tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Plasma advanced glycation end-products and skin autofluorescence are increased in COPD
Authors: P. Gopal, N. L. Reynaert, J. L. J. M. Scheijen, L. Engelen, C. G. Schalkwijk, F. M. E. Franssen, E. F. M. Wouters, E. P. A. Rutten
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. These conditions may lead to the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). In this study we investigated in 88 COPD patients and 55 control subjects (80% ex-smokers) the association of the plasma protein-bound AGEs N<sup>ϵ</sup>-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), pentosidine, N<sup>ϵ</sup>-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL), and AGE accumulation in skin by skin autofluorescence (AFR), with lung function. Mean±sd plasma CML was decreased (COPD 61.6±15.6 nmol·mmol<sup>−1</sup> lysine, never-smokers 80.7±19.8 nmol·mmol<sup>−1</sup> lysine and ex-smokers 82.9±19.3 nmol·mmol<sup>−1</sup> lysine) and CEL (COPD 39.1±10.9 nmol·mmol<sup>−1</sup> lysine, never-smokers 30.4±5.0 nmol·mmol<sup>−1</sup> lysine and ex-smokers 27.7±6.4 nmol·mmol<sup>−1</sup> lysine) and AFR (COPD 3.33±0.67 arbitrary units (AU), never-smokers 2.24±0.45 AU and ex-smokers 2.31±0.47 AU) were increased in COPD patients compared to controls. Disease state was inversely associated with CML, and linearly associated with CEL and AFR. Performing regression analyses in the total group, CEL and AFR showed a negative association and CML a positive association with lung function, even after correction for potential confounders. In conclusion, CEL and AFR were negatively and CML was positively associated with disease state. In the total group only the AGEs showed an association with forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Our data suggest that AGEs are involved in the pathophysiology of COPD, although their exact role remains to be determined.
The early days of insulin use in Edinburgh.
Authors: R L Lyon
Journal: BMJ (1990)

BrMedJ 1990;301:1452-4 The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh has long been associated with the treatment of diabetes mellitus, particularly with diet and insulin. This has been due more to the teams of workers who came together than to individual specialists, but even more so to the initial impetus when insulin was discovered. Before insulin was successfully isolated by B-anting the existence of an internal secretion of the pancreas that would influence carbohydrate metabolism had been postulated. In fact it had been named in 1916 by Sir Edward Sharpey-Schaffer, the professor of physiology in Edinburgh University. At the end of the first world war it was decided to establish a chair of therapeutics in Edinburgh, and the appointment went to Jonathan Campbell-Meakins, a Canadian who had been in London before the war with Sir Thomas Lewis and Sir James Mackenzie and again on war service. He showed a research instinct with a strong physiological bias in his clinical practice. With the appointment came an offer to establish a laboratory for biochemistry and for physiological investigation. When Meakins took up his duties in October 1919 the other members of the team were David Murray Lyon, assistant physician, and Charles George Lambie, clinical assistant. About this time Chas Harington (later Sir Charles) and William Robson, who were both working with Professor Barger (in medical chemistry), were added to the team as biochemists. Even before the arrival of insulin they were interested in diabetes and writing about it.12 Their main treatment was with the Allen regimen of controlled starvation. In November 1921 Meakins was granted leave of absence to join in experiments on respiratory physi? ology at high altitude in Peru. He wrote in his unpublished autobiography that on returning through Canada about February 1922 he heard rumours about a spectacular advance in the control of carbohydrate. It will be remembered that Banting and Best started their work together in May 1921 and treated their first patient in January 1922. Banting announced his
DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY RISK-STRATIFIES WOMEN WITH LOW-GRADIENT AORTIC STENOSIS UNDERGOING TRANSCATHETER AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT
Authors: Salim Hayek, Arash Harzand, Jeh-Wei Cheng, Hawkins Gay, Gregory Hartlage, Sharon Howell, Xiao Zhou, Vasilis Babaliaros, Vinod Thourani, Stamatios Lerakis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte–associated Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) Regulates the Unfolding of Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Fred Lühder, Petter Höglund, James P. Allison, Christophe Benoist, Diane Mathis
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

Evidence has been accumulating that shows that insulin-dependent diabetes is subject to immunoregulation. To determine whether cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) is involved, we injected anti–CTLA-4 mAb into a TCR transgenic model of diabetes at different stages of disease. When injected into young mice, months before they would normally become diabetic, anti–CTLA-4 induced diabetes rapidly and essentially universally; this was not the result of a global activation of T lymphocytes, but did reflect a much more aggressive T cell infiltrate in the pancreatic islets. These effects were only observed if anti–CTLA-4 was injected during a narrow time window, before the initiation of insulitis. Thus, engagement of CTLA-4 at the time when potentially diabetogenic T cells are first activated is a pivotal event; if engagement is permitted, invasion of the islets occurs, but remains quite innocuous for months, if not, insulitis is much more aggressive, and diabetes quickly ensues.
Early detection of myocardial infarction in conscious dogs by analysis of plasma MM creatine kinase isoforms.
Authors: H Hashimoto, D R Abendschein, A W Strauss, B E Sobel
Journal: Circulation (1985)

