tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Steatosis accelerates the progression of liver damage of chronic hepatitis C patients and correlates with specific HCV genotype and visceral obesity
Authors: Luigi E. Adinolfi, Michele Gambardella, Augusto Andreana, Marie-françoise Tripodi, Riccardo Utili, Giuseppe Ruggiero
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

The role of steatosis in the progression of liver damage in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) was studied. Enrolled were 180 consecutive liver biopsy-proven CHC patients and 41 additional subjects with a known duration of infection. We evaluated the histological activity index (HAI), grade of fibrosis and steatosis, body mass index (BMI; kg/m(2)), distribution of body fat, HCV genotype, and levels of HCV RNA. Eighty six (48%) patients showed steatosis, and a higher prevalence was observed in genotype 3a infection (P <.01). A correlation between the grade of steatosis and fibrosis was observed (P <.001). Fibrosis was also associated with age (P <.001). After adjusting for age, the association between steatosis and fibrosis remained significant. The grade of steatosis also correlated with the HAI (P <.007) with a significant increase in periportal necrosis. No relation was found between steatosis and age, gender, iron storage, or levels of HCV RNA. Patients with a high grade of steatosis (>30%) showed higher serum levels of gamma-GT and ALT (P <.001). Overall, steatosis was not significantly associated to BMI. Analysis by single genotype showed a significant association between the grade of steatosis and BMI in type 1 infection r =.689; P <.001) and with levels of HCV RNA in type 3a infection r =.786; P <.001). Visceral fat distribution rather than BMI proved to be associated with steatosis (P <.001). Data obtained from patients with a known date of infection confirmed that steatosis grades 3-4 were associated with a higher annual rate of fibrosis progression, and showed that alcohol and steatosis act together in increasing fibrosis (P <.05). Our data indicate that steatosis is an important cofactor in increasing liver necroinflammatory activity and in accelerating fibrosis in CHC. Visceral obesity and genotype 3a play a role in the development of steatosis.
Book Review A Pound of Prevention: The case for universal maternity care in the U.S. Edited by Jonathan B. Kotch, Craig H. Blakely, Sarah S. Brown, and Frank Y. Wong. 282 pp. Washington, D.C., American Public Health Association, 1992. $30. ISBN 0–87553–206–3 .
Authors: William L. Roper
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)
Subxiphoid two-dimensional imaging of the interatrial septum in infants and neonates with congenital heart disease.
Authors: F Z Bierman, R G Williams
Journal: Circulation (1979)

The interatrial septum (IAS) was studied by subxiphoid two-dimensional echocardiography (S2DE) in 88 infants under 12 months of age who weighed 1.2-9.1 kg. The IAS was adequately displayed in 87 of 88 patients. The morphology, presence and localization of defects in the IAS were evaluated by S2DE and retrospectively related to the findings at cardiac catheterization. In seven patients with no interatrial communication at cardiac catheterization, the IAS was straight, with an area of central thinning corresponding to the veil-like cover of the septum primum over the foramen ovale. The morphology of the IAS with a stretched, patent foramen ovale (56 patients) indicated the coexistence of a right or left ventricular volume or pressure overload, and was readily distinguishable from the IAS with a secundum type communication (13 patients). In patients with a stretched, patent foramen ovale and left ventricular overload lesions, the IAS was a nearly homogenous, curvilinear structure bowing into the right atrium, with a small area of septal dropout at the superior rim of the septum primum. In the presence of right ventricular overload lesions, the central defect of the foramen ovale was associated with a redundant flap valve of the septum primum billowing into the left atrium. In secundum type communications, the centrally located defect represented a deficiency rather than a redundancy of the septum primum. Balloon atrial septostomy (BAS) in 17 patients produced a secundum-type defect bordered by the flail remnants of the torn septum primum. Blalock-Hanlon septectomy (two patients) resulted in a large, posterior, sinus venosus-type communication which incorporated the preexisting BAS. Ostium primum defects (seven patients) were distinguished from the secundum lesions by their eccentric position in the IAS adjacent to the atrioventricular ring.
