tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B in Families
Authors: Clarence J. Peters, Karl M. Johnson, William C. Reeves
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Letters and Corrections1 November 1982Hepatitis B in FamiliesCLARENCE J. PETERS, M.D., KARL M. JOHNSON, M.D., WILLIAM C. REEVES, M.D.CLARENCE J. PETERS, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, KARL M. JOHNSON, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, WILLIAM C. REEVES, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-97-5-787_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The paper by Leichtner and co-workers (1) on intensive studies of hepatitis B infection in two families concluded that "horizontal, nonparenteral transmission of hepatitis B, although infrequently recognized, may readily occur in certain American families." Extrapolations from this study may be limited because the index family included four chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers, was composed largely of recent Haitian immigrants, and lived in extremely crowded conditions. SubsequentAnnalspapers have emphasized homosexual behavior, immunosuppression, parenteral exposure, or contact with clinical specimens in the spread of hepatitis B. Nevertheless, considerable transmission of hepatitis B in the...References1. LEICHTNERLECLAIRGOLDMANNSCHUMACHERGEWOLBKATZ AJDRIA. Horizontal nonparenteral spread of hepatitis B among children. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:346-9. LinkGoogle Scholar2. PETERSREEVESRIVERAJOHNSON CWVK. Epidemiology of hepatitis B antigen in Panama. Am J Epidemiol. 1973;98:301-10. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. PETERSPURCELLLANDERJOHNSON CRJK. Radioimmunoassay for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen shows transmission of hepatitis B virus among household contacts. J Infect Dis. 1976; 134:218-23. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. REEVESPETERSMOONPURCELL WCTR. Familial clustering of hepatitis B surface antigen among Panamanian Indians. J Infect Dis. 1975;131:67-70. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. REEVESPETERS WC. The seroepidemiology of reovirus, coxsackie virus B, and hepatitis B virus infections among Panamanian Indian children. J Infect Dis. 1976;133:268-73. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: CLARENCE J. PETERS, M.D.; KARL M. JOHNSON, M.D.; WILLIAM C. REEVES, M.D.Affiliations: Gorgas Memorial Laboratory Panama Republic of Panama PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byFluorine and NitrogenThe significance of AIDS to dentists and dental practice 1 November 1982Volume 97, Issue 5Page: 787-787KeywordsAntigensBehaviorChronic hepatitis BExtrapolationHepatitis BHomosexualsInfectious hepatitis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1982 PDF downloadLoading ...
3′-Deoxy-3′-[18F]Fluorothymidine Positron Emission Tomography Is a Sensitive Method for Imaging the Response of BRAF-Dependent Tumors to MEK Inhibition
Authors: David B. Solit, Elmer Santos, Christine A. Pratilas, Jose Lobo, Maxim Moroz, Shangde Cai, Ronald Blasberg, Judith Sebolt-Leopold, Steven Larson, Neal Rosen
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Activating mutations of BRAF occur in ∼7% of all human tumors and in the majority of melanomas. These tumors are very sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK), which causes loss of D-cyclin expression, hypophosphorylation of Rb, and G1 arrest. Growth arrest is followed by differentiation or senescence and, in a subset of BRAF mutant tumors, by apoptosis. The former effects result in so-called “stable disease” and, in patients with cancer, can be difficult to distinguish from indolent tumor growth. The profound G1 arrest induced by MEK inhibition in BRAF mutant tumors is associated with a marked decline in thymidine uptake and is therefore potentially detectable in vivo by noninvasive 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. In SKMEL-28 tumor xenografts, MEK inhibition completely inhibited tumor growth and induced differentiation with only modest tumor regression. MEK inhibition also resulted in a rapid decline in the [18F]FLT signal in V600E BRAF mutant SKMEL-28 xenografts but not in BRAF wild-type BT-474 xenografts. The data suggest that [18F]FLT PET can effectively image induction of G1 arrest by MEK inhibitors in mutant BRAF tumors and may be a useful noninvasive method for assessing the early biological response to this class of drugs. [Cancer Res 2007;67(23):11463–9]
Numerical representations are neither abstract nor automatic
Authors: Dale J. Cohen
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

In this commentary, I support and augment Cohen Kadosh & Walsh's (CK&W's) argument that numerical representations are not abstract. I briefly review data that support the non-abstract nature of the representation of numbers between zero and one, and I discuss how a failure to test alternative hypotheses has led researchers to erroneously conclude that numerals automatically activate their semantic meaning.
Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in cystic fibrosis—associated liver disease: A dose-response study
Authors: Carla Colombo, Andrea Crosignani, Marisa Assaisso, Pier Maria Battezzati, Mauro Podda, Annamaria Giunta, Linda Zimmer-Nechemias, Kenneth D. R. Setchell
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Previous studies from our groups have demonstrated improvements in biochemical markers of liver function when cystic fibrosis patients with associated liver disease were administered oral ursodeoxycholic acid. The magnitude of the response was somewhat less than that found when comparable doses (10 to 15 mg/kg body wt/day) of ursodeoxycholic acid are given to other liver disease patients; this may be explained by the bile acid malabsorption that is characteristic of the disease. For this reason a dose-response study was carried out in nine cystic fibrosis patients with liver disease to establish whether improved efficacy could be obtained with higher doses. Ursodeoxycholic acid in doses of 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg body wt/day was given orally for consecutive 2-mo periods in a replicated Latinsquare design. After this, all patients received 20 mg/kg body wt/day. Liver function, individual serum bile acids and biliary bile acid composition were determined at entry and at the end of each treatment period. Our data demonstrate that the magnitude of the biochemical improvement in serum liver enzymes was significantly greater with higher doses of ursodeoxycholic acid; at 20 mg/kg body wt/day it was similar to that reported for patients with other liver diseases administered lower doses. Biliary ursodeoxycholic acid enrichment increased with increasing doses, attaining 42% ± 6% of the total biliary bile acids with the highest dose. Fasting serum ursodeoxycholic acid concentrations increased during ursodeoxycholic acid administration but were variable and correlated poorly with the dose of ursodeoxycholic acid administered, whereas no correlation was found between serum ursodeoxycholic acid concentration and the proportion of ursodeoxycholic acid in bile. Our data indicate a need for doses of ursodeoxycholic acid of 20 mg/kg body wt/day or greater to obtain optimal improvement in biochemical indices of liver function and biliary ursodeoxycholic acid enrichment in cystic fibrosis patients with associated liver disease. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;16:924–930.)
New Mechanistic and Therapeutic Targets for Pediatric Heart Failure
Authors: Kristin M. Burns, Barry J. Byrne, Bruce D. Gelb, Bernhard Kühn, Leslie A. Leinwand, Seema Mital, Gail D. Pearson, Mark Rodefeld, Joseph W. Rossano, Brian L. Stauffer, Michael D. Taylor, Jeffrey A. Towbin, Andrew N. Redington
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Develop and Expand Registries and DatabasesThe WG recognized the importance of multicenter trials, but also acknowledged the challenges of conducting randomized clinical trials in pediatric HF.Creating a national pediatric HF registry could identify subpopulations that benefit from targeted therapies, link phenotypic and genotypic data, and characterize high-performing centers with model practices.Existing resources should be leveraged and expanded, including the Pediatric Cardiac Genomics Consortium, Pediatric Heart Network, Cell Therapy Network, Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry, and Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Specimen Repository.The increased granularity of registries and databases with genomics, biomarkers, and systematically collected longitudinal data will improve knowledge of mechanisms, outcomes, and therapeutic responses.
