tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
INTRACAPSULAR FRACTURES OF THE NECK OF THE FEMUR
Authors: JOHN J. MOORHEAD
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Inherently we, as traumatic surgeons, recognize that in the management of intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur we are circumstanced by two major problems not encountered in any other fracture: the age incidence and the structural incidence.  First, the age incidence, because the vast majority of patients are in or beyond the fifth decade. Shaft fractures of the upper extremities and some of the lower extremities in this age group do not dismay us, because the enforced recumbency is less absolute and less prolonged. We long have recognized the need for early mobilization in all types of fractures, especially in the articular group. Yet, despite this clinical edict, we have continued to immobilize hip fractures, thus disregarding the lessons learned and practiced in other joint fractures. Further, in hip fractures, as in no others, immobilization induces local and general stasis in the joint with the poorest local circulation
Long-term Survival in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Interventions With or Without Intracoronary Pressure Wire Guidance or Intracoronary Ultrasonographic Imaging
Authors: Georg M. Fröhlich, Simon Redwood, Roby Rakhit, Philip A. MacCarthy, Pitt Lim, Tom Crake, Steven K. White, Charles J. Knight, Christoph Kustosz, Guido Knapp, Miles C. Dalby, Iqbal S. Mali, Andrew Archbold, Andrew Wragg, Adam D. Timmis, Pascal Meier
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

Intracoronary pressure wire-derived measurements of fractional flow reserve (FFR) and intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) provide functional and anatomical information that can be used to guide coronary stent implantation. Although these devices are widely used and recommended by guidelines, limited data exist about their effect on clinical end points.To determine the effect on long-term survival of using FFR and IVUS during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Cohort study based on the pan-London (United Kingdom) PCI registry. In total, 64,232 patients are included in this registry covering the London, England, area.All patients (n = 41,688) who underwent elective or urgent PCI in National Health Service hospitals in London between January 1, 2004, and July 31, 2011, were included. Patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (n = 11,370) were excluded.Patients underwent PCI guided by angiography (visual lesion assessment) alone, PCI guided by FFR, or IVUS-guided PCI.The primary end point was all-cause mortality at a median of 3.3 years.Fractional flow reserve was used in 2767 patients (6.6%) and IVUS was used in 1831 patients (4.4%). No difference in mortality was observed between patients who underwent angiography-guided PCI compared with patients who underwent FFR-guided PCI (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.67-1.16; P = .37). Patients who underwent IVUS had a slightly higher adjusted mortality (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.09-1.78; P = .009) compared with patients who underwent angiography-guided PCI. However, this difference was no longer statistically significant in a propensity score-based analysis (hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.85-2.09; P = .25). The mean (SD) number of implanted stents was lower in the FFR group (1.1 [1.2] stents) compared with the IVUS group (1.6 [1.3]) and the angiography-guided group (1.7 [1.1]) (P < .001).In this large observational study, FFR-guided PCI and IVUS-guided PCI were not associated with improved long-term survival compared with standard angiography-guided PCI. The use of FFR was associated with the implantation of fewer stents.
SYMPTOMATOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CARRIERS OF ENDAMEBA HISTOLYTICA
Authors: CHARLES F. CRAIG
Journal: JAMA (1928)

In 1921, I1called attention to the frequency of the occurrence of clinical symptoms in apparently healthy  ofEndameba histolyticaand again, in 1927, it was noted2that symptoms occur in the majority of carriers of this parasite, and that the discovery and treatment of these carriers is important from both a prophylactic and a therapeutic standpoint, owing to the pathogenic nature of the organism.  Since the contributions referred to, this subject has attracted widespread attention and there have been published several papers confirming my observations and calling attention to the practical importance of recognizing the mild infections with this very important parasite of man, notably those of Kofoid,3Castex and Greenway,4Trabaud5and Muhlens.6It is now well established that many carriers ofEndameba histolyticapresent definite symptoms of the infection and are really suffering from a chronic toxemia due to the
Collaboration of allogeneic T and B lymphocytes in the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in vitro.
Authors: E Heber-Katz, D B Wilson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

