tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Global Fund tries to lessen impact of corruption cases with reiteration of zero tolerance
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The chief of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has reiterated that it will not tolerate corruption, after media reports speculating that billions of dollars may have disappeared from its programmes.

Michel Kazatchkine, the fund’s executive director, said, “The Global Fund has zero tolerance for corruption and actively seeks to uncover any evidence of misuse of its funds. It deploys some of the most rigorous procedures to detect fraud and fight corruption of any organisation financing development.” 

A report published by the fund in October found cases of fraud and abuse of grants by some ministries of health, national bodies, and civil society organisations in Djibouti, Mali, Mauritania, Zambia, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Haiti, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea.

Professor Kazatchkine said that the fund has suspended relevant grants in Mali and Zambia and …
337 SECRETED CYCLOPHILIN A VIA INTERACTING WITH CD147 INDUCES CELL PROLIFERATION THROUGH ERK1/2-MEDIATED G1/S TRANSITION IN CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA
Authors: S. Obchoei, K. Sawanyawisuth, C. Chalermwat, C. Wongkham, C. Chen, S. Wongkham
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Quadriceps and Diaphragmatic Function after Exhaustive Cycle Exercise in the Healthy Elderly
Authors: M. JEFFERY MADOR, THOMAS J. KUFEL, LILIBETH A. PINEDA
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether quadriceps or diaphragmatic fatigue or both occur after high-intensity cycle exercise to exhaustion in healthy elderly persons. Ten relatively sedentary male subjects aged 68.3 ± 1.4 yr (mean ± SE) (range: 60 to 75 yr) exercised at 65% to 75% of their predetermined maximal work capacity to the limits of tolerance on two separate days. On one occasion, quadriceps twitch force (Qtw) was measured during magnetic stimulation of the femoral nerve. On the other occasion, twitch transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pditw) was measured during bilateral stimulation of the phrenic nerves. Because potentiated twitches may be more sensitive for detecting fatigue, both unpotentiated and potentiated (obtained 5 s after a 5-s maximum voluntary muscle contraction) twitches were measured before and at 10, 30, and 60 min after exercise. During constant-load exercise, subjects exercised at 75 ± 7 W for 21.9 ± 1.8 min during the quadriceps studies, and for 17.7 ± 1.9 min during the diaphragm studies. Peak V˙ o 2 was 1.58 ± 0.08 L/min during both studies. Pditw (unpotentiated and potentiated) was not significantly different from baseline at any time after exercise. Unpotentiated Qtw was significantly decreased after exercise, to 64.0 ± 6.3% of the baseline value at 10 min after exercise (p < 0.0003), and remained significantly decreased at 30 min after exercise. Potentiated Qtw was also significantly decreased after exercise, to 63.5 ± 2.7% of the baseline value at 10 min after exercise (p < 0.0001), and remained significantly decreased at 30 and 60 min after exercise. In conclusion, high-intensity cycle exercise to exhaustion results in significant contractile fatigue of the quadriceps muscle but not of the diaphragm in healthy, relatively sedentary, elderly subjects.
August von Wassermann
Authors: Walter Heinemann
Journal: JAMA (1968)

To the Editor:—  From your article on August  Wassermann (204: 1000, 1968) the reader might suppose that the ennobling of Wassermann had to do with his scientific work. This is not the case.  His father, Angelo Wassermann, was raised to hereditary nobility by the King of Bavaria; thus Wassermann inherited his status as nobleman from his father.  I remember the circumstances still very well. I was assistenzarzt in the Rudolf Virchow Krankenhaus, adjacent to the Institut fur Infektionskrankheiten, where Wassermann worked (later called the Robert Koch Institut). I knew Wassermann very well, and, knowing his sense of humor, I delighted him with my question whether from now on we had to call the reaction the von Wassermannsche Reaktion. Almost 60 years have gone by, but everything lives still in vivid remembrance.
Effects of and adrenergic blockade on coronary arterial microvessels in the beating canine heart
Authors: N. Sekiguchi, H. Kanatsuka, T. Komaru, K. Akai, K. Sato, Y. Wang, M. Sugi, K. Ashikawa, T. Takishima
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

