tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Where next for China?: Keep to the basic principles of critical appraisal
Authors: Carl J Heneghan
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Where next for China?Rising inequalities in health and wealth are biggest challenge Editor-I write with reference to the editorial by Liu. 1 Life expectancy in China doubled from 35 to 71 years between 1949 and 2001. 2 China's human development index has been rising steadily, and it ranked 85th among countries with an index of 0.755 in 2003. 2According to China's human development report, the national Gini coefficient for income distribution rose to 0.45 in 2002 from 0.3 in 1982. 2 The average income of the highest income tenth is 11 times that of the lowest tenth? 2Disparities in health indicators between urban and rural areas are widening.Life expectancy is 75.2 years for urban residents and 69.6 for rural residents. 2The human development index is 0.816 in urban areas and 0.685 in rural areas.Rural infant mortality at 34% and maternal mortality at 61.9 per 100 000 births are nearly double that in urban areas (14% and 33.1/100 000, respectively).Rural areas have only 2.4 medical personnel per 1000 residents, compared with 5.2 per 1000 residents in urban areas.Regional disparities are widespread, with the western regions faring the worst.Life expectancy for rural residents is less than 65 in Tibet, Yunnan, and Guizhou.Maternal mortality is also highest in the western regions.Tibet ranked lowest in terms of life expectancy (65.81 years), literacy (47%), and human development index (0.562). 2 The region has the lowest number of doctors and hospital beds in China.Only 15% of the entire population of China can afford medical insurance. 2Only 2% of rural migrant workers currently have unemployment insurance. 2Coercive public health policies include forced abortions. 3hina's ambitious aim of building a society in which people are not rich but have adequate food, clothing, and basic necessities for a decent life 2 will require addressing these widening disparities, prioritising health opportunities for all, and acknowledging the inherent, instrumental and constructive 4 roles of freedom in achieving these goals.
COCATS 4 Task Force 13: Training in Critical Care Cardiology
Authors: Patrick T. O’Gara, Jesse E. Adams, Mark H. Drazner, Julia H. Indik, Ajay J. Kirtane, Kyle W. Klarich, L. Kristin Newby, Benjamin M. Scirica, Thoralf M. Sundt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Altering AAV tropism with mosaic viral capsids
Authors: Laure Gigout, Patricia Rebollo, Nathalie Clement, Kenneth H. Warrington, Nicholas Muzyczka, R. Michael Linden, Thomas Weber
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Over the past decade, AAV-based vectors have emerged as promising candidates for gene therapeutic applications. Despite the broad tropism of the first eight serotypes identified, certain cell types are refractory to transduction with AAV-based vectors. Furthermore, for certain applications the targeting of specific cell types is desirable. To improve on present methods to alter AAV2 tropism, we take advantage of AAV2 mosaics. Here, we show that AAV2 mosaics have improved infectivity compared with all-mutant virions. Using an AAV2 mutant that contains the immunoglobulin-binding Z34C fragment of protein A, we demonstrate the utility of AAV2 mosaics to alter AAV2 tropism. This system allows us to transduce selectively and efficiently MO7e and Jurkat cells. The use of AAV2 mosaics with a protein A fragment inserted into their capsid, together with targeting antibodies, is a versatile method that allows the specific transduction of a wide array of cell types.
Intracellular glutathione in the protection from anoxic injury in renal proximal tubules.
Authors: L J Mandel, R G Schnellmann, W R Jacobs
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Previous results (Weinberg, J. M., J. A. David, M. Abarzua, and T. Rajan. 1987. J. Clin. Invest. 80:1446-1454) have shown that GSH and glycine (GLY) are cytoprotective during anoxia when added extracellularly. The present studies investigate the role that intracellular GSH plays in this cytoprotection. Proximal renal tubules in suspension prepared with either high (11 +/- 1 nmol/mg protein) or low (6 +/- 1 nmol/mg protein) GSH contents were subjected to 40 min of anoxia and 40 min of reoxygenation. Low GSH tubules were protected from plasma membrane damage during anoxia by exogenous addition of 1 mM GSH or GLY, reducing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from 42 +/- 7 to 14 +/- 1 and 10 +/- 1%, respectively. High GSH tubules were equally protected from anoxic damage without exogenous additions. Since the high GSH content approximates the in vivo values, it may be concluded that GSH may be cytoprotective during anoxia in vivo. However, it is not the intracellular GSH itself that is cytoprotective; rather, this protection resides in the ability to produce GLY, which appears to be the cytoprotective agent. Alanine was also shown to have similar cytoprotective properties, although higher concentrations were required. Sulfhydryl reducing agents such as cysteine and dithiothreitol offered less, but significant protection from anoxic damage. Protection by GSH, GLY, or alanine was not associated with higher ATP levels during anoxia. Tubules that were protected from membrane damage during anoxia recovered oxygen consumption and K and ATP contents significantly better during reoxygenation than unprotected tubules.
