tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Membrane domains and the immunological synapse: keeping T cells resting and ready
Authors: Michael L. Dustin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

The immune system has a huge stake in keeping mature T lymphocytes in a resting state until needed. Inappropriate T cell activation has devastating consequences for the host, including a variety of autoimmune diseases (1, 2). It is possible that the T cell maintains its quiescent state through overwhelming negative regulation, but this is unlikely because the T cell has to be ready to react with great sensitivity to MHC-peptide complexes on the surface of the antigenpresenting cell (APC). As few as three agonist MHC-peptide complexes on the surface of the APC are sufficient to activate a thymocyte for negative selection, whereas 300 are necessary to activate a naive T cell, with an intermediate number required for an effector T cell (3). Because only a fraction of these complexes will be found in the interface with a given thymocyte or T cell, it appears that thymocytes can be triggered by one MHC-peptide complex and that naive T cells require only about a dozen. Both thymocytes and mature T cells must measure interactions of T cell receptors (TCRs) with self-peptides that may be more numerous but that have interactions so weak as to be beyond reliable biochemical
Imaginative scrub-jays, causal rooks, and a liberal application of Occam's aftershave
Authors: Nathan J. Emery, Nicola S. Clayton
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract We address the claim that nonhuman animals do not represent unobservable states, based on studies of physical cognition by rooks and social cognition by scrub-jays. In both cases, the most parsimonious explanation for the results is counter to the reinterpretation hypothesis. We suggest that imagination and prospection can be investigated in animals and included in models of cognitive architecture.
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–specific T and B cells cooperate to induce a Devic-like disease in mice
Authors: Estelle Bettelli, Dominique Baeten, Anneli Jäger, Raymond A. Sobel, Vijay K. Kuchroo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2006)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a clinically and pathologically heterogeneous inflammatory/demyelinating disease of the CNS. In the MS variant Devic disease, lesions are predominantly found in the optic nerves and spinal cord but not the brain. The immunological bases of the different forms of MS are unknown. We previously generated myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein–specific (MOG-specific) TCR transgenic mice (TCRMOG mice; also referred to as 2D2 mice) and reported that a large proportion of these mice develop spontaneous isolated optic neuritis. We have now crossed the TCRMOG mice with MOG-specific Ig heavy-chain knock-in mice (IgHMOG mice; also referred to as Th mice), in which one-third of the B cells are specific for MOG. In these mice, MOG-specific B cells are very efficient in presenting MOG to the transgenic T cells and undergo class switching to IgG1 in the presence of the transgenic T cells. Sixty percent of TCRMOG×IgHMOG mice spontaneously developed a severe form of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Histological examination of the CNS revealed a selective distribution of meningeal and parenchymal inflammatory lesions in the spinal cord and optic nerves. Thus, CNS antigen–specific T and B cells cooperate to induce a distinct clinicopathologic EAE pattern that closely replicates human Devic disease.
Preoperative Use of Atropine and Electrocardiographic Changes
Authors: Jack M. Kaufman
Journal: JAMA (1967)

There is a frequent coexistence of biliary disease and arteriosclerotic heart disease. Occasionally the electrocardiographic changes are severe and might militate against surgical intervention. Three patients with biliary disease, gallstones, and profound T-wave inversion on the electrocardiogram were given 2 mg of atropine intramuscularly. Marked improvement in the ECG occurred after taking the atropine and the improvement was corroborated by cholecystectomy. Ten other patients with T-wave inversion and ischemic heart disease were also given atropine. In these patients without gallbladder disease, no change occurred.
Birth Defects and Vaginal Spermicides
Authors: Samuel Shapiro
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In a cohort study of 50,282 pregnancies recruited between 1958 and 1965, there were 462 gravidae who used nonmercurial spermicides (mostly nonoxynol-9 and octoxynol); the estimated rate ratio for major malformations was 0.9 (95% confidence limits, 0.6 to 1.6). There were also 889 women who used phenylmercuric acetate (no longer available as a spermicide); the corresponding rate ratio was 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3). Limb reduction deformities, neoplasms, Down's syndrome, and hypospadias did not occur in excess in children exposed to spermicides. (<i>JAMA</i>1982;247:2381-2384)
Air pollution and lung cancer: what more do we need to know?
Authors: A J Cohen
Journal: Thorax (2003)

Further work is needed to quantity the effect of outdoor air pollution on lung cancer

