tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased serine protease activity and cathelicidin promotes skin inflammation in rosacea
Authors: Kenshi Yamasaki, Anna Di Nardo, Antonella Bardan, Masamoto Murakami, Takaaki Ohtake, Alvin Coda, Robert A Dorschner, Chrystelle Bonnart, Pascal Descargues, Alain Hovnanian, Vera B Morhenn, Richard L Gallo
Journal: Nature Medicine (2007)
Rdevance of Glucose Counterregulatory Systems to Patients with Diabetes: Critical Roles of Glucagon and Epinephrine
Authors: Philip E Cryer, John E Gerich
Journal: Diabetes Care (1983)

Glucagon normally plays a primary role in promoting glucose recovery from insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Epinephrine compensates largely for deficient glucagon secretion. Glucose recovery from hypoglycemia fails to occur only in the absence of both glucagon and epinephrine. Perhaps as a relatively early feature of autonomic neuropathy, patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus commonly have blunted or absent glucagon secretory responses to hypoglycemia. However, this deficient response is commonly compensated for by epinephrine and glucose recovery occurs. In some patients, progression of adrenergic neuropathy to the point of deficient epinephrine secretory responses to hypoglycemia, coupled with deficient glucagon responses, leads to frequent, severe, and prolonged hypoglycemia. Thus, these glucose counterregulatory systems are of critical importance to patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The efficacy of glucose counterregulation in a given patient may determine the degree to which euglycemia can be achieved with aggressive insulin therapy in that patient.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS AGENTS ON THE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE CORONARY ARTERIES AND VEINS
Authors: G. S. Bond
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1910)

The results obtained show that adrenalin, transfusion with salt solution, and the inhalation of tobacco smoke caused an increased circulation in the coronary vessels. Amyl nitrite and nitroglycerin produce the opposite effect. Digitalis, strophanthus, caffeine, and theobromine give no change in the velocity of circulation. We can conclude from the results that the blood pressure is the main element which influences coronary circulation, while the other factors play only a minor part in its variations.
Dutch health minister is quizzed about "intensive" contact with tobacco industry
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2011)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Sustainable wheat production in drought prone areas can be achieved by developing resilient wheat varieties. In the present study, chemical mutagenesis was used to induce mutations in a cultivated wheat variety ‘NN-Gandum-1’. In total, 44 mutants were selected based on their high yield potential for exposing to well-watered (W<sub>1</sub>) and rainfed (W<sub>2</sub>) conditions for one season. Then 24 mutants were selected, and were exposed to W<sub>1</sub> and W<sub>2</sub> regimes. On the basis of least relative reduction in physiological parameters under W<sub>2</sub> regime, five mutants were selected for conducting exome capturing assays. In total, 184 SNPs were identified in nine genes (ABC transporter type 1, Aspartic peptidase, Cytochrome P450, transmembrane domain, Heavy metal-associated domain, HMA, NAC domain, NAD (P)-binding domain, S-type anion channel, Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 and UDP-glucuronosyl/UDP-glucosyltransferase). Maximum number of mutations were observed in chr.2D, which contained mutations in three genes i.e. ABC transporter type 1, NAD (P)-binding domain and UDP-glucuronosyl/UDP-glucosyltransferase which may have a role in conferring drought tolerance. The selected mutants were further tested for studying their biochemical responses under both the regimes for two years. The extent of membrane damage was estimated through malondialdehydeand hydrogen per oxidase and tolerance to drought stress was assessed via antioxidant enzymes in leaves. The selected mutants under drought stress increased the accumulation of proline content, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids, while decreased total chlorophyll content, carotenoids and total soluble protein. Finally, the procedure of narrowing down the number of developed mutants from a large mutation population (&gt;4000) is found useful for exploring the complex trait like drought without compromising yield potential. These mutants can further be explored to understand the genetic circuits of drought tolerance in wheat which will pave the way towards improving livelihood of resource poor farming community mostly relying on cereal food.
Review of high risk mental health patients starts
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A major review of mental health services in England has started to better identify and treat patients who might pose a danger to themselves or to the public.

