tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A neuromuscular training and educational counselling programme to decrease the risk of lower limb injury in young men during military service: a population based cluster randomised study
Authors: J Parkkari, H Taanila, J Suni, V Mattila, O Ohrankämmen, P Vuorinen, P Kannus, H Pihlajamäki
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Objective To investigate whether a neuromuscular training programme and educational counselling are effective in preventing acute lower limb injuries in young men during military service. Design Cluster randomised controlled study. Setting Two successive cohorts of male conscripts in four companies of one brigade (Pori Brigade, Säkylä) in the Finnish Defence Forces were first followed prospectively for one 6-month term (pre-study period). After this, two new successive cohorts in the same four companies were randomised into two groups and followed prospectively for one term (6 months) comprising data during the intervention (study period). Participants 944 conscripts participated in the study during the pre-study period. The randomised controlled trial included 968 conscripts (mean age 19 years): 501 conscripts in the intervention group and 467 conscripts in the control group. Intervention A neuromuscular training programme was used to enhance conscripts' motor skills and body control, and an educational counselling programme was used to increase knowledge and awareness of acute injuries during compulsory military service. Main outcome measures Acute injuries of the lower limbs. Results In the intervention companies, the risk for acute ankle injuries decreased significantly compared to control companies (adjusted Hazard ratio (HR)=0.34; 95% CI 0.15 to 0.78, p=0.011). This risk decline was observed in conscripts with low, as well as medium-to-high, baseline fitness. In addition, the intervention companies tended to have fewer severe injuries (adjusted HR=0.42; 95% CI 0.17 to 1.06). On the other hand, among men with low baseline fitness, intervention-induced additional training was associated with an increased risk for overuse injuries (adjusted HR=1.81; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.84, p=0.009). Conclusion A neuromuscular training programme was effective in preventing acute ankle injuries in young Finnish men during compulsory military service. Among conscripts with low baseline fitness, the amount and intensity of neuromuscular training requires careful planning and execution to avoid overuse injuries.
Sphincter of Oddi manometry: still a valid gold standard?
Authors: G. Haber
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

In this month’s issue of Endoscopy there are two articles, from the same university center, that address the limitations and technical problems of sphincter of Oddi manometry (SOM) as a tool to diagnose sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD) [1] [2]. Since the initial description of manometric evaluation of the motility of the human sphincter of Oddi [3] there has been a lack of universal acceptance of this modality as a clinical tool for evaluation of patients with unexplained pancreaticobiliary pain with or without accompanying biochemical or imaging abnormalities. Even the group whose articles are discussed here refer to SOM on the one hand as a ”gold standard,” the implication being that SOM findings are incontrovertible, and on the other hand simply as a ”reference standard,“ suggesting a somewhat less definitive diagnostic test [1] [2]. Whether SOM can be considered a definitive test or merely an adjunctive investigation whose value is limited is under debate.
Pulmonary tuberculosis in patients treated with inhaled beclomethasone
Authors: W. A. Shaikh
Journal: Allergy (1992)

Inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) has been used with few side-effects in the treatment of bronchial asthma for 2 decades. Until now the manifestation of tuberculosis (TB) in patients on inhaled BDP has not been reported. Eight patients with allergic asthma, of a total of 548 asthmatics (1.46%) seen over a 2-year period, developed active TB following the use of inhaled BDP. All were sputum-positive for acid-fast bacilli (AFB) on smear and/or culture, all responded well to a combination of anti-TB drugs, and none showed evidence of immunological or pituitary-adrenal suppression. Two patients agreed to a repeat administration of BDP; both developed TB again within 2 weeks and are again on anti-TB treatment.
Inhibition of nuclear factor-κB activation by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents chronic FK506 nephropathy
Authors: Satoshi Tamada, Tatsuya Nakatani, Toshihiro Asai, Koichiro Tashiro, Toshiyuki Komiya, Tomohiko Sumi, Mikio Okamura, Shokei Kim, Hiroshi Iwao, Taketoshi Kishimoto, Shinya Yamanaka, Katsuyuki Miura
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
Another 10 minute miracle
Authors: J. J Moore
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<h3>Objectives</h3> The International Consensus Diagnostic Criteria (ICDC) designed to diagnosis autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) has been proposed recently. The diagnostic performance of ICDC has not been previously evaluated in diffuse-type and focal-type AIP, respectively, in comparison with the revised HISORt and Asian criteria in Taiwan. <h3>Design</h3> Prospective, consecutive patient cohort. <h3>Setting</h3> Largest tertiary referred centre hospital managing pancreatic disease in Taiwan. <h3>Participants</h3> 188 patients with AIP and 130&nbsp;with tissue proofed pancreatic adenocarcinoma were consecutively recruited. <h3>Interventions</h3> The ICDC, as well as revised HISORt and Asian criteria, was applied for each participant. Each diagnostic criterion of ICDC was validated with special reference to levels 1 and 2 in diffuse-type and focal-type AIP. <h3>Outcomes</h3> Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Each diagnostic criterion of ICDC was validated with special reference to levels 1 and 2 in AIP and focal-type AIP. <h3>Results</h3> The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ICDC for all AIP were the best: 89.4%, 100% and 93.7%, respectively, in these three criteria. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ICDC for focal-type AIP (84.9%, 100% and 93.8%) were also the best among these three criteria. The area under the curve of receiver-operator characteristic of ICDC was 0.95 (95% CI 0.92 to 0.97) in all AIP and 0.93 (95% CI 0.88 to 0.97) in focal-type AIP. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of ICDC are higher than the revised HISORt and Asian criteria. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of each criterion are higher in diffuse-type AIP compared with focal-type AIP. Under the same specificity, the sensitivity and accuracy of ICDC are higher than other diagnostic criteria in focal-type AIP. ICDC has better diagnostic performance compared with previously proposed diagnostic criteria in diffuse-type and focal-type AIP.
Cyclical Mucosal Ulceration
Authors: M. H. Pappworth
Journal: BMJ (1941)

MEDICAL JOURNAL, that a new techniquLe is available for the study of haemor- rhagic diseases in the determination of coagulation time (Quick) with Russell-viper venom before and after the potentiating effect of ovolecithin, but we feel that work of a more specific nature is required before ascribing this effect to lecithin.Special precautions will, however, be necessary to avoid even a trace of haemolysis.Summary The effect -of haemolysis in accelerating the coagulation time of plasma is recorded.Experiments dealing with the influence on the coagulation time of the addition of venom and lecithin to haemolyEed plasma are described.The conclusions derived from the investigation are given.
Population-based case-control study on cancer screening.
Authors: T Sobue, T Suzuki, I Fujimoto, N Yokoi, T Naruke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Matched case-control studies have recently been used to evaluate the effectiveness of cancer screening. They enable us to estimate the odds ratios of dying of cancer or of getting invasive cancer. The study compares people with various patterns of screening history with those who were not screened. Criteria for eligible cases, controls, and screening histories that are compared as exposures are discussed. The results from a case-control study for evaluating screening for cervical cancer are shown as an example. Also, a study design of a case-control study for evaluating lung cancer screening in Japan is discussed, along with biases and applications of case-control studies in evaluating cancer screening.
Research Yields New Insights Into Mechanisms and Treatment of Pain
Authors: M. J. Friedrich
Journal: JAMA (2012)

WASHINGTON, DC—Acute pain is a short-lived sensation that can be treated with a variety of current therapies. Chronic pain is more intransigent, persisting for weeks, months, even years, sometimes because of an ongoing insult, sometimes long after an injury has healed, and sometimes even in the absence of any past injury. In neither type of pain is the pathogenesis completely understood, and a comprehensive picture of the mechanisms underlying these pain states, as well as the long-term consequences of injury, is needed to develop more effective pain therapies. While the drugs available to treat chronic pain are occasionally effective, rarely are they able to alleviate pain completely, said Allan Basbaum, PhD, of the University of California at San Francisco. “Inevitably, they stop working for reasons we don’t understand, or the adverse side effect profile of the treatment makes it impossible for the patient to tolerate it,” he said. Investigators at the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting held here in November presented new insights into the mechanisms of pain, along with novel approaches to pain treatment.
Generalized Sensitivity to Sulphonamides
Authors: R. R. Willcox
Journal: BMJ (1943)