To determine whether myocardial infarction could be detected early after onset by analysis of subforms of the MM isoenzyme (isoforms) of creatine kinase (MM CK) in plasma, we subjected eight conscious dogs to coronary occlusion and quantified isoforms in serial plasma samples by chromatofocusing. The fractions of MMA (isoelectric point [pI] = 7.91), MMB (pI = 7.74), and MMC (pI = 7.51) in plasma samples before coronary occlusion averaged 11.4 +/- 4.8% (SD), 22.3 +/- 5.5%, and 66.3 +/- 9.6% of total MM CK activity. The fraction of MMA, the isoform of MM CK found in myocardium, increased significantly in plasma 1 hr after coronary occlusion, reached a maximum of 49.7 +/- 8.0% in 4.1 +/- 1.3 hr, and returned to baseline in 12.0 +/- 2.3 hr. The fraction of plasma MM CK activity attributable to MMC, an isoform formed slowly in plasma from MMA via MMB as an intermediate, decreased significantly within 1 hr, reached a minimum of 14.0 +/- 4.1% in 4.8 +/- 1.1 hr, and returned to baseline in 13.0 +/- 2.9 hr after coronary occlusion. Total CK activity did not increase significantly until later, i.e., 5 hr after occlusion, and peaked at 1371 +/- 530 IU/liter in 10.9 +/- 1.9 hr. Within the first 4 hr after coronary occlusion, MMA consistently comprised more than 20% of plasma MM CK activity despite insignificant increase of total CK. Changes in isoform proportions were consistent and independent of peak total CK activity and of cumulative CK release over a 10-fold range. Thus initial CK release indicative of infarction is detectable within 1 hr after the onset of ischemia by quantification of plasma MM CK isoforms.
Multiple H-2-linked immune response gene control of H-2D- associated T-cell-mediated lympholysis to trinitrophenyl-modified autologous cells: Ir-like genes mapping to the left of I-A and within the I region
Authors: A Schmitt-Verhulst, GM Shearer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

One of the more recent associations of the murine H-2 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) with immune function has been the finding that cytotoxic T-effector cells generated by sensitization with viral-infected (1-6), chemically modified (7-9), or weak transplantation antigen-associated (10,11) syngeneic cells can efficiently lyse target cells which express the same viral, chemical, or weak antigenic agent, and which share the H-2K and/or H-2D regions of the MHC with the responding and/or stimulating cells. Furthermore, an additional contribution of a gene(s) within the H-2 complex has been demonstrated which controls immune response potential (Ir genes) in the generation of cytotoxic effector cells to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified self components (12,13). In such studies it was found that certain B10 congenic strains generated good cytotoxic responses to both TNP- modified H-2K and H-2D region products, whereas other B10 congenic strains exhibited preferential or exclusive reactivity against TNP-modified H-2K region products. Some of these recombinant strains differing in response potential to TNP- modified H-2D products expressed the same haplotype at the D end, but differed at the K end of H-2. The low responsiveness observed in the B10.A strain to TNP-modified H-2D(d) when compared to B10.D2 and (B10.A x B10.D2)F(1) for the same specificity, suggested a role of dominant Ir genes which map in K, I-A, I-B, I-J, and/or I-E (12, 14). In the present report an attemnpt was made to further map within the MHC the Ir gene(s) controlling cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) to TNP-modified H-2D(d), by using recombinant mouse strains on the A and B10 backgrounds. Irrespective of the genetic background, the s and k haplotypes at the K end generated high and low cytotoxic responses, respectively, to H-2D(d)-TNP. The intermediate responder and low responder status of the A.TL and A.AL strains, respectively, indicated that a gene mapping in the K region of H-2 influences response potential. Furthermore, the differences in the levels of cytotoxicity detected in the A.TH and A.TL strains suggested an additional I region influence. Taken together these findings raise the possibility that multiple genes mapping within different regions of the MHC control the level of T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity to chemically modified autologous cells.
Quinidine-Induced Liver Disease
Authors: ALBERT DEISSEROTH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Temperature, serum glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and leucine aminopeptidase elevations were observed in a patient during two separate periods of quinidine administration. Since all of these measurements returned to normal levels after discontinuing the quinidine therapy, we concluded that quinidine had a direct toxic effect on the liver in this patient. This patient is the second known case of this toxic effect.
Preemption in tobacco control. Review of an emerging public health problem
Authors: M. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To describe the nature, extent, and public health significance of state legislation that preempts the local regulation of tobacco.A computerized database of local tobacco control ordinances, state tobacco control laws, preemption bills introduced during the 1996 state legislative session, articles obtained through a MEDLINE search (1984-1996) using the key word "preemption" or identified from bibliographies of these articles, public opinion surveys, and newspaper articles.All identified data sources were used.Content analyses of preemption bills and state laws were conducted independently by multiple observers.There has been a striking increase in the adoption of local tobacco control ordinances during the past decade; by the end of 1995, approximately 1006 communities had enacted a local tobacco control ordinance. In response, the tobacco industry has advanced legislation in 29 states that preempts local authority to regulate tobacco. During the 1996 state legislative session alone, 26 bills containing preemption were introduced, and 2 were enacted. Emerging trends in the tobacco industry's strategy to advance preemption laws include (1) amending legitimate tobacco control bills to preempt local tobacco regulation, (2) using the Synar amendment as a vehicle to advance preemption, and (3) promoting "superpreemption" bills that eliminate all local control of tobacco policy.Preemption of local tobacco regulation is an important tobacco industry strategy that undermines the public's health. Preventing the enactment of new preemption laws and repealing existing ones should become a public health priority.
Camden PCT shelves plans to give contract to private company for new GP led health centre
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A primary care trust’s controversial decision to award a £20m [€22m; $33m] contract for a GP led health centre in London to a private company has been put on hold after campaigners threatened legal action.

