tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer Among Radiologic Technologists
Authors: John D. Boice
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To evaluate the risk of breast cancer among women occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.Case-control study.A health survey of 105,385 women radiologic technologists certified by the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists since 1926. Among 79,016 respondents, 600 breast cancer cases were identified. Each of 528 eligible subjects with breast cancer was matched to five control subjects based on age, year of certification, and follow-up time.Relative risk (RR) estimated as the relative odds ratio for breast cancer over categories of years worked as a radiologic technologist and according to personal and occupational exposure characteristics.Study subjects had been certified for a mean of 29 years; 63.8% of cases and 62.6% of controls worked as radiologic technologists for 10 years or more. Significant increased risks for breast cancer were associated with early age at menarche (for < 11 years of age: RR = 1.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09 to 2.94), nulliparity (RR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.78), first-degree relative with history of breast cancer (RR = 2.07; 95% CI, 1.56 to 2.74), prior breast biopsy (RR = 1.53; 95% CI, 1.17 to 2.00), alcohol consumption (for > 14 alcoholic drinks per week: RR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.06 to 4.27), thyroid cancer (RR = 5.36; 95% CI, 1.64 to 17.5), hyperthyroidism (RR = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.71), and residence in the northeastern United States (RR = 1.66; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.30). Jobs involving radiotherapy, radioisotopes, or fluoroscopic equipment, however, were not linked to breast cancer risk, nor were personal exposures to fluoroscopy or multifilm procedures. Use of birth control pills, postmenopausal estrogens, or permanent hair dyes also were not risk factors. Based on dosimetry records for 35% of study subjects, cumulative exposures appeared low. Among women who worked more than 20 years, the RR for breast cancer was 1.13 (95% CI, 0.79 to 1.64).More than 50% of the reported breast cancers could be explained by established risk factors. Employment as a radiologic technologist, however, was not found to increase the risk of breast cancer. The contribution of prolonged exposure to relatively low doses of ionizing radiation to breast cancer risk was too small to be detectable at this time.
Cotton Dust and the Lung
Authors: Gerald J. Beck, E. Neil Schachter, Lucinda R. Maunder, Richard S.F. Schilling
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 June 1983Cotton Dust and the LungGERALD J. BECK, PH.D., E. NEIL SCHACHTER, M.D., LUCINDA R. MAUNDER, M.A., RICHARD S.F. SCHILLING, M.D., D.SC.GERALD J. BECK, PH.D.Search for more papers by this author, E. NEIL SCHACHTER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, LUCINDA R. MAUNDER, M.A.Search for more papers by this author, RICHARD S.F. SCHILLING, M.D., D.SC.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-6-1028_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In his letter, Battigelli (2) misrepresented our results on chronic lung disease in cotton textile workers (1), and has made only unsubstantiated criticisms of our study.He characterized our cotton textile worker cohort as deficient because about half of the target population was seen. In fact, this proportion is not surprising because 18 to 27 years had elapsed from the time of the entry criteria for work in the mills to the initial study in 1973. Those patients studied represent active and retired workers with long-term employment in the mills who were still living in the Columbia,...References1. BECK G, SCHACHTER E, MAUNDER L, and SCHILLING R. A prospective study of chronic lung disease in cotton textile workers. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:645-51. LinkGoogle Scholar2. BATTIGELLI M. Lung disease in cotton textile workers [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1983;98:555. MedlineGoogle Scholar3. BOUHUYS A, SCHOENBERG J, BECK G, and SCHILLING R. Epidemiology of chronic lung disease in a cotton mill community. Lung. 1977;154:167-86. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. BOUHUYS A, BECK G, and SCHOENBERG J. Epidemiology of environmental lung disease. Yale J Bio Med. 1979;52:191-210. MedlineGoogle Scholar5. BECK G, DOYLE C, and SCHACHTER E. A longitudinal study of respiratory health in a rural community. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;125:375-81. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: GERALD J. BECK, PH.D.; E. NEIL SCHACHTER, M.D.; LUCINDA R. MAUNDER, M.A.; RICHARD S.F. SCHILLING, M.D., D.SC. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1983Volume 98, Issue 6Page: 1028-1028KeywordsDustLungs ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1983 PDF downloadLoading ...
SOME NEW VIEWS RESPECTING THE HOROPTER.
Authors: GEORGE T. STEVENS
Journal: JAMA (1905)

No question in physiologic optics has been more attractive to investigators in that department of research than that of the horopter, yet, although the ablest thinkers have devoted themselves to it with great earnestness, the subject has remained an unsolved enigma. That the doctrines and theories which have been advanced have not solved the problem, no one who has studied it can doubt. The most notable of all these doctrines, that of the great master Helmholtz, is as unsatisfying, if not more unintelligible, than the others. So far as his marvellous array of abstruse mathematical formulæ served to indicate even a single horopter it was an impossible one both in form and position. If we inquire into the cause of the failure to solve this interesting and, as I believe, this most important problem, we shall find that it is due to a misunderstanding of the two fundamental principles
Is Health Worker Migration a Case of Poaching?
Authors: Jeremy Snyder
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

