tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reviews and Notes: Principles of Surgery
Authors: Nanakram Agarwal
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Literature of Medicine1 January 1995Reviews and Notes: Principles of SurgeryNanakram Agarwal, MD, MPH, FRCS(C)Nanakram Agarwal, MD, MPH, FRCS(C)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-122-1-199501010-00036 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Principles of SurgerySixth edition. Seymour I. Schwartz, G. Tom Shires, Frank C. Spencer, and Wendy Cowles Husser; eds. 2074 pages. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc.; 1994. $99.00.Since it was first published in 1969, Principles of Surgery has been a standard text and reference source for students, residents in surgery, and many practicing surgeons. The sixth edition has been extensively revised in an effort to encompass the flood of new scientific knowledge and technical advances in surgery. Twenty of the 44 chapters have been rewritten by new authors, and almost all of the chapters have been updated. Most of the ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1995Volume 122, Issue 1Page: 78 ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 January 1995 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1995 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Lymphatic Leukemia
Authors: Michael A. Rubinstein
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The carpal tunnel syndrome may be of interest not only to the orthopedic and general surgeons, but also to the specialists in many fields of medicine (<b>212</b>: 1365, 1970). It may also be encountered in hematologic practice, as an illustrative example shows: <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 68-year-old white man was referred to me for hematologic consultation because of elevated white blood cell count of 17,000/ cu mm, and lymphocyte count of 69%. The patient presented himself with signs and symptoms associated chiefly with compression of the median nerve, namely numbness, tingling, and burning in the fingers, as well as hypoesthesia restricted to the median distribution in the hand. There was also acrocyanosis as a manifestation of vasomotor imbalance most of the sympathetic nerve supply is carried in the median nerve). The wrist flexion sign was elicited. The causalgia and acroparesthesias were more marked and occurred more
Abstract 13134: Comprehensive Echocardiographic Assessment of Mitral Valve Hemodynamic Parameters Early After Surgical Mitral Valve Repair
Authors: Lori A Blauwet, Rakesh M Suri, Hartzell V Schaff, David O Hodge, Regina M Herges, Fletcher A Miller
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background: Normal Doppler-derived hemodynamic data for mitral valves after surgical mitral valve repair is lacking. Methods: From a group of 568 patients who underwent mitral valve replacement for...
The Neighborhood Health Center — Reform Ideas of Yesterday and Today
Authors: John D. Stoeckle, Lucy M. Candib
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Abstract The early health centers of the 1900's were meant to solve special out-of-hospital health problems of the poor, chiefly infectious disease and infant malnutrition. Preventive measures consisted of immunization and infant feeding. The organizational ideas of centers, district location, community participation, bureaucratic organization and centralization of community health and social services were derived from democratic, religious and industrial ideas common to the era of progressive reform. In actual practice some of the organizational goals were contradictory. For example, whereas such a goal as community participation was important to bring services close to people, simultaneous pressures for efficiency in bureaucratic organization often conflicted. The new health centers, whether traditional or organized as private group practice, have a different and more complex set of health problems requiring social rehabilitation through personal health services. Although new definitions are being applied to the older organizational ideas, contradictions in dealing with modern problems are also being encountered.
Interferon alpha 2 maintenance therapy may enable high rates of treatment discontinuation in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: A Burchert, S Saussele, E Eigendorff, M C Müller, K Sohlbach, S Inselmann, C Schütz, S K Metzelder, J Ziermann, P Kostrewa, J Hoffmann, R Hehlmann, A Neubauer, A Hochhaus
Journal: Leukemia (2015)
Negative regulation of airway responsiveness that is dependent on γδ T cells and independent of αβ T cells
Authors: Michael Lahn, Arihiko Kanehiro, Katsuyuki Takeda, Anthony Joetham, Jürgen Schwarze, Gabriele Köhler, Rebecca O'Brien, Erwin W. Gelfand, Willi Born
Journal: Nature Medicine (1999)
Soluble surface proteins from Helicobacter pylori activate monocytes/macrophages by lipopolysaccharide-independent mechanism.
Authors: U E Mai, G I Perez-Perez, L M Wahl, S M Wahl, M J Blaser, P D Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

