tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GLOMERULITIS
Authors: Francis D. W. Lukens, Warfield T. Longcope
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. Both focal and diffuse glomerulitis has been produced in rabbits by the injection directly into the left renal artery of suspensions of heat killed hemolytic streptococci. 2. Similar lesions in the glomeruli could not be obtained by the injection of suspensions of bismuth oxychloride into the left renal artery of normal rabbits. 3. The acute glomerulitis occurred in only about one-half of the rabbits employed for the experiments. 4. Glomerulitis was observed much more frequently in rabbits in which an acute localized streptococcus infection had been produced by the intracutaneous injection of living hemolytic streptococci, than in normal rabbits. The occurrence of acute glomerulitis was usually associated with a well marked skin reaction to the filtrates of hemolytic streptococci.
The Split-Level Trap
Authors: Louis L. Lunsky
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This volume attempts to answer the question, "Are we commuting to disaster?" The Gordons, a husband-and-wife team, performed the basic research, and Gunther wrote up their observations. Factors which result in psychopathology in a typical section of American suburbia are described. These variables which are peculiar to suburbs result in tremendous emotional stresses. It would appear that the suburbs are peopled with status seekers who are "hell bent on accumulating material possessions." This fierce desire to move "vertically" has created a Frankenstein monster, the split-level neurosis. Problems of young wives, child-bearing, young husbands, marriage and divorce, children and adolescents, the middle aged, and oldsters all are given a cursory analysis. It is difficult to be critical of a volume which is so colorfully written. Ten case studies are presented succinctly, cogently, and dramatically. I would question, however, the very basic interpretation of this volume—that stress disorders are more prevalent in
Role of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase in Endotoxin-induced Acute Lung Injury
Authors: ARNOLD S. KRISTOF, PETER GOLDBERG, VICTOR LAUBACH, SABAH N. A. HUSSAIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in lung injury remains unclear. Both beneficial and detrimental roles have been proposed. In this study, we used mutant mice lacking the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to assess the role of this isoform in sepsis-associated lung injury. Wild-type and iNOS knockout mice were injected with either saline or Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS) 25 mg/kg and killed 6, 12, and 24 h later. Lung injury was evaluated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase activity in the bronchoalveolar lavage, pulmonary wet/dry ratio, and immunostaining for nitrotyrosine formation. In the wild-type mice, LPS injection elicited more than a 3-fold rise in lactate dehydrogenase activity, a significant rise in lung wet/dry ratio and extensive nitrotyrosine staining in large airway and alveolar epithelium, macrophages, and pulmonary vascular cells. This was accompanied by induction of iNOS protein and increased lung nitric oxide synthase activity. By comparison, LPS injection in iNOS knockout mice elicited no iNOS induction and no significant changes in lung NOS activity, lactate dehydrogenase activity, lung wet/dry ratio, or pulmonary nitrotyrosine staining. These results indicate that mice deficient in iNOS gene are more resistant to LPS-induced acute lung injury than are wild-type mice.
RESISTANCE TO FIBROMA VIRUS INFECTION. THE ROLE OF IMMUNE LEUKOCYTES AND IMMUNE MACROPHAGES
Authors: David R. Ginder
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

Leukocytes and macrophages, obtained from fibroma-immune rabbits and added to immune serum-fibroma virus mixtures, significantly increased the neutralization of fibroma virus as compared with immune serum alone. Immune cell suspensions from peritoneal exudates, regional lymph nodes, buffy coats, spleen, and liver were all effective in inhibiting fibroma virus. Approximately 2000 to 4000 immune cells/mm.3 were necessary to cause an effect but no particular cell type could be implicated as responsible for the inhibition of fibroma virus. Normal cells did not consistently and significantly inhibit fibroma virus and cells from rabbits immunized with other viruses did not inhibit fibroma virus. Studies of the mechanism of action of the immune cells revealed: (a) that living cells were essential; (b) that normal cells, sensitized with immune serum, did not simulate the effects of immune cells; (c) that immune cells contained less preformed neutralizing antibody than an equivalent volume of immune serum, and (d) that inhibition of fibroma lesions was not the result of viral interference. It is suggested that the fibroma-neutralizing effect of immune cells is related to intracellularly placed antibody or to cellular transfer of an ability to form specific antibody in recipient animals.
Risk Factors for Death of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis Awaiting Lung Transplantation
Authors: Richard A. Belkin, Noreen R. Henig, Lianne G. Singer, Cecilia Chaparro, Ronald C. Rubenstein, Sharon X. Xie, Justin Y. Yee, Robert M. Kotloff, David A. Lipson, Greta R. Bunin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