developed a left-sided supranuclear facial paralysis.The following day the patient was radiographed for the first time, when a massive comminuted.fracture extending nearly round the calvarium was found.There was no involvement of the base of the skull, but the x-ray film showed perfect outlines of the third and lateral ventricles due to the air in them (see Figs. 1 and 2 on Plate).Another radiograph was taken on June 19; this showed that the air had been absorbed.About June 25 the patient developed diplopia of the left eye with ectropion of the lower eyelid.The ectropion was due to scarring of an abrasion below the lid; and scarring inside the orbit affecting the external rectus would account for the diplopia, since no injury to the sixth cranial nerve could be found.The patient made good progress and was discharged after seven weeks in hospital.When seen on July 21 he was complaining of
Epidemiologic Support for Ethylene Oxide as a Cancer-Causing Agent
Authors: Christer Hogstedt
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The mortality and incidence of cancer in three groups of workers with occupational exposure to ethylene oxide have been assessed. Eight cases of leukemia have occurred among 733 ethylene oxide—exposed workers compared with an expected 0.8 cases. Six cases of stomach cancer have been reported compared with 0.65 cases expected. These epidemiologic results provide support for an increased risk of malignancy in individuals with extended and intermittent exposure to low concentrations of ethylene oxide. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;255:1575-1578)
Evidence that exercise helps in depression is still weak, finds review
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2013)

An analysis of trials that looked at the effectiveness of exercise in treating depression found it to be of moderate benefit, but when the analysis was narrowed to only good quality trials it found no additional benefit in exercise.

The review, from the Cochrane Library, concluded that more large trials are needed to find out whether exercise is as effective as antidepressants or psychological treatments and to pinpoint how much and what type of exercise helps people with depression.1

The last Cochrane review …
Response of Preleukemic Syndromes to Continuous Infusion of Low-Dose Cytarabine
Authors: Jeffrey S. Wisch, James D. Griffin, Donald W. Kufe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Preleukemic syndromes are a group of acquired bone-marrow disorders characterized by dysplastic maturation of hematopoietic cells and peripheral-blood cytopenias. Although the clinical course is variable, most patients succumb to hemorrhage, infection, or acute leukemia. These syndromes are generally considered untreatable. We administered low doses of cytarabine by continuous intravenous infusion for 7 to 21 days in eight patients with preleukemia or with preleukemia in evolution to acute leukemia. Eight of 13 courses were associated with marked increases in peripheral-blood granulocyte, platelet, and red-cell counts, with the result that six of the eight patients needed no transfusions for 2 to over 14 months. These preliminary results demonstrate that continuous infusion of low-dose cytarabine can offer patients with preleukemic syndromes hematologic improvement with limited toxicity. (N Engl J Med 1983; 309:1599–602.)
STRANGULATED FEMORAL HERNIA: A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS METHODS OF TREATMENT, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO END-RESULTS
Authors: H. Bailey
Journal: BMJ (1928)

STRANGULATED FEMORAL HERNIA.[xr c BB nM 1033 is necessary whatever type of operation it is iultimately decid(led to perform.As regards pre-operative treatmenit, it is specially imilportant that inifection of thle bladdelr should be comiibated as far as possible before treatment by electro-coagul ation.Indicationis for Eleetro-coayqdatio?].Condlitions suiitable for treatmenelt by electro-coagulation are the following:
Ways of coloring: Comparative color vision as a case study for cognitive science
Authors: Evan Thompson, Adrian Palacios, Francisco J. Varela
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1992)

