tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Detection of gall stones after acute pancreatitis.
Authors: A J Goodman, J P Neoptolemos, D L Carr-Locke, D B Finlay, D P Fossard
Journal: Gut (1985)

Four methods of gall stone diagnosis after an attack of acute pancreatitis are analysed. Of 128 consecutive patients with acute pancreatitis, 99 patients were discharged from hospital without a definite aetiology. These patients had biochemical tests performed on admission and ultrasonography and oral cholecystography performed six weeks later. The sensitivity for ultrasonography was 87% and the specificity was 93%; the respective figures for oral cholecystography were 83% and 90%. The predictive value of positive ultrasonography was 100% and of negative ultrasonography 75%; the respective values for oral cholecystography were 95% and 68%. A combination of ultrasonography and oral cholecystography failed to detect nine of 70 patients with gall stones (13%). Of 35 patients with normal ultrasonography and oral cholecystography, 33 patients had an endoscopic retrograde cholangiogram (ERCP) which showed gall stones in a further seven patients. All three methods failed to reveal gall stones in two patients, confirmed by laparotomy. The sensitivity of admission biochemical analysis was 73% and the specificity was 94%; the predictive value of a positive result was 97% and of a negative result was 57%. Biochemical analysis predicted gall stones in six of the seven patients shown by ERCP. Only 9% of patients were finally considered to be idiopathic. In conclusion ultrasonography is the investigation of choice and ERCP should be undertaken in all patients who have normal ultrasonography and/or oral cholecystography but have biochemical criteria indicative of gall stones.
Progressive systemic sclerosis of the internal anal sphincter leading to passive faecal incontinence.
Authors: A F Engel, M A Kamm, I C Talbot
Journal: Gut (1994)

Two female patients aged 62 and 44 years with progressive systemic sclerosis and passive faecal incontinence are described. Both had the typical gut motility disorders of dysphagia, heartburn, and constipation. Anorectal physiology tests showed a low resting pressure in both and an absent rectoanal inhibitory reflex in one. In both patients anal endosonography showed a thin internal anal sphincter with changed reflectivity suggestive of fibrosis. In both patients anorectal sensation and pudendal nerve function were normal. Histological examination of the rectum in one patient showed collagenous replacement of the rectal muscularis propria with prominent atrophy of the musculature. This study suggests that the internal sphincter may be selectively affected by progressive systemic sclerosis, which may lead to passive faecal incontinence.
Seeing double: the low carb diet
Authors: L. A. McKenna, R. S. Drummond, S. Drummond, D. Talwar, M. E. Lean
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A 38 year old Scottish-caucasian man with a background of mild learning difficulties (able to read and write but not to maintain employment) presented with a 3-day history of diplopia and agitation, following 7-days of presumed viral gastroenteritis.
Regulation of astrocyte activation by glycolipids drives chronic CNS inflammation
Authors: Lior Mayo, Sunia A Trauger, Manon Blain, Meghan Nadeau, Bonny Patel, Jorge I Alvarez, Ivan D Mascanfroni, Ada Yeste, Pia Kivisäkk, Keith Kallas, Benjamin Ellezam, Rohit Bakshi, Alexandre Prat, Jack P Antel, Howard L Weiner, Francisco J Quintana
Journal: Nature Medicine (2014)
Christian Medical Fellowship's chief executive responds to Lobby Watch article
Authors: P. Saunders
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The Lobby Watch article on the Christian Medical Fellowship (CMF) is one sided and devotes 412 words to one of our 5000 members, 127 words to one course that we run, and only 111 words to CMF itself.1

CMF was founded in 1949 following a notice placed in the BMJ and is affiliated, through the ICMDA (International Christian Medical and …
The Liver and Biliary System in Infants and Children
Authors: Steven L. Werlin
Journal: JAMA (1980)

