tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A PECULIAR CASE OF TRANSMISSION OF SCARLATINA
Authors: Dean P. Crowell
Journal: JAMA (1926)

B., a boy aged 16, slept in the same bed with his brother, C., aged 14, who had scarlet fever. B., therefore, was in constant contact with his brother for two nights preceding the appearance of a typical rash, and during the usual onset with severe sore throat and high temperature. On diagnosis, the morning of the third day, B. was kept out of his sick brother's room, but remained in the same house. Eleven days after the appearance of the rash, C. left his room and associated with the family and with B. The same day an uncle, aged 35, visited in the home. Ten days after this, B. and the uncle both developed sore throat and three days later the typical rash of scarlet fever. It seems probable that B., after being thoroughly exposed during the first three days of his brother's infection with scarlet fever, did not
Experimental Hypervolemic Heart Failure: Its Bearing on Certain General Principles of Heart Failure
Authors: WILLIAM HUCKABEE, GUS CASTEN, T. R. HARRISON
Journal: Circulation (1950)

Infusion of large volumes of fluid into normal dogs produces a progressive rise in venous pressure with an initial parallel rise in cardiac output succeeded by a fall. On the basis of these experiments and other considerations which are discussed, it is concluded that the cardinal hemodynamic defect common to all types of heart failure is a disproportion between inflow load and cardiac output. The various general circulatory disorders are classified as primary disorders of filling and primary disorders of emptying with various subgroups.
Cardiac Events Rate with Abnormal SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MI) and Normal Coronary Angiography (CA).
Authors: M A. Rahman, V Vijayakumar, M L. Nusynowitz, R Haddad
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Scientific Abstracts: Eight Poster Presentations for the 50th Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Chapter of the Society of Nuclear Medicine: PDF Only
Epidural analgesia during childbirth. Minimising headache after dural puncture.
Authors: F Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Patient education is associated with better patient outcomes and supported by international guidelines and organizations, but a range of barriers prevent widespread implementation of comprehensive education for people with progressive kidney disease, especially in the United States. Among United States patients, obstacles to education include the complex nature of kidney disease information, low baseline awareness, limited health literacy and numeracy, limited availability of CKD information, and lack of readiness to learn. For providers, lack of time and clinical confidence combine with competing education priorities and confusion about diagnosing CKD to limit educational efforts. At the system level, lack of provider incentives, limited availability of practical decision support tools, and lack of established interdisciplinary care models inhibit patient education. Despite these barriers, innovative education approaches for people with CKD exist, including self-management support, shared decision making, use of digital media, and engaging families and communities. Education efficiency may be increased by focusing on people with progressive disease, establishing interdisciplinary care management including community health workers, and providing education in group settings. New educational approaches are being developed through research and quality improvement efforts, but challenges to evaluating public awareness and patient education programs inhibit identification of successful strategies for broader implementation. However, growing interest in improving patient-centered outcomes may provide new approaches to effective education of people with CKD.
Broncholithiasis mimicking a bronchial carcinoid tumour
Authors: P Stassano, S Griffo, L Di Tommaso, A Luciano
Journal: Thorax (2009)