Many nations in the developing world invest scarce funding into training health workers. When these workers migrate to richer countries, particularly when this migration occurs before the source community can recoup the costs of training, the destination community realizes a net gain in resources by obtaining the workers' skills without having to pay for their training. This effect of health worker migration has frequently been condemned as 'poaching' or a case of theft. I assess the charge that the rich nations of the world poach the resources of the developing world through the active recruitment of migrants. I argue that the charge of poaching is misguided in these cases. The misuse of the term poaching is particularly troubling as it distracts attention away from the many actual moral wrongs taking place through the process of health worker migration and objectifies health workers.
THE TRANSMISSION OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS BY AËDES AEGYPTI
Authors: Malcolm H. Merrill, Carl Tenbroeck
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

In confirming Kelser's work on the transmission of equine encephalomyelitis of the western type by Aëdes aegypti it has been learned that the mosquitoes must be fed virus of high titer if positive results are to be secured. A period of from 4 to 5 days after feeding either on infected guinea pigs or on brain containing virus must elapse before the disease is transmitted by biting, but after this time transmission regularly results for a period of about 2 months. By inoculation, virus can be demonstrated in the bodies of infected mosquitoes for the duration of life. Although virus multiplies in the mosquitoes and is generally distributed in their bodies, repeated attempts to demonstrate it in the eggs from females known to be infected as well as in larvae, pupae, and adults from such eggs have been uniformly negative. Larvae have not taken up virus added to the water in which they were living. Male mosquitoes have been infected with virus by feeding but they have not transmitted the virus to normal females, nor have males transmitted the virus from infected to normal females. When virus of the eastern instead of the western type is used transmission experiments with Aëdes aegypti are negative. Apparently this virus is incapable of penetrating the intestinal mucosa of the mosquito. If, however, it is inoculated into the body cavity by needle puncture it persists and transmission experiments are positive.
High Prevalence of Lesser-Known STDs
Authors: Tracy Hampton
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Tumor Necrosis Factor Blockers in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: David S. Pisetsky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

For patients with rheumatoid arthritis, a new era in treatment has begun. This optimistic view, shared widely by rheumatologists, reflects the introduction in the past two years of novel agents to treat this painful and debilitating condition. These agents, including the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) blockers, are the fruits of biotechnology and bring improvements in efficacy and safety. Furthermore, children will be among the candidates for these new treatments, since as shown by the results reported by Lovell et al. in this issue of the Journal, 1 children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, like adults, have an impressive response to TNF blockade. . . .
Rate of disappearance of labeled carbon dioxide from the lungs of humans during breath holding: a method for studying the dynamics of pulmonary CO2 exchange
Authors: Richard W. Hyde, Ricardo J. M. Puy, William F. Raub, Robert E. Forster
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

The dynamics of CO(2) exchange in the lungs of man was studied by observing the rate of disappearance of a stable isotope of CO(2) ((13)CO(2)) from the alveolar gas during breath holding. Over 50% of the inspired isotope disappeared within the first 3 sec followed by a moderately rapid logarithmic decline in which one-half of the remaining (13)CO(2) disappeared every 10 sec. The large initial disappearance of (13)CO(2) indicated that alveolar (13)CO(2) equilibrated in less than 3 sec with the CO(2) stored in the pulmonary tissues and capillary blood. The volume of CO(2) in the pulmonary tissues calculated from this initial disappearance was 200 ml or 0.33 ml of CO(2) per milliliter of pulmonary tissue volume. The alveolar to end-capillary gradient for (13)CO(2) was calculated by comparing the simultaneous disappearance rates of (13)CO(2) and acetylene. At rest and during exercise this gradient for (13)CO(2) was either very small or not discernible, and diffusing capacity for CO(2) (D(LCO2)) exceeded 200 ml/(min x mm Hg). After the administration of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor the rate of disappearance of (13)CO(2) decreased markedly. D(LCO2) fell to 42 ml/(min x mm Hg) and at least 70% of the exchange of (13)CO(2) with the CO(2) stores in the pulmonary tissues and blood was blocked by the inhibitor. These changes were attributed to impairment of exchange of (13)CO(2) with the bicarbonate in the pulmonary tissues and blood. The pH of the pulmonary tissues (V(tis)) was determined by a method based on the premise that the CO(2) space in the pulmonary tissues blocked by the inhibitor represented total bicarbonate content. At an alveolar P(CO2) of 40 mm Hg pH of V(tis) equalled 6.97 +/- 0.09.
Mouse genetics at work: A new model of chronic hepadnavirus infection
Authors: Luca G. Guidotti
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

