tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Benjamin Franklin and Medicine
Authors: J. V. Hirschmann
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Benjamin Franklin, called Dr. Franklin after receiving an honorary degree in 1759 for his contributions to understanding electricity, was not formally trained as a physician. Nevertheless, he had numerous interests in medicine, including experimentation, shrewd observations about health and disease in himself and others, civic activities, and inventions of medical devices. These achievements show his capacity for detailed, perceptive insights; his fastidiousness in recording his observations; and his thoughtful analyses of scientific phenomena and human conduct. In medicine, perhaps uniquely in his life, his major interests intersected: scientific pursuits, civic activities, amused scrutiny of human behavior, and the desire to improve the lot of his fellow man.
Improving the usability and communication of burden of disease methods and outputs: the experience of the Burden of Communicable Diseases in Europe software toolkit
Authors: Alessandro Cassini, Edoardo Colzani, Daniel Lewandowski, Marie-Josee J Mangen, Scott McDonald, Dietrich Plass, Piotr Kramarz, Mirjam E Kretzschmar
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
The Case for Safety Belt Use
Authors: Diane Steed
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Safety belts have been required equipment for automobiles in the United States for 20 years. But it has been only recently that Americans have made extensive use of these effective devices. As recently as 1982, only 11% of American motorists were "buckling up." Today, 31 states and the District of Columbia have safety belt use laws on the books, and overall belt use is estimated to be at an all-time high of 46%. The primary reason for this turnabout has been a refocusing of highway safety efforts, to concentrate more on drivers themselves rather than just on regulating manufacturers. Former Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole settled a 15-year-long battle over air bags in 1984. Her solution: if states representing more than two thirds of the population enacted safety belt laws, manufacturers would not be required to install air bags or automatic safety belts. The auto industry has since lobbied intensively
CONJUGATE DEVIATION OF THE EYES WITH MIDDLE EAR SUPPURATION.Read before the Chicago Medical Society, Jan. 8, 1894.
Authors: OSCAR DODD
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Upon June 13 last, I was called in consultation to see the following case, on account of the serious symptoms which had supervened three days before. The history of the case was given as follows: John W., aged 18, had a discharge from his left ear during childhood. This had ceased and remained well until the present attack. After having influenza seven weeks ago, a severe otitis media on the left side with profuse discharge followed. Under treatment he was progressing favorably until three days ago when he had chills, severe pain in left side of head, dizziness and vomiting, since which time his temperature has ranged from one-half to three-quarters of a degree above normal, but has not exceeded that at any time. It was also noticed that the discharge was less profuse. <i>Condition Present</i>.—Patient very weak, perspiring freely. Temperature 99 degrees. Pulse 120. Dizziness so bad he could
XVIII. Persistent fetal dispersion of the atrioventricular node and His bundle within the central fibrous body.
Authors: T N James, T K Marshall
Journal: Circulation (1976)

In the hearts of two victims of sudden unexpected death (one age 20 years and the other 11 years) there was abnormally delayed persistence of the pattern of fetal dispersion of the A-V (atrioventricular) node and His bundle within the central fibrous body. This pattern is characterized by a splayed or excessively fragmented histological appearance of these structures viewed in cross-section. Some of the fronds of A-V nodal tissue formed loops connecting one portion of the node to another. Other fragments of nodal tissue appeared isolated within the central fibrous body, occasionally connecting directly to the crest of the interventricular septum. A number of the A-V nodal fragments were undergoing resorptive degeneration. Directly adjacent to the A-V node of the 11-year-old subject there was an island of cartilage within the central fibrous body. Since these anatomically separated fragments of A-V nodal tissue were so numerous and varied widely in size and thickness, in length, in histological organization, and in their apparent state of preservation probably extant during life, it is suggested that they form potential routes for abnormal conduction or impulse formation within the A-V junctional region and that some of these electrophysiological disturbances might be quickly lethal.
Bile acid studies in uncomplicated Crohn's disease.
Authors: G Vantrappen, Y Ghoos, P Rutgeerts, J Janssens
Journal: Gut (1977)

The pool size and composition of bile acids were studied in 13 unoperated patients with uncomplicated Crohn's disease; 10 patients with ulcerative colitis, and 10 normal subjects. Many patients with Crohn's disease had in their bile a significantly increased amount of ursodeoxycholic acid. The bile acid pool size was significantly decreased and the ratio of glycine to taurine conjugates was significantly increased in the Crohn's disease patients. The reduction in bile acid pool size was related to the activity of the disease. The disorders of bile acid metabolism suggest that the intestinal involvement in Crohn's disease is much more extensive than can be demonstrated by careful radiological examinations.
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO OCCASIONAL FAILURES IN THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID BY INDIRECT IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE*
Authors: TADEUSZ P. CHORZELSKI, ERNST H. BEUTNER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1972)

