tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Transplacental Transmission of Herpes Simplex
Authors: L. Cederqvist, G. Eliasson, L. Lindell
Journal: BMJ (1967)

BTMISHnot merely the estimation of reducing substances-which meet the needs of their particular laboratories.4-6Perhaps it would be helpful if details of their experiences with these methods were made available to biochemists, either through your columns or through the Association of Clinical Biochemists.Similar problems have arisen in relation to the use of ortho-tolidine in tests for residual chlorine in water-in this case the Water Research Association has recommended an alternative test based on NN'diethylparaphenylene diamine, which is not believed to be carcinogenic-and in relation to the use of 1-naphthylamine in tests for nitrates in sewage effluents or in urine.Recently an alternative test for urinary nitrites has been proposed.7Here again it would be useful if the experience of those who have changed to alternative methods could be collated and brought to the notice of biochemists.Since it is apparent that it will not be possible to abandon the use of all carcinogenic aromatic amines in medical biochemistry immediately, it would be wise in the mean- while for the head of every laboratory where these substances are used to ensure that all his staff are aware of the possible dangers and of the necessary precautions, and to see that these precautions are in fact observed.-I am, etc.,
Does the fatty acid profile of dietary fat influence its trophic effect on the small intestinal mucosa?
Authors: A P Jenkins, R P Thompson
Journal: Gut (1993)

To compare the enterotrophic effects of different triglycerides, five groups of eight rats were fed mixed diets giving 50% of calories as oils rich in either essential fatty acids (EFA), alpha-linolenic acid, fully saturated fatty acids, oleic acid, or medium chain fatty acids. After 21-24 days there were no significant differences between the groups in overall small intestinal whole gut weight, mucosal weight, or mucosal DNA; overall mucosal protein showed slight variation (p &lt; 0.05) that was compatible with differences in food intake between the groups. However, long chain triglycerides (LCT) and medium chain triglycerides (MCT) differed in their regional effects on cell proliferation; all four LCT rich diets increased mucosal mass and cell proliferation maximally in the mid small intestine, while MCT had their greatest effect proximally. Subsequently, two groups of eight rats were fed diets in which EFA or MCT were given as twice daily boluses (29% of dietary calories) for 20 to 23 days and compared with a third group of eight rats receiving a glucose rich, low fat diet. EFA and MCT boluses increased the overall parameters of small intestinal mucosal mass and for both oils the effects were now maximal in the mid small intestine. Thus different triglycerides have similar effects on overall small intestinal mucosal mass, but MCT differ from LCT in their regional effects on mucosal cell proliferation when they are given in mixed diets, although not when given as boluses.
Researchers Hope Measuring Performance Will Improve Stroke Care and Prevention
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2010)

