tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Publication bias: evidence of delayed publication in a cohort study of clinical research projects
Authors: J. M Stern, R J. Simes
Journal: BMJ (1997)

To determine the extent to which publication is influenced by study outcome.A cohort of studies submitted to a hospital ethics committee over 10 years were examined retrospectively by reviewing the protocols and by questionnaire. The primary method of analysis was Cox's proportional hazards model.University hospital, Sydney, Australia.748 eligible studies submitted to Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Ethics Committee between 1979 and 1988.Time to publication.Response to the questionnaire was received for 520 (70%) of the eligible studies. Of the 218 studies analysed with tests of significance, those with positive results (P < 0.05) were much more likely to be published than those with negative results (P > or = 0.10) (hazard ratio 2.32 (95% confidence interval 1.47 to 3.66), P = 0.0003), with a significantly shorter time to publication (median 4.8 v 8.0 years). This finding was even stronger for the group of 130 clinical trials (hazard ratio 3.13 (1.76 to 5.58). P = 0.0001), with median times to publication of 4.7 and 8.0 years respectively. These results were not materially changed after adjusting for other significant predictors of publication. Studies with indefinite conclusions (0.05 < or = P < 0.10) tended to have an even lower publication rate and longer time to publication than studies with negative results (hazard ratio 0.39 (0.13 to 1.12), P = 0.08). For the 103 studies in which outcome was rated qualitatively, there was no clear cut evidence of publication bias, although the number of studies in this group was not large.This study confirms the evidence of publication bias found in other studies and identifies delay in publication as an additional important factor. The study results support the need for prospective registration of trials to avoid publication bias and also support restricting the selection of trials to those started before a common date in undertaking systematic reviews.
Bacterial mutagenicity of pyrolysis tars produced from chloro-organic fuels.
Authors: J A Mulholland, A F Sarofim, J P Longwell, A L Lafleur, W G Thilly
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Droplets of toluene and three chlorinated organics, ortho-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, and trichloroethylene, were pyrolyzed in pure nitrogen. The composition and bacterial mutagenicity of the product tars were measured. The presence of organic chlorine was found to affect both pyrolysis product tar composition and total tar mutagenicity. Pyrolysis in the absence of chlorine produced tars whose bacterial mutagenicity was found to be largely due to the presence of cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene. Small amounts of chlorine in the fuel (i.e., Cl/H molar ratios of less than 0.3) enhanced the formation of highly condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (including cyclopenta[cd]pyrene) and increased tar mutagenicity. Larger amounts of organic chlorine (Cl/H ratios of between 0.3 and 0.6) resulted in significant yields of mono- and dichlorinated aromatics and higher levels of tar mutagenicity, which could not be accounted for by the presence of mutagens produced by pyrolysis in the absence of chlorine. Furthermore, unlike tars containing little or no chlorine, tars containing aryl chlorine were more mutagenic in the absence of added enzymes (intended to mimic in vivo mammalian metabolism) than in their presence. We hypothesize that at least one of the chlorinated aromatic products is strongly mutagenic. Two specific conditions that gave notably different results were a) the low-temperature (i.e., below 1400 K) pyrolysis of ortho-dichlorobenzene, which produced tri- and tetrachlorinated biphenyls almost exclusively; and b) the chlorine-rich pyrolysis of trichloroethylene, during which mostly perchloroaromatics were formed. Neither of these tars was found to mutate bacteria.
