tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Familial Biochemically Determined Mental Retardation in Children, with Special Reference to Aminoaciduria
Authors: Richmond S. Paine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

EVERY physician dealing with children sees from time to time cases of mental retardation with odd appearance, unusual physical signs or positive family histories for similar conditions. Some of these are merely accidental combinations of congenital anomalies, and close investigation is required before one can conclude that two siblings have identical diseases. The most common type of genetic mental retardation is undoubtedly, but less often frankly stated to be, the simple familial moron, in which limited intelligence (though rarely of extreme degree) is characteristic of many members of a pedigree such as the "Kallikaks."1 , 2 Such persons probably make up the . . .
An Indian Bath.
Authors: E. F. Conyngham
Journal: JAMA (1903)

Philipsburg, Mont., July 7, 1903. <i>To the Editor</i>:—I noticed lately an article on the improvised Russian baths of the North American aborigine. In Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Washington and British Columbia they are erected on the banks of streams, rivers and lakes, and in close proximity to a deep pool. Sometimes the work is extremely crude, just a few willow boughs slightly interlaced and barely large enough to hold an adult in a crouching position, the hole in the center, a shallow depression, and no attempt at comfort for the victim. Accompanying this is a photograph of the best constructed one I ever saw. It was made by Flatheads, or as they call themselves, "Selish." The length was 95 inches on the ground, and the height 81 inches in the center. The willows from each side are deftly twisted and braided together in the middle, the ends are tied with
Modification of Hypoglycaemia with Hexamethonium Bromide
Authors: E. Marley
Journal: BMJ (1957)

The significance of these findings is discussed, and it is suggested that in this disease the rate of glucose storage is excessive following the ingestion of large amounts of carbohydrate.We thank Dr. C. L. Cope for his interest and advice, and for allowing us to investigate this patient; Dr. M. D. Milne for help- ful comment; and Dr. M. E
Pharmacology of platelet inhibition in humans: implications of the salicylate-aspirin interaction.
Authors: G de Gaetano, C Cerletti, E Dejana, R Latini
Journal: Circulation (1985)

The current dispute over the effects of "low" vs "high" doses of aspirin should take into consideration the pharmacokinetics of this drug. In fact, different pharmaceutical formulations of aspirin may deliver little or no aspirin to the systemic blood. This was the case, for instance, in healthy volunteers taking 320 mg of compressed aspirin or 800 mg of enteric-coated aspirin. In all instances thromboxane B2 generation in serum was fully inhibited. Platelet cyclooxygenase might therefore be effectively acetylated by exposure to aspirin in the portal circulation, whereas vascular cyclooxygenase could be spared. Thus aspirin formulations ensuring complete first-pass deacetylation should be sought rather than "low" or "high" doses of unspecified aspirin formulations. Regardless of the type and dose of aspirin administered, salicylate is formed and accumulates in the circulation. It may antagonize the effects of aspirin on cyclooxygenase, at least in acute conditions. As an example, after administration of 1 g of salicylate to healthy volunteers, when plasma levels of the drug were about 75 micrograms/ml, the effect of 40 mg iv aspirin (given 40 min later) on platelet cyclooxygenase and aggregation was significantly diminished. In contrast, in patients undergoing saphenectomy, the same dose of salicylate (1 g) gave plasma drug levels of about 25 micrograms/ml; salicylate was unable to prevent the inhibitory effect on platelets of 40 mg iv aspirin (given 1 hr later) but did act on vascular prostacyclin. Thus the combination of salicylate with aspirin at an appropriate dose and blood level ratio may result in almost complete dissociation of the drug's effect on platelets and vessels in man.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Small Outbreak of Bornholm Disease in the Gambia
Authors: R. D. Foord, H. M. Gilles
Journal: BMJ (1959)

