tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SP0123 Imaging in diagnosis and management
Authors: M.-A. D’Agostino
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

The optimal management of chronic inflammatory arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA) requires tools that allow early and accurate disease diagnosis, prediction of poor prognosis and responsive monitoring of therapeutic outcomes. Conventional radiography has been widely used in both clinical and research settings to assess RA and SpA joint damage, for both diagnosis and prognosis, due to its feasibility. However it has limitations in early disease detection and difficulty distinguishing between active treatments in therapeutic trials. The new imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound have the advantage of detecting both joint inflammation and damage and of providing additional and unique information. This can be especially useful in the context of early and/or undifferentiated joint disease when detection of soft tissue and bone marrow abnormalities is desirable. Because they can detect early disease, both ultrasound and MRI will become increasingly important in the diagnosis and management of RA and SpA. Treatment interventions targeting bone marrow edema and synovitis observed on MRI or synovitis and erosions observed on ultrasound may have a disease-modifying effect as these lesions are potentially reversible and have been shown to be associated with structural progression. Actual research is focused on the prognostic significance of those imaging lesions in large cohorts and whether adding MRI or ultrasound to routine care improves clinical and radiographic outcome in patients with inflammatory arthritis. The objective of the lecture is to provide clinicians with an insight into the role of modernimaging for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of chronic inflammatory arthritis. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
NEURALGIA OF THE BLADDER.
Authors: G. FRANK LYDSTON
Journal: JAMA (1902)

In the light of the newer pathology of diseases of the genito-urinary apparatus, involving, as it does, mainly infection of the urinary way, the neuropathic element in vesical disease is quite likely to be forgotten. It is, however, a very important point for consideration, because of, 1, the relative importance of pain,<i>per se</i>, in diseases of the bladder; 2, the fact that in very many instances no lesions are discoverable which explain the pain; or, at least, such lesions as are found appear too trivial to explain the severity of the pain which the patient experiences; 3, the tendency to too radical treatment in the endeavor to relieve pain by compelling a cure of lesions which are so slight that topical applications are likely to do harm rather than good. Picard<sup>1</sup>has divided cystalgia into the following classes: Cystalgia, with lesions of the urinary apparatus, i. e., lesions
Atrial natriuretic factor in cirrhosis with ascites: Plasma levels, cardiac release and splanchnic extraction
Authors: Pere Ginès, Wladimiro Jiménez, Vicente Arroyo, Miquel Navasa, Clara López, Llúcia Titó, Antoni Serra, Jaime Bosch, Ginès Sanz, Francisca Rivera, Joan Rodés
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

The aim of this study was to determine the plasma levels, cardiac release and splanchnic extraction of atrial natriuretic factor in cirrhosis with ascites. The plasma concentration of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor in samples obtained from an antecubital vein was measured in 18 healthy volunteers and in 35 cirrhotics with ascites. In 11 of these cirrhotics and in 11 patients admitted to the hospital for the study of a thoracic pain who had no clinical or hemodynamic signs of cardiac failure (control group), the plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor in samples from the coronary sinus, right atrium, pulmonary artery, hepatic vein and femoral vein were determined and the coronary sinus blood flow measured by thermodilution. Cirrhotic patients showed significantly higher plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor in each vascular territory studied than did control subjects (coronary sinus: 101.2 ± 10.6 vs. 26.1 ± 4.7 fmoles per ml; right atrium: 32.5 ± 5.8 vs. 9.4 ± 3.5; pulmonary artery: 36.8 ± 10.1 vs. 7.5 ± 2.4; hepatic vein: 10.7 ± 2.0 vs. 2.7 ± 0.8; femoral vein: 18.2 ± 2.4 vs. 3.1 ± 0.9; antecubital vein: 14.7 ± 1.6 vs. 4.0 ± 0.8). The coronary sinus blood flow was also higher in cirrhotics (200 + 22 ml per min) than in controls (105 ± 7 ml per min). Consequently, the estimated cardiac release and cardiac production of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor were strikingly increased in cirrhotics (13,334 ± 2,007 and 5,484 ± 1,734 fmoles per min, respectively) as compared to control subjects (1,669 ± 338 and 1,431 ± 350 fmoles per min, respectively; p &lt; 0.01). The splanchnic extraction of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor was similar in both groups. These results indicate that the plasma levels of immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor are increased in patients with cirrhosis and ascites, and that this is due to an increased release and not to an impaired splanchnic degradation of the peptide.
Rapidly Progressive Aortic Insufficiency in Reiter's Syndrome
Authors: HUMBERTO MACHADO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1974)