The aim was to clarify the effects of alpha and beta adrenergic blockade on coronary arterial microvessels and to assess the role of alpha and beta adrenergic tone in normally beating hearts.47 anaesthetised open chest dogs were studied. The diameters of epicardial arterial microvessels were measured in beating hearts using an incident light fluorescence microscope equipped with a floating objective. Drugs were infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery keeping the heart rate and aortic pressure at control levels. To examine the effect of alpha adrenergic blockade, phentolamine (100 micrograms.kg-1) was given in the absence or presence of beta adrenergic blockade (propranolol 50 micrograms.kg-1). To examine the effect of beta adrenergic blockade, propranolol (50 micrograms.kg-1) or three doses of ICI 118,551 (a selective beta 2 antagonist, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 microgram.kg-1.min-1) was given.Coronary arterial microvessels were divided into three groups according to the control diameters (D) of small (D less than 100 microns), medium (100 less than or equal to D less than 200 microns) and large (D greater than or equal to 200 microns) groups. In the absence of beta adrenergic blockade, phentolamine significantly dilated all vessel groups: small +19.6 (SEM 5.6)%, medium +5.8(2.3)%, large +5.3(0.9)%. In the presence of beta adrenergic blockade, the vasodilator effect of phentolamine was completely abolished. Propranolol constricted all vessel groups: small -3.6(1.1)%, medium -4.8(1.0)%, large -3.5(1.0)%. ICI 118,551 significantly constricted the large vessel group [-2.5(0.6)%] at the mid dose, and the medium and large vessel groups [medium -3.1(0.8)%, large -3.5(1.3)%] at the highest dose.These data indicate that (1) the vasodilator effect of phentolamine is induced by beta adrenergic stimulation; (2) resting alpha adrenergic tone of coronary arterial microvessels is minimal in normally beating hearts, and (3) resting beta adrenergic tone may play a physiological role in coronary arterial microvessels, and beta 2 adrenergic tone predominates in arterial microvessels greater than 100 microns in diameter.
A New Strategy to Improve Quality
Authors: Rachel M. Werner, Robert McNutt
Journal: JAMA (2009)

/privacyrule/adminsimpregtext.pdf. Accessed February 24, 2009. 4. Institute of Medicine. Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2009. 5. Association of Academic Health Centers. The HIPAA Privacy Rule: Lacks Patient Benefit, Impedes Research Growth. Washington, DC: AAHC; 2009. 6. Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (the “Common Rule”), 45 CFR part 46. http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/policy/common.html. Accessed February 24, 2009. 7. Rothstein MA. Research privacy under HIPAA and the common rule. J Law Med Ethics. 2005;33(1):154-159. 8. Lydon-Rochelle M, Holt VL. HIPAA transition: challenges of a multisite medical records validation study of maternally linked birth records. Matern Child Health J. 2004;8(1):35-38. 9. Breese P, Burman W, Rietmeijer C, Lezotte D. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the informed consent process. Ann Intern Med. 2004; 141(11):897-898. 10. Rotenberg M. Fair information practices and the architecture of privacy. Stanford Technol Law Rev. 2004;1:1-34. 11. Thomas R, Walport M. Data Sharing Review Report. http://www.justice.gov .uk/docs/data-sharing-review.pdf. July 2008. Accessed September 4, 2008. 12. Ness RB; Joint Policy Committee, Societies of Epidemiology. Influence of the HIPAA Privacy Rule on health research. JAMA. 2007;298(18):2164-2170. 13. American Society of Clinical Oncology. The Impact of the Privacy Rule on Cancer Research: Variations in Attitudes and Application of Regulatory Standards. Alexandria, VA: ASCO; 2008. 14. Greene SM, Bennett S, Kirlin B, Oliver KR, Pardee R, Wagner E. Impact of the HIPAA Privacy Rule in the HMO Research Network. Seattle, WA: Group Health Cooperative Center for Health Studies; 2008. 15. Armstrong D, Kline-Rogers E, Jani SM, et al. Potential impact of the HIPAA Privacy Rule on data collection in a registry of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(10):1125-1129.
Minimal Standard Terminology for Digestive Endoscopy: Results of Prospective Testing and Validation in the GASTER Project
Authors: M. Delvaux, M. Crespi, J. R. Armengol-Miro, F. Hagenmüller, W. Teuffel, K. B. Spencer, J. Stettin, F. M. Zwiebel
Journal: Endoscopy (2000)

