tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiothoracic surgery in the United Kingdom: current practice.
Authors: R Freeman, F K Gould
Journal: Thorax (1986)

Leukotriene D4 (LTD4) may be an important mediator in asthma. The effect of verapamil and sodium cromoglycate on LTD4 induced bronchoconstriction has been examined in seven patients with asthma. The bronchoconstrictor response to increasing concentrations of inhaled LTD4 (0.0032-50 micrograms/ml) was assessed by measuring changes in FEV1, specific airways conductance, and flow rate at 30% of vital capacity (V30(p)). Results were expressed as the provocation concentration (PC) producing a 10% fall in FEV1 (PC10FEV1), a 35% fall in specific airways conductance (PC35SGaw), and a 30% fall in flow at 30% of vital capacity (PC30 V30(p)). Neither verapamil nor cromoglycate inhibited LTD4 induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic subjects. These results suggest that in asthmatic patients LTD4 induced bronchoconstriction is not mediated via verapamil or cromoglycate sensitive mechanisms.
sunstein's heuristics provide insufficient descriptive and explanatory adequacy
Authors: marc d. hauser
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

in considering a domain of knowledge – language, music, mathematics, or morality – it is necessary to derive principles that can describe the mature state and explain how an individual reaches this state. although sunstein's heuristics go some way toward a description of our moral sense, it is not clear that they are at the right level of description, and as stated, they provide no guidelines for looking at the acquisition process – the problem of explanatory adequacy.
Structural Features of Prolactins and Growth Hormones That Can Be Related to Their Biological Properties*
Authors: CHARLES S. NICOLL, GREGG L. MAYER, SHARON M. RUSSELL
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1986)

IN THIS review we have compared the amino acid sequences of the GHs of eight mammalian species and the domestic chicken with the sequences of the PRLs of seven mammalian species. Individual amino acids, clusters of residues, and regions of the molecules were identified that were highly conserved among all of the hormones. Other individual amino acids, clusters of residues, and regions were identified that were specific to PRLs only or to GHs only. Attempts were made to associate these hormone-specific and commonly conserved features to the hormone-specific and shared biological properties of PRLs, GHs, and placental lactogens (PLs) by relating them to predicted secondary structure and hydropathy analysis. The latter involves predicting which regions of the molecules would be interior or exterior, based on the hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of the regions. External clusters of conserved residues (consisting of both hormone-specific and commonly conserved) were identified that could be specifically associated with molecules that have GH activity or with those with lactogenic activity [including human (h) GH and PL]. Other external clusters were conserved in common among the PRLs and the GHs. The validity of our proposal that certain clusters of residues may be associated with GH and PRL binding determinants found support from the known structure and properties of two variant forms of hGH (i.e. 20 K and hGH-V). The residues that are likely to be responsible for hGH having PRL activity and for hPL not having GH activity were also identified.
Correlation Between Insulin Suppression Test and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index in Hypertensive and Normotensive Obese Patients
Authors: Olga González-Albarrán, Rafael García-Robles
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

Insulin resistance plays a central role in the pathophysiology of diabetes and is associated with obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors (1). In the assessment of insulin resistance, several methods have been developed. The “gold standard” hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (2) and the insulin suppression test (IST) (3) are two established methods to quantify insulin sensitivity in vivo, but neither is easily applied in large populations. Thus, it is of interest to develop simple methods to estimate insulin sensitivity that are useful for large epidemiological studies. A mathematical model derived from the so-called homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) (4) has been described as a simple and reproducible method in clinical practice. Recently, Katz et al. (5) have described a novel quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index (QUICKI) that shows a high correlation with the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. In the present report, we studied the correlation among IST, QUICKI, and HOMA in a population of normotensive-obese (NT-OB) and hypertensive-obese (HT-OB) patients in order to determine their accuracy.