Economic Implications of Evidence-Based Prescribing for Hypertension
Authors: Michael A. Fischer, Jerry Avorn
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Deviation from evidence-based guidelines in hypertension treatment is common, but its economic impact has not been rigorously studied. Suboptimal prescribing patterns contribute to the high cost of medications for elderly patients as well as the difficulty in providing affordable prescription drug benefits for older Americans.To calculate the potential savings from the perspective of health care payers that would result from increased adherence to evidence-based recommendations for managing hypertension in patients older than 65 years.Comparative analysis of medications prescribed vs potential regimens suggested by evidence-based guidelines tailored to each patient's medical history, with calculation of the costs of both the actual and the evidence-based regimens.A total of 133,624 patients being treated for hypertension during 2001 who were enrolled in a large state pharmaceutical assistance program that provides prescription drug insurance for elderly persons.Cost difference between medications actually prescribed and regimens suggested by evidence-based guidelines.The patients studied filled more than 2.05 million prescriptions for antihypertensive medications in 2001, at an annual program cost of 48.5 million dollars (363 dollars per patient). We identified 815,316 prescriptions (40%) for which an alternative regimen appeared more appropriate according to evidence-based recommendations. Such changes would have reduced the costs to payers in 2001 by 11.6 million dollars (nearly a quarter of program spending on antihypertensive medications), as well as being more clinically appropriate overall. Replacement of calcium channel blockers resulted in the largest potential savings. Use of pricing limits similar to those in the Medicaid program would have resulted in even larger potential savings of 20.5 million dollars (42% of program costs).Adherence to evidence-based prescribing guidelines for hypertension could result in substantial savings in prescription costs for elderly patients with hypertension that would amount to savings of about 1.2 billion dollars nationally. Identification of similar areas in which prescribing can be improved will be critical for the affordability of prescription drug benefit programs.
Fewer boys born in New York after 9/11 attacks
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Anxiety and stress in New York city in the aftermath of the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center five years ago may have resulted in the birth of fewer boys months later, research shows.

Based on more than 700 000 births in New York city between January 1996 and June 2002, the study shows that the birth sex ratio for the city dropped to below one in the January after the attacks—its lowest level ( Human Reproduction 2006 Aug 26, doi: 10.1093/humrep/del283).

One theory …
Multimeric pattern discrepancy between platelet and plasma von Willebrand factor in type IIC von Willebrand disease
Authors: J. Batlle, M. F. Lopez Fernandez, A. Fernandez Villamor, C. Lopez Berges, T. S. Zimmerman
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract von Willebrand factor (vWF) from platelet lysate and plasma, collected in the presence of protease inhibitors, was studied in two patients with type IIC von Willebrand disease (vWD). Platelet and plasma vWF showed the smallest multimer increased, but the latter had a repeating single band whereas the former had a repeating “doublet.” This platelet‐plasma discrepancy observed for the first time in these patients suggests that the repeating “doublet” or single band described in other type IIC patients represent minor subgroups of type IIC vWD.
Susceptible chiasmate configurations of chromosome 21 predispose to non–disjunction in both maternal meiosis I and meiosis II
Authors: Neil E. Lamb, Sallie B. Freeman, Amanda Savage-Austin, Dorothy Pettay, Lisa Taft, Jane Hersey, Yuanchao Gu, Joe Shen, Denise Saker, Kristen M. May, Dimitris Avramopoulos, Michael B. Petersen, Anni Hallberg, Margareta Mikkelsen, Terry J. Hassold, Stephanie L. Sherman
Journal: Nature Genetics (1996)
Mortality from methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in England and Wales: analysis of death certificates
Authors: N S Crowcroft
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The number of infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureu s (MRSA) is increasing every year in England and Wales. 1 2 These infections are more difficult to treat than others because of the resistance of the bacterium to first line antibiotics. The impact of these infections on mortality has been unknown; data on the mortality caused by MRSA infections is not routinely available because the international classification of diseases (ICD) has no code for these infections. The evidence that the infections are associated with a higher mortality than methicillin sensitive S aureus infections is equivocal.1 We used death certificates to examine the evidence that mortality due to MRSA and staphylococcal infections in England and Wales is increasing.

In 1993 redevelopment of the processing systems for death registrations in England and Wales enabled death registration data to be analysed by all …
Absence of Antidiuresis during Administration of Prostaglandin F2 
Authors: G. Roberts, J. McGarry, A. C. Turnbull
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Water diuresis was induced in six patients in mid-pregnancy. Three were then given oxytocin and the remainder prostaglandin F(2)alpha (PGF(2)alpha), both drugs being infused intravenously in doses used to induce labour at term. Pronounced antidiuresis occurred with oxytocin, whereas PGF(2)alpha showed no such effect. The probable absence of any risk of water intoxication when using PGF(2)alpha in inducing labour may be of particular value when maternal pre-eclampsia or renal disease is present.
