tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The time to eradicate gastric cancer is now
Authors: D Y Graham, A Shiotani
Journal: Gut (2005)

Worldwide gastric cancer remains one of the most common cancers, killing upwards of one million people each year. While the molecular pathogenesis remains unclear, infection with the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> is considered a "necessary but not sufficient" cause, not surprisingly as gastric cancer has long been known to be associated with atrophic gastritis. Eradication of <i>H pylori</i> is expected to virtually eliminate gastric cancer and <i>H pylori</i> associated peptic ulcer within approximately 40 years and thus reduce overall mortality. In the USA, the incidence of gastric cancer in the general population is low, reflecting the change in the pattern of gastritis from atrophic to non-atrophic and in the low and decreasing prevalence of <i>H pylori</i> infection in the middle and upper classes. However, the plan for eradication of this important pathogen must be considered within the context of the prevalence and outcome within specific populations.
Intravenous Iron-dextrin in Iron-deficiency Anaemia
Authors: J. Fielding
Journal: BMJ (1961)

BmDICsOHRi_ 279 animal experiments.The clinical importance of this observation, however, has still to be elucidated.Lundin (1961), using the same technique as Richmond (1959), has confirmed this action of iron-dextran.After iron- sorbitol, on the contrary, no sarcoma developed.Summary A preparation containing an iron-sorbitol-citric-acid complex (" jectofer ") and intended for intramuscular injection has been studied from the aspects of tolerance and therapeutic effect in 39 cases.Comparisons are drawn with iron-dextran (" imferon ") (34 cases).The clinical tolerance for the iron-sorbitol complex was good, and only mild local side-effects were noted.The therapeutic result was satisfactory, and in patients with an Hb concentration of less than 8 g./100 ml.blood the increase in the Hb level was 3.8 g./100 ml. for the ironsorbitol group and 3.9 g./100 ml. for the iron-dextran group.This corresponds approximately to a 60% utilization of the iron in the preparation.About 30% of the dose administered is excreted in the urine without producing any noticeable effect on the renal function.
Experts warn against "tourist trap" stem cell therapies
Authors: M. Pownall
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Hundreds of clinics around the world are offering unproved and potentially dangerous stem cell treatments to desperate patients willing to travel thousands of miles in the hope of successful treatment.

A group of UK specialists says that patients are mortgaging their houses and raising tens of thousands of pounds from their communities to pay for stem cell treatments. They are attracted by promotional material on the internet for treatments for which there is no evidence of benefit other than patients’ testimonials. The clinics attract patients with conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and degenerative retinal conditions for which conventional treatments have temporary or limited effectiveness.

Tighter regulation in the European Union will be introduced in …
Raised Hepatic Bile Acid Concentrations During Pregnancy in Mice Are Associated with Reduced Farnesoid X Receptor Function
Authors: Alexandra Milona, Bryn M. Owen, Jeremy F. L. Cobbold, Ellen C. L. Willemsen, Isobel J. Cox, Mohamed Boudjelal, William Cairns, Kristina Schoonjans, Simon D. Taylor-Robinson, Leo W. J. Klomp, Malcolm G. Parker, Roger White, Saskia W. C. van Mil, Catherine Williamson
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

