tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A 6-basepair insert in the reverse transcriptase gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 confers resistance to multiple nucleoside inhibitors.
Authors: M A Winters, K L Coolley, Y A Girard, D J Levee, H Hamdan, R W Shafer, D A Katzenstein, T C Merigan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

While many point mutations in the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) confer resistance to antiretroviral drugs, inserts or deletions in this gene have not been previously characterized. In this report, 14 RT inhibitor-treated patients were found to have HIV-1 strains possessing a 6-basepair insert between codons 69 and 70 of the RT gene. Known drug resistance mutations were also observed in these strains, with T215Y appearing in all strains. Genotypic analysis indicated that the inserts had substantial nucleotide variability that resulted in relatively restricted sets of amino acid sequences. Linkage of patients' treatment histories with longitudinal sequencing data showed that insert strains appeared during drug regimens containing ddI or ddC, with prior or concurrent AZT treatment. Drug susceptibility tests of recombinant patient isolates showed reduced susceptibility to nearly all nucleoside RT inhibitors. Site- directed mutagenesis studies confirmed the role of the inserts alone in conferring reduced susceptibility to most RT inhibitors. The addition of AZT-associated drug resistance mutations further increased the range and magnitude of resistance. These results establish that inserts, like point mutations, are selected in vivo during antiretroviral therapy and provide resistance to multiple nucleoside analogs.
Genetic variation in S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and childhood asthma
Authors: Hao Wu, Isabelle Romieu, Juan-Jose Sienra-Monge, Blanca Estela del Rio-Navarro, Daniel M. Anderson, Charlotte A. Jenchura, Huiling Li, Matiana Ramirez-Aguilar, Irma del Carmen Lara-Sanchez, Stephanie J. London
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Persistent agmination of lymphomatoid papulosis evolving to classical lesions of lymphomatoid papulosis
Authors: Alberto Romero-Maté, Luz Martín-Fragueiro, Román Miñano-Medrano, Cristina Martinez-Morán, Dolores Arias-Palomo, Jesús Borbujo
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2009)
Renal clearance and daily excretion of cortisol and adrenal androgens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: R H Straub
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), patients demonstrate low levels of adrenal hormones.To investigate whether increased renal clearance and daily excretion contribute to this phenomenon.Thirty patients with RA, 32 with SLE, and 54 healthy subjects (HS) participated. Serum and urinary levels of cortisol, cortisone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and DHEA sulphate (DHEAS) were measured.Clearance of DHEAS and DHEA was lower in patients than in HS, and clearance of androstenedione was somewhat higher in patients than in HS, but daily excretion of this latter hormone was low. Clearance of cortisol, cortisone, and 17OHP was similar between the groups. The total molar amount per hour of excreted DHEA, DHEAS, and androstenedione was lower in patients than HS (but similar for cortisol). Serum DHEAS levels correlated with urinary DHEAS levels in HS and patients, whereby HS excreted 5-10 times more of this hormone than excreted by patients. Low serum levels of adrenal androgens and cortisol in patients as compared with HS were confirmed, and proteinuria was not associated with changes of measured renal parameters.This study in patients with RA and SLE demonstrates that low serum levels of adrenal androgens and cortisol are not due to increased renal clearance and daily loss of these hormones. Decreased adrenal production or increased conversion or conjugation to downstream hormones are the most likely causes of inadequately low serum levels of adrenal hormones in RA and SLE.
IMPACT OF CARDIAC MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY ON PERIOPERATIVE OUTCOMES AND COST IN REOPERATIVE CARDIAC SURGERY
Authors: Gabriel Maluenda, Matthew A. Goldstein, Shrinivas Hebsur, Sion K. Roy, Gaby Weissman, Guy Weigold, Peter C. Hill, Paul J. Corso, Steven W. Boyce, Augusto D. Pichard, Ron Waksman, Allen J. Taylor
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Liver-Specific Protein: More Questions Than Answers
Authors: Jules L. Dienstag, Kurt J. Isselbacher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

