tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Plasma Lipoproteins and Regulation of Hepatic Metabolism of Fatty Acids in Altered Thyroid States*
Authors: MURRAY HEIMBERG, JOSEPH O. OLUBADEWO, HENRY G. WILCOX
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1985)

THIS article reviews our understanding of effects of thyroid hormone excess and deficiency on hepatic metabolism of FFA, and consequent effects on production, secretion, and metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. In the hyperthyroid state the following alterations are observed. Fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis are stimulated simultaneously with a paradoxical stimulation of fatty acid synthesis, which may be linked by virtue of a blunted response of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT-I) to malonyl coenzyme A (CoA). Esterification of fatty acid to triglyceride (TG) is reduced, as is the secretion of the very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (including VLDL TG, cholesterol, and apoprotein); this may be due, in part, to decreased concentrations of glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) in the hepatic cell. In the intact animal or patient, however, serum TG concentration is variable, which may reflect increased adipose tissue lipolysis and elevated concentrations of plasma FFA, which would tend to drive VLDL secretion by the liver. Clearance of the VLDL and its metabolic product, the low density lipoprotein (LDL), is increased, resulting in decreased plasma total and LDL cholesterol. Although high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol may also be reduced, the ratio of LDL/HDL cholesterol is further decreased. The regulatory role of the lipoprotein apoproteins is less clear, but hepatic apolipoprotein (apo) B secretion (required for VLDL) is diminished, while apo-AI secretion (required for HDL) is stimulated, perhaps both reflecting rates of synthesis. Plasma concentrations of apo-AI are variable, dependent on relative rates of secretion and clearance. In the hypothyroid, many of these effects are reversed, which results in hyperlipoproteinemias and greater risk for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Aerosol Hazards from Some Clinical Laboratory Apparatus
Authors: D. A. Rutter, C. G. T. Evans
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Infectious diseases, such as infectious hepatitis, may be transmitted from patients to staff in clinical laboratories and dialysis units during the performance of necessary procedures. This prompted us to examine the propensity of several items of commonly used apparatus to produce aerosols of infected blood. These were a microhaematocrit centrifuge, an AutoAnalyzer stirrer, and a microtonometer. We also compared some blood sample tubes with two types of lid. The results showed that all of these are potential sources of infection for laboratory staff.
Somatic Mutations of<i>EGFR</i>in Colorectal Cancers and Glioblastomas
Authors: Thomas D. Barber, Bert Vogelstein, Kenneth W. Kinzler, Victor E. Velculescu
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

To the Editor: Recent reports suggest that mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene predict sensitivity to EGFR kinase inhibitors. In particular, patients with lung cancers containing mutations in the EGFR kinase domain have had responses to gefitinib.1,2 Are similar EGFR mutations present in a significant fraction of other tumor types for which gefitinib might be suitable therapy? To answer this question, we screened DNA from 293 colorectal tumors and 59 glioblastomas for alterations in the EGFR kinase domain (exons 17 to 24). These tumors were chosen for analysis because they have been linked to . . .
Circulatory Reflex from Vagal Afferents in Response to Hemorrhage in the Dog
Authors: Conrad L. Pelletier, Anthony J. Edis, John T. Shepherd
Journal: Circulation Research (1971)