Summary.— The basement membrane antibodies in 3 sera of patients with bullous pemphigoid were studied by means of indirect immunofluorescent staining chessboard titrations on monkey, rabbit and guinea‐pig lip tissue. Comparisons of the results of these studies with those obtained in previous studies of this type with 2 other sera, revealed wide variations in the spectra of specificities of the bullous pemphigoid antibodies. Monkey oral or oesophogeal mucosa appears to be the substrate of choice for routine tests for these antibodies, although this must be regarded as an approximation of the "ideal antigen". The implication of these findings are discussed both from the practical and theoretical points of view.
Primary Care of Patients with Skin Disease
Authors: I. W. Caldwell
Journal: BMJ (1970)

BRITISHwas detected.Further aspirations produced no benefit, but an increased dose of steroids helped.However, two weeks later she developed severe respiratory failure and died.At necropsy the lungs showed prominent arterial radicles, a moderate amount of oedema, and scattered, mainly subpleural, areas suggestive of chronic pneumonitis.Both latter features were worse on the left (weight 985g.)than on the right (weight 720g.)Both pleural spaces contained old fibrous adhesions and bilateral yellow effusions.The heart (weight 360g.)showed right ventricular hypertrophy (10mmn.)and dilatation; the right auricle was normal.There was no thrombosis in the syst-mic vessels.
767-6 Effect of Lead Polarity on the Defibrillation Threshold of Pectorally Implanted Cardioverter Defibrillators
Authors: Edward T. Keelan, Jasbir Sra, Kathi Axtell, Cheryl Maglio, Vinay K. Bahl, Mohammad R. Jazayeri, Anwer Dhala, Zalmen Blanck, Sanjay Deshpande, Michael Biehl, Masood Akhtar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
P143 Hypoxia induces hypothermia and sickness behaviour in mice following subcutaneous injection of live Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: AAR Thompson, HM Marriott, L Williams, G Shaw, A Hameed, S Parmar, JA Preston, MC Simon, RS Johnson, SJ Foster, DH Dockrell, MK Whyte, SR Walmsley
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3></h3> Infections frequently cause or complicate illnesses associated with hypoxaemia and local tissue hypoxia. The influence of hypoxia on the interaction between host and pathogen is therefore of considerable interest. <i>S. aureus</i> is a major pathogen in critical care where patients may have profound hypoxaemia and at a tissue level, <i>S. aureus</i> frequently infects ischaemic wounds. We investigated the effect of systemic hypoxia on host-pathogen interactions using a subcutaneous <i>S. aureus</i> infection model in mice. C57BL/6 mice were shaved, injected with a low dose of <i>S. aureus </i>(5x10<sup>7</sup> SH1000) and placed in a hypoxic chamber (10% O<sub>2</sub>) or left in room air. At 6 or 12 hours mice were assessed clinically and rectal temperature recorded. Clinical assessment of mouse sickness behaviour was made by two independent observers blinded as to which oxygen tension the mice had been exposed. Mice were anaesthetised and tissue samples (blood, skin, lung, spleen, kidney, liver and brain) obtained for analysis. Mice injected with live bacteria and placed in hypoxia developed a phenotype of sickness behaviour and hypothermia. Infected hypoxic mice had significantly higher sickness scores and lower body temperature than infected normoxic mice or hypoxic mice injected with PBS (rectal temperature at 12 hours: hypoxic 33.4˚C ± 0.74, normoxic 37.7˚C ± 0.24, hypoxic PBS-injected 38.9˚C ± 0.26, p &lt; 0.0001). Surprisingly, we found no evidence of bacteraemia, enhanced cytokine production, vascular leak or lung injury in the hypoxic infected mice. However, these animals had significant circulatory dysfunction, with hypotension, bradycardia and echocardiographic evidence of impaired left ventricular function. Interestingly, myeloid-cell deficiency of either HIF-1α or HIF-2α protected mice from the adverse systemic phenotype in this model, implicating the host innate immune response in the pathogenesis of the phenotype. These findings imply that hypoxia may adversely alter the host response to a minor bacterial challenge, leading to profound systemic illness and that in such a setting modulation of the HIF pathway may be a possible therapeutic option.
Palliative Care for Latino Patients and Their Families
Authors: Alexander K. Smith, Rebecca L. Sudore, Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Latinos account for 15% of the US population, a proportion projected to grow to 30% by the year 2050. Although there is tremendous diversity within this community, commonalities of language, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors unite Latinos, making them more similar than different. Differences by national origin, although important, are attenuated when immigrants come to the United States, dominated by an English-language, Anglo-centric culture. For non-Latino and non-Spanish-speaking clinicians, communication barriers and cultural misunderstandings can impede the care of dying Latino patients and their families. We present the case of a young, pregnant, Spanish-speaking woman from Central America diagnosed with a fatal leukemia. As illustrated by this case, Latino immigrants face a number of external challenges to optimal end-of-life care: (1) geographic distance as well as political and economic realities often separate patients from their valued families; (2) undocumented immigrants are frequently uninsured and fear of deportation may create a barrier to accessing health services; (3) language and literacy barriers; and (4) concerns about discrimination. Other Latino issues that may be more pronounced in end-of-life settings include cultural themes and religious and spiritual influences. We recommend that professional interpreters must be used for discussions about goals of care with Spanish-speaking patients and families or when negotiating conflict between the patient, family, and the health care team. Concrete suggestions are provided for clinicians in working with interpreters, eliciting culturally based attitudes and beliefs, and implementing universal strategies for clear health communication.
Anesthetic drugs accelerate the progression of postoperative metastases of mouse tumors.
Authors: J Shapiro, J Jersky, S Katzav, M Feldman, S Segal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Experiments were made to investigate the effect of four anesthetic drugs that are commonly used in surgical practice on the postoperative growth of mouse tumors in syngeneic recipients. These experiments revealed that some of the anesthetics when applied for surgical excision of the local tumor, strongly accelerated postoperative progression of spontaneous lung metastases produced by the 3LL Lewis lung carcinoma and by the B16 melanoma. Some of the drugs caused the appearance of metastases in organs, such as the liver, in which spontaneous metastases are not usually produced by these tumors. A T10 sarcoma clone that does not produce detectable metastases in immune intact mice even following intravenous injection, did produce metastases when injected into animals treated with pentothal sodium.
Relationship Of Toll-like Receptors 2 And 4 Gene Polymorphisms With Elevated Production Of Specific Immunoglobulin E
Authors: I.P. Kaidashev, O.V. Izmaylova, N.L. Kutsenko, O.A. Shlykova, L.E. Vesnina, L.M. DuBuske
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Statistics of the Log-Det Estimator
Authors: T. Massingham, N. Goldman
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