To investigate host and viral mechanisms determining hepadnaviral persistence and hepatocarcinogenesis, we developed a mouse model by transplanting woodchuck hepatocytes into the liver of mice that contain the urokinase-type plasminogen activator transgene (uPA) and lack mature B and T lymphocytes due to a recombination activation gene 2 (RAG-2) gene knockout.The woodchuck hepatocytes were transplanted via intrasplenic injection and were found to integrate into the recipient mouse liver cord structure.Normal adult woodchuck hepatocytes proliferated and reconstituted up to 90% of the uPA/RAG-2 mouse liver.uPA/RAG-2 mice containing woodchuck hepatocytes were infectable with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and showed WHV replication for at least 10 months with titers up to 1 ؋ 10 11 virions per mL in the peripheral blood.WHV-infected hepatocytes from chronic carrier woodchucks also established a persistent infection in uPA/RAG-2 mice after an 8-to 12-week lag period of viremia.Although WHV envelope, core, and X proteins were produced in the uPA/RAG-2 mice, no inflammatory host immune response was observed in the liver of WHV-replicating mice.A first antiviral test demonstrated a greater than four orders of magnitude drop in WHV titer in response to interferon ␣ treatment.WHV replication was upregulated by dexamethasone treatment.Comparison of precancerous lesions in donor woodchucks versus recipient uPA/RAG-2 mice revealed an enrichment of dysplastic precancerous hepatocytes in transplanted mice.Clonal amplification of hepatocytes from a woodchuck with hepatocellular carcinomas was demonstrated by the detection of unique WHV DNA integration patterns in hepatocellular carcinomas that arose in uPA/RAG-2 mice.In the absence of B or T cell-mediated immune responses, WHV establishes a persistent noncytotoxic infection of woodchuck hepatocytes in uPA/RAG-2 chimeric mouse livers.Further studies of the kinetics of hepadnavirus infection and replication in quiescent and proliferating hepatocytes should increase our understanding of hepadnavirus spread and aid in the design of therapies to block or cure persistent infection. COMMENTS
More interactions on the interactive brain
Authors: Martha J. Farah
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

The central claim of my original target article was a modest one (that modularity does not always hold) but it was misinterpreted as a much stronger one (that modularity never holds). Further confusions arose from multiple valid usages of the term “modularity” and the similarity of the terms “locality” and “localization.” Despite the limited nature of the claim, I maintain that it poses a stubborn problem for neuropsychology, not to be dispelled by new empirical methods or a priori reasoning.
Rabies in endemic countries
Authors: J K Dutta, T K Dutta
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Inflammation is involved in initiation and progression of aortic stenosis (AS). However, the role of the complement system, a crucial component of innate immunity in AS, is unclear. We hypothesized that circulating levels of complement factor B (FB), an important component of the alternative pathway, are upregulated and could predict outcome in patients with severe symptomatic AS. Therefore, plasma levels of FB, Bb, and terminal complement complex were analyzed in three cohorts of patients with severe symptomatic AS and mild-to-moderate or severe asymptomatic AS (population 1, <i>n</i> = 123; population 2, <i>n</i> = 436; population 3, <i>n</i> = 61) and in healthy controls by enzyme immunoassays. Compared with controls, symptomatic AS patients had significantly elevated levels of FB (2.9- and 2.8-fold increase in population 1 and 2, respectively). FB levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic AS patients were comparable (population 2 and 3), and in asymptomatic patients FB correlated inversely with valve area. FB levels in population 1 and 2 correlated with terminal complement complex levels and measures of systemic inflammation (i.e., CRP), cardiac function (i.e., NT-proBNP), and cardiac necrosis (i.e., Troponin T). High FB levels were significantly associated with mortality also after adjusting for clinical and biochemical covariates (hazard ratio 1.37; <i>p</i> = 0.028, population 2). Plasma levels of the Bb fragment showed a similar pattern in relation to mortality. We concluded that elevated levels of FB and Bb are associated with adverse outcome in patients with symptomatic AS. Increased levels of FB in asymptomatic patients suggest the involvement of FB from the early phase of the disease.
Comment: Radionuclide Carcinogenesis and Sinus Carcinoma
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Radiation-induced tumors (ie, osteogenic sarcomas or leukemias) relate more to the ingestion or injection of radioactive materials than they do to exposure to external radiation sources. However, the most common cancers induced by radionuclides are cancers about the paranasal sinuses. Human experience with radionuclide carcinogenesis is popularly related to radium dial painters who unwittingly ingested significant amounts of radium while wetting their brushes with the luminescent radium paint. Now, patients receiving radium salts, intravenously, persons drinking various radioactive nostrums, and chemists inhaling compounds during work are also included in this category. With the advent of the atomic era, concern with late induction neoplasms after exposure to radioactive materials has understandably increased. A large number of experimental and practical investigations into the neoplastic effects of bone seeking radionuclides have been carefully recorded. 45   The dosimetry of radionuclides deposited in bones is a complex problem. Calculation of various concentrations of radium and
Four new electrophoretically slow‐moving glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase variants associated with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia found in Japan: Gd(‐) Kurume, Gd(‐) Fukushima, Gd(‐) Yamaguchi and Gd(‐) Wakayama
Authors: Shiro Miwa, Hisaichi Fujii, Tadako Nakatsuji, Yoji Ishida, Etsuko Oda, Shizuyo Sasai, Kozo Hiraoka, Akira Kaneto, Masakazu Motokawa, Yukio Ariga, Soitsu Fukuchi, Hiroomi Kashii, Teisuke Kodama
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1978)

