tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Vancomycin prophylaxis of experimental Streptococcus sanguis. Inhibition of bacterial adherence rather than bacterial killing.
Authors: J P Bernard, P Francioli, M P Glauser
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Using a strain of Streptococcus sanguis tolerant to vancomycin to infect aortic vegetations in rats, we found that prophylactic intravenous vancomycin given 30 min before bacterial challenge decreased the incidence of endocarditis from 88 to 8% (P less than 10(-5)). Because peak vancomycin serum levels were below the minimal bactericidal concentration, mechanisms of protection other than bacterial killing were investigated. S. sanguis were incubated with inhibitory concentration of vancomycin (50 microgram/ml) for 10 h and washed. 85% of rats (73/86) inoculated with control bacteria developed endocarditis, whereas only 42% (33/78) of those inoculated with vancomycin-exposed bacteria did so (P less than 10(-5)). When rats were killed 30 min after bacterial challenge, S. sanguis were detected by culture of the vegetations in 44% of rats injected with control bacteria, but in only 13% of those challenged with vancomycin-exposed bacteria (P less than 0.03). Enhanced clearance of vancomycin-exposed streptococci was not responsible for this protection because blood cultures showed no difference in the level and duration of bacteremia after injection of control or vancomycin-exposed S. sanguis. Moreover, this protection was not abolished in neutropenic rats injected with vancomycin-exposed bacteria, despite more prolonged bacteremia. These results suggest that vancomycin exerted its protection by lowering adherence of tolerant S. sanguis to vegetations rather than through bactericidal activity or enhanced clearance of bacteria by phagocytic cells. In the choice of antibiotics for prophylaxis of endocarditis, reduction of bacterial adhesion may be a criterion as important as bacterial killing.
Vidarabine Therapy for Severe Herpesvirus Infections
Authors: Mark D. Aronson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Six patients with severe herpesvirus infections were successfully treated with vidarabine. One patient had a previously undescribed syndrome of chronic cutaneous varicella infection of eight months' duration, associated with transient but complete duppression of lymphocyte response to conconavalin A. Other diagnoses were severe varicella pneumonia, progressive cytomegalovirus pneumonia associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia, herpes simplex encephalitis, severe zoster associated with stage IV lymphoma, and disseminated herpes simplex in a patient receiving high doses of steroids. All patients showed cessation of new lesions or abrupt clinical improvement between days 2 and 4 after initiation of therapy, and all were cured of their clinical infection. Dramatic improvement in all of our patients and the minimal toxicity observed make vidarabine suitable for use in severe herpesvirus infections.
Voluntary exploratory data submissions to the US FDA and the EMA: experience and impact
Authors: Federico M. Goodsaid, Shashi Amur, Jiri Aubrecht, Michael E. Burczynski, Kevin Carl, Jennifer Catalano, Rosane Charlab, Sandra Close, Catherine Cornu-Artis, Laurent Essioux, Albert J. Fornace, Lois Hinman, Huixiao Hong, Ian Hunt, David Jacobson-Kram, Ansar Jawaid, David Laurie, Lawrence Lesko, Heng-Hong Li, Klaus Lindpaintner, James Mayne, Peter Morrow, Marisa Papaluca-Amati, Timothy W. Robison, John Roth, Ina Schuppe-Koistinen, Leming Shi, Olivia Spleiss, Weida Tong, Sharada L. Truter, Jacky Vonderscher, Agnes Westelinck, Li Zhang, Issam Zineh
Journal: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2010)
Treatment of Chronic Depression
Authors: Robert L. Spitzer, Janet B. W. Williams, Kurt Kroenke, Mark Linzer, Steven R. Hahn, Frank Verloin deGruy, David Brody
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The discussion by Dr Goodwin<sup>1</sup>of procedures for diagnosing depression states: "Although not used to establish the diagnosis, self-administered screening instruments, such as the General Health Questionnaire (with its subscale for depression), the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-rating Scale, and the PRIME-MD screening test, can be valuable aids in finding patients who require a more thorough diagnostic evaluation.... Although these screening instruments are sensitive (few false negatives), they are not specific (many false positives)." Although 1 component of PRIME-MD is a 1-page screening procedure, patients who are screened positive are then evaluated by the physician with a brief structured diagnostic interview. Thus, unlike the screening procedures mentioned by Goodwin, PRIME-MD is a diagnostic procedure. Furthermore, in the PRIME-MD 1000 study<sup>2</sup>using the psychiatric diagnoses of mental health professionals who made blind interviews of patients as the criterion standard, diagnoses made by primary care physicians
Hunterian Museum reopens after a two year closure
Authors: Wendy Moore
Journal: BMJ (2005)

An extensive anatomical collection of human and animal specimens will be unveiled to the public when the Hunterian Museum reopens in modern new surroundings at the Royal College of Surgeons in London next week.

