tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Measurement of central venous pressure
Authors: P. Wilmshurst
Journal: BMJ (1991)

States with a circular slide rule scored in such terms suggested that neither patients nor doctors are motivated by actuarial concepts.To many people an annual risk of 3 in 100 does not seem very different from 3 in 10 000.The concepts of being near the front of the queue and of the potential for moving back seem to be far more readily compre- hensible and motivational, in my experience and that of many other users in the pilot studies and subsequently.Now that the disk is available this can be more formally tested.
The Quilt: Stories From the NAMES Project
Authors: Harriet S. Meyer
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>A Promise to Remember: The NAMES Project Book of Letters—Remembrances of Love From the Contributors to the Quilt</h3> edited by Joe Brown, 323 pp, with illus, paper, $10, ISBN 0-380-76711-2, New York, NY, Avon Books; San Francisco, Calif, The NAMES Project Foundation, 1992. On this page and the cover of this issue ofThe Journalare cloth memorials to individuals who have died of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). They join with tens of thousands of other like-sized—and life-sized—panels to form the AIDS Memorial Quilt. The NAMES Project, which organizes and displays the Quilt, began in 1987 as a neighborhood venture. Its goals are to "illustrate the enormity of the AIDS epidemic by showing the humanity behind the statistics," "provide a positive and creative means of expression for those whose lives have been touched by the epidemic," and "support the raising of vital funds and encourage support for people living
Cell proliferation and renal carcinogenesis.
Authors: B G Short
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Enhanced cell proliferation occurs at several stages of renal tumorigenesis. Initiation by genotoxic nephrocarcinogens such as dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) is likely a result of DNA damage coupled with an initial burst of DNA synthesis associated with the cytotoxic effects of the compound. The level of initiation by DMN can be further enhanced by unilateral nephrectomy or hydronephrosis, which induces a brief burst of cell proliferation followed by tumorigenesis in the contralateral kidney. The role of sustained cell proliferation in renal tumor development is less well understood. The most compelling evidence comes from studies with nongenotoxic renal carcinogens such as unleaded gasoline and d-limonene, which induce alpha 2u-globulin (alpha G) nephropathy and renal epithelial tumors exclusively in male rats. Sustained increases in cell proliferation in these studies depend on the presence of a chemical-alpha G complex in phagolysosomes of P2 proximal tubule cells, which results in cytotoxicity and compensatory hyperplasia only in male F344 rats, but not female F344 rats or alpha G deficient male NBR rats. Furthermore, initiation-promotion experiments demonstrated a strong correlation between the dose-response of cell proliferation and the incidence of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Clearly, similar correlative studies with a number of other renal carcinogens and non-carcinogens are warranted before general conclusions can be made. Cell proliferation is excessively elevated in tubules affected by chronic progressive nephropathy, but the significance of the lesion to renal carcinogenesis is unclear. Elucidating mechanisms of renal cell proliferation are necessary for our understanding of cause and effect relationships. An exciting recent finding is altered expression of transforming growth factor-alpha in hereditary rat renal cell carcinoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Antilymphoblastic Globulin in Renal Transplant Patients: No Allergic Reactions: A Correction
Authors: Shelley N. Chou
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The University of Minnesota wishes to correct the public record. An article appearing in the October 11, 1976, issue of<i>JAMA</i>entitled "Antilymphoblastic Globulin in Renal Transplant Patients: No Allergic Reactions"<sup>1</sup>incorrectly referred to Richard Condie as Richard Condie, PhD. Mr Condie did not possess, and to our best knowledge does not possess, a PhD degree or any degree beyond the baccalaureate. A recent federal indictment has named Mr Condie and others regarding unreported deaths of patients associated with administration of antilymphoblast globulin.<sup>2</sup>I can say that none of the unreported deaths occurred in the 50 patients reported in the<i>JAMA</i>article. <i>This letter was shown to Mr Condie, who declined to reply. At the time this request was made, Dr Chou was interim dean of the University of Minnesota Medical School</i>.—Ed.
A mathematical model of the volume, pH, and ion content regulation in reticulocytes. Application to the pathophysiology of sickle cell dehydration.
Authors: V L Lew, C J Freeman, O E Ortiz, R M Bookchin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