Abstract Different explanations of color vision favor different philosophical positions: Computational vision is more compatible with objectivism (the color is in the object), psychophysics and neurophysiology with subjectivism (the color is in the head). Comparative research suggests that an explanation of color must be both experientialist (unlike objectivism) and ecological (unlike subjectivism). Computational vision's emphasis on optimally “recovering” prespecified features of the environment (i.e., distal properties, independent of the sensory-motor capacities of the animal) is unsatisfactory. Conceiving of visual perception instead as the visual guidance of activity in an environment that is determined largely by that very activity suggests new directions for research.
Analytical Diagnosis of Pesticide Poisoning
Authors: Glenn Morrison
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Approximately 150 deaths a year in the United States are attributable to pesticide poisoning, with total morbidity reaching up to 100 times that number. 1 Several sophisticated methods of analyzing biological samples for pesticides and their metabolic products have been developed in recent years. However, knowledge of the existence of these methods, of the sampling techniques required, and of the location of laboratories where the analyses may be performed has not been made generally available to the physician. The purpose of this communication is to bridge this gap so that the practicing physician can derive the most meaningful information from the analytical chemist.  General Considerations  First, the diagnosis must be made. Since several reports have dealt with various aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of acute pesticide intoxication, 2-5 these will not be covered here. Of preeminence is the maintenance of a high index of suspicion.  Once the diagnosis is
Modulation of myocardial economy and efficiency in mammalian failing and non-failing myocardium by calcium channel activation and β-adrenergic stimulation
Authors: T RUF, S HEBISCH, R GROS, N ALPERT, H JUST, C HOLUBARSCH
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Objective: We investigated the energy-metabolic consequences of positive inotropic stimulation by the calcium channel activator, BAY K 8644, in comparison with isoprenaline, focussing both on the economy of force development and the efficiency of external work. Methods: In the first instance, heat liberation was measured in isometrically contracting right ventricular papillary muscles from guinea pigs by means of antimony-bismuth thermopiles; in the second instance, external work and myocardial oxygen consumption were analyzed in isolated failing and non-failing working rat hearts. Results: In the guinea pig muscle strip preparation BAY K 8644 (10−5 M) and isoprenaline (10−8 M) increased peak developed force from 13.7 ± 2.7 to 37.6 ± 14.9 mN/mm2 and from 13.6 ± 5.2 to 38.8 ± 3.3 mN/mm2, respectively (P < 0.01). Stress-time integral was increased from 10.3 ± 3.0 to 34.7 ± 19.2 mN · s/mm2 by BAY K 8644 and from 9.5 ± 2.4 to 23.0 ± 1.6 mN · s/mm2 by isoprenaline. Whereas a significant decrease in the ratio between stress-time integral and initial heat (∫ Pdt/IH) (i.e., economy of isometric contraction) was observed for isoprenaline (5.26 ± 1.91 before and 3.11 ± 0.72 N · m · s · J−1 after treatment (P < 0.01)), BAY K 8644 did not significantly alter this index (5.26 ± 2.39 before and 6.22 ± 2.63 N · m · s · J−1 after treatment). Similar results were obtained for the ratio between stress-time integral and tension-dependent heat. Significantly more calcium ions were required for equieffective activation of the contractile proteins with isoprenaline as compared to BAY K 8644. In working preparations of sham-operated and infarcted rat hearts, the increase in myocardial oxygen consumption per minute (ΔMV̇O2) for a given increase in external work per minute (ΔP) was significantly higher with isoprenaline than with equipotent concentrations of BAY K 8644 or high calcium. Conclusions: Inotropic myocardial stimulation by BAY K 8644 is associated with higher economy and efficiency than stimulation by isoprenaline when analyzed both by heat measurements in isometric preparations and by myocardial oxygen consumption in working heart preparations.
Metergoline in the inhibition of puerperal lactation.
Authors: G Delitala, A Masala, S Alagna, L Devilla, G Lotti
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Seventy-eight mothers who did not want to breast-feed their newborn infants took part in a trial to assess whether metergoline could effectively suppress puerperal lactation. Metergoline 8 mg/day was given to 69 women within 24 hours after delivery and continued for five days to prevent lactation. The remaining nine women were given a course of metergoline once lactation had started. The drug was effective in both preventing and suppressing lactation. Milk secretion, engorgement, and pain were significantly reduced in women taking metergoline. Metergoline has a similar effect to bromocriptine in suppressing lactation, but its mechanism of action remains unknown.
Accelerated "atherosclerosis". A morphologic study of 97 saphenous vein coronary artery bypass grafts.
Authors: B H Bulkley, G M Hutchins
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Intimal thickening of uncertain cause has been noted in saphenous vein bypass grafts. To study the development of these changes, 97 vein grafts in 55 autopsied patients were examined by angiography and histology. Significant alterations in the grafts were confined to the intima and included thin layers of circumferential thrombus, concentric fibrous plaque and occlusive thrombus with organization. Circumferential nonocclusive intimal thrombus was present in 36 (73%) postoperative patent grafts. Concentric fibrous plaque, found in all twelve patent late grafts, showed changes characteristic of atheromata, including smooth muscle and foam cells. Intimal fibroelastosis was absent in the grafts, indicating that concentric plaque is not a simple response to increased pressure, or an "arterialization" of the vein. The findings suggest that early appearing concentric intimal thrombus is converted into fibrous plaque, and that this early thrombus is a factor in the development of acclereated "atherosclerosis" in saphenous vein bypass grafts.
FATAL AND OTHER CASES OF PUERPERAL MANIA
Authors: R. U. West
Journal: BMJ (1854)