Pregnancy alters bile acid homeostasis and can unmask cholestatic disease in genetically predisposed but otherwise asymptomatic individuals. In this report, we show that normal pregnant mice have raised hepatic bile acid levels in the presence of procholestatic gene expression. The nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) regulates the transcription of the majority of these genes, and we show that both ablation and activation of Fxr prevent the accumulation of hepatic bile acids during pregnancy. These observations suggest that the function of Fxr may be perturbed during gestation. In subsequent in vitro experiments, serum from pregnant mice and humans was found to repress expression of the Fxr target gene, small heterodimer partner ( Shp ), in liver-derived Fao cells. Estradiol or estradiol metabolites may contribute to this effect because coincubation with the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist fulvestrant (ICI 182780) abolished the repressive effects on Shp expression. Finally, we report that ERα interacts with FXR in an estradiol-dependent manner and represses its function in vitro. Conclusion: Ligand-activated ERα may inhibit FXR function during pregnancy and result in procholestatic gene expression and raised hepatic bile acid levels. We propose that this could cause intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in genetically predisposed individuals. Hepatology 2010
Malignant Radiation of Benign Conditions
Authors: ARVIN S. GLICKSMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Editorials1 July 1978Malignant Radiation of Benign ConditionsARVIN S. GLICKSMAN, M.D.ARVIN S. GLICKSMAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-89-1-130 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptShortly after Röntgen's and Becquerel's discoveries of X rays and radioactivity, ionizing radiation was applied to the treatment of medical conditions with much enthusiasm. Therapeutic uses of ionizing radiation offered great hope. Malignancies were found to yield to these rays at a time when so little could be done for tuberculosis, scarlet fever, diphtheria, pneumonia, or infectious diarrhea. Not surprisingly, therefore, these miraculous rays were greeted with euphoria and as a panacea to treat much that afflicted mankind, even such troublesome conditions as nagging backaches and the heartbreak of psoriasis.By the turn of the century, however, the histopathology of...References1. : A review of the use of ionizing radiation for the treatment of benign diseases. Washington, D.C., HEW Publication (FDA) 78-8043, September 1977 Google Scholar2. MARTINSTRONGSPIRO HER: Radiation-induced skin cancer of the head and neck. Cancer 25:61-70, 1970 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. SIMON N: Breast cancer induced by radiation. JAMA 237:789-790, 1977. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. GLICKSMANTOKER AC: Osteogenic sarcoma following radiotherapy for bursitis. Mt Sinai J Med NY 43:163-167, 1976 MedlineGoogle Scholar5. Ionizing radiation therapy for benign diseases. Fed Register 43:6244-6245, 14 February 1978 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Section on Radiation Medicine Brown University Providence, Rhode Island PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byReport of two Cases of Leiomyosarcoma after RadiotherapySuperior vena caval obstruction is it a medical emergency?Epidemic Iatrogenesis 1 July 1978Volume 89, Issue 1Page: 130-131KeywordsDiphtheriaHistopathologyIonizing radiationLower back painMedical conditionsPneumoniaPsoriasisRadiation therapyScarlet feverTuberculosis Issue Published: 1 July 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...
Multiple Opportunistic Infections and Neoplasms in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Gary P. Wormser
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The articles by Fischl et al<sup>1</sup>and Burkes et al<sup>2</sup>that appear elsewhere in this issue nicely illustrate the scope of infectious and neoplastic complications found in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Just two patients were reported, but between them they had no fewer than nine different infections and two malignancies, including human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-III) infection, oral candidiasis,<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>pneumonia, cytomegalovirus infection, fungal brain infection,<i>Toxoplasma</i>brain abscesses, tuberculosis, cysticercosis, Epstein-Barr virus infection, Kaposi's sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Convincing evidence now exists that the cause of AIDS is a retrovirus, HTLV-III, and that this infection may be associated with a profound and progressive cellular immunodeficiency state.<sup>3</sup>Other data also indicate the possibility of impaired humoral defenses, but in adults, so far, this has led to comparatively few clinical sequelae.<sup>4</sup>Serious opportunistic infections and/or Kaposi's sarcoma dominate what appear to be the later
GUMMA OF THE SPERMATIC CORD, WITH REPORT OF A CASE.
Authors: R. R. CAMPBELL
Journal: JAMA (1901)