The recent rapid development and increased interest in pediatric hepatology is illustrated by the almost simultaneous publication of three English language textbooks within the past year. This most recent, edited by R. K. Chandra, is multiauthored and multiinstitutional; but many of the authors, while expert in their fields, will be unfamiliar to the US reader.  The book is well illustrated with excellent photomicrographs, although some may have been reduced in size too much, and electron micrographs. The numerous tables and diagrams are helpful. The chapters are well referenced. However, the prose is generally stiff, and, as in most multiauthored textbooks, the contributions are uneven. Overlap between chapters with differing viewpoints is not always clearly pointed out to the reader. Most chapters provide indepth discussion of relevant basic science.  The book begins with normal liver structure, function, and blood supply, treated perhaps a bit too comprehensively. Discussed next are the signs
Abstract A34: Nucleosome dynamics of cell differentiation
Authors: Zhaoyu Li
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Nucleosome occupancy is fundamental for establishing chromatin architecture. However, little is known about the relationship between nucleosome dynamics and initial cell lineage specification. Here, we determine the mechanisms that control global nucleosome dynamics during embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation into endoderm. Both nucleosome depletion and de novo occupation occur during the differentiation process, with higher overall nucleosome density after differentiation. The variant histone H2A.Z and the winged helix transcription factor Foxa2 both act to regulate nucleosome depletion and gene activation, thus promoting ES cell differentiation, whereas DNA methylation promotes nucleosome occupation and suppresses gene expression. Nucleosome depletion during ES cell differentiation is dependent on Nap1l1-coupled SWI/SNF and INO80 chromatin remodeling complexes. Thus, both epigenetic and genetic regulators cooperate to control nucleosome dynamics during ES cell fate decisions. Currently, we determine whether chromatin remodeling complexes are involved in nucleosome occupation. Citation Format: Zhaoyu Li. Nucleosome dynamics of cell differentiation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr A34.
Diffuse jejunoileitis of Crohn's disease.
Authors: W C Tan, R N Allan
Journal: Gut (1993)

Diffuse jejunoileitis is an uncommon, but important manifestation of Crohn's disease because of the associated high morbidity and challenges in medical management. Despite this there have been no studies of prognosis or management of diffuse jejunoileitis for nearly 20 years. This study analysed the outcome among 34 patients (20 women and 14 men) with diffuse jejunoileitis diagnosed between 1960 and 1991 including clinical features, medical and surgical management, death rates, current status, and prognosis. Diffuse jejunoileitis presents in younger patients (mean age at diagnosis 26.4 years) than those with distal ileal Crohn's disease (mean age at diagnosis 33.3 years). Nearly all presented with clear cut abdominal symptoms including a combination of colicky abdominal pain (91%), weight loss (62%), and diarrhoea (53%). Most patients had severe symptoms reflected by the fact that 77% had been treated with corticosteroids for periods of more than six months at some stage during their follow up. The mean follow up from diagnosis was 16 years. Twenty eight patients (82%) had at least one operation for diffuse jejunoileitis and two thirds of the patients (n = 21) required two or more operations. The frequency of surgical intervention was particularly high in the younger patients (r = 0.71, p < 0.001). The proportion of patients requiring surgery was highest in the first year after diagnosis. The annual operative rate was 15% for the first 10 years and then it fell to 5.2% in years 11-15, and 2.6% in years 16-20. The data suggest that the disease does burn itself out over time. The increasing use of strictureplasty for short strictures and the minimal use of resection has eliminated problems associated with the short small bowel syndrome. The longterm prognosis of this patients is good. Only two patients died (one of perforation of the jejunum and another of an unrelated bronchogenic carcinoma). After a mean interval from diagnosis of 16 year, 24 of 32 living patients are well and symptom free. Only eight have abdominal symptoms of whom three are receiving corticosteroid treatment and one azathioprine. The combination of anti-inflammatory drugs with the relief of recurrent obstructive symptoms by strictureplasty can together produce a good longterm prognosis in most patients with diffuse jejunoileitis.
PECULIAR IMMUNOBIOLOGY OF BONE MARROW ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Gustavo Cudkowicz, Michael Bennett
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1971)