After being closed for two years for refurbishment, the collection of more than 3500 specimens, which originally belonged to the 18th century surgeon and anatomist John Hunter, will be formally opened by Princess Anne. The £3.2m ($6m; €4.6m) gallery, with brightly lit glass cases rising through two storeys to the ceiling, has been designed to recapture the “scale …
Do Lifestyle Changes Reduce Serious Outcomes in Diabetes?
Authors: Hertzel C. Gerstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Recommendations to reduce weight through increased physical activity and dietary restriction have been a mainstay of diabetes care dating back to antiquity.1 In modern times, "lifestyle modification" has been formally recommended as the foundation on which all additional diabetes therapies should rest. These recommendations are supported by physiological studies, clinical experience, observational studies, and randomized, controlled trials showing reduced levels of glucose, blood pressure, and some lipids, as well as improvements in general well-being and other indexes of health. However, most of these studies were of relatively short duration, and no prospective trial has previously assessed the long-term effects of . . .
The time course of the bilateral release of cytokines and mediators after unilateral nasal allergen challenge
Authors: M. Wagenmann, L. Schumacher, C. Bachert
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Background: Late phase reactions after allergen challenge can be understood as a correlate of the inflammatory reaction in allergic rhinitis. Methods: To investigate which cytokines are involved in it and to dissect direct and indirect effects of nasal allergen challenge, we performed unilateral nasal allergen provocation with the disc method in 12 seasonal allergic volunteers. Symptom scores, nasal secretions and nasal airflow were quantified. In the secretions that were collected in the early phase and for 8 h after provocation, we measured histamine, and the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1 β , IL‐8, IL‐4, and the natural antagonist of IL‐1 β , IL‐1 receptor type 1 (IL‐1Ra) using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent (ELISA)‐assays. Control challenges with diluent instead of allergen were performed in all subjects. Results: We demonstrated a bilateral increase in nasal secretion weights in the early and late phase. Histamine was significantly increased in the early and late phase in nasal secretions from both nostrils. IL‐1 β increased in the late phase only, where it was also found on the unchallenged, contralateral side. Its antagonist IL‐1Ra was found in very high quantities (1000‐fold higher than IL‐1 β ) but demonstrated only marginal changes after provocation. IL‐8 was increased in both nostrils early and late after challenge, whereas IL‐4 was significantly elevated in the late phase. Conclusions: We described the time course of mediator and cytokine release into nasal secretions after allergen challenge. We hypothesize that the observed indirect effects on the unchallenged, contralateral side can be at least partially attributed to neuronal reflexes.
