tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of nedocromil sodium on neurogenic mechanisms in vitro
Authors: Allen C. Myers, Margerita M. Riccio, Bradley J. Undem
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1996)

We have developed a guinea pig model that allows monitoring of single afferent nerve fiber activity after stimulation of tracheal nerve endings with various stimuli. Action potentials from nodose or jugular neurons are recorded extracellularly. Previous experiments have shown that the excitability of the nerve endings to, for example, mechanical stimuli can be increased by antigen challenge of presensitized guinea pigs. Nedocromil sodium 10-4 mol/L significantly reduced by more than 50% the generation of action potentials in C fibers in response to stimulation by capsaicin. The precise mechanism is not known, although the membrane depolarization induced by capsaicin was reduced in the presence of nedocromil sodium. This agent did not have a generalized inhibitory effect on afferent excitability because it had no effect on sensitivity to electrical or mechanical stimuli. Nedocromil sodium did not affect the generation of action potentials in Aδ and C fibers in the presence of hypertonic saline solution. (J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL 1996;98:S107-11.)
On the Definition and Criterion of Death
Authors: JAMES L. BERNAT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

The permanent cessation of functioning of the organism as a whole is the definition underlying the traditional understanding of death. We suggest the total and irreversible loss of functioning of the whole brain as the sole criterion of death; this has always been an implicit criterion of death. If artificial ventilation is present, only completely validated brain dysfunction tests should be used to show that this criterion of death is satisfied. In most cases without artificial ventilation, permanent loss of cardiopulmonary function is sufficient. We propose a statutory definition of death based on the criterion of total and irreversible cessation of whole brain functions but allowing physicians to declare death according to their customary practices in most cases.
Albendazole chemotherapy for treatment of diarrhoea in patients with AIDS in Zambia: a randomised double blind controlled trial
Authors: P. Kelly, F. Lungu, E. Keane, R. Baggaley, F. Kazembe, J. Pobee, M. Farthing
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To determine the value of short course, high dose albendazole chemotherapy in the treatment of persistent diarrhoea related to HIV in unselected patients in urban Zambia. <b>Design</b>: A randomised double blind placebo controlled trial of albendazole 800 mg twice daily for two weeks. Patients were monitored intensively for one month and followed for up to six months. <b>Setting</b>: Home care AIDS services in Lusaka and Ndola. <b>Patients</b>: 174 HIV seropositive patients with persistent diarrhoea (defined as loose but not bloody stools three or more times a day for three weeks or longer). No investigations were undertaken except HIV testing after counselling. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Proportion of time periods during which diarrhoea was experienced after completion of treatment; proportion of patients with full remission after completion of treatment; mortality. <b>Results</b>: The patients taking albendazole had diarrhoea on 29% fewer days than those taking placebo (P&lt;0.0001) in the two weeks after treatment. The benefit of albendazole was maintained over six months. In patients with a Karnofsky score of 50 to 70 (needing help with activities of daily living and unable to work, but not needing admission to hospital) diarrhoea was reduced by 50%. Remission was obtained in 26% of all patients who received albendazole (P=0.004 against 9% receiving placebo), and this difference was maintained