tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hapten-specific responses to the phenyltrimethylamino hapten. III. Mice whose delayed-type hypersensitivity responses cannot be abrogated by the presence of anti-idiotypic suppressor T cells lack a critical modulatory T cell function.
Authors: S Jayaraman, C J Bellone
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

A single intraperitoneal injection of the monovalent synthetic antigen, tyrosinated trimethylaminoaniline [tyr(TMA)] in Freund's complete adjuvant induces an antiidiotypic second-order T suppressor (Ts2) cell population 6 wk later. This population was able to suppress TMA-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses when adoptively transferred into normal syngeneic recipients. However, they failed to function intrinsically. The inability of the Ts2 to function intrinsically was not caused by compensating idiotype-negative T cells that mediate DTH. Rather, this paradoxical observation was found to be caused by the absence or loss of function of a critical modulatory T cell population in the suppressor cell-bearing mice. This cell is functionally active in normal mice immunized for DTH responses and is sensitive to cyclophosphamide treatment. In addition, this cell type bears idiotype on its surface and is Thy-1+ and Lyt-1-,2+. It was demonstrated that by adoptively transferring the activated modulatory T cells from normal mice into tyr(TMA)-immune recipients, it was possible to observe suppressor cell function intrinsically. The potential importance of modulatory T cell function in the regulation of antibody and DTH responses is discussed.
Excessive alcohol consumption after liver transplantation impacts on long-term survival, whatever the primary indication
Authors: Stéphanie Faure, Astrid Herrero, Boris Jung, Yohan Duny, Jean-Pierre Daures, Thibaut Mura, Eric Assenat, Michaël Bismuth, Hassan Bouyabrine, Hélène Donnadieu-Rigole, Francis Navarro, Samir Jaber, Dominique Larrey, Georges-Philippe Pageaux
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Receptor for Plasmin on Human Carcinoma Cells1
Authors: P. Burtin, M.-C. Fondaneche
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