Traumatic Disruption of the Proximal Hepatic Duct: Endoscopic Treatment After Failure of Surgical Repair
Authors: S. C. Schmidt, A. Adler, H. Keck, W. Veltzke-Schlieker, R. E. Hintze, J. M. Langrehr
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

We describe the successful endoscopic treatment of a patient with nearly complete disruption of the proximal common hepatic duct. A 19-year-old man, as a front-seat passenger wearing a seat-belt, was involved in a motor vehicle accident in December 1998. Laparotomy revealed a rupture of segments V to VIII, with an extended injury of the right hepatic vein and a deep laceration of segment IV to the hepatic hilus with a tangential lesion of the proximal common hepatic duct involving 25 % of the circumference. Right hemihepatectomy and suture repair of the bile duct was performed. Re-operation was required at day 4 because of a major anastomotic leakage, and 2 days later the patient was referred to our institution because of recurrent bile leakage (Figure [1]). Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) showed almost complete disruption of the proximal hepatic duct. The T-tube was removed and a 10-F 10-cm stent was inserted over the lesion of the defect (Figure [2]). ERCP at 8 months after injury demonstrated a high-grade biliary stricture at the proximal common bile duct (Figure [3]). Endobiliary stenting and repeated balloon dilation procedures were carried out with exchange of the stent every 2 months during the following year. After that year had passed, follow-up ERCP showed no functionally relevant narrowing at the anastomosis. The stent was removed. We continued balloon dilation of the bile duct at 2-month intervals for a second year. After 4.5 years, the patient is well without any clinical or laboratory signs of recurrent stricture (Figure [4]).
Land mine injuries in Afghanistan
Authors: J. McDiarmid
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—Having returned last week from Kabul, I read with interest Neil Andersson and colleagues' paper on the social costs of land mines in four countries, one of which was Afghanistan.1 I was surprised that the authors believe that hostilities in Afghanistan have stopped: military offensives are being launched regularly throughout the country, and there has been no prospect of peace since the Soviet withdrawal. During the past year southwest Kabul has been devastated by street fighting. In addition, in the past month Afghanistan's …
Zinc, Drugs, and Changes in Taste and Smell
Authors: Knut Naess
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The excellent article by Henkin et al (<b>217</b>:434, 1971) on changes in taste and smell may give certain associations, which would be interesting to have commented upon. No connection with the use of drugs is mentioned in this special paper, apart from various minor allergic manifestations, ie, to penicillin. Commenting on a case of dysgeusia after the use of griseofulvin Henkin (<i>Ann Intern Med</i><b>74</b>:795, 1971) mentions a series of drugs which may cause changes in taste and smell. These drugs are so different as to type and chemical composition that it is hard to believe that a common mechanism may be in action. In addition to griseofulvin, D-penicillamine is mentioned. The latter is a chelating agent. More than half of the patients in the first article mentioned above had experienced some type of infection (upper respiratory tract infection or influenzae-like illness), and there is
A CASE OF VICARIOUS MENSTRUATION FROM THE LUNGS.
Authors: T. L. CHADBOURNE
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Cases of vicarious menstruation are not rare, but cases of long-standing vicarious bleeding from the lungs are tolerably uncommon. On consulting the literature one is struck by the small number of such cases that have been reported in this country. The<i>Index Medicus</i>from 1888 to June, 1896, has only about twenty-five distinct references, the<i>American Journal of Obstetrics</i>from 1886 less than ten, and the<i>American Journal of the Medical Sciences</i>for the same time has but one case indexed. The chief interest of these cases lies in their connection with the question of tuberculosis. Some of them are mistaken for phthisis, while many of them really are tuberculosis, and only later develop the signs of the disease. Thomas<sup>1</sup>reports a case of a patient, age 40 years, who, after twenty years of normal menstrual life, slowly began to have hemorrhages from the lungs. She lost weight greatly
PWE-023 Is It Worth Chasing Incidental Colonic Hot Spots On Routine Pet Ct Scans?