Mice are capable of rejecting H-2-incompatible bone marrow grafts after a single lethal exposure to X-rays. The onset of rejection begins 18-24 hr after transplantation and is completed by 96 hr. Maturation of this type of allograft reactivity does not occur until the 22nd day of life. In adult mice, the resistance to marrow allografts can be weakened by administration of cyclophosphamide or dead cultures of Corynebacterium parvum, but not heterologous anti-thymocyte serum. Sublethal exposures to X-rays 7 or 14 days before transplantation also weaken resistance. There is considerable interstrain variation in the ability of mice to resist allografts, even when H-2 differences between hosts and donor are kept identical. Although H-2 incompatibility is a necessary prerequisite for resistance, additional genetic factors influence the outcome of marrow allografts, presumably by controlling recognition. The regulator genes are determinant specific and the alleles for resistance or responder status appear to be dominant. The responder phenotype is expressed by hemopoietic cells and not by the environment. Accordingly, resistance is conferred to otherwise susceptible mice upon transfer of bone marrow cells but not of serum. The production and differentiation of effector cells for marrow graft rejection are thymus independent. In conclusion, bone marrow allografts elicit a particular transplantation reaction, previously unknown, in irradiated mice. Peculiar features of this reaction are the lack of proliferation of host lymphoid cells, tissue specificity, thymus independence, and regulation by genetic factors which apparently do not affect the fate of other grafts.
Standard chemotherapy shows no benefit for certain types of colon cancer
Authors: Jessica Wapner
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Patients with certain types of colon cancer do not benefit from standard chemotherapy, new research shows, and the treatment may even cut their survival time. The findings back up the findings of a 2003 study.

The researchers looked at the response to chemotherapy of more than 1000 patients with colon cancer, 15% of whom had the usually less aggressive dMMR type of tumour. These tumours occur later in life than …
P2-184: Safety study of induction chemotherapy followed by Synchronous Radiotherapy (RT) and cetuximab in stage III non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): SCRATCH study (Cohort I)
Authors: Simon Hughes, Janet Liong, Aisha Miah, Shahreen Ahmad, Martin Leslie, Peter Harper, Anthony Gershuny, Joseph Prendiville, Sheila Rankin, Andrew Gaya, Paul Ross, Ramachandran Subramanian, Jonathan Shamash, David Landau
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Surface representation by population coding
Authors: Hidehiko Komatsu
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Although there is empirical evidence of neural filling-in, this does not necessarily entail “isomorphic” theory. Most cortical neurons do not respond to a uniform surface and are instead sensitive to surface size and quality. I propose that a population of such neurons encodes the presence of a surface. This scheme is different from either the “cognitive” or “isomorphic” theories.
Genealogical Discontinuities among Etruscan, Medieval, and Contemporary Tuscans
Authors: S. Guimaraes, S. Ghirotto, A. Benazzo, L. Milani, M. Lari, E. Pilli, E. Pecchioli, F. Mallegni, B. Lippi, F. Bertoldi, S. Gelichi, A. Casoli, E. M.S. Belle, D. Caramelli, G. Barbujani
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

The available mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data do not point to clear genetic relationships between current Tuscans and the Bronze-Age inhabitants of Tuscany, the Etruscans. To understand how and when such a genetic discontinuity may have arisen, we extracted and typed the mtDNAs of 27 medieval Tuscans from an initial sample of 61, spanning a period between the 10th and 15th century AD. We then tested by serial coalescent simulation various models describing the genealogical relationships among past and current inhabitants of Tuscany, the latter including three samples (from Murlo, Volterra, and Casentino) that were recently claimed to be of Etruscan descent. Etruscans and medieval Tuscans share three mitochondrial haplotypes but fall in distinct branches of the mitochondrial genealogy in the only model that proved compatible with the data. Under that model, contemporary people of Tuscany show clear genetic relationships with Medieval people, but not with the Etruscans, along the female lines. No evidence of excess mutation was found in the Etruscan DNAs by a Bayesian test, and so there is no reason to suspect that these results are biased by systematic contamination of the ancient sequences or laboratory artefacts. Extensive demographic changes before AD 1000 are thus the simplest explanation for the differences between the contemporary and the Bronze-Age mtDNAs of Tuscany. Accordingly, genealogical continuity between ancient and modern populations of the same area does not seem a safe general assumption, but rather a hypothesis that, when possible, should be tested using ancient DNA analysis.
Suctioning of Upper Airway Meconium in Newborn Infants
Authors: Jonathan E. Gage
Journal: JAMA (1981)