A REGISTRY DESIGNED TO COLLECT and share hospital performance data can improve stroke care, a new study suggests. But the advancementssofarhaveappearedonlyinselected areas,leavingthoseinvolvedinstrokecare and prevention still with plenty to do. The study, released November 6 by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), focused on the statebased Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry, which measures 10 performance metrics representative of quality stroke care. The analysis found that participating hospitals during 20052007, compared with the 2001-2004 prototype phase, substantially improved their rates of antithrombotic therapy prescribed at discharge, smoking cessation counseling, lipid testing, and dysphagia screening. However, the frequency of delivery of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) to eligible patients and of transport of patients to the hospital by emergency medical services (EMS) remained stubbornly low (George MG et al. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2009;58[7]:1-23). Mary G. George, MD, MSPH, medical officer with the CDC’s Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention and lead author of the study, said the findings show the registry is meeting its intended goals. “The registry allows hospitals to work together to share ways to improve the quality of care,” George said. The Paul Coverdell National Acute Stroke Registry (named for the US Senator from Georgia who died in 2000 following a cerebral hemorrhage) is a cooperative agreement, begun in 2001, between the CDC and various state health departments. It is designed to collect state-based data that reflect facilities’ adherence to guidelines for fast andeffective stroke treatment. These data can then be used to guide interventions
Formation of an Aortic Graft-Enteric Fistula 20 Years after Aortic Graft Placement
Authors: T. Yusuf, J. Clain
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Figure 1 An 80-year-old man presented with epigastric discomfort, melena, fever, and chills. He had a history of an aorto-bifemoral graft, placed for the treatment of claudication about 20 years prior to this presentation. Computed tomography of the abdomen revealed an air bubble in the graft and a small fluid collection around the graft. Blood cultures were positive for bacteremia and fungemia. Upper endoscopy was performed and the appearance was diagnostic of an aorto-duodenal fistula. A large area of ulceration which exposed a section of Dacron graft (arrow) was identified in the third portion of the duodenum. There was no evidence of active bleeding. The patient underwent excision of the infected aortic graft and repair of the aorto-enteric fistula, and was doing well at his 6-month follow-up.
Serum markers of graft-versus-host disease after bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Hiroyuki Kayaba, Makoto Hirokawa, Arata Watanabe, Norihiro Saitoh, Cui Changhao, Yoshiyuki Yamada, Kohei Honda, Yoshimi Kobayashi, Osamu Urayama, Junichi Chihara
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2000)
Cross-colonisation with Pseudomonas aeruginosa of patients in an intensive care unit
Authors: D. C J J Bergmans, M. J M Bonten, F. H van Tiel, C. A Gaillard, S. van der Geest, R. M Wilting, P. W de Leeuw, E. E Stobberingh
Journal: Thorax (1998)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is usually preceded by colonisation of the respiratory tract. During outbreaks, colonisation with <i>P aeruginosa</i> is mainly derived from exogenous sources. The relative importance of different pathways of colonisation of <i>P aeruginosa</i> has rarely been determined in non-epidemic settings. <h3>METHODS</h3> In order to determine the importance of exogenous colonisation, all isolates of <i>P aeruginosa</i> obtained by surveillance and clinical cultures from two identical intensive care units (ICUs) were genotyped with pulsed field gel electrophoresis. <h3>RESULTS</h3> A total of 100 patients were studied, 44 in ICU 1 and 56 in ICU 2. Twenty three patients were colonised with <i>P aeruginosa</i>, seven at the start of the study or on admission and 16 of the remaining 93 patients became colonised during the study. Eight patients developed VAP due to <i>P aeruginosa</i>. The incidence of respiratory tract colonisation and VAP with <i>P aeruginosa</i> in our ICU was similar to that before and after the study period, and therefore represents an endemic situation. Genotyping of 118 isolates yielded 11 strain types: eight in one patient each, two in three patients each, and one type in eight patients. Based on chronological evaluation and genotypical identity of isolates, eight cases of cross-colonisation were identified. Eight (50%) of 16 episodes of acquired colonisation and two (25%) of eight cases of VAP due to <i>P aeruginosa</i> seemed to be the result of cross-colonisation. <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Even in non-epidemic settings cross-colonisation seems to play an important part in the epidemiology of colonisation and infection with <i>P aeruginosa</i>.
Anderson's disease: genetic exclusion of the apolipoprotein-B gene in two families.
Authors: M Pessah, P Benlian, I Beucler, N Loux, J Schmitz, C Junien, R Infante
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Anderson's disease is a recessive disorder characterized by intestinal fat malabsorption, absence of postprandial chylomicrons, and reduced levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and apoproteins B, AI, and C. We have studied two families with, respectively, three and two children with Anderson's disease. Intestinal apo-B and apo-AIV mRNAs from two Anderson's patients were normal in size but their concentration was decreased fivefold compared with controls. After DNA digestion with seven restriction enzymes, restriction fragment length polymorphisms of apo-B gene did not show conclusive information except for Xba1, which revealed a lack of cosegregation between the restriction fragment length polymorphism and the Anderson's phenotype. Linkage analysis was performed using the polymorphism of the apo-B gene 3'minisatellite. Genomic DNA from parents and children was amplified by polymerase chain reaction using oligonucleotide primers flanking the apo-B gene 3'hypervariable locus. In both families each child inherited different apo-B alleles from at least one parent. According to the recessive mode of transmission of the disease, our results are incompatible with the involvement of the apo-B gene. More likely a posttranslational defect or a mutation in another gene encoding a protein essential for lipoprotein assembly or secretion may be involved.
An ADDRESS on a SERIES of CASES of APPENDICITIS ASSOCIATED with GENERAL PERITONITIS, together with Other Cases of Appendicitis Operated on within the Year: Delivered before the Medical Society of London, December 14th, 1896
Authors: M. Robson
Journal: BMJ (1896)