The log-det estimator is a measure of divergence (evolutionary distance) between sequences of biological characters, DNA or amino acids, for example, and has been shown to be robust to biases in composition that can cause problems for other estimators. We provide a statistical framework to construct high-accuracy confidence intervals for log-det estimates and compare the efficiency of the estimator to that of maximum likelihood using time-reversible Markov models. The log-det estimator is found to have good statistical properties under such general models.
THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OE SKIN, HAIR, AND RELATED TISSUES*
Authors: W. T. ASTBURY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1950)

Journal Article THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OE SKIN, HAIR, AND RELATED TISSUES Get access W. T. ASTBURY, M.A., Sc.D., F. Inst. P., F.R.S. Prof. W. T. ASTBURY, M.A., Sc.D., F. Inst. P., F.R.S. Prof. Department of Biomolecular Structure, University of Leeds Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 62, Issue 1, 1 January 1950, Page 1, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1950.tb11107.x Published: 01 January 1950
P616Improvement of collateral growth by ex vivo stimulated macrophages
Authors: K Troidl, G Jung, C Troidl, W Schaper, T Schmitz-Rixen
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Objective: Macrophages (Mφ) play an essential role during arteriogenesis, which is defined as the remodeling of pre-existing arterioles to fully functional collateral arteries after arterial occlusion. We could show that, apart from inflammatory M1-φ, also M2-φ occur. Aim of this study was the evaluation of the functional role of different Mφ sub-populations during collateral growth. Method: Mφ derived from bone marrow of GFP mice were stimulated with IFNΓ, IL4+IL13, or IL10 ex vivo in order to polarize Mφ into different subtypes (M1, M2a or M2c, respectively) and their expression profile was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. 24 recipient mice received either clodronate liposomes to deplete circulating Mφ or PBS liposomes as a control group. To induce collateral growth the left femoral artery was ligated (FAL) and stimulated Mφ were administered i.v.. Functional implications on arteriogenesis were evaluated by laser doppler imaging at d3, d7, and d14. In tissue sections of adductor muscles deposition of the GFP-labeled Mφ was tracked. Results: The different stimulation protocols resulted in expression of specific markers of Mφ subtypes proving the expected ex vivo polarization. FACS analysis of peripheral blood after clodronate application confirmed depletion of endogenous Mφ. Clodronate treated mice showed a decreased reperfusion or died after FAL. Application of IL10-stimulated Mφ in the PBS group improved perfusion 14d after FAL in comparison to the other treatments (IL10: 85%; IFN: 63%; IL4+IL13: 63% recovery vs. non-ligated control). GFP+ Mφ are traceable in the perivascular space of growing collaterals. Conclusion: M2c polarized Mφ have a long-term positive effect on arteriogenesis which correlates with a well-known tissue remodeling performance of this particular subtype. Recovery of GFP+ Mφ in the perivascular space argues for recruitment of Mφ from peripheral blood. Application of specifically polarized M2c-φ populations could be a therapeutic option in PAD patients.
Response to Comment on Schmitz et al. Recurrent Subthreshold Depression in Type 2 Diabetes: An Important Risk Factor for Poor Health Outcomes. Diabetes Care 2014;37:970–978
Authors: Norbert Schmitz, Geneviève Gariépy, Kimberley J. Smith, Matthew Clyde, Ashok Malla, Richard Boyer, Irene Strychar, Alain Lesage, JianLi Wang
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