General Practitioner Responsibility in Gynaecology
Authors: J. K. Russell, A. J. G. Newton, R. P. Robertson, J. B. Lilly
Journal: BMJ (1957)

on fluid and electrolyte needs in the tropics, the widespread incidence of hypoproteinaemia, and the response to chemo- therapy of tropical diseases.His advice will be accepted with child-like faith and gratitude, marred only, maybe, by a large admixture of superstition, the medicine man with his bones and incantations being only just round the corner.The tropical coastal climate of West Africa makes operation wounds go soggy if ordinary dressings are applied.We found the best thing was the old-fashioned cracker dressing, and the patient.either lay naked or was covered by a sheet only.An excellent description of life and medical service in West Africa is to be found in the writings of Albert Schweitzer.Colonial Medical Schools So far as British Colonies are concerned, serious attempts to raise medical standards have been made, and the new medical schools, together with their new hospitals, at Makerere and Ibadan are experiments worthy of success.It is terribly important, however, to keep these environmental features to the fore, and to realize that for some years ahead it will be the public-health side of medical work and a greater number of doctors that are most needed.The vast majority of those trained in these schools are destined to practise "up country," and there surgery must be simple and curative.For some time now the Government, through the Ministry of Health, has been trying to persuade senior registrars to work for a year or more in one or other of
Exposure to War Crimes and Implications for Peace Building in Northern Uganda
Authors: Patrick Vinck, Phuong N. Pham, Eric Stover, Harvey M. Weinstein
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Since the late 1980s, the Lord's Resistance Army has waged war against the Ugandan People's Democratic Army and the people of northern Uganda. Ending the conflict and achieving peace have proven to be challenges. In this context, it is important to examine population-based data on exposure to war crimes to understand how survivors perceive mechanisms aimed at achieving a lasting peace.To assess the level of exposure to war-related violence and the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms in northern Uganda and to determine how these variables are associated with respondents' views about peace.Multistage, stratified, random cluster survey of 2585 adults aged 18 years or older conducted in villages and camps for internally displaced persons in 4 districts of northern Uganda in April and May 2005.Rates and patterns of exposure to trauma; symptom criteria for PTSD, assessed via the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version with a total severity score of 44; symptoms of depression, assessed via the Johns Hopkins Depression Symptom Checklist with a cutoff of 42; and opinions and attitudes about peace.Among the respondents, 1774 of 2389 (74.3%) met PTSD symptom criteria and 1151 of 2585 (44.5%) met depression symptom criteria. Four patterns of exposure to trauma were distinguished: those with low exposure (group 1; 21.4%), witnesses to war-related violence (group 2; 17.8%), those threatened with death and/or physically injured (group 3; 16.4%), and those abducted (group 4; 44.3%). Respondents in groups 3 and 4, who experienced the most traumatic exposures, were more likely to have PTSD symptoms compared with group 1 (group 3 vs group 1: odds ratio [OR], 7.04 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 5.02-9.87]; group 4 vs group 1: OR, 6.07 [95% CI, 4.77-7.71]). Groups 3 and 4 were also more likely to meet depression symptom criteria (group 3 vs group 1: OR, 5.76 [95% CI, 4.34-7.65]; group 4 vs group 1: OR, 4.00 [95% CI, 3.16-5.06]). Respondents who met the PTSD symptom criteria were more likely to identify violence as a means to achieve peace (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.05-1.65). Respondents who met the depression symptom criteria were less likely to identify nonviolence as a means to achieve peace (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65-0.93).Our study found high prevalence rates for symptoms of PTSD and depression in a conflict zone. Respondents reporting symptoms of PTSD and depression were more likely to favor violent over nonviolent means to end the conflict.
