tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effects of denervation and muscle ablation procedures on the canine pharyngo-oesophageal junction
Authors: V. P. Lynch, J. F. Schlegel, F. H. Ellis
Journal: Thorax (1973)

The resting and deglutitive pressures in the pharynx, pharyngo-oesophageal sphincter, and upper oesophagus were obtained from 32 healthy intact dogs. The dogs were divided into groups and submitted to either bilateral denervation or muscle ablation. Manometric studies were repeated two weeks and four weeks after operation. Bilateral division of the pharyngo-oesophageal nerve reduced the resting sphincteric pressure and the amplitude of the pressures of sphincteric relaxation and contraction after deglutition. Bilateral division of the recurrent laryngeal nerves or bilateral division of the cervical sympathetic trunks did not alter sphincteric resting or deglutition pressures. Muscle ablation involving the cricopharyngeus muscle reduced resting sphincteric pressure, shortened the zone of elevated pressure, and decreased the amplitude of the pressure responses to deglutition. These findings confirm that the cricopharyngeus muscle is the upper oesophageal sphincter and that it receives its motor innervation from the pharyngo-oesophageal nerve, a branch of the pharyngeal plexus that comes primarily from the vagus nerve.
A patient with CLL and a dry cough
Authors: D. A. Tsitsikas, S. Vinicombe, M. Sheaff, S. Ellis, H. Rizvi, R. Manuel, S. G. Agrawal
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A 51 year old man was diagnosed with stage C chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) after he was found incidentally to have marked lymphocytosis on a routine blood test with characteristic morphological and immunophenotypic features. He had massive splenomegaly which was confirmed on computed tomography, lymphadenopathy both sides of the diaphragm, mild anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropenia, but he was entirely asymptomatic and otherwise well. After he had received the necessary vaccinations and started penicillin prophylaxis, he underwent splenectomy, but chemotherapy was deferred for several weeks at his request. Of note, he had travelled to North America and South America in recent years.

Restaging computed tomography scans before he started chemotherapy showed newly developed bilateral lung nodules (fig 1⇓). He underwent extensive investigations, and infective causes such as tuberculosis, mycoplasma, legionella, and viral pneumonia were excluded. Throughout this time, apart from an intermittent dry cough, he remained entirely well.



Fig 1 Computed tomography of the thorax



Repeat computed tomography was undertaken six weeks later (fig 2⇓). Because no cause had been found for lung nodules, he underwent percutaneous lung biopsy, and when that failed to yield an adequate sample, open lung biopsy. Histological examination of the sample showed circumscribed foci of necrosis associated with colonies of fungal spores that displayed birefringence and occasional budding.



Fig 2 Repeat computed tomography scan six weeks later 





### 1 What does the computed tomogram of the chest show?

#### Short answer 

The computed tomography scans of the thorax show multiple, bilateral, well defined pulmonary nodules that have progressed over the six week interval (figs 3⇓ and 4⇓). 



Fig 3 Multiple bilateral well …
Platelet-derived serotonin links vascular disease and tissue fibrosis
Authors: Clara Dees, Alfiya Akhmetshina, Pawel Zerr, Nicole Reich, Katrin Palumbo, Angelika Horn, Astrid Jüngel, Christian Beyer, Gerhard Krönke, Jochen Zwerina, Rudolf Reiter, Natalia Alenina, Luc Maroteaux, Steffen Gay, Georg Schett, Oliver Distler, Jörg H.W. Distler
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2011)

Vascular damage and platelet activation are associated with tissue remodeling in diseases such as systemic sclerosis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this association have not been identified. In this study, we show that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) stored in platelets strongly induces extracellular matrix synthesis in interstitial fibroblasts via activation of 5-HT2B receptors (5-HT2B) in a transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)–dependent manner. Dermal fibrosis was reduced in 5-HT2B−/− mice using both inducible and genetic models of fibrosis. Pharmacologic inactivation of 5-HT2B also effectively prevented the onset of experimental fibrosis and ameliorated established fibrosis. Moreover, inhibition of platelet activation prevented fibrosis in different models of skin fibrosis. Consistently, mice deficient for TPH1, the rate-limiting enzyme for 5-HT production outside the central nervous system, showed reduced experimental skin fibrosis. These findings suggest that 5-HT/5-HT2B signaling links vascular damage and platelet activation to tissue remodeling and identify 5-HT2B as a novel therapeutic target to treat fibrotic diseases.
Legionnaires' Disease Associated With a Hospital Water System
Authors: Charles M. Helms
Journal: JAMA (1988)