Background and Study Aims: Standardization of the endoscopic report is a key issue for future research in the field of digestive endoscopy. The Minimal Standard Terminology (MST) has been proposed by the European Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) as a structured language for production of computerized endoscopic reports. The aim of this study was to validate version 1.0 of this terminology prospectively, by collecting cases in a multicenter, multilingual trial.
Airway Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Harvey R. Colten
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

During the two decades that followed the identification, in 1938, of cystic fibrosis as a distinct disease,1 few patients lived past the age of five years. At that time, most patients with cystic fibrosis died of rapidly progressive pulmonary infections. Delayed diagnosis of the disease, malnutrition, and ineffective antibiotic therapy were among the most important factors contributing to the dismal prognosis for patients with this relatively common genetic disorder. The discovery of an abnormality in sweat electrolytes soon led to the development of a simple method to diagnose cystic fibrosis and, more recently, has resulted in an understanding of the . . .
IgA autoantibodies against the NC16a domain of BP180 but not 120-kDa LAD-1 detected in a patient with linear IgA disease
Authors: N. Ishii, B. Ohyama, Z. Yamaguchi, T. Hashimoto
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Journal Article IgA autoantibodies against the NC16a domain of BP180 but not 120‐kDa LAD‐1 detected in a patient with linear IgA disease Get access N. Ishii, N. Ishii Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830‐0011, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. Ohyama, B. Ohyama Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830‐0011, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Z. Yamaguchi, Z. Yamaguchi Nihon University Nerima Hikarigaoka Hospital, 2‐11‐1 Hikarigaoka, Nerima‐ku, Tokyo 179‐0072, Japan E‐mail: norito@med.kurume‐u.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. Hashimoto T. Hashimoto Department of Dermatology, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahimachi, Kurume, Fukuoka 830‐0011, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 158, Issue 5, 1 May 2008, Pages 1151–1153, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08492.x Published: 01 May 2008
Cardiac and vascular effects of atrial natriuretic factor and sodium nitroprusside in healthy men.
Authors: L F Roy, R I Ogilvie, P Larochelle, P Hamet, F H Leenen
Journal: Circulation (1989)

To assess the contribution of venous effects to the hemodynamic changes caused by atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), the cardiac and peripheral effects of ANF were compared with those induced by the venoarterial vasodilator sodium nitroprusside. On 3 different days, eight healthy subjects received 2-hour infusions of either ANF, sodium nitroprusside, or placebo, by a single-blind crossover design. ANF was administered at a rate of 15 ng/kg/min for hour 1 and 50 ng/kg/min for hour 2; each infusion rate was preceded by a 50-micrograms bolus. The lower ANF infusion rate increased plasma cGMP fourfold, but only modest cardiovascular effects (small decreases in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes) were noted. At the higher ANF infusion rate, left ventricular volumes and intravascular volume, as indirectly assessed by changes in hematocrit levels, decreased further, which resulted in decreases in stroke volume, cardiac index, and systolic blood pressure. No evidence for arterial vasodilation (no decrease in diastolic blood pressure, total peripheral resistance, or forearm resistance) was obtained, and no increase in sympathetic activity was noted. In contrast, sodium nitroprusside caused arterial vasodilation, an increase in cardiac index, and significant increases in sympathetic activity. We conclude that short-term increases in plasma ANF within the physiologic range primarily affect the venous vascular bed (by decreasing intravascular volume or by venodilation) without increasing sympathetic activity.
Comprehensive genomic analysis identifies SOX2 as a frequently amplified gene in small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Charles M Rudin, Steffen Durinck, Eric W Stawiski, John T Poirier, Zora Modrusan, David S Shames, Emily A Bergbower, Yinghui Guan, James Shin, Joseph Guillory, Celina Sanchez Rivers, Catherine K Foo, Deepali Bhatt, Jeremy Stinson, Florian Gnad, Peter M Haverty, Robert Gentleman, Subhra Chaudhuri, Vasantharajan Janakiraman, Bijay S Jaiswal, Chaitali Parikh, Wenlin Yuan, Zemin Zhang, Hartmut Koeppen, Thomas D Wu, Howard M Stern, Robert L Yauch, Kenneth E Huffman, Diego D Paskulin, Peter B Illei, Marileila Varella-Garcia, Adi F Gazdar, Frederic J de Sauvage, Richard Bourgon, John D Minna, Malcolm V Brock, Somasekar Seshagiri
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up
Authors: Michael C. O'Donovan, Nicholas Craddock, Nadine Norton, Hywel Williams, Timothy Peirce, Valentina Moskvina, Ivan Nikolov, Marian Hamshere, Liam Carroll, Lyudmila Georgieva, Sarah Dwyer, Peter Holmans, Jonathan L. Marchini, Chris C.A. Spencer, Bryan Howie, Hin Tak Leung, Annette M. Hartmann, Hans Jürgen Möller, Derek W. Morris, Yong Yong Shi, Guo Yin Feng, Per Hoffmann, Peter Propping, Catalina Vasilescu, Wolfgang Maier, Marcella Rietschel, Stanley Zammit, Johannes Schumacher, Emma M. Quinn, Thomas G. Schulze, Nigel M. Williams, Ina Giegling, Nakao Iwata, Masashi Ikeda, Ariel Darvasi, Sagiv Shifman, Lin He, Jubao Duan, Alan R. Sanders, Douglas F. Levinson, Pablo V. Gejman, Nancy G. Buccola, Bryan J. Mowry, Robert Freedman, Farooq Amin, Donald W. Black, Jeremy M. Silverman, William F. Byerley, C. Robert Cloninger, Sven Cichon, Markus M. Nöthen, Michael Gill, Aiden Corvin, Dan Rujescu, George Kirov, Michael J. Owen
Journal: Nature Genetics (2008)
Breast Density and the Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Erik Thurfjell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