PARENTERAL LIVER THERAPY However much we may decry the sale of liver extracts with such vitamin-B,2 content, it is the physician who must bear the responsibility for inadequate treatment of the patient.Until the physician is prepared to use the large dosage of liver extracts needed to ensure adequate intake of vitamin B12 or until the manufacturers increase the vitamin-B12 content of liver extracts and alter their recommendations it would seem that the only justifiable course is to use solutions of pure vitamin B12 in all cases.Summary Two patients with pernicious anaemia who relapsed and developed subacute combined degeneration while receiving treatment with liver extracts are described.The relapses were probably due to the low vitamin-B12 content of the liver extracts.Attention is drawn to the poor vitamin-B, 2 content of most liver extracts, and the practical importance of this is emphasized.We are grateful to Dr.
Principles of Neurology
Authors: Michael J. Aminoff
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Neurology  In the 20 years since it was first published, Principles of Neurology has become a classic text, with each edition receiving a warm reception. Its goal has remained unchanged and is clearly achieved by the sixth edition, which follows the high standard of its predecessors. In a single handsome volume, a review of neurologic phenomenology is followed by a description of various neurologic syndromes and then by an account of the major categories of neurologic disease in adults and children, including a chapter on the neurology of aging. Finally, consideration is given to psychiatric disorders, an important aspect for all clinicians, but especially for neurologists.  The text has been thoroughly updated to incorporate recent advances of clinical relevance in molecular biology, neuroimaging, neuropharmacology, and neuroimmunology. It is written with an enviable clarity and elegance of style and reflects the confidence of clinical experience buttressed by insights derived from advances
Detection of serum neopterin for early assessment of dengue virus infection
Authors: Cangel P.Y. Chan, Junet W.Y. Choi, Kai-Yuan Cao, Ming Wang, Yang Gao, Duan-Hua Zhou, Biao Di, Hui-Fang Xu, Man-Fai Leung, Andreas Bergmann
Journal: Journal of Infection (2006)
Denosumab for Post-Transplantation Hypercalcemia in Osteopetrosis
Authors: Rukshana Shroff, Ortraud Beringer, Kanchan Rao, Lorenz C. Hofbauer, Ansgar Schulz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

