tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hypertension Due to Partial Renovascular Occlusion
Authors: Philip M. Cornwell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

IN 1934 Goldblatt1 aroused much interest by the publication of the results of his experimental production of hypertension in dogs by ingeniously reducing the blood flow through one or both renal arteries. Other investigators have abundantly confirmed his findings.Within a short time of the appearance of this paper clinical case reports of hypertension in human beings, apparently caused by similar circumstances, began to appear in the literature. It became apparent that severe hypertension from such causes was a very real, but nonetheless a relatively rare, entity. Large series of cases of hypertension have been subjected to searching urologic study, . . .
Severe Community-acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Derek C. Angus, Thomas J. Marrie, D. Scott Obrosky, Gilles Clermont, Tony T. Dremsizov, Christopher Coley, Michael J. Fine, Daniel E. Singer, Wishwa N. Kapoor
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Despite careful evaluation of changes in hospital care for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), little is known about intensive care unit (ICU) use in the treatment of this disease. There are criteria that define CAP as “severe,” but evaluation of their predictive value is limited. We compared characteristics, course, and outcome of inpatients who did (n = 170) and did not (n = 1,169) receive ICU care in the Pneumonia Patient Outcomes Research Team prospective cohort. We also assessed the predictive characteristics of four prediction rules (the original and revised American Thoracic Society criteria, the British Thoracic Society criteria, and the Pneumonia Severity Index [PSI]) for ICU admission, mechanical ventilation, medical complications, and death (as proxies for severe CAP). ICU patients were more likely to be admitted from home and had more comorbid conditions. Reasons for ICU admission included respiratory failure (57%), hemodynamic monitoring (32%), and shock (16%). ICU patients incurred longer hospital stays (23.2 vs. 9.1 days, p < 0.001), higher hospital costs ($21,144 vs. $5,785, p < 0.001), more nonpulmonary organ dysfunction, and higher hospital mortality (18.2 vs. 5.0%, p < 0.001). Although ICU patients were sicker, 27% were of low risk (PSI Risk Classes I–III). Severity-adjusted ICU admission rates varied across institutions, but mechanical ventilation rates did not. The revised American Thoracic Society criteria rule was the best discriminator of ICU admission and mechanical ventilation (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.68 and 0.74, respectively) but none of the prediction rules were particularly good. The PSI was the best predictor of medical complications and death (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.65 and 0.75, respectively), but again, none of the prediction rules were particularly good. In conclusion, ICU use for CAP is common and expensive but admission rates are variable. Clinical prediction rules for severe CAP do not appear adequately robust to guide clinical care at the current time.
Production of a cytochrome P450 2E1 transgenic mouse and initial evaluation of alcoholic liver damage
Authors: Kengathevy Morgan, Samuel W. French, Timothy R. Morgan
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Hepatic metabolism of ethanol by cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) is believed to contribute to alcoholic liver damage. To further evaluate CYP2E1 in alcoholic liver disease, we created a transgenic mouse containing human CYP2E1 complementary DNA (cDNA) under the control of mouse albumin enhancer-promoter. Two experiments were performed. In the first experiment, transgenic and nontransgenic mice were fed normal chow. In the second experiment, transgenic and nontransgenic mice were pair fed a nutritionally complete liquid diet for 16 weeks. The liquid diet contained 30% of calories as ethanol (or dextrose) and 25% of calories as corn oil. Liver damage was assessed by measuring serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and examining liver histology. Transgenic animals reproduced and were phenotypically normal. Hepatic levels of CYP2E1 messenger RNA (mRNA), protein, and enzyme activity did not differ between chow-fed transgenic and nontransgenic mice. Livers from transgenic mice fed the alcohol diet contained significantly more CYP2E1 protein and enzyme activity than livers from nontransgenic mice fed the same diet. Transgenic mice receiving the alcohol diet had significantly higher serum ALT levels than nontransgenic mice. Histologic examination of the livers showed higher histologic scores in transgenic mice fed ethanol compared with nontransgenic mice fed ethanol. Ballooning hepatocytes were seen in livers from transgenic mice fed ethanol. Apoptosis, as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, did not differ between groups. In conclusion, we have produced a transgenic mouse that expresses human CYP2E1 in the liver. When fed a nutritionally complete alcohol diet, transgenic mice develop more liver damage than nontransgenic mice.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Carl Tenbroeck, E. Weston Hurst, Erich Traub
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

Equine encephalomyelitis of the eastern type is a disease of the late summer and fall and cases are found in greatest numbers near salt marshes. The epidemiological findings are against its transmission by contact and favor the view that it is insect borne. Although virus can be demonstrated in the blood of infected horses it is present for a relatively short time, and the possibility that the disease is not primarily an infection of horses but that it is transmitted to them from another host is considered.
Crohn's Disease Associated with Giant Inflammatory Polyposis
Authors: H. Nakano, I. Miyachi, Y. Kitagawa, H. Saito, M. Yamauchi, Y. Horiguchi, S. Nakajima, M. Itoh, S. Miyagawa, K. Iwase, K. Kawase, K. Miura
Journal: Endoscopy (1987)