The inflammatory lesions associated with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and duodenitis contain large numbers of mononuclear cells. The close proximity of H. pylori to gastric mucosa suggests that the organism interacts with mononuclear cells, thereby modulating the inflammatory response. To investigate the role of monocytes/macrophages in this response, we examined the effect of whole H. pylori bacteria, H. pylori surface proteins, and H. pylori lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on purified human monocytes. Whole H. pylori and the extracted LPS induced expression of the monocyte surface antigen HLA-DR and interleukin-2 receptors, production of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor (peptide and messenger RNA), and secretion of the reactive oxygen intermediate superoxide anion. Since H. pylori in vivo does not invade mucosal tissue, we determined whether soluble constituents of the bacteria could activate monocytes. Soluble H. pylori surface proteins, which are enriched for urease and do not contain LPS, stimulated phenotypic, transcriptional, and functional changes consistent with highly activated monocytes. These findings indicate that H. pylori is capable of activating human monocytes by an LPS-independent as well as an LPS-dependent mechanism. H. pylori activation of resident lamina propria macrophages and monocytes trafficking through the mucosa, leading to the secretion of increased amounts of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen intermediates, could play an important role in mediating the inflammatory response associated with H. pylori gastritis and duodenitis.
Posttranscriptional effect of insulin-like growth factor-I on interleukin-1beta-induced type II-secreted phospholipase A2 gene expression in rabbit articular chondrocytes.
Authors: C Jacques, G Béréziat, L Humbert, J L Olivier, M T Corvol, J Masliah, F Berenbaum
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Large amounts of type II-secreted phospholipase A2 (type II sPLA2) are secreted into inflammatory synovial fluid and they are believed to induce the synthesis of lipid mediators by articular chondrocytes. Preliminary experiments showed that insulin-like growth factor-I, which counteracts cartilage degradation in arthritis, inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced type II sPLA2 gene expression in rabbit articular chondrocytes (Berenbaum, F., G. Thomas, S. Poiraudeau, G. Bereziat, M.T. Corvol, and J. Masliah. 1994. FEBS Lett. 340: 51-55). The present study showed that IL-1beta induced the sustained synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and a parallel increase in type II sPLA2 gene expression (assessed by enzymatic activity and Northern blot analysis), but no increase in cytosolic PLA2 gene expression (assessed by Northern and Western blot analysis) or cytosolic PLA2 activity in rabbit articular chondrocytes. IGF-I inhibited both IL-1beta-stimulated PGE2 synthesis and type II sPLA2 gene expression, but had no effect on cytosolic PLA2 gene expression. Nuclear run-on experiments revealed that IL-1beta stimulated the transcription rate of type II sPLA2 gene, giving rise to long-lived mRNA in cells treated with actinomycin D. IGF-I did not affect transcription rate, suggesting that it acts as a post-transcriptional step. Sucrose density gradient analysis of the translation step showed no effect of IGF-I on the entry of type II sPLA2 mRNA into the polysomal pool or on its distribution into the various polysomal complexes, suggesting that IGF-I does not act on the translation of the mRNA. Lastly, IGF-I strongly decreased the half-life of IL-1beta-induced type II sPLA2 mRNA (from 92 to 12 h), suggesting that IGF-I destabilizes mRNA. These data demonstrate that IL-1beta stimulates the transcription rate of the type II sPLA2 gene and gives rise to a very stable mRNA. In contrast, IGF-I decreases the half-life of the type II sPLA2 message.
Treatment of Breast Cancer
Authors: Morris J. Wizenberg
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In his editorial in the June 28 issue of<i>JAMA</i>, Dr Urban,<sup>1</sup>among other comments, dredges up the issue of the inadequacy of five-year survival data despite the fact that there now are numerous articles with ten-year and longer data. The importance of the study<sup>2</sup>that he finds inadequate is the fact that even in the short term the results of lumpectomy, axillary dissection, and radiation therapy appear superior to the results of total mastectomy; furthermore, those promising early results are similar to the early results noted in the published reports of longer-term studies and give credence to the belief that the results will hold up with the passage of time. Dr Urban also carries the report of Lipsztein et al<sup>3</sup>well beyond anything that is contained therein and implies that the sequelae of breast irradiation are so much to be feared as to
Stress, Catecholamines, and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: M. J Brown
Journal: BMJ (1995)