Longitudinal study of respiratory health in dairy farmers: influence of artificial barn fodder drying
Authors: F Mauny, JC Polio, E Monnet, D Pernet, JJ Laplante, A Depierre, JC Dalphin
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Factors influencing respiratory consequences of dairy farming have not been extensively investigated to date. To evaluate the effects of barn fodder drying on respiratory symptoms and lung function, a 5 yr follow-up study was performed in the Doubs (France). A cohort of male dairy farmers was analysed in 1990. The initial cross-sectional results suggested that barn-drying fodder may protect dairy farmers from lung function impairment. In 1995, 113 barn-drying farmers (92%) and 231 traditional-drying farmers (84%) were re-analysed. Barn and traditional fodder-drying farmers were compared for prevalence of symptoms and spirometric measures of lung function. After controlling for age, smoking status, altitude and cumulative exposure, barn-drying farmers compared to traditional-drying farmers had a lower prevalence of chronic bronchitis (4 versus 10%; p<0.05) and slightly higher values of forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (p=0.06) and FEV1/vital capacity (VC) (p<0.01). Nevertheless, decline of the respiratory function parameters was not significantly different between the two groups. Variables positively and significantly associated to longitudinal decline of lung function parameters were: age (FEV1, FEV1/VC); altitude (VC, FEV1) and chronic bronchitis and dyspnoea at the initial survey (FEV1/VC). Persistence and emergence of chronic bronchitis, dyspnoea and symptoms at exposure were also significantly associated to an acceleration in the annual decline of the respiratory function. In conclusion, the mode of fodder drying does not seem to significantly influence the decline in lung function. Nevertheless, this study confirms the results of the initial cross-sectional analysis and supports the hypothesis that barn drying fodder may have a protective effect on respiratory health in dairy farming.
Genetic and phenotypic analysis of dilated cardiomyopathy with conduction system disease: Demand for strategies in the management of presymptomatic lamin A/C mutant carriers
Authors: Andreas Perrot, Holger H. Sigusch, Herbert Nägele, Janine Genschel, Hans Lehmkuhl, Roland Hetzer, Christian Geier, Veronica Leon Perez, Dirk Reinhard, Rainer Dietz, Karl Josef Osterziel, Hartmut H.-J. Schmidt
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2006)
THE PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERLIPEMIA INDUCED BY MEANS OF SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
Authors: Robert L. Hirsch, Aaron Kellner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

Rabbits subjected to subtotal hepatectomy failed to develop increased serum cholesterol levels following parenteral injection of triton WR 1339, the finding indicating that the liver is essential for the establishment of the hypercholesterolemia induced by surface-active agents. The cholesterol content of the livers of rabbits rendered hyperlipemic by means of triton remained unchanged both during the rapid rise of the serum cholesterol levels and during the return to normal values. By contrast, the cholesterol content of the livers of rabbits fed cholesterol rose progressively over a period of 5 weeks, concommittant with the increase in serum cholesterol levels. The findings provide support for the hypothesis that surface-active agents bring about hyperlipemia by altering the circulating lipoproteins in some manner so that they are retained in the circulating body fluids.
Oxytocin, "Salting Out," and Water Intoxication
Authors: Dev Raj Gupta
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Two patients developed water intoxication following transabdominal intraamniotic injection of hypertonic saline solution ("salting out") and oxytocin infusion. Oxytocin infusion alone has been reported to produce this complication. Salting out produces an expanded extracellular volume, which, combined with the antidiuretic effect of oxytocin drip, provides a greater danger of producing water intoxication. Patients receiving this combined treatment must have restricted fluid intake at the beginning of oxytocin infusion.
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS: Basic Neurobiology and Clinical Applications
Authors: Robert Y. Moore MD
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1997)

▪ Abstract Circadian rhythms are major features of adaptation to our environment. In mammals, circadian rhythms are generated and regulated by a circadian timing system. This system consists of entrainment pathways, pacemakers, and pacemaker output to effector systems that are under circadian control. The primary entrainment pathway is the retinohypothalamic tract, which terminates in the circadian pacemakers, the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. The output of the suprachiasmatic nuclei is principally to the hypothalamus, the midline thalamus, and the basal forebrain. This provides a temporal organization to the sleep-wake cycle, to many physiological and endocrine functions, and to psychomotor performance functions. Disorders of circadian timing primarily affect entrainment and pacemaker functions. The pineal hormone, melatonin, appears to be a promising agent for therapy of some circadian timing disorders.