The correspondents describe the successful use of denosumab, a monoclonal antibody that inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand, to control hypercalcemia after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in two children with osteopetrosis.
Schizophrenia susceptibility and chromosome 6p24–22
Authors: Bryan J. Mowry, Derek J. Nancarrow, David P. Lennon, Lodewijk A. Sandkuijl, Raymond R. Crowe, Jeremy M. Silverman, Richard C. Mohs, Larry J. Siever, Jean Endicott, Lawrence Sharpe, Marilyn K. Walters, Nicholas K. Hayward, Douglas F. Levinson
Journal: Nature Genetics (1995)
Rhabdomyosarcomas do not contain mutations in the DNA binding domains of myogenic transcription factors.
Authors: G Anand, D N Shapiro, P S Dickman, E V Prochownik
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Skeletal myogenesis is regulated by a group of transcription factors (MyoD, myogenin, myf5, and myf6) that are "basic helix-loop-helix" proteins that bind to the promoters of muscle-specific genes and promote their expression. We have previously shown that after a mutation of Leu122 to Arg the DNA binding basic domain of MyoD confers c-myc-like functional characteristics to the protein. In this study we used single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis to determine whether such mutations occur naturally in rhabdomyosarcomas. We have found that the basic domains of all the myogenic factors remain unaltered in rhabdomyosarcomas. Selection against such mutations may be the result of functional redundancy of these myogenic transcription factors.
Acanthosis Nigricans and Pituitary Tumors
Authors: Jack Brown
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Findings in eight patients with acanthosis nigricans and pituitary tumors, seven of whom had acromegaly or gigantism, emphasize the association of this dermatosis with pituitary disease. The sex incidence was equal, and their ages varied between 15 and 46 years. Two male patients had diabetes mellitus; three of four female patients had hypertrichosis, and all four female patients had amenorrhea. Obesity was not a constant feature. The clinical and histological findings were similar to those in acanthosis nigricans associated with other diseases. The occurrence of acanthosis nigricans with pituitary tumors as well as with other endocrine diseases, drugs, and total lipodystrophy raises the question of a possible hormonal or metabolic relationship of this dermadrome.
Targeting Intrinsically-Resistant Breast Cancer Stem Cells with Gamma-Secretase Inhibitors.
Authors: J. Chang, M. Landis, A. Schott, A. Pavlick, L. Dobrolecki, H. Korkaya, X. Zhang, A. Froehlich, A. Rodriguez, M. Rimawi, M. Wicha, M. Lewis, D. Hayes
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: We showed previously that tumorigenic, mammosphere-forming human breast cancer cells characterized by high CD44 and low or undetectable CD24 levels (CD44+/CD24-/low) are intrinsically resistant to conventional chemotherapy, and therefore may be responsible for cancer relapse. Our goal is identify novel drugs that selectively target these chemotherapy-resistant, tumor-initiating cells. Gene expression analysis of CD44+/CD24-/low cells vs. non-tumorigenic cells implicated the Notch, PI3K, and Hedgehog signaling pathways in regulating CD44+/CD24-/low cells. Thus, Notch, PI3K-AKT, and/or Hedgehog inhibitors may eliminate this unique subpopulation of cancer cells, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, and could improve patient outcome. To test this hypothesis, we are carrying out a series of preclinical and clinical studies using a gamma-secretase inhibitor (GSI) to target the Notch pathway. Methods: For preclinical studies, stable xenograft lines were generated by transplantation of human tumor biopsy fragments into immunocompromised mice. Mice with tumors (n = 32, 150-300 mm3) were randomized to four treatment groups: 1) vehicle control, 2) chemotherapy: docetaxel 3) drug: GSI (MRK-003, Merck) or 4) combination: docetaxel + MRK-003. During treatment, mice were monitored for tumor volume and body weight. At the end of the treatment cycle, residual tumors were characterized by FACS for the percentage of CD44+/CD24-/low cells, as well as for mammosphere-forming efficiency (MSFE) and tumor-initiating capacity. In a complementary clinical trial, breast cancer biopsies taken before and after treatment with GSI (MK-0752, Merck) were characterized for expression of CD44, CD24, and ALDH by FACS and for MSFE. Results and Conclusions: In preclinical studies using two independent triple negative xenograft lines, Notch pathway inhibition reduced mammosphere formation but did not affect tumor volume, with no consistent change in marker expression by FACS. In patient samples, MSFE also declined after the first cycle of GSI/chemotherapy and remained low after subsequent cycles. This response corresponded with a stasis of metastatic growth during five cycles of treatment, but metastatic burden began to increase coincident with the sixth cycle of treatment. Marker analysis suggests that GSI treatment chemo-sensitizes a significant proportion of the otherwise chemo-resistant CD44+/CD24-/low cell population indicating that they are dependent on the Notch pathway for survival. The decrease of MSFE in both preclinical and clinical studies suggests that inhibition of the Notch pathway by GSI may reduce the number of tumorigenic cancer cells that would otherwise remain after chemotherapy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 48.
Perspex in Orthopaedics
Authors: J. T. Scales, W. Herschell
Journal: BMJ (1945)

ResultsThe accompanying Table shows that exposures of the outer table of 8 by 6, 12 by 10, and 7 by 6 cm.were healed in 6, 10, and 20 days respectively after removal of the whole of Table showing Type of Case treated _~~~~~~~~C ase Site and Size Cause Day Day
Adjunct treatment with yoga in chronic severe airways obstruction.
Authors: M K Tandon
Journal: Thorax (1978)

Eleven patients with severe chronic airways obstruction were given training in yogic breathing exercises and postures. A matched group of 11 patients were given physiotherapy breathing exercises. Both groups of patients were followed up at monthly intervals for nine months with pulmonary function tests, tests of exercise tolerance, and inquiry into their symptoms. After training in yoga the mean maximum work increased significantly by 60.55 kpm; whereas no such rise occurred after training in physiotherapy. This objective improvement was associated with symptomatic improvement in a significantly higher number of patients given training in yoga.
497 Transactivation-deficient oncogenic deltata-P73 and DN-P73 proteins are overexpressed in HCCS
Authors: E PALESCANDOLO, S VOSSIO, A COSTANZO, M FULCO, M LEVRERO, F CESALPINO
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

p53 and its homolog p73 are responsible for guarding the genome and regulating cellular responses to genotoxic damage. However, life is never simple and in fact multiple isoforms of each gene exist which may have opposing functions. ΔNp73 is a truncated isoform of p73 which lacks the N-terminal transactivation domain and is up-regulated in a number of diverse primary tumour types. Although its exact cellular function is unclear, upregulation of ΔNp73 has been linked to various pro-tumour activities. Here we review the current literature surrounding this mysterious protein and reveal its potentially important functions in tumourigenesis and treatment resistance.
Association between air pollution and acute childhood wheezy episodes: prospective observational study
Authors: R. Buchdahl, A. Parker, T. Stebbings, A. Babiker
Journal: BMJ (1996)