Frequency of mutation and deletion of the tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A (MTS1/p16) in hepatocellular carcinoma from an Australian population
Authors: K Biden, J Young, R Buttenshaw, J Searle, G Cooksley, D B Xu, B Leggett
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

The tumor suppressor gene CDKN2A (MTS1/p16), located on chromosome 9p21, is inactivated in a variety of tumors including melanomas and tumors of the biliary tract, pancreas, and stomach. The aim of the present study was to determine whether this gene is inactivated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Twenty–three primary HCCs and four HCC cell lines were examined. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis was performed using eight polymorphic markers immediately surrounding CDKN2A, and showed a contiguous region of loss, with the two most commonly deleted markers being D9S1604, located between the p16 and p15 genes, at which 7 of 13 informative tumors (54%) showed loss, and D9S171, with 4 of 14 LOH (29%). Exons 1, 2, and 3 of CDKN2A were amplified by polymerase chain reaction to detect homozygous deletions, and single–strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was performed to screen for mutations. No homozygous deletions were detected in any sample. SSCP and sequence analysis showed the same nucleotide change at codon 148 in four tumors. This has been reported elsewhere as a polymorphism. One of these four tumors also contained a mutation at codon 119, resulting in the substitution of an acidic amino acid for a basic one. It is concluded that CDKN2A is infrequently deleted or mutated in HCC. The region of allelic loss upstream from CDKN2A might result in inactivation of regulatory sequences important in the expression of this gene; alternatively, a second tumor suppressor gene may be present in the region 9p21–22, proximal to CDKN2A. These possibilities require further investigation.
The effect of manipulation of silk scaffold fabrication parameters on matrix performance in a murine model of bladder augmentation
Authors: Pablo Gomez, Eun Seok Gil, Michael L. Lovett, Danielle N. Rockwood, Dolores Di Vizio, David L. Kaplan, Rosalyn M. Adam, Carlos R. Estrada, Joshua R. Mauney
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Treating Diabetic Nephropathy — Are There Only Economic Issues?
Authors: William E. Mitch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Economic issues sometimes seem to be the primary considerations in discussions of treatment for nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. But in the end, the economics of treatment are driven by clinical issues, many of which have yet to be resolved. For example, in the United States, type 2 diabetes is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease; it accounted for approximately 40 percent of cases in patients who began dialysis between 1994 and 1999. Worse yet, the worldwide incidence of end-stage renal disease among patients with type 2 diabetes is expected to double by 2010. These depressing data . . .
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: the epidemiologic evidence.
Authors: M N Bates
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

This paper reviews the epidemiologic evidence that low frequency electromagnetic fields generated by alternating current may be a cause of cancer. Studies examining residential exposures of children and adults and studies of electrical and electronics workers are reviewed. Using conventional epidemiologic criteria for inferring causal associations, including strength and consistency of the relationship, biological plausibility, and the possibility of bias as an explanation, it is concluded that the evidence is strongly suggestive that such radiation is carcinogenic. The evidence is strongest for brain and central nervous system cancers in electrical workers and children. Weaker evidence supports an association with leukemia in electrical workers. Some evidence also exists for an association with melanoma in electrical workers. Failure to find consistent evidence of a link between residential exposures and adult cancers may be attributable to exposure misclassification. Studies so far have used imperfect surrogates for any true biologically effective magnetic field exposure. The resulting exposure misclassification has produced relative risk estimates that understate any true risk.