In 1981, sixteen cases of nosocomial legionellosis occurred among 456 patients admitted to a new hematology-oncology unit (35 per 1000 admissions). Monoclonal antibody typing and restriction endonuclease plasmid analysis identified a unique strain (09,04) of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 isolated from both patients and water outlets. Continuous hyperchlorination of the hot and cold water began in January 1982, and chlorine levels of 3 to 5 mg/L have been maintained most recently. Water samples have been consistently negative for Legionella for more than five years. Four sporadic cases of nosocomial legionellosis have occurred in the hematology-oncology unit during the same period (one per 1000 admissions) associated with a different strain of L pneumophila serogroup 1 (09,00). The environmental reservoir(s) of L pneumophila serogroup 1 in these cases has not been identified. Levels of trihalomethanes (potential carcinogens) were high (greater than 100 micrograms/L) when chlorine levels of hot water exceeded 4 mg/L. Some corrosion damage to the water distribution system has occurred: the average number of leaks per month increased steadily from zero in 1982 to 5.2 in 1986. The chlorinator installation costs were +75,800, and annual operation expenses were +12,500. Continuous hyperchlorination is a promising but still experimental technique for control of nosocomial legionellosis. In our experience, epidemic disease has been controlled, but sporadic cases have continued to occur.
Immunomodulatory derivative of thalidomide (IMiD CC-4047) induces a shift in lineage commitment by suppressing erythropoiesis and promoting myelopoiesis
Authors: Ki-Ryang Koh, Martin Janz, Markus Y. Mapara, Britt Lemke, David Stirling, Bernd Dörken, Martin Zenke, Suzanne Lentzsch
Journal: Blood (2004)
Animal comparative studies should be part of linguistics
Authors: Daniel Margoliash, Howard C. Nusbaum
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract Universal Grammar promotes the study of an idealization of language behavior and language learning. In examining the diversity of actual behavioral strategies used to achieve linguistic goals, Evans &amp; Levinson (E&amp;L) move towards studying language as a behavior. This approach can benefit from studying communicative and cognitive capacities more broadly – across species. We exhort like-minded linguists to cast off the remaining intellectual shackles of linguistic speciesism.
Prevention of Central Venous Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infection by Use of an Antiseptic-Impregnated Catheter
Authors: Dennis G. Maki
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Background: Bloodstream infection related to short-term use of noncuffed central venous catheters is a common and serious problem. Technologic innovations to reduce the risk for these infections are needed. Objective: To determine 1) the efficacy of a novel antiseptic catheter in preventing central venous catheter-related infection, 2) patient tolerance of this catheter, and 3) the sources of bloodstream infection originating from noncuffed, multilumen central venous catheters. Design: Randomized, controlled clinical trial. Setting: Medical-surgical intensive care unit of a 450-bed university hospital. Participants: 158 adults scheduled to receive a central venous catheter; 403 catheters were studied. Intervention: Participants received either a standard triple-lumen polyurethane catheter or a catheter that was indistinguishable from the standard catheter and was impregnated with chlorhexidine and silver sulfadiazine. Measurements: Catheters were studied for colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infection at removal; local and systemic effects of catheters were assessed. The origin of each catheter-associated bloodstream infection was sought by culturing all potential sources (skin, catheter segments, hubs, and infusate) and confirmed by restriction-fragment DNA subtyping. Results: Antiseptic catheters were less likely to be colonized at removal than control catheters (13.5 compared with 24.1 colonized catheters per 100 catheters; relative risk, 0.56 [95% CI, 0.36 to 0.89]; P = 0.005) and were nearly fivefold less likely to produce bloodstream infection (1.0 compared with 4.7 infections per 100 catheters; 1.6 compared with 7.6 infections per 1000 catheter-days; relative risk, 0.21 [CI, 0.03 to 0.95]; P = 0.03). In the control group, 8 catheter-related bloodstream infections were caused by Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, or Candida species; no infections with these organisms occurred in the antiseptic catheter group [P = 0.003]. No adverse effects from the antiseptic catheter were seen, and none of the 122 isolates obtained from infected catheters in either group showed in vitro resistance to chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine. Cost-benefit analysis indicated that the antiseptic catheter should prove cost-beneficial if an institution's rate of catheter-related bacteremia with noncuffed central venous catheters is at least 3 infections per 1000 catheter-days). Conclusions: The chlorhexidine-silver sulfadiazine catheter is well tolerated, reduces the incidence of catheter-related infection, extends the time that noncuffed central venous catheters can be safely left in place for the short term, and should allow cost savings.
Clinical Implications of High MET Gene Dosage in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients without Previous Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Treatment
Authors: Ya-Ting Chen, John Wen-Cheng Chang, Hui-Ping Liu, Tsung-Fu Yu, Yu-Ting Chiu, Jia-Juan Hsieh, Ying-Tsong Chen, Yi-Rong Chen, Hong-Dar Isaac Wu, Shiu-Feng Huang
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2011)
DOES ORAL BETA-BLOCKER THERAPY IMPROVE LONG-TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF ST-ELEVATION ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AFTER PRIMARY ANGIOPLASTY?
Authors: Neiko Ozasa, Kazuaki Mitsudo, Takeshi Morimoto, Hou Heigen, Toshihiro Tamura, Satoshi Shizuta, Takeshi Kimura, None j-Cypher Registry Investigators
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Leukotriene B4 Receptor-1 (BLT1) Expression on Effector Memory CD8 + T Lymphocytes Requires Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 Activation
Authors: H. Ohnishi, J. Domenico, E.W. Gelfand
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)