over six months (log rank test, P=0.003). Albendazole had no effect on mortality. Minimal adverse effects were noted. <b>Conclusions</b>: For HIV infected Zambians with diarrhoea of more than three weeks9 duration albendazole offers substantial relief from symptoms and may be used empirically, without prior investigation. <h3>Key messages</h3> Enteric intracellular protozoa can be identified in most of these patients in hospital in Lusaka Albendazole (800 mg twice daily for two weeks) reduced the time with diarrhoea over six months The Karnofsky score, a simple clinical assessment, identified patients most likely to benefit Albendazole had no measurable effect on mortality
Persistence of antibrain antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid during plasmapheresis for multiple sclerosis.
Authors: B Ryberg, R Pirskanen
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A man with chronic progressive multiple sclerosis received a 10 day course of treatment with adrenocorticotrophic hormone without beneficial effect. He then received six sessions of plasmapheresis, again without improvement. Treatment with adrenocorticotrophic hormone had no effect on serum antibrain antibody titres, but plasmapheresis virtually eliminated the antibodies from serum and caused a fall in serum IgG concentrations; neither treatment had any effect on the IgG concentration and antibody titre in the cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment with plasmapheresis may fail in patients with multiple sclerosis because it does not remove antibrain antibodies from the intrathecal space.
Abstract B18: Targeting rapamycin-induced autophagy in cancer
Authors: Anya Alayev, Rose B. Snyder, Marina K. Holz
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is an important regulator of cell cycle progression and proliferation, and is a target of the inhibitor rapamycin. The 40S ribosomal S6 Kinase 1 (S6K1) is one of the best characterized downstream targets of mTORC1. The mTORC1/S6K1 pathway is hyperactivated in many types of cancer, contributing to cancer pathogenesis and progression. Autophagy is a cellular mechanism conserved in all eukaryotes, whose role is to maintain homeostasis of the cell under stress-induced conditions by recycling intracellular components. In cancer, autophagy may serve to protect cancer cells from cell death and may contribute to acquired drug resistance. The mTORC1/S6K1 signaling pathway is an important regulator of autophagy. One of the concerns that arise with the use of mTORC1 inhibitors, such as rapamycin analogs (or rapalogs), is that rapalogs promote autophagy and cause cell senescence, which protects cancer cells from undergoing apoptosis. Recent evidence suggests that a possible mechanism by which mTORC1 regulates autophagy may involve the tumor suppressor programmed cell death protein 4 (PDCD4), which is a downstream target of S6K1. Inhibition of mTORC1/S6K1 signaling causes upregulation of PDCD4 expression, which correlates with increased autophagy induction. We observed that suppressing PDCD4 expression in combination with rapamycin reduces autophagy and causes cancer cells to undergo cell death via apoptosis. Our results indicate that such strategy prevents rapamycin-induced upregulation of autophagy, while maintaining inhibition of mTORC1/S6K1 signaling, and promotes progression to apoptosis. Citation Format: Anya Alayev, Rose B. Snyder, Marina K. Holz. Targeting rapamycin-induced autophagy in cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Third AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; Sep 18-22, 2013; National Harbor, MD. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(19 Suppl):Abstract nr B18.
Customizing laboratory mice by modifying gut microbiota and host immunity in an early “window of opportunity”
Authors: Camilla H.F. Hansen, Stine B. Metzdorff, Axel K. Hansen
Journal: Gut Microbes (2013)

