tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Lack of association between atopy and RsaI polymorphism within intron 2 of the PcεRI‐β gene in a Spanish population sample
Authors: J. Castro, J. J. Telleria, A. Blanco‐Quirós, P. Linares, R. Andion
Journal: Allergy (1998)

Background The B genotype of RasI polymorphism located within intron 2 of the Fc‐lgE receptor I (Fc.Rl) gene was previously found to be increased in atopic patients from a Japanese population sample. Methods We studied these A/B genotypes in 70 Spanish atopic patients, and the results were compared to those of 51 nonatopic controls. RasI polymorphisms were studied by specific digestion of polymerase chain reaction fragments followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results The polymorphism frequency (A/A: 25/70, A/B: 28/70, B/B: 17/70) found in patients did not differ from the frequency in nonatopic control subjects. Conclusions We did not find RasI polymorphisms associated with atopic disease. The genetic findings in atopy and asthma may be very different according to ethnic and local characteristics, and they must be carefully verified in difFerent population samples.
THE ROENTGEN RAY IN OPHTHALMIC SURGERY.
Authors: HOWARD F. HANSELL
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The discovery of Roentgen, that the soft tissues of the body were transparent to certain rays emitted from a vacuum tube when electrically stimulated, and its practical application to the uses of medicine and surgery mark a distinct epoch in the history of science. Experiments conducted by scientists the world over immediately confirmed the announcement of the mystic properties of the Roentgen or X-rays, and during the eighteen months that have passed continued experimentation has increased its applicability, widened its field of usefulness, defined in part its capabilities and limitations, and has given us every reason to believe that further research with improved apparatus and with a more profound knowledge of their intimate nature, will lead to still greater achievements. We may hope, for example, that by varying intensities of energy, or diminished duration of exposure or modification of the vacuum tubes, to inspect with some degree of clearness, the
Pulmonary Function in Kyphoscoliosis
Authors: C. G. Caro, A. B. DuBois
Journal: Thorax (1961)

This investigation was part of a study of kypho- scoliosis.Its objective was to determine the functional alterations in the chest cage and lung.These problems have, as we indicate in a brief review, already aroused considerable interest.However, our approach has differed from that of most previous workers in several respects.Our patients were both children (Caro and Gucker, 1958) and adults.We were thus able to compare these two groups and to make some assessment of the natural progress of the condition.Our investigations were centred on the mechanics of breathing, an aspect which seemed to us to be of the greatest significance.Finally, we have supple- mented our measurements on patients with experi- mental studies on normal man (Caro, Butler, and DuBois, 1960;Butler, Caro, Alcala, and DuBois, 1960).From our findings we have attempted to describe both the nature and sequence of develop- ment of the underlying physiological disturbances. REVIEWThe following is a brief review of the literature on alteration of the function of the lungs in kypho- scoliosis.In 1854, Schneevogt, using a spirometer, reported that the vital capacity was diminished.
Gliomedin Mediates Schwann Cell-Axon Interaction and the Molecular Assembly of the Nodes of Ranvier
Authors: Yael Eshed, Konstantin Feinberg, Sebastian Poliak, Helena Sabanay, Offra Sarig-Nadir, Ivo Spiegel, John R. Bermingham, Elior Peles
Journal: Neuron (2005)
EVALUATION OF THE LEFT ATRIAL SUBSTRATE AND AGE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION PATIENTS USING DELAYED-ENHANCEMENT MRI
Authors: Thomas S. Haslam, Troy J. Badger, Nazem W. Akoum, Gaston Vergara, Lori McMullan, Yaw A. Adjei-Poku, Nathan S. Burgon, Kevin Tek, Eugene G. Kholmovski, Nassir F. Marrouche
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
The six-minute walk test in healthy children: reliability and validity
Authors: A. M. Li, J. Yin, C. C. W. Yu, T. Tsang, H. K. So, E. Wong, D. Chan, E. K. L. Hon, R. Sung
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2005)

The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the 6-min walk test (6MWT) in healthy children. Chinese secondary school students were randomly recruited. They attended the current authors' unit on two occasions, separated by 2 weeks. Physical examination and standardised maximum incremental exercise testing on a treadmill were performed on the first visit. Spirometry and 6MWT were carried out on the second visit. A randomly selected subgroup was invited to return for repeat 6MWT at an interval of 2–4 weeks. Seventy-eight subjects were recruited; however, four failed to achieve maximal effort on exercise test. The final group included 43 young females and the mean± sd age of the subjects was 14.2±1.2 yrs. Physical examination was unremarkable in all cases. The mean± sd per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in one second was 91.4±10.2%. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by good correlation between the 6-min walking distance and maximum oxygen uptake determined on the exercise treadmill. Test–retest reliability was undertaken in 52 subjects, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval) was calculated as 0.94 (0.89–0.96). In addition, Bland and Altman plots demonstrated a high degree of repeatability. In healthy children, the 6-min walk test is a reliable and valid functional test for assessing exercise tolerance and endurance.
Real time ultrasonography of the gastric antrum.
Authors: R Ricci, I Bontempo, E Corazziari, A La Bella, A Torsoli
Journal: Gut (1993)

