tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The importance of minor salivary gland biopsy in prediction of lymphoma in Sjogren's syndrome: should we be obtaining more information about prognosis from minor salivary gland samples?
Authors: R. I. Fox
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

Theander,1 in this issue, provides an important contribution with the article ‘Lymphoid organization in labial salivary gland biopsies is a possible predictor for the development of malignant lymphoma in primary Sjogren’s syndrome'. It has been known for many years that ectopic germinal centres are present in minor salivary gland biopsies of a subpopulation of patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS). The frequency of SS patients with an ectopic germinal centre in the minor salivary gland biopsy has ranged from 10% to 25%.2,–,4 Previous studies by Jonsson and his research group have described the clinical and laboratory characteristics of SS patients with ectopic germinal centres in their minor salivery gland biopsies.5,–,9 Other groups have also used histology, immunohistology and gene profiling to characterise the ectopic germinal centre in SS.10,–,14 In the current paper, the frequency of ectopic germinal centres was somewhat lower than in previous publications. The goal has been to determine the risk of B cells undergoing transition from benign lymphoproliferation to overt malignancy.15

The current study1 extends those studies by emphasising the increased risk of lymphoma in SS patients whose minor salivary gland biopsy contains an ectopic germinal centre. This is not a new concept, because an association between ectopic germinal centre formation and lymphoma development in primary SS was initially proposed in 1999.16 Despite the important prognostic information to be gained from a more detailed analysis of the minor salivary gland biopsy, most rheumatologists in the USA do not obtain biopsies, and oral pathologists do not routinely examine them critically for the presence of ectopic germinal centres. At present, the minor salivary gland biopsy is used …
The Influence of Mutation, Recombination, Population History, and Selection on Patterns of Genetic Diversity in Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: K. A. Jolley, D. J. Wilson, P. Kriz, G. Mcvean, M. C. J. Maiden
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2004)

Patterns of genetic diversity within populations of human pathogens, shaped by the ecology of host-microbe interactions, contain important information about the epidemiological history of infectious disease. Exploiting this information, however, requires a systematic approach that distinguishes the genetic signal generated by epidemiological processes from the effects of other forces, such as recombination, mutation, and population history. Here, a variety of quantitative techniques were employed to investigate multilocus sequence information from isolate collections of Neisseria meningitidis, a major cause of meningitis and septicemia world wide. This allowed quantitative evaluation of alternative explanations for the observed population structure. A coalescent-based approach was employed to estimate the rate of mutation, the rate of recombination, and the size distribution of recombination fragments from samples from disease-associated and carried meningococci obtained in the Czech Republic in 1993 and a global collection of disease-associated isolates collected globally from 1937 to 1996. The parameter estimates were used to reject a model in which genetic structure arose by chance in small populations, and analysis of molecular variation showed that geographically restricted gene flow was unlikely to be the cause of the genetic structure. The genetic differentiation between disease and carriage isolate collections indicated that, whereas certain genotypes were overrepresented among the disease-isolate collections (the "hyperinvasive" lineages), disease-associated and carried meningococci exhibited remarkably little differentiation at the level of individual nucleotide polymorphisms. In combination, these results indicated the repeated action of natural selection on meningococcal populations, possibly arising from the coevolutionary dynamic of host-pathogen interactions.
Broad Overexpression of Ribonucleotide Reductase Genes in Mice Specifically Induces Lung Neoplasms
Authors: Xia Xu, Jennifer L. Page, Jennifer A. Surtees, Houchun Liu, Sarah Lagedrost, Young Lu, Roderick Bronson, Eric Alani, Alexander Yu. Nikitin, Robert S. Weiss
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in nucleotide biosynthesis and plays a central role in genome maintenance. Although a number of regulatory mechanisms govern RNR activity, the physiologic effect of RNR deregulation had not previously been examined in an animal model. We show here that overexpression of the small RNR subunit potently and selectively induces lung neoplasms in transgenic mice and is mutagenic in cultured cells. Combining RNR deregulation with defects in DNA mismatch repair, the cellular mutation correction system, synergistically increased RNR-induced mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Moreover, the proto-oncogene K-ras was identified as a frequent mutational target in RNR-induced lung neoplasms. Together, these results show that RNR deregulation promotes lung carcinogenesis through a mutagenic mechanism and establish a new oncogenic activity for a key regulator of nucleotide metabolism. Importantly, RNR-induced lung neoplasms histopathologically resemble human papillary adenocarcinomas and arise stochastically via a mutagenic mechanism, making RNR transgenic mice a valuable model for lung cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(8):2652–60]
Gene Duplication Is an Evolutionary Mechanism for Expanding Spectral Diversity in the Long-Wavelength Photopigments of Butterflies
Authors: F. D. Frentiu, G. D. Bernard, M. P. Sison-Mangus, A. Van Zandt Brower, A. D. Briscoe
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

