tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Risk of Death After HIV Seroconversion Compared With Mortality in the General Population
Authors: Krishnan Bhaskaran, Osamah Hamouda, Mette Sannes, Faroudy Boufassa, Anne M. Johnson, Paul C. Lambert, Kholoud Porter
Journal: JAMA (2008)

<h3>Context</h3>Mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals has decreased dramatically in countries with good access to treatment and may now be close to mortality in the general uninfected population.<h3>Objective</h3>To evaluate changes in the mortality gap between HIV-infected individuals and the general uninfected population.<h3>Design, Setting, and Population</h3>Mortality following HIV seroconversion in a large multinational collaboration of HIV seroconverter cohorts (CASCADE) was compared with expected mortality, calculated by applying general population death rates matched on demographic factors. A Poisson-based model adjusted for duration of infection was constructed to assess changes over calendar time in the excess mortality among HIV-infected individuals. Data pooled in September 2007 were analyzed in March 2008, covering years at risk 1981-2006.<h3>Main Outcome Measure</h3>Excess mortality among HIV-infected individuals compared with that of the general uninfected population.<h3>Results</h3>Of 16 534 individuals with median duration of follow-up of 6.3 years (range, 1 day to 23.8 years), 2571 died, compared with 235 deaths expected in an equivalent general population cohort. The excess mortality rate (per 1000 person-years) decreased from 40.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 38.5-43.0; 1275.9 excess deaths in 31 302 person-years) before the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (pre-1996) to 6.1 (95% CI, 4.8-7.4; 89.6 excess deaths in 14 703 person-years) in 2004-2006 (adjusted excess hazard ratio, 0.05 [95% CI, 0.03-0.09] for 2004-2006 vs pre-1996). By 2004-2006, no excess mortality was observed in the first 5 years following HIV seroconversion among those infected sexually, though a cumulative excess probability of death remained over the longer term (4.8% [95% CI, 2.5%-8.6%] in the first 10 years among those aged 15-24 years).<h3>Conclusions</h3>Mortality rates for HIV-infected persons have become much closer to general mortality rates since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy. In industrialized countries, persons infected sexually with HIV now appear to experience mortality rates similar to those of the general population in the first 5 years following infection, though a mortality excess remains as duration of HIV infection lengthens.
High expression of the sister-chromatid separation regulator and proto-oncogene hSecurin occurs in a subset of myeloid leukaemias but is not implicated in the pathogenesis of aneuploidy
Authors: H W Auner, A Zebisch, M G Schimek, C Bodner, K Hiden, W Linkesch, O A Haas, C Beham-Schmid, H Sill
Journal: Leukemia (2003)
A taxonomy of global health: a qualitative analysis at a large academic health sciences centre
Authors: Barry N Pakes, Donald C Cole
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2014)