The optimal timing for listing of cystic fibrosis patients for lung transplantation is controversial.We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 343 patients listed for lung transplantation at four academic medical centers to identify risk factors for death while awaiting transplantation.Data on possible risk factors were abstracted from medical records.Time to death, patient demographic characteristics, and risk factors for death while awaiting transplantation were assessed. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed using Cox regression.By univariate analyses, FEV1 < or = 30% predicted (HR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.0-7.5), Pa(CO2) > or = 50 mm Hg (HR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.1-3.0), and shorter height (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.1-3.0) were associated with a higher risk of death. Referral from an accredited cystic fibrosis center was associated with a lower risk (HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30-0.92). The final multivariate model included referral from an accredited cystic fibrosis center (HR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.3-1.0) and listing year after 1996 (HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.7); both were associated with a lower risk of death. FEV1 < or = 30% predicted (HR, 6.8; 95% CI, 2.4-19.3), Pa(CO2) > or = 50 mm Hg (HR, 6.9; 95% CI, 1.5-32.1), and use of a nutritional intervention (HR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3-4.1) were associated with increased risk. Patients with FEV1 > 30% predicted had a higher risk of death only when their Pa(CO2) was > or = 50 mm Hg (HR, 7.0; 95% CI, 1.5-32), while the increased risk of death with FEV1 < or = 30% was not further influenced by the presence of hypercapnia.We identified risk factors for waiting list mortality that could impact on transplant listing and allocation guidelines.
Interleukin (IL) 4 and IL-13 act on human lung fibroblasts. Implication in asthma.
Authors: C Doucet, D Brouty-Boyé, C Pottin-Clémenceau, G W Canonica, C Jasmin, B Azzarone
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Airway hyperresponsiveness leading to subepithelial fibrosis is mediated by inflammatory cells activated by T helper (Th) 2-derived cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-5. By analyzing the phenotype and response of human lung fibroblasts derived from either fetal (ICIG7) or adult (CCL202) tissue as well as from a Th2-type stromal reaction (FPA) to IL-4 and IL-13, we provide evidence that human lung fibroblasts may behave as inflammatory cells upon activation by IL-4 and IL-13. We show that the three types of fibroblasts constitute different populations that display a distinct pattern in cell surface molecule expression and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine release. All fibroblasts express functional but different IL-4/IL-13 receptors. Thus, while IL-4 receptor (R) alpha and IL-13Ralpha1 chains are present in all the cells, CCL202 and FPA fibroblasts coexpress the IL-13Ralpha2 and the IL-2Rgamma chain, respectively, suggesting the existence of a heterotrimeric receptor (IL-4Ralpha/IL-13Ralpha/IL-2Rgamma) able to bind IL-4 and IL-13. Stimulation with IL-4 or IL-13 triggers in the fibroblasts a differential signal transduction and upregulation in the expression of beta1 integrin and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and in the production of IL-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, two inflammatory cytokines important in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. Our results suggest that when activated by IL-4 and IL-13, different subsets of lung fibroblasts may act as effector cells not only in the pathogenesis of asthma but also in lung remodeling processes. They may also differentially contribute to trigger and maintain the recruitment, homing, and activation of inflammatory cells.
Reenchanted Science: Holism in Germany Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler
Authors: M. Burleigh
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Anne Harrington Princeton University Press, £29.95, pp 309 ISBN 0 691 02142 2

Lecturing in Munich in the aftermath of the first world war, Max Weber remarked on the “disenchanting” effect of modern science—undermining “all transcendent principles, systematically stripping the world of all spiritual mystery, emotional colour, and ethical significance and turning it into a mere ‘causal mechanism.’” While Weber accepted this development with grim faced stoicism, and Fritz Lang made a movie in which machines run rampant, the four German scientists discussed in this book sought to counter the machine-like view of existence with variants of life and mind sciences known as holism, or “Ganzheitslehre” in German.

The main interest of …
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF CHOREA LARYNGIS.
Authors: W. PEYRE PORCHER
Journal: JAMA (1893)

The Hippocratic maxim, "naturam morborum curationes ostendunt," the cure shows the nature of the disease applies with more force, perhaps, to the study of chorea laryngis than anything in the whole field of medicine, for so erratic and inexplicable are the movements of the larynx and so hidden are the causes of the disease, that the most skilled pathologist or diagnostician finds himself at a loss to account for them. Of the twenty-six cases already reported all but two have been followed by insensibility, but as this occurs so frequently after violent paroxysms of cough it cannot be regarded as a diagnostic symptom. The fact that not only may the choreic movements of the larynx exist without insensibility following them, and even that the cough also may be absent, makes it exceedingly difficult to classify any case as coming directly under this head, unless all the symptoms are considered as
Mechanistically Probing Lipid-siRNA Nanoparticle-associated Toxicities Identifies Jak Inhibitors Effective in Mitigating Multifaceted Toxic Responses
Authors: Weikang Tao, Xianzhi Mao, Joseph P Davide, Bruce Ng, Mingmei Cai, Paul A Burke, Alan B Sachs, Laura Sepp-Lorenzino
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