There is great variation among women in the density of breast parenchyma as seen on mammograms. Mammographic density also varies inversely with age. Thus, younger women tend to have denser breasts than older women, but many older women also have dense breasts.The mammographic density of breast parenchyma depends on the amount of connective tissue and glandular tissue in the breast. Breasts dominated by adipose tissue, which appear less dense, are easy to assess with mammography. Thus, the most important clinical implication of denser breasts is that they are more difficult to evaluate with mammography. Small breast cancers presenting as . . .
A History of the Royal College of Physicians of London. Vol 1
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1965)

All too rarely will a new book immediately establish itself as a classic and as the definitive study for generations to come. The newly published account of the Royal College of Physicians is, however, precisely such a book. The author, one of the leading historians of our times, and editor of the multi-volume Oxford History of England, is himself an outstanding authority on 17th-century English history. He has made himself a master in medical history as well.  To understand the medical past requires a thorough understanding of the intellectual, social, and political background. The entire 16th and 17th centuries in England were full of turmoil and conflicts, which Professor Clark well indicates. Against such a background he weaves his narrative. In early Tudor England a wide variety of individuals practiced the healing arts. Clark traces the state of medicine in the early period, and the early attempts of the physicians,
903 GENE EXPRESSIONS AFFECTING STEATOSIS AND OXIDATIVE STRESS IN FRUCTOSE-INDUCED NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE IN RATS
Authors: H. Schmilovitz-Weiss, E. Hochhauser, O. Pappo, S. Yitzhaki, Z. Ackerman, Y. Cheporko, A. Shainberg, E. Grossman, A. Leibovitz, Z. Ben-Ari
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Abstract 553: Discovery of novel TRK/FMS dual inhibitors as therapeutic candidates for pancreatic cancer
Authors: James Tsai, Jiazhong Zhang, Brian L. West, Bernice Wong, Betsy Burton, Gaston Habets, Adhirai Marimuthu, Emily Light, Ben Powell, Rafe Shellooe, Heidi Carias, Songyuan Shi, Wayne Spevak, Hoa Nguyen, Garson Tsang, Ying Zhang, Todd Ewing, Chao Zhang, Prabha Ibrahim, Gideon Bollag
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is a deadly malignancy in need of effective treatments. The most common driving oncogenes in pancreatic cancer – KRAS, p53, SMAD4, CDKN2A and CTNNB1 – historically have been difficult drug targets to modulate pharmacologically. An alternative approach could be to target regulators of tumor-stroma interactions. Pancreatic cancer invasion into neural tissue precedes tumor expansion. This perineural invasion is strongly associated with neural hypertrophy, pain and poor survival, and neurotrophins and their receptors (TRKs) are key suspects in mediating this process. At the same time, infiltrating macrophages are an additional component of the tumor microenvironment that supports tumor growth, invasion and inflammation, and the receptor for CSF-1 (FMS) is a key mediator of the function and survival of these macrophages. Both TRKs and FMS are transmembrane proteins with tyrosine kinase activities that can be inhibited with small molecule agents. We have developed a series of TRK/FMS dual inhibitors to target cancers that exhibit both neural and inflammatory components. These compounds inhibit biochemical TRK and FMS kinases with IC50&amp;lt;20nM and inhibit the proliferation of BaF3 cells engineered to express active TRK and FMS with IC50&amp;lt;50nM. In counterscreens across a broad kinase panel, these inhibitors are highly selective against non-target kinases. The lead compounds show good oral bioavailability in pharmacokinetic tests. Utilizing the engineered BaF3-TRK and BaF3-FMS cells injected into mice as pharmacology models, the lead candidates show growth inhibition of &amp;gt;80% at doses of 20 mg/kg qd, and without body weight changes, showing that efficacy is not due to nonspecific toxicity. In a mouse Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) model, robust efficacy was demonstrated in readouts of paw edema, thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, showing that these compounds reduce swelling and pain. In the TRK-driven SK-N-SH xenograft model, tumor growth reduction of &amp;gt;50% was observed. These compounds also showed anti-tumor efficacy of &amp;gt;40% in an orthotopic Panc-1 (pancreatic cancer) model. Evaluation of compound effects on perineural invasion and inflammation is ongoing. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 553. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-553
Changing Concepts of the Epidemiology of Insulin-dependent Diabetes
Authors: Peter H Bennett
Journal: Diabetes Care (1985)