We recently investigated how post-natal microbial gut colonization is important for the development of the immune system, especially in the systemic compartments. This addendum presents additional data which in accordance with our previous findings show that early life microbial colonization is critical for a fine-tuned immune homeostasis to develop also in the intestinal environment. A generalized reduction in the expression of immune signaling related genes in the small intestine may explain previously shown increased systemic adaptive immune reactivity, if the regulatory cross-talk between intra- and extra-intestinal immune cells is immature following a neonatal germ-free period. These findings are furthermore discussed in the context of recently published results on how lack of microbial exposure in the neonatal life modifies disease expression in rodents used as models mimicking human inflammatory diseases. In particular, with a focus on how these interesting findings could be used to optimize the use of rodent models.
ON THE CAUSE OF THE LOCALIZATION OF SECONDARY TUMORS AT POINTS OF INJURY
Authors: F. S. Jones, Peyton Rous
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

The cause of the frequent localization of secondary tumors at points of injury is not known. Our work deals with this problem. For the experiments the peritoneal cavity has been employed as offering relatively uncomplicated conditions, and the fate of mouse tumor brought into contact with a peritoneal lining injured in various ways has been studied. The injection of a suspension of mouse tumor into a healthy peritoneal cavity has little success as a rule compared with a similar injection into the subcutaneous tissue. We have found that the resistance of the peritoneal lining thus indicated can be largely if not completely abolished by the preliminary injection of a mechanical irritant (Kieselguhr, lycopodium). That the change thus brought about is independent of general immunity phenomena is shown by the fact that a local injury renders susceptible the part of the peritoneum immediately affected and that part only. Special tests show that the factor important in rendering the peritoneum more susceptible is the injury to the subendothelial connective tissue. Susceptibility persists after the endothelium has regenerated over the reacting connective tissue. Schmidt has found that the cells of tumor emboli in the pulmonary arterioles are able to penetrate the endothelium of the vessel only after they have been provided with a stroma from the subendothelial connective tissue. Our findings are easily explained on the basis thus suggested. A connective tissue highly cellular and perhaps still proliferating as the result of injury may well elaborate the stroma for a tumor more rapidly than normal connective tissue. Tests of growth in vitro support this idea. Connective tissue reacting to an injury grows profusely and almost immediately when incubated in plasma, whereas normal tissue from the same region shows usually no growth whatever. Dead tumor fragments in contact with the peritoneum cause a change favorable to the lodgment and growth of later tumor fragments. It seems not improbable that the peritoneal dissemination of certain human neoplasms may be accomplished indirectly through the death of the first tumor fragments cast off. Our observations have been purposely confined to the effects of injury on the peritoneal lining ; but they seem to afford the basis for a generalization. The secondary localization of tumors at points of injury may be attributed with good reason to the presence at such points of an active connective tissue capable of elaborating a stroma rapidly and abundantly. For it is the proliferation of the subendothelial connective tissue to form a supporting stroma that determines the fate of free tumor cells, whether these lie on the peritoneum or within a vessel.
The Burden of Diabetes-Associated Cardiovascular Hospitalizations in Veterans Administration (VA) and Non-VA Medical Facilities
Authors: Nicholas L. Smith, Charles Maynard
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—This study examines the relative burden of cardiovascular disease in diabetic and nondiabetic admissions to Veterans Administration (VA) and non-VA hospitals. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Calendar year 1997 hospitalization data were collected from the VA Patient Treatment File and the National Hospital Discharge Survey, National Center for Health Statistics. Discharge diagnoses based on ICD-9 codes were used to classify cardiovascular events and procedures and diabetes. Proportionate hospitalization ratios (PHRs) were calculated based on the number of cardiovascular hospitalizations from among all hospitalizations. RESULTS—We identified 119,653 VA hospitalizations (19.1%) and 3,765,696 non-VA hospitalizations (16.8%) that coded diabetes among the discharge diagnoses. Cardiovascular hospitalizations, primarily coronary in origin, accounted for nearly 50% of all hospitalizations of persons with diabetes within VA and non-VA medical care systems. Coronary events and procedures (PHR = 1.85 and 1.68) and, to a lesser extent, cerebrovascular events and procedures (PHR = 1.55 and 1.33) were more common in VA hospitalizations where diabetes was listed as a comorbidity than in VA hospitalizations where diabetes was not listed. The burden of coronary hospitalizations was larger in VA than non-VA facilities for men (PHR = 1.82 vs. 1.66) and smaller in VA than non-VA facilities for women (PHR = 3.11 vs. 3.44) in age and race-standardized analyses. The burden of coronary hospitalization was higher for whites and blacks in VA facilities (PHR = 1.83 and 2.01) when compared with non-VA facilities (PHR = 1.68 and 1.84). CONCLUSIONS—The burden of cardiovascular hospitalizations is not equally borne across hospitalizations with and without diabetes and across VA and non-VA facilities.
Identifying Hepatic Nuclear Factor 1α Mutations in Children and Young Adults With a Clinical Diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: A. Paul Lambert, Sian Ellard, Lisa I.S. Allen, Ian W. Gallen, Kathleen M. Gillespie, Polly J. Bingley, Andrew T. Hattersley
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