Abstract Four new glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) variants which had electrophoretically slow‐moving characteristics associated with congenital nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia were discovered in Japan. Gd(‐) Kurume was found in a 17‐year‐old male whose red cells contained only 0.8% of normal enzyme activity. Gd(‐) Kurume had a normal Km G6P, normal Km NADP, low Ki NADPH, normal utilization of 2‐deoxy‐G6P and deamino‐NADP, very low heat stability and a biphasic pH curve. The hemolytic anemia was mild. Gd(‐) Fukushima was characterized from a 33‐year‐old male and had 2.8% of normal enzyme activity, normal Km G6P, normal Km NADP, low Ki NADPH, normal utilization of 2‐dcoxy‐G6P, low utilization of deamino‐NADP, low heat stability and a normal pH curve. The hemolytic anemia was mild. Gd(‐) Yamaguchi was characterized from an 8‐year‐old boy and had 3.5% of normal enzyme.
Should Physicians Treat Patients Who Seek Second Opinions?
Authors: Ronald J. Cohen
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The recent article from the Office of the General Counsel<sup>1</sup>explaining the American Medical Association's position regarding the legal implications for refusing to treat patients who are referred for a second opinion is alarming. Although it rightly points to each physician's right to refuse to treat a patient who is referred for a second opinion, and although it properly identifies a possible conflict of interest in treating such a patient, the main thrust of the article is its emphasis on the prohibition against any group of physicians agreeing to not treat patients sent to them for second opinions, because such a joint decision on their parts would be "anticompetitive" and a violation of the Sherman Act. Not only could the physicians who entered into such an agreement be subject to civil liability of treble damages, but they could also be subject to criminal penalties, including fine
Corrigendum to ‘The acute and long‐term effects of intracoronary Stem cell Transplantation in 191 patients with chronic heARt failure: the STAR‐heart study’ [Eur J Heart Fail 2010;12:721–729]
Authors: Bodo‐Eckehard Strauer, Muhammad Yousef, Christiana M. Schannwell
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2013)
miR-21: a star player in cardiac hypertrophy
Authors: Burcu Duygu, Paula A. Da Costa Martins
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2015)

This editorial refers to ‘miR-21-3p regulates cardiac hypertrophic response by targeting histone deacetylase-8’ by M. Yan et al. , doi:10.1093/cvr/cvu254. 

In recent years microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as important molecular players in the process of pathological cardiac remodelling.1 Indeed, modulation of miRNA levels in vivo reveals their causative role in cardiac remodelling and shows that the therapeutic impact miRNA-based interventions can have in the treatment of various cardiac pathologies.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNA molecules, are derived from intergenic, intronic, or exonic regions in the genome2 and are transcribed by RNA polymerases into primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) as single genes or clusters.2 Pri-miRNAs, which contain stem-loop structures harbouring the miRNAs in the 5′ or 3′ half of the stem, are recognized by the endonuclease Drosha in the nucleus to produce miRNA precursors that are then exported to the cytosol. Once in the cytosol, the precursors are recognized by the endonuclease Dicer at specific positions and released as short double-stranded RNA duplexes (∼22 nucleotides in length; Figure 1 ).2 Both strands of the duplex are produced in essential equivalent amounts by transcription, but their accumulation is unequal at steady state.3 Because one of the strands usually accumulates more than its partner, it is generally assumed that the ill expressed products, termed miRNA* (miRNA star), represent functionally inactive and, therefore, irrelevant carrier strands.2 In agreement, it was assumed that miRNA* is degraded, whereas the mature strand is taken up into the RNA-inducing silencing complex (RISC) that directs mature miRNAs to its target mRNAs leading to either blockage of protein synthesis or mRNA degradation.2 



Figure 1 
Fate of miR-21 …