tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Delayed Gastric Emptying in Diabetic Patients With Autonomic Neuropathy by a New Magnetic Resonance Imaging Technique and Radio-Opaque Markers
Authors: Roger Lehmann, Jan Borovicka, Patrik Kunz, Gerard Crelier, Peter Boesiger, Michael Fried, Werner Schwizer, Giatgen A Spinas
Journal: Diabetes Care (1996)

OBJECTIVE Our objective was to validate a new noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique for diagnosis of delayed gastric emptying by using radio-opaque markers (ROMs) in diabetic patients with and without cardiovascular autonomic (CAN) and peripheral sensomotoric neuropathy (PSN). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifteen diabetic outpatients were recruited, eight with CAN and PSN (group A, age 28–61 years, mean diabetes duration 27 years) and seven without CAN (group B, age 28–60 years, mean diabetes duration 16 years). Gastric emptying and motility were assessed with ROMs and MRI in random order. After an overnight fast either a test meal (451 kcal) containing a capsule with 10 ROMs is eaten and a supine plain abdominal × ray is taken after 6 h or 500 ml intralipid 10% (550 kcal) is swallowed for the MRI study, using a 1.5 Tesla Gyroscan ACS II (Philips, Eindohoven, The Netherlands). Computer-assisted segmentation of images was used to measure gastric emptying (T1/2, min) over 125 min, contraction frequency (F, min−1), mean contraction amplitude (CA, % basal), and velocity (V, cm/s). Blood glucose was kept constant at 5.0–8.0 mmol/l. RESULTS In group A, 6.1 ± 1.36 ROMs (mean ± SE) were retained in the stomach after 6 h and 0 ROM in group B, indicating a significant delay of gastric emptying in patients with CAN. The MRI study revealed a significantly longer gastric emptying (P &amp;lt; 0.005) in group A (T1/2 = 124 ± 10 min) as compared with group B (T1/2 = 85 ± 18 min). There was no difference in F, CA, and V between the two groups: F 2.9 ± 0.07 and 2.7 ± 0.1 (min−1), CA 26.8 ± 1.2 and 29.6 ± 1.6 (% basal), V 0.43 ± 0.02 and 0.40 ± 0.02 (cm/s), respectively. CONCLUSIONS MRI offers the possibility of visualizing and examining exactly the mechanisms responsible for gastric emptying and is characterized by a high specificity but a lower sensitivity as compared with ROMs, which proved to be an ideal screening test for diagnosis of gastroparesis in clinical practice.
Classification of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy Complications Using the Modified Clavien Grading System: Looking for a Standard
Authors: Ahmet Tefekli, Mert Ali Karadag, Kadir Tepeler, Erhan Sari, Yalcin Berberoglu, Murat Baykal, Omer Sarilar, Ahmet Yaser Muslumanoglu
Journal: European Urology (2007)
The severity of FIP1L1–PDGFRA-positive chronic eosinophilic leukaemia is associated with polymorphic variation at the IL5RA locus
Authors: S Burgstaller, S Kreil, K Waghorn, G Metzgeroth, C Preudhomme, K Zoi, H White, D Cilloni, C Zoi, F Brito-Babapulle, C Walz, A Reiter, N C P Cross
Journal: Leukemia (2007)
Local Inflammation and Hypoxia Abolish the Protective Anticontractile Properties of Perivascular Fat in Obese Patients
Authors: Adam S. Greenstein, Kaivan Khavandi, Sarah B. Withers, Kazuhiko Sonoyama, Olivia Clancy, Maria Jeziorska, Ian Laing, Allen P. Yates, Philip W. Pemberton, Rayaz A. Malik, Anthony M. Heagerty
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Inflammation in adipose tissue has been implicated in vascular dysfunction, but the local mechanisms by which this occurs are unknown. Methods and Results— Small arteries with and without perivascular adipose tissue were taken from subcutaneous gluteal fat biopsy samples and studied with wire myography and immunohistochemistry. We established that healthy adipose tissue around human small arteries secretes factors that influence vasodilation by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability. However, in perivascular fat from obese subjects with metabolic syndrome (waist circumference 111±2.8 versus 91.1±3.5 cm in control subjects, P &lt;0.001; insulin sensitivity 41±5.9% versus 121±18.6% in control subjects, P &lt;0.001), the loss of this dilator effect was accompanied by an increase in adipocyte area (1786±346 versus 673±60 μm 2 , P &lt;0.01) and immunohistochemical evidence of inflammation (tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 12.4±1.1% versus 6.7±1%, P &lt;0.001). Application of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor receptor-α and interleukin-6 to perivascular fat around healthy blood vessels reduced dilator activity, resulting in the obese phenotype. These effects could be reversed with free radical scavengers or cytokine antagonists. Similarly, induction of hypoxia stimulated inflammation and resulted in loss of anticontractile capacity, which could be rescued by catalase and superoxide dismutase or cytokine antagonists. Incubation with a soluble fragment of adiponectin type 1 receptor or inhibition of nitric oxide synthase blocked the vasodilator effect of healthy perivascular adipose tissue. Conclusions— We conclude that adipocytes secrete adiponectin and provide the first functional evidence that it is a physiological modulator of local vascular tone by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability. This capacity is lost in obesity by the development of adipocyte hypertrophy, leading to hypoxia, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
Lung Structure and Function with Age in Normal Rats and Rats With Papain Emphysema
Authors: Waldemar G. Johanson, Alan K. Pierce
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Intrapulmonary deposition of the proteolytic enzyme papain produces a lesion resembling emphysema in experimental animals. The natural history of this lesion has not been well defined. The present study was performed to evaluate changes in lung structure and function with aging in normal rats and rats exposed to an aerosol of papain at 2 mo of age. Groups of control and papain-exposed animals were studied at 4, 8, and 18 mo of age. The parameters of lung function studied were specific airways' conductance (G(aw)/TGV), diffusing capacity per unit of alveolar volume (D(Lco)/V(A)), diffusing capacity (D(Lco)), and functional residual capacity (FRC). Morphometric parameters were the postfixation lung volume (V(L)) and mean chord length (L(M)); internal surface area (ISA) and ISA extrapolated to both the mean V(L) of the corresponding papain group and a V(L) of 10 ml (ISA(10)) were calculated. At 4 mo of age L(M) and FRC were significantly increased and ISA, D(Lco)/V(A), and D(Lco) were significantly reduced in the papain group. At 8 mo of age L(M) was significantly increased and ISA was significantly decreased in the papain group: physiologic studies were not performed in this group. At 18 mo of age L(M) was significantly increased and D(Lco)/V(A), D(Lco), and ISA were significantly decreased. Neither progression nor healing of the lesion was observed despite similar lung growth in both groups. This study demonstrates that a single proteolytic lung injury produces a fixed deficit of lung parenchyma. Progressive lung destruction may require repeated or continuous lung injury.
Upright Renal Arteriography in the Study of Renal Hypertension
Authors: J. J. Kaufman, W. Hanafee, M. H. Maxwell
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Renal arteriography was employed in 51 hypertensive patients in the upright position and was found to have several advantages over conventional techniques. Improved filling of the renal vascular tree was regularly observed and stenotic lesions of the renal arteries were discovered more readily. Nephroptosis was encountered in 12 of 17 patients with fibromuscular hyperplasia of the renal artery. This high incidence suggests that abnormal renal mobility may produce this obscure disease of the arterial wall. Evidence has been found that renal ptosis may cause orthostatic hypertension by elongating and narrowing the renal artery in the presence or absence of underlying stenotic disease.
Cortical Hypometabolism in Morvan Syndrome
Authors: John R. Buscombe, Mohamed Y. Halim
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Morvan disease is an autoimmune paraneoplastic syndrome characterized by cognitive impairment, social disinhibition, and involuntary spasms. It is caused by an antibody directed against neuronal calcium channels. F-18 FDG PET imaging was performed in a 71-year-old man with involuntary movements, social disinhibtion, and cognitive impairment to determine whether there was an underlying malignancy. Although no malignancy was identified, there was general cortical hypometabolism and preserved function in the basal ganglia. F-18 FDG PET scan demonstrates the cortical dysfunction associated with this condition.
Attendance at cultural events, reading books or periodicals, and making music or singing in a choir as determinants for survival: Swedish interview survey of living conditions
Authors: L. O. Bygren, B. B. Konlaan, S.-E. Johansson
Journal: BMJ (1996)