This study aimed to evaluate whether serial ultrasound measurements of antral volumes are reproducible and, if so, whether they are representative of the entire gastric contents and reliably measure gastric emptying. The antral volume was measured in man after oral and intragastric administration of known amounts of 5% glucose solutions, and on two separate occasions in the same subjects, after the ingestion of a standardised solid-liquid meal (1050 kcal). Antral volume measurements were performed in both supine and upright positions; inter- and intraobserver measurement errors were also assessed. After ingestion or intragastric administration of equal amounts of liquid, antral volumes determined by ultrasound showed a wide intersubject variability. In each individual subject, however, a linear trend was found between the antral volume and amount of ingested or administered liquid. Intrasubject variability of antral volume measurements was at its minimum in fasting conditions and 300 minutes after ingestion of the solid-liquid meal. Intra- and interobserver variations and whether the patient was erect or supine did not affect measurements of antral volumes. These results support the use of real time ultrasound in determining the gastric emptying time. Results at fasting and 300 minutes after a solid-liquid meal are stable end points of measurement.
Letter: Medical priority rehousing: a new approach.
Authors: W H Parry
Journal: BMJ (1975)

the natural increase in milk concentration throughout the feed,56 a mid-feed milk fat concentration of less than 20% is suggestive of undernutrition in a mother who is ex- periencing difficulty in lactating or whose baby's weight gain is failing.Fhe successful establishment of lactation could be dependent on many factors, but clearly any form of nutritional stress, whether actual or secondary to the physiological de- mands, could have a direct bearing on the psychological stress observed in clinical prac- tice.Consequently maternal nutrition during this postnatal period should be a matter of high priority, especially where it may not have been possible to give adequate attention to this aspect during the last few weeks of pregnancy.-Weare, etc.,
Oral Contraceptives After Intestinal Bypass Operations
Authors: John G. Krai
Journal: JAMA (1976)

A study was conducted on 7 fertile women (ages 19-44) after end-side jejunoileostomy for obesity. The peak plasma norethindrone (norethisterone) and levonorgestrel (formerly known as d-norgestrel) levels were measured during separate 24-hour norethindrone or levonorgestrel loads using conventional oral contraceptives (OCs). Compared to normal control patients, the intestinal bypass patients had severely reduced mean levels. The levels were 5.0 versus 20.8 ng/ml for norethindrone and the levels were 1.63 versus 4.25 ng/ml for levonorgestrel. Investigation of the patients' sex steroid binding globulin levels showed markedly reduced levels, implying a defective hepatic synthesis of this globulin rather than malabsorption as the most important factor. The data shows a reduced plasma level of OC in patients operated in this way, and OCs cannot be considered safe after intestinal bypass.
Advances in the Treatment of Prolactinomas
Authors: Mary P. Gillam, Mark E. Molitch, Gaetano Lombardi, Annamaria Colao
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2006)