We recruited 20 obese (BMI >30 kg/m2) male patients; 12 were NT-OB, and 8 were newly HT-OB and had never been treated before. None had previous history of metabolic disorders or were on medication with effects on insulin sensitivity. As the control group, 10 healthy (BMI <25 kg/m2) age- and sex-matched volunteers were included. To estimate the insulin sensitivity, we first performed an IST. This test acts by suppressing endogenous insulin secretion with a sustained infusion of somatostatin. Simultaneously, exogenous crystalline insulin is infused at a constant rate to achieve a steady state of plasma insulin (SSPI), and then the resultant steady state of plasma glucose (SSPG), in response to a constant glucose infusion is determined, as we have previously described (6). The insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was …
Breast Implantation — The Quest for Safety and Quality
Authors: Stephen J. Mathes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

Breast implantation is performed primarily for three indications: breast augmentation, reconstruction after mastectomy for cancer, and reconstruction after prophylactic mastectomy. Outcome is judged by the safety of the surgery and the quality of results in terms of breast shape, size, and consistency and patient satisfaction. Since the introduction of the silicone-gel–filled elastomer-envelope prosthesis in the 1960s,1 implant design and surgical technique have been extensively modified in response to local complications and concern about implant safety.2 Implant failure — either rupture or leakage of implant contents — has received considerable attention because of concern that the release of silicone gel into . . .
Heart Rate Recovery and Treadmill Exercise Score as Predictors of Mortality in Patients Referred for Exercise ECG
Authors: Erna Obenza Nishime
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextBoth attenuated heart rate recovery following exercise and the Duke treadmill exercise score have been demonstrated to be independent predictors of mortality, but their prognostic value relative to each other has not been studied.ObjectiveTo assess the associations among abnormal heart rate recovery, treadmill exercise score, and death in patients referred specifically for exercise electrocardiography.Design and SettingProspective cohort study conducted in an academic medical center between September 1990 and December 1997, with a median follow-up of 5.2 years.PatientsA total of 9454 consecutive patients (mean [SD] age, 53 [11] years; 78% male) who underwent symptom-limited exercise electrocardiographic testing. Exclusion criteria included age younger than 30 years, history of heart failure or valvular disease, pacemaker implantation, and uninterpretable electrocardiograms.Main Outcome MeasuresAll-cause mortality, as predicted by abnormal heart rate recovery, defined as failure of heart rate to decrease by more than 12/min during the first minute after peak exercise, and by treadmill exercise score, defined as (exercise time) − (5 × maximum ST-segment deviation) − (4 × treadmill angina index).ResultsThree hundred twelve deaths occurred in the cohort. Abnormal heart rate recovery and intermediate- or high-risk treadmill exercise score were present in 20% (n = 1852) and 21% (n = 1996) of patients, respectively. In univariate analyses, death was predicted by both abnormal heart rate recovery (8% vs 2% in patients with normal heart rate recovery; hazard ratio [HR], 4.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.33-5.19; χ2 = 158; P<.001) and intermediate- or high-risk treadmill exercise score (8% vs 2% in patients with low-risk scores; HR, 4.28; 95% CI, 3.43-5.35; χ2 = 164; P<.001). After adjusting for age, sex, standard cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, and other potential confounders, abnormal heart rate recovery remained predictive of death (among the 8549 patients not taking β-blockers, adjusted HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.63-2.78; P<.001), as did intermediate- or high-risk treadmill exercise score (adjusted HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.15-1.92; P = .002). There was no interaction between these 2 predictors.ConclusionsIn this cohort of patients referred specifically for exercise electrocardiography, both abnormal heart rate recovery and treadmill exercise score were independent predictors of mortality. Heart rate recovery appears to provide additional prognostic information to the established treadmill exercise score and should be considered for routine incorporation into exercise test interpretation.
A 52-Year-Old Suicidal Man
Authors: Douglas G. Jacobs
Journal: JAMA (2000)

