tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Flow-Activated Chloride-Selective Membrane Current in Vascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: A. I. Barakat, E. V. Leaver, P. A. Pappone, P. F. Davies
Journal: Circulation Research (1999)

Abstract —Shear stress–induced activation of endothelial ion channels, one of the earliest responses to flow, is implicated in mechano–signal transduction that results in the regulation of vascular tone. The effects of laminar flow on endothelial membrane potential were studied in vitro using both fluorescent potentiometric dye measurements and whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The application of flow stimulated membrane hyperpolarization, which was reversed to depolarization within 35 to 160 seconds. The depolarization was caused by a Cl − -selective membrane current activated by flow independently of the K + channel-mediated hyperpolarization. Thus, flow activated both K + and Cl − currents, with the net membrane potential being determined by the balance of the responses. Membrane potential sensitivity to flow was unchanged by flow preconditioning that elongated and aligned the cells.
Robert Anderson, M.D., and His<i>Life of Samuel Johnson</i>
Authors: Lawrence C. McHenry
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

SINCE September 18, 1959, is the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the birth of Samuel Johnson, who "had studied medicine diligently in all its branches,"1 it seems appropriate to commemorate this event by pointing out one of the early biographies of Johnson, written by Robert Anderson, M.D., who was the first in a succession of physicians to add to the Johnsonian literature.Robert Anderson was born on January 7, 1750, in Carnwath, Lanarkshire, Scotland. His father, William, a feuar (a type of tenant farmer), unfortunately died when Robert was ten, leaving his widow with four sons to educate. Robert . . .
Systemic corticosteroids are important in the treatment of Fournier's gangrene: a case report
Authors: E.S. SCHULTZ, T.L. DIEPGEN, P. DRIESCH, O.P. HORNSTEIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1995)

Fournier's gangrene represents an acute severe necrotizing inflammatory process affecting the scrotum and penis. It has an associated mortality of 30-50%. In most cases, aetiological factors can be identified, such as diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism and perianal, perirectal or periurethral infection. The disease is characterized by a polybacterial infection, and the classic treatment includes surgical removal of the necrotic tissue and the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. We report a case of Fournier's gangrene, histologically characterized by a necrotizing vasculitis, in which surgical resection of the necrotic tissue and antibiotic treatment failed to halt progression of the disease, whereas complete remission was achieved by high-dose corticosteroid therapy. This suggests that Fournier's gangrene is related to some form of localized vasculitis, and represents a local Shwartzman phenomenon.
Setting up a drip.
Authors: B Bannister, C W Havard
Journal: BMJ (1980)

IndicationsThe many indications for setting up a drip fall into three main groups.(1) To introduce or replace fluids into the circulation-for example, blood, blood fractions, colloids, or electrolyte solutions.(2) To provide a route for administering parenteral medication or nutrition, usually in intensive care.(3) To permit monitoring of central venous pressures: in this case a long flexible catheter is used to reach along the peripheral vein into the vena cava.Precautions Hickman catheter * / -I/ 11 .C Catheter tip in superior vena cava venepuncture I.No absolute contraindications exist, but particular care is neccessary under some circumstances.(1) If heart failure is present or incipient an extra circulating fluid load may result in severe pulmonary oedema.If a blood transfusion or intravenous infusion is essential this problem may be alleviated by giving diuretics simultaneously.(2) In renal failure it is important that the fluid and electrolyte loads, as well as the amount of drugs given, do not exceed the excretory capabilities of the kidneys.(3) If small veins with inadequate blood flow are cannulated toxic or irritant substances may pool at the infusion site, causing inflammation or necrosis.
Tc-99m DMSA Imaging of Crossed Fused Renal Ectopia
Authors: KIMBERLY APPLEGATE, LEONARD CONNOLLY, S TED TREVES
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Renal imaging was performed to evaluate a 12-year-old girl with newly diagnosed Turner's syndrome for the presence of associated renal anomalies. Planar, pinhole, and SPECT Tc-99m DMSA images, as well as an ultrasonogram, revealed the presence of a right crossed fused renal ectopia that was elongated and extended across the spine into the left lower abdomen.
Regulation of collagen production in freshly isolated cell populations from normal and cirrhotic rat liver: Effect of lactate
Authors: Jorge Cerbón-Ambriz, Jorge Cerbón-Solórzano, Marcos Rojkind
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

