tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Contralateral mastectomy and survival after breast cancer in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations: retrospective analysis
Authors: K. Metcalfe, S. Gershman, P. Ghadirian, H. T. Lynch, C. Snyder, N. Tung, C. Kim-Sing, A. Eisen, W. D. Foulkes, B. Rosen, P. Sun, S. A. Narod
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>Objective</b> To compare the survival rates of women with BRCA associated breast cancer who did and did not undergo mastectomy of the contralateral breast. <b>Design</b> Retrospective analysis. <b>Setting</b> 12 cancer genetics clinics. <b>Participants</b> 390 women with a family history of stage I or II breast cancer who were carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and initially treated with unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. 181 patients had mastectomy of the contralateral breast. Patients were followed for up to 20 years from diagnosis. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Death from breast cancer. <b>Results</b> 79 women died of breast cancer in the follow-up period (18 in the bilateral mastectomy group and 61 in the unilateral mastectomy group). The median follow-up time was 14.3 years (range 0.1-20.0 years). At 20 years the survival rate for women who had mastectomy of the contralateral breast was 88% (95% confidence interval 83% to 93%) and for those who did not was 66% (59% to 73%). In a multivariable analysis, controlling for age at diagnosis, year of diagnosis, treatment, and other prognostic features, contralateral mastectomy was associated with a 48% reduction in death from breast cancer (hazard ratio 0.52, 95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.93; P=0.03). In a propensity score adjusted analysis of 79 matched pairs, the association was not significant (0.60, 0.34 to 1.06; P=0.08). Based on these results, we predict that of 100 women treated with contralateral mastectomy, 87 will be alive at 20 years compared with 66 of 100 women treated with unilateral mastectomy. <b>Conclusions</b> This study suggests that women who are positive for BRCA mutations and who are treated for stage I or II breast cancer with bilateral mastectomy are less likely to die from breast cancer than women who are treated with unilateral mastectomy. Given the small number of events in this cohort, further research is required to confirm these findings.
EFFECTS OF IMMOBILIZATION AND ACTIVITY ON NEUROMUSCULAR REGENERATION
Authors: H. M. HINES
Journal: JAMA (1942)

This report is concerned with the results of experiments dealing with the effects of various conditions on the extent and rate of neuromuscular atrophy and regeneration. These include such conditions as immobilization of the limb by casts, forced exercise, electrical stimulation of the paralyzed muscle, application of cold and heat and attempts to enhance functional reinnervation through facilitation of axon bifurcation. Most of the experiments were carried out on the gastrocnemius muscles and tibial nerves of adult albino rats and included quantitative measurements of muscle mass, strength and creatine content. Complete paralysis of the gastrocnemius was produced by crushing the tibial at the level of its junction with the peroneal. Partial paralysis was produced by removing a section of one or more of the spinal nerves contributing motor fibers to this muscle. Quantitative studies were made as to the condition of the muscles and nerves at designated times after either
TREATMENT OF MALARIA BY PLASMOQUINE AND QUININE
Authors: M. Schwartz
Journal: BMJ (1933)

