tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulatory effects of inhaled carbon monoxide on rat syngeneic small bowel graft motility
Authors: A Nakao
Journal: Gut (2003)

<b>Background:</b> Intestinal transplantation provokes an intense inflammatory response within the graft muscularis that causes intestinal ileus. We hypothesised that endogenously produced anti-inflammatory substances could be utilised as novel therapeutics. Therefore, we tested the protective effects of inhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and an endogenous haeme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) anti-inflammatory mediator on transplant induced inflammatory responses and intestinal ileus in the rat. <b>Methods:</b> Gastrointestinal transit of non-absorbable FITC labelled dextran and in vitro jejunal circular muscle contractions were measured in controls and syngeneic orthotopic transplanted animals with and without CO inhalation (250 ppm for 25 hours). Inflammatory mRNAs for interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and IL-10 were quantified by real time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and HO-1 by northern blot. Histochemical stains characterised neutrophil infiltration and enterocyte apoptosis. <b>Results:</b> Transplantation delayed transit and suppressed jejunal circular muscle contractility. Transplantation induced dysmotility was significantly improved by CO inhalation. Transplantation initiated a significant upregulation in IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, ICAM-1, iNOS, COX-2, and HO-1 mRNAs with the graft muscularis. CO inhalation significantly decreased expression of IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2 mRNAs. CO also significantly decreased serum nitrite levels (iNOS activity). <b>Conclusions:</b> CO inhalation significantly improved post-transplant motility and attenuated the inflammatory cytokine milieu in the syngeneic rat transplant model. Thus clinically providing CO, the end product of the anti-inflammatory HO-1 pathway, may prove to be an effective therapeutic adjunct for clinical small bowel transplantation.
Treatment of menorrhagia during menstruation: randomised controlled trial of ethamsylate, mefenamic acid, and tranexamic acid
Authors: J. Bonnar, B. L Sheppard
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To compare the efficacy and acceptability of ethamsylate, mefenamic acid, and tranexamic acid for treating menorrhagia. <b>Design</b>: Randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b>: A university department of obstetrics and gynaecology. <b>Subjects</b>: 76 women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding. <b>Interventions</b>: Treatment for five days from day 1 of menses during three consecutive menstrual periods. 27 patients were randomised to take ethamsylate 500 mg six hourly, 23 patients to take mefenamic acid 500 mg eight hourly, and 26 patients to take tranexamic acid 1 g six hourly. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Menstrual loss measured by the alkaline haematin method in three control menstrual periods and three menstrual periods during treatment; duration of bleeding; patient9s estimation of blood loss; sanitary towel usage; the occurrence of dysmenorrhoea; and unwanted events. <b>Results</b>: Ethamsylate did not reduce mean menstrual blood loss whereas mefenamic acid reduced blood loss by 20% (mean blood loss 186 ml before treatment, 148 ml during treatment) and tranexamic acid reduced blood loss by 54% (mean blood loss 164 ml before treatment, 75 ml during treatment). Sanitary towel usage was significantly reduced in patients treated with mefenamic acid and tranexamic acid. <b>Conclusions</b>: Tranexamic acid given during menstruation is a safe and highly effective treatment for excessive bleeding. Patients with dysfunctional uterine bleeding should be offered medical treatment with tranexamic acid before a decision is made about surgery. <h3>Key messages</h3> In any year around 5% of women aged 30-49 years visit their general practitioners with menor-rhagia Every year in the United Kingdom around 45 000 hysterectomies and a further 10 000 endometrial ablations are performed for menorrhagia The commonest drug prescribed in the British Isles for menorrhagia (norethisterone) has little or no effect in reducing menstrual bleeding Tranexamic acid (an antifibrinolytic) 1 g six to eight hourly reduces menstrual blood loss by over half and should be offered to women with dysfunctional bleeding before a decision is made about surgery
A COMPAR'SON OF VARIOUS FORMS OF COLLOIDAL FERRIC HYDROXIDE
Authors: W. J. Pope, R. T. M. Haines
Journal: BMJ (1924)