About 1000 suicides a year involve current or former mental health patients, about 20% of the national total. About 55-60 murders each year are committed by mental health patients, slightly less than 10% of all murders.

One of the most serious recent cases involved the murders of four people by Daniel Gonzalez in 2004. At his trial, his mother told the court she had written to social services asking, “Does my son have to commit …
Medication-Assisted Therapies — Tackling the Opioid-Overdose Epidemic
Authors: Nora D. Volkow, Thomas R. Frieden, Pamela S. Hyde, Stephen S. Cha
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

T he rate of death from over- doses of prescription opioids in the United States more than quadrupled between 1999 and 2010 (see graph), far exceeding the combined death toll from cocaine and heroin overdoses. 1In 2010 alone, prescription opioids were involved in 16,651 overdose deaths, whereas heroin was implicated in 3036.Some 82% of the deaths due to prescription An audio interview with Dr.
Cool for cats
Authors: Charles Oxley
Journal: BMJ (2008)

In striving to reduce the use of plastic to wrap the BMJ,1 why not post it rolled up in a brown paper wrapper as was done a few decades ago? After his retirement my father tended to look at the BMJ just “to see who’s died,” but some copies remained unopened and were kept by the back door. He disliked marauding cats in his garden and found a rolled up BMJ was an excellent deterrent up to 20 yards.
Self injection treatment for impotence.
Authors: L. Q. Robinson, T. P. Stephenson
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Hepatobiliary candidiasis in chronic lymphatic leukaemiaA 64 year old woman with longstanding chronic lymphatic leukaemia presented after six weeks' fever and cough.On examination she had a fever and severe oral candidiasis, signs of pneumonia, mild jaundice, and tender hepatomegaly.A chest x ray film showed bilateral interstitial pneumonia.Ultrasonography and subsequent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic examination showed a widespread intraductal biliary cast (white arrows) and multiple small communicating microabscesses (black arrows) (figure).Ultra- sound guided biopsy and microscopy showed fungal mycelia, later identified as Candida albicans.Despite intensive antifungal treat-
Domestic Violence: A Handbook for Health Professionals
Authors: Jo Nurse
Journal: BMJ (2004)

T he UK health sector has only recently woken up to the idea that domestic violence is more than a private matter that health professionals should not get involved with. This book goes a long way to making the case for why the health sector should address domestic violence and then provides a practical outline of how to implement an appropriate response.

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Ed Jo Ann Rosenfeld

Routledge, £16.99, pp 248 ISBN 0 415 28220 9

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Lyn Shipway, principal lecturer in the School of Health Care …

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Bone marrow transplant `banking' moves a step closer to reality
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Studies in culture and in animals lend support, Charleston (SC) investigators say, to suggestions that some human cadaveric bone marrow eventually might be banked for later transplantation to treat immunologic and blood disorders.  Several hundred bone marrow transplants have been done in the United States, but only with material from living donors, usually close relatives.  This technique has been used particularly in attempts to reestablish marrow function in aplastic anemia. The first reported transplant for this purpose was tried—unsuccessfully—in 1939. Other reasons for attempting such transplants include correction of congenital immunodeficiency and replacement of neoplastic marrow in some leukemias.  Problems that have been encountered include finding an identical histocompatibility antigen (HLA) donor, engraftment failure, graft-vs-host reaction, infection, hemorrhage, and recurrence of disease.  The researchers reporting on the cadaveric marrow studies are from the Medical University of South Carolina. They have cultured marrow from 117 human cadavers to determine if there
Direct detection of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> resistance to macrolides by a polymerase chain reaction/DNA enzyme immunoassay in gastric biopsy specimens
Authors: A Marais, L Monteiro, A Occhialini, M Pina, H Lamouliatte, F Mégraud
Journal: Gut (1999)