MR. PRESIDENT,-The various pathological classifications of appendicitis are of greater scientific than of clinical import- ance when the question of operation has to be conbidered, and I think it will be found that the division of cases into acute and subacute will serve a more useful purpose, than to speak of catarrhal, ulcerative, and infective, or of endo-, parietal-, peri-and para-appendicitis.The most important points to settle in any given case of appendicitis are: (i) Ought an operation to be done? (2)If so, when?It may sound somewhat radical, but I speak from conviction after considerable experience, when I say that I believe the early operation, undertaken as soon as appendicitis is dia- gnosed, first advocated by Dr. McBurney, would lead to a far greater percentage of recoveries than the method of indivi- dualising which we in England still adopt, and which we seem likely to continue. 1 believe this because I know that the removal of an appendix before suppuratiOn, perforation, or gangrene has
Functional Roles of a Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Activated K <sup>+</sup> Channel in Atrioventricular Nodes
Authors: Qian Zhang, Valeriy Timofeyev, Ling Lu, Ning Li, Anil Singapuri, Melissa K. Long, Chris T. Bond, John P. Adelman, Nipavan Chiamvimonvat
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Since the first description of the anatomical atrioventricular nodes (AVNs), a large number of studies have provided insights into the heterogeneity of the structure as well as a repertoire of ion channel proteins that govern this complex conduction pathway between the atria and ventricles. These studies have revealed the intricate organization of multiple nodal and nodal-like myocytes contributing to the unique electrophysiology of the AVN in health and diseases. On the other hand, information regarding the contribution of specific ion channels to the function of the AVN remains incomplete. We reason that the identification of AVN-specific ion channels may provide a more direct and rational design of therapeutic target in the control of AVN conduction in atrial flutter/fibrillation, one of the most common arrhythmias seen clinically. In this study, we took advantage of 2 genetically altered mouse models with overexpression or null mutation of 1 of a small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel isoform, SK2 channel, and demonstrated robust phenotypes of AVN dysfunction in these experimental models. Overexpression of SK2 channels results in the shortening of the spontaneous action potentials of the AVN cells and an increase in the firing frequency. On the other hand, ablation of the SK2 channel results in the opposite effects on the spontaneous action potentials of the AVN. Furthermore, we directly documented the expression of SK2 channel in mouse AVN using multiple techniques. The new insights may have important implications in providing novel drug targets for the modification of AVN conduction in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias.
THE ARTIFICIAL FEEDING OF INFANTS IN GASTRO-INTESTINAL DISTURBANCES.
Authors: J. M. G. CARTER
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Careful study of artificial feeding must be made in two classes of patients; 1, infants whose mother's milk does not agree; and 2, whose mothers are unable to nurse them. Some of these cases may be supplied by a wet nurse and perhaps everything pass along satisfactorily; but so much trouble is sometimes experienced with wet nurses and so much success attends artificial feeding by means of cow's milk, that many physicians today have almost entirely abandoned the wet-nurse method of feeding babies, especially in view of the fact that it is often difficult to secure a wet nurse whose constitutional history is entirely satisfactory.  In every case it is necessary to determine the cause of disturbance. Not until this is done is the physician in a position to permit or advise the adoption of an artificial diet. The most common cause of digestive derangements in infants is some fault
Progressive Primary Tuberculosis in the Adult and Its Differentiation from Lymphomas and Mycotic Infections
Authors: David T. Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