COLLOIDAL FERRIC HYDROXIDE.tI BJ 233the elimiiination of these alnd other possible initerferinig sub- stances is complete, and it is suggested that inconsistent anid variable results obtained in determining the sugar present in blood filtrates are duie to such phenomena as those recorded by Stasiak.In confirmation of these observations we have found (unpublished researlch) that the copper reducing v-alue of the polarimetr ic solultioni obtained from dog's blood by the method of Winter and Smiith exhibits irreqidlar rariaftiois from day to day.We lhave pleasuire in expressing our thanks to Dr. Edwin Goodall for hiis kindness in allowinig us access to clinical
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Decker Jl, Steinberg Ad, Gershwin Me, Seaman We, Klippel Jh, Plotz Ph, Paget Sa
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease capable of exhibiting virtually any clinical manifestation, is discussed in detail and the findings are compared to those in other, presumably systemic lupus erythematosus-related connective tissue diseases. More emphasis has been placed on the clinical features than on the numerous laboratory manifestations. The conference begins and ends with a brief consideration of current concepts of pathogenesis and suggests some future investigational directions.
Evaluation of ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy using Tc-99m diethylenetriamine pentacetic acid (DTPA) aerosol in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism
Authors: Nelson P. Trujillo, Jonathan P. Pratt, Sachin Talusani, Robert A. Quaife, David Kumpe, James L. Lear
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Smoking and Ulcers — Time to Quit
Authors: Denis M. McCarthy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

Since the turn of the century evidence has been accumulating that peptic ulcer and smoking are strongly associated. Much of this evidence is analyzed in the Surgeon General's 1979 report, Smoking and Health.1 The report concludes that there is an increased frequency of smoking in patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer as compared with controls, that there is a significantly increased (about twofold) prevalence of both duodenal and gastric ulcers in smokers as compared with nonsmokers, that the magnitude of the increased prevalence increases with the number of cigarettes smoked, that smoking retards the healing of gastric and duodenal . . .
PPARγ-Mediated Increase in Glucose Availability Sustains Chronic Brucella abortus Infection in Alternatively Activated Macrophages
Authors: Mariana N. Xavier, Maria G. Winter, Alanna M. Spees, Andreas B. den Hartigh, Kim Nguyen, Christelle M. Roux, Teane M.A. Silva, Vidya L. Atluri, Tobias Kerrinnes, A. Marijke Keestra, Denise M. Monack, Paul A. Luciw, Richard A. Eigenheer, Andreas J. Bäumler, Renato L. Santos, Renée M. Tsolis
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)
The Epithelial Sodium Channel γ-Subunit Is Processed Proteolytically in Human Kidney
Authors: Rikke M. Zachar, Karsten Skjødt, Niels Marcussen, Steen Walter, Anja Toft, Maria R. Nielsen, Boye L. Jensen, Per Svenningsen
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2014)