Letters1 July 1974Rapidly Progressive Aortic Insufficiency in Reiter's SyndromeHUMBERTO MACHADO, M.D., BENJAMIN BEFELER, M.D., AZORIDES R. MORALES, M.D., ABELARDO VARGAS, M.D.HUMBERTO MACHADO, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, BENJAMIN BEFELER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, AZORIDES R. MORALES, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ABELARDO VARGAS, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-81-1-121_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Aortic valvulitis (1) in Reiter's syndrome is slowly progressive, occurring years after the onset of articular symptoms.We describe a patient who developed aortic regurgitation, 17 months after the onset of Reiter's symptoms, necessitating aortic prosthesis.A 23-year-old black man developed typical Reiter's syndrome in January of 1971. In January of 1972 he developed dyspnea and fatigability. In June 1972 a diastolic, decrescendo murmur was noted. Five months later the symptoms increased to severe dyspnea.On admission to the Veterans Administration Hospital, Miami, Florida, he was chronically ill, in respiratory distress, and had a blood pressure of...References1. CSONKALITCHFIELDOATES GJJ: Cardiac lesions in Reiter's disease. Br Med J 1:243-247, 1961 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. JETTONDUNCAN RW: Treatment of Reiter's syndrome with methotrexate. Ann Intern Med 70:349-351, 1969 LinkGoogle Scholar3. ZVAIFLERWEINTRAUB NA: Aortitis and aortic insufficiency in the chronic rheumatic disorders—a reappraisal. Arthritis Rheum 6:241-245, 1963 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. PAULASPEARSONPITTS HCW: Aortic insufficiency in five patients with Reiter's syndrome. A detailed clinical and pathological study. Am J Med 53:464-472, 1972 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Cardiology Section Veterans Administration Hospital and The Departments of Medicine, Surgery and Pathology University of Miami School of Medicine Miami, Florida PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByInflammation Injury and Selected Disease Processes Causing Aortic Root and Aortic Valvular InflammationSpondyloarthritidesAortite thoraco-abdominale au cours d’une spondylarthrite ankylosante : un nouveau cas et revue de la littératureAortitis and Spondyloarthritis—An Unusual Presentation: Case Report and Review of the LiteratureConnective Tissue Diseases and the HeartConjunctivo-urethro-synoviales Syndrom (Reiter-Syndrom) 1 July 1974Volume 81, Issue 1Page: 121-122KeywordsBlood pressureDyspneaReactive arthritis Issue Published: 1 July 1974 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials
Authors: Beverly Renford
Journal: JAMA (1993)

The<i>Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials (OJCCT)</i>is a joint venture of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). As its title indicates, the journal is published in electronic format with access available through CompuServe or OCLC Net.<i>OJCCT</i>is also available via INTERNET, but certain features of the software are not currently supported, such as hypertext connections to abstracts and certain types of graphic displays. For optimal results, the recommended configuration is a 386 or higher microcomputer with 4 MB memory; VGA or SVGA graphics monitor; 9600-bps modem; a laser printer with high-quality graphics capability and 1.5 MB memory; a mouse; and Microsoft Windows, version 3.1. Currently, only a DOS version is available. Software installation is straightforward, and the documentation is clear and easy to understand. The articles selected for inclusion in<i>OJCCT</i>are peer reviewed and appear within
Metronidazole Chemotherapy for Trichomonas Vaginalis Infections
Authors: Paulita Sikat, John Heemstra, Brooks Ranney
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Before 1961 the authors used many different methods of treating<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>infections. Despite this search for adequate therapy, long-term results remained poor. However, simultaneous systemic chemotherapy of both husband and wife, using the recently developed trichomonacidal drug metronidazole, has produced excellent results. The patients in this study have been checked periodically from 1 to 18 months after treatment. Careful evaluation of blood and urine, liver function tests, and physical examination have not revealed any evidence of toxicity.
Structural-functional relationships in diabetic nephropathy.
Authors: S M Mauer, M W Steffes, E N Ellis, D E Sutherland, D M Brown, F C Goetz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Renal biopsies in 45 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were examined by semiquantitative light microscopy and quantitative electron microscopic stereologic morphometry. In these 14 males and 31 females, aged 13-52 yr, who had had IDDM for 2.5-29 yr there was no strong relationship between either glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness or mesangial expansion and duration of IDDM. There was only a weak relationship between the thickness of the GBM and expansion of the mesangium. Thus, GBM thickening and mesangial expansion in IDDM occur at rates that often differ from one another and that vary greatly among patients. The clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy, albuminuria, hypertension, and decreased glomerular filtration rate related poorly or not at all to GBM thickening. In contrast, all light and electron microscopic measures of mesangial expansion were strongly related to the clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy, although in the absence of these clinical findings, it was not possible to predict the severity of any of the diabetic glomerular lesions. Mesangial expansion had strong inverse correlations with capillary filtering surface area density. It is hypothesized that mesangial expansion could lead to glomerular functional deterioration in IDDM by restricting the glomerular capillary vasculature and its filtering surface. However, capillary closure, glomerular sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis could also contribute to the clinical manifestations of this disorder.
Abnormal Lymphocyte Capping in a Patient with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease
Authors: Erwin W. Gelfand, Janet M. Oliver, Ruud K. Schuurman, David S. Matheson, Hans-Michael Dosch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Despite the presence of normal numbers and distribution of T and B lymphocutes and normal levels of serum immunoglobulins, a five-month-old infant failed to show any evidence of T-cell or B-cell immunity. In trying to identify a specific membrane abnormality as a potential cause of the immunologic dysfunction, we examined the lateral mobility of the cell-surface receptor for concanavalin A. In contrast to normal cells, in which the receptor is distributed uniformly over the cell surface, the patient's lymphocytes showed an unusually high accumulation of concanavalin A receptors in surface caps. This capping abnormality appeared in both T and B lymphocytes and was exaggerated by colchicine, an inhibitor of microtubule assembly. These findings support the theory that plasma-membrane-cytoskeleton interactions have a role in the expression of specific immunity; the findings also identify new areas that should be considered in trying to understand the primary immunodeficiency diseases.
Drug Control and the British Health Service
Authors: DERRICK M. DUNLOP
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