Necrosis of liver cells, regardless of initiating process, depends ultimately on destruction of the cell plasma membrane. As a result, there has been an increasing emphasis on the role of alterations of cell-surface membranes in hepatocellular disease and especially on characterization of liver-cell-surface antigens. Meyer zum Büschenfelde and his colleagues have described two liver-specific antigens obtained from supernatants of human liver homogenates.1 They found three peaks after column chromatography, only the first of which contained liver-specific antigenic material. Approximately 40 per cent of this peak was composed of other, uncharacterized plasma proteins. Subsequent fractionation of this peak yielded two liver . . .
Novel targets for endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in B-CLL
Authors: Emanuela Rosati, Rita Sabatini, Giuliana Rampino, Filomena De Falco, Mauro Di Ianni, Franca Falzetti, Katia Fettucciari, Andrea Bartoli, Isabella Screpanti, Pierfrancesco Marconi
Journal: Blood (2010)
Apoprotein B in fasting and postprandial human jejunal mucosa.
Authors: D Rachmilewitz, J J Albers, D R Saunders
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

We tested whether apoprotein B is present in fasting and postprandial human duodenojejunal mucosa because lipoprotein-like particles are visualized by electron microscopy within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi cisternae of these absorptive cells. Duodenojejunal biopsies from normal volunteers were incubated in citrate buffer and were shaken in 1% EDTA so that absorptive cells could be freed from underlying tissue. Apoprotein B was determined by double-antibody radioimmunoassay in homogenates of absorptive cells. The preparations of absorptive cells were shown to be uncontaminated by plasma lipoproteins; they did not contain any albumin by immunodiffusion able to detect 2 mug/ml. They adsorbed less than 0.1% of 125I-low density lipoprotein which was added to the citrate buffer. Cell preparations from suction biopsies of human rectum contained no detectable apoprotein B. Duodenojejunal absorptive cells from 22 fasting subjects contained 3.2 +/- 0.5 mug of apoprotein B per 100 mg (wet wt) of biopsies or 1.3 mug of apoprotein B per mg of total cell protein. The amount of apoprotein B per milligram of cell protein fell to 0.3 mug in 14 of these individuals whose mucosa was also sampled 45 min after instilling fat intraduodenally. These experiments provide immunochemical evidence that human duodenojejunal absorptive cells contain apoprotein B. This technique should be valuable for studying the physiology of intestinal lipoproteins in absorption and in patients with hyperlipidemia.
Pathology of Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Eugene V. Perrin
Journal: JAMA (1976)

ABSTRACT The first major pediatric pathology text appeared in 1913 in Europe, in Handbuch form. It had been preceded by the developmental pathologyteratology texts of Haller, Saint-Hilaire, Taruffi, and the incomparable Ballentyne, to mention but a few, wherein the authors limited their discussion to intrauterine and early extrauterine life. Since then, more general texts have been written by McGregor and Stowans, and tomes on special areas have issued from the pens of such experts as Seifert (pancreas and certain viral disorders); Potter (perinatal); Morison (perinatal); and works in part anatomical, written by pediatric specialists such as Keith et al, Nadas, Moss and Adams, and Royer. When, lately, the morbid anatomy of infants and children has been reluctantly accorded the semiserious status of a subspecialty, albeit one without such imprimaturs as boards, publishers have sought for visible confirmation of their economic expectations. To date, the work of Kissane et al is the
Behavioral Therapy for Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Neil M. Resnick
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The careful study by Hu et al<sup>1</sup>is an important addition to the data regarding urinary incontinence in the nursing home. I write to request clarification of three points. First, I am astonished by the durability of the response in a group of patients as debilitated as the ones included in this study (mean Mini-Mental State Examination score, 12.7; Katz score, 5.3). While some patients may have been motivated and able to continue to ask for toileting assistance, as shown in Fig 2 of the article, this "treatment effect" decayed by more than 50%, while the reduction in incontinent episodes declined by only 16%. Moreover, it is difficult to envision nonresearch nurse assistants voluntarily continuing a toileting regimen that requires hourly checks of all incontinent residents. Could the durability be an artifact due to the return of the nurse research assistants every 2 months to reassess
Market for e-cigarettes includes 466 brands and 7764 unique flavours
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Every month since mid-2012 10 new brands of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and more than 240 new flavours have come on the market, a study has found.