RATIONALE: Ligation of the leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor-1 (BLT1) on effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEFF) by LTB4 is important for the recruitment of TEFF to the site of inflammation. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in TEFF is essential for the effector functions of TEFF including Th2 cytokine production and development of airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic inflammation. IL-2 stimulation is essential for the induction of BLT1 expression on TEFF. We determined the role of IL-2-induced ERK1/2 activation for BLT1 expression on TEFF. METHODS: TEFF were generated from SIINFEKL peptide-primed mononuclear cells from spleen and lymph nodes of OT-1 mice in the presence of IL-2. The effect of a mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, or a negative control U0124, on BLT1 expression was examined during TEFF differentiation. LTB4-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and chemotaxis were examined in parallel. RESULTS: IL-2 stimulation induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and BLT1 expression on TEFF. U0126 treatment, but not U0124, inhibited phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and both mRNA and cell surface protein expression of BLT1 during TEFF differentiation. U0126-treated TEFF also showed decreased LTB4-induced intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and chemotaxis. CONCLUSIONS: An ERK1/2-dependent pathway plays an important role in the induction of BLT1 expression on TEFF, which is essential for the migration of TEFF to the site of inflammation. Inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling has potential therapeutic benefit by interfering with the important LTB4/BLT1 pathway in allergic lung disease.
886. AAV-Mediated Somatic Gene Transfer as an Approach To Delineate Pathogenic Mechanisms in an Autosomal Dominant Blindness Disorder Resembling Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Authors: Nicholas W. Keiser, Arvydas Maminishkis, Jeannette L. Bennicelli, Sheldon S. Miller, Jean Bennett
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Malattia Leventinese (ML) is an autosomal dominant inherited macular degeneration with a middle-age onset. Phenotypically, the disease closely resembles Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), a condition affecting 20% of the population over age 65 and the leading cause of blindness in the elderly in the Western world. Patients with ML suffer from decreased visual acuity and have a characteristic radial pattern of deposits, called drusen, which form beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). A single missense mutation (R345W) in the Epidermal Growth Factor Containing Fibrillin-like Extracellular Matrix Protein 1 (EFEMP1) gene is responsible for the disease, and leads to the misfolding and inefficient secretion of the protein. In normal retinas, the protein localizes to the inner photoreceptor matrix (IPM), apical to the RPE, while in individuals with ML, it resides between the RPE and drusen. We therefore surmised that wild-type EFEMP1 is apically secreted by the RPE, and that the R345W mutation misdirects this secretion basolaterally. To test this hypothesis, we utilized a cell culture system consisting of polarized monolayers of human fetal RPE (hfRPE) cells grown on Transwell membranes. AAV2/1 vectors containing FLAG-tagged wild-type or mutant EFEMP1 were used to transduce the hfRPE cells with high efficiency. Transduction did not affect hfRPE cell polarization or tight junction formation, as shown by immunofluorescence staining for Na+/K+ ATPase, CD147, and ZO-1. Immunoprecipitation of EFEMP1-FLAG from the basolateral and apical medium revealed that, contrary to our hypothesis, EFEMP1 is secreted basolaterally, and that this polarized secretion pattern is not altered by the R345W mutation. In addition, we found that this pattern of secretion was distinct from dog epithelial (MDCK) cells, which secreted the protein apically. Additional immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence experiments indicated that the R345W mutation resulted in retention of EFEMP1 within polarized RPE cells. We conclude that EFEMP1 is directionally secreted from epithelial cells, and that its basolateral secretion from RPE cells may be indicative of some yet unknown function in the extracellular matrix underlying those cells, within the local environment of drusen formation in ML patients. However, the absence of an alteration in polarized secretion suggests that the intracellular retention of mutant EFEMP1 may be a major contributing factor to the progression of ML.
Infant-feeding Practices
Authors: R. K. Oates
Journal: BMJ (1973)

