tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Age of Cichlids: New Dates for Ancient Lake Fish Radiations
Authors: M. J. Genner, O. Seehausen, D. H. Lunt, D. A. Joyce, P. W. Shaw, G. R. Carvalho, G. F. Turner
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Timing divergence events allow us to infer the conditions under which biodiversity has evolved and gain important insights into the mechanisms driving evolution. Cichlid fishes are a model system for studying speciation and adaptive radiation, yet, we have lacked reliable timescales for their evolution. Phylogenetic reconstructions are consistent with cichlid origins prior to Gondwanan landmass fragmentation 121–165 MYA, considerably earlier than the first known fossil cichlids (Eocene). We examined the timing of cichlid evolution using a relaxed molecular clock calibrated with geological estimates for the ages of 1) Gondwanan fragmentation and 2) cichlid fossils. Timescales of cichlid evolution derived from fossil-dated phylogenies of other bony fishes most closely matched those suggested by Gondwanan breakup calibrations, suggesting the Eocene origins and marine dispersal implied by the cichlid fossil record may be due to its incompleteness. Using Gondwanan calibrations, we found accumulation of genetic diversity within the radiating lineages of the African Lakes Malawi, Victoria and Barombi Mbo, and Palaeolake Makgadikgadi began around or after the time of lake basin formation. These calibrations also suggest Lake Tanganyika was colonized independently by the major radiating cichlid tribes that then began to accumulate genetic diversity thereafter. These results contrast with the widely accepted theory that diversification into major lineages took place within the Tanganyika basin. Together, this evidence suggests that ancient lake habitats have played a key role in generating and maintaining diversity within radiating lineages and also that lakes may have captured preexisting cichlid diversity from multiple sources from which adaptive radiations have evolved.
Comparative bronchial responses to hyperosmolar saline and methacholine in asthma.
Authors: L P Boulet, C Legris, L Thibault, H Turcotte
Journal: Thorax (1987)

Airway responsiveness to inhaled methacholine and to ultrasonically nebulised hyperosmolar saline was compared in 20 asthmatic subjects. Each subject had two hyperosmolar inhalation tests and a methacholine challenge in random order at least 48 hours apart over a period of two weeks. Hyperosmolar challenge, carried out with doubling concentrations of saline from 0.9% to 14.4% to obtain a dose-response curve, was well tolerated by all subjects. The response to hyperosmolar saline--expressed as the PO20, the osmolarity inducing a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) was obtained in 16 of the 20 subjects and in each was repeatable to within one doubling concentration of saline. The peak bronchoconstrictor effect of hyperosmolar saline inhalation occurred at 3 minutes and its mean total duration (FEV1 less than 90% of baseline) was 50 minutes. There was no significant correlation between the PO20 and the PC20 methacholine (the concentration inducing a 20% fall in FEV1). Thus by using a new method to obtain a quantitative airway response to inhaled hyperosmolar saline we found that the airway response to hyperosmolar inhalation differs from the airway response to methacholine.
Induction of Shock After Intravenous Injection of Adenovirus Vectors: A Critical Role for Platelet-activating Factor
Authors: Zhili Xu, Jeffrey S. Smith, Jie Tian, Andrew P. Byrnes
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Innate immune responses are a major barrier to safe systemic gene therapy with adenovirus (Ad) vectors. We show that intravenous (IV) injection of rats with Ad5 vectors causes a novel rapid shock reaction that involves hypotension, hemoconcentration, tissue edema, and vasocongestion, with notable pathology in the pancreas and the gastrointestinal system. We show for the first time that this reaction is dependent on platelet-activating factor (PAF), a lipid signaling molecule that is a known shock inducer. Ad upregulated PAF within 5 minutes in vivo, and antagonists of the PAF receptor were able to prevent Ad-induced shock. Ad upregulated PAF via the reticuloendothelial system (RES), because splenectomy or depletion of phagocytes blocked the ability of Ad to induce both PAF and shock. Rats were considerably more sensitive to Ad-induced shock than were mice, but PAF mediated shock in both species. Other Ad-induced innate immune responses such as cytokine induction and thrombocytopenia were not mediated by PAF. In summary, systemic IV injection of Ad stimulates the RES to upregulate PAF within a matter of minutes, which results in shock. The identification of this novel pathway suggests strategies to improve the safety of systemic gene therapy with Ad vectors.