CURE OF MALARIA WITH ATEBRIN TMEDICL R NSL 995 atebrin alone in order to test fully the.value of that drug without quinine.In a progress report issued locally in November, 1932, R. Green3 states that both benign tertian and quartan parasites, including gametocytes, disappear from the blood more quickly with atebrin than with quinine.In subtertian malaria the rings disappear either with quinine or with atebrin in about three days.The febrile period in all types is slightly shorter with atebrin than with quinine, but, pending the cessation of febrile symptoms, the temperature among some of the subtertian cases seems to remain on the whole somewhat higher, and the patient to be more prostrate, than with quinine.The subtertian infection varies from the very mild case to the fulminating case, attended with fatal results whatever the form of therapy.In the small but certain proportion of subtertian cases which show alarming symptoms, Green regards it as at present advisable to adminiister quinine for two or three days as a preliminary to atebrin.
Incidence of Blindness in Relation to Diabetes: A population-based study
Authors: Christoph Trautner, Andrea Icks, Burkhard Haastert, Frank Plum, Michael Berger
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE A reduction of diabetes-related blindness was declared a primary objective for Europe (St. Vincent Declaration). We collected data about incidence rates of blindness in the diabetic population compared with the nondiabetic population. Up to now, such data are scarce—even worldwide. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A complete list of newly registered blindness allowance recipients was drawn up in the district of Württemberg-Hohenzollern, Germany, between 1990 and 1993. From these data, we estimated age-specific and standardized incidence rates of blindness in the entire, the diabetic, and the nondiabetic population, as well as relative and attributable risks due to diabetes. RESULTS There were 2,714 people meeting the inclusion criteria; 1,823 (67.2%) were female and 781 (28.8%) had diabetes. In 318 subjects, diabetes was likely to be the only cause of blindness; in 192 subjects, it was one of several contributory causes. Age of women was 73.9 ± 19.4 years (mean ± SD) and of men 63.3 ± 25.5 years. Results standardized to the (West) German population are as follows: incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years): total population: 13.5; diabetic population: 60.6; nondiabetic population: 11.6; relative risk: 5.2; attributable risk among exposed: 0.81; and population attributable risk: 0.14. The relative risks decreased considerably with increasing age. When the study is repeated to monitor the St. Vincent targets, a reduction in the incidence rate of blindness in the diabetic population by 17% will be detected with 95% power. CONCLUSIONS Great relative and attributable risks, especially in younger age-groups, indicate the need for increased attention to preventive measures for microvascular complications.
Social Ecology of Children’s Vulnerability to Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Bernard Weiss, David C. Bellinger
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

The outcomes of exposure to neurotoxic chemicals early in life depend on the properties of both the chemical and the host's environment. When our questions focus on the toxicant, the environmental properties tend to be regarded as marginal and designated as covariates or confounders. Such approaches blur the reality of how the early environment establishes enduring biologic substrates.In this commentary, we describe another perspective, based on decades of biopsychological research on animals, that shows how the early, even prenatal, environment creates permanent changes in brain structure and chemistry and behavior. Aspects of the early environment-encompassing enrichment, deprivation, and maternal and neonatal stress-all help determine the functional responses later in life that derive from the biologic substrate imparted by that environment. Their effects then become biologically embedded. Human data, particularly those connected to economically disadvantaged populations, yield equivalent conclusions.In this commentary, we argue that treating such environmental conditions as confounders is equivalent to defining genetic differences as confounders, a tactic that laboratory research, such as that based on transgenic manipulations, clearly rejects. The implications extend from laboratory experiments that, implicitly, assume that the early environment can be standardized to risk assessments based on epidemiologic investigations.The biologic properties implanted by the early social environment should be regarded as crucial elements of the translation from laboratory research to human health and, in fact, should be incorporated into human health research. The methods for doing so are not clearly defined and present many challenges to investigators.
Vaginal Delivery of Paclitaxel via Nanoparticles with Non‐Mucoadhesive Surfaces Suppresses Cervical Tumor Growth
Authors: Ming Yang, Tao Yu, Ying‐Ying Wang, Samuel K. Lai, Qi Zeng, Bolong Miao, Benjamin C. Tang, Brian W. Simons, Laura M. Ensign, Guanshu Liu, Kannie W.Y. Chan, Chih‐Yin Juang, Olcay Mert, Joseph Wood, Jie Fu, Michael T. McMahon, T.‐C. Wu, Chien‐Fu Hung, Justin Hanes
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