To investigate the possible influence of attendance at cultural events, reading books or periodicals, making music or singing in a choir as determinants for survival.A simple random sample was drawn of 15,198 individuals aged 16-74 years. Of these, 85% (12,982) were interviewed by trained non-medical interviewers between 1982 and 1983 about cultural activities. They were followed up with respect to survival until 31 December 1991.Swedish interview survey of living conditions comprising a random sample of the adult Swedish population.12,675 people interviewed between 1982 and 1983.Survival of subjects after controlling for eight confounding variables: age, sex, education level, income, long term disease, social network, smoking, and physical exercise.6,301 men and 6,374 women were followed up; 533 men and 314 women died during this period. The control variables influenced survival in the expected directions except for social network for men; a significant negative effective was found when the analysis was made separately for men and women. We found an influence on mortality when the eight control variables were controlled for in people who rarely attended events compared with those attending most often, the relative risk being 1.57 (95% confidence interval 1.18 to 2.09).Attendance at cultural events may have a positive influence on survival. Long term follow up of large samples with confounders that are well controlled for and with the cultural stimulation more highly specified should be used to try to falsify the hypothesis before experiments start.
Phase II Study of Erlotinib in Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer After Failure of Gefitinib
Authors: Byoung Chul Cho, Chong-Kun Im, Moo-Suk Park, Se Kyu Kim, Joon Chang, Jong Pil Park, Hye Jin Choi, Yu Jin Kim, Sang-Joon Shin, Joo Hyuk Sohn, Hoguen Kim, Joo Hang Kim
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of erlotinib in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who experienced disease progression after treatment with gefitinib.The study included stage IIIB/IV recurrent or metastatic NSCLC patients who received two or three prior chemotherapy regimens and showed progressive disease within 4 months of gefitinib therapy discontinuation. Patients received erlotinib 150 mg/d until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and other genetic abnormalities were analyzed from available tumor samples.Patient and disease characteristics (N = 21) included median age 56 years; number of prior chemotherapy regimens (three; n = 11); female sex (n = 11); adenocarcinoma (n = 15); and never-smoker status (n = 11). Among the 17 patients with tumor samples available, EGFR mutations were detected in five. The disease control rate (DCR) and response rate (RR) for all patients were 28.6% and 9.5%, respectively. The median duration of disease control was 125 days. The median time to progression and overall survival were 60 days and 158 days, respectively. Patients who had stable disease (SD) while receiving gefitinib showed significantly higher DCR (75% v 17.6% in non-SD patients; P = .050) and RR (50.0% v 0% in non-SD patients; P = .029). Among 17 patients with biomarker results available, those lacking EGFR mutations who had SD while receiving gefitinib showed significantly higher DCR and RR.Erlotinib seems to be a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients with wild-type EGFR who had SD while receiving gefitinib.
Better: A Surgeon’s Notes on Performance
Authors: A. Mark Clarfield
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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Aldosterone hypersecretion in “non-salt-losing” congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Frederic C. Bartter, Robert I. Henkin, George T. Bryan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