To compare the efficacy of bulb and catheter suctioning of upper airway meconium in neonates, meconium labeled with technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid was injected into the trachea and oropharynx of anesthetized kittens. Human birth conditions were simulated by an inflated blood pressure cuff around the thorax and abdomen of the animals and by partial degassing of the lungs before introduction of meconium. Distribution of meconium in the upper airway was determined by scintigraph. Catheter suction brought about a 43% decrease in radioactivity while there was only a 1% decrease after bulb suctioning. Meconium may persist in the trachea for more than 20 minutes after introduction, indicating the desirability of continued suctioning efforts in neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome. The relative safety of the two techniques was not assessed.
How Safe is Our Food? — Lessons from an Outbreak of Salmonellosis
Authors: Martin J. Blaser
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

The microbiologic hazards of food present an issue of increasing concern.1,2 In the not-so-distant past, most food was produced and consumed locally. In the 20th century, however, the production and distribution of food in the developed countries of the world have become increasingly industrialized. Small farms are being replaced by feedlots, local dairies supplanted by industrial plants, farmers' markets displaced by supermarkets, and local restaurants edged out by huge national chains. The relations among agricultural workers, food processors, and distributors have become increasingly complex and distant. The food chain and steps in food production are being varied in ways . . .
Relationship of the Time Interval Between Cardiac Catheterization and Elective Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery With Postprocedural Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Rajendra H. Mehta, Emily Honeycutt, Uptal D. Patel, Renato D. Lopes, Judson B. Williams, Linda K. Shaw, Sean M. O'Brien, Robert M. Califf, G. Chad Hughes, Michael H. Sketch
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Some prior studies have suggested that the time to cardiac surgery after cardiac catheterization is inversely related to postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI). However, these studies, because of the small number of patients, were unable to adequately account for patient case-mix and included both those undergoing elective surgery and those undergoing urgent surgery.We examined data on 2441 consecutive patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) after cardiac catheterization. The association of post-CABG AKI (defined as increase in post-CABG serum creatinine ≥ 50% above baseline or the need for new dialysis) and time between cardiac catheterization and CABG was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression modeling. AKI occurred in 17.1% of CABG patients. The risk of AKI was highest in patients in whom CABG was performed ≤ 1 day after cardiac catheterization (adjusted mean rates [95% CI]: 24.0% [18.0%, 30.9%], 18.4% [14.8%, 22.5%], 17.3% [13.3%, 21.9%], 16.4% [12.6%, 20.8%], and 15.8% [13.7%, 18.0%] for days ≤ 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥ 5, respectively; P=0.019 for test of trend). Post-CABG AKI was associated with increased risk of long-term death (hazard ratio 1.268, 95% CI 1.093, 1.471).The risk of post-CABG AKI was inversely and modestly related to the time between cardiac catheterization and CABG, with the highest incidence in those operated ≤ 1 day after cardiac catheterization despite their lower risk profile. Whether delaying elective CABG >24 hours of exposure to contrast agents (when feasible) has the potential for decreasing post-CABG AKI remains to be evaluated in future studies.
Transplant: A Heart Surgeon's Account of the Life-and-Death Dramas of the New Medicine
Authors: Robert E. McCabe
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<i>Transplant</i>by William H. Frist, MD, is yet another recent book written primarily for the lay public on the life-and-death dramas and the ethical, moral, social, and economic impact of a no longer new horizon in surgery. But<i>Transplant</i>, the self-portrait of a heart transplant surgeon, is far different from previous works by outside observers. Frist faces the realities of his specialty—"a treatment of last resort"—feels "life was not a gift but an inalienable right," has wished to be "the beloved general practitioner who best symbolized American Medicine"—and that is the way he has practiced. From a prominent family of physicians, Frist describes his education, training, and relationships. As he learned from his professional mentors in medical school, basic surgical training, and his fellowship in heart transplantation at Stanford, the patient comes first. Dedication to training occurs with personal sacrifice and sacrifices by spouse and family. Frist depicts an idealist
EAU Guidelines on Surgical Treatment of Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Malcolm G. Lucas, Ruud J.L. Bosch, Fiona C. Burkhard, Francisco Cruz, Thomas B. Madden, Arjun K. Nambiar, Andreas Neisius, Dirk J.M.K. de Ridder, Andrea Tubaro, William H. Turner, Robert S. Pickard
Journal: European Urology (2012)
ELECTROTHERMIC METHODS IN TREATMENT OF NEOPLASTIC AND ALLIED DISEASES
Authors: WILLIAM L. CLARK
Journal: JAMA (1926)