Butterfly long-wavelength (L) photopigments are interesting for comparative studies of adaptive evolution because of the tremendous phenotypic variation that exists in their wavelength of peak absorbance (λmax value). Here we present a comprehensive survey of L photopigment variation by measuring λmax in 12 nymphalid and 1 riodinid species using epi-microspectrophotometry. Together with previous data, we find that L photopigment λmax varies from 510–565 nm in 22 nymphalids, with an even broader 505- to 600-nm range in riodinids. We then surveyed the L opsin genes for which λmax values are available as well as from related taxa and found 2 instances of L opsin gene duplication within nymphalids, in Hermeuptychia hermes and Amathusia phidippus, and 1 instance within riodinids, in the metalmark butterfly Apodemia mormo. Using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstructions to map the evolution of spectral shifts within the L photopigments of nymphalids, we estimate the ancestral pigment had a λmax = 540 nm ± 10 nm standard error and that blueshifts in wavelength have occurred at least 4 times within the family. We used ancestral state reconstructions to investigate the importance of several amino acid substitutions (Ile17Met, Ala64Ser, Asn70Ser, and Ser137Ala) previously shown to have evolved under positive selection that are correlated with blue spectral shifts. These reconstructions suggest that the Ala64Ser substitution has indeed occurred along the newly identified blueshifted L photopigment lineages. Substitutions at the other 3 sites may also be involved in the functional diversification of L photopigments. Our data strongly suggest that there are limits to the evolution of L photopigment spectral shifts among species with only one L opsin gene and that opsin gene duplication broadens the potential range of λmax values.
11C-Choline PET/CT Identifies Osteoblastic and Osteolytic Lesions in Patients with Metastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Francesco Ceci, Paolo Castellucci, Tiziano Graziani, Riccardo Schiavina, Sotirios Chondrogiannis, Rachele Bonfiglioli, Stefano Costa, Irene J. Virgolini, Domenico Rubello, Stefano Fanti, Patrick M. Colletti
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2015)

The aim of this study was to compare C-choline PET/CT, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA kinetics, and C-choline uptake in recurrent metastatic prostate cancer patients with osteoblastic and osteolytic bone metastases.We retrospectively analyzed 140 patients with the following criteria: (a) positive bone lesions identified with C-choline PET/CT and validated as true positive by histology (14.2%), correlative imaging (33.4%), or clinical follow-up (52.4%); (b) after radical prostatectomy (67.9%) or primary radiotherapy (22.1%); (c) proven biochemical relapse with rising PSA levels; (d) no chemotherapy, zoledronic acid, or palliative bone external beam radiation therapy previously administrated during biochemical relapse; and (f) asymptomatic for bone pain. Lesions were categorized as osteoblastic, osteolytic, or bone marrow lesions. Patients were divided into osteoblastic and osteolytic patient groups.C-Choline PET/CT detected oligometastatic bone disease (1-3 lesions) in 98 (70%) of the 140 patients and multiple bone lesions in 42 (30%) of the 140 patients. By per-lesion analysis of 304 lesions, there were 184 osteoblastic, 99 osteolytic, and 21 bone marrow lesions.By per-patient analysis, 97 (69.3%) of the 140 patients were in the osteoblastic group, whereas 43 (30.7%) of the 140 patients were in the osteolytic group. Statistically significant differences in SUVmax (P < 0.001), fast PSA doubling time (P = 0.01), and PSA velocity (P = 0.01) were observed between osteoblastic (lower values) and osteolytic (higher values) groups. By multivariate analysis, fast PSA doubling time was a significant predictor for osteolytic lesions.We demonstrated differences in PSA kinetics and SUVmax between osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions. C-Choline PET/CT may identify patients that could benefit from early targeted therapies, depending on the type of bone lesions expressed.
INFANT DIGESTIVE DISTURBANCES.
Authors: A. C. COTTON
Journal: JAMA (1903)

