tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Book: Tobacco: A Global Threat
Authors: D. Chao
Journal: BMJ (2002)

John Crofton, David Simpson Macmillan, £6.95, pp 147 ISBN 0333670817 This book can be ordered for £4.70+p&p from http://www.talcuk.org/ Rating:![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Nicotine addiction through various forms of tobacco use is a worldwide epidemic. Although concerted efforts have led to encouraging signs of a fall in smoking in affluent countries, rates of smoking in less well off and developing countries are increasing enormously. It is of paramount importance that healthcare professionals form a united front to act against this epidemic. Tobacco: A Global Threat is … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Collection and Transfusion of Blood in the United States, 1982–1988
Authors: Douglas MacN. Surgenor, Edward L. Wallace, Steven H.S. Hao, Richard H. Chapman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

Widespread concern about the safety of the national blood supply, particularly with respect to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has reportedly affected the use of blood products to support patients. To examine these changes, we conducted national surveys of blood collection and transfusion in the United States in 1982, 1984, 1986, and 1987 and made a limited survey of these activities in 1988.
THE EXTRACTION OF UNCOMPLICATED IMMATURE SENILE CATARACT.
Authors: ALBERT E. BULSON
Journal: JAMA (1905)

In a discussion of this subject it is appropriate to say that a cataract is designated as senile if the patient has reached the fiftieth year of age; uncomplicated, when not associated with any special disease; and immature, when the opacity does not extend throughout the entire lens substance. While this designation is in accord with the generally accepted teaching of to-day, technically we probably are not warranted in associating cataract with senility in the sense that the opacity of the lens occurring after middle life is a symptom of senility; or in designating a cataract as uncomplicated simply because we fail to detect the co-existence of any other intraocular pathologic condition. Numerous observers have asserted that there are good grounds for considering eyes in which cataract develops as otherwise diseased. Thus Becker<sup>1</sup>states that, strictly speaking, there is no such thing as a primary cataract, the expression "primary"
Promoting Primary Care: Where to Start?
Authors: Mark E. Mayer
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Stimmel<sup>1</sup>underscores our present and potentially worsening crisis in supply of US medical school graduates choosing to be primary care physicians. As pointed out last year in an article that dealt with specialty mix and health status, a primary care system is the foundation of health care in other nations of the developed world.<sup>2</sup>Our subspecialty-dominant system is top-heavy, with a poor primary care base. Stimmel mentioned some of the causes of the shrinking primary care residency applicant pool—perceived poorer monetary, prestige, and life-style rewards. These same factors have been well-documented in other forums,<sup>3,4</sup>as roots of discontent with primary care are explored. A major difference between the recent article by Stimmel and prior articles is that he included one important component of the solution—strengthening the National Health Service Corps (NHSC). I firmly believe that curricular, life-style, and "back-end" monetary redresses
Self-expandable metal stents placed with overtube for the treatment of malignant obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract in 33 consecutive patients
Authors: E. Samalin, E. Assenat, P. Bauret, P. Senesse
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