Calcium entry blockade prevents leakage of macromolecules induced by ischemia-reperfusion in skeletal muscle.
Authors: J Paul, A Y Bekker, W N Durán
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

Calcium kinetics and its intracellular mobilization are important in all biological processes. We used verapamil to examine the effect of calcium entry blockade on microvascular transport of macromolecules in ischemia-reperfusion injury. The rat cremaster muscle was splayed, placed in a Lucite intravital chamber, and suffused with bicarbonate buffer. The clearance of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran (FITC-dextran 150) was measured as an index of microvascular transport. After determination of baseline data (clearance of FITC-dextran 150, 3.0 +/- 0.5 microliters/5 min/g), the muscle was made ischemic for 2 hours by clamping its vascular pedicle and subsequently was reperfused for 2 hours. Ischemia-reperfusion produced a marked increase in FITC-dextran clearance. After a peak of 12 +/- 2-fold increase observed in the first 15 minutes into reperfusion, FITC-dextran 150 clearance decreased in magnitude and stabilized at about sixfold above baseline. Verapamil did not change the baseline clearance values. Importantly, verapamil inhibited the ischemia-induced increase in clearance and maintained the values at or near the baseline levels. We simultaneously determined the rate of release of 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) into the suffusate. Verapamil decreased the baseline values of 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and increased those of TXB2. Verapamil inhibited the ischemia-reperfusion-induced increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha but did not alter the effect of ischemia-reperfusion on TXB2. Our main results demonstrate the effectiveness of verapamil in preventing microvascular alterations leading to increased leakage of macromolecules.
The assessment of systemic vascular compliance during cardiac output measurement to evaluate cardiovascular loading status
Authors: Wei-Chih Hu, Tsui-Lieh Hsu, Todd Brinton, Li-Ching Tai, Shiu-Shin Chio, Shih-Pu Wang, Mau-Song Chang, Chun-Peng Liu
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
C-Reactive protein augments inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cytokine-stimulated cardiac myocytes
Authors: U Ikeda
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

Nitric oxide (NO) production by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) can exert negative inotropic and cytotoxic effects on cardiac myocytes and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac dysfunction and remodeling. An elevated serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) is an important predictive factor for cardiac disorders including acute myocardial infarction and dilated cardiomyopathy. The basic mechanisms responsible for this association are not clear; CRP may merely be a marker of inflammation with no specific role in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease or may directly modulate the disease process. We investigated the effects of CRP on iNOS expression and subsequent NO synthesis in rat cardiac myocytes, and the mechanism by which CRP exerts its effects.NO production by culture neonatal rat cardiac myocytes was determined by measurement of nitrite contents in the culture medium. The expression of iNOS mRNA and protein were measured by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The levels of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB proteins were analyzed by a gel retardation assay.Incubation of cardiac myocytes with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta; 10 ng/ml) caused a significant increase in nitrite production. CRP significantly increased the IL-1beta-induced nitrite production in a dose-dependent manner (10-100 microg/ml). Incubation with IL-1beta induced the expression of iNOS mRNA and protein in cardiac myocytes, and CRP enhanced their expression. Addition of IL-1beta activated NF-kappaB in cardiac myocytes, while CRP did not affect IL-1beta-induced NF-kappaB activation.These results indicated that CRP directly enhances NO synthesis in IL-1beta-stimulated cardiac myocytes through an NF-kappaB-independent mechanism.
