L. Poller, J. M. Thomson, W. Thomas, C. Wray
Journal: BMJ (1971)

A two-year follow-up study of progestogen-only contraception with chlormadinone acetate indicates no increase of the level of factors VII and X, as found after three cycles with all oestrogen-progestogen oral contraceptives. Clotting factors which were raised with combined preparations became normal after the sixth monthly cycle of progestogen and remained normal during the two-year period of study.From 12 months onwards significant changes in the thromboelastograph pattern were recorded, but not to the same extent as with combined preparations. At two years platelet aggregation was significantly accelerated with chlormadinone acetate but was not as rapid as with combined preparations.