Another study in a special issue of Tobacco Control devoted to e-cigarettes has estimated that in 2012 29 million people in 27 European countries had used the nicotine replacement devices at some point, emphasising the need to regulate e-cigarettes and to evaluate the long term effects on consumers’ health.

To gauge how the marketing of e-cigarettes has changed in recent years, researchers from the University of California, San Diego carried out a comprehensive trawl of online English language websites marketing e-cigarettes between two specific periods—May to August 2012 and December 2013 to …
Examination Scores Fall With Time: But So What?
Authors: Joseph S. Cervia
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —As a recently certified diplomate of three different specialty boards (internal medicine among them), I read with interest the work of Ramsey et al.<sup>1</sup>The authors employed a dazzling array of statistical analyses to confirm the commonly held suspicion that a significant inverse correlation exists between score on a cognitive examination and time elapsed since actively preparing for that specific examination. I must question, however, whether their data actually support their stated conclusion, ie, that "these results support the recent decision for time-limited certification of internists." For this to be so, one would have to accept the premise that a score on such a cognitive examination is an adequate surrogate marker for clinical performance of an internist. Were we to accept this premise, we must also conclude from the work of Ramsey et al that the clinical performance of an internist declines over time and
Assisted Suicide: Sheer Cliff or Clinical Reality?
Authors: Peter M. Marzuk
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Quill has written a thoughtful article on the issues that confront dying patients.<sup>1</sup>However, as a suicidologist and a psychiatrist who has treated suicidal, terminally ill patients, I cannot agree with his statement that "some suicides may be rational" and presumably should be sanctioned. In some ways, Quill's statement is ironic, coming as it does after his excellent exploration of the hidden emotional aspects that lie behind the patient's request, "Doctor, I want to die. Will you help me?" In fact, in each of the vignettes he presents, none of the patients really wanted to commit suicide, underscoring Quill's point that physicians not take this question at face value. How then can we dispense with all the emotionality and conclude that suicide is rational if one simply understands the disease, the prognosis, and the treatment alternatives? Most of us try to make rational decisions about the
TCT-885 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation with Medtronic CoreValve® Versus Medtronic CoreValve® with Accutrak Delivery System
Authors: Gill Buchanan, Alaide Chieffo, Matteo Montorfano, Francesco Maisano, Azeem Latib, Micaela Cioni, Filippo Figini, Francesco Giannini, Chiara Bernelli, Alessandro Durante, Santo Ferrarello, Mauro Carlino, Pietro Spagnolo, Annalisa Franco, Chiara Gerli, Remo Covello, Eustachio Agricola, Giovanni La Canna, Ottavio Alfieri, Antonio Colombo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Von Hagens faces investigation over use of bodies without consent
Authors: A. Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Gunther von Hagens, the pioneer of body plastination–the technique of preserving bodies by saturating them with polymer resin–and who was criticised for his televised autopsy in London, is under investigation in the former Soviet state of Kyrgyzstan and in Heidelberg, Germany.

He is accused of using bodies without permission and of falsely carrying the title of professor from Heidelberg University. However, in both cases he denies any illegal acts and accuses the other side of misinformation.