To examine the association between the air pollutants ozone, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide and the incidence of acute childhood wheezy episodes.Prospective observational study over one year.District general hospital.1025 children attending the accident and emergency department with acute wheezy episodes; 4285 children with other conditions as the control group.Daily incidence of acute wheezy episodes.After seasonal adjustment, day to day variations in daily average concentrations of ozone and sulphur dioxide were found to have significant associations with the incidence of acute wheezy episodes. The strongest association was with ozone, for which a non-linear U shaped relation was seen. In terms of the incidence rate ratio (1 at a mean 24 hour ozone concentration of 40 microg/m3 (SD=19.1)), children were more likely to attend when the concentration was two standard deviations below the mean (incidence rate ratio=3.01; 95% confidence interval 2.17 to 4.18) or two standard deviations above the mean (1.34; 1.09 to 1.66). Sulphur dioxide had a weaker log-linear relation with incidence (1.12; 1.05 to 1.19 for each standard deviation (14.1) increase in sulphur dioxide concentration). Further adjustment for temperature and wind speed did not significantly alter these associations.Independent of season, temperature, and wind speed, fluctuations in concentrations of atmospheric ozone and sulphur dioxide are strongly associated with patterns of attendance at accident and emergency departments for acute childhood wheezy episodes. A critical ozone concentration seems to exist in the atmosphere above or below which children are more likely to develop symptoms.
PD1-1-2: The significant influence of smoking status and gender on the clinical outcome in the patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a large-scale population based cohort study
Authors: Tomoya Kawaguchi, Taro Tamura, Minoru Takada, Yoko Kusunoki, Akihide Matsumura, Keiji Iuchi, Shimao Fukai, Hikotaro Komatsu, Atsuhisa Tamura, Masaaki Kawahara
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
The Menstrual Secretion: Including Critical Remarks on the Pathology of Retained Menstrual Fluids in the Organs of Reproduction
Authors: G. Harley
Journal: BMJ (1878)

the rete mucosum.If this be the case, then, we ought to find it in ordinary jaundice of a temporary character.in the case I have related, the itchiness was an early symptom, and it became intense, and re- mnained so up to the time the gall-bladder was aspirated on March 30th.
Indications for Use of Hepatitis B Vaccine, Based on Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Albert G. Mulley, Marc D. Silverstein, Jules L. Dienstag
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

To formulate indications for the use of hepatitis B vaccine, we examined the cost effectiveness of three strategies: vaccinating everyone; screening everyone and vaccinating those without evidence of immunity; and neither vaccinating nor screening, but passively immunizing those with known exposure. Estimates of the hepatitis attack rate, prevalence of immunity, and frequency of known exposure were made for three representative populations: homosexual men, surgical residents, and the general population of the United States. Screening followed by vaccination of homosexual men and vaccination without prior screening of surgical residents would result in savings of medical costs. Neither screening nor vaccination is the lowest-cost strategy for the general population. Vaccination of susceptible persons will save medical costs for populations with annual attack rates above 5 per cent. Vaccination may be considered cost effective (or cost saving when indirect costs are included) for populations with attack rates as low as 1 to 2 per cent.
Low iron intakes among young women in Britain.
Authors: S A Barber, N L Bull, D H Buss
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A large survey by the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of people aged 15 to 25 showed that the women, and especially the participants "on a diet" or "watching their weight," generally had iron intakes well below the recommended daily allowance. Reduced iron intake appeared to result from diets of reduced iron concentration as well as from energy restriction. Further research is needed to establish whether this population is compromised or whether the current recommended daily allowances are unnecessarily high.
Fitness Memberships and Favorable Selection in Medicare Advantage Plans
Authors: Alicia L. Cooper, Amal N. Trivedi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