David S Goldstein Oxford University Press, pounds sterling60, pp 539 ISBN 0 19 506538 7

“Stress is like obscenity. I cannot define it, but I know it when I see it.” The opening quote of David Goldstein's book proves remarkably apposite for a text that draws both its literary and scientific strength from its scholarly mix of quotations and descriptions of catecholamine biology in cardiovascular disease. Just when general readers might themselves be sinking in the flux of catecholamine synthesis or metabolism, they are rescued by a tongue in cheek apologia for the biblical practice of trial by ordeal.

The medical interest in the topic lies in the scope for either explaining diseases in which …
Toxicities of PCBs to Fish and Environmental Residues
Authors: David L. Stalling, Foster Lee Mayer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1972)

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been found in fish and wildlife from many parts of the world at levels which may adversely affect aquatic organisms and interfere with pesticide residue analyses (1,2,3,4).The environmental occurrence, uses, and present toxicological aspects of PCBs were recently reviewed by Peakall and Lincer (5), Gustaffson (6), and Risebrough (7).PCBs have gas chromatographic charac- teristics similar to many organochlorine insecti- cides.Jensen (8) first identified unknown gas chromatographic peaks as PCBs in extracts of pike and an eagle which were analyzed for organo- chlorine insecticides.The Monsanto Company is the sole manu- facturer of PCBs in the United States (6) and markets eight formulations of chlorinated biphenyls under the trademarks Aroclor 1221, 1232, 1242, 1248, 1254, 1260, 1262, and 1268.The latter two digits designate the percent chlorine of each formulation.Aroclor 1248 and 1254 are the materials produced in greatest quantities and are used as a dielectric fluid in capacitors and in closed-system heat exchangers (9).Aroclor 1242 is used as a hydraulic fluid, and Aroclor 1260, as a plasticizer.Chlorinated terphenyls are marketed under the trademark Aroclor 5442 and 5460.A mixture of bi-and terphenyls is designated Aroclor 4465.The Monsanto Company has restricted the sale of PCBs for uses in which disposal of the end pro- ducts cannot be controlled, such as the use of PCBs as plasticizers (6).
THE SURGICAL IMPORTANCE OF ACCESSORY RENAL ARTERIES
Authors: DANIEL N. EISENDRATH
Journal: JAMA (1910)

Under normal conditions each kidney is supplied by a single renal artery which arises from the side of the aorta, a little below the origin of the superior mesenteric. Each renal artery, before reaching the hilum of the kidney which it supplies, divides into from three to live branches, which enter the substance of the kidney independently at the hilum. The primitive kidney is a segmental organ, and its primitive vessels are probably segmental, i. e., one artery for each segment, so that the persistence of the embryonic condition would mean that each kidney, instead of being supplied by a single renal artery, might receive from two to five renal arteries. Such supernumerary vessels represent a primitive condition, and the accessory arteries may arise close together from the aorta, or their points of origin may be widely separated. The varieties of accessory arteries which most frequently occur are: <h3>Type 1</h3>
Disseminated intravascular coagulation and related syndromes: Etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management
Authors: Rodger L. Bick
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1978)