BackgroundDespite numerous published definitions of global health, both colloquial and academic notions of global health vary widely. We developed a taxonomy of global health for use at one of the largest academic health science universities in North America. This taxonomy should provide a conceptual and organisational framework with which to efficiently align educational programmes and research projects, and to enhance collaboration and strategic planning.MethodsThe initial phase of this research programme involved data from a variety of sources: postgraduate physician trainee applications to global health programmes and trainee surveys, clinician applications to global health continuing education programmes, minutes of faculty meetings from the School of Public Health Global Health Division Faculty, and stated academic interests and publications of global health faculty. Data were open coded with accepted qualitative methods. Frequencies were noted and inductive analysis was used to develop the taxonomy.FindingsThree axes of classifying global health emerged from the data—one practical, one conceptual, and one relational. The practical axis refers to the so-called target or location of global health interventions or activities; these included countries with low or middle incomes traditionally considered so-called international health, and marginalised or vulnerable populations in inner cities, aboriginal peoples, immigrants and refugees, and very low-income groups. The conceptual axis showed disciplinary tensions, for example, the role of technology versus an emphasis on social determinants of health. The varying understandings of notions of justice, equity, equality, and fairness were also prominent. The relational axis focused on partnerships, interdisciplinarity, and inclusion of alternative local and non-traditional perspectives on health issues.InterpretationThe concept of global health cannot, and perhaps ought not, be rigidly defined. Our empirically derived taxonomy of global health deserves testing by others, as does its application in the organisation of global health activities at our and other academic health sciences centres.FundingNone.
Human Copper Deficiency
Authors: George G. Graham
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Depending on the mammalian species involved, copper deficiency can cause anemia, neutropenia, defective collagen and elastin, skeletal and cardiovascular lesions and demyelination and degeneration of the nervous system. Cases of mixed iron and copper deficiency in milk-fed infants with anemia were recognized 40 years ago by Josephs.1 Failure by others to confirm his findings, the generous copper stores of the newborn liver, and the abundance of copper in most foods, led to the concept that deficiency of this metal could not occur in humans. A number of reports of infants with anemia, hypocupremia and hypoproteinemia appeared 15 years ago: a . . .
USEFULNESS OF AN ABNORMAL AORTIC/PENILE INDEX TO PREDICT THE PRESENCE OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE IN ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION PATIENTS
Authors: Nikolaos Ioakeimidis, Charalambos Vlachopoulos, Athanasios Aggelis, Nikolaos Alexopoulos, Dimitrios Terentes-Printzios, Athanasios Bratsas, Panagiotis Xaplanteris, Katerina Baou, Konstantinos Rokkas, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
1068. Luciferase as an In Vivo Reporter for Selective Liver Repopulation in Adult FAH-/- Mice
Authors: Kirk J. Wangensteen, Andy Wilber, Guisheng Zeng, Joel L. Frandsen, R. Scott McIvor, Stephen C. Ekker, Xin Wang
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Deficiency of fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) in hereditary tyrosinemia type I results in oxidative damage to hepatocytes. Treatment includes restriction of dietary intake of tyrosine and administration of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzyol)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC), which inhibits an enzyme upstream of FAH in tyrosine catabolism. FAH-/- knockout mice recapitulate the human disorder and require NTBC for survival. The mice have been used as a model system to study liver repopulation by wild-type hepatocytes or by FAH mutant hepatocytes that were corrected with wild-type FAH via viral or Sleeping Beauty (SB)-mediated gene transfer. Here we introduce a method to quantitatively track repopulating liver cells in vivo by bioluminescent imaging. We assembled a SB transposon plasmid with the strong CAGGS promoter regulating murine FAH expression. To the region 3' of the FAH coding sequence we attached an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) sequence and the luciferase transgene such that FAH and luciferase are translated from the same mRNA. Also, a SB transposase gene regulated by the PGK promoter was inserted into the plasmid outside of the transposon. For gene delivery to hepatocytes, we used rapid, high-volume injection into the tail vein of FAH-/- mice. Liver repopulation by SB-transposed cells was initiated by withdrawal of NTBC, which induces tyrosinemia. Six weeks after DNA injection the mice are steadily increasing in weight without NTBC, suggesting that the metabolic defect has been corrected. We also studied these mice for expression of the luciferase reporter gene contained on the same transposon sequence as the FAH gene. At various times after injection of tranposon DNA, the mice were injected i.p. with luciferin, and luciferase expression was visualized and quantified in vivo using the IVIS|[reg]| imaging system (Xenogen Corp.). We found that luciferase expression increased by 10-fold during two weeks of selective repopulation. We have engineered additional transposon constructs to link FAH expression with that of any transgene of interest, such as a mutant alpha1-antitrypsin gene. One potential application of this method is to generate liver-transgenic models without the necessity of germline transgenesis. In conclusion, we have developed a method to quantitatively track repopulating liver cells in vivo using luciferase as a reporter, and demonstrate that FAH-/- mice can be used for transgenesis of the adult mouse liver.
Research Paper of the Year: Simple interventions that save lives
Authors: T. Groves
Journal: BMJ (2011)

This year’s judges have to choose between three randomised controlled trials, each of which finds that a relatively simple intervention could save many lives. The research topics ranged from screening for colorectal cancer and reducing bleeding in injured patients to treating malaria in children (see box).