The insertion of expandable metallic stents has become the treatment of choice for patients with a neoplastic obstruction of the digestive tract that is considered to be unresectable [1]. If techniques for insertion of metallic stents are well established, the insertion of a metallic stent in distal sites, especially in the antrum or duodenum is more difficult [2] [3]. We present a series of patients treated by self-expandable metal stents placed with an overtube.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia. Part 1—Diagnosis
Authors: Timothy J Wilt, James N’Dow
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The parcellation of the cerebral cortex serves the investigation of the emergence of uniquely human brain functions and disorders. We employed hierarchical clustering based on comprehensive transcriptomic data of the human cortex in order to delineate areas with distinct gene expression profiles. These profiles were analyzed for the enrichment of gene sets associated with brain disorders by genome-wide studies (GWAS) and expert curation. This suggested new roles of specific cortical areas in psychiatric, neurodegenerative, congenital and other neurological disorders while reproducing some well-established links for movement disorders and dementias. GWAS-derived gene sets for psychiatric disorders exhibited similar enrichment patterns in the posterior fusiform gyrus and inferior parietal lobule driven by pleiotropic genes. This implies that the effects of risk variants shared between neuropsychiatric disorders might converge in these areas. For several diseases, specific genes were highlighted, which may aid the discovery of novel disease mechanisms and urgently needed treatments.
Trends in Cigarette Smoking and Physicians' Advice to Quit Smoking Among People with Diabetes in the U.S.
Authors: Ann M Malarcher, Earl S Ford, David E Nelson, Jeffrey H Chrismon, Paul Mowery, Robert K Merritt, William H Herman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE This study describes changes in the distribution of cigarette smoking and in physicians' advice to quit smoking among the U.S. population with and without diabetes from the mid-1970s to 1990. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data on self-reported smoking status, physicians' advice to quit smoking, history of diabetes, and demographic characteristics were obtained from the 1974, 1985, and 1990 National Health Interview Surveys. We examined the age-adjusted prevalence of smoking and physicians' advice to quit smoking by race, sex, and educational level among individuals with diabetes and those without diabetes. RESULTS The prevalence of smoking decreased 9.8 percentage points from 1974 to 1990 among individuals with diabetes (from 35.6 to 25.8%, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and 11.7 percentage points among those without diabetes (from 37.3 to 25.6%, P &amp;lt; 0.01). For all years, younger individuals, men, and people with less than a high school education were more likely to smoke, regardless of diabetes status. Among individuals who had ever smoked, those with diabetes were more likely to have received advice to quit than those without diabetes; from 1974 to 1990, the percentage advised to quit smoking by a physician increased from 35.1 to 58.4% for smokers with diabetes and from 26.8 to 46.0% for smokers without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Despite decreases in smoking prevalence over time, people with diabetes are still as likely to smoke as those without diabetes. More than 40% of smokers with diabetes currently report never having received advice from a physician to quit smoking. Health care providers should increase their efforts to reduce smoking among people with diabetes.
SP-A Deficiency in Primate Model of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia with Infertion: <i>In Situ</i> mRNA and Immunostains
Authors: Jacqueline J. Coalson, Richard J. King, Funmei Yang, Vicki Winter, Jeffrey A. Whitsett, Robert A. Delemos, Steven R. Seidner
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

The surfactant protein secretory cells in airway and alveolar epithelium were studied in premature baboons with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and superimposed infection. PRN animals were delivered by hysterotomy at 140 d gestational age and ventilated on clinically appropriate oxygen for a 16-d experimental period. To assess 0 time and sacrifice time gestational parameters, 140 and 156 d were studied. BPD animals were delivered at 140 d and ventilated with positive-pressure ventilation and an FIO2 of 1.0 for 11 d followed by 5 d of oxygen sufficient to maintain PAO2 at 40 to 50 mm Hg. BPD-infected animals were comparably ventilated and treated like the BPD group except that 10(8) E. coli organisms were endotracheally instilled on Day 11. In situ hybridization studies for mRNA expression of SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C revealed that an SP-A mRNA deficiency, present at 140 d, persisted in the BPD and BPD-infected groups, whereas SP-A mRNA was abundant in PRN and 156 d gestation control groups. SP-B and SP-C mRNA expression in the two hyperoxically injured groups was particularly extensive in cells around peribronchiolar and perivasicular sites. Immunostaining with SP-A, SP-B, and SP-C antibodies showed variable staining patterns. The study clearly demonstrates that a deficiency of SP-A mRNA expression persists in chronic lung injury and that variable protein staining patterns are manifested depending upon the underlying pathology.
Frustrations in Community Paediatrics
Authors: P. E. Newton
Journal: BMJ (1974)