Suicide by the Ingestion of Tranylcypromine
Authors: James P. Marra
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The introduction of antidepressant drugs has been a relatively recent addition to medical therapeutics. In 1961 tranylcypromine (Parnate) sulfate, a nonhydrazine monoamine oxidase inhibitor, was shown to be effective and made available for clinical use. Uncertainty regarding its side effects prompted its withdrawal from the open market in February 1964. The patient reported here is a case of tranylcypromine intoxication leading to death since the drug was reintroduced in June 1964<sup>1</sup>with modified recommendations for its use. A 72-year-old white grandmother was admitted to the medical service at Harrisburg Hospital on Oct 28, 1964. She had recently suffered from an acute depression. There was a past history of hypertension. She had been ambulatory the previous day without difficulty and was in bed when her family left the home at 8 AM. At 3:30 PM she was found unconscious by a neighbor and was admitted to the
Epidemiology and extracutaneous comorbidities of severe acne in adolescence: a U.S. population-based study
Authors: J.I. Silverberg, N.B. Silverberg
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Little is known about the epidemiology of severe acne in the U.S.We sought to study the U.S. prevalence, determinants and comorbidities of severe acne in adolescence.We analysed data from the 2007 National Health Interview Survey, a cross-sectional questionnaire-based study of 9417 children ages 0-17 years. Prevalence of severe acne, demographics and comorbid disorders were determined.The U.S. prevalence of severe acne was virtually nil in the first decade of life, but increased in a linear fashion from 11 years [1·7% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0·4-3·0%)] to 17 years of age [12·1% (95% CI 7·8-16·5%)] (Rao-Scott Chi-square, P < 0·0001). Severe acne was more common in Whites compared with other racial groups at age 14-15 years (P = 0·0004) and girls at age 11-13 (P = 0·02). Severe acne was associated with a number of comorbid disorders. Sinopulmonary disease included sinus infection (P = 0·0003), sore throat other than strep infection (P = 0·0003), asthma (P = 0·03) and nonasthmatic lung disease (P = 0·03). Upper gastrointestinal comorbidities included reflux/heartburn (P = 0·0003), abdominal pain (P = 0·03), nausea/vomiting (P = 0·0001) and food/digestive allergy (P = 0·01). Psychological comorbidities included depression (P = 0·02), anxiety (P < 0·0001), attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (P = 0·01) and insomnia (P = 0·02).In conclusion, severe acne was more prevalent in older age, Whites, female sex and higher socioeconomic status. Future studies are needed to confirm the associations with sinopulmonary, upper gastrointestinal and psychological disorders in adolescents.
Interaction on metabolic clearance between A-type and B-type natriuretic peptides in patients with heart failure
Authors: Michihiro Yoshimura, Yuji Mizuno, Eisaku Harada, Masafumi Nakayama, Yukio Shimasaki, Teruhiko Ito, Shota Nakamura, Hirofumi Soejima, Shinzo Miyamoto, Keiji Takazoe, Hisao Ogawa, Kiyotaka Kugiyama, Yoshihiko Saito, Kazuwa Nakao, Hirofumi Yasue
Journal: Metabolism (2000)
Retracted: A Case-Cohort Study of Cadmium Body Burden and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in American Women
Authors: Megan E. Romano, Daniel A. Enquobahrie, Christopher D. Simpson, Harvey Checkoway, Michelle A. Williams
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2015)

BackgroundEnvironmental cadmium (Cd) exposure is associated with type 2 diabetes. However, the association of Cd and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is unknown.ObjectivesWe examined the association between body burden of Cd and GDM risk.MethodsWe used 140 GDM cases and 481 randomly selected noncase subcohort members from the Omega Study to conduct a case-cohort study. Creatinine (Cr)–corrected Cd in early pregnancy urine (U-Cd) was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Tertiles (< 0.29; 0.29–0.42; ≥ 0.43 μg/g Cr) were defined using the subcohort's U-Cd distribution. GDM was diagnosed using the 2004 American Diabetes Association guidelines. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using logistic regression.ResultsGDM cases had higher geometric mean U-Cd (0.39 μg/g Cr; 95% CI: 0.37, 0.41) than noncases (0.31 μg/g Cr; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.33). Odds ratios for GDM increased with increasing U-Cd tertile (OR = 1.64; 95% CI: 0.88, 3.05 for middle vs. low tertile; OR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.15, 3.73 for high vs. low tertile; p-trend = 0.015). Overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2) did not modify the association between U-Cd and GDM (p = 0.26).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that body burden of Cd increases risk of GDM in a dose-dependent manner. Improved understanding of environmental factors influencing GDM may facilitate early identification of women at high risk of GDM.CitationRomano ME, Enquobahrie DA, Simpson CD, Checkoway H, Williams MA. 2015. A case-cohort study of cadmium body burden and gestational diabetes mellitus in American women. Environ Health Perspect 123:993–998; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408282
Oncogenic Transformation by Inhibitor-Sensitive and -Resistant EGFR Mutants
Authors: Heidi Greulich, Tzu-Hsiu Chen, Whei Feng, Pasi A Jänne, James V Alvarez, Mauro Zappaterra, Sara E Bulmer, David A Frank, William C Hahn, William R Sellers, Matthew Meyerson
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

Background Somatic mutations in the kinase domain of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase gene EGFR are common in lung adenocarcinoma. The presence of mutations correlates with tumor sensitivity to the EGFR inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib, but the transforming potential of specific mutations and their relationship to drug sensitivity have not been described. Methods and Findings Here, we demonstrate that EGFR active site mutants are oncogenic. Mutant EGFR can transform both fibroblasts and lung epithelial cells in the absence of exogenous epidermal growth factor, as evidenced by anchorage-independent growth, focus formation, and tumor formation in immunocompromised mice. Transformation is associated with constitutive autophosphorylation of EGFR, Shc phosphorylation, and STAT pathway activation. Whereas transformation by most EGFR mutants confers on cells sensitivity to erlotinib and gefitinib, transformation by an exon 20 insertion makes cells resistant to these inhibitors but more sensitive to the irreversible inhibitor CL-387,785. Conclusion Oncogenic transformation of cells by different EGFR mutants causes differential sensitivity to gefitinib and erlotinib. Treatment of lung cancers harboring EGFR exon 20 insertions may therefore require the development of alternative kinase inhibition strategies.
Pseudo Stroke
Authors: William Thornton Spence
Journal: JAMA (1963)

SURGERY IS NOW being widely employed for correction of stenosis or occlusion of extracranial vessels caused by thrombosis, degenerative disease, or mechanical disorders. Although elongation and kinking of the carotid arteries from degenerative vascular disease has been reported as being an etiological agent in the development of intermittent attacks of cerebral vascular insufficiency,<sup>1</sup>(particularly when the head is turned), kinking caused by a congenital disturbance has not, to our knowledge, been commented upon. The neurological arteriographic operation and postoperative findings are reported for a 78-year-old man who experienced an acute episode of cerebral vascular insufficiency and was found to have kinking of the right internal carotid artery by a dense fibrous band of connective tissue and complete congenital absence of the right external carotid artery. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 78-year-old, white, male retired office worker was admitted to the emergency room of the Washington Hospital Center at 2:40
Why Medicare Has Not Established Criteria for Coverage Decisions
Authors: Sean R. Tunis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Decisions about medical coverage by Medicare specify the forms of technology and services that the program will pay for on behalf of its 42 million beneficiaries. These decisions often have far-reaching effects through their influence on the policies of other public and private payers in determining medical necessity. For the nearly four decades since Medicare was created in 1965, coverage decisions have been based on section 1862(a)(1)(A) of the statute that enacted the program: "Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, no payment may be made . . . for any expenses incurred for items or services which . . . . .