Lung cancer accounts for 1.2 million deaths yearly worldwide, exceeding mortality from any other cancer in the developed countries.1 The vast majority are caused by tobacco smoking, but environmental causes of cancer, including air pollution, have long been a concern also.2 Outdoor air pollution has received particular attention lately as research has proliferated linking exposure, even at low ambient levels, to a wide range of adverse health effects including increased mortality and morbidity from non-malignant cardiovascular and respiratory disease and lung cancer. In response, international agencies such as the World Health Organization and governments in Europe, the US and Canada have reviewed existing air quality standards and, in many cases, moved to strengthen them. In the developed countries, where air quality has generally improved in recent decades, the scientific basis and public health efficacy of these actions have been questioned by industries whose emissions are regulated and others. In this context, reports linking air pollution and lung cancer are likely to attract attention and generate controversy. The publication of the paper by Nafstad and colleagues in this issue of Thorax is an occasion to consider both the contribution of this study to the evidence linking air pollution and lung cancer and what additional research may be needed.3

Exposure to outdoor air pollution has been associated with small relative increases in lung cancer in studies conducted over the past four decades.4 The epidemic of lung cancer emerging in the 1950s in the US and Europe motivated early research on the role of air pollution, including studies of migrants and urban-rural comparisons but, as the role of cigarette smoking became increasingly clear, interest in air pollution waned. However, recent prospective cohort and case-control …
The Nuclear Weapons Freeze and a Cancer Metaphor
Authors: André Bruwer
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The nuclear arms race has been described as a cancer spreading through human society and threatening its existence. Bruwer characterizes the current superpower reaction to this nuclear threat, deterrence through a mutual weapons buildup, as a palliative approach that can only postpone death. He compares a bilateral weapons freeze to a hypothetical cancer freeze, a strategy that would not get rid of existing arsenals, but would buy negotiating time to work toward the elimination of these weapons. Answering critics who say that a freeze is unrealistic, or does not go far enough, Bruwer reminds them that it would be a beginning.
Blunt abdominal trauma: Back to clinical judgement in the era of modern technology
Authors: Raafat Y. Afifi
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2006)

Abdominal trauma poses a diagnostic challenge to most trauma surgeons. This study evaluates a clinical scoring system in 476 blunt abdominal trauma patients treated by the author over a period of 92 months. Patients were sorted into three groups according to the score results. Priority I group (160 patients) was subjected to an immediate laparotomy. Priority II group (200 patients) was treated according to the results of auxiliary investigations. Priority III group (116 patients) was kept under observation. The treatment outcome was used as a gold standard for the evaluation of the results. In priority I and III groups (276 cases) the management was only dependent on the proposed clinical score with a 100% specificity, 88% sensitivity, 90% positive predictive value, 100% negative predictive value and an overall accuracy of 94%. This scoring system (CASS) is helpful in ensuring rapid diagnosis and treatment, reduces time, costs and mortality that may result from improper and/or delayed diagnosis.
Mechanistic and structural insight into the functional dichotomy between IL-2 and IL-15
Authors: Aaron M Ring, Jian-Xin Lin, Dan Feng, Suman Mitra, Mathias Rickert, Gregory R Bowman, Vijay S Pande, Peng Li, Ignacio Moraga, Rosanne Spolski, Engin Özkan, Warren J Leonard, K Christopher Garcia
Journal: Nature Immunology (2012)
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: Staging as an Aid to Management
Authors: Roy Patterson, Paul A. Greenberger, Robert C. Radin, Mary Roberts
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Five stages of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis were identified in 40 patients studied for several years. The stages are acute, remission, exacerbation, corticosteroid-dependent asthma, and fibrotic. The acute stage has all criteria of the disease and responds to prednisone. The remission stage is free from significant asthma or exacerbations. The exacerbation stage has recurrent flares of acute allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The corticosteroid-dependent asthma stage may have recurrent exacerbations of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and severe asthma. The fibrotic stage is an advanced stage of radiographic abnormalities with asthma, irreversible and partially reversible obstructive pulmonary function changes, and poor prognosis. Measurement of IgE and IgG antibodies against Aspergillus fumigatus is of diagnostic value in all stages.
Obstetrics and Gynecology Annual
Authors: Brian Little
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Although the title<i>Obstetrics and Gynecology Annual</i>connotes a yearly volume, the content is not necessarily what one would expect. The book turns out to be a potpourri: everything from stilted medical essays to thoughtful, concise statements by cognoscenti. Editor Wynn has accumulated a series of disparate authors and topics. The authors include authorities and neophytes. The topics vary from pelvic infection and genetics to operative intervention in normal labor and delivery, and organization of medical care. The book can be recommended both to keep you awake and to put you to sleep. It is not quite clear what the editor intended. The unevenness makes it an unlikely choice for any organized educational endeavor. However, I did enjoy some of the better chapters, including Cavanagh's, "Cancer of the Vagina," with an excellent summary of diethylstilbestrol effects; Daly's, "The Emotional Problems of Patients," a thoroughly experienced statement; and Palomaki's, "Organization of
Plasma uric acid and plasma albumin in healthy subjects.
Authors: L Ramsay, T Mitchell, J Shelton
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1977)