The Decline of American Gentility
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Democratic America lacked a titled nobility and a hereditary aristocracy, but, nevertheless, there was a long tradition of leadership. This tradition defined an elite and an aristocracy in the sense of the<i>best</i>, and this in turn involved a sense of values. In American society, what values have been most highly regarded and deemed most worthy of emulation? For a long time the concept of the<i>gentleman</i>, representative of the<i>gentry</i>and exhibiting<i>gentility</i>, served as the standard. The Boston Brahmin comes most readily to mind. But values changed and the composition and standards of the elite changed with them. Professor Persons contrasts the gentry—having its own culture, traditions, education, manners, and talents—with the "social-economic elite"—representing the newly rich— and the "mass man" or the "common man." Persons discusses the interaction of the three groups under various environmental circumstances, eg, the decline of the Old South, Jacksonian democracy, the growth
Nanoparticles of cationic chimeric peptide and sodium polyacrylate exhibit striking antinociception activity at lower dose
Authors: Kshitij Gupta, Vijay P. Singh, Raj K. Kurupati, Anita Mann, Munia Ganguli, Yogendra K. Gupta, Yogendra Singh, Kishwar Saleem, Santosh Pasha, Souvik Maiti
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2008)
Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Stroke
Authors: Kristi Reynolds, Brian Lewis, John David L. Nolen, Gregory L. Kinney, Bhavani Sathya, Jiang He
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Observational studies suggest that heavy alcohol consumption may increase the risk of stroke while moderate consumption may decrease the risk.To examine the association between alcohol consumption and relative risk of stroke.Studies published in English-language journals were retrieved by searching MEDLINE (1966-April 2002) using Medical Subject Headings alcohol drinking, ethanol, cerebrovascular accident, cerebrovascular disorders, and intracranial embolism and thrombosis and the key word stroke; Dissertation Abstracts Online using the keywords stroke and alcohol; and bibliographies of retrieved articles.From 122 relevant retrieved reports, 35 observational studies (cohort or case control) in which total stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic (intracerebral or total) stroke was an end point; the relative risk or relative odds and their variance (or data to calculate them) of stroke associated with alcohol consumption were reported; alcohol consumption was quantified; and abstainers served as the reference group.Information on study design, participant characteristics, level of alcohol consumption, stroke outcome, control for potential confounding factors, and risk estimates was abstracted independently by 3 investigators using a standardized protocol.A random-effects model and meta-regression analysis were used to pool data from individual studies. Compared with abstainers, consumption of more than 60 g of alcohol per day was associated with an increased relative risk of total stroke, 1.64 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.93); ischemic stroke, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.34-2.15); and hemorrhagic stroke, 2.18 (95% CI, 1.48-3.20), while consumption of less than 12 g/d was associated with a reduced relative risk of total stroke, 0.83 (95%, CI, 0.75-0.91) and ischemic stroke, 0.80 (95% CI, 0.67-0.96), and consumption of 12 to 24 g/d was associated with a reduced relative risk of ischemic stroke, 0.72 (95%, CI, 0.57-0.91). The meta-regression analysis revealed a significant nonlinear relationship between alcohol consumption and total and ischemic stroke and a linear relationship between alcohol consumption and hemorrhagic stroke.These results indicate that heavy alcohol consumption increases the relative risk of stroke while light or moderate alcohol consumption may be protective against total and ischemic stroke.