DR PARKER: Mr D is a 52-year-old man who, in despair, almost jumped in front of a moving train. He attributes this episode to gambling debts piled up in the prior 6 months and the ensuing conflict with his family. He is a resident of Boston and has health insurance through his blue-collar job.
interactions between genetic and environmental factors determine direction of population lateralization
Authors: chao deng
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

direction of the embyro's head rotation is determined by asymmetrical expression of several genes (such as shh , nodal, lefty , and fgf8 ) in hensen's node. this genetically determined head-turning bias provides a base for light-aligned population lateralization in chicks, in which the direction of the lateralization is determined by genetic factors and the degree of the lateralization is determined by environmental factors.
Renal replacement treatment. Elderly people must not be denied CAPD.
Authors: T Solanki, L A Lambert
Journal: BMJ (1993)

statistical theory5 and the possibility of neatly partitioning attitudes and behaviours.The (predictable) conclusion that we need to "educate the people" on the dangers of a high fat diet plainly conflicts with a more striking feature of the results-namely, that the degree to which people thought that their behaviours were risky seems to reflect the degree of certainty among experts that change in that behaviour is beneficial.Why should the authors emphasise the need for education when experts disagreee?This paper, like others, suggests that the public may often be more sophisticated in their understanding than those who would pretend to educate them.
Primitive erythropoiesis from mesodermal precursors expressing VE-cadherin, PECAM-1, Tie2, endoglin, and CD34 in the mouse embryo
Authors: Masatsugu Ema, Tomomasa Yokomizo, Asami Wakamatsu, Tsumoru Terunuma, Masayuki Yamamoto, Satoru Takahashi
Journal: Blood (2006)
Medical, Moral and Legal Issues in Mental Health Care
Authors: Robert L. Sadoff
Journal: JAMA (1975)

This book, a compilation of the papers presented at a symposium, contains 12 chapters on various medical, moral, and legal issues currently significant in the care of the mentally ill. A well-edited, easily read volume, it points out at many levels the problems facing the practicing psychiatrist in today's increasing complex system of mental health care provision. The range is extensive, as are the backgrounds of the contributors. What this volume provides in scope it lacks in depth, thus reflecting one difficulty of transposing a series of talks to the printed page. What is also missing from the book, of necessity, is the question-and-answer dialogue that occurred following the stimulating and provocative presentations. Highlighted between the general ethical and moral considerations and the practical exigencies of establishing and developing a new mental health act are the two focal concerns: informed consent and the right to treatment. Possibly the two longest
Abnormal Thyroid Function Tests in Psychiatric Patients: A Red Herring?
Authors: Anna L. Dickerman, John W. Barnhill
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2012)

Thyroid abnormalities can induce mood, anxiety, psychotic, and cognitive disorders. Thus, thyroid function tests are routinely checked in psychiatric patients. However, up to one-third of psychiatric patients may demonstrate thyroid function test abnormalities that do not reflect true thyroid disease, but rather are a manifestation of secondary effects on one or more levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis. Originally termed the euthyroid sick syndrome, this phenomenon is now more commonly referred to as "non-thyroidal illness." In psychiatric patients with non-thyroidal illness, patterns of thyroid function test abnormalities may vary considerably based upon factors such as the underlying psychiatric disorder, the presence of substance abuse, or even the use of certain psychiatric medications. Thus, any abnormal thyroid function tests in psychiatric patients should be viewed with skepticism. Given the fact that thyroid function test abnormalities seen in non-thyroidal illness usually resolve spontaneously, treatment is generally unnecessary, and may even be potentially harmful.
Beware of the Temperature Chart
Authors: Shashi K. Agarwal
Journal: JAMA (1980)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> A vital sign record is an integral part of every patient's hospital chart, and physicians place great reliance on the data incorporated on these sheets. The temperature graph especially is carefully scrutinized, not only to provide clues toward the nature and severity of the disease process, but also to assess the response to therapy. Although faulty thermometers, incorrect techniques, and clerical errors may all lead to erroneous information being displayed on the temperature sheets, there is an inherent shortcoming of many of these graphic record sheets, which may lead to omission of vital data and result in dissemination of fallacious impressions of the patient's thermal behavior. I was recently confronted with a temperature chart of a patient that failed to exhibit a temperature spike of 41<sup>°</sup>C, as recorded by the nursing staff, and yet, no clerical error could be implicated as being responsible for the
From optimism to hubris
Authors: Jane Smith
Journal: BMJ (2004)

This theme issue—on whether evidence based medicine makes a difference—makes balanced nods in the direction of both advocates and critics of EBM. It begins with optimism and ends with hubris. Yet among the systematic reviews, randomised controlled trials, anecdotes, and speculation a picture does emerge. There are positive answers to many questions that are asked about EBM: Does it benefit patients? How do you teach it? How do you change practice?