Molecular concepts of IgE-initiated inflammation in atopic and nonatopic asthma
Authors: G. Menz, S. Ying, S. R. Durham, C. J. Corrigan, D. S. Robinson, Q. Hamid, R. Pfister, M. Humbert, A. B. Kay
Journal: Allergy (1998)

Atopic and nonatopic (intrinsic) asthmatics were characterized by a broadly conserved bronchial mucosal proeosinophilic cytokine network in which IL-5 appears to play a key role. Inappropriate IgE-mediated mechanisms may occur in asthma, irrespective of its atopic status, as suggested by elevated serum IgE concentrations and bronchial mucosal expression of FcepsilonRI, IL-4, IL-13, Iepsilon, and Cepsilon. In general, these observations support the concept that these subtypes of asthma, despite showing distinct clinical and biologic features, share many common immunopathologic mechanisms. The most promising future directions of research regarding intrinsic asthma concern the possible identification of novel allergens or antigens, the detailed description of local bronchial mucosal IgE production, and the understanding of a possible macrophage dysfunction. Furthermore, a role for infectious (viral?) or autoimmune processes has yet to be firmly identified in intrinsic asthma. Animal models may also help us to understand the role of IgE and atopy in asthma. Although these are largely IgE-mediated mechanisms, allergen-induced bronchial hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation can also occur in the absence of IgE (null mutation of the Cepsilon locus), as shown in a mouse model of hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus (57). Thus, despite the absence of atopy, IgE-mediated mechanisms may operate in intrinsic asthma (Fig. 1).
Feasibility and efficiency of a new 22G core needle: a prospective comparison study
Authors: Tomas Hucl, Eric Wee, Sekaran Anuradha, Rajesh Gupta, Mohan Ramchandani, Kalpala Rakesh, Ramila Shrestha, Duvvuru Reddy, Sundeep Lakhtakia
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

Histological examination of core tissue samples may have advantages over cytology in endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided sampling. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of a new 22G core biopsy needle.Consecutive patients with a pancreatic mass lesion or peri-intestinal lymphadenopathy sequentially underwent fine needle biopsy with both a newly developed 22G core needle (the FNB needle) and a standard 22G fine needle aspiration (FNA) needle, in randomized order.In 144 patients, mean age 48 years (± standard deviation [SD] 14; range 18 - 82), with 145 lesions (mean lesion size 39 ± 15 mm, range 15 - 99), EUS-guided sampling was technically feasible with both needles in all patients. Mean number of passes to obtain sufficient tissue was 1.2 ± 0.5 with the core needle vs. 2.5 ± 0.9 with the standard needle (P < 0.001). FNB specimens were adequate for evaluation in 125 (86.2 %) vs. 127 (87.6 %) with FNA (P = 0.72). Among 139 patients available for follow-up, FNB provided a correct diagnosis in 110 (79.1 %) and FNA in 112 (80.6 %) (P = 0.73). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for diagnosis of malignancy were 90 %, 100 %, 100 %, 93 %, 96 % for FNB and 77 %, 100 %, 100 %, 85 %, 92 % for FNA, respectively (P > 0.05).FNB with the new 22G core needle was technically feasible, efficient and comparable to FNA with a standard needle. The core needle required fewer passes to provide an adequate sample, offering potentially shorter procedure time.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia–hand mirror variant. An analysis of a large group of patients
Authors: Harold R. Schumacher, John E. Champion, William J. Thomas, Loring L. Pitts, Sanford A. Stass
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1979)

Abstract One hundred and thirty‐four initial bone marrows and 102 peripheral blood smears were evaluated for hand mirror cells (HMC) on pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Twenty (15%) of the 134 patients were found to have greater than 5% HMC in their bone marrows. Only rarely were a few HMC noted in the peripheral blood. Survival did not appear to be related to the number of HMC in the bone marrow. Also, the median survival was not significantly greater in those HMC patients with greater than 40% HMC in their bone marrows when compared to the non‐HMC group. From the available data in this study, it would appear that the number of HMC does not affect prognosis in the bone marrows of children with ALL. However, the prognostic significance of the HMC has not been clearly established in adults.
The Code—Once More.