The increasing use of macrolides especially in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection has led to an increase in resistant strains. The resistance of H pylori to macrolides, especially clarithromycin, is one of the major causes of eradication failure. In H pylori, clarithromycin resistance is due to point mutations localised in domain V of 23S rRNA.To develop a molecular technique based on amplification of a relevant fragment of the 23S rRNA and colorimetric hybridisation in liquid phase to detect directly in biopsy specimens the type of mutation associated with resistance of H pylori to clarithromycin.Gastric biopsy samples from 61 patients were submitted to this test. The results were compared with standard methods (determination of minimal inhibition concentration, polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism, and/or DNA sequencing) in order to evaluate the test and to define the cut off values, specificity, and sensitivity.The 14 biopsy samples in which H pylori was not detected did not give a positive result in any assay, and the 14 samples harbouring strains susceptible to clarithromycin gave a positive result with the wild type probe as expected. The 33 biopsy specimens containing resistant strains always gave a positive signal with one of the probes detecting resistant organisms, but in eight cases they also reacted with the wild type probe, indicating that a mixture of resistant and susceptible organisms was present.The importance of this new assay is that it allows the detection of multiple genotypes corresponding to either heterogeneous genotypes or mixed infections. Moreover, it allows in a single step not only the detection of H pylori but also the determination of its susceptibility to clarithromycin directly in biopsy specimens without the need for culture.
Hepatitis C virus reinfection in injection drug users
Authors: Jason Grebely, Brian Conway, Jesse D. Raffa, Calvin Lai, Mel Krajden, Mark W. Tyndall
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C (HCV) may provide protection against reinfection. In a large community-based cohort study of 3,553 inner-city residents (mainly injection drug users), we identified HCV-infected individuals in whom virological clearance had occurred and compared the rate of reinfection in this group with that observed in previously uninfected members of the same cohort. We identified 926 HCV-uninfected and 658 HCV-infected viremic subjects at baseline, with 152 of 658 (23.1%) spontaneously clearing viremia over a median follow-up of 5.2 years (IQR, 2.8-7.4). At baseline, individuals with HCV clearance were more likely to be HIV coinfected ( P &lt; .001) and to be engaged in frequent illicit drug use ( P = .004) and injection drug use ( P &lt; .001). The occurrence of HCV infection was lower in individuals with previous infection (14/152, 9.2%) compared with that in those without previous infection (172/926, 18.6%), with incidence rates of 1.8 (95% CI, 0.9-3.0 cases/100 person-years) and 8.1 (95% CI, 6.9-9.4 cases/100 person-years) cases/100 person-years, respectively, after accounting for follow-up. In a logistic regression analysis, with previous HCV infection assessed as a covariate with other potential confounding variables (age, sex, ethnicity, HIV infection, housing status, and illicit and injection drug use), individuals with previous HCV infection and viral clearance were 4 times less likely to develop infection than those infected for the first time (adjusted odds ratio, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.10-0.51, P &lt; .001). In conclusion , individuals with clearance of HCV infection may have a lower risk of acquiring HCV than individuals who have never been infected, despite ongoing exposure to HCV.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of multistep carcinogenesis: relevance to carcinogen risk assessment.
Authors: J C Barrett, R W Wiseman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

Carcinogenesis is a multistep process involving alterations in at least two distinct classes of genes. Protooncogenes are activated qualitatively or quantitatively in certain tumors, and they appear to act as positive proliferative signals for neoplastic growth. In contrast, tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that must be inactivated or lost for tumor development. When active, tumor suppressor genes control neoplastic growth in a negative manner. Chemicals may influence the carcinogenic process by mutational activation of protooncogenes and/or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. The types of genetic alterations involved in these mutational events are diverse, and their dose-response curves may be varied. In addition, chemical carcinogens may act on nonmutational processes such as the clonal expansion of premalignant cells. The carcinogenic risk of a specific chemical is a composite of its effects on multiple genetic and epigenetic processes.
Should Treatment Distinguish Anxiogenic from Anxiolytic Obsessive-Compulsive Ruminations?
Authors: K. Lovell, I.M. Marks, H. Noshirvani, G. O’Sullivan
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1994)