NHS Camden has now shelved its plan to give Care UK Ltd a contract to open the big health centre in Hampstead Road near Euston station and has agreed to consult the public on whether the centre should go ahead.

Tony Stanton, joint chief executive of the Londonwide LMCs (local medical …
The characteristics and outcomes of parainfluenza virus infections in 200 patients with leukemia or recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Roy F. Chemaly, Santosh S. Hanmod, Dhanesh B. Rathod, Shashank S. Ghantoji, Ying Jiang, Arpan Doshi, Karen Vigil, Javier A. Adachi, Andrew M. Khoury, Jeffery Tarrand, Chitra Hosing, Richard Champlin
Journal: Blood (2012)
Terminal cancer care and patients' preference for place of death.
Authors: B Amesbury
Journal: BMJ (1990)

low plasma concentrations of free cyanide dicobalt edetate itself can be toxic.'A second approach is to use sodium nitrite, which converts haemoglobin to methaemoglobin, though in a patient whose oxygen delivery is already compromised by a high carboxyhaemoglobin concentration a further decrease in the haemoglobin available for oxygen transport can be dangerous.We therefore recommend use of the safer intravenous antidote sodium thiosulphate,3 whose distribution is enhanced by the vasodilator amyl nitrite.4
Monoclonal antibodies against ROR1 induce apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells
Authors: A H Daneshmanesh, M Hojjat-Farsangi, A S Khan, M Jeddi-Tehrani, M M Akhondi, A A Bayat, R Ghods, A-R Mahmoudi, R Hadavi, A Österborg, F Shokri, H Rabbani, H Mellstedt
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
The private finance initiative
Authors: S. Boyle
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Among health service managers, healthcare professionals, and the public there is almost universal agreement that the private finance initiative has failed as an alternative source of capital funds for the NHS. The amount of public sector capital has reduced—by 15% in the past two years—but when the election was announced in March not one major privately financed hospital project had started. Most criticism has focused on this failure. In any case there is a belief that schemes under the private finance initiative can work only at a cost to the NHS (in terms of future payments for facilities) which will prove unacceptable. Hospital provision over 30 years is a high risk enterprise, and returns on private investment must reflect this risk.