We thank Drs. Aalders and Pouwer for sharing their concerns (1). The authors raise some important issues, such as the assessment of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in observational studies. However, a number of definitions of HRQoL exists and there is no universal agreement on an appropriate definition. In our study (2), we have used the physical and mental unhealthy days measure developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as a proxy measure for HRQoL. Having the advantages of simplicity and brevity, this measure has been used in other telephone surveys, including the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), for a long time. Furthermore, several studies show …
An `Amp' by Any Other Name: The Hazards of Intravenous Magnesium Dosing
Authors: Robert S. Hoffman
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> We are aware of three serious instances of hypermagnesemia in the same institution following dosing errors directly related to the availability of vials of magnesium sulfate, each containing 101.5 mmol of magnesium (203 mEq, as 50 mL of a 50% solution). <h3>Report of Cases.—</h3> Case1.—A 35-year-old man was being treated for alcohol withdrawal. "One amp of 50% magnesium sulfate" was ordered for slow intravenous infusion. The intent was that the patient receive a standard ampule containing 2 mL of 50% solution— 4.03 mmol (1 g or 8.06 mEq) of magnesium. Instead, the patient received a 50-mL vial of 50% magnesium sulfate. After about 35 mL was infused, the patient complained of nausea, vomited, and fell when he attempted to stand. He was noted to have diffuse muscle weakness and areflexia and he could not speak. He was treated with calcium, normal saline, and furosemide. His
EPO modulation of cell-cycle regulatory genes, and cell division, in primary bone marrow erythroblasts
Authors: Jing Fang, Madhu Menon, William Kapelle, Olga Bogacheva, Oleg Bogachev, Estelle Houde, Sarah Browne, Pradeep Sathyanarayana, Don M. Wojchowski
Journal: Blood (2007)
Phylogenetic performance of mitochondrial protein-coding genes in resolving relationships among vertebrates
Authors: R. Zardoya, A. Meyer
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

A large number of studies in evolutionary biology utilize phylogenetic information obtained from mitochondrial DNA.Researchers place trust in this molecule and expect it generally to be a reliable marker for addressing questions ranging from population genetics to phylogenies among distantly related lineages.Yet, regardless of the phylogenetic method and weighting treatment, individual mitochondrial genes might potentially produce misleading evolutionary inferences and hence might not constitute an adequate representation neither of the entire mitochondrial genome nor of the evolutionary history of the organisms from which they are derived.We investigated the performance of all mitochondrial protein-coding genes to recover two expected phylogenies of tetrapods and mammals.According to these tests, mitochondrial protein-coding genes can be roughly classified into three groups of good (ND4, ND5, ND2, cytb, and COI), medium (COB, COIII, NDl, and ND6), and poor (ATPase 6, ND3, ATPase 8, and ND4L) phylogenetic performers in recovering these expected trees among phylogenetically distant relatives.How general our findings are is unclear.Simple length differences and rate differences between these genes cannot account for their different phylogenetic performance.The phylogenetic performance of these mitochondrial genes might depend on various factors that play a role in determining the probability of discovering the correct phylogeny such as the density of lineage creation events in time, the phylogenetic "depth" of the question, lineage-specific rate heterogeneity, and the completeness of taxa representation.
Lipoma of the Colon
Authors: Bernard S. Wolf
Journal: JAMA (1976)

IT IS NOT generally realized that the diagnosis of lipoma of the colon can often be made with considerable confidence by barium enema examination.<sup>1,2</sup>This is of practical importance since these tumors are benign and never become malignant. They are encapsulated, and, if operated on, can usually be removed through a simple colotomy or by myotomy and enucleation without entering the lumen of the bowel. Ninety percent of lipomas originate in the submucosa and grow slowly over a period of years without producing any symptoms.<sup>3</sup>They are commonly identified in older individuals, are usually single, greater than 3 cm in diameter, and involve the right side of the colon more often than the left. Due to motor activity of the colon and contraction of the muscularis propria deep to the tumor, there is a progressive tendency for extrusion of the submucosal mass into the lumen of the bowel.