Recent epidemiologic studies of the determinants and natural history of IDDM using HLA typing and detecting islet cell antibodies have shown that HLA-identical siblings of probands with IDDM are at extremely high risk of developing IDDM, and that islet cell antibodies and glucose intolerance usually appear long before clinical manifestations. Thus, the disease often has a long latent period. The epidemiologic characteristics of the disease, in particular relating to variation in age of onset and seasonal variation, must now be reinterpreted in the light of these observations. It appears that the variation in seasonal onset and the age distribution probably reflect the effects of factors that precipitate clinical manifestations of the disease rather than those that are directly responsible for initiating pancreatic beta-cell destruction. The ability to identify individuals at high risk of developing IDDM now allows investigations designed to identify factors responsible for initiating pancreatic beta-cell destruction, and many ultimately result in the application of preventive measures for the disease.
Transparency and trust: Figure for ghost written articles was misquoted
Authors: David T Healy
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—Editor's choice in the issue of 23 October on transparency and trust seems to perpetuate a misleading press citation of my testimony to a House of Commons Select Committee last month.1 The original statement, supported by the transcript, was that 50% of the articles dealing with therapeutics were ghost written, not 50% of all articles.2 …
Computer interpretation of pediatric orthogonal electrocardiograms: statistical and deterministic classification methods.
Authors: C R Brohet, A Robert, C Derwael, R Fesler, M Stijns, A Vliers, L A Braasseur
Journal: Circulation (1984)

Statistical multivariate and conventional deterministic methods of computerized interpretation of the electrocardiogram (ECG) were compared in the analysis of 1711 pediatric orthogonal ECGs validated by nonelectrocardiographic criteria on the basis of clinical and anatomic diagnoses. Among 642 children catheterized for the evaluation of congenital heart disease, there were 140 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy, 299 with right ventricular hypertrophy, and 203 with biventricular hypertrophy. A group of 1069 obviously healthy school children was studied as a control. The overall accuracy of multigroup ECG diagnosis was 85% and 79% for the statistical and deterministic methods, respectively. The diagnostic performances of both methods expressed in terms of sensitivity and predictive value were the highest for normal children and those with right ventricular hypertrophy and lowest for children with biventricular hypertrophy. The statistical method was more sensitive in the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (74% vs 64%), right ventricular hypertrophy (86% vs 83%), and biventricular hypertrophy (62% vs 50%). Mutual agreement for a correct diagnosis by the two methods was 83% for normal children and 82% for those with right ventricular hypertrophy but only 61% for children with left ventricular hypertrophy and 39% for those with biventricular hypertrophy. In conclusion, better classification results are obtained with statistical multivariate techniques as compared with conventional deterministic analysis, but both methods of ECG interpretation are complementary and their combination in the same electrocardiographic computer program can improve diagnostic accuracy.