REACTIVE HYPEREMIA PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL TONOMETRY SCORE IDENTIFIES RESPONDERS TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY
Authors: Sercan Okutucu, Farzin Jam, Ergun B. Kaya, Banu Evranos, Sabanov Cingiz, Ugur N. Karakulak, Fatihoglu G. Sefik, Kudret Aytemir, Giray Kabakci, Lale Tokgozoglu, Ozkutlu Hilmi, Oto Ali
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Partitioning of Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue Deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN) Differentially Regulates the Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
Authors: Ji-Hyun Chung, Charis Eng
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a tumor suppressor phosphatase that dephosphorylates both protein and lipid substrates, is found to be mutated in both heritable and sporadic breast cancer. Cellular PTEN has been shown to regulate Akt phosphorylation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, p27kip1, and cyclin D1 protein levels. Additionally, we and others have shown that PTEN can regulate not only the cell cycle but also cellular apoptosis. Until recently, the functions of PTEN have been thought to occur through cytoplasmic PTEN. However, we have shown that PTEN localizes to the nucleus and that this localization coincides with the G0-G1 phases of the cell cycle. Furthermore, we have shown that PTEN has bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS)-like sequences that are required for major vault protein-mediated nuclear import. These findings suggest that subcellular localization of PTEN may regulate its function and that nuclear-localized PTEN may regulate unique cellular functions that have been attributed to cytoplasmic PTEN. To examine this possibility, we analyzed downstream PTEN readouts using MCF-7 Tet-Off breast cancer cell lines stably transfected with two different NLS mutant PTEN constructs, which do not localize to the nucleus, and compared these with cells transfected with wild-type PTEN and empty vector control cells. We found that cytoplasmic PTEN down-regulates phosphorylation of Akt and up-regulates p27kip1, whereas nuclear PTEN down-regulates cyclin D1 and prevents the phosphorylation of MAPK. Additionally, whereas we observe that nuclear PTEN is required for cell cycle arrest, we found that cytoplasmic PTEN is required for apoptosis. Our observations show that nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning differentially regulates the cell cycle and apoptosis and, in this manner, provide further evidence that nuclear import of PTEN should play a role in carcinogenesis.
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1/HTLV-IIIBa-L) replication in fresh and cultured human peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages by azidothymidine and related 2',3'-dideoxynucleosides.
Authors: C F Perno, R Yarchoan, D A Cooney, N R Hartman, S Gartner, M Popovic, Z Hao, T L Gerrard, Y A Wilson, D G Johns
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Because of the probable role of HIV-infected monocyte/macrophages in the pathogenesis and progression of AIDS, it is essential that antiretroviral therapy address viral replication in cells of this lineage. Several dideoxynucleosides have been shown to have potent in vitro and, in the case of 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), in vivo activity against HIV. However, because these compounds must be phosphorylated (activated) in target cells, and because monocyte/macrophages may have levels of kinases that differ from those in lymphocytes, we investigated the capacity of these drugs to suppress HIV replication in monocyte/macrophages using HIV-1/HTLV-IIIBa-L (a monocytotropic isolate). In the present study, we observed that HTLV-IIIBa-L replication in fresh human peripheral blood monocyte/macrophages was suppressed by each of three dideoxynucleosides: 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC), and 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddA). Similar results were observed in 5-d-cultured monocyte/macrophages, although higher concentrations of the drugs were required. We then studied the metabolism of AZT and ddC in such cells. The phosphorylation of ddC to a triphosphate moiety was somewhat decreased in monocyte/macrophages as compared with H9 T cells. On the other hand, the phosphorylation of AZT in monocyte/macrophages was markedly decreased to 25% or less of the level in T cells. However, when we examined the level of the normal endogenous 2'-deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools, which compete with 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside triphosphate for viral reverse transcriptase, we found that the level of 2'-deoxycytidine-triphosphate (dCTP) was six- to eightfold reduced, and that of 2'-deoxythymidine-triphosphate (dTTP) was only a small fraction of that found in T cell lines. These results suggest that the ratio of dideoxynucleoside triphosphate to normal deoxynucleoside triphosphate is a crucial factor in determining the antiviral activity of dideoxynucleosides in HIV target cells, and that the lower levels of dTTP may account for the antiretroviral activity of AZT in the face of inefficient phosphorylation of this compound.