The clearest messages are probably about how to teach it and how to change practice. Arri Coomarasamy and Khalid Khan's systematic review (p 1017 …
Open questions in oesophageal adenocarcinogenesis
Authors: C. C Maley
Journal: Gut (2007)

Transition from GORD to Barrett’s oesophagus, and possibility of a reversal mechanism

Barrett’s oesophagus develops as a complication of chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), and is the only known precursor to oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EA). Barrett’s oesophagus is an ideal model for studying neoplastic progression, because it can be studied longitudinally in vivo, with protocols that allow for safe, reproducible sampling by endoscopy biopsies.1 Furthermore, the major genetic events that characterise progression in Barrett’s oesophagus are some of the most common genetic events across human neoplasms, including inactivation of the tumour suppressor genes p16 (CDKN2A/INK4A)2,3 and p53 (TP53),4,5 with the subsequent development of tetraploidy and aneuploidy.6,7,8,9,10

There are important open questions at all stages of progression from GORD to EA. Little is known about the transition from GORD to Barrett’s oesophagus. What is the cell of origin for Barrett’s oesophagus? And why do only a minority of patients with GORD undergo that transition? The presence of p16, p53 and ploidy lesions in a Barrett’s neoplasm makes it very likely to progress to cancer,11 but the complete set of necessary and sufficient molecular events for carcinogenesis are not yet defined. The difficulty in treating EA has long been a problem without any solution, and so attention has been turned to prevention of EA. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs11,12 …
Sensitization to <i>Dermatophagoides siboney, Blomia tropicalis</i>, and other domestic mites in asthmatic patients
Authors: R. Ferrandiz, R. Casas, S. Dreborg
Journal: Allergy (1996)

Mite species adapted to warm, humid climates are commonly found in house dust in the tropics. In Cuba, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, D. siboney , and Blomiu tropicalis are the most common and abundant mite species in house dust. To investigate the pattern of sensitization of Cuban asthmatic patients to common mite species, we skin‐prick‐tested (SPT) 148 patients with a clinical history of asthma and possible mite allergy, and determined specific IgE antibodies against mite allergens ( D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae, D. siboney, B. tropicalis, Acarus siro, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae , and Glycyphagus domesticus ). The prevalence of positive SPT was high to D. siboney (88%), D. pteronyssinus (87%), A. siro (85%). B. tropicalis (85%), and D. farinae (83%). The largest skin reactions were obtained with D. siboney and B. tropicalis extracts. The skin test response to the D. siborzey extract correlated to those of D. farinae, D. pteronyssinus, B. tropicalis . and A. siro . The highest IgE levels were found to Dermatophagoides species and B. tropicalis . IgE to D. siboney and B. tropicalis were found in 97% and 96% of the patients, respectively. The prevalence of specific IgE to the other mites studied varied lrom 46 to 65%. D. siboney and B. tropicalis are important sensitizers among asthmatic patients in Cuba.
Diabetes Congress — Teddy Boys
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

