tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ranking Cancer Risks of Organic Hazardous Air Pollutants in the United States
Authors: Miranda M. Loh, Jonathan I. Levy, John D. Spengler, E. Andres Houseman, Deborah H. Bennett
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

In this study we compared cancer risks from organic hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) based on total personal exposure summed across different microenvironments and exposure pathways.We developed distributions of personal exposure concentrations using field monitoring and modeling data for inhalation and, where relevant, ingestion pathways. We calculated risks for a nonoccupationally exposed and nonsmoking population using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Office of Environmental Health and Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) unit risks. We determined the contribution to risk from indoor versus outdoor sources using indoor/outdoor ratios for gaseous compounds and the infiltration factor for particle-bound compounds.With OEHHA's unit risks, the highest ranking compounds based on the population median are 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, benzene, and dioxin, with risks on the order of 10(-4)-10(-5). The highest risk compounds with the U.S. EPA unit risks were dioxin, benzene, formaldehyde, and chloroform, with risks on a similar order of magnitude. Although indoor exposures are responsible for nearly 70% of risk using OEHHA's unit risks, when infiltration is accounted for, inhalation of outdoor sources contributed 50% to total risk, on average. Additionally, 15% of risk resulted from exposures through food, mainly due to dioxin.Most of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, benzene, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene risk came from outdoor sources, whereas indoor sources were primarily responsible for chloroform, formaldehyde, and naphthalene risks. The infiltration of outdoor pollution into buildings, emissions from indoor sources, and uptake through food are all important to consider in reducing overall personal risk to HAPs.
Autoantibodies Against Thyroid Hormones or lodothyronine
Authors: SHIGEKI SAKATA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

The presence of antithyroid hormone autoantibodies in the sera of patients with thyroid and nonthyroid disorders is a well-known condition. When circulating thyroid hormones bind to the patients' immunoglobulins, serum levels of total and free thyroid hormones are often in discordance with clinical features. This problem occurs because the autoantibodies can interfere with radioimmunoassays. To avoid inappropriate treatment of such patients, it is clinically important to consider the presence of autoantibodies in patients with unexpectedly high or low total and free thyroid hormone values. We have reviewed the English and Japanese literature, both case reports and basic works, and summarize the incidence of antithyroid hormone autoantibodies, clinical features, effects on appropriate testing of the hypothalamicpituitary-thyroid axis, diagnostic methods for confirming their presence of autoantibodies, treatment of patients with these disorders, and possible pathogenetic mechanisms.
Gradwohl's Legal Medicine
Authors: S. M. Rabson
Journal: JAMA (1968)

What laboratory physician would buy a single volume purporting to describe all branches of his field— pathologic anatomy, biochemistry, hematology, immunology, microbiology, etc? Now, add to this, criminology and jurisprudence, and the doubt grows. The appearance of a new, greatly reworded<i>Gradwohl</i>prompts another question. For whom, is it intended? It is not for the laymen or physicians, all medicolegally untrained, serving as coroners in most counties, to whom the aids described in Camps's work are either unknown or unavailable. It will be bought by medical libraries as a matter of policy. Its readers, far fewer than its purchasers, will be drawn from the several hundred qualified persons and trainees in metropolitan and the few state medical examiners departments. For them it is a useful reference, serving as door-opener to a large library of specialized texts and journals and to consultative services. While the work is largely by British authors,
Sharing patient information electronically throughout NHS: Patients must be involved too
Authors: M. Innes
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor—We agree with Booth that it is time to involve clinicians in the evolution of shared electronic information.1 We would go further and argue for the involvement of patients as well. In support of this, we have two points to make, one ideational, one academic.

Firstly, in our study we showed that accuracy will be improved by reflecting on and discussing summary information with patients.2 We also considered what patients had to say about their electronic summaries. Our study of 19 patients was not designed to provide an accurate and representative assessment of the number of errors that occur in electronic summaries in primary care. Our reason to report the figures was to show that there are worrying inaccuracies, not to quantify them. We also believe, from talking to our patients, that they would provide useful and important ideas when considering the design of a universal record.