#### Research questions of the shortlisted papers

Elizabeth Loder (clinical research editor) and I looked separately at all 150 or so nominated papers and then met to discuss our choices. We hadn’t planned to shortlist only trials: there were plenty of great papers whose research questions were appropriately and robustly answered with observational study designs. But, in the end, we were clear that these …
Indicative drug budgets for general practitioners: a prescription for change.
Authors: B. O'Brien
Journal: BMJ (1989)

The white paper Workingfor Patients was published in January'; the eight working papers followed nearly a month later.Working paper No 4 explains the reason- ing behind tht proposals to give general practitioners indicative prescribing budgets.2The perceived prob- lem and the objective of the new policy are stated concisely:It is generally recognised that some prescribing is wasteful or unnecessarily expensive.The objective of the new arrange- ments is to place downward pressure on expenditure on drugs in order to eliminate this waste and to release resources for other parts of the health service.
NICE launches portal for professionals to access clinical and non-clinical evidence
Authors: H. Mooney
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A new service that will allow people throughout the health and social care sectors to access a range of clinical and non-clinical evidence has been launched by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.

NHS Evidence will help users to identify the best evidence by “sorting, sifting, and prioritising a range of information and awarding an accreditation mark to the most reliable and trustworthy sources of guidance.”

Originally announced in Ara Darzi’s NHS …
The slippery slope
Authors: D. Spence
Journal: BMJ (2009)

I looked down the glacier. “It’s too steep.” “Don’t be such a baby!” she retorted. She turned and skied off, pretending to suck her thumb. I knew I shouldn’t have fallen for her clever reverse psychology. I closed my eyes and pushed off, my thighs ached and barely maintained my snow plough position, but there was no going back. French children, smoking Marlboros, swished past in jeans and T shirts. In the distance my wife pretended to rock a child in her arms. But then …
Lectin binding to psoriatic epidermis
Authors: CAROLYN M. BELL, CHRISTINE J. SKERROW
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

The lectin‐binding properties of psoriatic epidermis were assessed using a wide range of lectins. Changes in these properties were found at all levels of differentiation in lesional tissue. There was no clear evidence for an expansion in the population of basal‐type cells. Binding of some lectins demonstrated a normal basal‐suprabasal boundary. Others bound closer to the dermal‐epidermal junction than in normal tissue, and expression of certain normal suprabasal characteristics was found in the basal layer in psoriasis. These findings suggest that the detected changes in psoriatic glycoconjugates reflect a programme of differentiation which is altered rather than incomplete.
Progress report. Peptide absorption in man.
Authors: D B Silk
Journal: Gut (1974)

