tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Testing for Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Authors: Alberto Odio
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Drs Kellogg and Manzella<sup>1</sup>are to be congratulated for their review of the complicated subject of testing for streptococcal pharyngitis. However, I feel some important aspects of such testing may warrant further clarification. The primary reason for testing is to find patients with active infection. The best way to determine this, as the authors allude to early in their article, is to demonstrate a significant antibody titer rise between the acute and the convalescent serum samples of patients. Titers are not clinically helpful for an individual patient but serve as our "gold standard" against which other tests should be compared. Instead, as the authors document, most recent studies on throat cultures use other throat cultures as the standard comparison.<sup>2</sup> Now, the new "rapid strep tests" are being evaluated with throat culture results, not by comparing them with the gold standard of antibody titer rise.<sup>1,3</sup>
Clinicopathological Characterization of TSH-Producing Adenomas: Special Reference to TSH-immunoreactive but Clinically Non-functioning Adenomas
Authors: Elaine Lu Wang, Zhi Rong Qian, Shozo Yamada, Md Mustafizur Rahman, Naoko Inosita, Teruyoshi Kageji, Hideko Endo, Eiji Kudo, Toshiaki Sano
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2009)
Human papillomavirus testing and the management of women with mildly abnormal cervical smears: an observational study
Authors: G. Rebello
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Following publication of a report in Health Technology Assessment the NHS is running a pilot scheme screening women for human papillomavirus if they have a mildly dyskaryotic or borderline smear. 1 How reliable is testing for human papillomavirus as a marker for high grade disease in those with mildly abnormal smears?
DEMOBILIZATION OF MEDICAL OFFICERS
Authors: None Caduceus
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —With the big war over—for all are agreed that the signing of the armistice ended the war—although theoretically we are in a state of war until the peace conference concludes its work, a goodly portion, if not a large majority, of the more than thirty thousand physicians in service are anxious to resume their civil status. While it is recognized that there is an immense work ahead of our military establishment and while the army of occupation will require a considerable number of medical officers, it is to be hoped that the War Department will adopt a policy of at least consulting the wishes of medical officers over 40 years of age, with dependents, and dependent on their professional incomes, before continuing them on the active list. Physicians of this age may resume their civil status after an absence of a year or eighteen months practically picking
Discussion of Tanaka's paper.
Authors: C Hayashi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

The theory of quantification is a method of statistical data analysis of categorical data. In other words, this is a kind of data theory and is closely related to optimum scaling method. This method has been mainly developed by Guttman in Israel and Hayashi in Japan. The multidimensional scaling method, which has been recently developed, is considered to be a continuation of the theory of quantification. Tanaka discussed mathematically some of Hayashi's methods of quantification. The present paper, gives an overview of the methods developed by him and other closely related methods and gives the orientation of those methods introduced by Tanaka. Then, as an illustration of exploratory categorical data analysis, the experimental data of Grizzle are analyzed by using the second method of quantification. The data structure is shown heuristically as a spatial configuration of factors in two-dimensional Euclidean space.
P34 Are nursing staff sufficiently educated and competent in managing patients with a chest drain?
Authors: G. Fremlin, R. Baker, G. Walters, T. Fletcher
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> The British Thoracic Society recommends that patients with chest drains should be nursed on a ward familiar with their care. Instruction from doctors and appropriate training of nursing staff is imperative to minimise complications associated with chest drains. Our audit aimed to determine the nurses9 level of knowledge regarding chest drain management and the support and direction provided by doctors following drain insertion. <h3>Methods</h3> We undertook a prospective case-note audit of chest drain insertion, management and complication rates. In addition we interviewed 100 nurses across medical wards familiar with chest drains, and they undertook a structured questionnaire about training, knowledge and confidence in chest drain care. <h3>Results</h3> 29 chest drains were inserted. 65% patients suffered no complications but 25% patients reported pain during or following drain insertion. Potential for serious incidents was high; 20% of effusions drained &gt;2 l within the first hour and 10% of pneumothoraces were clamped following insertion. Although all nurses reported to have managed a drain only 12% had received formal training and only 34% felt confident in managing a drain. Complication rates correlated with nurses9 responses; 34% believed pain-relief was only indicated following insertion; 8% would clamp a drain inserted for a pneumothorax, while 20% were unsure whether a pneumothorax drain should be clamped; 16% believed pleural effusion drains should never be clamped, while 28% were unsure. Of those who believed an effusion drain should be clamped, 29% felt this was indicated after &gt;2 l was drained within the first hour. Of concern, nurses on respiratory wards appeared to have limited knowledge of drain management. 78% of nurses felt poor instruction was provided by ward doctors with regard to chest drain management. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Lack of evidence-based nursing care and insufficient training has resulted in uncertainty and knowledge deficit in important aspects of chest drain care, exposing patients to avoidable complications. Poor instructions to nurses from doctors following drain insertion further compromises patient care. A carefully designed and implemented care bundle to guide nurses through drain management could significantly lower post-insertion complications; an example has been rolled out and is illustrated.