Abstract Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is being recognized with increased frequency and not only are newer diagnostic modilities becoming available for this syndrome, but newer, some controversial, methods of management are also being recognized and may prove to increase survival in DIC. In addition, several syndromes classically considered seprate, definitive disease entities, may actually share similar or identical pathophysiology to DIC. This review summarizes current, as well as controversial aspects of the etiology, pathophysiolog, clinical and laboratory diagnosis, and management of DIC. In addition, a brief discussion of syndromes which may share similar or identical pathophysiology to DIC is included.
France launches plan to control health costs
Authors: A. Dorozynski
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A new plan to control escalating health costs in France was announced last week by Martine Aubry, the socialist minister of employment and solidarity. The last plan, launched three years ago by Alain Juppe, the former right wing prime minister, has been scrapped after health spending during the first six months of this year rose by 6% compared with the …
Systematic review on the rapidity of the onset of action of topical treatments in the therapy of mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris
Authors: A. Jacobs, G. Starke, S. Rosumeck, A. Nast
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

The time until a patient achieves a relevant improvement during the treatment of a skin disease is important for selecting a therapy, but has been largely neglected in reviews and guidelines. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the time until the onset of action (TOA) of topical acne treatments. The primary outcome was the TOA defined as the time until a 25% reduction in the mean number of inflammatory lesions had been achieved. A systematic literature search in Medline and Embase was carried out. Clinical trials that evaluated head-to-head comparisons of treatments in patients suffering from mild-to-moderate papulopustular acne were included. Abstract and full-text screening and data extraction were done independently by two investigators. With respect to inflammatory lesions, different concentrations of benzoyl peroxide (BPO) or adapalene did not seem to influence the TOA. BPO seemed to act more quickly than isotretinoin and tretinoin. Adapalene showed a shorter TOA than isotretinoin. Conflicting results were seen when comparing adapalene with tretinoin, with a tendency for adapalene to be faster. Clindamycin/BPO seemed to act more quickly than adapalene. Inconsistent results were seen for the comparison of clindamycin/BPO and BPO alone with a slight indication of a shorter TOA for clindamycin/BPO. Adapalene/BPO and clindamycin/BPO showed comparable TOA. When interpreting the data, the different study designs and the limited study quality need to be taken into account. Further research is needed to identify treatments that offer an early onset of action and possibly help to optimize patients' adherence. TOA should be considered as an additional outcome in acne trials.
Fighting neglected tropical diseases in the southern United States
Authors: P. J. Hotez
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Poverty and lack of awareness need to be tackled

The neglected tropical diseases are a group of chronic parasitic and related infections such as hookworm, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis that often affect the “bottom billion” in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.1 Extreme poverty, defined by the World Bank as average daily consumption of $1.25 (£0.8; €1.0) or less, is the main social factor associated with a high prevalence of these diseases.1 The World Health Organization, the World Bank, and professionals have advocated strongly for global programmes to deliver packages of essential drugs to treat the tropical diseases with the highest prevalence, such as tuberculosis and malaria, while simultaneously developing new or improved drugs and vaccines.2 Diseases such as Chagas disease, cysticercosis, leishmaniasis, and dengue are listed in the 17 tropical diseases being targeted by WHO for control or elimination in low and middle income countries.3 4 Others, such as toxocariasis, a chronic parasitic infection that causes asthma and epilepsy,5 6 and trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease associated with vaginal HIV-1 shedding,7 are not. That these diseases affect literally millions of Americans living in poverty,8 with prevalence rates of selected tropical diseases in some areas of the US comparable to rates in low and middle income countries, is less well known.9

Roughly 15% of …
FDG-Negative Signet Ring Cell Cancer of the Stomach With FDG-Positive Skin Metastases
Authors: Ujval Bhure, Anja M. Schmitt, Bernhard C. Pestalozzi, Thomas F. Hany, Klaus Strobel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

A 27-year-old male patient presented with skin nodules at different locations, dysphagia, and vomiting. On gastroscopy, mucosal lesions were found in various parts of the stomach. Biopsy of these gastric lesions showed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of signet ring cell morphology. The patient was referred for FDG PET/CT scan for further staging. The primary tumor in the stomach showed no significant FDG uptake, whereas the multiple skin nodules were FDG-positive. The diagnosis of multiple skin metastases was confirmed by histology of a resected skin nodule. The patient was treated with palliative chemotherapy. He died 6 months later of disease progression.
Radioprotection in Normal Tissue and Delayed Tumor Growth by Blockade of CD47 Signaling
Authors: Justin B. Maxhimer, David R. Soto-Pantoja, Lisa A. Ridnour, Hubert B. Shih, William G. DeGraff, Maria Tsokos, David A. Wink, Jeff S. Isenberg, David D. Roberts
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2009)