Previous work has shown that lactic acid, and to a lesser extent pyruvic acid, is able to increase collagen synthesis significantly in liver slices of CCl4-treated rats but not normal rats. The purpose of this report is to document which cells in the cirrhotic liver are responsible for the lactate-stimulated increase in collagen synthesis. It was found that (a) incorporation of 3H-proline into protein-bound 3H-hydroxyproline is increased threefold to fourfold in hepatocytes from CCl4-treated rats as compared with normal rat hepatocytes; (b) neither the hepatocytes from normal nor those from CCl4-treated rats modify their collagen synthesizing capacity when 30 mmol/L lactic acid was added to the incubation medium; (c) nonparenchymal cells obtained from livers of CCl4-treated rats synthesize much less collagen than hepatocytes, but their synthesis is stimulated twofold by lactic acid; (d) from the different nonparenchymal cells, only fat-storing (Ito) cells increase collagen synthesis when lactic acid is present in the incubation medium. These results suggest that the increased lactic acid levels observed in patients with alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis may play an important role in the development of fibrosis by stimulating collagen production by fat-storing (Ito) cells.
Longer term management of self harm: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: T. Kendall, C. Taylor, H. Bhatti, M. Chan, N. Kapur
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Self harm is common but its prevalence may be underestimated because many studies rely on self report. In a study of 17 countries an average of 2.7% of adults reported self harm.1 A survey in the United Kingdom of 15-16 year olds estimated that more than 10% of girls and 3% of boys had self harmed in the previous year.2 Self harm and psychiatric disorder are strongly associated.3 4 Importantly, once a person has self harmed, the likelihood that he or she will die by suicide increases 50 to 100 times,5 6 with 1 in 15 dying by suicide within nine years of the index episode.7 The UK suicide rate is 17.5 for males and 5.2 for females per 100 000 population,8 which is nearly 10 times the homicide rate. Understanding and helping people who self harm is therefore likely to be an important part of an effective suicide prevention strategy. This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the longer term management of self harm.9 This guideline is intended to complement the earlier NICE guideline on the short term management of self harm (treatment within the first 48 hours after an episode of self harm).10 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group's experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. ### General principles of care
Mechanical methods of reducing blood transfusion in cardiac surgery: randomised controlled trial
Authors: N. McGill
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To assess the effectiveness of two mechanical methods of blood conservation in reducing the need for allogeneic red blood cells or coagulation products during cardiac surgery. <b>Design:</b> Randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting:</b> Regional cardiac centre in a teaching hospital in Southampton. <b>Participants:</b> 263 adults aged 18-80 years undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery entered the study, of whom 252 completed the trial. All patients received routine perioperative care. Patients were allocated to one of three treatment groups: intraoperative cell salvage, intraoperative cell salvage with acute perioperative normovolaemic haemodilution, or no mechanical blood conservation. There were 84 patients in each group. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Numbers of patients who received allogeneic blood or coagulation products, and the mean number of units of blood transfused per patient. <b>Results:</b> Of the patients in the intraoperative cell salvage group, 26 were given a transfusion of allogeneic blood, compared with 43 in the control group (odds ratio 0.43 (95% confidence interval 0.23 to 0.80)). The mean number of units of allogeneic blood transfused per patient in the intraoperative cell salvage group was 0.68 units (SD=1.55), compared with 1.07 (1.56) units in the control group. 32 of the patients in the intraoperative cell salvage group were given any blood product, compared with 47 in the control group (odds ratio 0.47 (0.25 to 0.89); P=0.019). Combining acute perioperative normovolaemic haemodilution with intraoperative cell salvage conferred no additional benefits. <b>Conclusions:</b> An intraoperative cell salvage device should be used in elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Pharmacological strategies may achieve further reductions in blood transfusions. Yet further reductions in blood transfusions could be achieved if the lower safe limit of haemoglobin concentration in patients undergoing cardiac surgery were known.
Enhancing the Riboflavin Content of Mare's Milk
Authors: Arthur D. Holmes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