In a small pilot controlled study over 8 weeks, 12 obsessive-compulsive ruminators listened for 2 h daily to their own audiotaped voice either (1) describing their anxiogenic thoughts (exposure) but omitting anxiolytic thoughts (mental/ cognitive rituals), or (2) reading neutral prose or poetry. Taking all patients, both groups improved similarly. However, exposure patients who became anxious early in exposure slightly more improved. Consistent with this, in a clinical audit of 57 ruminators treated by trainee clinicians over 12 years, outcome improved significantly once practice changed so that exposure only involved anxiogenic thoughts, not anxiolytic thoughts, the latter being stopped.
Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Digoxin in Symptomatic Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Francis D. Murgatroyd, Sheila M. Gibson, Xie Baiyan, Sean O’Nunain, Jan D. Poloniecki, David E. Ward, Marek Malik, A. John Camm
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Digoxin is commonly prescribed in symptomatic paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) but has never been evaluated in this condition. Methods and Results —From a multicenter registry, 43 representative patients with frequent symptomatic AF episodes were recruited into a randomized, double-blind crossover comparison of digoxin (serum concentration, 1.29±0.35 nmol/L) and placebo. The study end point was the occurrence of 2 AF episodes (documented by patient-activated monitors), censored at 61 days. The median time to 2 episodes was 13.5 days on placebo and 18.7 days on digoxin ( P &lt;0.05). The relative risk (95% CI) of 2 episodes (placebo:digoxin) was 2.19 (1.07 to 4.50). A similar effect was seen on the median time to 1 episode: increased from 3.5 to 5.4 days ( P &lt;0.05), relative risk 1.69 (0.88 to 3.24). The mean±SD ventricular rates during AF recordings during placebo and digoxin treatment were 138±32 and 125±35 bpm, respectively ( P &lt;0.01). Twenty-four–hour ambulatory ECG recordings did not show significant differences in the frequency or duration of AF or in ventricular rate. Conclusions —Digoxin reduces the frequency of symptomatic AF episodes. However, the estimated effect is small and may be due to a reduction in the ventricular rate or irregularity rather than an antiarrhythmic action.
Doctors must understand terminology used to describe psychological therapies
Authors: J. Young
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—The increasing provision of counselling after traumatic events has attracted unhealthy cynicism from the public about the calibre of those providing the service and the apparent lack of coping ability of those perceived as needing support. This is compounded by misunderstanding of the counselling profession and its many subspecialties.

The paper by Moynihan et al on the the evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy in patients with testicular cancer adds to this confusion. It uses the terms “psychotherapy,” “counselling,” and “adjuvant psychological …
Effect of prolonged propranolol administration and withdrawal on perfusion of the myocardial capillary bed
Authors: B.-A. ACAD, J. M SHENKO, D. ELIADES, H. R WEISS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

