tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The postobstructive kidney. Observations on nephron function after the relief of 24 hr of ureteral ligation in the dog
Authors: D. Danny Bercovitch, Leonard Kasen, Laurence Blann, Marvin F. Levitt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

After the relief of 24 hr of complete unilateral ureteral obstruction in the dog, the experimental kidney is characterized by a decrease in filtration rate and an increase in fractional and often absolute excretion of sodium before and after the administration of mannitol. In the hydrated state, the failure to conserve sodium is associated with increases in fractional free water clearance and fractional sodium supply to water-freeing sites signifying that the augmented sodium excretion is derived from a proximal source. In the hydropenic state there is decreased fractional free water reabsorption, and sometimes free water excretion, in the postobstructive kidney. An early plateau in free water reabsorption is associated with an increased fractional excretion of sodium. These findings are attributed to the early development of distal nephron impermeability to water as a result of enhanced distal tubular supply and transport of sodium. There is a decrease in maximal tubular reabsorptive capacity (Tm) of glucose in the post-obstructive kidney which is, however, less marked than the decrease in filtration rate. The fall in filtration rate is to some extent likely due to a dropping out of nephrons from the circulation while the remaining nephrons are hypoperfused. The magnitude of the sodium reabsorptive defect is markedly exaggerated as the concentration of nonreabsorbable solute (mannitol) in the glomerular perfusate is increased. It is concluded that the postobstructive increase in sodium excretion during mannitol administration is in part due to a limit in the capacity to reabsorb sodium against a concentration gradient in the proximal tubule.
Federal Regulation: Philosophy and Practice
Authors: C. N. CHRISTENSEN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

The philosophy of drug regulation as expressed by Congress has progressively embraced concepts of misbranding and adulteration, safety, efficacy, and, most recently, control of the investigational process. The intent of Congress has been implemented by a series of regulations intended to protect the public health and to assure that available drugs are safe and effective. This has resulted in more centralized, standardized, uniform government control, with a slowdown in the development and approval of new drugs, an increase in the cost of developing and marketing new drugs, and costly control procedures. It is time to ask whether the benefit of more centralized government control is being exceeded by its cost.
"Clusters" of anophthalmia in Britain.
Authors: R Gilbert
Journal: BMJ (1993)

guideline from the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists that there should be one specialist for 500 deliveries will be tenable only if the trend towards subspecialisation accelerates.A small referral base does not provide enough complications to maintain skills.' Apart from stipulating a greater role for midwives, the report tries not to be too prescriptive; it recognises that purchasers and providers may agree many different models of care.The result, however, is that much of the report reads like a 100 page mission statement.It also seems to contain some internal contradictions.For instance, it argues that women should have the option of a planned home birth, especially as any increased risk is small (at least in absolute terms) and even those who perceive a risk may make a trade off in order to realise other gains-just as we do when transporting our families by road.Only a parentalist could argue against the report on this point, but the information that the report suggests should inform this choice was biased, although the report argues throughout that couples should be given unbiased information.The report states that any exposition on the risk of an unexpected emergency at home should be balanced by evidence from quoted studies showing higher intervention rates in hospital; the problem is that these studies are confounded by different patterns of midwifery care.The report advocates, however, that, irrespective of where she chooses to deliver, a woman's intrapartum care should be the responsibility of the same midwife.Perhaps this just shows that unbiased information, for which the report makes repeated pleas, exists only in those few areas which can be resolved empirically.The usual slogan about choice appears in the report, but it is not backed up by thoughtful discussion.The report comes to the one sided conclusion that restrictions are more likely to be justified in response to a "demand for intervention rather than a request to avoid it."Thus the report argues against induction of labour purely at a woman's request when "there
Histopathology of remodelling induced by PUVA in the superficial dermis
Authors: G.E. PIERARD, A.B. ACKERMAN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

The histopathological alterations induced by PUVA within the skin are reported in a patient treated for psoriasis. The main impact is located at the site of former psoriatic plaques in which the target is the microvasculature. A residual coating sheath is present around vessels and fibrosis appears in the superficial dermis. These remodellings interfere with the normal dermo--epidermal relationships; the epidermis contains atypical keratinocytes, and melanocytes are no longer recognizable.
ACUTE INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: WILLIAM D. HAGGARD
Journal: JAMA (1928)