Hospital Admission Through the Emergency Department-Reply
Authors: Robert S. Stern
Journal: JAMA (1992)

In Reply.  —We agree with Dr Pane that delays in seeking care and low socioeconomic status are among the several reasons patients admitted through the ED use more health care resources. Because of these patterns of resource use, it is important to consider modification of the existing hospital payment system. We concur that entry of emergency physicians into the current health policy dialogue is a positive development.  The informal study by Tachakra et al demonstrates differences in length of stay nearly identical to those we noted. We were unable to account fully for these differences using established measures of severity and socioeconomic status. We agree with Tachakra et al that prospective collection of data on patients' social supports, socioeconomic status, and severity of illness would be useful in efforts to assess patients' resource needs and determine equitable payment to hospitals under per case or global budgeting systems of health care
When the Failing, End-Stage Heart Is Not End-Stage
Authors: Dale G. Renlund, Abdallah G. Kfoury
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Heart failure is increasing in incidence and prevalence, is expensive to treat, and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.1 In the nomenclature of the guidelines of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology, the majority of patients with heart failure are classified as having stage C heart failure, characterized by structural heart disease that is or has been symptomatic.2 Numerous drugs (e.g., angiotensin converting–enzyme [ACE] inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and aldosterone blockers) and electrophysiological devices may temporarily halt, slow, or even reverse the pathophysiological processes in patients with stage C heart failure. Reversion of the . . .
Elements of blood group nomenclature with special reference to the Rh-Hr blood types
Authors: A. S. Wiener
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The difficulties of Wiener's Rh-Hr nomenclature have frequently been emphasized, and many workers in the field have been led to use the Fisher-Race C-D-E notations on the grounds that the latter are self-explanatory and simpler to use and teach. Actually, any problem which may exist is not with the Rh-Hr nomenclature but with the subject matter, which is indeed complex. The Rh-Hr nomenclature is by no means as difficult as has been claimed; in fact, by using the Rh-Hr nomenclature workers can gain insight into the subject such as is not possible with the C-D-E notations. In this article, therefore, I propose to explain some of the principles underlying blood grouping nomenclature in general, and Rh-Hr nomenclature in particular, and shall demonstrate how the use of the most appropriate nomenclature facilitates one's mastery of what may appear to be a complex subject.  If asked to list the digits, one would
A MEDICAL EPITAPH
Authors: Casey A. Wood
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —While on a pilgrimage of discovery to certain little known parts of old London, I visited the extremely interesting Southwark Cathedral, of which, for example, John Harvard was a parishioner, and there came across the following epitaph, which may interest some of your readers. The inscription was placed above the reclining, full-sized figure of a seventeenth century medical practitioner in flowing wig and gown, one hand supporting his head, the other holding a small book, with forefinger between the pages at (presumably) the place describing his favorite formula. The exact date of his death or of the erection of the monument is not given, but a rude subscription is added to the effect that the tomb was repaired in 1741, which may account for the transitional orthography: Here Lockyer lies interred. Enough his name Speaks one had few competitors in fame— A Name soe Great soe Generall
Transforming growth factor beta is a potent inhibitor of interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor expression: proposed mechanism of inhibition of IL-1 action.
Authors: C M Dubois, F W Ruscetti, E W Palaszynski, L A Falk, J J Oppenheim, J R Keller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) acts as a potent inhibitor of the growth and functions of lymphoid and hemopoietic progenitor cells. Cell proliferation depends not only on the presence of growth factors, but also on the development of specific receptor-signal transducing complexes. We therefore investigated whether the inhibitory actions of TGF-beta could be mediated by inhibition of growth factor receptors. TGF-beta inhibited the constitutive level of interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) expression on several murine lymphoid and myeloid progenitor cell lines, as well as IL-1R expression induced by interleukin 3 (IL-3) on normal murine and human bone marrow cells. Furthermore, treatment of bone marrow progenitor cells with TGF-beta concomitantly inhibited the ability of IL-1 to promote high proliferative potential (HPP) colony formation as well as blocked IL-1-induced IL-2 production by EL-4 6.1 cells. These findings provide the first evidence that the inhibitory action of TGF-beta on the growth and functional activities of hematopoietic and T cells is associated with a reduction in the cell surface receptor expression for IL-1.