The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) of the kidney is necessary for extracellular volume homeostasis and normal arterial BP. Activity of ENaC is enhanced by proteolytic cleavage of the γ-subunit and putative release of a 43-amino acid inhibitory tract from the γ-subunit ectodomain. We hypothesized that proteolytic processing of γENaC occurs in the human kidney under physiologic conditions and that proteinuria contributes to aberrant proteolytic activation. Here, we used monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with specificity to the human 43-mer inhibitory tract (N and C termini, mAbinhibit, and mAb4C11) and the neoepitope generated after proteolytic cleavage at the prostasin/kallikrein cleavage site (K181-V182 and mAbprostasin) to examine human nephrectomy specimens. By immunoblotting, kidney cortex homogenate from patients treated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (n=6) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (n=6) exhibited no significant difference in the amount of full-length or furin-cleaved γENaC or the furin-cleaved–to–full-length ratio of γENaC compared with homogenate from patients on no medication (n=5). Patients treated with diuretics (n=4) displayed higher abundance of full-length and furin-cleaved γENaC, with no significant change in the furin-cleaved–to–full-length γENaC ratio. In patients with proteinuria (n=6), the inhibitory tract was detected only in full-length γENaC by mAbinhibit. Prostasin/kallikrein-cleaved γENaC was detected consistently only in tissue from patients with proteinuria and observed in collecting ducts. In conclusion, human kidney γENaC is subject to proteolytic cleavage, yielding fragments compatible with furin cleavage, and proteinuria is associated with cleavage at the putative prostasin/kallikrein site and removal of the inhibitory tract within γENaC.
Dynamic Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Nothing in medicine so excites "students," of whatever rank, as the work of an expert diagnostician. His analysis of a patient's complaint during history-taking and physical examination brings a lore and a lure unsurpassed by other medical modalities. Collins, an experienced teacher of differential diagnosis, now offers the busy physician a wealth of how-to-do-it information with two purposes: teaching the art, plus quick reference "before, during, or after examination of the patient." Collins' book, coherent throughout, profusely illustrated with line drawings, filled with useful tables that ease learning, contains six sections on pain, mass or swelling, bloody discharge, nonbloody discharge, functional changes, and miscellaneous symptoms and signs. At the end are three appendix-indexes that guide the reader to diagnosis by association, laboratory workup of symptoms, and laboratory workup of diseases. An overall, well-constructed general index concludes the book. Each section of the book begins with a general discussion, followed by
Rupture of Esophagus by Compressed Air
Authors: William J. Holaday
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

RUPTURE of the esophagus due to trauma of air distention is a rarely reported incident.1 Widespread use of compressed gases in industry provides the greatest exposure to workers so employed. The pathogenesis of the lesion is similar to reported cases of colonic rupture secondary to compressed air injected at the anal orifice.2 The following case represents esophageal rupture by distention, resulting from an air blast directed toward the mouth.Case ReportA 60-year-old Armenian-born foundry worker was struck on the chin by the metal cap of an air-pressure tank he thought to be empty. The air stream was directed toward . . .
Diagnosis and Prognosis of some varieties of Renal Disease
Authors: G. Johnson
Journal: BMJ (1851)

NO-NE but those who have paid much attention to the Diseases of the Kidneys, and to the means of distinguishing one form of disease fromi anotber, can form an estimate of the true valuie of the inforina- tion to be derived from a chemical and microscopical examination of the urine.It may safely be affirmed, that a microscopical exaimination of the uirine is, in general, as necessary for the formation of a correct opinion in cases of renal disease, as a physical examination of the chest is for the-exact diagnosis of diseases within that cavity.To determine the true nature of a dlisease in the kidney, and to form a prob,ably correct ju(lgmnent as to its course and termination, it is not sufficient merely to ascertain that albumen is present in the urine, that the specific gravity of the secretion is abnormial, andl that moulds of the uriniferous tubes may be detected by the microscope.These sigrns may each and all be present in a given case; but a more precise
THE MASKING EFFECT OF EXTRAVASATED ANTIBODY ON THE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS (SHOPE)
Authors: John G. Kidd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1939)

The foregoing experiments have shown that the causative virus is usually "masked" in the large, disorderly, fissured and inflamed papillomas of cottontails when antiviral antibody is present in quantity in their blood, though virus can be recovered as a rule from the smaller, discrete, well ordered papillomas of these rabbits, almost irrespective of the amount of antibody in the blood of the individuals bearing them. Other findings are described which indicate that the masking of the virus in the large fissured growths is due to serum antibody present in them as result of exudation or hemorrhage, which neutralizes the virus when the growths are extracted or preserved in vitro. The local conditions that favor extravasation of serum (and the accumulation of antibody) prevail as a rule in the large, confluent growths arising after virus has been sown broadcast on scarified skin, but to lesser extent or not at all in the discrete papillomas that occur naturally or as result of tattoo inoculation. The state of affairs is notably different in the papillomas of domestic rabbits. The virus is regularly masked in these, and usually masked completely, even when there is little antibody in the blood and the local conditions do not favor its extravasation into the growths. The findings indicate that something other than antibody is primarily responsible for the masking in this species.
Systemic Medication and Intraocular Pressure in a British Population
Authors: Anthony P. Khawaja, Michelle P.Y. Chan, David C. Broadway, David F. Garway-Heath, Robert Luben, Jennifer L.Y. Yip, Shabina Hayat, Nicholas J. Wareham, Kay-Tee Khaw, Paul J. Foster
Journal: Ophthalmology (2014)