Despite the tremendous advances in abdominal surgery, intestinal obstructions constitute the greatest surgical tragedies. The results are appalling. Sir William Taylor believes that the mortality from primary acute intestinal obstruction is nearer 60 per cent than it is 35 or 40 per cent, as usually given. Deaver says that an attainable mortality should be 10 per cent. Souttar collected statistics in 3,064 cases during 1920-1924 at seven London hospitals and found the average mortality to be 26.56 per cent. In the various pathologic groups the mortality was: gallstones, 50 per cent; carcinoma, 43.5 per cent; intussusception (idiopathic), 22 per cent; adhesions, 31 per cent; internal strangulation, 33 per cent; intussusception with tumor, 35 per cent; volvulus, 51 per cent; inguinal hernia, 15 per cent; femoral hernia, 20 per cent, and umbilical hernia, 35 per cent. In certain hospitals, in selected groups and in small series, the results have been very
Partially successful treatment of a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease: Case report and literature review
Authors: Giridhar U. Adiga, Lool Abebe, Peter H. Wiernik
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2003)

Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is rarely associated with Hodgkin's disease (HD). We report a case of nodular sclerosis HD in a patient previously diagnosed with CLL. Reed‐Sternberg cells were CD15 + and CD30 + . He was treated with dose‐escalated CHOP and at relapse, mitoxantrone, vinblastine, and CCNU (MVC) with partial response to the former and complete response to the latter, although the patient died 15 months later. Data from 88 other similar cases published in the English language were analyzed. Based on the histological and clinical features at the time of transformation, these patients were divided into distinct categories for analysis. Prognosis was found to be poorer in patients with continued active CLL when compared with those with CLL in remission at the time of transformation to HD. It is suggested that these two presentations may derive from different pathogenic mechanisms. Am. J. Hematol. 72:267–273, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Case of Hyperplastic Polyposis of the Colon with Adenocarcinomas in Hyperplastic Polyps after Long-Term Follow-Up
Authors: N. Koide, Y. Saito, T. Fujii, H. Kondo, D. Saito, T. Shimoda
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

A 66-year-old woman had been receiving follow-up since 1990 for hyperplastic polyposis, which remained unchanged endoscopically and radiologically. In 1999, a small (28 × 22 mm) superficial adenocarcinoma was detected in the ascending colon. Histologically, this was a hyperplastic polyp containing a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma invading into the submucosa. A review of the English and Japanese literature identified 32 cases of “hyperplastic polyposis.” In about half of the 32 cases, an adenocarcinoma was also found amongst the hyperplastic polyps. Half of the adenocarcinomas were located in the right colon. Although hyperplastic polyposis is uncommon, it warrants regular surveillance, as it appears to be associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Examining the internship
Authors: R. M. Davis
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Drs Davis and Craighill call attention to several important points. We cited the most quoted articles regarding the effects of internship on a young physician's mental health, but note that these were largely retrospective studies. We regret that we did not use the term "spouse," since it is now obvious that women will soon constitute approximately one third of all residents in training. The study that the writers question is our own; we believe it does show that our sample retrospectively exaggerated the degree of emotional stress experienced. This sample was small, due to the voluntary nature of the study, but we do believe that we had a representative group of subjects. Included were interns from medicine, obstetrics-gynecology, pathology, pediatrics, psychiatry, and surgery. Because of our agreement with the department chairmen, we did not report the specific breakdown of data by department. We agree "that interns are the
Alpha‐ and beta‐synucleins are new diagnostic tools for acute erythroid leukemia and acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
Authors: Robert W. Maitta, Lucia R. Wolgast, Qing Wang, Hailing Zhang, Pritish Bhattacharyya, Jerald Z. Gong, Jaya Sunkara, Joseph M. Albanese, John G. Pizzolo, Linda A.Cannizzaro, K.H. Ramesh, Howard Ratech
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

α-Synuclein is a key component of the Lewy body, a large globular protein complex that forms in the nervous system of patients with Parkinson disease and other dementias [1-3]. Since α-synuclein also occurs in megakaryocytic and erythroid lineages [4-7], we wondered what role synucleins had in the hematopoietic system. Therefore, we studied the expression of α-, β-, and γ-synucleins in a comprehensive panel of patient bone marrows and leukemic cell lines. We observed under expression of α-synuclein in the megakaryocytes of myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN), but not normal reactive marrow (NRM) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Conversely, we observed over expression of β-synuclein in the blasts of megakaryoblastic leukemias (MegL), but not acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or erythroleukemia (EryL), suggesting that α- and β-synucleins could be useful adjunct markers for the early detection of MDS and the differential diagnosis of EryL and MegL from other AMLs.
The role of cardiac receptor and arterial baroreceptor reflexes in control of the circulation during acute change of blood volume in the conscious rabbit.
Authors: J Ludbrook, W F Graham
Journal: Circulation Research (1984)