Since 1995 he has carried …
440. A Non-Human Primate Model for Lentivirus-Mediated Anti-HIV RNAi Strategies
Authors: Karen Beagles, Grant Trobridge, Brian Beard, John Rossi, Jiing-Kuan Yee, Shiu-Lok Hu, Hans-Peter KIem
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

AIDS remains a significant health problem worldwide despite the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Although substantial efforts have been made to develop a vaccine there is still no cure and alternative strategies are needed to treat HIV infection and to control its spread. Our goal is to evaluate lentiviral vectors that inhibit HIV replication by RNA interference (RNAi) in a non-human primate SHIV model to develop a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy for AIDS. SHIV89.6 P is a chimeric virus comprised of an SIV genome that contains the tat, rev and env genes of HIV and infects both T lymphocytes and macrophages. Infection of non-human primates with SHIV89.6P results in significant decreases in CD4+ T cells as early as 4 weeks post infection, and is currently the best large animal model available to test gene therapy strategies for AIDS. We present here data showing RNAi-mediated inhibition of SHIV89.6 P replication using a lentiviral vector that expresses a short hairpin RNA targeted to both tat and rev transcripts in a hybrid cell line and in macrophages differentiated from Macaque CD34+ cells. To determine the effectiveness of an anti tat/rev shRNA to inhibit SHIV89.6P in vitro, a human T cell/B cell hybrid cell line (CEMx174) was transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeted to both HIV tat and rev sequences that also contained either a GFP reporter gene or a MGMT(G156A) resistance gene at MOIs of 1.3 and 3 respectively. Polyclonal populations of CEMx174 cells transduced with the GFP and MGMT(G156A) vectors were challenged with a 2.15|[times]|103 TCID50 dose of SHIV 89.6P. Expression of both tat and rev transcripts was reduced 88% and 97% respectively in these cultures as measured by real-time PCR and replication of SHIV was inhibited as evidenced by inhibition of p27 production. Although others reported a block to transduction of M. mulatta CD34+ cells with an HIV-based lentiviral vector, we observed efficient transduction rates (|[ldquo]| 50%) of M. nemestrina CD34+ cells, comparable to transduction rates observed in human CD34+ cells (|[ldquo]| 60%). Macaque CD34+ cells transduced with the shRNA expressing lentiviral vector were not impaired in their ability to differentiate into macrophages in vitro and SHIV replication was inhibited in these transduced macrophages as evidenced by reduced p27 levels following challenge with SHIV. In summary, we have shown efficient HIV-based lentiviral transduction of M. nemestrina cells and efficient inhibition of SHIV infection by expressng a shRNA targeted against HIV tat and rev thereby providing a useful model to test lentiviral-mediated anti-HIV RNAi stem cell gene therapy in vivo.
European directive on training for general practice
Authors: J Allen
Journal: BMJ (1994)

We believe, then, that there are grounds for concern about the function of the testes.Cancer of the testis is clearly associated with undescended testis and dysgenetic testis, but we do not know its cause.Nor do we know that of undescended testis, and the causes of poor semen quality are in most cases obscure.What possible explanations have been put forward?Many years ago oestrogens were suggested as playing a part in cancer of the testis,'4 and epidemiological data show that administration of stilboestrol during pregnancy may lead to an increase in cancer of the testis and other abnor- malities, including undescended testis and a low sperm count.Clearly only a few men were exposed to stilboestrol in utero, and neither it nor other drugs can be blamed for the general trends, but many manmade toxins in the environment may act as oestrogens,'516 and these pose a theoretical risk to the male fetus if ingested by the mother before or during pregnancy.This "oestrogen hypothesis,"'7 which has received wide coverage in the media, is just that-a hypothesis-but progress in science must be based on refutable ideas.Much more basic and clinical research work is needed.When research in male reproduction is compared with that in many other branches of medicine our understanding of disorders of the testis is seen to be extremely limited.'2Much more work is needed on the environmental toxins that are potentially oestrogenic.'8How are they absorbed and metabolised?Are they bioaccumulative?Several chemicals, including isomers of dicophane (DDT), poly- chlorinated biphenyl compounds, and certain surfactants, have been shown to be oestrogenic, and the list of such chemicals is still growing.We still do not know what con- centrations and mixtures of these chemicals might be hazardous to male reproductive function.In the meantime we should, perhaps, try to obtain better prospective data on the fimction and health of the testes of men in the general population.
Early diagnosis of head and neck cancer
Authors: D F N Harrison
Journal: BMJ (1976)