AL CUv a_ cAVetG thir time, ind , and both in tscow y and groat advances have been made towards a more e know- edg of the functions and special endowments of the nir- "Us centres, so that the progrenss of phyijological discovery may lead us to reject or modify many of their generalistions
Evaluation of chromosome aberration effects of chemicals on mouse germ cells.
Authors: W M Generoso
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1973)

Chromosomal aberrations induced--by chemicals represent a class of genetic dam- age that causes concern as a hazard to the human population.It is well known that many human genetic defects result from chromosomal anomalies of one type or an- other.However, for two main reasons it has not been easy to evaluate this chemical haz- ard: first, unlike carcinogenic or teratogenic effects, no agent has yet been implicated as mutagenic to the human population, and many important experiments cannot be done directly on humans; second, the amount of information on the basic nature of chemical effects on mammalian germ cells is still very small.Although there has been a dramatic increase in the number of papers published on mammalian mutagenesis in the past few years, there is still much basic information we need.So far, evaluation of chromosomal aberra- tions as genetic hazards of chemicals has been made primarily from dominant-lethal tests in mice or rats and from cytogenetic studies of somatic and germ cells of certain mammals.These two systems, although very useful, do not measure transmissible genetic effects and very little is known about what they mean in terms of hazards.Obviously, the most important mutagenic effects are
Guar and its Effects on Metabolic Control in Type II Diabetic Subjects
Authors: C Najemnik, H Kritz, K Irsigler, H Laube, B Knick, H D Klimm, P Wahl, J Vollmar, C Brauning
Journal: Diabetes Care (1984)

The effect of guar mini-tablets (5 g t.i.d.) on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of outpatients with overt diabetes mellitus with glycosuria (&amp;gt; 5 g/24 h) was determined in an open-controlled, randomized, multicenter, crossover study. A 4-wk pretreatment period was followed by a 6-wk treatment period. The treatment period consisted of a 2-wk guar period (treatment period II), which was followed by the wash-out period. The other half of the patients received treatment in the reverse order. Out of 93 patient records, 79 (41 sulfonylurea [SU] and 38 insulin-treated) were suitable for statistical analysis. No relevant weight-reducing effect of guar could be found in both 2-wk treatment periods. At the end of treatment period II, the lowering of the 1-h postprandial values of blood glucose (SU 12%, insulin 10%), cholesterol (SU and insulin 25%) was significant after 2-wk of guar treatment compared with the wash-out period. No clinically relevant changes in the safety laboratory parameters were observed during guar treatment. Side effects were observed in 40 of the 93 patients included in the trial. Treatment had to be discontinued in 11% of the patients due to gastrointestinal side effects. On the basis of our results,guar treatment in combination with sulfonylurea and insulin can be recommended for the improvement of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.