THE DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE DUODENUM
Authors: CHARLES H. SCHRODER
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In 1922, I<sup>1</sup>reported a case of congenital obstruction of the duodenum and gave a fairly complete discussion of the literature. Since that time I have had the opportunity of seeing two similar cases. In reporting these, I would call attention to a simple diagnostic procedure that I have found of help, and also to the technic of fluoroscopy and picture taking, as they may be confusing. <h3>REPORT OF CASES</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> —J. C. H., a boy, aged 3 days, was brought to the hospital because of obstinate vomiting. The infant weighed at birth, 4 pounds, 9 ounces (2 kg.). Vomiting was marked on the first day of life. The infant was put to the breast and nursed well. On the second day he was given an enema, which was followed by the passage of normal meconium. Each day he vomited frequently, the nurse stating that the stomach contents
Effects of satavaptan, a selective vasopressin V<sub>2</sub>receptor antagonist, on ascites and serum sodium in cirrhosis with hyponatremia: A randomized trial
Authors: Pere Ginès, Florence Wong, Hugh Watson, Slobodan Milutinovic, Luis Ruiz del Arbol, Dan Olteanu
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Hyponatremia in cirrhosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and complicates ascites management. Vasopressin receptor antagonists improve serum sodium concentration by increasing renal solute-free water excretion, but their effects on the management of ascites have not been assessed. Our aim was to investigate the effects of satavaptan, a highly selective vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist, on ascites management and serum sodium in hyponatremic patients with cirrhosis. A total of 110 patients with cirrhosis, ascites, and hyponatremia (serum sodium ≤130 mmol/L) were included in a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, controlled study comparing three fixed doses of satavaptan (5 mg, 12.5 mg, or 25 mg once daily) versus placebo. Duration of treatment was 14 days and all patients received spironolactone at 100 mg/day. Satavaptan treatment was associated with improved control of ascites, as indicated by a reduction in body weight (mean change at Day 14 was +0.49 kg [±4.99] for placebo versus +0.15 kg [±4.23], −1.59 kg [±4.60] and −1.68 kg [±4.98] for the 5 mg, 12.5 mg, and 25 mg doses, respectively; P = 0.05 for a dose-effect relationship overall) and a parallel reduction in abdominal girth. This beneficial effect on ascites was associated with improvements in serum sodium (mean change from baseline to day 5 was 1.3 ± 4.2, 4.5 ± 3.5, 4.5 ± 4.8, and 6.6 ± 4.3 mmol/L for the placebo group and the groups on satavaptan at 5 mg, 12.5 mg, and 25 mg/day, respectively; P < 0.01 for all compared to placebo). Thirst was significantly more common in patients treated with satavaptan compared to those treated with placebo, whereas the frequency of other adverse events was similar among groups. Conclusion: The V2 receptor antagonist satavaptan improves the control of ascites and increases serum sodium in patients with cirrhosis, ascites, and hyponatremia under diuretic treatment. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
The Clinical Efficacy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuroimaging
Authors: Daniel L. Kent
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Purpose: To assess the clinical efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for neuroimaging and to provide guidelines for clinical practice. Study Selection: After a comprehensive literature search, studies of the diagnostic accuracy of MRI alone or compared with other tests and of any impact on therapeutic choices or patient outcomes were reviewed by independent readers, followed by discussion to reach consensus conclusions. Data Extraction: Of 3125 citations retrieved, 156 studies with original data could be rated according to methodologic criteria for study design. One article contributed grade A quality information about diagnostic accuracy, 28 were graded B or C, and 113 were graded D. One randomized trial and 2 comparison studies contributed grade B or C information about the impact on therapeutic choices. Only 2 studies surveyed health status before and after magnetic resonance scanning. Results: For most abnormalities, the sensitivity of MRI is equal to or better than competing technologies. Magnetic resonance imaging shows greater contrast and detail than computed tomography (CT) but also shows more clinically silent abnormalities or incidental findings. A few studies found a modest impact on therapeutic choices but no impact on quality of life or disability. Costs for MRI are high. Computed tomography is sufficient for initial diagnosis of most mass lesions or intracranial hemorrhages requiring immediate intervention. Magnetic resonance imaging is more accurate in the temporal lobes, posterior fossa, brainstem, and spinal cord. For lumbar radiculopathy, MRI and plain spinal CT are as accurate as postmyelographic CT and are less invasive. The role of magnetic resonance angiography for carotid artery stenosis is being studied. Conclusions: Although suggestions for appropriate use of MRI in clinical practice can be made, the supporting evidence in published studies is weak. Firm guidelines for appropriate use of MRI should be based on further clinical research using more rigorous methods.
TCT-577 COMPARE II – 1 Year Outcomes of a large randomized all-comers study
Authors: Peter Smits, A.J. van Boven, Mariano Valdes, Antonio Serra, Jean-Jacques Goy, V. Voudris, J.M. Vazquez, Ramiro Trillo, A.G. Vuillomenet, Ton Slagboom, Peter den Heijer
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)