for the fasting group (-8'7%) but not for the conventional managed patients (+ 0 5 %).Proportionate weight loss was greater for men than for women, for the 30-49 years age group than for the younger or older subjects, for diabetics than for non-diabetics, and for persons whose weight exceeded 250 pounds (114 kg).The initial fasting pro- gramme inproved the long-term results of conventional low-calorie dietary treatment for obesity.-Weare, etc.,
56 SUPPRESSION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) TRANSCRIPTION AND REPLICATION BY SMALL MOLECULES THAT TARGET THE EPIGENETIC CONTROL OF NUCLEAR cccDNA MINICHROMOSOME
Authors: G.A. Palumbo, L. Belloni, S. Valente, D. Rotili, N. Pediconi, A. Mai, M. Levrero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Aquaporin 1, Nox1, and Ask1 mediate oxidant-induced smooth muscle cell hypertrophy
Authors: Imad Al Ghouleh, Giovanna Frazziano, Andres I. Rodriguez, Gábor Csányi, Salony Maniar, Claudette M. St Croix, Eric E. Kelley, Loreto A. Egaña, Gyun Jee Song, Alessandro Bisello, Yong J. Lee, Patrick J. Pagano
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated intracellular signalling is well described in the vasculature, yet the precise roles of ROS in paracrine signalling are not known. Studies implicate interstitial ROS hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in vascular disease, and plasma H2O2 levels in the micromolar range are detectable in animal models and humans with hypertension. Recently, H2O2 was shown to cross biological membranes of non-vascular cells via aquaporin (Aqp) water channels. Previous findings suggest that H2O2 activates NADPH oxidase (Nox) enzymes in vascular cells and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1) in non-vascular cells. We hypothesized that extracellular H2O2 induces smooth muscle cell (SMC) hypertrophy by a mechanism involving Aqp1, Nox1, and Ask1. Treatment of rat aortic SMCs (rASMC) with exogenous H2O2 resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in Nox-derived superoxide (O2•–), determined by L-012 chemiluminescence, cytochrome c and electron paramagnetic resonance. Nox1 was verified as the source of O2·– by siRNA. Aqp1 siRNA attenuated H2O2 cellular entry and H2O2-induced O2•– production. H2O2 treatment increased Ask1 activation and induced rASMC hypertrophy in a Nox1-dependent mechanism. Adenoviral-dominant-negative Ask1 attenuated H2O2-induced rASMC hypertrophy and adenoviral overexpression of Ask1 augmented it. Our results demonstrate for the first time that extracellular H2O2, at pathophysiological concentrations, stimulates rASMC Nox1-derived O2•–, subsequent Ask1 activation and SMC hypertrophy. The data demonstrate a novel pathway by which H2O2 enters vascular cells via aquaporins and activates Nox, leading to hypertrophy, and provide multiple novel targets for combinatorial therapeutics development targeting hypertrophy and vascular disease.
TCT-386 Cut-plane Analysis: A new method of three-dimensional OCT rendering for side-branch ostial assessment from a main vessel pullback
Authors: Antonios Karanasos, Shengxian Tu, Nienke S. van Ditzhuijzen, Jurgen Ligthart, Nicolas M. Van Mieghem, Robert J. Van Geuns, Peter De Jaegere, Felix Zijlstra, Johan H. Reiber, Evelyn Regar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Mucocutaneous and Soft Tissue Infections Caused by Xanthomonas maltophilia: A New Spectrum
Authors: Shahe E. Vartivarian, Konstantinos A. Papadakis, Jose Antonio Palacios, John T. Manning, Elias J. Anaissie
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

To describe the mucocutaneous and soft tissue infections caused by Xanthomonas maltophilia in patients with cancer.A retrospective 15-month clinical study.Academic, referral-based cancer center.Of 237 patients with X. maltophilia isolated from all sites during the 15-month study period, 114 patients were judged to have true X. maltophilia infections. Only patients with mucocutaneous and soft tissue infections were included in the study.17 (15%) of the 114 patients with X. maltophilia infection had mucocutaneous and soft tissue infections: Six patients had metastatic cellulitis, 5 had primary cellulitis usually associated with catheter use, and 6 had infected mucocutaneous ulcers. The metastatic cellulitis consisted of previously undescribed multiple, hard, tender nodules with surrounding and distant cellulitis (5 patients) or ecthyma gangrenosum (1 patient). Four of these patients died of the infection. Metastatic cellulitis and mucocutaneous infections occurred in hospitalized, neutropenic patients who received broad-spectrum antibiotics (beta-lactams, quinolones), often with in vitro activity against the infecting organisms. Response usually correlated with recovery from myelosuppression and administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with or without ticarcillin-clavulanate. Catheter removal contributed to response in the treatment of primary cellulitis.Mucocutaneous and soft tissue infections caused by X. maltophilia are not uncommon, and X. maltophilia can cause metastatic nodular skin lesions that mimic disseminated fungal infections. It also causes serious morbidity and high mortality in patients with metastatic skin nodules and can cause superinfections in patients receiving broad-spectrum beta-lactam or quinolone antibiotics to which the organisms are susceptible when the infections develop. Catheter removal contributes to a favorable outcome in patients with catheter-associated cellulitis without bacteremia. Xanthomonas maltophilia infection should be added to the differential diagnosis of mucocutaneous or soft tissue infection in patients with cancer. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole with or without ticarcillin-clavulanate is the current treatment of choice for culture-proven infections, but early empiric therapy may improve outcome.
The immunosuppressant drug FTY720 inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 independently of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors
Authors: Shawn G. Payne, Carole A. Oskeritzian, Rachael Griffiths, Preeti Subramanian, Suzanne E. Barbour, Charles E. Chalfant, Sheldon Milstien, Sarah Spiegel
Journal: Blood (2006)
ABC of Work Related Disorders: WOMEN AT WORK
Authors: L. H Kapadia
Journal: BMJ (1996)