A 29-year-old woman was transferred to our unit with a diagnosis of bronchial carcinoid tumour. She complained of chest pain, dyspnoea, cough and haemoptysis. She smoked 20 cigarettes per day and denied any history of tuberculosis, histoplamosis or occupational exposure and her family history was strongly positive for cancer. She had undergone a contrast-enhanced CT scan of the chest in the endocrinology unit which showed a partially calcified mass in the left hilum (fig 1A, arrow). Further pulmonary scintigraphy with …
Coronary Angioplasty for Acute Mitral Regurgitation Due to Myocardial Infarction
Authors: RICHARD R. HEUSER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Three patients presented to the cardiac catheterization laboratory with myocardial infarction, severe mitral regurgitation, and pulmonary edema. Two patients were in cardiogenic shock at the time of cardiac catheterization. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was done on the occluded artery in all three patients with resolution of the pulmonary edema as well as auscultative evidence of mitral regurgitation. The mean pulmonary wedge pressure dropped from 34 to 10 mm Hg in these patients. Mean follow-up of 11.7 months showed no evidence of clinical heart failure, angina pectoris, or auscultative evidence of mitral regurgitation.
The Prevalence of the <i>HNF-1α</i> G319S Mutation in Canadian Aboriginal Youth With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Elizabeth A.C. Sellers, Barbara Triggs-Raine, Cheryl Rockman-Greenberg, Heather J. Dean
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the prevalence of the unique HNF-1α G319S mutation in a population of aboriginal youth with type 2 diabetes and to describe the relationship between clinical and historical characteristics and the presence or absence of the HNF-1α G319S mutation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Participating youth were genotyped for the G319S mutation of the HNF-1α gene. Clinical, laboratory, and historical data were collected via chart review (blinded to genotype results). Comparison data were derived from another study involving young nondiabetic pregnant aboriginal women. RESULTS—A total of 51 youth seen sequentially in a type 2 diabetes clinic participated in this study. Of these, 21 (41.2%) had at least one copy of the mutant allele. The allele frequency in the study population was 0.29 (95% CI 0.20–0.38), which was significantly different from the allele frequency of 0.13 in the comparison population (χ2 = 6.78, P = 0.009). The frequency of the homozygous mutation (S319/S319) was 0.18. Mean BMI was significantly lower (P = 0.002), mean HbA1c was significantly higher (P = 0.02), and acanthosis nigricans was significantly less frequent (P = 0.004) in those with the mutation compared with the wild type. Mean insulin levels were lower and insulin sensitivity (assessed by homeostasis model assessment [HOMA]) was greater in the homozygote group compared with the wild-type group (P = 0.002 and P = 0.0007, respectively). A dose-dependent gradient was observed for these characteristics. CONCLUSIONS—These data support the association between the HNF-1α G319S mutation and early-onset type 2 diabetes in this population. Those with the mutation lacked clinical characteristics of insulin resistance (e.g., obesity and acanthosis nigricans) and had lower insulin levels, suggesting that an insulin-secretory and/or -production defect plays an important role in the development of diabetes in this group. Further investigation of the pathophysiology of the S319 homo- and heterozygote is needed because it may impact treatment and/or prevention of this disease.
Cooking the books
Authors: D. Spence
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Dad read out the menu: “Prawn cocktail, melon, Brussels pâte, gammon with pineapple rings, cheese vol-au-vents, and puddings.” We salivated (not in a pre-emetic way), for this was living, our first meal out in a posh restaurant. The dinner suited waiter with a Brummie-French accent recommended a Liebfraumilch to my father. We were allowed to taste its warm vinegary sweetness and felt it loosen our dental fillings. But times change. Now we have new fresh food, new ideas, and antipodean waiters in jeans. The medical menu has changed too. Tuberculosis …
Hypertriglyceridemic HyperapoB: The Unappreciated Atherogenic Dyslipoproteinemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Allan D. Sniderman, Thea Scantlebury, Katherine Cianflone
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Abnormalities in insulin and glucose metabolism do not seem to entirely account for the high frequency of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. An important additional factor may be hypertriglyceridemic hyperapoB, an atherogenic dyslipoproteinemia that is common in these patients. The major features of hypertriglyceridemic hyperapoB are hypertriglyceridemia; low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; and increased numbers of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. This article reviews the pathophysiology of this disorder, focusing on the changes in lipoprotein particle number and composition rather than lipoprotein lipid levels. The in vitro and in vivo evidence that small, dense LDL are more atherogenic than normal larger, buoyant LDL is summarized, and the particularly high-risk state conferred by increased numbers of small, dense LDL is delineated. This review demonstrates how abnormalities in the plasma lipoproteins may relate to the effectiveness with which adipose tissue traps and retains fatty acid. The effects of increased fatty acid flux on the hepatic metabolism of lipids and apoB secretion are detailed, and the mechanisms by which fibrates and statins may improve these are described. An understanding of these principles should provide the physician with a more physiologic basis on which to choose appropriate therapy.
Liver Disease in Nonparenteral Drug Abusers
Authors: Allen D. Cooper
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Liver function tests were performed in 500 young servicemen with a history of drug abuse. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) level was abnormal in 66% of 68 patients with a history of parenteral drug abuse. Forty-one percent of 432 patients with a history of only nonparenteral drug abuse also had elevated SGOT levels. A high incidence of liver disease in parenteral drug abusers is well established; however, to our knowledge, the magnitude of the problem in nonparenteral drug abusers has not been noted previously. Liver biopsy specimens in 34 of our patients showed either a classic viral hepatitis or a mild nonspecific hepatitis. Limited follow-up suggested a slowly resolving process. We conclude that hepatitis may be a common sequel to epidemic nonparenteral drug abuse. (<i>JAMA</i>233:964-966, 1975)
Dermatological aspects of the NHS National Cancer Data Project
Authors: N.H. Cox
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Journal Article Dermatological aspects of the NHS National Cancer Data Project Get access N.H. Cox N.H. Cox Department of Dermatology, Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle CA2 7HY, U.K. E‐mail: neil.cox@ncumbria‐acute.nhs.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 149, Issue 5, 1 November 2003, Pages 1089–1091, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05644.x Published: 01 November 2003
Chemotherapy and hormonal treatments improve the 15 year survival rate for breast cancer
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Chemotherapy and hormonal therapy achieve long term improvements in survival in women with breast cancer, with even greater increases in 15 year survival than five year survival. These are the latest findings from a five yearly meta-analysis published last week ( Lancet 2005;365: 1687-717).

The Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group coordinated the world's largest collaborative analysis of cancer trials, including data from 145 000 women with early breast cancer who had been studied in 194 randomised trials.

The group assessed the effects after 10 …
Long-term Estradiol Replacement Decreases Contractility of Guinea Pig Coronary Arteries to the Thromboxane Mimetic U46619
Authors: Loren P. Thompson, Carl P. Weiner
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Estradiol replacement therapy reduces the incidence of coronary artery disease. Current evidence suggests that estradiol may stimulate the production of endothelium-derived NO and thereby reduce the contractile response of vascular smooth muscle. We investigated the effect of long-term replacement of estradiol on NO release and its effect on coronary artery contractility.Female guinea pigs were ovariectomized and allowed to recover for 100 days. Pellets containing 17 beta-estradiol (0.25, 0.5, 1.5, and 7.5 mg released over 21 days) were placed subcutaneously for 19 to 20 days. Animals were then anesthetized, and the coronary arteries were excised and cut into ring segments. Rings were placed in small-vessel myographs for measurement of isometric force. Contractile responses of coronary arteries to cumulative addition of U46619 (10(-10) to 10(-5) mol/L), a thromboxane mimetic, were measured in the presence and absence of nitro-L-arginine (LNA), a selective NO synthase inhibitor, and methylene blue, a guanylate cyclase inhibitor. Low (0.25-mg) but not high (0.5-, 1.5-, or 7.5-mg) doses of estradiol inhibited the maximal contractile responses to U46619 compared with arteries from untreated castrated animals. In addition, both LNA and methylene blue potentiated contractile responses to U46619 of arteries from animals receiving 0.25 and 0.5 mg but not 1.5 and 7.5 mg estradiol. Negative log EC50 values were significantly inhibited at 0.25 and 7.5 mg but unaffected at 0.5 and 1.5 mg estradiol compared with castrated animals.Estradiol at low doses may protect against vasospasm by stimulating endothelium-derived NO release and inhibiting coronary artery contractility.
'Involutional' vs 'Senile'
Authors: Fred M. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  Howard Schatz, MD, suggested in his LETTER TO THE EDITOR (239:190, 1978) that the word  be eliminated from our medical vocabulary. I agree wholeheartedly.  In the past  may have been an acceptable medical adjective since its strict and primary definition is  typical of, or resulting from old age,1 but the secondary and etymologically more recent definition reflects more accurately the sense in which patients and their friends or relatives understand the word: showing the marked deterioration often accompanying old age, esp. the mental impairment characterized by confusion, memory loss, etc.1As Dr Schatz stated,  has become a derogatory term; it is unpleasant and discouraging—if not outrightly offensive—to most patients.  What should we use in place of senile? Dr Schatz suggested that we might say, for example, maturity onset  or cataracts of aging rather than senile cataracts. These alternatives are certainly improvements,
700 CARDIOLOGISTS COULD BE WRONG?
Authors: Irvine H. Page
Journal: JAMA (1966)

In November 1964 the Second National Conference on Cardiovascular Diseases was convened after having been organized by E. Cowles Andrus. This was no ordinary motel-type conference but a carefully thought out one in which 700 highly competent scientist-cardiologists participated. I stress that planning started two years before the conference because it was to find itself competing with the unexpected Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke. At the time this caused great consternation! About the worst that actually happened was some duplication of effort and a lack of time for more thinking in depth.  The time has come when more attention must be given to the scientific content of a field, in contrast with its political and economic aspects. It is my understanding that the Commission on Heart Disease, Cancer and Stroke had as its primary purpose the latter two. The Second National Conference was concerned wholly with content, and
Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity observed in chronic wound fluid is related to the clinical severity of the ulcer
Authors: E.A. Rayment, Z. Upton, G.K. Shooter
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