Local delivery of chemotherapeutics in the cervicovaginal tract using nanoparticles may reduce adverse side effects associated with systemic chemotherapy, while improving outcomes for early-stage cervical cancer. It is hypothesized here that drug-loaded nanoparticles that rapidly penetrate cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) lining the female reproductive tract will more effectively deliver their payload to underlying diseased tissues in a uniform and sustained manner compared with nanoparticles that do not efficiently penetrate CVM. Paclitaxel-loaded nanoparticles are developed, composed entirely of polymers used in FDA-approved products, which rapidly penetrate human CVM and provide sustained drug release with minimal burst effect. A mouse model is further employed with aggressive cervical tumors established in the cervicovaginal tract to compare paclitaxel-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (conventional particles, or CP) and similar particles coated with Pluronic F127 (mucus-penetrating particles, or MPP). CP are mucoadhesive and, thus, aggregated in mucus, while MPP achieve more uniform distribution and close proximity to cervical tumors. Paclitaxel-MPP suppress tumor growth more effectively and prolong median survival of mice compared with unencapsulated paclitaxel or paclitaxel-CP. Histopathological studies demonstrate minimal toxicity to the cervicovaginal epithelia, suggesting paclitaxel-MPP may be safe for intravaginal use. These results demonstrate the in vivo advantages of polymer-based MPP for treatment of tumors localized to a mucosal surface.
The neuron doctrine is an insult to neurons
Authors: Stuart Hameroff
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

As presently implemented, the neuron doctrine (ND) portrays the brain's neurons and chemical synapses as fundamental components in a computer-like switching circuit, supporting a view of brain = mind = computer. However, close examination reveals individual neurons to be far more complex than simple switches, with enormous capacity for intracellular information processing (e.g., in the internal cytoskeleton). Other poorly appreciated factors (gap junctions, apparent randomness, dendritic-dendritic processing, possible quantum computation, the living state) also suggest that the ND grossly oversimplifies neuronal functions. In the quest to understand consciousness, the presently implemented ND may throw out the baby with the bath water.
Vascular Malformation of the Appendiceal Stump
Authors: John H. Foster
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Seven years after an appendectomy a 32-year-old woman presented with massive gatrointestinal tract bleeding. A preoperative selective superior-mesenteric arteriogram revealed a vascular tumor in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The tumor proved to be a vascular malformation of the appendiceal stump which had eroded into the lumen of the cecum and was the source of the massive bleeding. THE frustration accompanying exploratory laparotomy for massive gastrointestinal bleeding and failure to find the source of the bleeding is well known to most general surgeons. Experience with a case of massive bleeding from a vascular malformation of the appendiceal stump, seven years after the appendectomy, was sufficiently preplexing to warrant a brief report. If it had not been for a preoperative arteriogram which showed a vascular tumor mass in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, it is doubtful that the source of bleeding would have been recognized. <h3>Report of</h3>
264 PATTERN OF RECURRENCE AND PROGNOSIS OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA UNDERGOING HEPATIC RESECTION, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE HEPATITIS B AND C VIRAL INFECTION STATUS
Authors: S. Naito, H. Imamura, J. Yoshimoto, H. Sugo, Y. Ishizaki, Y. Matsuyama, S. Kawasaki
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Routing a Modern Pied Piper of Hamelin
Authors: Donald E. Greydanus
Journal: JAMA (1989)

In reviewing the current substance abuse literature, it becomes evident that our children are using drugs at an alarmingly high rate.<sup>1</sup>Illicit drugs are being used at earlier ages and by more youths than ever before. Of the 23 million individuals in the United States aged 12 through 17 years, 3.5 million use tobacco products (mostly cigarettes), nearly 3 million smoke marijuana, 1 million use various stimulants, and 6 million consume alcohol.<sup>1</sup>The legal "gateway" drug, tobacco, is used daily by more youths than any other drug: 20% of adolescent girls and 16% of boys smoke cigarettes daily, and 12% smoke over half a pack per day. The numerous negative health consequences of tobacco are well known, yet our youths continue to be seduced into tobacco addiction, and our society, incredibly, tolerates this massive, potentially suicidal behavior. We allow a multibillion-dollar advertising campaign to flourish, fueled by the
Blood Coagulation and Thrombotic Disease
Authors: BENJAMIN ALEXANDER
Journal: Circulation (1962)