We have shown that cells from human tumor cell line SW 1116 have receptors for plasmin and plasminogen. These receptors are the same for the proenzyme and the enzyme, but they have a much higher affinity for plasmin (Kd = 6 X 10(-8) M) than for plasminogen (Kd = 5 X 10(-6) M). Plasminogen binding was strongly increased by preincubation of the tumor cells with urokinase and was inhibited by anti-urokinase serum. Because free plasmin is rapidly neutralized in vivo, it is likely that, under physiological conditions, plasminogen is bound by tumor cells and partially transformed into plasmin by urokinase already present at the surface of these cells. Bound plasmin retains its enzymatic activity, which demonstrates that its binding does not involve the enzyme's active site.
SEVEN CASES OF CEREBRAL SURGERY.
Authors: C. E. RUTH
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Believing that cerebral lesions not accompanied by fracture or even trauma represent a large proportion of the cerebral cases requiring relief at the hands of the surgeon, I present the following cases in support of that view: <h3>Case 1.</h3> —May 9, 1891, was called to see L. G., age 5 years, who had four days previously sustained an injury by falling fifteen and one-half feet, striking her head on a plank sidewalk. No evidence of fracture of the skull was found at that time or subsequently. She slept eighteen hours in twenty-four, temperature 99.5, pulse 72. Sensation and muscular coördination normal. Appetite was good and bowels regular. Slight mental hebetude. Right side of head and face greatly swollen and discolored. Extravasation of blood under the ocular and palpebral conjunctiva. Left pupil responded to light readily. Swelling prevented inspection of the right pupil. A small swelling was found to the left
Treatment of Tapeworm
Authors: Walter C. Alvarez
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In regard to the advice of Dr. Carroll L. Birch about the treatment of tapeworms, inThe Journal, Jan. 14, page 174, you might like to note this fact: Many years ago, when I practiced in Mexico, I saw many patients with tapeworms and I rarely was able to get the head. Eventually, I met a tapeworm quack, who practically always got the head, and I asked him what his secret was. He said the secret is never to give a purge the day before the treatment. I tried this, and it worked well. After that I often used to get the head of the worm. Anyone with any knowledge of physiology of the small bowel knows that it is empty after a few hours; hence, there is no reason that I can imagine why one should give the purge the night before. What I do know
Screening for HTLV-III Antibodies: The Relation Between Prevalence and Positive Predictive Value and Its Social Consequences
Authors: Steven Kleinman
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Weiss et al<sup>1</sup>concerning human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) retrovirus type III (HTLV-III) antibody testing published in the Jan 11 issue ofThe Journalfails to draw the crucial distinction between the use of the test in a diagnostic setting and its use in screening large populations of asymptomatic individuals such as blood donors. The authors neglect to mention that the predictive value of a positive test result (ie, the likelihood that a reactive laboratory test result represents prior exposure to HTLV-III) is dependent not only on test sensitivity and test specificity, but is even more closely related to the prevalence of the disease state in the tested population. We can estimate the prevalence of HTLV-III exposure in blood donors from three pieces of data: (1) the 1983-1984 incidence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in non—risk group individuals has been estimated at one
Role of Calcium-Sensitive K <sup>+</sup> Channels and Nitric Oxide in In Vivo Coronary Vasodilation From Enhanced Perfusion Pulsatility
Authors: Nazareno Paolocci, Pasquale Pagliaro, Takayoshi Isoda, Federico W. Saavedra, David A. Kass
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —In vitro studies support K + Ca channel–induced smooth muscle hyperpolarization as underlying acetylcholine-mediated (or bradykinin-mediated) vasodilation that persists despite combined nitric oxide (NO) and PGI 2 inhibition. We tested the hypothesis that these channels are activated by enhanced pulsatile perfusion in vivo and contribute substantially to vasodilation from this stimulus. Methods and Results —The canine left descending coronary artery was perfused with whole blood at constant mean pressure, and physiological flow pulsatility was set at 40 or 100 mm Hg by computer servo-pump. Cyclooxygenase was inhibited by indomethacin. Mean flow increased +18±2% ( P &lt;0.0001) with enhanced pulsatility. This response declined ≈50% by blocking NO synthase (L-NMMA) or K + Ca [charybdotoxin (CbTX)+apamin (AP)]. Combining both inhibitors virtually eliminated the flow rise. Inhibiting either or both pathways minimally altered basal coronary flow, whereas agonist-stimulated flow was blocked. Bradykinin-induced dilation declined more with CbTX+AP than with L-NMMA (−66% versus −46%, P =0.03) and was fully blocked by their combination. In contrast, acetylcholine-induced dilation was more blunted by L-NMMA than by CbTX+AP (−71% versus −44%, P &lt;0.002) and was not fully prevented by the combination. Substituting iberiotoxin (IbTX) for CbTX greatly diminished inhibition of pulse pressure and agonist flow responses (with or without NOS inhibition). Furthermore, blockade by IbTX+AP was identical to that by AP alone, supporting a minimal role of IbTX-sensitive large-conductance K + Ca channels. Conclusions —K + Ca activation and NO comodulate in vivo pulsatility-stimulated coronary flow, supporting an important role of a hyperpolarization pathway in enhanced mechanovascular signaling. Small- and intermediate-conductance K + Ca channels are the dominant species involved in modulating both pulse pressure– and bradykinin-induced in vivo coronary dilation.
PRELIMINARY EDUCATION, PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AND PRACTICE IN NEW YORK.
Authors: JAMES RUSSELL PARSONS
Journal: JAMA (1896)