We developed a mathematical model of the reticulocyte, seeking to explain how a cell with similar volume but much higher ionic traffic than the mature red cell (RBC) regulates its volume, pH, and ion content in physiological and abnormal conditions. Analysis of the fluxbalance required by reticulocytes to conserve volume and composition predicted the existence of previously unsuspected Na(+)-dependent Cl- entry mechanisms. Unlike mature RBCs, reticulocytes did not tend to return to their original state after brief perturbations. The model predicted hysteresis and drift in cell pH, volume, and ion contents after transient alterations in membrane permeability or medium composition; irreversible cell dehydration could thus occur by brief K+ permeabilization, transient medium acidification, or the replacement of external Na+ with an impermeant cation. Both the hysteresis and drift after perturbations were shown to depend on the pHi dependence of the K:Cl cotransport, a major reticulocyte transporter. This behavior suggested a novel mechanism for the generation of irreversibly sickled cells directly from reticulocytes, rather than in a stepwise, progressive manner from discocytes. Experimental tests of the model's predictions and the hypothesis are described in the following paper.
Symptoms to pollen and fruits early in life and allergic disease at 4 years of age
Authors: X.‐M. Mai, Å. Neuman, E. Östblom, G. Pershagen, L. Nordvall, C. Almqvist, M. Van Hage, M. Wickman
Journal: Allergy (2008)

The predictive value of reported early symptoms to pollen or fruits on later allergic disease is unclear. Our aim is to evaluate if symptoms to pollen and/or to fruits early in life are associated with allergic disease and sensitization to pollen at 4 years.The study included 3619 children from the Barn (Children), Allergy, Milieu, Stockholm, Epidemiology project (BAMSE) birth cohort. Reported symptoms of wheeze, sneeze or rash to birch, grass or weed, symptoms (vomiting, diarrhea, rash, facial edema, sneeze, or wheeze) to fruits including tree-nuts at 1 or 2 years of age, and definitions of asthma, rhinitis and eczema at 4 years were derived from questionnaire data. Sensitization to pollen allergens was defined as allergen-specific IgE-antibodies to any pollen (birch/timothy/mugwort) > or =0.35 kU(A)/l.At 1 or 2 years of age, 6% of the children were reported to have pollen-related symptoms, 6% had symptoms to fruits, and 1.4% to both pollen and fruits. Children with symptoms to both pollen and fruits at 1 or 2 years of age had an increased risk for sensitization to any pollen allergen at age 4 (OR(adj) = 4.4, 95% CI = 2.1-9.2). This group of children also had a substantially elevated risk for developing any allergic disease (asthma, rhinitis, or eczema) at 4 years irrespective of sensitization to pollen (OR(adj) = 8.6, 95% CI = 4.5-16.4).The prevalence of reported symptoms to pollen and fruits is very low in early childhood. However, children with early symptoms to both pollen and fruits appear to have a markedly elevated risk for allergic disease.
Cytokine gene expression by Kupffer cells in experimental alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Seiichiro Kamimura, Hidekazu Tsukamoto
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Kupffer cell-derived cytokines are believed to play pivotal paracrine roles in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease (ALD). To evaluate this hypothesis, Kupffer cell gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin (IL)-6, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF beta 1) were directly examined in the rat model of ALD. Kupffer cells were isolated from the model after 10 and 17 weeks of intragastric ethanol infusion. These two durations resulted in focal hepatocellular injury and liver fibrogenesis, respectively. Oxidative stress as assessed by the hepatic level of thiobarbituric acid reacting substances, was evident at 10 weeks but more pronounced at 17 weeks. The steady state messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the cytokines were examined by Northern blot analysis using RNA samples from freshly isolated Kupffer cells, and the release of the cytokines was quantitated ex vivo using a 3-day culture. The mRNA levels of TNF alpha and TGF beta 1 were significantly increased by 183% and 204% at 10 weeks and 231% and 295% at 17 weeks in the ethanol-fed rats, respectively. Ex vivo release of TNF activity by control Kupffer cells was undetectable or very low (< 2U/10(5) cells/18 hours) at both time points, but the cells from the ethanol-fed animals secreted appreciably more TNF (27.8 +/- 7.6 U at 10 weeks and 40.4 +/- 10.3 U at 17 weeks). The release of the latent TGF beta 1 protein was also coordinately increased by 143% at 10 weeks and 238% at 17 weeks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evaluation of a screening survey for anaemia in adult non-pregnant women.
Authors: P C Elwood, W E Waters, W J Greene, M M Wood
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Regional Ileitis-Feldman et al.and the central problem of whether primary psychosomatic disease exists.Nevertheless the significant emotional factors relating to psychosomatic illness noted in the literature were investigated and found not to apply to any important degree.We do, therefore, raise the question whether the disease should be regarded as psychosomatic in any way.
Commentary: Managing clinician's assessment
Authors: S. S. Villar
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Doctors from different countries have engaged in a stimulating debate around Mrs Barroso’s case. When Mrs Barroso presented to the emergency room, her haemodynamic stability was restored after a steroid bolus, clearly pointing to adrenal gland involvement, and we agree with most of the respondents on bmj.com that acute adrenal insufficiency was the likely diagnosis at presentation.1 Unfortunately, rapid measurement of serum cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone was not available at our laboratory at the time. Her dramatic and progressive haemodynamic deterioration demanded a prompt therapeutic decision, and we administered steroids even though other data such as the normal electrolyte …
Indices of Obesity
Authors: Randall C. Cork
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  We would like to comment in general on the use of indices of obesity—specifically about using the ponderal index (PI), as suggested by Flewellen and Bee (241:884, 1979). These investigators correctly state that the medical community has not adopted a commonly used method of quantifying obesity. However, we suggest that this is not due to any lack of evidence in the literature regarding relative usefulness of obesity indices. Such information is available.  Billewicz et al1offered the following criteria for a good index: (1) maximum correlation with adiposity, (2) minimum correlation with height, and (3) ease of computation. Using these criteria, Billewicz and colleagues compared PI, weight-to-height ratio (W/H), and body mass index (BMI). Each can be defined as follows: PI=height/[unk] weight; W/H= weight/height; and BMI=weight/ (height)2.  The BMI correlated maximally with adiposity and minimally with height, whereas PI displayed least correlation with adiposity and
A Prognostic Model for the Outcome of Liver Transplantation in Patients With Cholestatic Liver Disease
Authors: P Ricci, T M Therneau, M Malinchoc, J T Benson, J L Petz, G B Klintmalm, J S Crippin, R H Wiesner, J L Steers, J Rakela, T E Starzl, E R Dickson
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