The effect of chronic propranolol administration (2 mg·kg−1 ·d−1 for 14 d) and withdrawal on microvascular perfusion was studied in rabbit myocardium. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran was injected into four groups of anaesthetised open chest rabbits. Fluorescent microscopy was used to identify the perfused vessels and alkaline phosphatase stain was employed to locate the total microvasculature. Beta adrenoceptor density (Bmax), measured using 125I-iodopindolol, increased from 20.3(SD6.3) fmol·mg−1 protein in control to 52.4(8.9) in chronically treated rabbits. The proportion of the capillary bed which was perfused, 61.4(4.3)%, was significantly decreased by acute injection of propranolol to 51.1(5.1)%, but not affected by chronic administration, remaining at 57.0(4.0)%. The percentage of the capillary bed perfused increased significantly after cessation of chronic propranolol treatment to 69.1(6.5)%. Similar results were seen for myocardial arterioles. Thus, while diffusion distances are increased by acute adrenoceptor blockade, this effect is not seen in the chronic condition. Diffusion distance decreased significantly after withdrawal of chronic propranolol treatment. We conclude that the percentage of perfused capillaries is strongly influenced by the number of beta adrenoceptors or their effect.
Lithium for Zidovudine-Induced Neutropenia in AIDS
Authors: Dilip Nathwani
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To the Editor. —  We read with great interest the letter by Herbert et al 1 suggesting that lithium, as a consequence of its granulopoietic properties, may be used to treat neutropenia induced by zidovudine. This assertion raises a number of points with respect to patient treatment.  Some support for the recommendations of Herbert et al are found in the data of Stein et al, 2 who, concerned about the roughly comparable situation of neutropenia that occurs as a direct consequence of cytotoxic chemotherapy and noting that lithium treatment often could elicit a reversible increase in circulating leukocyte counts, advocate the use of lithium to treat neutropenia that occurs under these circumstances. Furthermore, in view of the recognized possibility of thrombocytopenia occurring in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection, 3 the propensity of lithium to increase circulating platelet numbers 4 might represent another therapeutic benefit of lithium use in human
Recommendations for standardized nomenclature and definitions of viral response in trials of hepatitis C virus investigational agents
Authors: Heiner Wedemeyer, Donald M. Jensen, Eliot Godofsky, Nina Mani, Jean-Michel Pawlotsky, Veronica Miller
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Outdated virological response terms used at key trial timepoints in clinical trials with first-generation direct-acting antivirals plus pegylated interferon and ribavirin have failed to keep pace with hepatitis C virus (HCV) drug development. A more intuitive and flexible nomenclature capable of adapting to continuing advances in HCV drug development is needed. Assistance in standardization of the field was provided by members of the Hepatitis C Virus Drug Development Advisory Group, a project of the Forum for Collaborative HIV Research with participation from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, European Association for the of the liver, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Our proposed descriptive, virological response nomenclature for key decision points in trials (with and without lead-in treatment) is based on an assay-specified lower limit of quantitation cutoff. This allows responses to be categorized as either quantifiable or unquantifiable HCV RNA, with unquantifiable responses further divided based on whether target HCV RNA was detected or not detected. The unified reporting recommendations will facilitate interpretation of results across clinical trials and validation of new response-guided timepoints. As time-critical treatment parameters are shortened in HCV trials, the proposed nomenclature will greatly simplify and facilitate future adaptations of virological response terms. Our proposed nomenclature will also be helpful in developing treatment guidelines for use in clinical practice. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:2398–2403)
ETIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF TYPHOID.
Authors: A. L. WAGNER
Journal: JAMA (1891)

Some of the matter contained in this discourse may seem irrelevant, but it was impossible, without some prelude, to make my meaning clear. It strikes me that physicians do not stop often enough to consider the significance and cause of symptoms in disease. Why does not one in sickness go on to recovery or to death without any such manifestation as a symptom? As compared to the time since the creation of man the short period that our profession has been able to render any service to mankind is but a day. These same symptoms were manifest in the systems of the preglacial man and long before they could be interpreted or associated as they now are. Are they then, as now so generally accepted, simply the signs of disease, the perverted and morbid conditions signaling to the physician to annihilate them and thus cure the disease which they, in
Diaphragm Dimensions After Single-Lung Transplantation for Emphysema
Authors: MARIE CASSART, YVES VERBANDT, PHILIPPE de FRANCQUEN, PIERRE ALAIN GEVENOIS, MARC ESTENNE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

We used three-dimensional reconstructions obtained with spiral computed tomography to measure total diaphragm surface area (Adi), and the surface area of the dome (Ado) and of the zone of apposition (Aap) of the diaphragm in nine patients with single-lung transplantation (SLT) for emphysema and nine normal subjects matched for age, sex, height, and weight. Measurements were obtained at supine FRC, midinspiratory capacity, and TLC. In the normal subjects, Ado and Adi were greater on the right than on the left side, and the right dome was positioned more cranially than the left one, presumably because of the presence of the liver. Compared with either the ipsilateral side in the controls or the native side in the patients, Ado was smaller on the transplanted side because the mediastinum was shifted toward the graft. Adi showed a similar trend. On the other hand, the radius of curvature of the dome in the coronal and sagittal planes was similar on the side of the graft and on the ipsilateral side in the controls. In conclusion, we found that after SLT for emphysema, diaphragm configuration comes back to normal but Ado, and with it Adi, remain smaller than in normal subjects because the mediastinum is displaced toward the graft.