The role of blood coagulation in the pathogenesis of thrombotic disease as well as atherosclerosis is receiving renewed attention, and has been greatly extended into the area of therapy. The clotting mechanism has been delineated in accordance with most recent information, with particular reference to the early phases and the coagulation balance. The close relationship between clotting and proteolytic phenomena is considered, and the concept of hypercoagulability is critically scrutinized. Experimentally induced thrombosis by means of serum factors is reviewed in support of this concept. Also discussed is the place of lipids in coagulation and atherosclerosis in an attempt to embrace the lipid theory of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis with current concepts of clotting. Finally, certain aspects of anticoagulant action are covered.
Treatment of Hemorrhoids
Authors: Paul C. Blaisdell
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In this second letter of Marino et al, they seek to explain what they meant in their first letter. I feel no such necessity for explaining what was meant in my published reply to said first letter. Possibly in a third letter they will attempt to explain the logic of gratuitously interjecting the topic of preoperative examinations in a discussion of hemorrhoidectomy techniques. The inclusion of their elementary admonition on this topic as part and parcel of critical remarks concerning the office ligation of hemorrhoids gives the misleading impression that the employment of the latter technique is somehow exclusively related to inadequate preoperative examinations. Any who are employing our ligating technique of four or more years ago may have overlooked a more recently reported technique employing catgut slipknots instead of rubber bands for providing constriction (<i>Amer J Proctol</i>,<b>17</b>:2, 1966). An as yet unpublished contribution reports
Laparoscopic hepatectomy in swine. Hemodynamic and biochemical alterations (experimental study)
Authors: N. Pyrsopoulos, V. Smirniotis, G. Kostopanagiotou, A. Papalois, I. Hondroudaki, E. Rígopoulou, A. Elefteriou, D. Tsantoulas, I. Papadimitriou
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
963 INTRADUCTAL ASPIRATION: A PROMISING NEW TISSUE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR DIAGNOSIS OF SUSPECTED MALIGNANT PANCREATOBILIARY STRICTURES
Authors: G. Curcio, M. Traina, F. Mocciaro, R. Gentile, R. Liotta, I. Tarantino, L. Barresi, B. Gridelli
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Recent Advances in the Role of Immunity in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Gabrielle Fredman, Matthew Spite
Journal: Circulation Research (2013)

The goal of Recent Developments is to provide a concise but comprehensive overview of new advances in cardiovascular research, which we hope will keep our readers abreast of recent scientific discoveries and facilitate discussion, interpretation, and integration of the findings.This will enable readers who are not experts in a particular field to grasp the significance and impact of work performed in other fields.It is our hope and expectation that these Recent Developments articles will help readers to gain a broader awareness and a deeper understanding of the status of research across the vast landscape of cardiovascular research.
More Medical Students
Authors: William T. Blessum
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I must disagree with John L. Caughey (<b>198</b>:1105, 1966) that the "only... major deterrent to this ample supply situation [of medical students] is Money." AMA-ERF, state, federal, and local loan programs have recently made it possible for the medical student and house officer to maintain a respectable standard of living if the individual accepts deficit financing on the basis of realistic prospects for future income. It should be noted that there are many who would prefer to retain financial responsibility for their education and who choose to consider loans as an investment in their own future, in preference to the program of gifts or handouts. An alternative explanation for the preponderance of medical school applicants from higher sociological strata may be found in a consideration of the dynamics of the choosing of a career. Surveys of medical students have repeatedly demonstrated that the paramount factor in
Small Vessel Arterial Aneurysms of the Kidney
Authors: W. M. Cloud
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Dornfield et al ( 215 : 1950, 1971) reached the conclusion that intrarenal artery aneurysms confined to the distal segmental, interlobar, and occasionally the arcuate arteries are specific for polyarteritis nodosa. A recent experience of discovering such aneurysms in a patient studied because of hematuria in whom open renal biopsy and subsequent examination of an extensive surgical specimen failed to demonstrate any evidence of polyarteritis prompts this report.  Report of a Case.—  A 49-year-old white mailman was admitted to the Springfield (Mass) Hospital Medical Center in January of 1971 because of abdominal pain and diarrhea.  Eight years previously he had had an episode of painless gross hematuria which was investigated by means of intravenous pyelography and cystoscopy without any cause being found.  The following year he had had the gradual onset of increasing diarrhea with weight loss. Initial x-ray film studies and endoscopy of the intestinal tract failed to
Attacking the Pneumococcus — A Hundred Years' War
Authors: Morton N. Swartz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