Progress report Peptide absorption in manIn this review it is hoped to trace the evolution of our concepts of the absorption of digestion products of dietary protein.Many of the ideas current today were readily accepted by the end of the last century but were ignored by ortho- dox physiologists during the first half of this century-concepts of sugar absorption suffered a similar fate.Although it has now become clear that brush border hydrolysis and consequent utilization of the sugar pump is the predominant method of sugar absorption it would seem that two major mechanisms are involved in peptide absorption: on the one hand hydrolysis of peptides by brush border enzymes with subsequent uptake of the liberated amino acids by specific amino acid transport systems, and on the other hand, uptake of peptides by mechanisms independent of the specific amino acid entry mechanisms, followed by intracellular hydrolysis.
Foreign Medical Graduates in the United States
Authors: Mahendra (Tony) Khera
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article entitled "Foreign Medical Graduates in US Postdoctoral Programs: Concern Rises as Total Declines"1 published in the MEDICAL NEWS &amp; PERSPECTIVES section was informative and interesting. It is surprising and shocking to know that Dr Casterline and Dr Mou of the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) are concerned about the declining numbers of foreign medical graduates coming to the United States for clinical training under the category of exchange visitors. They are overlooking the main issue—that of foreign medical graduates who are now living in this country as permanent aliens and who are being forced to do odd jobs. The American people forget that a few years ago, when Americans needed the help of foreign physicians, they encouraged these physicians to come to this country, leaving behind their families to help people who needed medical care. Now, all of a sudden things have changed,
Determinants of Residual Risk in Secondary Prevention Patients Treated With High- Versus Low-Dose Statin Therapy
Authors: Samia Mora, Nanette K. Wenger, David A. DeMicco, Andrei Breazna, S. Matthijs Boekholdt, Benoit J. Arsenault, Prakash Deedwania, John J.P. Kastelein, David D. Waters
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Cardiovascular events occur among statin-treated patients, albeit at lower rates. Risk factors for this "residual risk" have not been studied comprehensively. We aimed to identify determinants of this risk above and beyond lipid-related risk factors.A total of 9251 coronary patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <130 mg/dL randomized to double-blind atorvastatin 10 or 80 mg/d in the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study had complete on-treatment 1-year lipid data. Median follow-up was 4.9 years. The primary end point was major cardiovascular events (n=729): coronary death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, resuscitation after cardiac arrest, or fatal or nonfatal stroke. Multivariable determinants of increased risk were older age (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.13 per 1 SD [8.8 years]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.23), increased body mass index (aHR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02-1.17 per 4.5 kg/m(2)), male sex (aHR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.07-1.65), hypertension (aHR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.17-1.63), diabetes mellitus (aHR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.11-1.60), baseline apolipoprotein B (aHR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.11-1.28 per 19 mg/dL), and blood urea nitrogen (aHR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.03-1.17 per 4.9 mg/dL), in addition to current smoking, prior cardiovascular disease, and calcium channel blocker use. Determinants of decreased risk were high-dose statin (aHR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.94), aspirin use (aHR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.56-0.81), and baseline apolipoprotein A-I (aHR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.84-0.99 per 25 mg/dL). On-treatment 1-year lipids or apolipoproteins were not additionally associated with risk in multivariable models. Known baseline variables performed moderately well in discriminating future cases from noncases (Harrell c index=0.679).Determinants of residual risk in statin-treated secondary prevention patients included lipid-related and nonlipid factors such as baseline apolipoproteins, increased body mass index, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. A multifaceted prevention approach should be underscored to address this risk.URL: http://clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00327691.
Watch out for digital nerves
Authors: Bo Povlsen
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following Watch out for digital nerves Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Archibald John Ogg
Authors: A J Dinn, J K Dates
Journal: BMJ (2005)

​FormerFormer consultant ophthalmic surgeon Salisbury Infirmary and Odstock Hospital, Wiltshire (b 1921; q Oxford/The London Hospital 1946; DO, FRCS), d 19 February 2005.




Figure 1




After house jobs and service in the Royal Navy John held ophthalmic posts in Oxford and at Moorfields Hospital, where he became senior registrar. He was appointed to Salisbury in 1955, where he remained for the rest of his career. John was a member of the Magic Circle, and a skilled carpenter and joiner, who designed and made miniature dolls houses and automata (the picture shows him with a medieval cathedral builder, part of an enormous model that he made of Salisbury Cathedral). His great love was the restoration of a near derelict croft on the Hebridean island of Coll. John published House in the Hebrides in 2004 about the croft's restoration and associated adventures. He leaves Doreen, four children, and six grandchildren.
Poor glycaemic control caused by insulin induced lipohypertrophy
Authors: T. A Chowdhury
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Good glycaemic control reduces the risk of complications of diabetes.1 Secondary failure of oral hypoglycaemic treatment is common in patients with type 2 diabetes, and thus insulin treatment is often needed to improve glycaemic control. Indeed, in the UK prospective diabetes study 38% of patients with type 2 diabetes needed insulin treatment after 10 years.1 The reasons for poor glycaemic control are many; and despite insulin treatment many patients with diabetes have poor glycaemic control.2 Lipohypertrophy is characterised by a benign “tumour-like” swelling of fatty tissue secondary to subcutaneous insulin injections. We describe two cases in which poor glycaemic control was directly related to insulin induced lipohypertrophy, recognition of which led to major improvements in glycaemic control.