Umbilical Cord Blood for Transplantation
Authors: Craig W. S. Howe
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The discussion of fairness by Dr Sugarman and colleagues<sup>1</sup>in collecting and distributing umbilical cord blood (UCB) for transplantation can be considered at best wishful thinking in the current climate of limited access to new therapies. Before a national UCB bank is created, reciprocity, a basic tenet of fairness, should be addressed. Evaluating the safety and efficacy of drugs in populations that for financial or other reasons would not have access to such drugs violates a principle of fairness. Similarly, the collection of UCB from infants whose families could not afford the cost of having their children treated with UCB transplants is inherently inequitable. With current trends in transplant management,<sup>2,3</sup>it seems likely that access to unrelated UCB transplants will be limited to an affluent minority. In creating a national registry of HLA-typed cord blood donations, consideration should be given to providing donor families
Truncal Valve Abnormalities in Infants with Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
Authors: HENRY GELBAND, SHARON VAN METER, WELTON M. GERSONY
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Clinical data on 12 patients under 6 months of age are presented together with the necropsy evidence of truncus arteriosus. Five patients had normal truncal valves and seven had markedly deformed and incompetent valves. Among the group of infants with truncal valve insufficiency, the cause of death was refractory congestive heart failure in each instance, whereas the patients with normal truncal valves succumbed from other causes. Pathologic examination of the abnormal truncal valves revealed cusps which were thickened by fibrous nodules. Combined heart-lung weight in patients with deformed truncal valves had a mean increase of 85% above normal values, while in the group of patients with normal truncal valves the mean increase was 17%. Similar results were observed when liver weights were compared. The major clinical findings among the group of patients with truncal insufficiency were bounding peripheral arterial pulses, early diastolic decrescendo murmurs, and congestive heart failure which was refractory to medical treatment and, in one instance, surgical palliation. It is suggested from the data that deformities of the truncal valves are a primary cause of early mortality among infants with truncus arteriosus.
Facial Salmonella Abscess
Authors: Jeffrey P. Indrisano
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Letters and Corrections15 January 1989Facial Salmonella AbscessJeffrey P. Indrisano, MD, Gary L. Simon, MD, PhDJeffrey P. Indrisano, MDSearch for more papers by this author, Gary L. Simon, MD, PhDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-110-2-171_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo The Editor: We recently treated a patient seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who had an unusual manifestation of recurrent salmonella infection. The patient was initially hospitalized withSalmonella enteritidisgastroenteritis and bacteremia, for which he was treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. All of the signs and symptoms of infection resolved. Two months later, the patient was hospitalized again; he had fever, fatigue, and a nonproductive cough. A 5 X 3-cm firm, nontender subcutaneous nodule inferior to the right zygomatic arch was noted on physical examination. The overlying skin was normal, whereas examination of the buccal mucosa showed only a blue...References1. Sperber S and Schleupner C. Salmonellosis during infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Infect Dis. 1987;9:925-34. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Nadelman R, Mathur-Wagh U, and Yancovitz S. Salmonella bacteremia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145:1968-71. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. Saphra I and Winter J. Clinical manifestations of salmonellosis in man. N Engl J Med. 1985;256:1128-33. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Jeffrey P. Indrisano, MD; Gary L. Simon, MD, PhDAffiliations: The George Washington University Medical Center Washington, DC 20037 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited bySKIN SIGNS OF SYSTEMIC INFECTIONSNeck Abscess and Necrotizing Fasciitis Caused by Salmonella Infection: A Report of 2 CasesCutaneous infection caused by Salmonella typhiCANCER CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTSHIV: The surgeon's perspective Part 2. Diagnosis and management of non-malignant oral manifestationsThoracicSalmonella typhimurium abscess in an AIDS patientAbces du cuir chevelu a Salmonella typhimurium au cours du SIDA 15 January 1989Volume 110, Issue 2Page: 171-171KeywordsAbscessesBacteremiaFatigueFeversGastroenteritisHIVMucous membranesSalmonellaSalmonella enteritidisSigns and symptoms ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 15 January 1989 PDF downloadLoading ...
Pseudo-Bladder Sign in an Unsuspected Pregnancy Appearance in Bone Imaging
Authors: P. VELUVOLU, T. W. ZOCH, R. W. MILLER, JOHN G. WEIR, C. M. MULLIGAN, SHARON L MOEN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

A case of unsuspected pregnancy in a young woman, detected during flow study for evaluation of right hip pain, is presented.