Relation of pulmonary vein to mitral flow velocities by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. Effect of different loading conditions.
Authors: R A Nishimura, M D Abel, L K Hatle, A J Tajik
Journal: Circulation (1990)

It has previously been demonstrated that predictable changes occur in mitral flow velocities under different loading conditions. The purpose of this study was to relate changes in pulmonary venous and mitral flow velocities during different loading conditions as assessed by transesophageal echocardiography in the operating room. Nineteen patients had measurements of hemodynamics, that is, mitral and pulmonary vein flow velocities during the control situation, a decrease in preload by administration of nitroglycerin, an increase in preload by administration of fluids, and an increase in afterload by infusion of phenylephrine. There was a direct correlation between the changes in the mitral E velocity and the early peak diastolic velocity in the pulmonary vein curves (r = 0.61) as well as a direct correlation between the deceleration time of the mitral and pulmonary venous flow velocities in early diastole (r = 0.84). This indicates that diastolic flow velocity in the pulmonary vein is determined by the same factors that influence the mitral flow velocity curves. A decrease in preload caused a significant reduction in the initial E velocity and prolongation of deceleration time, and an increase in preload caused an increase in E velocity and shortening of deceleration time. An increase in afterload produced a variable effect on the initial E velocity and deceleration time and was dependent on the left ventricular filling pressure. The change in systolic forward flow velocity in the pulmonary vein was directly proportional to the change in cardiac output (r = 0.60). The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure correlated best with the flow velocity reversal in the pulmonary vein at atrial contraction (r = 0.81). Use of pulmonary vein velocities in conjunction with mitral flow velocities can help in understanding left ventricular filling.
Phase II study of bryostatin 1 and vincristine for aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma relapsing after an autologous stem cell transplant
Authors: Paul M. Barr, Hillard M. Lazarus, Brenda W. Cooper, Mark D. Schluchter, Ashok Panneerselvam, James W. Jacobberger, Jack W. Hsu, Nalini Janakiraman, Aleksandra Simic, Afshin Dowlati, Scot C. Remick
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2009)

Bryostatin 1, isolated from a marine bryozoan, enhances the efficacy of cytotoxic agents through modulation of the protein kinase C pathway and is active in combination with vincristine for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Further, the apoptotic frequency of peripheral blood T lymphocytes as determined by flow cytometry may predict which patients will respond to this combination. We tested the efficacy and safety of bryostatin 1 50 microg/m(2) given over 24 hr and vincristine 1.4 mg/m(2) on days 1 and 15 every 28 days in aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) relapsing after autologous stem cell transplantation. End points included tumor response, toxicity, and survival. Responses were correlated with an increase in apoptotic frequency of CD5+ cells by flow cytometry using annexin V staining. Fourteen patients were enrolled with 13 being evaluable for a response. The overall response rate was 31% with two patients achieving a complete response. The most common toxicities were Grade 3 lymphopenia (seven patients), Grade 3 to 4 neutropenia (two patients), and Grade 3 hypophosphatemia (two patients). Median progression-free and overall survivals for all patients were 5.7 and 21.4 months, respectively. One patient demonstrated an increase in T-cell apoptotic frequency, also achieving a complete response. Bryostatin 1 and vincristine have efficacy in select patients with aggressive NHL. Future investigations of agents targeting the protein kinase C pathway may benefit from early response assessment using flow cytometry to evaluate T-cell apoptosis.