We found shallow serpiginous, longitudinal ulcerations in the descending colon at the first examination of a 17-year-old female patient with Crohn's disease. Four months later at the second examination, we observed that a polypoid lesion had formed longitudinally in the region of the healed ulcers. The third examination, one year later, showed the presence of pedunculated and semi-pedunculated giant polyps in the descending colon. The lesion of the descending colon was removed surgically to cure the crampy abdominal pain caused by colonic obstruction. The segmental colectomy specimen showed longitudinally aligned pedunculated polyps of various sizes. The pathological diagnosis was inflammatory polyposis. To the best of our knowledge, there have been very few reports on the appearance of a number of pedunculated polyps such as in this case.
Three lessons for a better cycling future
Authors: M. J Wardlaw
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Cyclists were the only group of road users in Britain whose death rate increased sharply during the 1990s,1 yet cycling was in decline throughout the decade.2 How could this happen, when attention on casualties was the most intense in the history of the bicycle? Perhaps a vision of the near future will be instructive …

#### Summary points

Recent safety campaigns have destroyed faith in the bicycle as a safe means of transport, reducing participation, compromising public health, increasing the risks, and decreasing road skills

Deaths of cyclists have increased since the introduction of helmets

Cyclists fare best when they act and are treated as drivers of vehicles

Promote cycling for a safer road environment

It began in America, as so many trends do, but for years no one in Europe took any notice. American tourists wearing helmets around the streets of London first drew media attention. And although public response to walking helmets was initially amusement, the appeal of extra safety drew some pioneers to the habit, especially academics and competitive walkers.

The first case-control study of about 2000 injuries to pedestrians in Britain (180 of whom had worn helmets) concluded that the risk of serious head injury was reduced by 75% when a good walking helmet was worn. Safety campaigners used the slogan “walkers need helmets” to encourage parents to send their children to school in helmets. Several high profile accidents focused public attention on the dangers of walking. A well known television presenter was severely head injured by a police van answering an emergency call. Doctors concluded that her injuries would have been “substantially reduced” had she worn a helmet.

Walking helmets became widely available. The entire cabinet posed in their helmets outside Number 10, the beaming prime minister urging: “Let's go forward together into a new era …
Pulmonary Cement Embolism After Percutaneous Vertebroplasty
Authors: Gerald Bonardel, Bruno Pouit, Eric Gontier, Guillaume Dutertre, Marina Mantzarides, Oliver Goasguen, Hervé Foehrenbach
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

Percutaneous vertebroplasty consists of injection of acrylic cement - polymethylmethacrylate - into a vertebral body to obtain pain relief and increase its mechanical stability. The procedure is indicated for painful hemangiomas and for painful vertebral compression fractures due to osteoporosis or malignancy. Although vertebroplasty is an efficient treatment, it is not free of complications. We present the case of a patient with pulmonary cement embolism after percutaneous vertebroplasty. Because such patients may be completely asymptomatic, but may also present with acute and severe, cardiovascular instability, clinicians and nuclear physicians should be aware that pulmonary embolism of polymethylmethacrylate may occur after percutaneous vertebroplasty.
RABBIT POX
Authors: Harry S. N. Greene
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

A devastating epidemic of rabbit pox in a breeding colony was studied with especial reference to factors of epidemiological significance. The evidence obtained indicated that the epidemic originated among animals inoculated with vaccine virus and that the infection was spread to the breeding colony by caretakers. The epidemic began insidiously with atypical cases of visceral disease followed by typical cases of pox and terminated as a mild cutaneous disease with scattering monosymptomatic affections of various kinds, difficult to recognize as cases of pox infection. An analysis of data concerning the health and functional efficiency of the population and the immunity of exposed animals showed that the epidemic of rabbit pox was the terminal event in a series of progressive disorders which began fully a month before the first case of pox occurred. In like manner, the terminal decrease in the severity of the disease and the eventual termination of the epidemic appeared to be referable to an improvement in the condition of the population rather than to a specific immunity acquired by exposure to infection.
Parathyroid Hormone-Like Proteins: Biochemical Responses and Receptor Interactions*
Authors: JOHN J. ORLOFF, TERENCE L. WU, ANDREW F. STEWART
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1989)