Microbiology as a Medical Discipline
Authors: D. Kingston
Journal: BMJ (1966)

no doubt gained the sympathy of a number of pathologists when he suggested -that the true qualities of a good laboratory technician are being overlooked by those pro- moting higher academic standards, paper qualifications, and State registration.Path- -ologists have long insisted that a good -technician is one who is able to carry out tests under their direction conscientiously and deftly without more than superficial concern with the underlying theory.Such persons and the qualities recommended by Mr. Spray --common sense, critical mind, conscientiousness, reliability, and ability to use their hands --are certainly invaluable.Educationalists and pathologists have, however, slowly 'become aware that among persons with these
Abstract 1497: Inducing a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition for the targeting of cancer stem cells.
Authors: Diwakar R. Pattabiraman, Ferenc Reinhardt, Brian Bierie, Robert A. Weinberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The occurrence of metastasis and the persistence of chemotherapy-resistant carcinoma cells are the two leading factors that contribute to cancer-related deaths. Both these properties of tumors have been shown to arise from the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process that leads to the generation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Hence, it is believed that eradication of these CSCs represents the most effective way to curb tumor progression and relapse. Recent studies from the Weinberg lab have implicated key signalling pathways in the induction and maintenance of the mesenchymal state, including TGFβ and Wnt. Through this project, we propose to use a number of small-molecule inhibitors of specific signaling pathways, including those mentioned above, to induce a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) in human breast cancer cell lines. Upon inhibition of these essential pathways, the ability of these cells to form tumors, seed metastases, and exhibit resistant to doxorubicin and paclitaxel will be tested. Preliminary results show selective targeting of mesenchymal cells upon treatment with a combination of TGFβ and non-canonical Wnt inhibitors, which appear to induce their apoptosis as well as promote their differentiation back to an epithelial-like state. We hypothesize that upon inducing differentiation of the mesenchymal/stem-like population of the cancer cells using various combinations of small-molecule inhibitors, they will lose their ability to metastasize and will exhibit an increased susceptibility to apoptosis upon treatment with the above-mentioned chemotherapeutic agents. If successful, these inhibitors, or improved versions, will have the potential to be used in conjunction with chemotherapeutic drugs in the clinic to curb the relapse and progression of cancers. The significance of this work extends beyond breast cancers to a large number of carcinomas that have been shown to undergo an EMT, including prostate, colon and lung cancers. Citation Format: Diwakar R. Pattabiraman, Ferenc Reinhardt, Brian Bierie, Robert A. Weinberg. Inducing a mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition for the targeting of cancer stem cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1497. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1497 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
Tumor Growth Instability and Its Implications for Chemotherapy
Authors: Paolo Castorina, Daniela Carcò, Caterina Guiot, Thomas S. Deisboeck
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Optimal delivery of chemotherapy intensity is dependent on host- and tumor-specific characteristics. In this article, the chemotherapy late intensity schedule is revised to account for tumor growth instability, where a small tumor cell fraction emerges that exhibits a higher proliferation rate than the parent strain. Modeling this instability as simplified two-population dynamics, we find that: (a) if this instability precedes the onset of treatment, the slope of the linear increase of the drug concentration for the standard “Norton-Simon late intensity schedule” changes and the initial value of the dose strongly depends on the ratio of the two tumor cell populations and on their distinct growth rates; and (b) if the instability trails the initial treatment, the effective chemotherapeutic drug concentration changes as well. Both cases point toward testable potential refinements of the Norton-Simon late intensity schedule. [Cancer Res 2009;69(21):8507–15]
Impatiens pollen germination and tube growth as a bioassay for toxic substances.
Authors: D E Bilderback
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1981)

Pollen of Impatiens sultanii Hook F. germinates and forms tubes rapidly at 25 degrees C in a simple medium containing 111.0 ppm CaCl2, 13.6 ppm KH2PO4, and 1000 ppm boric acid. Calcium, potassium, and boron are essential for germination and tube growth, but sucrose is not required. Pollen tubes grow with equal rapidity in liquid medium or on a medium solidified with 1% agar. Tube growth rates are linear for 1 hr. When different pollen sources or clonal sources are utilized, no variation in pollen tube growth is observed, and pollen from individual flowers remain viable for 26 hr. Formaldehyde inhibits pollen germination, tube production, and tube lengths at 7.5-10 ppm. With 2,4-dichlorophenol, pollen germination and tube production is inhibited at 0.5-20 ppm, while tube growth is inhibited significantly at 25 ppm. A biphasic inhibition of germination and tube formation occurs with p-cresol with a low level of inhibition occurring at 40-60 ppm and a higher one at 100-125 ppm. Tube lengths were inhibited at 150 ppm p-cresol. Acrylamide and dioctyl phthalate have no measurable effect upon pollen germination and tube growth.