This study provides a direct quantitative comparison of the helper effects of allogeneic and syngeneic rat T cells in the production of direct SRBC plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses by B cells in culture. In syngeneic T-B combinations, log-log plots of the number of PFC generated after 5.5 days in culture vs. the number of T cells employed as helpers showed a linear response between 10(4) and 2.5 times 10(5) T cells added. Allogeneic T-B combinations, in which the T cells possess the capacity for reactivity to major alloantigens of the B-cell donor, showed a different dose/response relationship in which PFC responses were decreased at high T/B ratios and augmented at low T/B rations. In this system responses were detected with as few as 10(3) allogeneic T cells. Use of negatively selected allogeneic T populations, specifically depleted of mixed lymphocyte interaction (MLI) and graft-vs-host reactivity for B-cell alloantigens, as helpers gave dose/response curves quantitatively identical to responses with syngeneic T-B combinations and also with F1 T-cell parental B-cell combinations. These data indicate that rat T and B cells need not share a major histocompatibility complex haplotype in order to collaborate effectively in a primary direct PFC response to SRBC in culture. In addition, the PFC response required the combinaed presence of T and B cells as well as antigen in the cultures, a finding consistent with the two signal model of B-cell activation. Finally, the dose/response data obtained suggest the possibility that although SRBC antigen is required in the cultures helper activity with low numbers of normal allogeneic T cells may not depend on T cells having specificity for this antigen.
AB1101 The Effect of Coffee, Tea, and Caffeine Consumption on Serum Uric Acid and the Risk of Hyperuricemia in Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort
Authors: S.-K. Kim, J. Bae, D.H. Shin, B.-Y. Chun, B.Y. Choi, M.K. Kim, M.-H. Shin, Y.-H. Lee, P.S. Park
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> Caffeine, a commonly consumed food constituent, is known to exert beneficial physiological effects in human. There is a lack of comprehensive population data for effect of caffeine intake on urate metabolism. <h3>Objectives</h3> The aim of this study was whether coffee, tea, and caffeine intake influences serum uric acid and the risk of hyperuricemia in the Korean Multi-Rural Communities Cohort. <h3>Methods</h3> A total of 9400 subjects were enrolled in this study. Assessment of various dietary intakes such as coffee and tea was performed using food frequency questionnaire. The content of caffeine was calculated from coffee (74 mg/cup) and tea (15 mg/cup) intake over the past year. Multivariate logistic regression models, multiple linear regression models, and analysis of covariance were applied to identify association of dietary intakes with serum uric acid level or the risk of hyperuricemia. <h3>Results</h3> No trends for coffee, tea, and caffeine intakes according to each quintile to serum uric acid were found in males, although there were weak marginally significant trends between content of coffee and caffeine intake and serum uric acid level in females (p=0.07 of both). Tea intake in males and caffeine intake in females were significantly different between non-hyperuricemia and hyperuricemia, (p=0.04 and p=0.04, respectively). Significant association of serum uric acid level with tea intake in males (b =0.0006, p=0.02) and with tea intake and caffeine intake in females (b =0.0003, p=0.04 and b =0.0006, p=0.02, respectively) were observed. There was no effect of coffee, tea, and caffeine intake on the risk of hyperuricemia in both males and females. <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study suggests that caffeine consumption might have an effect on serum uric acid in females. However, coffee, tea, and caffeine intakes were not associated with the risk of hyperuricemia. <h3>Acknowledgements</h3> This research was supported by a fund (2004-E71004-00, 2005-E71011-00, 2006-E71009-00, 2007-E71002-00, 2008-E71004-00, 2009-E71006-00) by Research of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared <h3>DOI</h3> 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.2181
Differential in vitro sensitivity of marrow erythroid and granulocytic colony forming cells to chloramphenicol
Authors: Adel A. Yunis, John W. Adamson
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1977)