Patients with the "non-salt-losing" form of the adrenogenital syndrome were studied before and after suppression of adrenal cortical activity with carbohydrate-active steroids. The response of aldosterone secretion to sodium deprivation was measured; in some patients response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was measured as well. The aldosterone secretion was normal and responded normally to sodium deprivation in all patients studied during suppression with carbohydrate-active steroids. This finding suggests that 21-hydroxylation of progesterone is normal in this syndrome. The sole abnormality in the production of aldosterone in these patients was found to be excessive secretion of aldosterone while they were not receiving suppressive doses of carbohydrate-active steroids. This finding strongly supports the view that the biogenetic pathways through which aldosterone is produced from progesterone are intact in this syndrome. No patient showed hypertension or hypokalemic alkalosis despite very high aldosterone secretion rates. This observation suggests that the hyper-aldosteronism is secondary to a tendency to sodium loss in the patient whose ACTH production is not suppressed. These studies provide additional evidence in support of the hypothesis that the salt-losing and "non-salt-losing" forms of adrenogenital syndrome are genetically and biochemically distinct.
Operative Treatment of Multiple Sites of Extracranial Cervical Artery Occlusion
Authors: CREIGHTON A. HARDIN
Journal: Circulation (1966)

Arterial reconstruction was done in 130 patients with multiple sites of extracranial cerebral artery occlusion. Operative mortality was 2.3%; total mortality of the operative series was 3.8%. Presenting ocular signs and symptoms, other than diplopia and blurred vision, were essentially unchanged. Paralytic symptoms reverted in 80% of patients. Speech disturbances were relieved in 78% of patients. Attitude, gait, and ataxia returned to normal in 88% of patients. Nystagmus was improved in 76% of patients. Arterial reconstruction of blood flow of multiple sites of cerebral vascular insufficiency carries an acceptable operative mortality and results in a satisfactory reversal of preoperative neurological signs and symptoms.
Application of Ecotoxicogenomics for Studying Endocrine Disruption in Vertebrates and Invertebrates
Authors: Taisen Iguchi, Hajime Watanabe, Yoshinao Katsu
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Chemicals released into the environment potentially disrupt the endocrine system in wild animals and humans. Developing organisms are particularly sensitive to estrogenic chemicals. Exposure to estrogens or estrogenic chemicals during critical periods of development induces persistent changes in both reproductive and nonreproductive organs, including persistent molecular alterations. Estrogen-responsive genes and critical developmental windows of various animal species, therefore, need to be identified for investigators to understand the molecular basis of estrogenic activity during embryonic development. For investigators to understand molecular mechanisms of toxicity in various species, toxicogenomics/ecotoxicogenomics, defined as the integration of genomics (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) into toxicology and ecotoxicology, need to be established as powerful tools for research. As the initial step toward using genomics to examine endocrine-disrupting chemicals, estrogen receptors and other steroid hormone receptors have been cloned in various species, including reptiles, amphibians, and fish, and alterations in the expression of these genes in response to chemicals were investigated. We are identifying estrogen-responsive genes in mouse reproductive tracts using cDNA microarrays and trying to establish microarray systems in the American alligator, roach, medaka, and water fleas (Daphnia magna). It is too early to define common estrogen-responsive genes in various animal species; however, toxicogenomics and ectotoxicogenomics provide powerful tools to help us understand the molecular mechanism of chemical toxicities in various animal species.
EpCAM, a new marker for cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Benoit Terris, Catherine Cavard, Christine Perret
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)