More and more women seek paid employment outside the home, and, by the year 2000, they will make up 45% of the Western world's workforce. Almost half work part time. Women, whether working or not, still generally bear the greater share of housework, child care, and care of elderly people.

#### Women in workforce in United Kingdom 1994

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Reductions in sexual discrimination and the influence of the women's liberation movement now allow women to enter almost any occupation, however physically demanding or apparently unsuitable. In some countries, mainly developing ones, women are the mainstay of the agricultural working population. In others, such as those of the former Soviet Union, women predominate in medicine and engineering. Equal opportunities legislation in socially developed countries outlaws sexual discrimination and ensures job retention during and after pregnancy, allowing women to continue working throughout their reproductive span. Despite all this, in all societies women's work is less prestigious and less well paid.

#### Full time and part time workers in United Kingdom 1994

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Although women live longer than men (84 v 79 years in Britain) and are more interested in their health, they suffer greater morbidity, take more drugs, consult their general practitioners more often, are more frequently admitted to hospital, and take more time off work (though the reasons for this are not as clear as they may seem—see ABC chapter on absence from work, 5 October).

#### Absence from work due to ill health in United Kingdom 1990

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Advances in medicine, not least a more holistic approach by gynaecologists, have helped women by controlling symptoms that were once common reasons for absence from work—dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, and perimenopausal symptoms. Intrauterine surgery, outpatient investigations, and day case treatments can expedite a return to work. On the other hand, fertility treatment can, because of its inflexible timing, mean periods away from work and can be attended by the side effects of drugs and tension and anxiety that may affect performance at work.

Contraception has allowed women to …
Epidemiological Correlates of NIDDM in Hispanics, Whites, and Blacks in the u.s. Population
Authors: Maureen I Harris
Journal: Diabetes Care (1991)

Characteristics, prevalence, and risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) among Hispanics, blacks, and whites aged 20-74 yr in the United States population were investigated with two national surveys that used a household interview to ascertain diagnosed diabetes and a 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test to measure undiagnosed diabetes. The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1982-1984 studied Mexican Americans in the southwest U.S., Cuban Americans in the Miami, Florida, area, and Puerto Ricans in the New York City area. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1976-1980 examined a national sample of U.S. residents, of whom data on blacks and whites were analyzed. People with diagnosed diabetes in the five populations were similar with respect to mean age (53-57 yr), age at diagnosis (45-48 yr), duration of diabetes (6.9-8.7 yr), and diabetes therapies (58-67% using pharmacological treatment). Mean age of people with undiagnosed diabetes (51-59 yr) was comparable to that of diagnosed cases, and mean fasting (7.1-7.8 mM) and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (14.1-15.5 mM) values for people with undiagnosed diabetes were similar among the five populations. However, obesity levels varied by race, sex, and whether diabetes was diagnosed or undiagnosed. Age-standardized prevalence of diabetes (sum of diagnosed and undiagnosed cases) was 6.2% in whites, 9.3% in Cubans, 10.2% in blacks, 13% in Mexican Americans, and 13.4% in Puerto Ricans. Thus, compared to whites, diabetes rates were 50-60% higher among Cubans and blacks and 110-120% higher among Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans. Age-standardized rates of impaired glucose tolerance were similar among the five populations (10.3-13.8%). Increasing age, obesity, and family history of diabetes were associated with higher rates of diabetes but sex, physical activity, education, income, and acculturation were not risk factors or were only weakly associated with diabetes prevalence.
Heroic Surgery — A New Morality? Long Live Enthusiasm! — Saying of the Year
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