Abstract The effects of chloramphenicol (CAP) and thiamphenicol (TAP) on mouse and human in vitro erythroid (CFU‐E) and granulocytic (CFU‐C) colony forming units have been studied. Both drugs inhibited CFU‐E growth in a concentration‐dependent, stereospecific, manner. Complete inhibition of human CFU‐E growth was observed at a CAP concentration of 10 μg/ml while a concentration over 50 μ/ml was required to inhibit CFU‐C growth. Furthermore, whereas the inhibition of CFU‐C growth could be blocked in vitro by high colony stimulating factor concentrations, inhibition of CFU‐E growth was not affected by increased erythropoietin (ESF) levels. The lack of protection by ESF may account for the apparent vulnerability of erythroid cells to CAP in vivo.
Fibroproliferation in liver disease: Role of monocyte factors
Authors: Theresa C. Peterson, Richard A. Isbrucker
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

Fibroproliferation was measured as the uptake of [3H]thymidine into fibroblasts. Human fibroblasts were incubated with 200 microliters monocyte-conditioned medium, the 0.22 microns filtrate from cultured monocytes, in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium supplemented with controlled process serum replacement 2, a fetal calf serum substitute with low mitogenic activity. Increasing the numbers of fibroblasts resulted in a parallel increase in thymidine uptake to a maximal level. Fibroblasts (2 x 10(3] were plated into microwell plates and incubated with monocyte-conditioned medium for 72 hr. At 16 hr before harvest, 1 muCi [3H]thymidine was added. Cells were harvested with phosphate-buffered saline and washed, and the filters were counted. Fibroblasts incubated with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and controlled process serum replacement 2 showed minimal thymidine uptake. Fibroblasts incubated with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium plus monocyte-conditioned medium from monocytes stimulated with 10 micrograms/ml lipopolysaccharides showed a sixfold increase in thymidine uptake over fibroblasts in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and controlled process serum replacement 2 alone. Fibroblasts incubated with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium plus monocyte-conditioned medium from monocytes of patients with liver disease (n = 20) showed a 10-fold elevation in thymidine uptake compared with Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and controlled process serum replacement 2. Results indicated that preincubation of monocyte-conditioned medium with either anti-interleukin-1 beta (12.5 half-maximal units, 4 degrees C, 16 hr) or catalase (1,870 IU, 25 degrees C, 1 hr) did not alter the fibroproliferative activity of the monocyte-conditioned medium, suggesting that neither interleukin-1 beta nor activated oxygen intermediates were involved in fibroproliferation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Alternative Strategies to Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: P. F. D. Van Peenen
Journal: JAMA (1982)

To the Editor.—  The recent article by Ralph I. Horwitz, MD, and Alvan R. Feinstein, MD, Improved Observational Method for Studying Therapeutic Efficacy (1981;246:2455), and accompanying editorials (1981;246:2481, 2482) imply that selection of cases and controls from within what was originally set up as a closed cohort is a novel and innovative epidemiologic method. This may be true for clinical trials, but case-control studies within cohorts are not unusual in epidemiologic research on industrial populations. 1,2   The cohort from which Drs Horwitz and Feinstein selected both cases and controls was described as part of a large observational study of patients hospitalized with myocardial infarction. Industrial cohorts usually consist of employees in a manufacturing facility. 3 Drs Horwitz and Feinstein used lidocaine therapy as the independent variable for calculating odds ratios. Their dependent variable was death. In industrial case-control studies, the independent variable may be exposure to a chemical or a
The Use of Kr-81M in Ventilation Imaging
Authors: R POMMET, F THERAIN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

Radioactive gases are very useful in the study of pulmonary disorders because they allow an assessment of regional lung function. The most widely used radioactive gases are Xe-133 and, more recently, Kr-81m. This paper is a review of the physical characteristics of Kr-81m, its production from the parent Rb-81, the different methods to produce Rb-81, the different types of generators which can be used in hospitals, and the clinical applications of pulmonary ventilation imaging. The paper suggests that Kr-81m offers several advantages over previous methods that used Xe-133 due to its improved spatial resolution, its capacity to provide superimposable ventilation and perfusion images in multiple projections, and its total lung dose which is ten times lower than that of Xe-133.
Annual mammography in women in their 40s does not cut death rate
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Women in their 40s who received annual mammography screening did not have a better survival rate from breast cancer than those who received usual care from their personal physician after an average 13 year follow up, says a report on the Canadian national breast screening study of more than 50000 volunteers ( Annals of Internal Medicine 2002;137:305-12).