Because Medicare Advantage plans must pay for covered services, they may design insurance benefits to appeal to healthier beneficiaries.We identified 11 Medicare Advantage plans that offered new fitness-membership benefits in 2004 or 2005 and matched these plans to 11 Medicare Advantage control plans that did not offer coverage for fitness memberships. Using a difference-in-differences approach, we compared the self-reported health status of persons who enrolled after the fitness benefit was added to the plan with the self-reported health status of persons entering the same plan before the fitness benefit was offered.The proportion of enrollees reporting excellent or very good health was 6.1 percentage points higher (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6 to 9.7) among the 755 new enrollees in plans that added fitness benefits than among the 4097 earlier enrollees. The proportion of new enrollees reporting activity limitation was 10.4 percentage points lower (95% CI, 6.6 to 14.3) and the proportion reporting difficulty walking was 8.1 percentage points lower (95% CI, 4.4 to 11.7), as compared with earlier enrollees. Within control plans, the differences between the 1154 new enrollees and the 3910 earlier enrollees were 1.5 percentage points or less for each measure. The adjusted differences between the fitness-benefit plans and the control plans were 4.7 percentage points higher for general health (95% CI, 0.2 to 9.2), 9.2 percentage points lower for activity limitation (95% CI, 5.1 to 13.3), and 7.4 percentage points lower for difficulty walking (95% CI, 4.5 to 10.4). These differences persisted at 2 years for activity limitation and difficulty walking.Medicare Advantage plans offering coverage for fitness memberships may attract and retain a healthier subgroup of the Medicare population. (Funded by the National Institute on Aging.).
Commercialism in US Elementary and Secondary School Nutrition Environments
Authors: Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath, Lindsey Turner, Anna Sandoval, Lloyd D. Johnston, Frank J. Chaloupka
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

Schools present highly desirable marketing environments for food and beverage companies. However, most marketed items are nutritionally poor.To examine national trends in student exposure to selected school-based commercialism measures from 2007 through 2012.Annual nationally representative cross-sectional studies were evaluated in US public elementary, middle, and high schools with use of a survey of school administrators.School-based commercialism, including exclusive beverage contracts and associated incentives, profits, and advertising; corporate food vending and associated incentives and profits; posters/advertisements for soft drinks, fast food, or candy; use of food coupons as incentives; event sponsorships; and fast food available to students.Changes over time in school-based commercialism as well as differences by student body racial/ethnic distribution and socioeconomic status.Although some commercialism measures-especially those related to beverage vending-have shown significant decreases over time, most students at all academic levels continued to attend schools with one or more types of school-based commercialism in 2012. Overall, exposure to school-based commercialism increased significantly with grade level. For 63.7% of elementary school students, the most frequent type of commercialism was food coupons used as incentives. For secondary students, the type of commercialism most prevalent in schools was exclusive beverage contracts, which were in place in schools attended by 49.5% of middle school students and 69.8% of high school students. Exposure to elementary school coupons, as well as middle and high school exclusive beverage contracts, was significantly more likely for students attending schools with mid or low (vs high) student body socioeconomic status.Most US elementary, middle, and high school students attend schools where they are exposed to commercial efforts aimed at obtaining food or beverage sales or developing brand recognition and loyalty for future sales. Although there have been significant decreases over time in many of the measures examined, the continuing high prevalence of school-based commercialism calls for, at minimum, clear and enforceable standards on the nutritional content of all foods and beverages marketed to youth in school settings.
TOTAL ABLATION OF THE THYROID
Authors: Henry A. Christian
Journal: JAMA (1935)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> For a long time I have been interested in the relationship between thyroid activity on the one hand and cardiac insufficiency and angina pectoris on the other, and in discussions of patients at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital and in published papers I have stressed the idea that myxedema was the acme of what is sought in cardiac therapy; namely, rest with incident decrease of cardiac work. A note of mine on a patient in the winter of 1925 states: A most interesting feature of this patient was the play between her chronic myocarditis and angina pectoris on the one side and her myxedema on the other. In the negative state of myxedema she had relatively few cardiac symptoms. In another place I have written: It is true that with an existing cardiac lesion, which may be either coincidental or caused by thyroid hypofunction, the decreased activity