### Case 1

A 37 year old woman had been given a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes when she was 7 years old. She was treated with soluble insulin twice daily. She was transferred to our diabetes unit in 2000. She had experienced problems with fluctuating blood glucose concentrations, recurrent hyperglycaemia, and frequent unpredictable hypoglycaemia, despite compliance with diet and regular self monitoring of blood glucose. At her most recent annual review she was noted to have mild background retinopathy but no other microvascular or macrovascular complications of diabetes. Results of lipid, urea and electrolytes, and thyroid function tests were normal, but her glycated haemoglobin was 9.1% (normal range 3.6% to 5.1%). She was treated with Human Actrapid (Novo Nordisk) at a …
Some Delayed Complications of Inoculation
Authors: P. W. Robertson, B. J. Leonard
Journal: BMJ (1956)

MEDITAIJSURHA 1029 circulation is usually so good.However, on four occasions we have reconstructed such vessels (subclavian and axillary) in patients who were unable to work because of the symptoms of ischaemia, and the results have been worth while. Type of Reconstruction OperationTable II gives our results with the various arterial recon- struction operations in all our patients over the last six years irrespective of the reason for the operation, and Table III lists the disease for which the artery was reconstructed.For patients with obliterative arterial disease it is only occasionally possible to resect the occluded segment and restore continuity by a direct end-to-end anastomosis, but when this can be done it is the best procedure.In my view the next most satisfactory operation is thromboendarterectomy.This is of particular value in localized occlusions of the aorta and iliac arteries, but it is sometimes of value in vessels as small as the popliteal.Two important TABLE II.-Method Used in 228 Arterial Reconstruction Operationis No. of Thrombosed Dead (including Now Operation Patients Early and Operation Patent Late Deaths) Direct suture.. ..
Bias in assignment to clinical trials
Authors: J Galende, J Soto, J A Sacristan
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - Despite the many biases to which clinical trials are subject, trials are still considered the best way to show the efficacy of a new therapeutic or prophylactic measure.1 Perhaps the most important biases are those of selection and measurement, as they most determine the validity of a study. The respective techniques of random assignment to study treatment groups and of blind experimentation are attempts to remove these biases.

We have detected a type of selection bias that does not affect the assignment of subjects in a single study to …
26 LIVER RELATED DEATHS IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS BETWEEN 2000 AND 2010. RESULTS OF THE FRENCH NATIONAL SURVEY “ANRS EN20 MORTALITE 2010”
Authors: P. Cacoub, E. Rosenthal, D. Salmon, C. Roussillon, F. Bonnet, A. Aouba, T. May, D. Costagliola, G. Chene, P. Morlat
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Psychological aspects of lower urinary tract infections in women.
Authors: E. Versi
Journal: BMJ (1992)

resulting in inadequate monitoring of 21 patients.We have found that a mirrored counting chamber authors state that the difference in the means Secondly, urine output was not monitored in costing under £50 (Hawksley and Sons, Lancing, yielded a tstatistic of 1-998, which is significant. 34patients.Sussex) gives good definition and allows bacteria to Calculation of this statistic from their presented Thirdly, shocked patients (blood pressure be recognised easily even with a cheap light means and standard deviations, however, results in <100 mm Hg, postural drop in blood pressure, microscope.Phase contrast microscopy gives t= 1 8, which is not significant.thirst, tachycardia) were identified but not always optimum definition, and a relatively inexpensiveThe authors have assumed that patients pre- monitored as closely as they should have been.Of model is now available -namely, the updated senting with dysfunction of the lower urinary tract the eight shocked patients, four did not have a McArthur microscope (K W Kirk and Sons, who do not have a urinary tract infection have the urinary catheter, six received colloid in the first Milton, Cambridge), which has been around urethral syndrome.This is obviously incorrect as hour, and five received blood in the first four as a light microscope since 1974.This has the they have ignored the possibility of various other