ALTHOUGH cow's milk is generally considered one of the best natural sources of riboflavin, Holmes and his co-workers,1 in a study of the vitamin content of mare's milk, found that draft (Percheron) mares produced milk containing extremely little riboflavin. The riboflavin levels varied from 0.05 to 0.20 mg. per liter of milk, with averages of 0.09, 0.11, and 0.13 mg. for the three mares used in the study. These values were less than one tenth those found for milk produced by cows that grazed in the same pastures and were fed hay grown in the same or adjacent fields to . . .
Tumorigenic conversion of p53-deficient colon epithelial cells by an activated Ki-ras gene.
Authors: C Sevignani, P Wlodarski, J Kirillova, W E Mercer, K G Danielson, R V Iozzo, B Calabretta
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Distinct genetic abnormalities (loss-of-function mutations of APC and p53 and oncogenic activation of Ki-ras) are associated with specific stages of the sporadic, most common types of colorectal tumors. However, the inability to maintain primary colon epithelial cells in culture has hindered the analysis of the pathogenetic role of these abnormalities in colorectal tumorigenesis. We have now established primary cultures of epithelial cells from the colon crypts of p53-deficient mice; these cells are nontumorigenic as indicated by their failure to form colonies in soft agar and to grow as tumors in immunodeficient SCID mice and in immunocompetent syngeneic hosts. Upon ectopic expression of an activated Ki-ras gene, p53-deficient colon epithelial cells form colonies in soft agar and highly invasive subcutaneous tumors in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice. Ectopic expression of wild-type p53, but not of a DNA-binding-deficient mutant, markedly suppressed the colony-forming ability of the Ki-ras-transformed p53-deficient epithelial cells. Together, these findings establish a functional synergism in colorectal tumorigenesis dependent on the effects of an oncogenic Ki-ras in a p53-deficient background. This model of tumorigenic conversion of colon epithelial cells might be useful to identify genetic changes associated with disease progression and to evaluate the therapeutic response to conventional and novel anticancer drugs.
Effect of Nucleosides on Acute Left Ventricular Failure in the Isolated Dog Heart
Authors: N. M. BUCKLEY, K. K. TSUBOI, N. J. ZEIG
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

The effect of nucleosides on acute left ventricular failure was studied in 15 isolated dog hearts. The unilateral failure was produced by exposure of the isolated left ventricle to elevated aortic pressure. Parameters of left ventricular function used to evaluate the control, failure and nucleoside periods included ventricular stroke work and output, contractility and distensibility. Adenosine and cytidine were found to be negative inotropic substances. Guanosine, inosine, thymidine and uridine were found to he positive inotropic substances, restoring the control level of ventricular function.
Plasmin Activates the Lymphangiogenic Growth Factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D
Authors: Bradley K. McColl, Megan E. Baldwin, Sally Roufail, Craig Freeman, Robert L. Moritz, Richard J. Simpson, Kari Alitalo, Steven A. Stacker, Marc G. Achen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C and VEGF-D stimulate lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis in tissues and tumors by activating the endothelial cell surface receptor tyrosine kinases VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 2 and VEGFR-3. These growth factors are secreted as full-length inactive forms consisting of NH2- and COOH-terminal propeptides and a central VEGF homology domain (VHD) containing receptor binding sites. Proteolytic cleavage removes the propeptides to generate mature forms, consisting of dimers of the VEGF homology domain, that bind receptors with much greater affinity than the full-length forms. Therefore, proteolytic processing activates VEGF-C and VEGF-D, although the proteases involved were unknown. Here, we report that the serine protease plasmin cleaved both propeptides from the VEGF homology domain of human VEGF-D and thereby generated a mature form exhibiting greatly enhanced binding and cross-linking of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 in comparison to full-length material. Plasmin also activated VEGF-C. As lymphangiogenic growth factors promote the metastatic spread of cancer via the lymphatics, the proteolytic activation of these molecules represents a potential target for antimetastatic agents. Identification of an enzyme that activates the lymphangiogenic growth factors will facilitate development of inhibitors of metastasis.
Pregnancy tests over the counter
Authors: W. Calvert
Journal: BMJ (1969)