Prolactinomas account for approximately 40% of all pituitary adenomas and are an important cause of hypogonadism and infertility. The ultimate goal of therapy for prolactinomas is restoration or achievement of eugonadism through the normalization of hyperprolactinemia and control of tumor mass. Medical therapy with dopamine agonists is highly effective in the majority of cases and represents the mainstay of therapy. Recent data indicating successful withdrawal of these agents in a subset of patients challenge the previously held concept that medical therapy is a lifelong requirement. Complicated situations, such as those encountered in resistance to dopamine agonists, pregnancy, and giant or malignant prolactinomas, may require multimodal therapy involving surgery, radiotherapy, or both. Progress in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of prolactinomas may enable future development of novel molecular therapies for treatment-resistant cases. This review provides a critical analysis of the efficacy and safety of the various modes of therapy available for the treatment of patients with prolactinomas with an emphasis on challenging situations, a discussion of the data regarding withdrawal of medical therapy, and a foreshadowing of novel approaches to therapy that may become available in the future.
ACUTE GASTRO-ENTERITIS OR SUMMER DIARRHEA OF INFANTS.
Authors: MARGARET TAYLOR SHUTT
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Each year, as the temperature rises in June, all large cities are attacked by serious epidemics of diarrheal diseases in infants. These cases become more numerous as the summer advances—the mortality resulting usually being highest in August when infantile vitality has been reduced by the long continuance of heat. The cases always decline in number and severity as the days become cooler. <h3>HEAT AS A CAUSATIVE FACTOR.</h3> Judging from these facts it is certain that heat plays a very important part in causing these annual epidemics, and it is probable that it is a factor in several different ways. In the first place, a very large percentage of the children affected are artificially fed. Dr. Holt has reported that out of nearly 2000 cases he investigated, only three children were exclusively breast-fed. Heat favors the growth of germs either in cow's milk or the prepared food given the child. In
Diagnostic terminology disputed
Authors: S. Kenneth
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  Garcia et al in their article IgM in Skin Lesions of Systemic Amyloidosis (237:1598, 1977) state that their patient had  chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The patient had a WBC count of 9,100/cu mm with 30% lymphocytes in peripheral blood. Bone marrow showed an increase in lymphocytes with positive PAS staining.  From this information they presented, I wonder how they can make the diagnosis of aleukemic chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The PAS positivity is hardly a specific characteristic for the CLL. In my opinion, they should have stated that the case had mild lymphocytosis of bone marrow and peripheral blood, rather than using the troublesome terminology of aleukemic CLL. This minor infraction, however, does not discredit their otherwise excellent presentation of a rare immune disorder.
Myocardial F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Imaging by SPECT
Authors: JEROEN J. BAX, FRANZ C. VISSER, ARTHUR van LINGEN, CEES A. VISSER, GERRIT J.J. TEULE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in combination with positron emission tomography (PET) is used in patients with coronary artery disease to detect viable myocardium. It was shown that FDG PET is highly accurate in predicting reversibilty of cardiac function after revascularization when viable tissue is present. Because PET centers are not widely available, the clinical use of FDG is limited. The authors have shown in another study that imaging 511 keV with planar scintigraphy and a special collimator is feasible. Furthermore, they have studied myocardial FDG uptake in normal volunteers and in patients with coronary artery disease using SPECT. Recently, they have studied the value of FDG SPECT to predict recovery of contractile function before revascularization in patients undergoing bypass surgery. It appears that the FDG SPECT approach is feasible and can predict reversibility of wall motion abnormalities. Further studies are needed to compare FDG SPECT with other techniques for the detection of viable myocardium.
Commentary: Why we did not seek informed consent before testing patients for HIV
Authors: S. Bhagwanjee, D. J J Muckart, P. M Jeena, P. Moodley
Journal: BMJ (1997)

We agree completely with the Nuremberg code and the Helsinki declaration that informed consent is an essential prerequisite for medical research. However, we believe that there may be extraordinary circumstances when this right may be waived. We identify four crucial requirements that must be fulfilled before research without informed consent may be permitted.

1. It is impossible to obtain informed consent 

Eighty five per cent of admissions to our unit are emergency cases. These patients cannot give informed consent because they are critically ill. A second option is to obtain consent from a relative. In our study this would have resulted in two possible scenarios. Firstly, if the patient survived he or she could choose to be informed about the result of HIV testing and maintain the right to limited disclosure. But if the patient died the relative would have the right to know the result. This would be a serious breach of …
The NOX-ROS connection: targeting Nox1 control of N-cadherin shedding in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: E. M. Redmond, P. A. Cahill
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

This editorial refers to ‘Nox1 transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor promotes N-cadherin shedding and smooth muscle cell migration’ by D.K. Jagadeesha et al ., pp. 406–413, this issue. 

The Nox family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases is an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). They comprise a group of transmembrane proteins possessing six transmembrane domains with conserved binding sites for FAD and NADPH and four haem-binding histidines in the third and fifth transmembrane domains whose function is to produce ROS by transferring an electron to molecular oxygen. This process yields superoxide anions (O2−), which can further react to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or, in the presence of nitric oxide (NO), to peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Although ROS can be highly reactive and oxidize proteins, DNA, and lipids, they are now considered important signalling molecules in their own right, modulating cellular processes such as gene expression, proliferation, and migration.1