One who depends on a single method in the treatment of malignant diseases may not hope to obtain anything but a limited degree of success.  Experience has taught that operative surgery, electrothermic methods, radium and roentgen rays are all factors of such importance that none of them can be eliminated. All these methods are employed in our hospital, either alone or in combination, to meet particular indications, and if it was necessary to eliminate any one of them, we would be seriously handicapped. We hold no brief for any particular method, but experience has demonstrated the extreme importance of electrothermic methods, which, through a misunderstanding of them, have not yet taken their rightful place in surgery. We consider them second to none, and in many emergencies, superior to all the others.  My object in this paper is to emphasize the importance of electrothermic methods without detracting from the others, devoting
A CHILDREN'S UNIT IN A STATE HOSPITAL
Authors: N. E. STRATAS, K. T. SCHMIDT
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1960)

We have attempted here to describe a children's unit as it is in operation. We hope we have made it apparent that, although many arguments can be found against establishing children's units at mental hospitals, still while we continue to have children admitted to these hospitals, by grouping them and using facilities already present, with effective organization and management, basic present needs can be fairly well satisfied.
c-myc protooncogene expression in mouse erythroleukemia cells.
Authors: H M Lachman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

Murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells are erythroid progenitors whose programs of erythroid differentiation has been interrupted by transformation with the Friend virus complex. As a result of the ability of certain chemicals such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to induce terminal erythroid differentiation, the cells have been used as a model for understanding the molecular basis of cellular differentiation. Recent work on MEL cells as well as other differentiating systems indicates that expression of cellular protooncogenes is implicated in chemically mediated differentiation. In MEL cells the expression of the c-myc protooncogene undergoes unusual biphasic changes following inducer treatment. Levels of c-myc mRNA decrease 10- to 20-fold between 1 and 2 hr and are then reexpressed between 12 and 24 hr. These changes occur as a result of complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory events. Recent DNA transfection experiments, in which MEL cells were transfected with myc expression vectors, indicate that both the early decrease in c-myc expression and its subsequent reexpression are important events in the differentiation pathway. The work on MEL cells, as well as on other models of differentiation, is directed at understanding the molecular basis of leukemogenic transformation and cellular differentiation. The ability of c-myc, as well as other protooncogenes, to influence both of these events indicates that cellular protooncogenes play a central role in their regulation.
Diagnostic Assays in Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: WILLIAM M. STEINBERG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

The sensitivity and specificity of five assays used to diagnose acute pancreatitis were studied: two amylase assays; one lipase; one trypsinogen; and one pancreatic isoamylase. Thirty-nine patients with acute pancreatitis were compared to 127 controls with abdominal pain. Using the upper limit of normal both amylase assays appeared sensitive but somewhat nonspecific (specificities of 88.9% and 86%, respectively). The trypsinogen and pancreatic isoamylase assays were also relatively nonspecific (specificity of 82.8% and 85.1%). Most nonspecific elevations occurred between a one- and twofold elevation of each assay. Lipase, however, maintained excellent specificity (99%) at its upper limit of normal. If the level of best cutoff is used instead (the level that best enhances sensitivity and specificity), the specificities of both amylase assays, as well as the trypsinogen and pancreatic isoamylase assays, exceed 95%. At the best cutoff level, trypsinogen maintains a qualitative advantage in sensitivity over lipase or pancreatic isoamylase (97.4% as compared to 86.5% and 84.6%).