An article by Pollock et al in this issue (p 1266) raises two further problems with the private finance initiative.1 The first is a lack of openness surrounding the whole process, resulting from commercial sensitivity. The second lies at the heart of the planning process for public services: the questionable assumptions that lie behind many hospital schemes in the pipeline. These criticisms are linked. The ability …
MOTILITY OF THE STOMACH AFTER LOCAL RESECTION FOR GASTRIC ULCER
Authors: W. HOWARD BARBER
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Gastric ulcer is very frequently treated by local excision with or without gastro-enterostomy. Excision may be accomplished by knife or cautery; the result in either case is dependent on the loss of stomach wall. The present study is not an appeal to economize gastric wall in removing ulcer, but an inquiry into the resulting functional capacity of the stomach after adequate stomach wall with the ulcer has been excised. The pylorectomies and partial gastrectomies are not considered. Gastrectomies are to be discussed in which the segments removed from the stomach are sometimes described as "triangular," "saddle-shaped," annular, or irregularly circumcized sections. It is conceivable that the removal of such pieces of stomach wall may affect the gastric motility in different ways, and that with some excisions gastro-enterostomy may be indicated and with others it may not. In an ulcerated stomach, the motility is understood to be normal or increased in
MENSURATION OF THE CHILD IN THE UTERUS WITH NEW METHODS.
Authors: ELLICE McDONALD
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Estimation of the size of the fetus in the uterus has long occupied the attention of investigators in obstetrics. Any degree of pelvic contraction is only relative and a pelvis is judged to be large or small according as to whether or not it will admit the passage of the head. The ever present obstetrical question is whether a fetal head of unknown dimensions can be delivered through a pelvis whose measurements can be ascertained. The ordinary operations of obstetrics offer no great difficulty to a man of surgical training when once the procedure has been correctly decided on. This "obstetric judgment" is only gained through much experience of difficult cases and any method of measurement of the fetus in the uterus is a welcome addition to the present inadequate and unsatisfactory maneuvers. Exact pelvic measurement is a work of supererogation and futile unless some attempt be made to estimate
THE MORTALITY OF APPENDICITIS.
Authors: CHANNING W. BARRETT
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Long before the pathology of appendicitis was so well pointed out by Fitz in his classical paper in 1886, the profession understood that there was a disease in or around the cecum that had a large mortality. Even the ancients recognized a fatal swelling in the right inguinal region. The appendix was recognized anatomically in the sixteenth century. The early half of the nineteenth century saw an increasing interest in the disease now called appendicitis. John Burne published two interesting articles in the 30's (1837 and 1839), and, while he was hampered by the unsurgical methods then in vogue, he shows much ready knowledge of the subject and speaks of the disease as of "frequent occurrence, always dangerous, often fatal and characterized by a train of symptoms so peculiar and marked as to render the recognition of them certain and not difficult." His first paper records eight cases, of which
Anaphylaxis From Milk Protein in Diaper Ointment
Authors: Harold I. Lecks
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> This case report is presented to alert the pediatrician, allergist, and other practicing physicians of the hazards of using Diaparene Neonatal Ointment in infants and young children exquisitely sensitive to cow's-milk proteins. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> An 11-month-old infant who had two to three previous episodes of anaphylaxis to cow's milk, manifesting projectile vomiting, diarrhea, generalized urticaria, and wheezing after ingestion of minimal amounts of cow's milk, exhibited similar symptoms after the application of Diaparene Neonatal Ointment to the area of the napkin or diaper dermatitis. Within seconds the patient became flushed, erupted with generalized urticaria, and had areas of angioedema involving his face and lips, as well as exhibiting mild respiratory distress. Fortunately, the parent was sufficiently alert to recognize the causative factors, and with the removal of the medication and the use of an antihistamine (diphenhydramine hydrochloride), the allergic reaction subsided within an hour. Previous
Unique efficiency of methionine metabolism in premenopausal women may protect against vascular disease in the reproductive years.
Authors: G H Boers, A G Smals, F J Trijbels, A I Leermakers, P W Kloppenborg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Premenopausal women develop occlusive artery disease less frequently than postmenopausal women. In coronary heart disease, higher blood levels of homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulphide have been reported. Therefore, in healthy subjects, we studied the role of menopausal status in the transsulphuration of methionine in 10 premenopausal and 10 postmenopausal women. To exclude the role of aging, we compared these results with those in 10 younger and 10 older men of comparable age groups. An oral methionine load (0.1 g/kg of body weight) was administered after overnight fasting. Before and during 8 h, thereafter, serum levels of methionine, homocystine, and homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulphide were measured. In the fasting state, serum methionine levels were similar in the premenopausal women and both groups of men. Postmenopausal women had significantly lower fasting levels. Peak levels and clearances of methionine after loading did not differ between the groups. In the fasting state, homocystine was never detectable; yet, after methionine loading, slight homocystinemia was present in 12 out of 20 men, and was more pronounced in all postmenopausal women. However, homocystinemia did not occur in any of the premenopausal women after loading. Fasting serum homocysteine-cysteine mixed disulphide levels did not differ between both groups of men and postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, both fasting and postloading disulphide levels were significantly lower than in any other group. We conclude that premenopausal women have a unique efficiency of methionine handling, and thereby are preserved against the accumulation of homocysteine after methionine loading. We speculate that this phenomenon might account for the lower incidence of vascular disease in women in the reproductive life cycle.