Radiation-induced damage of normal tissues restricts the therapeutic doses of ionizing radiation that can be delivered to tumors and thereby limits the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Thrombospondin-1 signaling through its cell surface receptor CD47 limits recovery from several types of stress, and mice lacking either gene are profoundly resistant to radiation injury. We describe strategies to protect normal tissues from radiation damage using CD47 or thrombospondin-1 antibodies, a CD47-binding peptide, or antisense suppression of CD47. A morpholino oligonucleotide targeting CD47 confers radioresistance to human endothelial cells in vitro and protects soft tissue, bone marrow, and tumor-associated leukocytes in irradiated mice. In contrast, CD47 suppression in mice bearing melanoma or squamous lung tumors prior to irradiation result in 89% and 71% smaller tumors, respectively. Thus, inhibiting CD47 signaling maintains the viability of normal tissues following irradiation while increasing the radiosensitivity of tumors.
Association of MMP-2 Activation Potential With Metastatic Progression in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines Independent of MMP-2 Production
Authors: H. S. Azzam, G. Arand, M. E. Lippman, E. W. Thompson
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), the 72-kd type IV collagenase/gelatinase, by cancer cells has been implicated in metastasis through cancer cell invasion of basement membranes mediated by degradation of collagen IV. However, the abundance of this latent proenzyme in normal tissues and fluids suggests that MMP-2 pro-enzyme utilization is limited by its physiological activation rather than expression alone. We previously reported activation of this proenzyme by normal and malignant fibro-blastoid cells cultured on collagen I (vitrogen) gels. Our purposes in this study were 1) to determine whether MMP-2 activation is restricted to the more invasive human breast cancer cell lines and 2) to localize the activating mechanism. Methods: Zymography was used to monitor MMP-2 activation through detection of latent MMP-2 (72 kd) and mature species of smaller molecular weight (59 or 62 kd). Human breast cancer cell lines cultured on plastic, vitrogen, and other matrices were thus screened for MMP-2 activation. Collagen I-cuItured cells were exposed to cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor, or to protease inhibitors to determine the nature of the MMP-2-activating mechanism. Triton X-114 (TX-114) detergent extracts from cells cultured on collagen I or plastic were incubated with latent MMP-2 and analyzed by zymography to localize the MMP-2 activator. MMP-2 activation was only induced by col-lagen I culture in the more aggressive, highly invasive estrogen receptor-negative, vimentin-positive human breast cancer cell lines (Hs578T, MDA-MB-436, BT549, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-435, MCF-7ADR) and was independent of MMP-2 production. MMP-2 activation was detected in cells cultured on collagen I gels but not in those cultured on gelatin gels, Matrigel, or thin layers of collagen I or IV, gelatin, or fibronectin. Collagen-induced activation was specific for the enzyme species MMP-2, since MMP-9, the 92-kd type IV col-lagenase/gelatinase, was not activata-ble under similar conditions. MMP-2 activation was inhibited by cyclohex-imide and was sensitive to a metal-loproteinase inhibitor but not to aspartyl, serine, or cysteinyl protease inhibitors. MMP-2 activation was detected in the hydrophobic, plasma membrane-enriched, TX-114 extracts from invasive collagen I-cultured cells. These findings suggest that P-glycoprotein overex-pression in B-CLL is intrinsic rather than acquired and that P-glycoprotein activity is enhanced after exposure to multidrug resistance-associated drugs. This enhanced activity does not seem to be associated with more aggressive disease. Our results also indicate that an assay of P-glycoprotein function combined with PCR is suitable for clinical multidrug resistance screening. The MMP-2 activation mechanism may represent a new target for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of human breast cancer. [J Natl Cancer lost 85:1758–1764, 1993].