Authors: Americus Veritatis
Journal: JAMA (1895)

expose for sale a carcass lacking the proper sign of examination! He should also inquire into the system by which a<i>daily</i>and thorough (I had almost said non-political) examination is made of the milk sold within the city limits, and by which a careful search is instituted for adulterations in other forms of food. These matters are fully gone into by Meyer in a little book (<i>Das Gesetz betreffend den Verkehr mit Nahrungsmitteln</i>) published by Springer in Berlin. During this study of municipal hygiene, he will find that smallpox is practically unknown in Berlin and that everybody is, without exception, vaccinated. Finally, not to further expand this letter, he will discover that the sewage of the town does not pollute the Sprey, but is pumped out to, and spread upon a municipal farm of some 1,200 acres where it is used as a fertilizer. This estate is thus made
Age related changes in contractility and 1 adrenergic responsiveness of myocardium from normal hamsters and hamsters with hereditary cardiomyopathy
Authors: K. Li, J. L Rouleau
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Objective: The aim was to evaluate age related changes in myocardial contractility and α1 adrenergic responsiveness in myocardium from normal and cardiomyopathic hamsters. Methods: 50 male cardiomyopathic hamsters (CHF 147) and 45 golden Syrian hamsters were killed at 30, 50, 100, 200, or 300 days of age. Left ventricular papillary muscles were isolated and mounted in an isolated bath and isometric, isotonic, and unloaded contractions were recorded during a phenylephrine dose-response curve. The effects of increasing stimulation rate from 6 to 45·min−1 and of increasing temperature from 29°C to 35°C before and after the addition of phenylephrine were verified in 100 day old hamsters. Results: At 30 days of age, tension generation and shortening indices were similar in both strains. Thereafter, contractility increased in normal hamsters, to reach a peak at 50 d which was maintained until 300 d, when a slight decrease occurred. In cardiomyopathic hamsters, contractility increased more slowly, such that by 50 d tension was lower than in normals, at 15.8(SEM 1.9) v 26.5(2.2) mN·min−2 (p<0.01). This decrease persisted until 200 d, when it normalised and then decreased again by 300 d. The response of normal and cardiomyopathic muscles to phenylephrine was similar at 30 days of age. Thereafter, the response of cardiomyopathic muscles decreased more than in normals. This decrease was accompanied by a rightward shift in the dose-response curve. Increasing stimulation rate had no effect under basal conditions; however, once phenylephrine was added it caused tension to increase in cardiomyopathic muscles instead of decreasing, thereby rendering the relative effects of phenylephrine at 45 stimuli·min−1 similar in both groups. Conclusions: Force generating and shortening indices in normal and cardiomyopathic hamster myocardium are similarly immature at 30 days of age. Normal myocardium reaches its full potential by 50 d, but cardiomyopathic myocardium does not reach it until 200 d, and it decreases thereafter. A decrease in a, adrenergic responsiveness in cardiomyopathic myocardium at lower stimulation rates can be reversed by increasing the stimulation rate. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27:968-973
Expansion of Regulatory T Cells in Patients with Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Authors: Brigitte Senechal, Gaelle Elain, Eric Jeziorski, Virginie Grondin, Natacha Patey-Mariaud de Serre, Francis Jaubert, Kheira Beldjord, Arielle Lellouch, Christophe Glorion, Michel Zerah, Pierre Mary, Mohammed Barkaoui, Jean Francois Emile, Liliane Boccon-Gibod, Patrice Josset, Marianne Debré, Alain Fischer, Jean Donadieu, Frederic Geissmann
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Background Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare clonal granulomatous disease that affects mainly children. LCH can involve various tissues such as bone, skin, lung, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and the central nervous system, and is frequently responsible for functional sequelae. The pathophysiology of LCH is unclear, but the uncontrolled proliferation of Langerhans cells (LCs) is believed to be the primary event in the formation of granulomas. The present study was designed to further investigate the nature of proliferating cells and the immune mechanisms involved in the LCH granulomas. Methods and Findings Biopsies (n = 24) and/or blood samples (n = 25) from 40 patients aged 0.25 to 13 y (mean 7.8 y), were studied to identify cells that proliferate in blood and granulomas. We found that the proliferating index of LCs was low (∼1.9%), and we did not observe expansion of a monocyte or dendritic cell compartment in patients. We found that LCH lesions were a site of active inflammation, tissue remodeling, and neo-angiogenesis, and the majority of proliferating cells were endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and polyclonal T lymphocytes. Within granulomas, interleukin 10 was abundant, LCs expressed the TNF receptor family member RANK, and CD4+ CD25high FoxP3high regulatory T cells (T-regs) represented 20% of T cells, and were found in close contact with LCs. FoxP3+ T-regs were also expanded compared to controls, in the blood of LCH patients with active disease, among whom seven out of seven tested exhibited an impaired skin delayed-type hypersensitivity response. In contrast, the number of blood T-regs were normal after remission of LCH. Conclusions These findings indicate that LC accumulation in LCH results from survival rather than uncontrolled proliferation, and is associated with the expansion of T-regs. These data suggest that LCs may be involved in the expansion of T-regs in vivo, resulting in the failure of the host immune system to eliminate LCH cells. Thus T-regs could be a therapeutic target in LCH.