We have studied overall reflex control of the circulation by the arterial baroreceptors and cardiac receptors during acute change of blood volume in seven conscious rabbits. A factorial experimental design allowed analysis of the direction, magnitude, and significance of the reflex effects of independent input from each set of receptors, and the reflex interactions when the inputs were combined. Right atrial pressure, arterial pressure, systemic vascular resistance, cardiac output, and heart rate were measured during acute, graded, isohemic change of blood volume over the range +/- 27%. This was done with both reflexes present, only the arterial baroreceptor reflex present (intrapericardial 2% procaine), only the cardiac receptor reflex present (surgical baroreceptor denervation), and with both reflexes absent. As blood volume was depleted, the arterial baroreceptor reflex independently increased systemic vascular resistance and sustained arterial pressure, but the cardiac receptor reflex had no significant independent or interactive effects. As blood volume was expanded, each reflex had an independent effect in decreasing systemic vascular resistance and preventing arterial pressure from rising, the cardiac receptor reflex being the more powerful. Their effect in combination on systemic vascular resistance and arterial pressure was only two-fifths of the sum of their independent effects, so that they interacted negatively. In combination, the reflexes supported right atrial pressure during blood loss, despite their negative interaction, but did not significantly affect the relation of cardiac output to blood volume change in either direction. Thus both reflexes have important actions in moderating the overall effects of acute blood volume changes in conscious rabbits, but these are markedly diminished by their interactions.
Values and Long-Term Care
Authors: Charles R. Beber
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<i>Values and Long-Term Care</i>is an edited collection of papers presented to a conference convened jointly in December 1980 by the University of California at Los Angeles and the Rand Corporation to explore the potential contribution of economic and psychometric analyses to decisions in long-term care. Difficulties in translating inexact but useful acute care formulations into meaningful tools for long-term care planners are thoroughly explored. The focus of inquiry deals with the public's willingness to pay for care rather than identifying and defining the elements of "good" long-term care. For most medical practitioners, the word<i>science</i>implies the study of "what actually is and how and why it works," while the word<i>value</i>is usually reserved for concerns with what ought to be. But the values referred to in the title of this book deal with the science of economic trade-offs, not with medical, professional, or ethical options in care.
Cross-reactive influenza virus-specific CD8+ T cells contribute to lymphoproliferation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated infectious mononucleosis
Authors: S. C. Clute
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

The marked proliferation of activated CD8+ T cells is pathognomonic of EBV-associated infectious mononucleosis (IM), common in young adults. Since the diversity and size of the memory CD8+ T cell population increase with age, we questioned whether IM was mediated by the reactivation of memory CD8+ T cells specific to previously encountered pathogens but cross-reactive with EBV. Of 8 HLA-A2+ IM patients, 5 had activated T cells specific to another common virus, as evidenced by a significantly higher number of peripheral blood influenza A virus M1(58-66)-specific T cells compared with healthy immune donors. Two patients with an augmented M1 response had tetramer-defined cross-reactive cells recognizing influenza M1 and EBV-BMLF1(280-288), which accounted for up to one-third of their BMLF1-specific population and likely contributed to a skewed M1-specific T cell receptor repertoire. These epitopes, with only 33% sequence similarity, mediated differential effects on the function of the cross-reactive T cells, which may contribute to alterations in disease outcome. EBV could potentially encode an extensive pool of T cell epitopes that activate other cross-reactive memory T cells. Our results support the concept that cross-reactive memory CD8+ T cells activated by EBV contribute to the characteristic lymphoproliferation of IM.
Achilles tendon rupture in badminton.
Authors: S Kaalund, P Lass, B Høgsaa, M Nøhr
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1989)

The typical badminton player with an Achilles tendon rupture is 36 years old and, despite limbering up, is injured at the rear line in a sudden forward movement. He resumes work within three months and has a slight lack of dorsiflexion in the ankle as the main complication. Most patients resume badminton within one year, but some finish their sports career, mainly due to fear of a new injury. The investigation discusses predisposing factors and prophylactic measures.
Book Review: History of the Treatment of Spinal Injuries
Authors: E H Jellinek
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