A few years ago the terms "American doctor" and " Philadelphia doctor" were current in Europe as synonyms for incompetency. This fact was most disagreeably impressed on my mind when as United States consul at Aix-la-Chapelle I was asked to testify in a case before the German courts touching the value of a Buchanan diploma. The circumstances connected with this German trial were vividly recalled last month by one who seemed anxious to equal the record of Buchanan in selling medical degrees to all comers. A young pharmacist who had never studied at a medical school asked me if I thought a medical degree from the Wisconsin Eclectic Medical College worth $35. In response to my questions, he submitted certain letters, the first from the president of the institution which offered the diploma (seeJournal, Vol. xxvi, p. 838), the second, which we herewith give, from the Secretary of State of
A change in scientific approach: from alternation to randomised allocation in clinical trials in the 1940s
Authors: P D'A. Hart
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The Medical Research Council undertook two controlled clinical trials of potentially curative drugs in the United Kingdom in the 1940s. The first trial, carried out in 1943-4 to investigate patulin treatment for the common cold, was arguably the first double blind curative trial with concurrent controls in the general population in modern times.1 It was also probably one of the last with non-randomised or quasi-randomised2 allocation of subjects, but it used technology of the highest order then available. The MRC Patulin Clinical Trials Committee (1943) was chaired by Sir Harold Himsworth, and its statisticians were M Greenwood and W J Martin.

The second trial, carried out in 1947-8 to evaluate streptomycin in tuberculosis, is widely accepted as the first randomised curative trial.3 The MRC Streptomycin in Tuberculosis Trials Committee (1946) was chaired by Sir Geoffrey Marshall, and the statistician was Sir Austin Bradford Hill. As a member of the MRC scientific staff, I was secretary to both committees.

#### Summary points

The MRC undertook two controlled drug trials in the 1940s

In a controlled, double blind mass trial of patulin for the common cold, subjects were allocated alternately to study groups

In the first streptomycin trial, patients were allocated randomly to groups, but the trial was not double blind or placebo controlled

Menaces such as HIV infection and multiple drug resistance have dampened the optimism enjoyed by researchers in the middle of this century

During …
The Critical Need for CD4 Help in Maintaining Effective Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Responses
Authors: Spyros A. Kalams, Bruce D. Walker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

For many viral infections, resolution of illness is associated with long-term host control of viremia rather than viral eradication. An example is EBV infection, and the fact that host immune suppression is associated with EBV-induced disease suggests that it is the immune system that is holding the
THE TREATMENT OF EXTENSIVE MALIGNANT LESIONS OF THE STOMACH
Authors: WALTMAN WALTERS
Journal: JAMA (1934)

It is difficult to define "extensive" carcinoma of the stomach, for a very small, apparently localized, carcinoma no larger than 1.5 cm. in diameter may be of very high degree of malignancy, and it may cause involvement of the lymph nodes along the greater and lesser curvatures of the stomach that necessitates removal of an extensive portion of the stomach and its attached omentums containing the involved lymph nodes. Were it not for the varying degrees of malignancy, extensive malignant tumors of the stomach might be defined as those which, because of their size, necessitate removing an unusually large part of the stomach and, in some cases, even the entire stomach; or those which because of frequent attachment of the carcinoma to adjacent structures, such as the capsule of the liver or pancreas, or because of involvement of the transverse mesocolon, require that portions of these structures also be removed.
Partial nodular transformation of the liver presenting with ascites
Authors: A. P. Dick, G. A. Gresham
Journal: Gut (1972)

Partial nodular transformation of the liver is a rare condition. Only six cases have been reported previously, all of which presented with bleeding from oesophageal varices. A further example of the disorder is recorded differing in the mode of onset with ascites. The total duration of the illness was eight weeks. Necropsy showed widespread evidence of liver cell damage with nodule formation around the hilum. These nodules had caused portal venous obstruction and ascites.
Medical-Examiner-System Reorganization in Massachusetts
Authors: William J. Curran, S.M. Hyg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

MASSACHUSETTS has had many "medical firsts," from colonial times through the 200 years of the Republic since 1776. One of the most important came in the first year of the second century of the nation, 1877, when the State abolished the office of coroner and replaced it with "medical examiners" in each local community or district. The judicial duties of the coroners were shifted to the justices of the District Courts, to be performed in inquests concerning suspicious deaths, but qualified physicians were responsible for all public medical investigations.In the remainder of this second century, reform in the coroner . . .
CORONARY ARTERY INFUSION OF NEUROPEPTIDE Y IN PATIENTS WITH ANGINA PECTORIS
Authors: J.G. Clarke, R. Kerwin, S. Larkin, Y. Lee, M. Yacoub, G.J. Davies, D. Hackett, D. Dawbarn, S.R. Bloom, A. Maseri
Journal: The Lancet (1987)
Evaluation of a capsulated hydrophilic carrier polymer (the ImmunoCAP) for measurement of specific IgE antibodies
Authors: P. W. Ewan, D. Coote
Journal: Allergy (1990)