The Self-reporting of Cocaine Use
Authors: John K. Watters, Richard Needle, Barry S. Brown, Norman Weatherby, Robert Booth, Mark Williams
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Bok,<sup>1</sup>discussing informed consent in tests of patient reliability, mentions two methodological problems that contribute to one horn of the dilemma of ethical research. If informed consent is required, then some patients will refuse to participate, thereby altering the population to which the results of the study can be generalized. In addition, some participating patients may give different answers to sensitive questions than they would have given had they been kept in partial ignorance of the study's goals. In so doing, they will change the meaning of their responses to something different from those they would have given had informed consent been avoided. Bok describes the other aspects of the dilemma very clearly so I will concentrate my comments on these two methodological problems. If informed consent is regarded as an essential part of the ethical design of a particular study, then some questions become
Clinical Trial Of Para-Amino-Salicylic Acid in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: J. J. R. Duthie, J. N. Swanson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1950)

Para-amino-salicylic acid (PAS) has been used in recent years in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.A review of some of the relevant literature has recently been given by Joules and Nassau (1949).Its action is believed to depend upon its close physico-chemical relationship to other substances taking part in the respiratory processes of the tubercle bacillus (Bernheim, 1940).Its pharmacology has been extensively studied by Way and others (1948).Although the authors do not believe that the tubercle bacillus is concerned in the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis, a number of workers have commented upon the common association of the two diseases and have advanced the view that in at least a proportion of cases of rheumatoid arthritis this association may be of aetiological significance (Copeman, 1936).Material A supply of the drug sufficient for the treatment of six cases was made available by the manufacturers.As it is generally agreed that rest and simple physiotherapy will lead to marked improvement in the majority of cases of rheumatoid arthritis, five patients were selected who continued to exhibit signs of clinical activity in the form of swelling, pain, and limitation of movement in the affected joints after several weeks of such non-specific treatment.The basic regime in these cases consisted of controlled rest, postural and remedial exercises, the application of splints to the affected joints, and a good diet supplemented by extra protein and vitamin concentrates.It was felt that any marked improvement which began after the administration of PAS could be fairly attributed to the drug.In one case (Case 2) treatment was limited to simple rest in bed, and PAS was given from the start.Details of all six cases are given in Table I.In two patients (Cases 1 and 2) x-ray changes were minimal and the possibility of complete recovery still existed.In two others (Cases 3 and 4) the disease was more advanced and permanent damage had taken place, although a good functional recovery was still possible.In the last two cases (Cases 5 and 6) the patients were severely crippled and still in a very active phase of the disease.
Is Serum S100 Protein Associated with the Angiographic Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Acute Coronary Syndromes?
Authors: Berkay Ekici, Ramazan Oğuz Şahin, Meltem Altınsoy, Savaş Açıkgöz, Rabia Şeker, Selda Demirtaş, Fatma Şule Korkmaz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Cancer of the Head and Neck
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The nasopharynx is a small boxlike structure at the top of the pharyngeal cylinder. Neoplasms spread in two directions, each leading to distinct neurological signs. Direct extension through the foramen lacerum into the cavernous sinus and middle fossa of the skull leads to the involvement of cranial nerves III, IV, V, VI, and more rarely cranial nerve II. By contrast, spread to the lateral pharyngeal nodes in and about the carotid jugular sheath in the retroparotidian space results in infiltration of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII. Usually cranial nerves VII and VIII are spared. Knowledge of the cranial nerve anatomy is critical to appreciate the extent of disease, and evaluate the patterns of spread. <h3>Current Classifications.—Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) System.—</h3> Both the Union International Contre le Cancrum (International Union Against Cancer [UICC])<sup>1</sup>and the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging and End Results Reporting
Perspectives on Hepatitis B Vaccination-Reply
Authors: R. Gordon Douglas
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The Landmark Perspective article was written in response to a request from the editors of<i>JAMA</i>to provide a historical perspective on the Landmark Article by Buynak et al.<sup>1</sup>The purpose of the Perspective was to trace the development of hepatitis B vaccines and to show how they can be used to eliminate and eventually eradicate hepatitis B infection, and with it many cases of cirrhosis and cancer of the liver, from the human population. My article was not intended to provide complete information about hepatitis B vaccines. Dr Waisbren must know that lawsuits and isolated case reports of adverse events occurring in temporal association with vaccination do not prove a causal relationship. In fact, the Vaccine Safety Committee of the Institute of Medicine examined 4 types of evidence to determine if a causal Association exists between the administration of certain types of vaccines and selected adverse experiences. They