A survey of mothers attending infant welfare clinics showed that 26% changed their infant's milk in the first two weeks after birth and that multiple changes were common. Twenty-two per cent. were preparing a milk formula more concentrated than the recommended strength by using either heaped or packed scoops instead of level scoops of powder or by giving extra scoops. The commonest age for starting solid feeding was between 3 and 4 weeks and the practice of adding rusk or cereal to the bottle was common. There are obvious dangers of hypernatraemia from taking concentrated milk feeds and problems of obesity which may follow the early introduction of cereals.
Influenza in an Infant, Complicated with Hyperpyrexia
Authors: J. McCaw
Journal: BMJ (1895)

THE jREMOVAL OF ADENOID VEGETATIONS.LAPRIL $ 18. other depressants, which not only retard the resolution of the morbid phenomena, but to which I largely attribute the sub- sequent debility and protracted convalescence which charac- terise so many cases of this ailment.
Reply to J.R. Gralow et al
Authors: Catherine H. Van Poznak, William E. Barlow, J. Sybil Biermann, Linda D. Bosserman, Cindy Geoghegan, Bruce E. Hillner, Nora A. Janjan, Sarah Temin, Richard L. Theriault, Gary C. Yee, Dan S. Zuckerman, Jamie H. Von Roenn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)
CROCHET HOOK THROUGH BOTH ORBITS
Authors: W. L. Benedict
Journal: JAMA (1935)

A married woman, aged 55, a patient at the Rochester State Hospital, had made several attempts at suicide during depressive phases of a manic depressive psychosis. On April 1, 1934, she attempted to commit suicide by thrusting a number 12 crochet needle from the right temporal region through both orbits (fig. 1).  The sharp point of the hook entered the right temple and was pushed through the left orbit until the point struck the left temporal orbital wall. She could not push the hook farther with her hand. She removed her slipper and, using the heel as a hammer, drove the hook farther into her head until the handle was entirely buried under the skin on the right temporal side. When she was discovered a few minutes later, blood was oozing from her nose and the conjunctiva of both eyes was edematous. Her vision, however, was apparently not impaired.
Pulmonary Vessel Involvement in Takayasu Arteritis
Authors: J. BREMERICH, J. MÜLLER-BRAND, A. P. PERRUCHOUD
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

A 24-year-old woman had Takayasu arteritis. Radionuclide imaging showed complete obstruction of the right pulmonary artery and compromised perfusion in the left upper and lower lobe. Ventilation was normal. Involvement of the aortic arch and its branches was found as well. Pneumectomy of the unperfused right lung had to be performed eventually for fungal pneumonia. The clinical course of this patient has stabilized without signs of active disease.
P163 Incidence and clinical relevance of non-tuberculous mycobacteria isolates based on 10 years experience at York Hospital, North Yorkshire (UK)
Authors: L. Burke, A. Anderson, S. Waring, N. Thompson, R. A. Thomas
Journal: Thorax (2010)