cancer discovered by miniature mass radio- graphy.Of course, mass radiography has widened its scope since its introduction in the early1940s.It has become a service, a tool for presymptomatic diagnosis.X-ray depart- ments in hospitals are neither meant nor equipped to do this.To destroy such a service without even taking regional differences and problems into consideration is a retrograde step.-Iam, etc.,
Hepatitis B virus replication in primary macaque hepatocytes: Crossing the species barrier toward a new small primate model
Authors: Julie Lucifora, Isabelle E. Vincent, Pascale Berthillon, Tatiana Dupinay, Maud Michelet, Ulrike Protzer, Fabien Zoulim, David Durantel, Christian Trepo, Isabelle Chemin
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

The development of new anti–hepatitis B virus (HBV) therapies, especially immunotherapeutic approaches, has been limited by the lack of a primate model more accessible than chimpanzees. We have previously demonstrated that sylvanus and cynomolgus macaques are susceptible to in vivo HBV infection after intrahepatic HBV DNA inoculation. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of primary macaque hepatocytes (PMHs) to HBV infection with a highly efficient HBV genome–mediated transfer system via a recombinant baculovirus (Bac-HBV). Freshly prepared PMHs, isolated from macaque liver tissue by collagenase perfusion, were transduced with Bac-HBV, and intermediates of replication were followed for 9 days post-transduction. Evidence of HBV replication (hepatitis B surface antigen secretion, viral DNA, RNA, and covalently closed circular DNA) was detected from day 1 to day 9 post-transduction. HBV markers were dose-dependent and still detectable at a multiplicity of infection of 10. Importantly, transduced PMHs secreted all typical forms of HBV particles, as evidenced by a cesium chloride gradient as well as transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) ligand was used to stimulate freshly prepared macaque peripheral blood mononuclear cells to generate TLR9-induced cytokines. We then demonstrated the antiviral effects of both TLR9-induced cytokines and nucleoside analogue (lamivudine) on HBV replication in transduced PMHs. Conclusion: Baculovirus-mediated genome transfer initiated a full HBV replication cycle in PMHs; thus highlighted both the baculovirus efficiency in crossing the species barrier and macaque susceptibility to HBV infection. Moreover, our results demonstrate the relevance of thus system for antiviral compound evaluations with either nucleoside analogues or inhibitory cytokines. Cynomolgus macaques are readily available, are immunologically closely related to humans, and may therefore represent a promising model for the development of new immunotherapeutic strategies. (Hepatology 2010)
A Comparison of Acute Reversible Pre- and Postsinusoidal Portal Hypertension on Salt and Water Retention in the Dog
Authors: Vernon Campbell, Paul D. Greig, Jeff Cranford, Bernard Langer, Melvin Silverman, Laurence M. Blendis
Journal: Hepatology (1982)

