tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Third age docs
Authors: T. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The third age — that portion of the lifespan between retirement and death — is growing progressively longer as more people retire early and people live longer. Someone who retires at 60 may expect to live well into his or her 80s, and with luck during their last 20 to 30 years those with good pensions will have more money and fewer responsibilities than at any earlier time.

As an interested spectator of retirement strategies it seems to me that doctors tend to choose one of two contrasting approaches. Some give up their …
Physicians in Missouri (but Not Illinois) Win Battle to Block Physician Participation in Executions
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1995)

PHYSICIANS IN Missouri have succeeded in getting the state to remove language from its statutes that requires a physician to participate in the execution of death sentences. On July 5, Gov Mel Carnahan signed into law a bill making Missouri the first state to rescind its requirement that a physician assist in executions. The statutes of 27 other states require or invite physicians to play at least some role in executions, usually as a witness or as the person responsible for pronouncing death. Even these acts, however, are considered a violation of established standards of professional conduct by the American Medical Association (AMA), American College of Physicians, World Medical Association, American Public Health Association, and other health professional organizations (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;269:721-723 and 1993;269: 1225). However, in Illinois—home to the AMA—efforts to enforce these ethical standards recently suffered two major legislative setbacks. The first occurred in March, when Gov Jim Edgar
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Jacques J. Bronfenbrenner, Charles Korb
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

The experiments reported above confirm the fact that lytic principle is distributed in active solution in a state of indivisible units. This permits its quantitative evaluation by serial dilution, as well as by plating on agar. The latter method, however, often gives readings considerably lower than those obtained by the broth dilution method of titration. By varying the concentration of agar it has been possible to show that the discrepancy is due to adsorption of the lytic agent on agar. When the concentration of the latter is increased from 0.3 per cent to 2.5 per cent the number of plaques of lysis is reduced more than 100 times. At the same time the average size of the plaques also decreases approximately to one-tenth of the original. The size, as well as the number of plaques, has been found to depend also on the condition of the culture employed in titration. Thus, when the culture exposed to the action of lytic agent is composed of young susceptible bacteria, the greater the concentration of bacteria, the smaller the plaques. When the culture is composed partly of young and partly of old susceptible bacteria, both the size and the number of the plaques are diminished with the increase in the relative concentration of old bacteria. On the other hand, presence in the culture of resistant bacteria does not affect either the size or the number of the plaques so long as the relative concentration of susceptible bacteria in the culture is sufficient to allow formation of them. The plaques appearing in the presence of a high concentration of resistant variants in the culture are relatively indistinct owing to overgrowth. Under carefully controlled conditions the size of plaques is found to be determined by the character of the lytic filtrate. Thus in the case of lytic agents which act upon more than one bacterial species the size of the plaques remains constant, irrespective of the bacterial substratum used for the production of the active filtrate.
Generalized idiopathic neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis in a 7-month-old child
Authors: Marta Andreu-Barasoain, Leticia Calzado, Javier Salamanca, Almudena Nuño, Reyes Gamo, Enrique Gomez de la Fuente, Jose Luis Lopez-Estebaranz
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2012)
'Ticking, Tracking, Trucking' Sum Up Projects at Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory
Authors: Chris Anne Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1988)

TICKING, TRACKING, and trucking summed up the work described at the first annual Science Update at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass.  The update offered science writers a glimpse into the status of a handful of the many lines of research being conducted by the laboratory's scientists. For example, Felix Strumwasser, PhD, is studying the ticking of the circadian clock using a living model that can be studied in a dish: the eye of the sea slug Aplysia . John Hobbie, PhD, is directing the laboratory's role in an unprecedented international effort to track—and eventually predict—worldwide climate change. Shinya Inoue, PhD, and Bruce Schnapp, PhD, are using the most sophisticated techniques of video light microscopy and digital processing to look at, among many questions, how cells divide and molecules truck down the axon via microtubules.  Strumwasser's research question is one that has intrigued neuroscientists for decades: how can the
Platelet survival and the development of coronary artery disease in the young adult: effects of cigarette smoking, strong family history and medical therapy.
Authors: V Fuster, J H Chesebro, R L Frye, L R Elveback
Journal: Circulation (1981)