Secondly, in referring to our qualitative study, Booth has selected the only quantitative element of this report to show the inaccuracies of electronic summaries in primary care. In selecting this part of our paper, we fear that Booth has missed the main point from our research—namely, the importance of involving patients. If data from qualitative studies are handled as they might be for quantitative studies, they can lead to misrepresentation. In Booth's editorial this manifests itself as a conclusion that is good but that does not go far enough.
Carcinoma In Situ of the Cervix Associated With Pregnancy
Authors: John J. Mikuta
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Thirty-five patients had carcinoma in situ of the cervix associated with pregnancy. Seven were diagnosed within a year of abortion or delivery and 28 antepartum. Considerable variation was noted in the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this problem during the 20 years of this study. The significant features of this review follow: (1) no invasive cervical carcinomas were overlooked in these patients, (2) residual carcinoma in situ was found in 50% of patients upon postpartum tissue study, (3) cervical cytology was unreliable in detecting the presence of residual cellular abnormalities in the interval between conization and delivery, and delivery and tissue reevaluation, (4) conization of the cervix during pregnancy resulted in six complications in 20 patients, (5) eight fetuses were jeopardized, four fatally, as a result of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of carcinoma in situ of the cervix during pregnancy.
CORRELATION OF POSITION DEPENDENT PULMONARY FISSURE SIGN AND ROENTGENOGRAPHIC FINDINGS AS PLEURAL EFFUSION INDICATORS
Authors: P. R. Rosen, H. L. Smith, S. Dodson, T. K. Chaudhuri
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1982)

Kahn, Ralph A.A.; Johnson, Raleigh F. Jr.; Day, William R.; Dornfest, Dennis J. Author Information
PARANASAL SINUS INFECTION AND SWIMMING
Authors: FREDERICK E. HASTY
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Some rhinologists feel that the infections in the upper respiratory tract resulting from swimming are due primarily and directly to the bacteria of the water getting into the nose and the paranasal chambers. The type of bacteria found in diseases of the paranasal sinuses, middle ear and upper respiratory tract has received little consideration. These infections have become so frequent in recent years that almost every family has in one way or another been brought to grief as a result of swimming. This problem reduces itself to one of the important features of public health at the present time, and the burden of the solution is resting on otolaryngologists. Public health officials and sanitarians have made tremendous efforts to make the swimming pools safe for swimmers. Unfortunately, their efforts have not resulted in the desired effect, though through no fault of their own. From the standpoint of otolaryngology the problem
A quantitative analysis of use-dependent ventricular conduction slowing by procainamide in anesthetized dogs.
Authors: C Villemaire, P Savard, M Talajic, S Nattel
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Use-dependent effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on phase 0 sodium current result in rate-dependent conduction slowing with important potential clinical consequences. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether state-dependent interactions of procainamide with sodium channels can be analyzed based on conduction changes in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Procainamide infusions were used to produce stable drug concentrations causing greater than or equal to 25% conduction slowing at a basic cycle length (BCL) of 300 msec in morphine/chloralose-anesthetized dogs with formalin-induced atrioventricular block. Computer-based epicardial activation mapping was applied to assess the time course and pattern of conduction over a wide range of BCLs before and after drug administration. Action potential duration was measured from recordings of monophasic action potentials. The onset and steady-state values of fractional sodium channel block estimated from conduction changes were fitted to equations obtained from a stepwise exponential analysis. The rate constant for the onset of block (lambda *) decreased, as predicted, with decreasing cycle length. The slope of the relation between lambda * and recovery time at each BCL averaged 0.29 +/- 0.03 sec-1, resulting in a calculated recovery time constant (3.4 seconds) similar to values previously obtained by direct measurement. Estimates of binding and unbinding rate constants for the sodium channel during the action potential plateau and after repolarization were of the same order as previous results obtained using microelectrode methods in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Use-dependent conduction changes produced by procainamide in vivo closely follow the predictions of mathematical models of drug-channel interactions, and underlying kinetic interactions with the sodium channel inferred from conduction changes agree with previous, more direct observations. These results support the relevance of basic concepts about antiarrhythmic drug actions on sodium channels for understanding drug effects on conduction in vivo and advance analytical tools that can be used to explore the latter in humans.
Abstract A58: Cdk6 association with a transcriptional coactivator indicates a potential role for this cyclin dependent kinase in regulating differentiation
Authors: Jennifer I. Crary, Martha J. Grossel, Phil W. Hinds
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Cdk6 is a well characterized cyclin dependent kinase that regulates the transition from G1 phase to S phase during the cell cycle with the assistance of the D-type cyclins. Cdk6 is an oncogene and has long been considered to be functionally redundant to cdk4. Yet recent studies have shown functional discrepancies between the two kinases, with cdk6 often displaying distinct roles in development. In this study, a yeast two-hybrid analysis was used to identify potential binding partners for cdk6 from a human fetal brain library. We have confirmed the association with one designated protein, Eya2, via an in vitro GST pull-down assay. Eya2 is a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila gene eya, which is best known for its role as a co-activator involved in transcriptional regulation during eye development. Initial comparison of cdk4 and cdk6 in the GST pull-down assay indicate that cdk6 has a higher binding affinity for Eya2 than cdk4; interestingly, the yeast two-hybrid experiments failed to demonstrate an interaction between cdk4 and Eya2. Additional experiments are underway to confirm this interaction with several in vivo approaches that may further our understanding of mechanisms involved in cancer and development. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(23 Suppl):A58.
Adaptation Period for Foreign Graduates
Authors: P. R. J. Vickers
Journal: BMJ (1973)

BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 24 NOVEMBER 1973 then decide how to make the child as safe as possible, as a first-aid measure, and also try to make provision for the long-term support, supervision, and re-education which the family are going to need.All this is going to be difficult and de- manding for someone, probably several people, and the long-term results may be disappointing.But "prompt referral to the nearest hospital," without thought, is not good enough.-Iam, etc.,
Long term reduction in sodium balance: possible additional mechanism whereby nifedipine lowers blood pressure.
Authors: J B Pevahouse, N D Markandu, F P Cappuccio, M G Buckley, G A Sagnella, G A MacGregor
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the changes in sodium excretion and sodium balance after withdrawal of long term nifedipine. DESIGN--Single blind, placebo controlled study in patients receiving fixed sodium and potassium intakes. SETTING--Blood pressure unit of a teaching hospital in south London. PATIENTS--Eight patients with mild to moderate uncomplicated essential hypertension who had been taking nifedipine 20 mg twice daily for at least six weeks. INTERVENTIONS--Withdrawal of nifedipine and replacement with matching placebo for one week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Urinary sodium excretion and cumulative sodium balance, body weight, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations, plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentrations, and blood pressure. RESULTS--During nifedipine withdrawal there was a significant reduction in urinary sodium excretion (day 1: -62.7 mmol/24 h; 95% confidence interval -90.3 to -35.0) and each patient retained a mean of 146 (SEM 26) mmol sodium over the week of replacement with placebo. Body weight and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations increased during the placebo period and seemed to be associated with the amount of sodium retained. Systolic blood pressure rose from 157 (9) to 165 (9) mmHg (95% confidence interval of difference -7.1 to 22.1) when nifedipine was replaced with matching placebo, and the rise seemed to be related to the amount of sodium that was retained. CONCLUSIONS--Nifedipine causes a long term reduction in sodium balance in patients with essential hypertension. This long term effect may contribute to the mechanism whereby nifedipine lowers blood pressure.
Bruising and susceptibility to solar urticaria
Authors: P.G. Norris, J.L.M. Hawk
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Journal Article Bruising and susceptibility to solar urticaria Get access P.G. Norris, P.G. Norris Photobiology Unit St Thomas'Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.L.M. Hawk J.L.M. Hawk Photobiology Unit St Thomas'Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 124, Issue 4, 1 April 1991, Page 393, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1991.tb00607.x Published: 01 April 1991
Effects of altered site of electrical activation on myocardial performance during inotropic stimulation.
Authors: G R Heyndrickx, J P Vilaine, D R Knight, S F Vatner
Journal: Circulation (1985)