We studied the outcome of 436 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) or primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) who underwent orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) at three major liver transplant centers. Univariate predictors of outcome included age, Karnofsky score, Child's class, Mayo risk score, United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) status, nutritional status, serum albumin, serum bilirubin, international normalized ratio, and the presence of ascites, encephalopathy, renal failure (serum creatinine &gt; 2 mg/dL), and edema refractory to diuretics. Using these predictors, we developed a four variable mathematical prognostic model to help the liver transplant physician predict the following: (1) the amount of intraoperative blood loss; (2) the number of days in the intensive care unit (ICU); and (3) severe complications after surgery. The model uses age, renal failure, Child's class, and United Network for Organ Sharing status. This study is the first to model the outcome of liver transplant in patients with a specific etiology of chronic liver disease (PBC or PSC). The model may be used to help select patients for OLT and to plan the timing of their transplantation.
US primary care is on verge of collapse, says doctors' body
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The American College of Physicians believes the US primary care system is nearing collapse, blaming problems with payments to doctors and the fact that young doctors are choosing more lucrative specialties over internal medicine.

The college released proposals on 30 January for sweeping reforms. It warned that, if they were not enacted, “within a few years there will not be enough primary care physicians to take care of an ageing population with increasing incidences of chronic diseases.”

The …
OXYGEN POISONING IN MAMMALS
Authors: Carl A. L. Binger, James M. Faulkner, Richmond L. Moore
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

1. Oxygen in concentrations of over 70 per cent of an atmosphere is poisonous to dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs and mice. 2. The poisonous effects manifest themselves in drowsiness, anorexia, loss of weight, increasing dyspnea, cyanosis and death from oxygen want. 3. The cause of oxygen want is a destructive lesion of the lungs. 4. The lesion may be characterized grossly as an hemorrhagic edema. Microscopically there is to be seen in varying degrees of intensity (a) capillary engorgement with hemorrhage, (b) the presence of interstitial and intraalveolar serum, (c) hypertrophy and desquamation of alveolar cells, (d) interstitial and alveolar infiltration of mononuclear cells. 5. The type of tissue reaction is not characteristic of an infectious process and no organisms have been recovered at autopsy from the heart's blood or from lung puncture. 6. The poisonous effects of inhalations of oxygen-rich mixtures do not appear to be related to impurities in the oxygen, nor are they related to faulty ventilation, excessive moisture or increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the chambers in which the experimental animals were confined.
Invisible Armies: The Impact of Disease on American History
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1981)