HNF-1alpha gene mutations (MODY3) present with marked hyperglycemia in lean young adults and may, therefore, be mistaken for type 1 diabetes, with implications for individual treatment and risk of diabetes in other family members. We examined the prevalence of HNF-1alpha mutations in families with three generations of diabetes identified in a population-based study of childhood diabetes, representing a subpopulation in which misclassification was likely.In a study population of 1,470 families, 36 families (2.4%) with three affected generations were identified. In the 18 families in whom DNA samples were available, islet autoantibody testing, HLA class II genotyping, and HNF-1alpha sequencing were performed.At least one islet autoantibody was found in 13 of 14 probands, and diabetes-associated HLA class II haplotypes were found in 17 of 18. One proband, who had no islet autoantibodies and was homozygous for the protective HLA haplotype DRB1*02-DQB1*0602, had a novel HNF-1alpha heterozygous nonsense mutation (R54X). This mutation cosegregated with diabetes in the family. The proband, his brother, mother, and maternal grandmother were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes aged 14-18 years and treated with insulin (0.39-0.74 units/kg) from diagnosis. The mother has since been successfully transferred to sulfonylurea treatment.Family history alone is of limited value in identification of individuals with HNF-1alpha mutations, and we propose a stepwise approach that restricts sequencing of the HNF-1alpha gene to those with a family history of diabetes who also test negative for islet autoantibodies.
Psoriatic nail disease, a predictor of psoriatic arthritis
Authors: R. Baran, B. Sigurgeirsson
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Journal Article Psoriatic nail disease, a predictor of psoriatic arthritis Get access R. Baran, R. Baran Nail Disease Centre 42 Rue des Serbes 06400 Cannes France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. Sigurgeirsson B. Sigurgeirsson Faculty of Medicine Section of Dermatology University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 171, Issue 5, 1 November 2014, Pages 935–936, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13398 Published: 01 November 2014
Book Review Hemostasis and Thrombosis: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice Fifth edition. Edited by Robert W. Colman, Victor J. Marder, Alexander W. Clowes, James N. George, and Samuel Z. Goldhaber. 1827 pp., illustrated. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 2006. $325. 0-7817-4996-4
Authors: Bruce Furie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN 3–4+ MITRAL REGURGITATION IS UNTREATED DURING SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT? IMPLICATIONS FOR TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT
Authors: Eric Roselli, Monica Isabella, Jeevanantham Rajeswaran, Daniel Johnson, David Johnson, Benico Barzilai, Eugene Blackstone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Noninvasive diagnosis of restenosis by transthoracic doppler echocardiography after percutaneous coronary intervention: comparison with 201-TI SPECT
Authors: Kumiko Hirata, Hiroyuki Watanabe, Koutaro Tokai, Ryo Otsuka, Takashi Muro, Masakazu Teragaki, Junichi Yoshikawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Oral decontamination treats the symptom, not the cause
Authors: Duncan L Wyncoll, Peter J Young
Journal: BMJ (2007)

We select the letters for these pages from the rapid responses posted on bmj.com favouring those received within five days of publication of the article to which they refer.Letters are thus an early selection of rapid responses on a particular topic.Readers should consult the website for the full list of responses and any authors' replies, which usually arrive
Hepatitis G virus infection in chronic hepatitis C: frequency, features and response to interferon therapy
Authors: Juan Carlos Sáiz, Sergi Ampurdanés, Eva Olmedo, Francesc Xavier López-Labrador, Xavier Forns, Magdalena Guilera, Dolors Tassies, Josep Costa, José María Sánchez-Tapias, María Teresa Jiménez de Anta, Juan Rodés
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1997)
AIR TRANSPORTATION OF PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: BENJAMIN A. STRICKLAND, CHARLES FERRIS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1954)

1. The literature pertaining to management of neuropsychiatric patients during transportation by air is reviewed. 2. Methods employed by the military services including standard operating procedures are presented. 3. Reactions to air transportation of approximately 2,100 different patients making 2,879 patient-flights are reported. Results indicate that neuropsychiatric patients can be advantageously and economically transported by air. Among the 2,879 reports studied, symptoms reported during flight were present in only 10.6%. No serious reactions occurred and no symptoms were reported that are considered to have untoward significance. 4. Summarized are the results of a USAF School of Aviation Medicine research report concerning handling of neuropsychiatric patients during air transportation.
Does prazosin induce formation of antinuclear factor?
Authors: B O Kristensen
Journal: BMJ (1979)

treatment with prazosin, or prazosin plus a beta-blocker.Pape et all report similar findings in 14 patients, of whom 13 had negative ANF tests before and after prazosin and one a positive pretreatment test, which became negative after 18 weeks on prazosin.Marshall points out that his ANF findings are unlike those of systemic lupus erythematosus and that no patient had symptoms of an autoimmune illness.This is in agreement with my experience in 85 patients now treated with prazosin for periods up to five years (total patient years 255).There have never been signs or symptoms indicating an autoimmune reaction, nor have any significant laboratory abnormalities been found.
Perspective on Tuna Fish
Authors: Ephraim Kahn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