Authors: WS Ngu, R Sinha, D Aitken, A Ramadas, A Reddy, M Jha
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Positron emission tomography (PET) measures metabolic changes at a cellular level enabling detection of early stage disease. Incidental 2-deoxy-[<sup>18F</sup>F]fluoro-2-D-glucose (FDG) colonic uptake is detected in 1.3–3% of patients with up to a third resulting in false positive results.<sup>1</sup> Follow-up endoscopy is recommended to further distinguish these FDG avid lesions.<sup>2</sup> Cancer detection rates of 7.8–18.9% have been quoted in various studies.<sup>1,3</sup> Our aim was to evaluate colonic FDG avid lesions on PET by endoscopy. <h3>Methods</h3> An analysis of prospectively collected database of all patients (n = 1564) who had PET for various malignancy between January 2011 to September 2013 was performed. <h3>Results</h3> Fifty-nine (3.77%) patients had focal colonic FDG uptake and 45 (2.87%) patients went on to have colonoscopy. Indications for PET CT for those undergoing endoscopy was lung carcinoma (22), gastrointestinal carcinoma (10), laryngeal carcinoma (7) and lymphoma (6). Median age was 64 with a male preponderance (2.5:1) Location on PET CT was categorised to sigmoid (23), rectal (9), anorectal (4), caecal (3), hepatic flexure (2), transverse (1), splenic flexure (1), ascending (1) and descending (1). Findings on endoscopy ranged from polyps (22), normal (9), diverticulosis (8), sigmoid cancer (4), caecal cancer (1) and colitis (1). In total, out of the all patients who had endoscopy, 20 (44.4%) were found to have low grade tubullovillous adenomas, 5 (11.1%) had cancer, whilst 2 (4.4%) had hyperplastic polyps on histology. <h3>Conclusion</h3> These findings are in keeping with other series and suggest that it makes sense only to carry on with current practice of following up these hot spots with endoscopy. <h3>References</h3> 1 Israel O, Yefremov N, Bar-Shalom R, Kagana O, Frenkel A, Keidar Z, <i>et al</i>. PET/CT detection of unexpected gastrointestinal foci of 18F-FDG uptake: incidence, localization patterns, and clinical significance. <i>J Nucl Med </i><i>2</i>005;46:758–762 2 Tatlidil R, Jadvar H, Bading JR, Conti PS. Incidental colonic fluorodeoxyglucose uptake: correlation with colonoscopic and histopathologic findings.<i> Radiology</i> 2002;224:783–787 3 Putora PM, Muller J, Borovicka J, Plasswilm L, Schmidt F. Relevance of incidental colorectal FDG-PET/CT-enhanced lesions. <i>Onkologie</i> 2013;36(4):200–4 <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Abstract 2618: Identification of multidrug response genes by meta-analysis based on ChemoFx® in human breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Kui Shen, Shara Rice, Dakun Wang, Dave Gingrich, Stacey Brower, Paul Ervin, Michael Gabrin, Nan Song
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The success of chemotherapeutic agents to treat various forms of cancer has a long history. Unfortunately, a major cause of treatment failure is drug resistance to currently available chemotherapy agents. Understanding the mechanism of resistance to multiple drugs has been a subject of considerable interest. ChemoFx® holds the promise of not only determining which patient will respond to what therapy but also can be used to learn more about drug resistance while acting as a proxy to clinical outcome. In this study, we used the ChemoFx® to identify response vs. non-response to seven different chemotherapeutic agents (paclitaxel, docetaxel, epirubicin, doxorubicin, gemcitabine, fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide) in 28 human breast cancer cell lines. Based on publically available gene expression profiles of these breast cancer cell lines and the ChemoFx® results, differentially expressed (DE) genes related to multi-drug response were identified through meta-analysis method. Five hundred thirty six DE genes were identified to be related to multidrug response at the false discovery rate of 0.05. To segregate the effect of ER status, we also performed meta-analysis within ER positive or ER negative breast cancer cell lines separately. Thirty seven DE genes were identified related to multiple drug response in ER negative breast cancer cell lines and 20 DE genes in ER positive cell lines. Among all these DE genes, only one is in common between ER positive and ER negative groups. These results suggest that multi-drug resistance is the result of not just one gene but the contribution of multiple genes. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis showed that multidrug response genes are involved in different biological processes in ER positive vs. ER negative cell lines. The dissimilarity of multidrug response genes in ER positive vs. ER negative shows the value of integrating multidrug response gene information with clinical factors to identify patients who are unlikely to benefit from current chemotherapeutic drugs. Moreover, understanding the mechanisms of multidrug response has the potential of identifying new therapeutic targets. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2618.