The evolution of the human brain
Authors: Percival Bailey
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The writer of this small monograph is one of the few persons trained in both anthropology and neurology. The book treats the evolution of the brain from<i>Australopithecus</i>to modern man. It does not attempt to go anterior to<i>Australopithecus</i>, but touches upon a few points in the evolution of the brain prior to the primate stage. Studied here are the final steps in the evolution of the human brain, neglecting the contemporary great apes which must vary considerably from the fossil forms through which man went. Considerable data are given by the author to show that none of the living primates is in the direct ancestral line. Chapter 2 presents a summary discussion of the fossil forms with which the book deals—<i>Australopithecus, Sinanthropus-Pithecanthropus, Solo</i>man and<i>Neanderthal</i>man—as an introduction to the description of their endocranial casts in chapter 3. The author notes that cranial capacity is not
Mechanisms of action of hisamine and histamine antagonists on the glomerular microcirculation in the rat.
Authors: I Ichikawa, B M Brenner
Journal: Circulation Research (1979)

We made direct measurements of pregiomerular, glomerular, and postglomerular pressures and flows before and during intra-aortic infusion of a mildly vasodepressor dose of histamine in 20 Munich-Wistar rats.As with whole kidney GFR, single nephron (SN) GFR remained unchanged during histamine infusion, despite significant mean increases in total renal and glomerular plasma flow (QA) rates, as well as in mean glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure (Pec)-These hemodynamic changes were accompanied by proportionately greater reductions in afferent than in efferent arteriolar resistances.A declinein the glomerular capillary ultrafiltration coefficient, K r , served to offset the increases in QA and PGC.thus accounting for the near-constancy of SNGFR and GFR.Infusion of diphenhydramine, but not metiamide, largely prevented these histamine-induced changes in the glomerular microcirculation, indicating that, in the Munich-Wistar rat, the action of histamine on the glomerulus is channeled largely through an Hi-receptor system.Fractional clearances of uncharged dextrans with molecular radii of 20-42 A, measured in a separate group of five rats, were unaffected by histamine infusion.Using a hydrodynamic theory describing transport of macromolecules through an isoporous membrane, we showed that histamine did not affect glomerular pore size but did produce a major reduction in the ratio of pore area:pore length, a measure of pore density.Taken in conjunction with the finding of a histamine-induced decline in Kr, the results with dextrans suggest that the fall in Kf is due largely to a functional reduction in total filtration surface area.Ore Res 45: 737-745, 1979 HISTAMINE causes local edema in skin and skeletal muscle by increasing net fluid filtration and transcapillary passage of circulating macromolecules (Grega et al., 1972;Haddy et al., 1972;Rippe and Grega, 1978).Although histamine also behaves as a potent vasodilator of the renal circulation, an accompanying increment in glomerular filtration rate has been found to be either small or absent (O'Brien and Williamson, 1971;Selkurt, 1977;Banks et al., 1978).Moreover, in rats receiving high doses of histamine, Schwartz and Cotran (1972) failed to detect alterations in the transglomerular passage of macromolecules, including carbon particles.To characterize more fully the renal microcirculatory actions of histamine, we measured pregiomerular, glomerular, and postglomerular pressures and flows before and during histamine infusion in Munich-Wistar rats.Fractional clearances of uncharged dextrans also were measured, thus permitting an evaluation of the effects of histamine on the transglomerular
Long-term prognostic significance of early molecular response to imatinib in newly diagnosed chronic myeloid leukemia: an analysis from the International Randomized Study of Interferon and STI571 (IRIS)
Authors: Timothy P. Hughes, Andreas Hochhaus, Susan Branford, Martin C. Müller, Jaspal S. Kaeda, Letizia Foroni, Brian J. Druker, François Guilhot, Richard A. Larson, Stephen G. O'Brien, Marc S. Rudoltz, Manisha Mone, Elisabeth Wehrle, Vijay Modur, John M. Goldman, Jerald P. Radich
Journal: Blood (2010)