Infancy and childhood are the periods of life in which digestive disorders are most prevalent and fatal. In children of all ages a transient form may occur at any season, with a decided predilection, however, for the heated term. In midwinter occasional attacks of more or less severe, although usually transient, diarrhea without fatal tendency are seen. It is in the three summer months that enteric disorders, with diarrhea as a common symptom, are most fatal. This clinical fact is so well recognized, indeed, that the term summer diarrhea has gained a prominent place in the nosology of early life. The mortality among infants and children during the summer months from digestive disorders exceeds that from all other diseases during the same period. Comparative statistics show that the greatest susceptibility to summer diarrhea is found between the ages of 6 to 18 months, during which time the death rate from
In vivo prostaglandin E2 treatment alters the bone marrow microenvironment and preferentially expands short-term hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Benjamin J. Frisch, Rebecca L. Porter, Benjamin J. Gigliotti, Adam J. Olm-Shipman, Jonathan M. Weber, Regis J. O'Keefe, Craig T. Jordan, Laura M. Calvi
Journal: Blood (2009)
CCR and CC chemokine expression in relation to Flt3 ligand-induced renal dendritic cell mobilization
Authors: P. Toby, H. Coates, Bridget L. Colvin, Anju Ranganathan, F.Jason Duncan, Yuk Yuen Lan, William J. Shufesky, Alan F. Zahorchak, Adrian E. Morelli, Angus W. Thomson
Journal: Kidney International (2004)
PAIN AND TENDERNESS OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL
Authors: JOHN BERTON CARNETT
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Pain and tenderness occur far more frequently in the abdominal wall than in the abdominal viscera. Palpation over relaxed abdominal muscles fails completely to differentiate parietal from visceral tenderness.  Parietal tenderness and, inferentially, pain are demonstrated best by making firm palpation while the patient balloons out the abdomen and holds the abdominal muscles as tense as possible.1Any tenderness thereby disclosed is necessarily parietal in location, because the tense muscles prevent the examiner's fingers coming in contact with the viscera. This is a simple bedside test, requiring no special instruments; it can be carried out in less than two minutes and will give invaluable diagnostic information if it is employed, as it should be, on every patient having abdominal pain or tenderness.  Hypersensitiveness, either on pricking or stroking the abdominal skin with a pin, or on pinching a liberal fold of skin and fat, indicates parietal tenderness, but both
Supportive Nutrition on Recovery of Metabolism, Nutritional State, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Exercise Capacity After Major Surgery: A Randomized Study
Authors: Anders Hyltander, Ingvar Bosaeus, Jan Svedlund, Bengt Liedman, Irene Hugosson, Ola Wallengren, Ulla Olsson, Erik Johnsson, Srdjan Kostic, Annika Henningsson, Ulla Körner, Lars Lundell, Kent Lundholm
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2005)
Breathing Space: How Allergies Shape Our Lives and Landscapes
Authors: Katherine Gundling
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States
Authors: Fred R. Abrams
Journal: JAMA (1991)

While relating the story of involuntary sterilization in the United States, Dr Reilly exposes again the myth of an apolitical science of medicine. In a well-documented, profusely referenced chronology, the author demonstrates the unwelcome impact on many lives of the zealot, possessed of a grain of truth. The promise of the rediscovered science of mendelian genetics, the darwinian theories, and an examination of the family trees of certain English intelligentsia led Francis Galton to conclude that proper breeding could improve the human race. He coined the word "eugenics" in the late 19th century. Half-baked hypotheses extrapolated from these data led to regrettable actions, long before the requirements for scientific proof could be met. Dr Reilly offers several such examples, which had profound contemporaneous impact, although today we would find them quaint relics of yesteryear.
The luxury of fluency
Authors: R X A Petrie
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Fluent speech is something that most people take for granted. I have a stammer and therefore my thoughts do not effortlessly turn into spoken words. I would give anything in the world for fluent speech. The current literature concludes that the cause of stammering is unknown and that no treatment is reliably effective. I have certainly tried several methods without success and at present I have given up trying.

Stammering is by no means a modern phenomenon. Galen recommended that the tongues of stammerers “be soundly cauterised” and Moses, Erasmus, Charles I, George VI, and Darwin were all stammerers. Through history stammering has had a low profile. The subject is almost always avoided. Non-stammerers are embarrassed listeners, feel helpless, and do not know what to say or do. Stammerers either do not want to talk about the problem or are unable to speak eloquently enough to make themselves heard or understood. Hence the reason I am writing this article. In print no one can ignore me, turn away, interrupt, or talk on top.

Most people consider stammering to be a neurotic affliction, which is inconvenient and embarrassing to the listener. Few people, however, realise the true nature of the stammer. It is a monstrous and unpredictable parasite. It tries its best to thwart all of life's opportunities, to destroy my self esteem, and prevent me from …
Infective Hepatitis: The History of an Outbreak in the Lavant Valley
Authors: J. L. Newman
Journal: BMJ (1942)