the convulsion rate.No such evidence has been published, and indeed in Thorn's paper the recurrence rate was 12 00% in those with mean serum phenobarbitone levels over 61 umol (14 mg)/l and 12 80o in those with lesser concentrations.Further, we do not like the concept that some children may be protected by phenobarbitone and others not, without evidence that we were treating two types of patient.Even if there is a reduction in febrile convulsion recurrence rates on phenobarbitone the cost must be counted.There is no evidence that the risk of later recurrent afebrile seizures ("epilepsy") is reduced,6 while the incidence of adverse effects is unacceptably high, even at lower blood concentrations.3Although a recent publication7 indicates that sodium valproate may reduce the recur- rence rate of febrile convulsions without the side effects often associated with phenobarbitone, we must reiterate our point that the really serious complication, febrile status epilepticus, usually occurs with the first convulsion.The resultant brain damage must be prevented by a research-based country- wide emergency treatment service.In this field there is much anecdotal but little scientific evidence.Recommendations include paraldehyde, parenteral phenobarbitone, fever reduc- tion, and diazepam intravenously, rectally, or intramuscularly with hyalase, chlormethiazole, and lignocaine.If other authors do have clear evidence of the relative value of one or other therapy or management of febrile status, then we and many of your readers would like to know where this evidence is to be found.
Sacrileges are welcome in science! Opening a discussion about culture in animals
Authors: Christophe Boesch
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

The sacrilegious proposition of the existence of cultures in whales and dolphins should open the discussion of cultures in other animals, allowing us to find what is unique in human cultures. The ethnographic approach used by all anthropologists is the key in this investigation and revealed that cultural differences are present in animals and could result from different learning mechanisms.
Michelangelo and medicine
Authors: J. Seamer
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

Dr Strauss and Dr Marzo-Ortega (October 2002 JRSM1) and indeed the other authors they cite, do not refer to two other aspects of medical interest in Michelangelo's David. The first is the very large right hand which is quite disproportionate to the size of the rest of the statue, although, as far as I am aware, anatomically normal. The second feature is the depiction of David with his sling over his left shoulder with a stone in his right hand. This strongly implies that the subject was left-handed. The only commentary I have found on this point is that the stone from which the statue was carved was difficult to work, and indeed it had already been worked on by others before Michelangelo used it. While this may have affected the way the sculpture was made it does not seem entirely convincing that it necessitated making a left-handed subject.
Isoniazid Overdose in the Cambodian Population of Olmsted County, Minnesota
Authors: Paul D. Blanchard, Joseph D. C. Yao, Donald E. McAlpine, Richard D. Hurt
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Eight cases of suicidal isoniazid overdose by Cambodian refugees are reviewed. In all patients generalized seizures and metabolic acidosis developed. Treatment included supportive measures and intravenous pyridoxine hydrochloride. There were no deaths. Psychiatric evaluation of each patient revealed usual and extraordinary life and social adjustment stresses. Indochinese immigrants are a subpopulation at risk for isoniazid overdose. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;256:3131-3133)
Esophageal Pain and Esophageal pH.
Authors: Daniel J. Fall
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

s1 May 1967Esophageal Pain and Esophageal pH.Daniel J. Fall, M.D., Arthur B. French, M.D., F.A.C.P., H. Marvin Pollard, M.D., F.A.C.P.Daniel J. Fall, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Arthur B. French, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, H. Marvin Pollard, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1031_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe stimulus that triggers transmission of the sensation of esophageal pain is not well defined. In normal subjects distention of the lower esophagus with a balloon or sudden infusion of fluid produces pain, usually considered due to distention of the esophagus and production of motor activity. It is generally assumed that in the presence of an intact esophageal mucosa the "stretch" or "tension" stimulus is the only intraesophageal stimulus that produces pain. In patients with esophagitis, infusion of much smaller amounts of 0.1 N acid produces pain. This painful infusion is almost invariably accompanied by motor abnormalities. It is not... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Ann Arbor, Michigan PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1031-1031KeywordsEsophagusMucous membranes Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF DownloadLoading ...