My reason for presenting this short paper is twofold: 1, on account of the interest involved in the study of syphilis<i>per se</i>, and 2, on account of the rarity of its manifestations in this particular location, namely, the spermatic cord. Cases have, however, been observed in which a syphilitic enlargement of the cord has been diagnosed. Thus Verneuil<sup>1</sup>has recorded a case of gummatous swelling of the cord in a patient who had also a gumma in the heart. The specimen in this case was presented to the Society of Anatomy of Paris, in 1856. The morbid growth was found, after death, to be the size of two fists; it occupied the scrotum and ascended along the cord as far as the iliac fossa. The growth had been mistaken for a carcinoma during life. Lancereaux<sup>2</sup>gives details of a case in which, in connection with syphilitic disease
Cardiac Release of Cytokines and Inflammatory Responses in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Franz-Josef Neumann, Ilka Ott, Meinrad Gawaz, Gert Richardt, Heidi Holzapfel, Marianne Jochum, Albert Schömig
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background In animal models of myocardial infarction (MI), inflammatory responses compromise microcirculation during reperfusion and restrict functional recovery. To investigate cardiac inflammatory responses in patients with acute MI, we examined the cardiac release of cytokines, the expression on neutrophils of the β 2 -integrin Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) and L-selectin (CD62L), and the cardiac release of thrombomodulin as a marker of endothelial injury. Methods and Results In 12 patients with acute anterior MI, blood samples were obtained from the coronary sinus and from the aorta immediately before and after recanalization of the coronary occlusion by balloon angioplasty. Twelve patients undergoing elective balloon angioplasty served as control subjects. Plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and thrombomodulin were determined by immunoassay, and surface expression of CD11b and CD62L was assessed by flow cytometry. Differences in coronary sinus and arterial blood were found in IL-6 before (median, 6.3 ng/L, P =.01) and after (13.4 ng/L, P =.002) recanalization and in IL-8 after recanalization (10.7 ng/L, P =.02). The cardiac release of both cytokines significantly ( P ≤.03) increased with reperfusion. Cytokine release after reperfusion was associated with significant transcardiac gradients in surface expression on neutrophils of CD11b (10.1 mean channel of fluorescence intensity [mean fl], P =.01) and CD62L (−8.7 mean fl, P =.007) and with a thrombomodulin release (4.5 μg/L, P =.004). Transcardiac gradients in IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α were not found. None of the changes found in MI were detectable in the control group. Conclusions As evidence of cardiac inflammatory responses in reperfused acute MI, the study demonstrates cardiac neutrophil activation with signs of endothelial injury and a release of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-8 and IL-6. These findings may assist in the design of pharmacological interventions aimed at reducing microvascular reperfusion injury.
Acid-Vesicle Function, Intracellular Pathogens, and the Action of Chloroquine against<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>
Authors: Donald J. Krogstad, Paul H. Schlesinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

When lysosomes were first characterized biochemically by de Duve and his colleagues,1 the low optimal pH of their degradative enzymes suggested that their internal environment was acidic. Because material taken up by phagocytosis was known to enter an acidic intracellular compartment,2 de Duve and Wattiaux hypothesized that degradative enzymes (acid hydrolases), their substrates, and an acid pH might combine in that compartment (the secondary lysosome) to provide an appropriate environment for the degradation of internalized macromolecules.3 Subsequently, it became apparent that these vesicles were part of a network that was responsible for the intracellular movement of macromolecules and membranes and . . .
Balancing benefits and harms in health care: GPs need to be informed about drugs prescribed to their patients elsewhere
Authors: Pawan Randev
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Competing interests: At the time of the study, AMB was chairman of the Committee on Safety of Medicines and now is chairman of the MHRA.MP is a member of the Committee on Safety of Medicines and of the subcommittee on pharmacovigilance.
Selective ETA receptor antagonism with BQ-123 is insufficient to inhibit angioplasty induced neointima formation in the rat
Authors: S. A Douglas, L. M Vickery-Clark, C. Louden, E. H Ohlstein
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