Hepatitis had been present for some time in several places in the coastal-area of Sussex to the west of Arundel when the first case was repprted from the village of West Dean.This village lies some four miles to the north of Chichester, where the valley of the River Lavant enters the Downs, accompanied by the London road.At Singleton, a mile further on, the river leaves the road and turns to the east to the villages of Charlton and East Dean, which lie in a secluded hollow, and have little communication with the outer world other than by the main road.This lie of the land made the investigation of an epidemic much easier than would otherwise have been the case, and also showed the essential unity of what might have been regarded as sporadic cases of disease.Had there not been separate villages, visited by a single doctor, but separate streets in a large town visited by several, there would probably have been no more comment than on the curious fact that two or three cases of catarrhal jaundice should appear about the same time.Cases in West and East Dean About the middle of July, 1939, Betty Swift, a housemaid employed at the local sanatorium, suffered from an attack of hepatitis with jaundice.A fortnight after the beginning of the illness she went to her home in West Dean.None of the six other girls with whom she had lived till then was infected, nor were any of her relatives at home.Her history was discovered only when her brother developed the disease from an unknown source three months later.He worked at Charlton Saw Mills and had visited Chichester, but knew of no case of jaundice in either place.Case 1.-Bill Swift, aged 19, was taken ill gradually about September 20 with an ache in the middle of his epigastrium.He stayed in bed on the 23rd, but on the next two days got up and went out, and on the 26th returned to work.But he had to give up and go home to bed.He felt very ill, was irritable and a little drowsy, and vomited repeatedly.The next day his urine was dark, and on the 30th he began to turn yellow all over.After a fortnight in bed he returned to work, and was later troubled only by itching.Among the other workers at the saw mills was Gerald Sparrow, who lived in the village of Cocking, some six miles away.He had not visited any of the known sites of jaundice, nor had there been any cases in his neighbourhood.What was even more curious was that the two worked in different parts of the saw mills, and had not, so far as they knew, had any meeting at all.Yet 34 days after Swift's last appearance in his neighbourhood Sparrow was taken ill.Case 2.-Gerald Sparrow, aged 18.The onset of illness was sudden at dinner-time, and later in the day his urine was the colour of beer.For the next three days he felt sick, sweated, and had a pain like a stomach-ache across his upper abdomen.
Lymphomatoid papulosis type D: an aggressive histology for an indolent disease
Authors: A. Bertolotti, A.-L. Pham-Ledard, B. Vergier, M. Parrens, C. Bedane, M. Beylot-Barry
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Funding sources: none. Conflicts of interest: none declared. Dear Editor, Lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) is defined as a chronic, recurrent, self‐healing eruption of papules and small nodules, characterized by a waxing and waning course and by histopathological features sometimes suggesting cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL).1 Recently, a new histological variant simulating an aggressive epidermotropic CD8+ T‐cell lymphoma was described in a series of nine cases by Saggini et al.2 We describe two cases of this newly described variant and discuss this diagnostic challenge. The first case was a 62‐year‐old woman who presented with a 3‐month history of asymptomatic erythematous papules, particularly on the chest, arms and legs. Individual lesions were 0·2–1 cm in diameter (Fig. 1) and spontaneously regressed within 2–6 weeks. Some of them left discrete atrophic and pigmented scars. The patient did not have any associated systemic symptoms, for example weight loss, night sweating or fever. Physical examination was otherwise normal. The second case was a 50‐year‐old woman who presented with a 6‐month history of asymptomatic keratotic papules on the wrist, lip and thigh, without pigmented scars. She did not have any other symptoms. In both cases these clinical features were suggestive of LyP.
Family History as a Risk Factor for Primary Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Yechiel Friedlander, David S. Siscovick, Sheila Weinmann, Melissa A. Austin, Bruce M. Psaty, Rozenn N. Lemaitre, Patrick Arbogast, T. E. Raghunathan, Leonard A. Cobb
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —The hypothesis that a family history of myocardial infarction (MI) or primary cardiac arrest (PCA) is an independent risk factor for primary cardiac arrest was examined in a population-based case-control study. In addition, we investigated whether recognized risk factors account for the familial aggregation of these cardiovascular events. Methods and Results —PCA cases, 25 to 74 years old, attended by paramedics during the period 1988 to 1994 and population-based control subjects matched for age and sex were identified from the community by random digit dialing. All subjects were free of recognized clinical heart disease and major comorbidity. A detailed history of MI and PCA in first-degree relatives was collected in interviews with the spouses of case and control subjects by trained interviewers using a standardized questionnaire. For each familial relationship, there was a higher rate of MI or primary cardiac arrest (MI/PCA) in relatives of case compared with relatives of control subjects. Overall, the rate of MI/PCA among first-degree relatives of cardiac arrest patients was almost 50% higher than that in first-degree relatives of control subjects (rate ratio [RR]=1.46; 95% CI=1.23 to 1.72). In a multivariate logistic model, family history of MI/PCA was associated with PCA (RR=1.57; 95% CI=1.27 to 1.95) even after adjustment for other common risk factors. Conclusions —Family history of MI or PCA is positively associated with the risk of primary cardiac arrest. This association is mostly independent of familial aggregation of other common risk factors.