Cigarette smoking or a strong family history of coronary disease was present in 46 of 50 symptomatic patients with coronary artery disease who were younger than 50 years of age. We recorded a shortened platelet survival half-life (less than 92 hours) with 51Cr in 60% of these patients, in 56% of apparently normal persons of the same age who smoked or had a strong family history of coronary disease, and in only 14% of normal persons who did not smoke and had no family history (p less than 0.01). Lengthening of the shortened platelet survival toward normal occurred in coronary patients given dipyridamole plus aspirin and in apparently normal smokers who discontinued smoking (p less than 0.01). The study suggests a possible relationship among cigarette smoking, strong family history of coronary disease and platelet activation in the process of coronary atherogenesis in the young adult.
Bariatric surgery was cost-effective at 2 years for management of type 2 diabetes in obese patients
Authors: Scott Kahan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Source Citation Keating CL, Dixon JB, Moodie ML, et al. Cost-efficacy of surgically induced weight loss for the management of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:580-4. 19171726
Abstract 4189: Utilization of Champions Tumorgraft™ models to identify putative biomarkers and signatures of response
Authors: Jay A. Friedman, Theodore H. Hewit, Manuel Hidalgo, Eric K. Rowinsky, David Sidransky, Elizabeth M. Bruckheimer
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Champions Biotechnology has developed an innovative platform for oncology research that utilizes the implantation of primary human tumors in immune-deficient mice in a manner that preserves the biological properties of the original human tumor. Given the unique features and extensive characterization of the Champions Tumorgraft™ platform, it can be utilized for the identification and validation of putative biomarkers and signatures of response which predict resistance or sensitivity to anti cancer agents in specific patient populations. Models of colorectal cancer, NSCLC, and pancreatic cancer were subjected to cetuximab or irinotecan, cisplatin or paclitaxel, and gemcitabine, respectively. Tumor growth inhibition of 50% was utilized as the criteria to delineate sensitive versus resistant models. Baseline whole genome-transcriptome profiles were compared in sensitive and resistant models, and the top 100 genes differentially expressed between these phenotypes were selected by signal-to-noise metric. Pathways up regulated in sensitive and resistant Tumorgraft™ models were determined by an unbiased gene set enrichment analysis. Colon Tumorgraft™ models treated with either cetuximab or irinotecan showed sensitivity in 6/14 models and 8/11 models, respectively. NSCLC Tumorgraft™ models treated with either cisplatin or paclitaxel showed sensitivity in 4/12 models and 10/13 models, respectively. Lastly, pancreatic Tumorgraft™ models treated with gemcitabine showed sensitivity in 15/17 models. Bioinformatic analysis revealed, for example, that a number of signaling pathways involved in survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, adhesion, cell cycle control, metabolism, and apoptosis are significantly modulated in these sensitive and resistant cancer models. Validation of key genes and pathways is onging. Together, these results demonstrate that Champions TumorgraftTM models can be utilized to identify potential biomarkers of response and represent a novel in vivo platform capable of predicting the clinical effectiveness of anti cancer drugs. Furthermore, the combined framework of Champions Tumorgrafts™ and bioinformatic analyses, as described here, can not only be applied to clinically approved agents, but also to agents in development, hereby increasing the efficiency of oncology drug development by identifying those patients most likely to respond to a given therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4189. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4189
Cancer treatment in US costs more than in Europe but has better outcomes, study says
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Cancer treatment in the United States is more expensive than in other developed countries but achieves better outcomes, a new study has shown.

The study looked at survival after cancer diagnosis in the US and 10 European Union countries and “looked at the value of any additional gains [in life expectancy] that might have occurred because of extra spending,” said a coauthor, Dana Goldman, an economist and public policy analyst at the University of California.

Although cancer survival rose in both regions between 1983 and 1999, the gap between them widened over that period: survival in the US was two years longer than in the EU countries at the start of the period (nine years in the US versus …
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VULNERABLE PLAQUE AND SERUM LDL-CHOLESTEROL LEVEL AS ASSESSED WITH VIRTUAL HISTOLOGY INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND: ANALYSIS FROM PROSPECT
Authors: Adriano M. Caixeta, Giora Weisz, Akiko Maehara, Gary S. Mintz, Ecaterina Cristea, Roxana Mehran, Martin Fahy, Ke Xu, Alexandra J. Lansky, Steven Marso, Bernard De Bruyne, Patrick W. Serruys, Gregg W. Stone
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Risk of Cardiovascular Events Associated With Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
Authors: Debabrata Mukherjee
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Atherosclerosis is a process with inflammatory features and selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors may potentially have antiatherogenic effects by virtue of inhibiting inflammation. However, by decreasing vasodilatory and antiaggregatory prostacyclin production, COX-2 antagonists may lead to increased prothrombotic activity. To define the cardiovascular effects of COX-2 inhibitors when used for arthritis and musculoskeletal pain in patients without coronary artery disease, we performed a MEDLINE search to identify all English-language articles on use of COX-2 inhibitors published between 1998 and February 2001. We also reviewed relevant submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration by pharmaceutical companies. Our search yielded 2 major randomized trials, the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research Study (VIGOR; 8076 patients) and the Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study (CLASS; 8059 patients), as well as 2 smaller trials with approximately 1000 patients each. The results from VIGOR showed that the relative risk of developing a confirmed adjudicated thrombotic cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, unstable angina, cardiac thrombus, resuscitated cardiac arrest, sudden or unexplained death, ischemic stroke, and transient ischemic attacks) with rofecoxib treatment compared with naproxen was 2.38 (95% confidence interval, 1.39-4.00; P =.002). There was no significant difference in cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, stroke, and death) rates between celecoxib and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in CLASS. The annualized myocardial infarction rates for COX-2 inhibitors in both VIGOR and CLASS were significantly higher than that in the placebo group of a recent meta-analysis of 23 407 patients in primary prevention trials (0.52%): 0.74% with rofecoxib (P =.04 compared with the placebo group of the meta-analysis) and 0.80% with celecoxib (P =.02 compared with the placebo group of the meta-analysis). The available data raise a cautionary flag about the risk of cardiovascular events with COX-2 inhibitors. Further prospective trial evaluation may characterize and determine the magnitude of the risk.
Salmeterol reduces early- and late-phase plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in rat airways.
Authors: P B Bolton, P Lefevre, D M McDonald
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