A major hurdle for harnessing small interfering RNA (siRNA) for therapeutic application is an effective and safe delivery of siRNA to target tissues and cells via systemic administration. While lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) composed of a cationic lipid, poly-(ethylene glycol) lipid and cholesterol, are effective in delivering siRNA to hepatocytes via systemic administration, they may induce multi-faceted toxicities in a dose-dependent manner, independently of target silencing. To understand the underlying mechanism of toxicities, pharmacological probes including anti-inflammation drugs and specific inhibitors blocking different pathways of innate immunity were evaluated for their abilities to mitigate LNP-siRNA-induced toxicities in rodents. Three categories of rescue effects were observed: (i) pretreatment with a Janus kinase (Jak) inhibitor or dexamethasone abrogated LNP-siRNA-mediated lethality and toxicities including cytokine induction, organ impairments, thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy without affecting siRNA-mediated gene silencing; (ii) inhibitors of PI3K, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p38 and IκB kinase (IKK)1/2 exhibited a partial alleviative effect; (iii) FK506 and etoricoxib displayed no protection. Furthermore, knockout of Jak3, tumor necrosis factor receptors (Tnfr)p55/p75, interleukin 6 (IL-6) or interferon (IFN)-γ alone was insufficient to alleviate LNP-siRNA-associated toxicities in mice. These indicate that activation of innate immune response is a primary trigger of systemic toxicities and that multiple innate immune pathways and cytokines can mediate toxic responses. Jak inhibitors are effective in mitigating LNP-siRNA-induced toxicities.
Changes in the postoperative insulin test in relation to recurrent duodenal ulceration
Authors: D. F. L. Watkin, H. L. Duthie
Journal: Gut (1971)

The gastric secretory response to insulin changes in many patients between \`immediate' tests, within two weeks of vagotomy, and \`delayed' tests, done at least six months later. Patients who develop recurrent duodenal ulceration after vagotomy and pyloroplasty show highly significant increases in peak and rise in concentration and output of acid. Those who do not have recurrent dyspepsia show varied individual changes in the test results, but for the group as a whole there is no increase in the peak response and only a slight increase in the rise in acid concentration and output. These findings are interpreted as evidence for vagal recovery, either from neuropraxia or by collateral nerve sprouting, as a major factor in the production of recurrent ulceration. Indeed, it appears to be as important as the functional state of the vagi at the end of the operation. Consequently, only the delayed insulin tests can be of any value in the prediction or diagnosis of recurrence.
IL-31 regulates differentiation and filaggrin expression in human organotypic skin models
Authors: Christian Cornelissen, Yvonne Marquardt, Katharina Czaja, Jörg Wenzel, Jorge Frank, Juliane Lüscher-Firzlaff, Bernhard Lüscher, Jens M. Baron
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Effect of antibodies to double stranded DNA, purified from serum samples of patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus, on the glomerular mesangial cells.
Authors: C.Y Tsai, T.H Wu, K.H Sun, C.L Yu
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Polyclonal antibodies to double stranded DNA (dsDNA) purified from pooled serum samples of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) exerted cytotoxic effects on cultured rat mesangial cells. At concentrations from 5 to 150 IU/ml, antibodies to dsDNA inhibited the incorporation of thymidine labelled with 3H into rat mesangial cells in a dose response manner after three days of culture. In contrast, normal human IgG (1 mg/ml), heat aggregated human IgG (1 mg/ml), N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (1 x 10(-7) mol/l), tumour necrosis factor alpha (16 U/ml), lipopolysaccharides (1 microgram/ml), 4 beta-phorbol-12 beta-myristate-13 alpha-acetate (PMA) (20 ng/ml), interleukin 1 beta (10 U/ml), and 20% v/v phytohaemagglutinin stimulated mononuclear cell supernatant showed no significant effect on these cells. Anticardiolipin antibody, another autoantibody purified from the serum of patients with SLE, also inhibited the proliferation of rat mesangial cells but to a lesser extent. In the presence of antibodies to dsDNA (100 IU/ml), the mesangial cells became spherical and clustered together, which was very different from the original stellate appearance. These autoantibodies also depolarised the membrane potential of mesangial cells. Antibodies to dsDNA decreased the syntheses of prostaglandin E2, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha and thromboxane B2 by mesangial cells. In an in vivo study, the antibodies to dsDNA showed a strong affinity for the glomeruli when intravenously injected into rats. These results suggest that the nephrotropic antibodies to dsDNA can directly damage the glomerular mesangial cells in addition to the formation of immune complexes with DNA which may cause kidney inflammation and tissue destruction.
On Blowing Trumpets — Doctors Anonymous — A Scots Cabbie
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