The battle with pneumococcus over the past century is reminiscent of the Hundred Years' War, the struggle between England and France that was interrupted by truces and stalemates. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated by Pasteur in 1881 and was soon recognized as the commonest cause of lobar pneumonia. When Dochez and Gillespie divided S. pneumoniae into 4 types (there are currently 90) on the basis of capsular antigens, the fatality rate associated with untreated pneumococcal pneumonia was 33 percent. By 1936, the use of type-specific antiserum reduced mortality to about 18 percent.Sulfonamides were introduced in the 1930s for the treatment . . .
Elevated CXCL1 expression in gp130-deficient endothelial cells impairs neutrophil migration in mice
Authors: Longbiao Yao, Tadayuki Yago, Bojing Shao, Zhenghui Liu, Robert Silasi-Mansat, Hendra Setiadi, Florea Lupu, Rodger P. McEver
Journal: Blood (2013)
Major Response to Everolimus in Melanoma With Acquired Imatinib Resistance
Authors: Lu Si, Xiaowei Xu, Yan Kong, Keith T. Flaherty, Zhihong Chi, Chuanliang Cui, Xinan Sheng, Siming Li, Jie Dai, Weiwei Yu, Jun Guo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)
Management of scoliosis in children with respiratory complications of neurological illness
Authors: R. Toone, I. Sinha, S. Mayell
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Altaf and colleagues’ comprehensive article on the management of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has prompted us to share our experience of treating children with respiratory complications of neurological illness, who commonly have scoliosis.1

The same neuromuscular dysfunction that causes respiratory compromise (such as muscle weakness causing decreased lung function, poor cough, impaired airway clearance, and recurrent pneumonia) often contributes to scoliosis, particularly in non-ambulatory children. Children with scoliosis of any cause can have decreased pulmonary function owing to impaired respiratory …
Oxidative conversion of isothiocyanates to isocyanates by rat liver.
Authors: M S Lee
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

This report describes the oxidative metabolism of isothiocyanates to isocyanates catalyzed by rat liver microsomes. Incubation of 2-naphthylisothiocyanate, microsomes, and NADPH yielded either N,N'-di-naphthylurea or, on inclusion of 2-aminofluorene in the incubations, N-2-naphthyl-N'-2-fluorenylurea. These ureas were formed by the production of the known genotoxicant, 2-naphthylisocyanate, which reacted with its hydrolysis product, 2-aminonaphthalene, to yield the symmetrical urea, or with 2-aminofluorene to form the mixed urea. Formation of N,N'-di-2-naphthylthiourea was also observed because 2-aminonaphthalene reacted with the substrate. Urea formation was dependent on the microsomes, NADPH, and oxygen. Use of microsomes from rats previously treated with Aroclor 1254 increased urea formation greater than 10-fold. The enzyme activity was inhibited by alpha-napthoflavone, flavone, or CO, and slightly inhibited by metyrapone, 7-ethoxycoumarin, or SKF-525A. It was not inhibited by methimazole or paraoxon, suggesting that neither flavin-containing monooxygenase nor hydrolytic enzyme was involved. These data are consistent with a cytochrome P450-dependent, oxidative desulfuration of 2-naphthylisothiocyanate to yield 2-naphthylisocyanate. Further studies with the isomeric 1-naphthylisothiocyanate and the dietary benzylisothiocyanate showed that they can also be metabolized to their isocyanates, as evidenced by the trapping of isocyanates with 2-aminofluorene to form the mixed ureas.
THE MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS AFTER CŒLIOTOMY.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: CAREY KENNEDY FLEMING
Journal: JAMA (1893)

In looking over the ground for a subject to present to the Section on Gynecology at this year's meeting of the American Medical Association, I have had two objects in view: first, that the subject should be one of common interest, and second, that it should be brief. For these reasons I have selected the above title for my paper. The remarks to be made are based upon my own experience, and one hundred cases of cœliotomy occurring in the practice of Dr. Thomas H. Hawkins of Denver; and I have been fortunate enough to have had the opportunity of studying the after treatment of each case. These cases have varied, covering the whole range or field of abdominal surgery. I cannot hope to offer anything original, but if I succeed in bringing out a discussion of the subject, possibly I will be pardoned for reading before you a paper