HUMORAL hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM) was first described almost 50 yr ago (1) and is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome. It appears to result in most instances from the production by tumors of a novel class of protein hormones which share amino acid sequence homology with PTH. These PTH-like proteins (PTHLPs)1, purified and amino-terminally sequenced from human HHM-associated tumors, appear to mimic certain of the renal and skeletal actions of PTH, thereby leading to the clinical and biochemical features of the HHM syndrome. The structure, location, and transcriptional pattern of the PTHLP gene have been elucidated and the full complementary DNA-predicted amino acid sequences of three PTHLP translation products have been revealed (2–7). Further, PTHLPs and their mRNA transcripts have been identified in a variety of normal, nonmalignant tissues (8, 9), and may have important regulatory or functional roles in these tissues. The renal tubule and skeletal osteoblast are regarded as the “classical” target tissues for the action of PTH, and recent studies indicate that synthetic amino-terminal PTHLPs interact with the PTH receptor in these “classical” tissues. PTH also induces functional responses in a variety of “non-classical” target tissues, including vascular smooth muscle, dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, lymphocytes, and brain. The role for PTH, if any, in the normal physiology of these tissues remains obscure. The observations that 1) PTHLPs are expressed by a spectrum of normal tissues including some of the nonclassical PTH target tissues mentioned above, and that 2) supraphysiological concentrations of PTH are generally required to induce functional responses in these tissues, raise the possibility that PTHLPs, and not PTH, may be the native or intended ligands for receptors in these nonclassical target tissues. Moreover, PTHLPs appear to mediate functional responses in some tissues which have no response to PTH, suggesting the presence of unique PTHLP receptors. The purpose of this review is to summarize the nature of PTHLP interactions with PTH receptors in classical PTH target tissues, and to explore the possible existence and role of unique PTHLP receptors in a variety of other tissues.
Densely Granulated Murine NK Cells Eradicate Large Solid Tumors
Authors: Rebecca B. Liu, Boris Engels, Ainhoa Arina, Karin Schreiber, Elizabeth Hyjek, Andrea Schietinger, David C. Binder, Eric Butz, Thomas Krausz, Donald A. Rowley, Bana Jabri, Hans Schreiber
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Natural killer (NK) cells inhibit early stages of tumor formation, recurrence, and metastasis. Here, we show that NK cells can also eradicate large solid tumors. Eradication depended on the massive infiltration of proliferating NK cells due to interleukin 15 (IL-15) released and presented by the cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment. Infiltrating NK cells had the striking morphologic feature of being densely loaded with periodic acid-Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant granules, resembling uterine NK cells. Perforin-mediated killing by these densely granulated NK cells was essential for tumor eradication. Expression of the IL-15 receptor α on cancer cells was needed to efficiently induce granulated NK cells, and expression on host stromal cells was essential to prevent tumor relapse after near complete destruction. These results indicate that IL-15 released at the cancer site induces highly activated NK cells that lead to eradication of large solid tumors.
Multivalent DR5 Peptides Activate the TRAIL Death Pathway and Exert Tumoricidal Activity
Authors: Valeria Pavet, Julien Beyrath, Christophe Pardin, Alexandre Morizot, Marie-Charlotte Lechner, Jean-Paul Briand, Miriam Wendland, Wolfgang Maison, Sylvie Fournel, Olivier Micheau, Gilles Guichard, Hinrich Gronemeyer
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Ongoing clinical trials are exploring anticancer approaches based on signaling by TRAIL, a ligand for the cell death receptors DR4 and DR5. In this study, we report on the selective apoptotic effects of multivalent DR5 binding peptides (TRAIL(mim/DR5)) on cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Surface plasmon resonance revealed up to several thousand-fold increased affinities of TRAIL(mim/DR5)-receptor complexes on generation of divalent and trivalent molecules, the latter of which was achieved with a conformationally restricted adamantane core. Notably, only multivalent molecules triggered a substantial DR5-dependent apoptotic response in vitro. In tumor models derived from human embryonic kidney cells or primary foreskin fibroblasts, TRAIL(mim/DR5) peptides exerted a cancer cell-selective action that could synergize with resveratrol in a manner independent of p53. In a xenograft model of human colon cancer, a divalent TRAIL(mim/DR5) peptide inhibited tumor growth. Our results offer a proof-of-principle for the development of synthetic small molecules to trigger the TRAIL apoptosis pathway for cancer therapy.
SKIN FLORA OF INFANTS WITH NAPKIN RASH
Authors: D. B. BROOKES, R. M. HUBBERT, I. SARKANY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1971)

SUMMARY.— Qualitative and quantitative studies of the skin flora of the buttocks were carried out on a group of 60 infants attending a Family Health Clinic. No significant differences were found between the bacterial flora of infants with napkin rash and of normal subjects. In 2 babies with napkin eruption small amounts of Candida Albicans were grown, but these were considered to be of no clinical significance. These results contrast with a high incidence of yeasts in some other studies. The discrepancy is explained by the selection of the groups of infants and by geographical and climatic factors. A definite clinical pattern can be followed in early cases of napkin eruption in male and female infants.
CXCL5 limits macrophage foam cell formation in atherosclerosis
Authors: Anthony Rousselle, Fatimunnisa Qadri, Lisa Leukel, Rüstem Yilmaz, Jean-Fred Fontaine, Gabin Sihn, Michael Bader, Amrita Ahluwalia, Johan Duchene
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