PROFESSOR Sharpey-Schafer recently collaborated with Dr. Faulkner, associate professor of music in the University of California, in studying the circulatory effects of trumpet blowing, their report being presented in the British Medical Journal for March 14. Continuous mouth and arterial pressures were recorded during trumpet blowing in 3 subjects — first the musical professor himself, then a surgical colleague who had played in the Cambridge University Dance Band as an amateur thirty years ago and finally a novice who claimed to be learning the oboe. Pressures were measured with capacitance manometers — mouth pressure with a fine, water-filled polythene tube, . . .
Spontaneous internal biliary fistulae
Authors: J. L. A. Dowse
Journal: Gut (1964)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS This paper provides a comprehensive account of the various types of spontaneous internal biliary fistulae and emphasizes the importance of chronic gall bladder disease in the aetiology.Air in the biliary tree is an important radiological sign.Early diagnosis and treatment of chronic cholelithiasis may prevent this complication.and adjacent viscera and necrosis of the wall of the 429 on August 22, 2023 by guest.
Proteases, neutrophils, and periodontitis: the NET effect
Authors: William M. Nauseef
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Neutrophils exert potent antimicrobial activities in their role as first-line cellular defenders against infection. The synergistic and collective actions of oxidants and granule proteins, including serine proteases, support the microbial killing in phagosomes, where most neutrophil-mediated antimicrobial action occurs. In addition to phagocytosis, specific stimuli prompt neutrophils to extrude a matrix of DNA, histones, and granule proteins to produce neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which can trap microbes. Mice lacking the serine proteases necessary for NET production are more susceptible to infection, an observation suggesting that functional NETs are required for host protection. In this issue of the JCI, Sørensen and colleagues characterize neutrophils from a patient with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome. The patient has an inactivating mutation in the gene encoding dipeptidyl peptidase I, resulting in neutrophils lacking elastase, a serine protease required for NET production. Despite the inability to form NETS, neutrophils from this patient killed pathogens in vitro, and the patient did not exhibit evidence of an increased propensity toward bacterial infections. Together, these results suggest that proteases in human neutrophils are dispensable for protection against bacterial infection and that the ability to generate NETs in vitro does not compromise host defense.
Genetic Damage From Diagnostic Radiation
Authors: Theodore R. Bledsoe
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  Among the highly questionable theses and assertions in the article by Bross and Natarajan is the following: These findings refute a dogma that is often cited by radiologists who claim that diagnostic radiation is harmless. No responsible radiologist is dogmatic regarding the hazards of diagnostic procedures. While most of us feel that the margin of safety in these procedures is comfortable, we constantly strive to reduce further the already very low levels of radiation involved. After all, we have the enduring examples of the x-ray pioneers in the early years of this century who died because of their complete ignorance of radiation safety. In conjunction with our scientific and engineering colleagues, we are responsible for the many innovations in equipment and techniques that have resulted in the present low levels of exposure and attendant vanishingly small risks.  I might also point out that while we radiologists as
C-Peptide in NIDDM: Follow-up for 4-6 yr
Authors: Arye Lev-Ran, David L Hwang
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

To study whether fasting and 1-h postbreakfast C-peptide levels in NIDDM stabilize with time in individual patients.Within the period of 4-6 yr, 49 NIDDM patients had repeated tests of fasting and 1-h postprandial levels of plasma glucose and C-peptide with the aim of determining their individual qualitative patterns. Throughout the follow-up period, 13 patients were treated with insulin, 21 with oral sulfonylureas, and 15 were switched from oral drugs to insulin, with the tests done in both treatment periods.The group as a whole demonstrated no changes in mean fasting or postprandial C-peptide within 4-6 yr of observation, irrespective of the mode of therapy or its changes. Glycemic and C-peptide response to breakfast was qualitatively typical for each patient with the correlation between plasma glucose and C-peptide. However, the response was vastly different from patient to patient, and the cross-sectional data showed no correlation between postprandial changes in glycemia and C-peptide, nor between glycemic response to breakfast and fasting plasma glucose or C-peptide. In spite of high fasting glycemia, 25% of the patients showed remarkable tolerance to breakfast with only small increases in plasma glucose. In many other patients, however, in spite of similar increase in C-peptide, plasma glucose rose sharply after the meal.In our group, no deterioration of the insulin secretory function was observed within 4-6 yr of follow-up. Qualitative patterns of the glycemic and C-peptide responses to breakfast were typical for each patient but vastly different between patients. We see in NIDDM a syndrome with few common characteristics and recommend further work for its subclassification into forms with different pathogenesis.