The aim was to assess whether or not the endothelin ETA receptor selective antagonist BQ-123 could inhibit neointima formation in vivo following balloon angioplasty.The effect of either acute administration of BQ-123 (0.1 mg.kg-1.min-1 intra-arterial infusion for 1 h before and 1 h after angioplasty) or chronic administration (bolus intraperitoneal injection, 2.5 mg.kg-1 twice daily; continuous intraperitoneal infusion, 0.8 and 8 mg.kg-1.d-1) on neointima formation was examined in rats which had undergone left common carotid artery balloon angioplasty.Neither acute intra-arterial infusion nor either mode of chronic intraperitoneal administration of BQ-123 had a significant effect on the degree of neointima formation observed following balloon angioplasty.Neither acute nor chronic ETA receptor blockade is sufficient to inhibit angioplasty induced neointima formation in the rat. Since it was previously shown that the ETA/B antagonist SB 209670 was effective in this model, while the ETA selective antagonist BQ-123 is now found to be ineffective, the data implicate the ETB receptor subtype in the pathogenesis of neointima formation.
A novel integrated cytogenetic and genomic classification refines risk stratification in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Anthony V. Moorman, Amir Enshaei, Claire Schwab, Rachel Wade, Lucy Chilton, Alannah Elliott, Stacey Richardson, Jeremy Hancock, Sally E. Kinsey, Christopher D. Mitchell, Nicholas Goulden, Ajay Vora, Christine J. Harrison
Journal: Blood (2014)
Quantitation of telomerase activity in hepatocellular carcinoma: A possible aid for a prediction of recurrent diseases in the remnant liver
Authors: Takeshi Suda, Osamu Isokawa, Yutaka Aoyagi, Minoru Nomoto, Kazuhiro Tsukada, Takeaki Shimizu, Yasufumi Suzuki, Akira Naito, Hirotaka Igarashi, Masahiko Yanagi, Toru Takahashi, Hitoshi Asakura
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Because telomerase activity is necessary for cell immortality and probably associated with tumor progression, we have evaluated a possible aid for quantitation of the activity to predict intrahepatic recurrences after surgery in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC tissues obtained by surgical resection from 20 patients were studied. Telomerase activity was expressed as peaks with a periodicity through a fluorescence-based telomeric repeat amplification protocol using an autosequencer, and the quantity of activity was calculated from peak areas. A ratio of fluorescence intensity depending on telomerase to that of an internal standard was used as a value of relative telomerase activity (RTA). RTA in serially diluted S100 extracts from HepG2 cells was well correlated with the amount of the extracts. The mean RTA value of 36.4 ± 27.8 (mean ± SD, 3.21 to 105) in 9 patients suffering from early recurrences after surgery was significantly higher than that (9.84 ± 7.65; mean ± SD, 3.00 to 29.0) in 11 patients without intrahepatic recurrences during the early period (P = .004). These results indicate that RTA value can be a useful predictor for intrahepatic recurrences during the early period after surgical resection of HCC.
Neurocysticercosis on 18F-FDG PET/MRI
Authors: Prashant Jolepalem, Ching-Yee Oliver Wong
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

This is a case of a 32-year-old female patient who presented with new onset partial complex seizures. MRI of the brain demonstrated a suspicious ring-enhancing lesion in the right temporal lobe. This finding was felt to be a primary brain malignancy or less likely an infectious process. (18)F-FDG PET of the brain was able to exclude malignancy and provided evidence to support neurocysticercosis in the mesial temporal lobe as the cause for the patient's seizures. Neurocysticercosis is a neurologic infection caused by Taenia solium. It is rare in the United States and difficult to diagnose.
Radiographic Contrast Agents — A Perspective
Authors: Michael A. Bettmann
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

Contrast agents have been used in radiologic procedures for more than 60 years. Those currently in widest use have been available for nearly 40 years and are among the most commonly used and the safest of drugs. Concern about their safety persists, however — in part because, unlike most drugs, contrast agents are used exclusively for diagnostic rather than therapeutic purposes. The article by Lasser et al.1 in this issue of the Journal addresses several questions that have become particularly pressing with the introduction of three new contrast agents over the past two years. The first question is, Can the . . .
Dilantin Sensitivity
Authors: Bernard H. Chaiken, Bernard I. Goldberg, Jack P. Segal
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

THE use of Dilantin Sodium (sodium diphenyl hydantoinate) has become widespread since the introductory study by Merritt and Putnam,1 who described certain toxic effects in the course of its administration. These are chiefly referable to the central nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, skin, gums and hematopoietic system. They observed cutaneous lesions in 5 per cent of their cases. These varied from mild erythema to a diffuse morbilliform eruption and, in 1 case, severe generalized exfoliative dermatitis. The incidence of the toxic effects of Dilantin have varied from 58 per cent 2 to 93 per cent 3 in a number of subsequent reports.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fortunately, . . .
Effect of blockade of angiotensin-I converting enzyme on the blood pressure of renal hypertensive rabbits
Authors: J. C. ROMERO, S. W. MAK, S. W. HOOBLER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1974)