Different Efficacies of Erlotinib and Gefitinib in Taiwanese Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Wen-Chien Fan, Chong-Jen Yu, Chun-Ming Tsai, Ming-Shyan Huang, Chun-Liang Lai, Te-Chun Hsia, Yin-Jing Tien, Shiang-Fen Huang, Chieh-Hung Wu, Kun-Ta Chou, Yu-Chin Lee, Reury-Perng Perng, Yuh-Min Chen
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
EXPERIMENTAL GENERALIZED ANALGESIA AFTER EXPOSURE TO SOME WAR GASES
Authors: John Auer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1922)

Cats gassed with dimethylsulfate or chloropicrin in such concentration that death generally results within 4 days, usually exhibit a marked generalized analgesia, both superficial and deep. Gassed cats react with no obvious sign of pain to operative interferences, including laparotomy and gentle friction of the parietal-peritoneum. The analgesia develops within a few hours after gassing, and reaches its maximum in about 24 hours. With dimethylsulfate the analgesia may persist for 6 months; with chloropicrin practically normal sensitiveness has been observed 7 days after gassing. This analgesia is considered to be caused and maintained largely by a general, low grade, tissue aspbyxia which is chiefly of pulmonic origin.
A novel Z-groove index characterizing myocardial surface structure
Authors: J GORELIK, L YANG, Y ZHANG, M LAB, Y KORCHEV, S HARDING
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2006)

The role of t-tubule structures in excitation-contraction coupling of ventricular myocytes has been investigated by disruption using prolonged culture, or osmotic shock with formamide. We have used a new method, the Scanning Ion Conductance Microscope (SICM), to investigate in more detail the changes in surface structure of live myocytes during these interventions and to relate them to contractile effects.Freshly isolated ventricular myocytes from adult rat hearts were either incubated with formamide, then washed to produce osmotic shock, or put into culture for 2, 4 and 7 days. Contractile characteristics of single myocytes were then measured using the IonOptix system, and in parallel imaged using the SICM which produces a 3-dimensional topographical representation of the cell surface. Loss of t-tubules was quantitated with confocal microscopy after staining with the membrane dye di-8-ANNEPS, and sarcomere structure revealed by immunocytochemical detection of alpha-actinin.Detubulation was produced by either method, with formamide equivalent to 4 day culture in quantitative measures of ANNEPS t-tubule/membrane ratio. SICM images confirmed the loss of t-tubule indentations. Disruption of the Z-groove structure and flattening of the surface were also noted with formamide and, to a lesser extent, culture. A novel Z-groove index was introduced to describe this effect more quantitatively. Contraction and relaxation were impaired by the detubulation methods, but formamide had a markedly greater depressant effect on contraction amplitude than equivalent detubulation by culture.Changes in contraction amplitude after detubulation with formamide were more closely related to the alteration in Z-groove structure than loss of t-tubules alone. As well as disrupting t-tubule-induced excitation and calcium movements, formamide may alter the transmission of contraction in the myocyte by interference with sarcomere attachment at the Z-line.
Small-bowel gangrene caused by Yersinia enterocolitica III.
Authors: R E Leino, S Y Renvall, J A Lipasti, A M Toivanen
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Case 4-A 56-year-old man with alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver had an oesophageal transection with the EEA staple gun for oesophageal varices.A day later a radiograph showed a complete staple ring and a barium swallow confirmed no oesophageal leakage.Further radiographs showed an enlarging break in the staple ring.He was discharged on the 14th day but was readmitted three days later with further bleeding, which was due to a varix
Flexible Antibacterial Film Deposited with Polythiophene–Porphyrin Composite
Authors: Libing Liu, Jun Chen, Shu Wang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

A flexible and transparent anti-bacterial film is prepared by depositing polyterthiophene incorporating porphyrin onto the poly(ethylene terephthalate) sheet by a simple and rapid oxidation polymerization method. The film can generate singlet oxygen by FRET from polyterthiophene to porphyrin to effectively kill the adsorbed bacteria under white light.