MODERN means of communication have enabled us to share the reactions of almost the entire world to the recent heart-transplantation operations. We have been inspired by the enthusiasm of Professor Barnard and his team in South Africa and by that of Dr. Norman Shumway, who had developed the surgical technics at Stanford. We have sensed their hopes and fears. The lay public has learned about the immunosuppresive measures used to minimize the risk of rejection, and has heard of the hazard of infection that such measures themselves created, and it has followed the clinical progress of the patients. We have . . .
1-desamino-8-arginine-vasopressin corrects the hemostatic defects in type 2B von Willebrand's disease
Authors: L.P. McKeown, G. Connaghan, O. Wilson, K. Hansmann, P. Merryman, H.R. Gralnick
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

DDAVP is effective treatment in most types of von Willebrand's disease; however, in type 2B von Willebrand's disease the use of DDAVP has been contraindicated due to DDAVP-induced thrombocytopenia. Several reports have confirmed the thrombocytopenic effects of DDAVP and the presence of circulating platelet aggregates in type 2B von Willebrand's disease. We have infused three type 2B patients with DDAVP. The three patients had different mutations of their vWf. All three patients had a missense mutation which resulted in a single amino acid substitution in the disulfide loop of the A1 domain. Administration of 20 μg of DDAVP resulted in significant elevations of factor VIII, vWf antigen, and ristocetin cofactor levels. In contrast to other studies, DDAVP did not induce or enhance thrombocytopenia in these three patients. When blood was obtained by fingerstick and diluted into sodium oxalate (Unopette®) or EDTA (Microvette®), the platelet counts did not change over 4 hr. In contrast, blood collected directly into evacuated tubes containing sodium citrate, lithium heparin, or EDTA consistently demonstrated varying degrees of thrombocytopenia and platelet clumping. We also observed a shortening of the preinfusion bleeding time over the 4 hr period. All three patients have been studied twice and each has shown consistent results. DDAVP appears to be a useful form of treatment in type 2B vWd. (This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.) © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Amiodarone in the Treatment of Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias
Authors: Louis Rakita
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Large initial doses of amiodarone hydrochloride for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias refractory to conventional therapy were demonstrated to shorten the time to achieve control of the arrhythmia. As compared with a lower-dose regimen, the mean time to achieve partial control (suppression of ventricular tachycardia) was 10.6 ±5.2 days in the highest-dose group (group C), 9.5 ± 6.4 days in the medium-dose group (group B), and 16.9 ±9.1 days in the lowest-dose group (group A). Complete control (suppression of virtually all ventricular ectopy) was similarly earlier in groups B and C (16.1± 7.5 days and 16.0±11.3 days, respectively) as compared with group A (31.0± 10.1 days). The final mean dose for long-term treatment was independent of the initial dose schedule (551 ±245 mg/day; range, 200 to 1,200 mg/day). The large doses were shown to be well tolerated and without serious side effects. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;250:1293-1295)
Penis Clutching: A Cause and Its Cure
Authors: Gene A. Ward
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Young boys are sometimes observed clutching or holding their penises. This habit or symptom is often disconcerting to parents and may become a point of contention between child and parent. A fortuitous set of circumstances and an observant concerned parent led this author to the correlation of meatal stenosis with clutching of the penis. The symptom of penis clutching disappeared immediately after an adequate meatus was established. The following cases illustrate the cause and cure of penis clutching in some young boys. <h3>Report of Cases.—Case 1.—</h3> A 9-year-old boy, Little League ballplayer, was usually poised at shortstop holding his penis. The official team picture showed 14 smiling boys with one of them (this patient) clutching his penis. Soon after the baseball season, he underwent a right inguinal herniorrhaphy. A significant meatal stenosis was observed during surgery and a meatotomy was performed. Three weeks after surgery,