Determinants of restenosis and lack of effect of dietary supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid on the incidence of coronary artery restenosis after angioplasty
Authors: Leeanne E. Grigg, Thomas W.H. Kay, Peter A. Valentine, Richard Larkins, Dorothy J. Flower, Emmanuel G. Manolas, Kerin O'Dea, Andrew J. Sinclair, John L. Hopper, David Hunt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1989)
The Polyphenols Resveratrol and S17834 Prevent the Structural and Functional Sequelae of Diet-Induced Metabolic Heart Disease in Mice
Authors: Fuzhong Qin, Deborah A. Siwik, Ivan Luptak, Xiuyun Hou, Lei Wang, Akiko Higuchi, Robert M. Weisbrod, Noriyuki Ouchi, Vivian H. Tu, Timothy D. Calamaras, Edward J. Miller, Tony J. Verbeuren, Kenneth Walsh, Richard A. Cohen, Wilson S. Colucci
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Background— Diet-induced obesity is associated with metabolic heart disease characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. Polyphenols such as resveratrol and the synthetic flavonoid derivative S17834 exert beneficial systemic and cardiovascular effects in a variety of settings including diabetes mellitus and chronic hemodynamic overload. Methods and Results— We characterized the structural and functional features of a mouse model of diet-induced metabolic syndrome and used the model to test the hypothesis that the polyphenols prevent myocardial hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet or a diet high in fat and sugar (HFHS) with or without concomitant treatment with S17834 or resveratrol for up to 8 months. HFHS diet–fed mice developed progressive left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction with preservation of systolic function in association with myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. In HFHS diet–fed mice, there was increased myocardial oxidative stress with evidence of oxidant-mediated protein modification via tyrosine nitration and 4-OH-2-nonenol adduction. HFHS diet–fed mice also exhibited increases in plasma fasting glucose, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance indicative of insulin resistance. Treatment with S17834 or resveratrol prevented left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction. For S17834, these beneficial effects were associated with decreases in oxidant-mediated protein modifications and hyperinsulinemia and increased plasma adiponectin. Conclusions— Resveratrol and S17834 administered concurrently with a HFHS diet prevent the development of left ventricular hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the beneficial effects of the polyphenols, including a reduction in myocardial oxidative stress and related protein modifications, amelioration of insulin resistance, and increased plasma adiponectin. The polyphenols resveratrol and S17834 may be of value in the prevention of diet-induced metabolic heart disease.
The Eisenmenger Syndrome: I
Authors: P. Wood
Journal: BMJ (1958)

NomenclatureEponymous titles are no longer in fashion, because they frequently lend themselves to controversy over historical precedence, invite criticism on the grounds of descriptive inaccuracy, and can usually be replaced with advantage by a scientific name which simultaneously identifies, defines, and classifies the disease in question.The term "Eisenmenger's syndrome," as used in these lectures, therefore requires some explanation, especially since the Editor of the British Heart Journal stated recently that it has " outlived [its] usefulness and should no longer be used in clinical medicine" (Brotmacher and Campbell, 1958).An eponymous title may be justified, however, when it has been introduced by someone singularly entitled to do so (Abbott and Dawson, 1924), when it has become familiar by customary use on an international scale over a period of 34 years, when the aetiology and precise mechanism of the syndrome are still controver- sial, and when there is no convenient alternative title likely to stand the test of time.Nothing is gained by changing customary nomenclature prematurely.To dispense with the term altogether, and to regard the Eisenmenger complex simply as a variety of ventricular septal defect, is to deny the very essence of the syn- drome, for, as will become clear later, its distinguishing feature lies not in the anatomy of the defect, but in the behaviour of the pulmonary circulation.It may help at this early stage to state precisely what Eisenmenger described.Dr. Victor Eisenmenger published his paper on "congenital defects of the ventricular septum " in 1897.He described in detail a typical example of the condi- tion that has since become known as Eisenmenger's complex.His patient was a powerfully built man of 32 who gave a history of cyanosis and moderate breath- lessness since infancy.The cyanosis increased consider- ably on effort.He managed well enough, however, and was able to lead an active life until January, 1894, when dyspnoea increased and oedema set in.Seven months later (August) he was admitted to hospital in a state of heart failure.Examination revealed marked cyanosis, clubbing of the fingers and toes, thickening of the distal joints, and