EXTRACORPOREAL CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION WITH CORONARY EVALUATION SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVES SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH OUT OF HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST
Authors: Euisuk Chung, Ji Min Chang, Hyo Seung Ahn Ahn, Jeong Hoon Kim, Young Sup Byun, Choongwon Goh
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Intestinal worms impair child health in the Philippines
Authors: A. Easton
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The Philippines' Department of Health believes that up to 90% of children in the country could be prone to poor physical and mental development because the problem of intestinal worms has gone largely unchecked. A nationwide study conducted over 10 years by the Department of Education, Culture, and Sports found a prevalence of 50-90% in children aged 2-14 years. Up to 30% of the population of 22 million children may have 1 or more of the 3 most common types of soil transmitted helminths: roundworm, hookworm, and whipworm. Infection with such worms through ingestion, skin penetration, or both, often affects children's performance in school because it can stunt growth, decrease physical activity, and cause poor physical and mental development. The most common symptoms of worm infestation are pain, enlargement of the abdomen, loss of appetite and weight, vomiting, insomnia, and irregular respiration. Worms thrive in tropical climates and are endemic to many developing countries. Infestation, however, is easily dealt with; 1 dose of albendazole given once per year for 3 years is enough to eradicate worms in a child. A pilot project launched last year in 2 villages in Aurora province in northern Luzon has thus far yielded encouraging results.
Miscarriage and time to next pregnancy
Authors: J. Shelley
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Women who conceive earlier may have better outcomes and fewer complications

About half of women will miscarry at least once during their lives. Yet it is unknown how best to care for women and their families in such an event. Research has focused on the causes of recurrent miscarriage and possible ways to prevent it, but with limited success.1 2 Increasing evidence supports the use of medical evacuation of the uterus and expectant care as alternatives to the more invasive and expensive surgical evacuation of the uterus that was the mainstay of care for decades.3 4

For women actively seeking to become pregnant, “how soon can we try again?” is a central question. To date, there is a remarkable lack of evidence on this question, especially from Western countries. In the linked retrospective cohort study (doi:10.1136/bmj.c3967), Love and colleagues assessed the optimum interpregnancy interval after miscarriage in a first pregnancy.5 They found that women who conceived again within six months were significantly less likely to have another miscarriage, …
Serum screening for Down's syndrome: experiences of obstetricians in England and Wales
Authors: J M Green
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b>: To assess the experiences of obstetricians in England and Wales of serum screening for Down9s syndrome. <b>Design</b>: Postal questionnaire survey. <b>Subjects</b>: Questionnaires were sent to all practising obstetricians in England and Wales with non-academic20appointments who had not participated in an earlier (randomly sampled) survey of obstetricians9 attitudes (n=555). Responses were received from 393 (71%), of which 351 were analysed. The data represent about one third of obstetric consultants in England and Wales. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: The extent of use of serum screening for Down9s syndrome, and the problems encountered. <b>Results</b>: Serum screening for Down9s syndrome was being offered on some basis by virtually all obstetricians in the survey. Nearly half the sample said that they did not have adequate resources for counselling all the women to whom screening was offered. Many problems were reported, which in all cases were more common than equivalent problems encountered with serum screening for neural tube defects. Over 80% (289) said that women not understanding the test was a problem. <b>Conclusions</b>: There is considerable confusion associated with serum screening for Down9s syndrome. The precedent of serum screening for neural tube defects does not seem to have lessened the problems experienced, rather the contrary. Many obstetricians report inadequate resources for counselling, which is consistent with the high prevalence of problems associated with women not understanding the test. There is an urgent need to consider what counselling should consist of and who should undertake it and to ensure that necessary resources are available.
Combined Analysis of Molecular and Clinical Predictors of Gefitinib Activity in Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations Do Not Tell the Whole Story
Authors: Athanassios Argiris, Thomas Hensing, Anjana Yeldandi, Smita Patel, Adekunle Raji, Charles Sturgis, Gregory Masters, William Gooding, Michael Pins, Jill Kolesar
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2006)
PREANESTHETIC MEDICATION-Reply
Authors: George Wallace
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Dr. Domino's suggestion on the use of the word "sympathomimetic" when referring to atropine and scopolamine is quite proper. His comments concerning the action of these drugs is, of course, correct. I have been guilty of a common error in my application of the term. A minor defense for my position may be the fact that, though pharmacologically incorrect, anesthesiologic parlance has permitted the term "sympathomimetic" to be used with full understanding of its actual significance.