<h3>Objective</h3> To determine the association between systemic medication use and intraocular pressure (IOP) in a population of older British men and women. <h3>Design</h3> Population-based, cross-sectional study. <h3>Participants</h3> We included 7093 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer–Norfolk Eye Study. Exclusion criteria were a history of glaucoma therapy (medical, laser, or surgical), IOP asymmetry between eyes of >5 mmHg, and missing data for any covariables. The mean age of participants was 68 years (range, 48–92) and 56% were women. <h3>Methods</h3> We measured IOP using the Ocular Response Analyzer. Three readings were taken per eye and the best signal value of the Goldmann-correlated IOP value considered. Participants were asked to bring all their medications and related documentation to the health examination, and these were recorded by the research nurse using an electronic case record form. The medication classes examined were angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, α-blockers, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, nitrates, statins, insulin, biguanides, sulfonylureas, aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We examined associations between medication use and IOP using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. Models containing diabetic medication were further adjusted for glycosylated hemoglobin levels. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Mean IOP of the right and left eyes. <h3>Results</h3> Use of systemic β-blockers (−0.92 mmHg; 95% CI, −1.19, −0.65; <i>P</i><0.001) and nitrates (−0.63 mmHg; 95% CI, −1.12, −0.14; <i>P</i> = 0.011) were independently associated with lower IOP. The observed associations between statin or aspirin use with IOP were no longer significant after adjustment for β-blocker use. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This is the first population-based study to demonstrate and quantify clinically significant differences in IOP among participants using systemic β-blockers or nitrates. Lower IOP observed in participants using statins or aspirin was explained by concurrent systemic β-blocker use. The study findings may have implications for the management of glaucoma patients with comorbidity, and may provide insight into the pathophysiologic processes underlying IOP.
Esophageal Ulcers in AIDS
Authors: Pere Domingo
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Letters15 May 1996Esophageal Ulcers in AIDSPere Domingo, MD, Josep Ris, MD, and Joaquin Lopez-Contreras, MDPere Domingo, MDUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, SpainSearch for more papers by this author, Josep Ris, MDUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, SpainSearch for more papers by this author, and Joaquin Lopez-Contreras, MDUniversitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, SpainSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-124-10-199605150-00022 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:We read with interest the recent report by Wilcox and associates [1] and noted two outstanding findings: 1) the high prevalence of idiopathic esophageal ulcers and the excellent initial response to prednisone therapy and 2) the high percentage of patients with ulcer recurrence. In 13 of 35 patients with esophageal ulcers (37.1%), ulcerations recurred despite an initial clinical and endoscopic response [1].We have recently cared for seven HIV-infected patients who had idiopathic esophageal ulcers. All had advanced disease. Three patients were initially treated with a 2-week regimen of prednisone, 0.5 mg/kg of body weight per day, ...References1. Wilcox CM, Schwartz DA, Clark WS. Esophageal ulceration in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Causes, response to therapy, and long-term outcome. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122:143-9. Google Scholar2. Wilcox CM, Schwartz DA. Comparison of two corticosteroid regimens for the treatment of HIV-associated idiopathic esophageal ulcer. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89:2163-7. Google Scholar3. Youle M, Clarbour J, Farthing C, Connolly M, Hawkins D, Staughton R, et al. Treatment of resistant aphthous ulceration with thalidomide in patients positive for HIV antibody. BMJ. 1989; 298:432. Google Scholar4. Georghiou PR, Allworth AM. Thalidomide in painful AIDS-associated proctitis. J Infect Dis. 1992; 166:939-40. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Pere Domingo, MD; Josep Ris, MD; Joaquin Lopez-Contreras, MDAffiliations: Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona; Barcelona, Spain PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 May 1996Volume 124, Issue 10Page: 928KeywordsAIDSBody weightCorticosteroid therapyDrug therapyNutritionUlcers ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 May 1996 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1996 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Adrenal Function in Hypothyroidism
Authors: C. W. H. Havard, V. F. Saldanha, R. Bird, R. Gardner
Journal: BMJ (1970)