Authors of the study say it is the only trial to date with published results that has focused on women aged 40-49 years.

Dr Cornelia Baines, professor in the public health sciences department at the University of Toronto and a coauthor, said: “The data from this research are quite striking and quite clear. The difference between annual screening compared to the …
962. The Ras/Raf-1/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway Dictates Host Cell Permissiveness to VSV Infection
Authors: Josh A. Noser, Ryuta Sakuma, Patrick W.K. Lee, Yasuhiro Ikeda
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can replicate with greater efficiency in malignant cells compared with normal cells. Although this selective replication appears caused by the defects in the interferon (IFN) system in malignant cells, the mechanisms which render the cells less responsive to interferon remain to be determined. Here we demonstrate that Ras/Raf-1/Erk pathway plays a major role in the defects in the IFN pathway. NIH/3T3 or human primary fibroblast cells stably expressing Ras or Raf-1 were no longer protected by IFN-alpha treatment from VSV infection. Upon treatment with the MEK inhibitor U0126 the response to INF was restored in these cells, suggesting the involvement of the Ras/Raf-1/MEK pathway. Importantly, most cancer cells examined showed elevated levels of phosphorylated Erk (p-Erk) and were less responsive to IFN-alpha treatment. Similar to the NIH/3T3 model, following treatment with U0126 the cells became far more protected by IFN-alpha treatment. Phosphorylated PKR and STAT1 were detectable in cancer cells following treatment with IFN-alpha regardless of treatment with U0126. The translation of viral proteins after treatment of IFN-alpha and U0126 was reduced to undetectable levels, suggesting that the elevated levels of p-Erk enhanced translation of viral proteins or the stability of viral mRNA under the presence of IFN-alpha. We will present our latest results on the relationship between p-Erk and the reduced INF response in cancer cells.
A shocking affair
Authors: John Zorab
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Father: "And then they passed him back to us, and from then on he was our baby.And he wasn't poked, prodded; there was no invasive testing done on him.All he ever knew was love and dignity, and that was very important to us. . .."Mother: "And I've kept all the clothes that he wore.He had a lovely smell, that lovely newborn baby smell, which is still here with us.Then he was dressed separately to rest him.But I've got all his clothes, all the things that I made for him, because if he'd have gone into the special care baby unit I didn't want blankets and that that they'd provided.I wanted all my own stuff that I could bring home, which was important.They're your keepsakes.They're your baby.Although I haven't got my baby, I do have the clothes that he wore, and that's the best thing I'll ever get, so treasure them.Mine haven't been washed.They've still got his scent on, and they're not going anywhere, they're at home with me."
Perforation of a bronchus due to electrical injury.
Authors: C S Bowler, I J Gordon
Journal: BMJ (1983)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The auditory world is often cacophonous, with some sounds capturing attention and distracting us from our goals. Despite the universality of this experience, many questions remain about how and why sound captures attention, how rapidly behavior is disrupted, and how long this interference lasts. Here we use a novel measure of behavioral disruption to test two predictions made by models of auditory salience. First, models predict that goal-directed behavior is disrupted at points in time that feature a high degree of spectrotemporal change. We find that behavioral disruption is precisely time-locked to the onset of distracting sound events: participants tapping to a metronome speed up immediately after the onset of distractors. Moreover, this response is greater for more salient sounds (larger amplitude) and sound changes (greater pitch shift). Second, models predict that different auditory features are combined into an overarching salience map. We find that the time course of behavioral disruption is highly similar after acoustically disparate sound events, suggesting overlapping mechanisms of attentional capture: both sound onsets and pitch shifts of continuous background sounds speed responses at 750 ms, with these effects dying out by 1750 ms. These temporal distortions can be observed using only data