The Pharmacia CAP System is a new assay for serum specific IgE, utilising a solid phase capable of binding more antigen than conventional systems. The CAP System has been evaluated in 69 consecutive patients referred to one allergy clinic in relation to skin prick test (SPT), radioallergosorbent test (Phadebas RAST®) and specific allergy diagnosis for five inhalant allergens, D.ptewnyssinus, timothy grass pollen, eat epithelium/dander, Cladosporium and Alternaria. Good correlation was obtained between RAST and CAP for all allergens, e.g. r=0.974 for D.pteronyssinus and r=0.964 for grass pollen. When sensitivity and specificity were examined for both CAP and RAST versus SPT, CAP was usually found to be of greater sensitivity than RAST, and of similar or slightly lower specificity. SPT gave more positive reactions than either in vitro test, but CAP gave more positives than RAST. Twenty‐two of 336 (6.6%) tests were CAP positive/RAST negative, whereas a negative CAP with a positive RAST occurred in only 2/336 (0.6%) tests. Of patients with any test (SPT or RAST or CAP) for specific IgE positive, up to 20–30% did not have clinical allergy, confirming the importance of the history in interpreting these tests. Our results suggest that, for the allergens tested, the Pharmacia CAP System is more sensitive than the RAST, identifying more positive tests and approximating more closely to the SPT. It offers the additional advantages of speed and efficiency.
Site of stimulation of aldosterone biosynthesis by angiotensin and potassium
Authors: Ronald D. Brown, Charles A. Strott, Grant W. Liddle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Studies were undertaken to determine what part of the aldosterone biosynthetic pathway is stimulated by angiotensin and potassium. The availability of a method for isolating the early portion of the aldosterone pathway and a new method for measuring plasma deoxycorticosterone permitted the design of experiments to determine whether angiotensin and potassium stimulate the pathway before deoxycorticosterone. To eliminate ACTH-dependent steroid synthesis, the experiments were performed in subjects receiving constant dosage of dexamethasone. To minimize the intra-adrenal conversion of deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone, all subjects also received constant dosage of metyrapone. Plasma deoxycortisol was measured as an index of the activity of the zona fasciculata. In the absence of changes in plasma deoxycortisol, one may infer that changes in plasma deoxycorticosterone represent changes in function of zona glomerulosa, the site of aldosterone formation. Under these conditions, human subjects responded both to angiotensin and to potassium with significant increases in plasma deoxycorticosterone but without significant increases in plasma deoxycortisol. In contrast, small doses of ACTH given under similar conditions never induced increases in plasma deoxycorticosterone without simultaneously inducing large increases in plasma deoxycortisol. It is concluded that the aldosterone-stimulating effects of angiotensin and potassium are, at least in part, consequences of stimulation of the biosynthetic pathway at some point before the formation of deoxycorticosterone so as to increase the availability of aldosterone precursors.
Deimination restores inner retinal visual function in murine demyelinating disease
Authors: Mabel Enriquez-Algeciras, Di Ding, Fabrizio G. Mastronardi, Robert E. Marc, Vittorio Porciatti, Sanjoy K. Bhattacharya
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Progressive loss of visual function frequently accompanies demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and is hypothesized to be the result of damage to the axons and soma of neurons. Here, we show that dendritic impairment is also involved in these diseases. Deimination, a posttranslational modification, was reduced in the retinal ganglion cell layer of MS patients and in a transgenic mouse model of MS (ND4 mice). Reduced deimination accompanied a decrease in inner retinal function in ND4 mice, indicating loss of vision. Local restoration of deimination dramatically improved retinal function and elongation of neurites in isolated neurons. Further, neurite length was decreased by downregulation of deimination or siRNA knockdown of the export-binding protein REF, a primary target for deimination in these cells. REF localized to dendrites and bound selective mRNAs and translation machinery to promote protein synthesis. Thus, protein deimination and dendritic outgrowth play key roles in visual function and may be a general feature of demyelinating diseases.
Management of self-poisoned patients.
Authors: R C Fieldsend
Journal: BMJ (1979)