It is fascinating to speculate—along the lines of "for want of a nail" a kingdom being lost—what the outcome might have been had not disease disrupted the plans of men and nations at various critical points in history. Dr Simpson, whose longtime interest in medical history is known to readers of this and other publications, adds to that fascination with this examination of some of the microorganisms of American geopolitical, military, and medical history. "In these modern days," writes Dr Simpson in typical style, "when every domesticated vacuum tube and transistor exudes a miasma of soap slogans and detergent diatribes, it is difficult for us to conceive of the utter nastiness wherein our forebears dwelt. Cesspools were uncovered and slaughterhouses were unscreened. In the grocery stores, worms crawled in the corn meal and ants in the sugar barrel. Wells were polluted, milk was dirty, horse manure littered the streets,
P268 CHRONIC INTERMITTENT HYPOXIA EXACERBATES ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION IN NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Authors: M. Hernandez-Guerra, J. Gonzalez-Paredes, B. Abrante, F. Diaz-Flores, R. Marcelino, A. Hernandez-Camba, Y. Gonzalez, C. Fumero, E. Quintero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphates, Paraoxonase 1, and Cognitive Development in Childhood
Authors: Stephanie M. Engel, James Wetmur, Jia Chen, Chenbo Zhu, Dana Boyd Barr, Richard L. Canfield, Mary S. Wolff
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Background: Prenatal exposure to organophosphate pesticides has been shown to negatively affect child neurobehavioral development. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of organophosphates.Objective: We examined the relationship between biomarkers of organophosphate exposure, PON1, and cognitive development at ages 12 and 24 months and 6–9 years.Methods: The Mount Sinai Children's Environmental Health Study enrolled a multiethnic prenatal population in New York City between 1998 and 2002 (n = 404). Third-trimester maternal urine samples were collected and analyzed for organophosphate metabolites (n = 360). Prenatal maternal blood was analyzed for PON1 activity and genotype. Children returned for neurodevelopment assessments ages 12 months (n = 200), 24 months (n = 276), and 6–9 (n = 169) years of age.Results: Prenatal total dialkylphosphate metabolite level was associated with a decrement in mental development at 12 months among blacks and Hispanics. These associations appeared to be enhanced among children of mothers who carried the PON1 Q192R QR/RR genotype. In later childhood, increasing prenatal total dialkyl- and dimethylphosphate metabolites were associated with decrements in perceptual reasoning in the maternal PON1 Q192R QQ genotype, which imparts slow catalytic activity for chlorpyrifos oxon, with a monotonic trend consistent with greater decrements with increasing prenatal exposure.Conclusion: Our findings suggest that prenatal exposure to organophosphates is negatively associated with cognitive development, particularly perceptual reasoning, with evidence of effects beginning at 12 months and continuing through early childhood. PON1 may be an important susceptibility factor for these deleterious effects.
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis
Authors: Richard H. Aster
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and associated thrombotic events, relatively common side effects of heparin therapy, can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Typically, these conditions occur after about five days of therapy, but they can appear sooner in patients previously treated with heparin. Thrombocytopenia in itself rarely poses a threat to affected patients, but disorders associated with it, which include deep venous thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pulmonary embolism, cerebral thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemic injury to the legs or arms, can produce severe morbidity and mortality. In order to prevent these complications, it has become standard medical practice to monitor platelet counts in . . .
Gain of function of mutant p53: The mutant p53/NF-Y protein complex reveals an aberrant transcriptional mechanism of cell cycle regulation
Authors: Silvia Di Agostino, Sabrina Strano, Velia Emiliozzi, Valentina Zerbini, Marcella Mottolese, Ada Sacchi, Giovanni Blandino, Giulia Piaggio
Journal: Cancer Cell (2006)
Use It or Lose It
Authors: Christine K. Cassel
Journal: JAMA (2002)

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Workshop report: environmental exposures and cancer prevention.
Authors: Nancy Kreiger, Fredrick D Ashbury, Mark P Purdue, Loraine D Marrett
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

The Workshop on Environmental Exposures and Cancer was held by Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) 25-26 April 2001. An expert panel convened to achieve consensus on a list of important environmental exposures, priority environmental exposures in Ontario, and recommendations for CCO in the areas of surveillance, research, and prevention activities to address these environmental exposures. Panel members developed a working definition of environmental exposure and criteria to prioritize the identified exposures. The process followed in the workshop provided CCO with important direction for its surveillance, research, and prevention activities to address environmental exposures and cancer. It is hoped that the environmental exposures and the opportunities identified through this workshop process will guide policy makers, program personnel, and researchers interested in and struggling with the challenges associated with surveillance, research, and prevention of environmental exposures.
NINCDS faces 'exploding' field of neuroscience
Authors: Kimberly Glasbrenner
Journal: JAMA (1984)

It started with Plato, or perhaps even earlier. And, ever since, philosophers have discussed who  are, how  think, how  remember, and most important, what the organ that permits all this really is. Until about 15 years ago, says Murray Goldstein, DO, MPH, director of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke (NINCDS), these indeed were fundamentally philosophical questions.  Today, many of these questions are still unanswered. But, says Goldstein, we have the tools in neuroscience by which  can begin to dissect [them] into researchable problems. He says—and the growing number of publications seem to attest—that this area has captured the attention of the scientific community, both new and established, and is expanding on all frontiers.  With the proliferation of research discoveries about speech, language, hearing, and the functions and dysfunctions of the brain and other parts of the nervous system, it's extraordinarily difficult