from the first trial across participants. A potential mechanism underlying these results is that arousal increases after distracting sound events, leading to an expansion of time perception, and causing participants to misjudge when their next movement should begin. <h3>Significance Statement</h3> The noisy world constantly challenges our pursuit of goals. When driving, for example, a cacophony of mechanical, musical, and conversational sounds surrounds us and can wrench our focus away from the road. While the physiological signatures of auditory attentional capture are well researched, we know surprisingly little about how sound affects moment-to-moment behavior: How quickly do sounds affect our actions, how transient is the effect, and how is action affected by changes in sound properties? Here we use a synchronized tapping paradigm to show that loud sounds and large acoustic changes cause rapid distortions in time perception. However, these distortions were corrected within 2 seconds, showing that goal-directed behavior is transiently vulnerable yet ultimately resilient in the face of distraction.
EGGS AND MILK AS ANTIDOTES AGAINST MERCURIC CHLORIDE
Authors: TORALD SOLLMANN
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Raw eggs, egg white and milk have a traditional reputation in the treatment of poisoning by mercuric chloride. They form precipitates with the mercuric salts which delay the absorption of the mercury and hinder the solution of the solid tablets. They also act as demulcents, tending to protect the gastric mucosa against contact with the poison, and therefore against the local corrosion and against absorption. It is true that the absorption is only delayed, not prevented. If further treatment is not given, and if the mercury remains in the body, death occurs with the same dose of mercury, whether milk and egg are administered or not, in contrast to the phosphite antidote which reduces the mercury to harmless, insoluble compounds that need not be evacuated.<sup>1</sup>The phosphite antidote therefore deserves preference, if it is immediately available. However, the value of the protein antidote would be much greater in clinical
Effect of temazepam on oxygen saturation and sleep quality at high altitude: randomised placebo controlled crossover trial
Authors: G. Dubowitz
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine the effects of temazepam on the quality of sleep and on oxygen saturation during sleep in subjects at high altitude. <b>Design:</b> Randomised, blinded, crossover, placebo controlled trial. <b>Setting:</b> Base camp at Mount Everest (altitude 5300 m). <b>Subjects:</b> 11 members of British Mount Everest Medical Expedition recently arrived at base camp. <b>Intervention:</b> Participants were randomly allocated to receive either temazepam 10 mg or placebo on their first night at base camp and the other treatment on the second night. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Quality of sleep (assessed subjectively), mean arterial oxygen saturation value, and changes in saturation values (as measure of periodic breathing) while participants taking temazepam or placebo. <b>Results:</b> All participants noted subjective improvements in sleep. Mean saturation value remained unchanged when temazepam was compared with placebo (74.65% <i>v</i> 75.70%, P=0.5437). There were fewer changes in oxygen saturation when participants took temazepam and when measured as decreases &gt;4% below the mean value of saturation each hour (P=0.0036, paired Student9s <i>t</i> test (two tailed)). <b>Conclusions:</b> Participants taking temazepam at 5300 m showed no significant drop in mean oxygen saturation values during sleep. Both the number and severity of changes in saturation during sleep decreased and the quality of sleep improved. This may be a result of a reduction in the number of awakenings and might lead to greater respiratory stability and fewer episodes of periodic breathing. This has the effect of improving the quality of sleep and reducing the number of periods of desaturation during sleep <h3>Key messages</h3> Poor sleep at high altitude is common and may be due to a combination of physiological and physical factors Frequent arousals, periodic breathing, and episodes of oxygen desaturation lead to poor sleep and daytime symptoms of drowsiness and reduced performance In this study 10 mg temazepam improved subjective reports of the quality of sleep and reduced episodes of arterial desaturation, with no significant effect on mean oxygen saturation during sleep