28 % oxygen, her PaO2 was 20-22 kPa and PaCO2 4-5 kPa.Prior to her return to the ward she was started on aminophylline suppositories 360 mg twice daily, prednisolone 20 mg twice daily, salbutamol, and becotide inhalers.Three days later she had three grand mal seizures within one hour, commencing on the right side of her body.Intravenous diazepam (10 mg) given after the first seizure did not prevent the two further attacks.Treatment with aminophylline suppositories was stopped and no further fits occurred.An electro- encephalogram on the following day was normal.In children, convulsions have followed the rectal administration of aminophylline,l but this effect has rarely been described in adults.Absorption from suppositories is unpre- dictable.2In adults convulsions have occurred following intravenous administration.:The patient described above was given 720 mg/day =0-8 mg aminophylline/kg/h for three days.It has been recommended that adults with severe asthma should be given no more than 1 g/day of aminophylline intravenously,4 or no more than 0-9 mg/kg/h.5This case illustrates the danger of aminophylline suppositories and prolonged treatment at high doses.We suggest that this drug should be prescribed by weight at specified intervals rather than in terms of the number of tablets or suppositories, particularly in small adults.
The `Battered Child' Revisited
Authors: Marilyn Heins
Journal: JAMA (1984)

The impact of the article "The Battered-Child Syndrome" by Drs Henry Kempe, Frederic Silverman, Brandt Steele, William Droegemueller, and Henry Silver, which appeared inThe Journalon July 7, 1962<sup>1</sup>—and the speed with which this impact was felt throughout the land —were truly astonishing. Within four years of the publication of this LANDMARK ARTICLE, all but one state had adopted child abuse reporting statutes.<sup>2</sup> Others had suspected the existence of child abuse, and a few previous articles on this subject had been published in the medical literature. Two things made this article different. First, the title. How can a nation ignore an entity called "the battered-child syndrome"? Second, the paper was submitted to the widely circulated<i>Journal of the American Medical Association</i>so that the majority of practicing physicians read about child abuse and the press quickly took note. This perspective will cover four topics: (1) What
Pragmatically pristine, the dialogical cause of self-deception
Authors: Colin T. Schmidt
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

Empirical evidence of self-deception's propositional duality is not sought; philosophically relevant links between propositions proper and mind are explored instead. Speech in unison ably indicates the social grounding of such attitudinal structures. An extra-theoretical eye – with regard to cognitivism – is cast on a case of “illusory communication.” The reinforcing of lexical analysis shows Mele's approach to be in need of non- ego concepts, wherefore it lacks soundness with respect to reference.
The Absent Professor: Why We Don't Teach Research Ethics and What to Do about It
Authors: Arri Eisen, Roberta M. Berry
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2002)

Research ethics education in the biosciences has not historically been a priority for research universities despite the fact that funding agencies, government regulators, and the parties involved in the research enterprise agree that it ought to be. The confluence of a number of factors, including scrutiny and regulation due to increased public awareness of the impact of basic research on society, increased public and private funding, increased diversity and collaboration among researchers, the impressive success and speed of research advances, and high-profile cases of misconduct, have made it necessary to reexamine how the bioscience research community at all levels provides ethics education to its own. We discuss the need to and reasons for making ethics integral to the education of bioscientists, approaches to achieving this goal, challenges this goal presents, and responses to those challenges.
Reducing Blood Lead Levels
Authors: Thomas D. Matte
Journal: JAMA (1999)

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