We examined the effect of salmeterol, a long-acting beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, on ovalbumin-induced plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in tracheal blood vessels of unanesthetized brown Norway rats. Ovalbumin challenge of sensitized rats resulted in both early and late phases of plasma leakage as measured with Evans blue. The early phase occurred during the challenge. The late phase began 2 h after the challenge, peaked at 4 h, and ended by 24 h. Ovalbumin challenge also increased the number of adherent leukocytes in mucosal blood vessels at 4 h. Nebulized salmeterol (5 mg/ml for 10 min) administered before the challenge inhibited the early-phase leak by 26%, 58%, or 85%, depending upon whether the interval between pretreatment and challenge was 0.5, 1, or 4.5 h, respectively. Similarly, salmeterol pretreatment (0.05 to 5 mg/ml for 10 min) reduced the late-phase leak at 4 h. Late-phase leakage was completely blocked at concentrations of 0.5 mg/ml or greater. This inhibitory effect was prevented by prior injection of the beta2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI-118,551. Salmeterol pretreatment also reduced the adherence of neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in mucosal blood vessels at 4 h. We conclude that salmeterol pretreatment can reduce the plasma leakage and leukocyte adhesion in early- and late-phase responses after antigen challenge through its action on beta2 receptors.
Psychiatric Services in a Neighborhood Health Center
Authors: EUGENE L. LOWENKOPF, ISRAEL ZWERLING
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

The authors describe the operation of a neighborhood health center, with particular emphasis on psychiatric services. The main unit effecting delivery of all services is the health team, consisting of both professional and nonmedical personnel. The role of psychiatrist as consultant is discussed in this team context. Case examples illuminate problems of team leadership and the role of paraprofessionals.
Comparison of somatic mutation frequency among immunoglobulin genes.
Authors: N Motoyama, T Miwa, Y Suzuki, H Okada, T Azuma
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

We analyzed the frequency of somatic mutation in immunoglobulin genes from hybridomas that secrete anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) monoclonal antibodies. A high frequency of mutation (3.3-4.4%) was observed in both the rearranged VH186.2 and V lambda 1 genes, indicating that somatic mutation occurs with similar frequency in these genes in spite of the absence of an intron enhancer in lambda 1 chain genes. In contrast to the high frequency in J-C introns, only two nucleotide substitutions occurred at positions -462 and -555 in the 5' noncoding region in one of the lambda 1-chain genes and in none of the other three so far studied. Since a similar low frequency of somatic mutation was observed in the 5' noncoding region of inactive lambda 2-chain genes rendered inactive because of incorrect rearrangement, this region may not be a target or alternatively, may be protected from the mutator system. We observed a low frequency of nucleotide substitution in unrearranged V lambda 1 genes (approximately 1/15 that of rearranged genes). Together with previous results (Azuma T., N. Motoyama, L. Fields, and D. Loh, 1993. Int. Immunol. 5:121), these findings suggest that the 5' noncoding region, which contains the promoter element, provides a signal for the somatic mutator system and that rearrangement, which brings the promoter into close proximity to the enhancer element, should increase mutation efficiency.
CUTIS VERTICIS GYRATA
Authors: Raymond J. Sisson
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Cutis verticis gyrata is a skin condition of rare frequency characterized by hypertrophy and looseness of the skin, with a tendency to hang in folds. The literature referable to it is very meager. I report this case because of its infrequency and of a glandular derangement, not previously observed, which is present.  CLINICAL HISTORY  M. C., a man, aged 29, with a dark complexion, seen, Nov. 25, 1924, complained of thickness of the upper eyelids. Since childhood the fingers and toes had been large. An eczema of the scalp five years ago yielded promptly to treatment. The onset of the present illness occurred five years ago. The scalp was first affected and the condition gradually spread over the forehead and eyelids. The weight of the lids was so great that the patient had considerable difficulty working.  Vision in both eyes was 20/30. A marked mechanical ptosis with thickness of both
Noel Scott Kenchington
Authors: H M. White
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former general practitioner Bromsgrove (b London 1913; q Cambridge/Birmingham 1940; OStJ), d 29 October 2003.​2003.