THE death rate from tuberculosis in the United States has decreased from 200 per 100,000 in 1900 to approximately 30 in 1948. The present population is intermittently rather than constantly exposed to tubercle bacilli; consequently, an ever-increasing number of adults are found to be tuberculin negative.Although conclusive statistical data are lacking, apparently the primary infection in the adult is predominantly an asymptomatic process. When lesions do appear in the lungs a few months after the conversion of a negative to a positive tuberculin test, they usually have the roentgenographic appearance of an ordinary, chronic type of adult or reinfection . . .
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibits interleukin (IL)-1 and/or IL-6 stimulated synthesis of C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes
Authors: SH Yap, HJ Moshage, BPC Hazenberg, HMJ Roelofs, J Bijzet, PC Limburg, LA Aarden, MH Rijswijk van
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1989)
Junior doctors' shifts and sleep deprivation: Pendulum is still swinging
Authors: Andrew Short
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Junior doctors' shifts and sleep deprivation New on-call rotas do not workEditor-Clearly the editorial by Murray et al on junior doctors' shifts has struck a chord with many, as on-call rotas are something close to many doctors hearts. 1 2 To most it seems the grass is not greener on the other side.Having worked most rotas, be it a traditional one in four, with full weekends, to partial, hybrid, and full shift patterns, I am in a reasonable position to comment on what I think makes a liveable on-call rota.I was under the impression that the European Working Time Directive was set out to improve the health and safety of workers, make working conditions better, but also make life away from work better because doctors would be less tired.The directive scores a "no" against all of these.I find myself more tired at work and at home, less enthusiastic, and less motivated by what is becoming a regular chore.Instead of being on call once a week, I find myself doing an on-call shift two or three times a week (on average), being late home more often than not because fewer juniors are around, and spending less time with my young children.The "old" rota system of a 24 hour oncall, with at least six on a rota, made on-call shifts less frequent, more tolerable, and even enjoyable.It also left plenty of time for training, and so long as there were six or more on rota, it made the annual leave far more flexible and workable.Anaesthetists rarely complained, certainly compared with other specialties' rotas, and everyone knew that however busy, you were always going to go home to a full day off in the morning.Why not listen to those doing the rota, and affected family members, and respect within reason what the workers want to work.
Biliary Obstruction and Pancreatitis Caused by Brunner's Gland Hyperplasia of the Ampulla of Vater: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: W. Mayoral, J. A. Salcedo,, E. Montgomery,
Journal: Endoscopy (2000)

Tumors arising from Brunner's glands in the duodenum are very rare [1] [2] [3] . To our knowledge, only 144 cases have been reported to date in the literature; and many of them have been incidental findings at barium studies or at laparotomy. Of those that produce symptoms, most do so because of hemorrhage and bleeding. Obstruction resulting in pancreatitis has not been reported. Herein, we report a case of Brunner's gland hyperplasia (BGH) presenting with acute pancreatitis.
EBUS-TBNA for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer
Authors: F. Herth, M. Krasnik, P. Vilmann
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) usually metastasizes first to hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. Subsequently, hematogenous metastasis to distant sites may occur. Because survival is inversely correlated with stage, a meticulous staging procedure is required to determine the treatment and prognosis [1] [2]. For staging of NSCLC, the TNM classification has been developed, in which T stands for local tumor extension, N for lymph node metastasis, and M for distant metastasis. The lymph node map by Mountain et al., and its revisions are often used for the description of the N factor of the TNM classification [3]. Mediastinal lymph node staging can be divided into imaging and sampling. Computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) may be used to image mediastinal lymph nodes [4]. Pathologic sampling of suspicious lesions can be performed by mediastinoscopy, thoracoscopy, transthoracic fine-needle aspiration, transbronchial fine-needle aspiration, and endoscopic ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration [4] [5].
XDR-TB in South Africa: Detention Is Not the Priority
Authors: Eric Goemaere, Nathan Ford, Daniel Berman, Cheryl McDermid, Rachel Cohen
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