The S100A4 Metastasis Factor Regulates Cellular Motility via a Direct Interaction with Myosin-IIA
Authors: Zhong-Hua Li, Anne R. Bresnick
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract S100A4, a member of the Ca2+-dependent S100 family of proteins, is a metastasis factor that is thought to regulate the motility and invasiveness of cancer cells. Previously, we showed that S100A4 specifically binds to nonmuscle myosin-IIA and promotes the unassembled state. S100A4, thus, provides a connection between the actomyosin cytoskeleton and the regulation of cellular motility; however, the step or steps in the motility cycle that are affected by S100A4 expression have not been investigated. To examine how the biochemical properties of S100A4 affect cell motility, we determined the effect of S100A4 expression on protrusive behavior during chemoattractant-stimulated motility. Our studies show that S100A4 modulates cellular motility by affecting cell polarization, with S100A4 expressing cells displaying few side protrusions and extensive forward protrusions during chemotaxis compared with control cells. To establish a direct link between S100A4 and the regulation of myosin-IIA function, we prepared an antibody to the S100A4 binding site on the myosin-IIA heavy chain that has comparable effects on myosin-IIA assembly as S100A4. Microinjection experiments show that the antibody elicits the same effects on cell polarization as S100A4. Our studies show for the first time that S100A4 promotes directional motility via a direct interaction with myosin-IIA. These findings establish S100A4 as a critical regulator of myosin-II function and metastasis-associated motility. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(10): 5173-80)
Permissive Hypercapnia: Some Equations-Reply
Authors: Akhil Bidani
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —We appreciate Dr Helmholz's comments regarding our article on permissive hypercapnia. Regarding his critique of equation 1, we concur that the alveolar air equation as delineated in his letter is the more accurate form. 1 However, for purposes of clarity and simplicity, we elected to use the more familiar clinical form of the alveolar gas equation as a reasonable approximation.  Regarding equation 2, we disagree with Helmholz's assertion that PACO 2 is independent of barometric pressure. The relationship between volume and pressure is adjusted by a constant, K, whose value is valid only under a set level of temperature and pressure. In his example, K=0.863=(TB/TS) (PB)/(1000 mL/L), where TB is body temperature (310°K), Ts is standard temperature (273°K), and PB is standard barometric pressure (760 mm Hg). 2 Therefore, changes in these conditions alter the value of K and affect partial pressure as well as gas volumes. The
Right answer to the wrong question: A reply to Jung and Haier
Authors: Robert J. Sternberg
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Jung &amp; Haier (J&amp;H) have done an admirable job of solving the wrong problem. Their article does not show “where in the brain is intelligence,” because intelligence resides not in the brain but, rather, in the interaction of brain and environment. I describe four reasons why the article does not adequately localize intelligence in the brain.
Satisfaction with treatment among patients with psoriasis: a web-based survey study
Authors: O.D. van Cranenburgh, J. de Korte, M.A.G. Sprangers, M.A. de Rie, E.M.A. Smets
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Journal Article Satisfaction with treatment among patients with psoriasis: a web‐based survey study Get access O.D. van Cranenburgh, O.D. van Cranenburgh Department of DermatologyAcademic Medical Center University of Amsterdam AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Correspondence O.D. van Cranenburgh. E‐mail: o.d.vancranenburgh@amc.uva.nl Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. de Korte, J. de Korte Department of DermatologyAcademic Medical Center University of Amsterdam AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.A.G. Sprangers, M.A.G. Sprangers Department of Medical Psychology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.A. de Rie, M.A. de Rie Department of DermatologyAcademic Medical Center University of Amsterdam AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E.M.A. Smets E.M.A. Smets Department of Medical Psychology Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 169, Issue 2, 1 August 2013, Pages 398–405, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12372 Published: 01 August 2013