The pathology of chronic wounds is often characterized by elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines [e.g. tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta], proteases [e.g. matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)] and neutrophil elastase. MMPs specifically have been implicated by a number of studies as the major protease family responsible for the degradation of key factors critical to the ulcer's ability to heal.To assess individual MMPs in chronic wound fluid (CWF) in order to develop improved treatments for chronic ulcers.Collagen type I and IV zymography, immunoprecipitation followed by a substrate activity assay, and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were all used to analyse MMP levels in CWF.Our studies demonstrate that there is excessive protease activity in CWF compared with both human serum and acute wound fluid (AWF), which can be specifically attributed to MMPs as determined through a MMP-inhibitor study. Multiple MMPs were immunoprecipitated from the CWF samples and MMP-9 was identified as the predominant protease in CWF, with significantly elevated activity levels in CWF compared with AWF. In addition, the clinical status of the ulcer is directly associated with the amounts of MMP-9 present in the wound fluid. Therefore, this study suggests that higher levels of MMP-9 in chronic wound fluid correlate with a clinically worse wound.In view of these results, it is hypothesized that a specific inhibitor of MMP-9 could potentially be more therapeutically effective than general MMP inhibitors in modulating chronic ulcers towards a healing state.
Resuscitation of Newborn
Authors: J. R. M. Millar
Journal: BMJ (1964)

described by Professor Gaisford can be given in the home.The cost of the infant laryngoscope and the Perspex water manometer together is £12 lOs., and a further 30s.covers the cost of sterile, 'disposable endotracheal tubes and suction catheters.A useful oxygen set, which a general practitioner should in any case carry for general emergency use, holding 120 litres of oxygen and fitted with a two-flow reducing valve, is marketed by Draeger-Normalair, of Manchester, at £17 16s.-3d.Some doctors might feel diffident about attempting to intubate a new- born baby, but, given the correct equipment, the difficulties and dangers are slight.My own personal experience, admittedly limited, is that it is an easy manceuvre, especially in those severely depressed infants for whom it is an essential life-saving procedure.Most doctors should be able to master the technique from reading Dr. Barrie's well-illustrated article, and a film is also available from St. Thomas's Hospital.If domiciliary confinements are to continue, and many doctors, midwives, and patients feel strongly that they should, they must be conducted according to the very highest standards.To-day this means that proper resuscitation equipment should be set up before the baby is born and that a doctor should be present who knows how to use it.Ideally the midwives should also be trained in its use.This should become part of the " bones of the business," just as the Flying Squad has become, only this time we, the attendants, must do the job ourselves, as the baby would be dead before any neonatal resuscitation squad could arrive.So please in future may we have some leadership from the consultants in this matter ?Domiciliary confinement is bound to continue for some years to come, and, who knows, may prosper and grow-pace Professor McClure Browne, Mr. Stallworthy, and others.As our standards of health, living, and housing rise we in Britain may come to have more in common with the Dutch than with those in the U.S.A., Australia, and New Zealand: in Holland the domiciliary confine- ment rate is 70%, and yet their perinatal mortality and morbidity figures are among the world's best.In the future, given a first- class domiciliary service, it should be possible for at least 40% of our mothers to be delivered safely at home if that is where they want to have their babies.Presumably young doctors now entering general practice following obstetric and paediatric house jobs will have had experience of endotracheal resuscitation: those general-practitioner obstetricians not conversant with the technique could learn from sources already mentioned: provided facilities were available in all areas, this might be made a condition of remaining on the obstetric list.Also the problem of finance for modern equipment must be tackled.As Dr. D. Craddock' has pointed out, the time has now
Mechanism of anthralin inflammation I. Dissociation of response to clobetasol and indomethacin
Authors: C.M. LAWRENCE, S. SHUSTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

The effect of topical clobetasol propionate and a 1% topical indomethacin gel which could inhibit UV erythema was measured on anthralin inflammation by change in skin-fold thickness and erythema. The time course of the inflammatory oedema and erythema were different, as was their response to the drugs studied. The oedema of anthralin inflammation was completely inhibited by clobetasol propionate but the erythemal response showed a small and non-significant reduction. Indomethacin had no effect on anthralin oedema but produced a small but significant reduction in erythema in the first 24 h after anthralin application. These results suggest that either anthralin inflammation is not due to production of prostenoids, or that if it is, it occurs by other than the classical enzymic pathway.
Red-Cell 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate Levels in Subjects with Chronic Hypoxemia
Authors: Frank A. Oski, Arlan J. Gottlieb, Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos, William W. Miller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Recently, Benesch et al.1 , 2 and Chanutin and Curnish3 demonstrated that the affinity of a hemoglobin solution for oxygen may be decreased by its interaction with organic phosphates. Both 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) combine reversibly with deoxyhemoglobin, shifting the oxygen dissociation curve to the right. The role of 2,3-DPG in regulating the oxygen dissociation curve may be quantitatively the more important since its concentration in erythrocytes is approximately four times that of ATP. Under in vitro conditions in which the level of deoxyhemoglobin is raised the level of 2,3-DPG also promptly increases.4 , 5 This finding suggested that the increase in . . .