Figure 1




After qualifying Noel was commissioned into the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1941. He was posted to India and then served in the Burma campaign. In 1946 he returned to Birmingham, finally entering general practice in Bromsgrove. He was also an anaesthetist at the district hospital, Bromsgrove. Noel was an active BMA member, treasurer of the centenary Charles Hastings meeting in 1966, and also a former divisional chairman. He sang regularly with the Bromsgrove Choral Society, was a magistrate, and was involved with the St John Ambulance. He leaves a wife, Barbara, and three children.
Correction of Murine Sickle Cell Disease Using γ-Globin Lentiviral Vectors to Mediate High-level Expression of Fetal Hemoglobin
Authors: Tamara I Pestina, Phillip W Hargrove, Dennis Jay, John T Gray, Kelli M Boyd, Derek A Persons
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

Increased levels of red cell fetal hemogloblin, whether due to hereditary persistence of expression or from induction with hydroxyurea therapy, effectively ameliorate sickle cell disease (SCD). Therefore, we developed erythroid-specific, γ-globin lentiviral vectors for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-targeted gene therapy with the goal of permanently increasing fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in sickle red cells. We evaluated two different γ-globin lentiviral vectors for therapeutic efficacy in the BERK sickle cell mouse model. The first vector, V5, contained the γ-globin gene driven by 3.1 kb of β-globin regulatory sequences and a 130-bp β-globin promoter. The second vector, V5m3, was identical except that the γ-globin 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) was replaced with the β-globin 3′-UTR. Adult erythroid cells have β-globin mRNA 3′-UTR-binding proteins that enhance β-globin mRNA stability and we postulated this design might enhance γ-globin expression. Stem cell gene transfer was efficient and nearly all red cells in transplanted mice expressed human γ-globin. Both vectors demonstrated efficacy in disease correction, with the V5m3 vector producing a higher level of γ-globin mRNA which was associated with high-level correction of anemia and secondary organ pathology. These data support the rationale for a gene therapy approach to SCD by permanently enhancing HbF using a γ-globin lentiviral vector. Increased levels of red cell fetal hemogloblin, whether due to hereditary persistence of expression or from induction with hydroxyurea therapy, effectively ameliorate sickle cell disease (SCD). Therefore, we developed erythroid-specific, γ-globin lentiviral vectors for hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-targeted gene therapy with the goal of permanently increasing fetal hemoglobin (HbF) production in sickle red cells. We evaluated two different γ-globin lentiviral vectors for therapeutic efficacy in the BERK sickle cell mouse model. The first vector, V5, contained the γ-globin gene driven by 3.1 kb of β-globin regulatory sequences and a 130-bp β-globin promoter. The second vector, V5m3, was identical except that the γ-globin 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) was replaced with the β-globin 3′-UTR. Adult erythroid cells have β-globin mRNA 3′-UTR-binding proteins that enhance β-globin mRNA stability and we postulated this design might enhance γ-globin expression. Stem cell gene transfer was efficient and nearly all red cells in transplanted mice expressed human γ-globin. Both vectors demonstrated efficacy in disease correction, with the V5m3 vector producing a higher level of γ-globin mRNA which was associated with high-level correction of anemia and secondary organ pathology. These data support the rationale for a gene therapy approach to SCD by permanently enhancing HbF using a γ-globin lentiviral vector.
Reasons to Encourage Smoking: A Modest Proposal
Authors: Barry B. Lowitz
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  I am an exsmoker oncologist at an institution where most of my patients have lung cancer and many of the hospital staff and physicians continue to smoke. Knowing the odds and being outspoken about them, I have launched verbal assaults on everyone who lights up. These forays are met with responses ranging from mild annoyance to nearly physical rage.  My objective assessment of these data is that it is much easier to treat advanced lung cancer than to try to talk people into giving up smoking. With the cautious optimism that characterizes those in my subspecialty, I have now come to view smoking in a positive light and propose the following rationale:   If everyone were to quit smoking, lung cancer would disappear, and we would never figure out how to cure it.  Smoking leads to creative rationalizations. Some interesting concepts I have heard over the