The Nutritional Importance of Inositol and the Phosphoinositides
Authors: Bruce J. Holub
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

IN this issue of the Journal, Hallman and colleagues1 report that inositol supplementation in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome who were receiving parenteral nutrition improved survival without bronchopulmonary dysplasia and decreased the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity. This important study extends previous research on the relation of dietary inositol during the perinatal period to inositol status in serum and tissue and to the synthesis of lung surfactants. The availability of inositol may control the formation of surfactant phospholipids, including dipalmitoyl lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) and inositol phospholipid, in immature lung tissue.Inositol is a six-carbon sugar alcohol present in biologic . . .
Results of Conservative Management of Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Gerald W. Chodak, Ronald A. Thisted, Glenn S. Gerber, Jan-Erik Johansson, Jan Adolfsson, George W. Jones, Geoff D. Chisholm, Boaz Moskovitz, Pinhas M. Livne, John Warner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

The selection of treatment for patients with localized prostate cancer requires reliable information about the outcome of conservative management. Previous studies of this question are generally considered unreliable because they were uncontrolled and nonrandomized.We performed a pooled analysis of 828 case records from six nonrandomized studies, published since 1985, of men treated conservatively (with observation and delayed hormone therapy but no radical surgery or irradiation) for clinically localized prostate cancer. A Cox regression analysis was performed to determine which factors influenced survival among patients who did not die of causes other than prostate cancer (disease-specific survival). Kaplan-Meier curves for overall and metastasis-free survival among such patients were compared with use of the log-rank method and the Mantel-Haenszel test.Factors that had a significant effect on disease-specific survival were grade 3 tumors (risk ratio, 10.04), residence in Israel (risk ratio, 2.48) or New York (risk ratio, 0.37), and age under 61 years (risk ratio, 0.32). Ten years after diagnosis, disease-specific survival (with data on men who died from causes other than prostate cancer censored) was 87 percent for men with grade 1 or 2 tumors and 34 percent for those with grade 3 tumors; metastasis-free survival among men who had not died of other causes was 81 percent for grade 1, 58 percent for grade 2, and 26 percent for grade 3 disease. These findings were not affected by the inclusion of men who had early-stage cancer, were older, had worse-than-average health, or underwent delayed radiation therapy or radical prostatectomy.The strategy of initial conservative management and delayed hormone therapy is a reasonable choice for some men with grade 1 or 2 clinically localized prostate cancer, particularly for those who have an average life expectancy of 10 years or less. New treatment strategies are needed for men with grade 3 prostate cancer.
Thermal heterogeneity in stable human coronary atherosclerotic plaques is underestimated in vivo: the “cooling effect” of blood flow
Authors: Christodoulos Stefanadis, Konstantinos Toutouzas, Eleftherios Tsiamis, Ioannis Mitropoulos, Costas Tsioufis, Ioannis Kallikazaros, Christos Pitsavos, Pavlos Toutouzas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
The Experience of Dying
Authors: Russell Hollander
Journal: JAMA (1977)

This book, a selection of previously unpublished readings on attitudes toward death and dying, is specifically addressed to the broad range of hospital personnel—from physicians and nurses, to mental health workers to aides—who care for the dying. The book will be useful for teaching purposes, where a general introduction to the problems of the dying and suggestions for responses to their problems is required. <i>The Experience of Dying</i>attempts to present an alternative to the Kübler-Ross suggestion that the process of dying be viewed as a series of normative stages. Indeed, Pattison writes that he finds no evidence to support the Kübler-Ross position. Instead of a single normative process, Pattison suggests that "dying persons demonstrate a wide variety of emotions, which ebb and flow throughout their living-dying, just as our emotions ebb and flow throughout our entire lives as we face conflicts and crisis." In the most thought-provoking essay in
A combination of fluorescent NFAT and H2B sensors uncovers dynamics of T cell activation in real time during CNS autoimmunity
Authors: Dmitri Lodygin, Francesca Odoardi, Christian Schläger, Henrike Körner, Alexandra Kitz, Michail Nosov, Jens van den Brandt, Holger M Reichardt, Michael Haberl, Alexander Flügel
Journal: Nature Medicine (2013)