The British National Health Service of 1948 was a social advance of great magnitude, bringing medical care to those who could least afford it. Nevertheless, the elimination of the financial barrier between the physician and patient has not solved all problems. It has encouraged over-prescribing and has vastly increased the national drug bill. Fifteen percent of the prescriptions are for psychotrophic medicines. Great quantities of prescribed drugs are not consumed and are left in domestic medicine cupboards, which may be a factor in the recent epidemic of self-poisoning. Britain is certainly not exceptional, however, in the consumption of drugs in comparison with other countries in the Western World. The work of the British Safety of Drugs Committee during the last 5 years is described, and the provisions of the new Medicines Act are outlined. More thorough undergraduate and postgraduate instruction in therapeutics and applied pharmacology is urged.
Adrenomedullin is a regulated modulator of neonatal cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro
Authors: Dominic J Autelitano, Rebecca Ridings, Fai Tang
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: Adrenomedullin is a potent hypotensive, natriuretic and diuretic peptide that is coexpressed in the heart with its receptor, suggesting that it may have localized actions as a modulator of cardiac function. Although expression of adrenomedullin is upregulated in the pathological heart, its cardiac function has not been clearly elucidated and it is not known whether this represents a common feature of cardiac hypertrophy, nor whether this is restricted to cardiac myocytes. We have determined the direct effects of hypertrophic agents on cardiomyocyte adrenomedullin gene expression and peptide secretion and have examined the effects of adrenomedullin on biochemical markers of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Methods: Regulation of adrenomedullin expression and its effects on the hypertrophic response were studied in cultured rat neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes. Results: Incubation with phenylephrine or endothelin for 48 h led to a hypertrophic response with an associated fivefold stimulation of ANP gene expression. In contrast, adrenomedullin mRNA was inhibited by 30–50% in response to phenylephrine or endothelin-mediated hypertrophy, and this was associated with a 35–45% reduction in secretion of immunoreactive adrenomedullin. Phorbol ester mediated activation of protein kinase C and increasing intracellular Ca2+ with ionomycin led to significant downregulation of adrenomedullin gene expression in cardiomyocytes. Co-incubation with 100 nM adrenomedullin for 48 h inhibited phenylephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy as determined by protein:DNA ratio. Adrenomedullin partially blocked phenylephrine-mediated transcriptional activation of ANP and MLC-2 reporter gene expression in cardiomyocytes and this effect was mimicked by 2 μM forskolin, suggesting that this response was mediated via the activation of adenylate cyclase. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that the cardiomyocyte adrenomedullin gene is repressed by phenylephrine or endothelin-mediated hypertrophy. The inhibitory effects of adrenomedullin on the cardiomyocyte hypertrophic response suggests that this peptide acts as a regulated autocrine or paracrine modulator of cardiomyocyte function and that downregulation of adrenomedullin expression may play a role in induction and maintenance of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
Brain endothelial cell infection in children with acute fatal measles.
Authors: L M Esolen, K Takahashi, R T Johnson, A Vaisberg, T R Moench, S L Wesselingh, D E Griffin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Neurologic diseases are important complications of measles. The role of virus infection of the central nervous system as well as the route of virus entry has been unclear. Five autopsied cases of individuals who died with severe acute measles 3-10 d after the onset of the rash were studied for evidence of viral involvement of the central nervous system. In all cases, in situ hybridization and RT-PCR in situ hybridization techniques showed endothelial cell infection. Immunoperoxidase staining with an anti-ferritin antibody revealed a reactive microgliosis. These data suggest that endothelial cells in the brain are frequently infected during acute fatal measles. This site of infection may provide a portal of entry for virus in individuals who subsequently develop subacute sclerosing panencephalitis or measles inclusion body encephalitis and a target for immunologic reactions in post-measles encephalomyelitis.
Can I choose the cause of my death?
Authors: A Indrayan
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Death is an ultimate truth. It can only be postponed, not denied. Since the sum total of the probabilities of death by various causes is one, they end up competing with one another. If I do not die from tuberculosis I may die from cancer. This raises the question of whether medical science should focus on some specific causes of death at the expense of the others.