THE discovery of environmental mercury contamination in this country has led to increasing concern about mercury toxicity. Mercury poisoning is not a new phenomenon — knowledge of its manifestations goes back at least 1500 years. But the tragedies of Minamata and Niigata in Japan, and the less widely known but no less tragic epidemics in Iraq, Pakistan and Guatemala in the past decade, represent a distinctly different clinical entity: alkyl mercury poisoning. A key concept developed by the extensive Japanese and Swedish investigations in this field is that alkyl mercury compounds (chiefly methyl, the form in which mercury exists in . . .
The Effect of an Ordinary Meal on the Electrocardiogram. Normal Standards in Middle-Aged Men and Women
Authors: ERNST SIMONSON, ANCEL KEYS
Journal: Circulation (1950)

In previous studies on young men it was found that definite changes in the electrocardiogram are produced by an ordinary meal. This work has been extended with a larger series of older men and women. In general, the results confirm the previous studies but an age trend was found in some items. The combined material allowed an analysis of the correlations between the changes in the various items of measurement and more detailed consideration of the physiologic mechanisms involved. Normal fiducial limits for the changes induced by a meal were calculated to provide a basis of discrimination between normal and abnormal responses.
Development of a Systemic Insect Repellent
Authors: Jacques L. Sherman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

It is a sad, but incontrovertible fact, that despite the great medical advances made over the centuries, the cost of disease to armies is still too high. The death rate due to disease has been significantly reduced over that due to battle injury, but disease casualties still represent the major cause of disability. In World War II, the US armed forces suffered losses of 72 million man-days due to battle wounds, but lost four times as many man-days due to disease. More recent military experiences in Korea, Indochina, Lebanon, Kuwait, India, and Viet Nam have indicated clearly that medical problems of disease and of climate remain of major military importance. Infectious diseases represent the major classification among diseases leading to military ineffectiveness, and among these, arthropod-borne diseases are responsible for the largest percentage. On this basis, the US Army Medical Research and Development Command has carried out an active program
The nutritive effect of glucose on teh structure and function of jejunal self-emptying blind loops in the rat.
Authors: H Menge, H Werner, H Lorenz-Meyer, E O Riecken
Journal: Gut (1975)

In an attempt to obtain further information on the influence of the intestinal contents on the development of mucosal structure and function, self-emptying blind loops of rat jejunum were constructed, and the oral end was exteriorized with a stoma to permit infusion of different solutions into the loop. Ringer solution or media containing glucose or galactose was instilled into the loops three times daily for 27 days before functional and structural examination of the loops. The body weight and food intake of the animals did not differ significantly from one group to another. Treatment with glucose, but not with galactose or Ringer solution alone, induced a significant increase in the villus height. Disaccharidase but not dipeptidase activity was concomitantly increased. Infusion of glucose or galactose both led to an increase in the transport capacity of the loop, as determined by glucose absorption in vivo. These results indicate that glucose has a nutritive effect, probably due to its intracellular metabolism, which is responsible for the structural alterations observed. On the other hand, the increase in transport capacity may be attributed to substrate-induced stimulation of the specific monosaccharide transport system in the epithelial cell.
Ammonia in the eye.
Authors: R. McGuiness
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Ammonia in the Eye SIR,-I was interested in the paper of Dr. V. N. Highman (8 February, p. 359) con- cerning ammonia burns and the eye.Recently a patient was seen two hours after a jewellery robbery, having had ammonia thrown in her eyes.One eye showed loss of corneal epithelium and conjunctival injection.The other showed gross conjunctival injection, loss of corneal epithelium, stromal haze,