In ten patients with hypothyroidism the adrenal response to stimulation with tetracosactrin was found to be normal, and to be unchanged after they had been treated with thyroxine. Though the response to insulin hypoglycaemia was less in the hypothyroid phase, it was never outside the normal limits. Hence it seems unlikely that the adrenal response to stress is appreciably lowered in hypothyroidism.
Donor identification and consent for deceased organ donation: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: K. Chamberlain, M. R. Baker, P. Kandaswamy, E. J. Shaw, G. McVeigh, F. Siddiqui
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Organ donation plays a major role in the management of patients with single organ failure of the kidneys, liver, pancreas, heart, or lung, or with combined organ failure of heart and lung (such as in cystic fibrosis) or of kidney and pancreas (such as in diabetes). A shortage of transplant organs has resulted in long waits for transplantation. Currently about 500 people in the United Kingdom die each year because of a shortage of donated organs,1 and at 31 March 2011 almost 7000 patients were waiting for a kidney transplant1 and would be having costly dialysis with serious morbidity and impact on quality of life. This shortage of organs is partly the result of relatively low numbers of road traffic deaths (lower than in many countries) but is also the result of inefficiencies in the donor identification and consent processes. This article summarises the most recent recommendations from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on improving donor identification and consent rates for deceased organ donation.2 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence and explicit consideration of cost effectiveness. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group's experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. ### Identifying patients who are potential donors
Therapeutic Angiogenesis Induced by Human Hepatocyte Growth Factor Gene in Rat Diabetic Hind Limb Ischemia Model
Authors: Yoshiaki Taniyama, Ryuichi Morishita, Kazuya Hiraoka, Motokuni Aoki, Hironori Nakagami, Keita Yamasaki, Kunio Matsumoto, Toshikazu Nakamura, Yasufumi Kaneda, Toshio Ogihara
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background Because no study has documented the angiogenic properties of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in a diabetes model, we examined the feasibility of gene therapy using HGF to treat peripheral arterial disease in diabetes. Methods and Results Because intramuscular injection of luciferase plasmid by the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ)–liposome method had much higher efficiency than injection of naked plasmid, we used the HVJ-liposome method to transfect the human HGF gene into the rat diabetic hindlimb model. As expected, transfection of human HGF vector resulted in a significant increase in blood flow as assessed by laser Doppler imaging and capillary density, even in the diabetes model, accompanied by the detection of human HGF protein. Interestingly, the degree of natural recovery of blood flow was significantly greater in nondiabetic rats than in diabetic rats. Thus, in an in vitro culture system, we further studied the molecular mechanisms of how diabetes delayed angiogenesis. Importantly, high– d -glucose treatment of endothelial cells resulted in a significant decrease in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 protein and ets-1 expression in human aortic endothelial cells. Similarly, high d -glucose significantly decreased mRNA and protein of HGF in endothelial cells. Downregulation of MMP-1 and ets-1 by high d -glucose might be due to a significant decrease in HGF, because HGF stimulated MMP-1 production and activated ets-1. Conclusions Overall, intramuscular injection of human HGF plasmid induced therapeutic angiogenesis in a rat diabetic ischemic hindlimb model as a potential therapy for peripheral arterial disease. The delay of angiogenesis in diabetes might be due to downregulation of MMP-1 and ets-1 through a decrease in HGF by high d -glucose.