THE second International Congress of the International Diabetes Federation, held in Cambridge, England, in July, was well attended by representatives from the United States and Canada as well as by those from Europe. It was a great pleasure to everyone that Dr. Elliott P. Joslin had made the journey from Boston to deliver the ninth Banting Memorial Lecture of the British Diabetic Association as the opening lecture of the Congress. His enthusiasm and vigor were an inspiration to everyone present. Taking diabetes for the diabetic as his subject, he urged diabetic patients to be thankful that the discovery of insulin . . .
Tests of Glycemia
Authors: R Graham Barr, James B. Meigs, Daniel E. Singer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Letters18 March 2003Tests of GlycemiaR Graham Barr, MD, DrPH, James B. Meigs, MD, MPH, and Daniel E. Singer, MDR Graham Barr, MD, DrPHColumbiaPresbyterian Medical Center; New York, NY 10032 (Barr)Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02114 (Meigs, Singer)Search for more papers by this author, James B. Meigs, MD, MPHColumbiaPresbyterian Medical Center; New York, NY 10032 (Barr)Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02114 (Meigs, Singer)Search for more papers by this author, and Daniel E. Singer, MDColumbiaPresbyterian Medical Center; New York, NY 10032 (Barr)Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02114 (Meigs, Singer)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-6-200303180-00021 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:We appreciate Dr. Davidson's clarification of Figure 2 in our article; the values of glycemia in the abscissa were minimum values for each decline. Nonetheless, we believe a threshold at which complications begin to occur can refer to the minimum, rather than the mean, of a decile. Fair-minded observers could disagree about the exact thresholds observed in the graphs, but increasing these by one decile only raises thresholds into the lowest diabetic range of glycemia (fasting plasma glucose level, 6.0 to 7.5 mmol/L [108 to 136 mg/dL], 2-hour postchallenge plasma glucose level, 8.6 to 13.5 mmol/L [155 to ...Reference1. Davidson MB, Schriger DL, Peters AL, Lorber B. Relationship between fasting plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin: potential for false-positive diagnoses of type 2 diabetes using new diagnostic criteria. JAMA. 1999;281:1203-10. [PMID: 10199430] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: ColumbiaPresbyterian Medical Center; New York, NY 10032 (Barr)Massachusetts General Hospital; Boston, MA 02114 (Meigs, Singer) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoTests of Glycemia for the Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus R Graham Barr , David M. Nathan , James B. Meigs , and Daniel E. Singer Tests of Glycemia Mayer B. Davidson Metrics 18 March 2003Volume 138, Issue 6Page: 517KeywordsBlood plasmaDiabetes mellitusGlucoseHemoglobin ePublished: 18 March 2003 Issue Published: 18 March 2003 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2003 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Symmetry in knapped stones is real, not romanced
Authors: Diane Humphrey
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

It appears that knappers intentionally produced symmetrical stones. Use of the dorsal pathways in knapping does not preclude shape perception, nor does it obviate use of ventral pathways in other tasks in Homo sapiens 400,000 years ago. Shape perception precedes production in present-day human infants, suggesting that symmetry perception was used by knappers of symmetrical stones.
Increased hepatic expression of ganglioside-specific sialidase, NEU3, improves insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in mice
Authors: Shinsuke Yoshizumi, Susumu Suzuki, Masashi Hirai, Yoshinori Hinokio, Tetsuya Yamada, Takahiro Yamada, Uiko Tsunoda, Hiroyuki Aburatani, Kazunori Yamaguchi, Taeko Miyagi, Yoshitomo Oka
Journal: Metabolism (2007)
Esophageal Testing of Patients with Noncardiac Chest Pain or Dysphagia
Authors: PHILIP O. KATZ
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Records from 910 patients referred to our clinical esophageal manometry laboratory for evaluation of noncardiac chest pain between January 1983 and December 1985 were reviewed and compared with records from 251 patients referred for dysphagia. Evaluation included baseline esophageal manometry, acid perfusion test, and edrophonium provocation. In the chest-pain group, 655 patients (72%) had normal esophageal motility and 255 (28%) had abnormal motility. Nutcracker esophagus was present in 48% of abnormal tracings, suggesting that it is a manometric marker for noncardiac chest pain. Of the total chest-pain group, 243 patients (27%) had their pain reproduced during provocative testing ("definite" esophageal pain); 192 patients (21%) had baseline manometric abnormalities but no pain during provocative testing ("probable" esophageal chest pain). The highest percentage of positive provocative responses (34%) occurred in patients with nutcracker esophagus on baseline manometry. Manometric abnormalities were statistically commoner (p < 0.001) in patients with dysphagia, occurring in 53%. Achalasia (36%) and nonspecific esophageal motility disorders (38%) were the commonest abnormalities in this group, with nutcracker esophagus being infrequent (10%).