NADPH oxidases are critical determinants of the redox status of the vessel wall and are important in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.1 In vascular cells, the NADPH oxidase isoforms Nox1, Nox2, Nox4, and Nox5 are expressed and differ in their activity, response to stimuli, and the type of ROS released.1 Much attention has focused on the roles of different Nox isoforms in ROS generation in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and the resulting changes in phenotype and fate.1 However, the intracellular signalling …
Using Numerical Results from Systematic Reviews in Clinical Practice
Authors: Henry J. McQuay
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Systematic reviews summarize large amounts of information and are more likely than individual trials to describe the true clinical effect of an intervention. Traditional statistical outputs from systematic reviews cannot immediately be applied to clinical practice. The number needed to treat (NNT) has that clinical immediacy. This number can be calculated easily from raw data or from statistical outputs, and the principle involved in its calculation can be applied to different outcomes: treatment efficacy, adverse events (harm), or other end points. The NNT defines the treatment-specific effect of an intervention, and we suggest it as a currency for making decisions about individual patients. Knowing the NNT for different interventions that have the same outcome for the same disorder can help shape individual and institutional practice. Knowing or estimating the number needed to harm is also an important part of the equation. Knowing or estimating an individual patient's risk can, with the NNT, be a guide to the overall or net value of a prophylactic intervention. We advocate an approach to systematic reviews that distills information into, in effect, one number: the NNT. This is simple to remember and directly supports efforts to work with patients to make the best possible clinical decisions for their care.
The Uniform Anatomical Gift Act
Authors: Paul A. Byrne
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Council on Scientific Affairs has addressed the issue of organ donor recruitment (1982; 246:2157). Reference is made to the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA), which does not always involve "donation." The UAGA takes away the individual's right to refuse being an organ donor unless there is available an "actual notice of contrary indications by the decedent." In the absence of such actual notice, there is incorporated into the UAGA a descending order of classes of persons who may grant authority for use of "all or any part of the decedent's body," eventually reaching "any other person authorized or under obligation to dispose of the body." Furthermore, "the persons authorized... may make the gift after death or immediately before death." While the UAGA does not distinguish these two states, there is certainly a difference from the point of view of the defenseless individual. While the members of
Adenosine-sensitive atrial tachycardia originating from the area adjacent to atrioventricular node
Authors: Yoshito Iesaka, Atsushi Takahashi, Masahiko Goya, Kazutaka Aonuma, Akihiko Nogami, Takeshi Tokunaga, Masakazu Goto, Hiroshi Amemiya, Hideomi Fujiwara, Masayasu Hiraoka
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Dear email correspondent
Authors: James Owen Drife
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Thank you very much for writing. I hope that you will not think me discourteous if I respond with this generic reply. Despite my best efforts it has become impossible to write individually to everyone who is kind enough to get in touch with me by email. Unfortunately neither the NHS trust nor the university is willing to provide me with an electronic secretary and both are now urging me to take a little time away from my …
Current status of gene therapy strategies to treat HIV/AIDS
Authors: David S. Strayer, Ramesh Akkina, Bruce A. Bunnell, Boro Dropulic, Vicente Planelles, Roger J. Pomerantz, John J. Rossi, John A. Zaia
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Progress in developing effective gene transfer approaches to treat HIV-1 infection has been steady. Many different transgenes have been reported to inhibit HIV-1 in vitro. However, effective translation of such results to clinical practice, or even to animal models of AIDS, has been challenging. Among the reasons for this failure are uncertainty as to the most effective cell population(s) to target, the diffuseness of these target cells in the body, and ineffective or insufficiently durable gene delivery. Better understanding of the HIV-1 replicative cycle, host factors involved in HIV-1 infection, vector biology and application, transgene technology, animal models, and clinical study design have all contributed vastly to planning current and future strategies for application of gene therapeutic approaches to the treatment of AIDS. This review focuses on the newest developments in these areas and provides a strong basis for renewed optimism that gene therapy will have an important role to play in treating people infected with HIV-1.
Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with carbamazepine: a follow-up study.
Authors: J. G. Graham, K. J. Zilkha
Journal: BMJ (1966)

to show a correlation between overgrowth of candida and adverse symptoms after short-term antibiotic therapy.Proliferation of candida in many patients did not cause significant morbidity in this trial, but in view of the morbidity and even mortality which candida can occasionally produce (Reynell et al., 1953 ; Caplan, 1955), it would seem wise to contain or reduce the reservoir of candida when using anti- biotics in certain patients. SummaryOf 166 patients admitted to a general medical ward in a year 28% were shown to have positive throat swabs and 8.4% to have positive rectal swabs for candida, the incidence increasing with age and being more common in women though not increasing after five days in hospital.The administration of parenteral penicillin or oral tetra- cycline markedly increased the incidence of positive throat and rectal swabs after five days, but where the latter antibiotic was combined with nystatin this tendency was suppressed.In the present study gastro-intestinal symptoms were not affected by short courses of antibiotics, as assessed after 6 and 12 days, but because of the potential pathogenicity of candida it is felt wise, in selected patients, to administer nystatin by mouth in combination with antibiotic therapy.Our thanks are due to Dr. K. Cross for statistical advice, to Messrs. Squibb & Co.