<h3>Background</h3> Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are widely distributed in the environment and are difficult to diagnose and treat. Previous non-UK studies have reported increasing incidence and geographical variation in NTM isolates.1 We characterised the frequency and clinical relevance of positive NTM cultures in a large UK hospital and the effect of introducing a new liquid culture. <h3>Methods</h3> We examined the notes of all patients from whom NTM had been isolated between July 1999 and September 2009. Diagnostic criteria for NTM disease published by the American Thoracic Society (ATS) were used to determine clinical relevance.1 <h3>Results</h3> NTM was isolated from 100 patients. 91 (91%) were respiratory tract samples. 14 (15%) of these met ATS criteria for NTM pulmonary disease. MAC (38%), <i>M. xenopi</i> (19%) and <i>M. malmonese</i> (11%) were most common. Of these, 14%; 6% and 30%, respectively, met the ATS criteria. The most clinically relevant species were <i>M. bovis</i> (1/1; 100%), <i>M. simlae</i> (1/2; 50%), <i>M. kansasii</i> (2/6; 33%) and <i>M. malmonese</i> (3/10; 30%). Cough (p=0.02) and night sweats (p=0.027) were associated with clinical relevance. Being asymptomatic was linked to not meeting ATS diagnostic criteria (p=0.029). Pre-existing pulmonary disease (p=0.012), ABPA (0.019) and dyspnoea (p=0.013) predicted having a second positive sputum. The annual NTM isolates increased over 10 years. The liquid culture system was introduced in September 2006. Using a χ<sup>2</sup> comparison test there was no statistically significant difference in clinically relevant isolates pre and post September 2006 (p=0.633). <h3>Conclusion</h3> This is the first study of NTM isolates in the north of England. Our study shows prevalence of clinically relevant disease, with isolates of <i>M. kansasii</i> and <i>M. malmonese</i> most likely meeting ATS criteria. MAC was most prevalent (38%). Since the introduction of a new liquid culture system the number of isolates increased, but the clinical relevance did not. The spread of species isolated differed from previous studies1 which highlights the geographical variation and the importance of regional data.
Rapid and reversible secretion changes during uncoupling of rat insulin-producing cells.
Authors: P Meda, D Bosco, M Chanson, E Giordano, L Vallar, C Wollheim, L Orci
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

To determine whether insulin secretion is affected by a blockage of gap junctions between B cells, we have studied the secretion of rat pancreatic islets of Langerhans, primary dispersed islet cells, and cells of the RINm5F line, during short-term exposure to heptanol. Within minutes, this alkanol blocked gap junctions between the B cells of intact islets and abolished their normal secretory response to glucose. These two changes were rapidly and fully reversible after return of the islets to control medium. We further found that heptanol had no significant effect on the glucose-stimulated secretion of single B cells but inhibited that of B cell pairs. In the clone of RINm5F cells, whose junctional coupling and D-glyceraldehyde-induced stimulation of insulin release by aggregated cells were also inhibited by heptanol, this alkanol did not perturb intracellular pH and Ca2+ and the most distal steps of the secretion pathway. In summary, a gap junction blocker affected the secretion of insulin-producing cells by a mechanism which is dependent on cell contact and is not associated with detectable pleiotropic perturbations of the cell secretory machinery. The data provide evidence for the involvement of junctional coupling in the control of insulin secretion.
"Wavefronts" in the aorta - implications for the mechanisms of left ventricular ejection and aortic valve closure
Authors: C. J H Jones, M. Sugawara
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Journal Article "Wavefronts" in the aorta – implications for the mechanisms of left ventricular ejection and aortic valve closure Get access Christopher J H Jones, Christopher J H Jones Department of Cardiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, United Kingdom: C J H Jones; The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan: M Sugawara. Correspondence to Dr Jones. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Motoaki Sugawara Motoaki Sugawara Department of Cardiology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, United Kingdom: C J H Jones; The Heart Institute of Japan, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan: M Sugawara. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 27, Issue 11, November 1993, Pages 1902–1905, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/27.11.1902 Published: 01 November 1993 Article history Received: 05 March 1993 Accepted: 20 April 1993 Published: 01 November 1993