Cancer progression/metastases and embryonic development share many properties including cellular plasticity, dynamic cell motility, and integral interaction with the microenvironment. We hypothesized that the heterogeneous nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in part, may be owing to the presence of hepatic cancer cells with stem/progenitor features. Gene expression profiling and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to analyze 235 tumor specimens derived from 2 recently identified HCC subtypes (EpCAM(+) alpha-fetoprotein [AFP(+)] HCC and EpCAM(-) AFP(-) HCC). These subtypes differed in their expression of AFP, a molecule produced in the developing embryo, and EpCAM, a cell surface hepatic stem cell marker. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to isolate EpCAM(+) HCC cells, which were tested for hepatic stem/progenitor cell properties. Gene expression and pathway analyses revealed that the EpCAM(+) AFP(+) HCC subtype had features of hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Indeed, the fluorescence-activated cell sorting-isolated EpCAM(+) HCC cells displayed hepatic cancer stem cell-like traits including the abilities to self-renew and differentiate. Moreover, these cells were capable of initiating highly invasive HCC in nonobese diabetic, severe combined immunodeficient mice. Activation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling enriched the EpCAM(+) cell population, whereas RNA interference-based blockage of EpCAM, a Wnt/beta-catenin signaling target, attenuated the activities of these cells. Taken together, our results suggest that HCC growth and invasiveness is dictated by a subset of EpCAM(+) cells, opening a new avenue for HCC cancer cell eradication by targeting Wnt/beta-catenin signaling components such as EpCAM.
MOD settles over Down's syndrome child
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The mother of a boy born with Down's syndrome after she was refused an amniocentesis test at a military hospital accepted a £300000 ($480000) out of court settlement from the Britain's Ministry of Defence last week.

Sandra Hurley, now aged 42, was 35 when she asked a doctor at the Louise Margaret Maternity Hospital in Aldershot, Hampshire, for the test because she feared that she might …
THE FACTORS OF COAGULATION IN THE EXPERIMENTAL APLASTIC ANEMIA OF BENZOL POISONING, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ORIGIN OF PROTHROMBIN
Authors: S. H. Hurwitz, C. K. Drinker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1915)

1. Subcutaneous injections of benzol in rabbits produce marked destructive changes in the hematopoietic organs, especially in the myeloid tissue. 2. Benzol poisoning registers a change not only in the formed elements of the blood, but also in the factors of coagulation. 3. The circulating prothrombin is considerably reduced in amount and in most instances animals in which such a diminution occurs show aplasia of the bone marrow. 4. The association of extreme aplasia of the marrow without a fatal diminution in the circulating prothrombin suggests one of two possibilities: either other tissues and organs in addition to the bone marrow are concerned with prothrombin formation; or a minimum amount of myeloid tissue suffices to maintain the quantity of prothrombin above a dangerous level.
Physical therapy has little effect on acute low back pain
Authors: J. Brussen
Journal: BMJ (1996)

exploring the sexual behaviour of patients where this may be clinically appropriate or an opportunity for preventive intervention exists; and two way communication between general practitioners and consultants in genitourinary medicine.3Coincident infection with HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, particularly those that cause genital ulceration, has been cited as a major cause of increased transmissibil- ity of HIV.If only out of self interest, the insurance indus- try should consider the long term consequences of underwriting procedures on the important sexual health promotion activities that are possi- ble in general practice.4Now that we have better epidemiological evidence about the spread of HIV, the Association of British Insurers is in a position to re-evaluate its dogged adherence to pre-existing practice.In 1993-4 the Kensington, Chelsea and Westminster health district had 1186 HIV positive residents who consulted HIV services.Their general practitioners knew of the diagnosis in only 761 of these patients.5If the British insurance industry still believes that it needs protection from HIV then it should recog- nise that the use of general practitioners at the underwriting stage is as helpful as a condom with a large hole in it.