To define the relationship between portal hypertension and renal excretion of salt and water, two acute animal models of portal hypertension were investigated. In both models, it was necessary for systemic and renal hemodynamics to remain unchanged during the creation of portal hypertension so as to eliminate the effects of change in these parameters on renal excretion. In eight dogs, portal hypertension was induced by controlled tightening of a ligature around the superior hepatic vein and changes in hemodynamics were prevented by controlled i.v. titration with canine plasma. Rises in portal pressure 9.3 ± 2.6 to 15.6 ± 2.3 cm H 2 O were associated with significant decreases in urine volume 1.57 ± 0.53 to 0.66 ± 0.21 ml per min (p &lt; 0.05) and urinary sodium excretion [340 ± 82 to 145 ±75 mEq per min (p &lt; 0.05)]. In contrast, similar experiments in five dogs in which the portal vein was partially ligated with increases in portal pressure from 8.3 ± 0.6 to 18.6 ± 0.5 cm H 2 O resulted in no change in urinary volume or sodium excretion. Acute reversible portal hypertension induced by hepatic vein constriction is associated with acute reversible retention of water and salt in the absence of changes in renal blood flow and creatinine clearance which only occur when the liver is involved and not with portal vein constriction.
Autoimmune pancreatitis in MRL/Mp mice is a T cell-mediated disease responsive to cyclosporine A and rapamycin treatment
Authors: Theresa Schwaiger, Cindy van den Brandt, Brit Fitzner, Sarah Zaatreh, Franziska Kraatz, Annegret Dummer, Horst Nizze, Matthias Evert, Barbara M Bröker, Monika C Brunner-Weinzierl, Thomas Wartmann, Tareq Salem, Markus M Lerch, Robert Jaster, Julia Mayerle
Journal: Gut (2013)

Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) in humans invariably responds to steroid treatment, but little is known about the underlying pathogenesis and the benefits of alternative treatments.To study the pathogenesis, and the efficacy of alternative immunosuppressant agents in the MRL/Mp mouse model of AIP.MRL/Mp mice were pretreated for 4 weeks with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid to induce AIP. Pancreatic sections of mice genetically deleted for CTLA-4 were analysed. Blockage of CTLA-4 was achieved by intraperitoneal antibody treatment with 2 μg/g anti-mouse-CD152. Subsequent therapeutic studies were performed for a period of 4 weeks using cyclosporine A (40 μg/g), rapamycin (1 μg/g) or azathioprine (15 μg/g).Blockage of CTLA-4 in MRL/Mp mice suppressed regulatory T cell (Treg) function and raised the effector T cell (Teff) response with subsequent histomorphological organ destruction, indicating that AIP is a T cell-driven disease. Using an established histopathological score, we found that dexamethasone, cyclosporine A and rapamycin, but less so azathioprine, reduced pancreatic damage. However, the beneficial effects of cyclosporine A and rapamycin were achieved via different mechanisms: cyclosporine A inhibited Teff activation and proliferation whereas rapamycin led to selective expansion of Tregs which subsequently suppressed the Teff response.The calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, rapamycin, improve the course of AIP in MRL/Mp mice via different mechanisms. These findings further support the concept of autoreactive T cells as key players in the pathogenesis of AIP and suggest that cyclosporine A and rapamycin should be considered for treatment of AIP in humans.
CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE OFFERS ADDITIVE VALUE TO CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY FOR PREDICTION OF MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIOVASCULAR EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Kongkiat Chaikriangkrai, Pradnya Velankar, Sama Alchalabi, Su Min Chang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Hyperventilation and Sphygmomanometry
Authors: J. Belogorsky
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In response to the letter of Dr. Harry F. Klinefelter, entitled "Hyperventilation and Sphygmomanometry" (226:81, 1973), I wish to say that in my practice I had a very similar experience of hyperventilation and blood pressure changes. Dr. L. G. Tirala, Professor Emeritus of Internal Medicine in Wiesbaden, Germany, devoted his life's work to this topic, and wrote more than 40 articles on the subject. These culminated his research in a book entitled<i>Heilatmung bei Blutdruck, Herz, und Kreislaufkrankheiten</i>(Frankfurtam-Main, Germany, Umschau Verlag, [<i>Therapeutic Breathing in Hypertensive, Cardiac and Circulatory Diseases</i>]). Also, an article was published in the<i>Medical Tribune</i>(Oct 5, 1966) by Dr. Shamrao Deshmukh, referring to the respiration and blood pressure response.