Dr Silver's title indicates a very wide canvas, and the book ranges back into fragments from antiquity in Egypt, Greece and the Arab countries, then to the more substantial contributions from military surgeons such as Pare, since war was of course the great provider of spinal injuries; in peacetime there is a lesser supply from traffic, work and sports accidents. Spinal paralysis was almost always lethal until well into the twentieth century, when scientific foundations for more hopeful management began to emerge. For this Silver rightly credits Theodor Kocher in Switzerland, Wilhelm Wagner and Otfried Foerster in Germany, and especially Donald Munro in Boston who laid down the right rules for treatment in the 1930s.
Abstract 4032: SIRT1 modulates E2/ERα-associated oncogenic signaling in human breast cancer
Authors: Selvakumar Elangovan, Sabarish Ramachandran, Puttur D. Prasad, Vadivel Ganapathy, Muthusamy Thangaraju
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract SIRT1, a NAD+-dependent deacetylase, first emerged as a potential anti-aging factor by controlling senescence, but now it is also implicated in tumor development and cancer cell survival. SIRT1 is overexpressed and/or catalytically activated in a variety of human cancers, suggesting a potential role for SIRT1 in tumor promotion. SIRT1 promotes oncogenic signaling, in part, by deacetylating the tumor suppressor protein p53 resulting in its inactivation. Similarly, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) also promotes the development and progression of hormone-dependent cancers such as breast cancer, in part, by inactivating p53 function. It is not known whether ERα and SIRT1 functionally cooperate to elicit their biologic effects. Thus, we hypothesized that there could be a functional link between ERα and SIRT1 and that this link could play a role in cellular immortalization and tumor formation in mammary epithelial cells. Using a series of coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays, we demonstrated that ERα physically interacts and functionally cooperates with SIRT1 in breast cancer cells and that SIRT1 is necessary for ERα-induced p53 inactivation. This interaction requires active estrogen-ERα (E2-ERα) complex and catalytically active SIRT1. Functional disruption of either E2-ERα or SIRT1 dramatically reduces this interaction. Further, ERα binds to SIRT1 promoter and increases SIRT1 transcription whereas SIRT1 does not affect the expression and acetylation status of ERα. In breast cancer cells, SIRT1 inactivation or knockdown decreases E2-induced cell growth, and this process is associated with prevention of ERα-induced p53 inactivation and induction of antioxidant enzymes. Finally, mouse xenograft studies of human ER-positive breast cancer cells provide in vivo evidence for the importance of the ERα-SIRT1 complex in breast cancer growth in which deletion of SIRT1 abrogates the tumor-promoting activity of estrogen completely. These studies show that SIRT1 is essential for the promotion of E2/ERα-associated breast cancer growth and that a combination of SIRT1 inhibitors and anti-estrogens could offer a novel approach for breast cancer management. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4032. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4032
Non-Cell-Autonomous Effects of Presenilin 1 Variants on Enrichment-Mediated Hippocampal Progenitor Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
Authors: Se Hoon Choi, Karthikeyan Veeraraghavalu, Orly Lazarov, Seoan Marler, Richard M. Ransohoff, Jan Marino Ramirez, Sangram S. Sisodia
Journal: Neuron (2008)
A Community Study of the Relation of Alpha<sub>1</sub>-Antitrypsin Levels to Obstructive Lung Diseases
Authors: James O. Morse, Michael D. Lebowitz, Ronald J. Knudson, Benjamin Burrows
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Since it is still uncertain whether moderate degrees of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency predispose to the development of lung disease, data obtained from a stratified random sample of white households in Tucson, Arizona, consisting of 2586 subjects over five years of age, were analyzed. No relation was found between serum alpha1-antitrypsin levels, measured as trypsin inhibitory capacity, and ventilatory function, respiratory symptomatology, or frequency of diagnosed pulmonary diseases even among cigarette smokers. The data indicate that an intermediate level of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency (i.e., inhibitory capacity between 20 and 62 per cent of the population's mean value) is not an important risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive lung diseases. The data militate strongly against the use of any quantitative determination of alpha1-antitrypsin as a test to identify subjects with moderate deficiency for the purpose of predicting later development of chronic respiratory disorders. The rate of severe deficiency is so low as to make population screening for such subjects impractical.
Wakefield sues BMJ over MMR articles
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Andrew Wakefield, the doctor who was struck off the UK medical register after triggering a worldwide health scare by linking the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine with autism, has launched a libel action against the BMJ , its editor in chief, Fiona Godlee, and the investigative journalist Brian Deer.

The lawsuit, which accuses the BMJ of publishing “false and defamatory statements” about Dr Wakefield, has been filed not in England, where the allegedly offending articles were published, but at a …
Down-regulation of CC chemokine receptor 3 protein and mRNA in human eosinophils mediated by IL-3
Authors: Yasmin Dulkys, Christof Kluthe, Thomas Buschermöhle, Ines Barg, Sabine Knöl, Alexander Kapp, Amanda Proudfoot, Jörn Elsner
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
THE UNKNOWN DETERMINING FACTORS IN DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: EDWIN G. ZABRISKIE
Journal: JAMA (1925)

Our knowledge of the etiology and the pathogenesis of disease processes is steadily advancing, thanks to the constant accessions of new workers in laboratories throughout the world; and tremendous strides are being constantly made in the advancement of our knowledge of the physical and chemical forces at work in living organisms. As the questions about which fierce controversies raged—it seems only a few years ago—are answered, other questions present themselves with a new significance, in an entirely different light, are just as puzzling, demand even greater concentration of thought, and appear to hold out the same elusive will-o'-the-wisp promise of solution that formerly mocked us in problems which at present no longer exist. It seems only a short while ago when arguments pro and con were being hurled back and forth over the possibility of tabes and paresis without syphilis. When Erb, Fournier and a few others fought with almost