The ELR(+)-CXCL chemokines have been described typically as potent chemoattractants and activators of neutrophils during the acute phase of inflammation. Their role in atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory vascular disease, has been largely unexplored. Using a mouse model of atherosclerosis, we found that CXCL5 expression was upregulated during disease progression, both locally and systemically, but was not associated with neutrophil infiltration. Unexpectedly, inhibition of CXCL5 was not beneficial but rather induced a significant macrophage foam cell accumulation in murine atherosclerotic plaques. Additionally, we demonstrated that CXCL5 modulated macrophage activation, increased expression of the cholesterol efflux regulatory protein ABCA1, and enhanced cholesterol efflux activity in macrophages. These findings reveal a protective role for CXCL5, in the context of atherosclerosis, centered on the regulation of macrophage foam cell formation.
Long term follow up of Helicobacter pylori induced gastric diffuse large B cell MALT lymphoma following eradication treatment alone
Authors: R Sinharay
Journal: Gut (2003)

I was interested to read the article by Alsolaiman and colleagues on the long term follow up of gastric diffuse large B cell lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori ( Gut2003;52:507–9 [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] ). Gastric lymphomas represent approximately 5% of all gastric malignancies and are frequently due to mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) B cell gastric lymphomas. Acquired MALT due to H pylori infection provides the tissue of origin for the B cell lymphoma. Monoclonal proliferation of B cells in the germinal centres … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft.stitle%253DGut%26rft.issn%253D0017-5749%26rft.aulast%253DAlsolaiman%26rft.auinit1%253DM%2BM%26rft.volume%253D52%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D507%26rft.epage%253D509%26rft.atitle%253DFive%2Byears%2Bof%2Bcomplete%2Bremission%2Bof%2Bgastric%2Bdiffuse%2Blarge%2BB%2Bcell%2Blymphoma%2Bafter%2Beradication%2Bof%2BHelicobacter%2Bpylori%2Binfection%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgut.52.4.507%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F12631659%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gutjnl&resid=52/4/507&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F52%2F9%2F1385.1.atom
Scientists have uncovered the structure of 1918 flu virus
Authors: Debashis Singh
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Scientists at the Medical Research Council have discovered the crucial structural changes the avian influenza virus underwent that resulted in its killing 20 million people worldwide in 1918—more people than were killed in the first world war and making it the largest pandemic in history.

The study, published last week in the online version of Science (5 February; http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1093155), found that subtle alterations to the shape of a protein molecule, called haemaglutanin (HA), on the virus allowed transmission from birds to humans, …
Abdominal Angina as a Complication of Methysergide Maleate Therapy
Authors: Julian Katz
Journal: JAMA (1967)

METHYSERGIDE MALEATE has been used successfully as prophylaxis in the treatment of migraine and other vascular headaches.<sup>1,2</sup>The administration of the drug has been associated with the development of vascular insufficiency states, including angina pectoris,<sup>2</sup>acute ischemia of the limbs,<sup>3</sup>intermittent claudication,<sup>4</sup>and the Leriche syndrome.<sup>5</sup>Although gastrointestinal side effects, such as abdominal cramps, nausea, and diarrhea occur in about 15% of patients using methysergide,<sup>1,2</sup>abdominal angina has not, to our knowledge, previously been recognized as a complication of therapy. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 43-year-old cook was admitted to the West Haven Veterans Administration Hospital in April 1966 because of abdominal pain of one month's duration. The pain was cramping and midabdominal with occasional radiation into his back. Meals would invariably bring on the pain which lasted for one to two hours. There was no relation of the pain to posture and there
BINOCULAR MAGNIFIER FOE USE IN OPERATING.
Authors: EDWARD JACKSON
Journal: JAMA (1902)

In using the binocular magnifier it is essential that the two lenses shall be kept the same height before the two eyes. Unless this is done binocular vision becomes impossible because of the vertical prismatic effect. To insure the keeping of the lenses in proper position the gutta-percha headband has been adopted to support the instrument. When this is obtained of the proper size softened by heat and molded to the head of the operator who is to use it, an ideal means of support has been secured. To enable the operator to illuminate the field of operation and still keep both hands free for the operation, I have added a mirror to the instrument. This is illustrated in the accompanying cut. The condensing mirror of proper size and curvature gives as good lighting as the condensing lens ordinarily used for purposes of focal illumination. With it the source of