It is only about 25 years since the abolition or abandonment of TB sanatoria in South Africa.It is likely that there are people in South Africa who are familiar with the idea of isolation of TB patients from the general public emanating from the era of TB sanatoria, and it is conceivable that they are likely to be understanding of the reasons that were used to keep patients there during their treatment.These people could help to make the idea of isolation in sanatoria acceptable again to the general public.Anyway, the TB sanatoria of this era were rightfully regarded as hospitals, as indeed they were, and I cannot see why modern day sanatoria should be viewed any differently.Granted, with the likelihood that the patients detained in these envisaged isolation areas may be more likely to die than be discharged, it will be a mammoth task to convince the "detainees" to stay there or their families to allow them to be kept there, especially if they are minors or the elderly infi rm.It is a tough call but it is worth a try.
Case of Obstruction from Gall Stone-Spontaneous Fracture and Recovery
Authors: A. Jamison
Journal: BMJ (1888)

THE BPJTIBH MEDICAL JOIRNAE.187 iodoform), and by external applications (as by inhalations of enca.lyptol); and the application and influence of the antiseptic should be complete, continuous, and prolonged. DERMEPENTHESIS.(AlpFa-g-riv0rats.)By G. F. CADOGAN-MASTERMAN, L
EFFECTS OF BARBITURATE SEDATION ON THE BRAIN IN TOXEMIA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Milton L. McCall
Journal: JAMA (1952)

Recently quantitative studies of cerebral circulation and metabolism have been carried out on women with toxemia of pregnancy.<sup>1</sup>It was found that the cerebral blood flow was not affected by any type of toxemia. The most striking departure from normal was the presence of a greatly increased cerebrovascular resistance, thought to be due to vasospasm. In eclampsia with convulsions, there was a depression of cerebral oxygen metabolism. This knowledge has given us a new insight into the pathophysiology of the brain in toxemia of pregnancy and has opened the way to the evaluation of the effects of therapy on this organ.<sup>2</sup> In modern times one of the most important aspects of therapy in this disease of obscure causation has been the use of large amounts of sedatives in an attempt to prevent or allay convulsions by depressing the central nervous system. The mechanism of this cerebral depression has
Rapid Diagnosis of Bacteremia With Quantitative Differential-Membrane Filtration Culture
Authors: William R. Winn
Journal: JAMA (1966)

In 13 cases of bacteremia, rapid bacteriological diagnosis was made through membrane filtration of extracellular organisms. Colonies isolated by filtration can be quickly identified with certain rapid tests. Blood may be processed so that extracellular bacteremia can be quantitatively distinguished from intraleukocytic and erythrocyte-associated infection. The importance of expediting diagnosis of bacteremia is discussed in the context of occurrence of serious bacterial infection in this antibiotic era.
Intact human erythrocytes prevent hydrogen peroxide-mediated damage to isolated perfused rat lungs and cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells.
Authors: K M Toth, D P Clifford, E M Berger, C W White, J E Repine
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Addition of untreated or glutaraldehyde-fixed human erythrocytes decreased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated acute edematous injury in isolated rat lungs, H2O2-induced damage to cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells, and H2O2-dependent oxidation of reduced cytochrome C in vitro. The results suggest that intact erythrocytes can scavenge H2O2, and as a result, protect the lung and possibly other tissues from damage.
Umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants: Authors' reply
Authors: S Kinmond, B M Holland, T L Turner, C A J Wardrop
Journal: BMJ (1993)

may improve outcome without any obvious deleterious effects.But, on the basis of currently available evidence, uncertainty remains.Before widespread changes in practice are made this finding needs confirmation in a larger trial with mortality and major respiratory and cerebral morbidity as the primary outcomes.
Urticaria/arthritis syndrome: report of four B51 positive patients.
Authors: G Pasero, I Olivieri, G Gemignani, C Vitali
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

The development of articular manifestations in the course of chronic urticaria or in urticarial vasculitis has been widely reported. It is not completely clear, however, whether common pathogenetic mechanisms are involved in all patients with these clinical features. Four consecutive patients with simultaneous urticarial and articular manifestations, but without any evidence of an immune complex mediated disease, are described. The HLA-B51 antigen was positive in all these patients, suggesting that a common genetic background may be present in some cases of urticaria with articular complaints.