If deaths cannot be prevented altogether are there any causes more desirable than others? In a survey in Japan old people expressed a preference for heart disease as the cause of death rather than dementia, cancer, or stroke. Most would agree that sudden death is far more welcome than a slow, incapacitating, and painful death. It would be nice to see a day when everybody would die suddenly in old age …
Controlled Trial of Dipyridamole in Cerebral Vascular Disease
Authors: J. Acheson, G. Danta, E. C. Hutchinson
Journal: BMJ (1969)

A controlled double-blind study of the effect of dipyridamole was performed in 169 patients with established cerebral vascular disease. A dose of 400 mg. was used initially, given daily for an average of 14 months; the dose was then increased to 800 mg. daily for a further average period of 11 months. When the incidence of cerebral ischaemic episodes during treatment was compared in the drug-treated and placebo-treated groups no significant difference was found.
Academics draft protocol for handling research misconduct
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The UK body responsible for advising academic institutions and NHS trusts on how to deal with research misconduct has launched a protocol to try to standardise the procedure for investigating allegations and ensure that cases are handled fairly.

The protocol is a step by step guide to investigating and acting on allegations of research misconduct brought by other colleagues or external bodies, from the types of documentary evidence required, to who should be involved and over what time frame.

It is targeted at all employers of people engaged in research who rely on funds from government …
Molecular signature and therapeutic perspective of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in epithelial cancers
Authors: Michèle Sabbah, Shahin Emami, Gérard Redeuilh, Sylvia Julien, Grégoire Prévost, Amazia Zimber, Radia Ouelaa, Marc Bracke, Olivier De Wever, Christian Gespach
Journal: Drug Resistance Updates (2008)
Demonstration by in situ hybridization of the zonal modulation of rat liver cytochrome P-450b and P-450e gene expression after phenobarbital.
Authors: E Wojcik, C Dvorak, J Chianale, P G Traber, D Keren, J J Gumucio
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The various physiological processes that constitute liver function are compartmentalized within the hepatic acinus. The molecular mechanisms modulating the development and maintenance of this hepatocyte heterogeneity have not been defined. The objective of this study was to determine whether transcriptional or posttranscriptional zonal modulation of cytochromes P-450b,e gene expression was responsible for the heterogeneous induction of the P-450 proteins, which is observed after phenobarbital (PB) administration. The exact localization in liver tissue of hepatocytes responding to PB with induction of either P-450b,e mRNA or proteins was established by in situ hybridization and by immunofluorescence, respectively. As demonstrated by quantitative assessment of autoradiographs of approximately 20 hepatocytes located between a terminal portal venule and a hepatic venule, PB induced the P-450b,e mRNA up to sixfold in the 12-15 hepatocytes located closer to the hepatic venules (zones 2 and 3). In contrast, there was only a twofold induction in the 4-6 hepatocytes surrounding the terminal portal venules (zone 1). Quantitative immunofluorescence using an MAb showed that the acinar distribution of PB-induced P-450b,e proteins was similar to that of the mRNA. This combined approach indicated that, most likely, an increased rate of transcription of cytochromes P-450b,e genes in hepatocytes of zones 2 and 3 concomitantly, with a relative lack of activation, or repression, of these genes in hepatocytes of zone 1, were responsible for the heterogeneous phenotype observed after PB administration. Therefore, modulation of gene expression among hepatocytes of the liver acinus is one mechanism by which the functional heterogeneity of hepatocytes is attained. Experiments in which the induction of cytochromes P-450b,e genes was studied after administration of either PB or para-hydroxyphenobarbital, a main hepatic metabolite of PB, suggested that the species involved in the inductive process is the parent PB molecule rather than para-hydroxyphenobarbital.