A peptide converting enzyme inhibitor given intravenously to rabbits was shown to abolish the pressor response to injections of rabbit renin and of angiotensin-I and to augment the depressor response of bradykinin. In rabbits with acute two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension (2-KGH [one renal artery clamped, the other intact]) a total dose of 36 mg/kg infused for one hour lowered the blood pressure but not to a normal level. One week after removal of the intact kidney (acute one-kidney Goldblatt hypertension [1-KGH]) infusions of the peptide were still antihypertensive. Thirty to 60 days after removal of the intact kidney (chronic 1-KGH) the decapeptide had no antihypertensive effects. It is suggested that in the first two models hypertension is dependent on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), but not in the chronic 1-KGH animal. Since the response to the new agent is not species specific and is well tolerated, it may become a valuable tool in investigating the role of the RAS in various forms of clinical hypertension.
PLoS launches journal for neglected tropical diseasesThe 13 key neglected tropical diseases (listed by PloS)The 13 key neglected tropical diseases (listed by PloS)
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2006)

No progress in reducing childhood obesity despite increased awareness 334newsroundup Childhood obesity is increasing and becoming a serious health problem, but the US government has cancelled a Centers for Disease Control programme called Verb, which had produced documented successes, says the US Institute of Medicine, a part of the National Academies of Sciences.The CDC's programme was a five year social marketing campaign to promote physical activity in children aged 9-13 years.Evaluation showed that the programme had positive results, but funding was discontinued and will end this month.The programme's website (www.verbnow.com) encourages children to find activities in their own city or town.According to the institute's latest report the rate of obesity for children in the US has increased from 16.0% in 2002 to 17.1% in 2004 and is projected to reach to 20% in 2010."The remarkable and unexpected rise in obesity among our children and youth in a relative short timespan is one of the 21st century's most critical public health challenges," said Dr Jeffrey Koplan, chairman of the committee that produced the institute's report.
Pleurectomy/Decortication is Superior to Extrapleural Pneumonectomy in the Multimodality Management of Patients with Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Loïc Lang-Lazdunski, Andrea Bille, Rohit Lal, Paul Cane, Emma McLean, David Landau, Jeremy Steele, James Spicer
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
A and E departments for children
Authors: L. Stimmler
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Manipulation trialsSIR,-Every doctor and most laymen are well aware of patients who have been treated for backache for months, even years, within the NHS and have finally been adjured to "live with it."A proportion of such patients secured rapid relief from a lay manipulator.It was this well-recognised fact that let me teach spinal manipulation (among other techniques) to my physiotherapy students from 1940 to 1970.The intention was that those who needed this treatment should get it immediately, from skilled personnel, and in full view within the hospital rather than wander off in the end on their own to try their luck with some self-styled layman.This policy worked very well, many patients recovering swiftly-in half of all cases, backache recovered in one session of manipulation.It is very noble of Dr H Sims-Williams and others (24 November, p 1318) to have put up the controlled trial that they describe.The result was negative; but, firstly, the patients were not selected as suited or unsuited to manipulation; secondly, they were treated by Maitland's adaptation of Balfour's' (1819) and Recamier's oscillatory techniques2 (methods with scant resemblance to those taught by me3); and, thirdly, they were all assessed at the end of a month.Physiotherapy (that is, heat and exercises) for backache is useless.Their article states, "The management of non-specific back pain is unsatisfactory and physiotherapy is often prescribed empirically."On what grounds?No patient should be treated until the cause of his symptoms becomes clear, and the measure prescribed should be appropriate to the diagnosis.If manipulation were confined to suitable cases, proper methods were employed, and the assessment were made after a few days a very different picture would emerge.Meanwhile, doctors are discouraged by papers like this one from adopting sensible measures and the jubilant lay manipulators cash in again.