In healthy male subjects there was a positive correlation between plasma uric acid and plasma albumin (r = 0 - 43, P less than 0 - 005, n = 49) when repeated measurements of both variables were used for each subject. Changes in plasma albumin induced by in vivo ultrafiltration were not accompanied by changes in plasma uric acid. The correlation of plasma uric acid with plasma albumin cannot be attributed to protein binding of urate. The two variables are probably related indirectly through a common association with an unknown factor or factors.
Antileukotriene Drugs in the Management of Asthma
Authors: Sally E. Wenzel
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Tumor lysis syndrome following VP‐16‐213 in chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis
Authors: M. Roy Thomas, W. A. Robinson, T. I. Mughal, L. Michael Glode
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1984)

Abstract Several recent reports have emphasized the potentially serious and often fatal acute metabolic complications following cytotoxic chemotherapy in both solid tumors and leukemias. We present here a case of chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis who developed an acute tumor lysis syndrome following a single dose of VP‐16‐213 (Etoposide).
Metabolic Syndrome Among HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Carlos Jericó, Hernando Knobel, Milagro Montero, Jordi Ordoñez-Llanos, Ana Guelar, Juan L. Gimeno, Pere Saballs, Jose L. López-Colomés, Juan Pedro-Botet
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

OBJECTIVE—To assess the prevalence in HIV-infected patients of the metabolic syndrome as defined by the National Cholesterol Education Program, i.e., three or more of the following components: abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and high fasting glucose. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this cross-sectional study, 710 HIV-infected patients managed at the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital during 2003 completed the study protocol consisting of a medical examination and laboratory analysis after a 12-h overnight fast. RESULTS—Metabolic syndrome prevalence was 17% and increased from 5.1% among HIV-infected patients under age 30 years to 27.0% for those aged 50–59 years. Age (per 10-year increment) (odds ratio [OR] 1.41 [95% CI 1.12–1.77]), BMI (1.27 [1.19–1.36]), past and present protease inhibitor exposure (2.96 [1.03–3.55] and 4.18 [1.4–12.5], respectively) were independently associated with the metabolic syndrome on logistic regression analysis. Furthermore, only stavudine (d4T) (1.74 [1.01–2.98]) and lopinavir/ritonavir (2.46 [1.28–4.71]) were associated with the metabolic syndrome after adjustment for age and BMI. CONCLUSIONS—The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among these HIV-infected patients is similar to that previously reported in uninfected individuals. Of specific concern is the association of protease inhibitor exposure with the metabolic syndrome and, more specifically, with exposure to stavudine and lopinavir/ritonavir when individual antiretroviral drugs were analyzed.
Medical Students Take the Ideal of Service to New Heights in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Teri Randall
Journal: JAMA (1992)