The effects of altering the site of electrical activation on responses to isoproterenol (ISO) and treadmill exercise were examined in mongrel dogs instrumented for long-term measurement of left ventricular pressure, left ventricular dP/dt, coronary blood flow, cardiac output, left ventricular diameters, and mean arterial pressure and O2 content in the coronary sinus and aorta. During spontaneous rhythm, 0.2 micrograms/kg/min ISO increased heart rate by 90 +/- 7 beats/min, left ventricular dP/dt by 2479 +/- 301 mm Hg/sec, cardiac output by 3.5 +/- 0.9 liters/min, coronary blood flow by 30.4 +/- 3.9 ml/min, and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) by 3.91 +/- 0.84 ml/min. During right atrial pacing at 193 +/- 7 beats/min, the effects of ISO were not different from the effects during spontaneous rhythm, with the exception of a lesser increase in coronary blood flow and lesser reductions in coronary resistance and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and pressure. During right ventricular pacing at an identical rate, ISO increased left ventricular dP/dt (1140 +/- 158 mm Hg/sec) and cardiac output (2.2 +/- 0.5 liters/min) significantly less (p less than .025) than during either sinus rhythm or right atrial pacing, while MVO2 rose to a higher value. During right ventricular pacing the changes in mean arterial pressure and left ventricular end-diastolic diameters with ISO were not significantly different from those during right atrial pacing. Treadmill exercise induced significantly smaller (p less than .025) increases in left ventricular dP/dt during right ventricular pacing as compared with during either right atrial pacing or sinus rhythm, while MVO2 rose to a higher value.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Screening Tests for Gestational Diabetes: A Systematic Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
Authors: Lois Donovan, Lisa Hartling, Melanie Muise, Alyssa Guthrie, Ben Vandermeer, Donna M. Dryden
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

A 50-g oral glucose challenge test (OGCT) is a widely accepted screening method for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), but other options are being considered.To systematically review the test characteristics of various screening methods for GDM across a range of recommended diagnostic glucose thresholds.15 electronic databases from 1995 to May 2012, reference lists, Web sites of relevant organizations, and gray literature.Two reviewers independently identified English-language prospective studies that compared any screening test for GDM with any reference standard.One reviewer extracted and a second reviewer verified data from 51 cohort studies. Two reviewers independently assessed methodological quality.The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for the OGCT at a threshold of 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) were 70% to 88%, 69% to 89%, 2.6 to 6.5, and 0.16 to 0.33, respectively. At a threshold of 7.2 mmol/L (130 mg/dL), the test characteristics were 88% to 99%, 66% to 77%, 2.7 to 4.2, and 0.02 to 0.14, respectively. For a fasting plasma glucose threshold of 4.7 mmol/L (85 mg/dL), they were 87%, 52%, 1.8, and 0.25, respectively. Glycated hemoglobin level had poorer test characteristics than fasting plasma glucose level or the OGCT. No studies compared the OGCT with International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups (IADPSG) diagnostic criteria.The lack of a gold standard for confirming GDM limits comparisons. Few data exist for screening tests before 24 weeks' gestation.The OGCT and fasting plasma glucose level (at a threshold of 4.7 mmol/L [85 mg/dL]) by 24 weeks' gestation are good at identifying women who do not have GDM. The OGCT is better at identifying women who have GDM. The OGCT has not been validated for the IADPSG diagnostic criteria.
AIDS in Africa: Its Present and Future Impact
Authors: Seth Berkley
Journal: JAMA (1992)

The epidemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been particularly severe in sub-Saharan Africa, where over 6 million persons are currently estimated to be infected. This plague comes at a particularly inopportune time for the continent, as it is recovering from decades of severe social and economic problems. Despite the tragic accounts in the mass media of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic as it affects households and communities, as well as available epidemiologic data and projections on the magnitude of the epidemic, until now no serious researchers have attempted a rigorous analysis of the true burden on these fragile societies. <i>AIDS in Africa</i>, by Tony Barnett and Piers Blaikie, attempts to partially meet this need by providing an overview of the social and economic consequences of AIDS in parts of Uganda, a country severely affected by the epidemic, and some generalizations about the African continent overall. The book
Three-Phase Radionuclide Bone Scanning in Evaluation of Local Radiation Injury A Case Report
Authors: FRED A. METTLER, LEE MONSEIN, MICHAEL DAVIS, ROBERT ROSENBERG, CHARLES KELSEY, MARGARET LISTROM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

The management of local radiation injuries is influenced by the degree of vascular compromise within the skin and underlying tissues. Other authors have used thermography and angiography in assessing the blood flow to radiation damaged tissues. This report describes the use of radionuclide imaging in the evaluation of a patient who developed necrosis of his distal digits following a radiation accident. In addition to determining the vascular status of the hands, imaging helped indicate an appropriate level for amputation.
Effect of Fresh Red Blood Cell Transfusions on Clinical Outcomes in Premature, Very Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Authors: Dean A. Fergusson, Paul Hébert, Debora L. Hogan, Louise LeBel, Nicole Rouvinez-Bouali, John A. Smyth, Koravangattu Sankaran, Alan Tinmouth, Morris A. Blajchman, Lajos Kovacs, Christian Lachance, Shoo Lee, C. Robin Walker, Brian Hutton, Robin Ducharme, Katelyn Balchin, Tim Ramsay, Jason C. Ford, Ashok Kakadekar, Kuppuchipalayam Ramesh, Stan Shapiro
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Even though red blood cells (RBCs) are lifesaving in neonatal intensive care, transfusing older RBCs may result in higher rates of organ dysfunction, nosocomial infection, and length of hospital stay.To determine if RBCs stored for 7 days or less compared with usual standards decreased rates of major nosocomial infection and organ dysfunction in neonatal intensive care unit patients requiring at least 1 RBC transfusion.Double-blind, randomized controlled trial in 377 premature infants with birth weights less than 1250 g admitted to 6 Canadian tertiary neonatal intensive care units between May 2006 and June 2011.Patients were randomly assigned to receive transfusion of RBCs stored 7 days or less (n = 188) vs standard-issue RBCs in accordance with standard blood bank practice (n = 189).The primary outcome was a composite measure of major neonatal morbidities, including necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and intraventricular hemorrhage, as well as death. The primary outcome was measured within the entire period of neonatal intensive care unit stay up to 90 days after randomization. The rate of nosocomial infection was a secondary outcome.The mean age of transfused blood was 5.1 (SD, 2.0) days in the fresh RBC group and 14.6 (SD, 8.3) days in the standard group. Among neonates in the fresh RBC group, 99 (52.7%) had the primary outcome compared with 100 (52.9%) in the standard RBC group (relative risk, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.82-1.21). The rate of clinically suspected infection in the fresh RBC group was 77.7% (n = 146) compared with 77.2% (n = 146) in the standard RBC group (relative risk, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.90-1.12), and the rate of positive cultures was 67.5% (n = 127) in the fresh RBC group compared with 64.0% (n = 121) in the standard RBC group (relative risk, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.91-1.22).In this trial, the use of fresh RBCs compared with standard blood bank practice did not improve outcomes in premature, very low-birth-weight infants requiring a transfusion.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00326924; Current Controlled Trials Identifier: ISRCTN65939658.