FOR SEVERAL dozen health science students at Creighton University, the first time they will ever see patients by themselves is not in a modern, sterile medical facility. Rather, it is in a dirt-floored hut in the Dominican Republic, more than a mile above sea level in the mountains, and 3 to 5 hours (including some that can only be traveled by mule) from anything that resembles a hospital.  It is difficult to say who benefits more from this intense, 5-week experience-the thousands of campesinos who receive medical care and health education, or the students who have their eyes opened and their priorities challenged.  In these remote areas, the mortality rate for children younger than 2 years old is 40%. Life-threatening diarrhea is common. Adults often succumb to infections, and gangrene is a constant threat. Some have bled to death from accidental machete wounds.  But organizers say the provision of health
100. Development of an Integrase Deficient FIV Vector for Transient Gene Expression
Authors: Marisa Banasik, Melissa Hickey, Paul McCray
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Lentiviral vectors mediate long term transgene expression through integration into host genomic DNA. However, integration comes with potential risks of insertional mutagenesis. In cases where transient gene expression is desired, an integrase (IN) deficient retroviral vector might be a useful alternative. Furthermore, IN deficient vectors may provide some advantages over alternative methods of transient gene expression due to the ability to pseudotype these vectors with heterologous envelopes that target specific cell types. Class I IN mutants have point mutations in the catalytic triad amino acids (DX39-58 DX35 E) of IN that disable this protein but leave other viral proteins functional. Transient gene expression from IN deficient vectors is mediated from episomal forms of vector DNA. 1-LTR and 2-LTR circles form through homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining, respectively, of the linear form of the reverse transcribed viral DNA. Although 1-LTR and 2-LTR circles are unable to efficiently integrate in the presence of functional IN protein, they can mediate transgene expression. It was previously reported that IN deficient HIV and FIV vectors could mediate transient gene transfer. In growth arrested cells, transgene expression was maintained. However, in rapidly dividing cells transgene expression was lost, and duration of expression was related to the rate of cell division. Because some gene transfer targets are mitotically quiescent and slowly dividing cells, IN deficient mutants may promote long term, though ultimately transient, gene expression. We hypothesized that IN deficient FIV vectors can be used to maintain transient gene expression in slowly dividing cell types, such as airway epithelia. We developed IN deficient FIV vectors with single (D66V, D118A, E154G), double (D66V/D118A, D66V/E154G, D118A/E154G), and triple (D66V/D118A/E154G) mutations that disrupt the catalytic triad of the IN protein. Preliminary data indicate that the FIV D66V IN mutant has titers similar to wild type IN vectors. Furthermore, we documented the production of 1-LTR and 2-LTR circles in human cell line cultures transduced with FIV D66V IN deficient vector. Ongoing studies are comparing the persistence of transgene expression in IN deficient versus wild type IN FIV in dividing and non-dividing cells. Furthermore, to ensure that transgene expression seen in IN deficient vectors represents episomal and not integrated vector DNA, Southern blotting will be used. IN deficient lentiviral vectors may have applications for transient gene expression, long term expression in slowly dividing cells, and can be used as controls in studies with integration competent vectors.
Finns defined patients' rights before Dutch
Authors: M.-L. Partanen, T. Martikainen
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR,—A new, comprehensive law on patients’ status and rights in Finland took effect on 1 March 1993 after a long period of preparation. Thus Finland was the first country in Europe, one year before the Netherlands,1 to pass a law defining the responsibilities of health professionals to their patients.

The Finnish Act on Status and Rights of Patients concerns the care and treatment of patients in all health …
Salmonella Typhosa Infection in a 68-Year-Old Invalid
Authors: Alfred K. Neumann
Journal: JAMA (1963)

A CASE OF salmonella typhosa infection was discovered in a 68-year-old female invalid residing in Boston. This case illustrates that typhoid fever is apt to appear under highly unlikely circumstances. It also underscores the need for close attention to the problems of the elderly. Lastly, it indicates a need to locate carriers, in this case, a neat grandmother with no knowledge of her carrier status. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> On Oct 7, 1961, a 68-year-old white female was admitted by ambulance to a local hospital with a chief complaint of headache, malaise, myalgia, and dizziness of at least 24 hours' duration. This had been preceded by a week's history of low-grade fever, progressive malaise, headache, anorexia, polyuria, and dysuria. In addition there was an 8-week history of itching and peeling of the skin of the palms and toes. History included the following: mild diabetes of at least several years' duration
Cost minimisation analysis of provision of oxygen at home: are the Drug Tariff guidelines cost effective?
Authors: L. G Heaney, D. McAllister, J. MacMahon
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To determine the level of oxygen cylinder use at which it becomes more cost effective to provide oxygen by concentrator at home in Northern Ireland, and to examine potential cost savings if cylinder use above this level had been replaced by concentrator in 1996. <b>Design:</b> Cost minimisation analysis. <b>Setting:</b> Area health boards in Northern Ireland. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Cost effective cut off point for switch to provision of oxygen from cylinder to concentrator. Potential maximum and minimum savings in Northern Ireland (sensitivity analysis) owing to switch to more cost effective strategy on the basis of provision of cylinders in 1996. <b>Results:</b> In Northern Ireland it is currently cost effective to provide oxygen by concentrator when the patient is using three or more cylinders per month independent of the duration of the prescription. More widespread use of concentrators at this level of provision is likely to lead to a cost saving. <b>Conclusions:</b> The <i>Drug Tariff</i> prescribing guidelines, advocating that provision of oxygen by concentrator becomes cheaper when 21 cylinders are being used per month—are currently inaccurate in Northern Ireland. Regional health authorities should review their current arrangements for provision of oxygen at home and perform a cost analysis to determine at what level it becomes more cost effective to provide oxygen by concentrator. <h3>Key messages</h3> The current Drug Tariff prescribing guidelines are not cost effective for provision of oxygen at home in Northern Ireland Individual prescriptions detailing frequency of usage and delivery costs should be recorded A switch to a more cost effective strategy is likely to result in a cost saving Regional health authorities should examine current arrangements for provision of oxygen at home and should perform cost analyses