Experiments were conducted in 35 anesthetized dogs to study the circulatory adjustments, after hemorrhage, mediated by vagal afferents from the cardiopulmonary area. With the aortic baroreceptors and chemoreceptors denervated and carotid baroreceptor and chemoreceptor activity held constant, hemorrhage of 10% of blood volume caused an increase in heart rate and constriction of the resistance vessels of the hindlimb, renal, and mesenteric beds and of the splanchnic venous bed. Vagotomy abolished these responses to hemorrhage, resulting in a greater decrease in blood pressure. With the carotid baroreflex operative, the constriction of the renal and mesenteric resistance vessels and of the splanchnic venous bed were similar to that obtained with only the vagi operative, but the constriction of the hindlimb resistance vessels was much greater and aortic pressure was better maintained. It is concluded that receptors in the cardiopulmonary area, subserved by vagal afferents, exert their main influence on the splanchnic resistance and capacitance vessels and on the renal circulation, whereas the carotid baroreceptors predominantly affect the muscle vessels.
Abstract 4440: Using nanocurcumin to treat medulloblastoma and glioblastoma
Authors: Kah Jing Lim, Anirban Maitra, Savita Bisht, Charles Eberhart, Eli Bar
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract We attempted to treat medulloblastoma and glioblastoma, malignant tumors of the central nervous system, with curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from the Indian spice turmeric. Curcumin was delivered in a nanoparticle-encapsulated formulation (nanocurcumin) to increase its solubility and bioavailability. Nanocurcumin caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell growth as measured by MTT in multiple brain cancer cell lines, including the embryonal tumor derived cultures DAOY, D283, and PFSK, and the glioblastoma neurosphere line HSR-GBM1. Notably, doses used in these studies did not cause a comparable inhibition in the growth of NIH 3T3 cells or non-neoplastic human fetal cortical neurospheres. The reductions in viable cell mass observed were associated with a combination of G2/M arrest and apoptotic induction. The proportion of G2/M cells increased between 25% and 106% in the various lines, while the percentage of apoptotic cells increased at least two-fold. Nanocurcumin was also found to reduce the CD133+ stem-like cancer cell population in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma cells. In the primary glioblastoma culture JHH-GBM14, the CD133+ population decreased from 7.7% to 0.6%. In addition, 10uM nanocurcumin suppressed clonogenicity of our brain tumor cell lines by more than 97%. Curcumin has been shown to target multiple pathways in different tumor types. We found that Stat3 activity was reduced by nanocurcumin in the DAOY medulloblastoma cell line, via reductions in phospho-Tyr705 and phospho-Ser727. Nanocurcumin also reduced the expression of Hes 5, one of the target genes in the Notch pathway. However, we did not find significant changes in protein expression of Bcl2, MEK, ERK and Akt following nanocurcumin treatment. In conclusion, our results suggest that nanocurcumin can inhibit malignant brain tumor growth, at least in part due to reduction in Stat activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4440.
Immune Signatures of Murine and Human Cancers Reveal Unique Mechanisms of Tumor Escape and New Targets for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Rebecca E. Sadun, Suzanne M. Sachsman, Xiaoying Chen, Kamilee W. Christenson, William Z. Morris, Peisheng Hu, Alan L. Epstein
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Despite lymphocyte infiltration of tumors and the activation of tumor-draining lymph nodes, malignant tumors are able to “escape” from both innate and adaptive immune responses. For immunotherapy to be successful, it must reverse these escape mechanisms, which necessitates explicit and tumor-specific elucidation of tumor escape strategies. Research Design: To identify relevant escape mechanisms in murine tumors and in two corresponding human cancers, real-time reverse transcription-PCR was used to measure a panel of genes associated with T-cell activation and inhibition pathways. Results: Comparative analysis of the expression levels of these immunomodulatory genes showed astonishing similarities in expression patterns between murine and human breast cancers but profound variability in the expression of immunomodulatory genes in colorectal cancers. For human ductal adenocarcinoma of the breast, down-regulation of dendritic cell maturation marker CD83 and T-cell activation gene CD28 was observed as well as a notable increase in the expression of the immunoinhibitory gene B7-H4. By contrast, colorectal adenocarcinoma cases showed high variability in tumor escape mechanisms, indicating a need to produce immune signatures for individual patients to identify appropriate immunotherapeutic targets. Conclusions: These results show that certain tumors, such as ductal carcinoma of the breast, show consistent immunologic abnormalities that can be used as targets for immunotherapy. These findings also show the importance and feasibility of determining the immune signatures of patients' tumors to select appropriate immunotherapeutic strategies. Ultimately, these results advocate for the determination of immune signatures as part of the customary repertoire of clinical diagnostics for cancer.
Sequential changes in serum thyroglobulin, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine following partial thyroidectomy for nontoxic nodular goiter
Authors: Chiaki Shigemasa, Toshiaki Adachi, Osamu Igawa, Shinichi Taniguchi, Yasuo Mitani, Yoshihiko Ueta, Shinya Hori, Akio Yoshida, Nonhiro Yamauchi, Hiroto Mashiba
Journal: Metabolism (1988)
Exposure from fluoroscopy in theatre
Authors: R. V. Duarte, J. H. Raphael, D. Hanu-Cernat
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Davies and colleagues focused on diagnostic tests and failed to mention fluoroscopy.1 This method has become mandatory for several procedures, especially interventional pain management, because it provides precise location of anatomical target areas and facilitates accurate delivery of injection therapy.2

The most …
The ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b limits Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin T–mediated virulence
Authors: Priya Balachandran, Leonard Dragone, Lynne Garrity-Ryan, Armando Lemus, Arthur Weiss, Joanne Engel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important cause of opportunistic infections in humans, delivers bacterial cytotoxins by type III secretion directly into the host cell cytoplasm, resulting in disruption of host cell signaling and host innate immunity. However, little is known about the fate of the toxins themselves following injection into the host cytosol. Here, we show by both in vitro and in vivo studies that the host ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b interacts with the type III-secreted effector exotoxin T (ExoT) and plays a key role in vivo in limiting bacterial dissemination mediated by ExoT. We demonstrate that, following polyubiquitination, ExoT undergoes regulated proteasomal degradation in the host cell cytosol. ExoT interacts with the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and Crk, the substrate for the ExoT ADP ribosyltransferase (ADPRT) domain. The efficiency of degradation is dependent upon the activity of the ADPRT domain. In mouse models of acute pneumonia and systemic infection, Cbl-b is specifically required to limit the dissemination of ExoT-producing bacteria whereas c-Cbl plays no detectable role. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first identification of a mammalian gene product that is specifically required for in vivo resistance to disease mediated by a type III-secreted effector.
Can Medical Students Acquire Patient Centered Attitudes at Medical Schools?
Authors: Wolfram Schüffel
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1983)

Progress in psychosomatic medicine will largely depend on the kind of attitudinal learning that takes place at medical schools. What can be achieved by a patient-centered training programme emphasizing attitudinal learning? In a research programme 350 students were introduced to principles of patient-centered medicine in so-called peer groups on history taking ('Anamnesegruppen'). By the end of group work, students exhibited more realistic and less defensive expectations towards the patients and felt more confident about their peers' support. The interviewing skills had improved. The training scheme appeals to approximately 20% of the students. It has been adopted by various other places in the Federal Republic of Germany and Switzerland. Basic institutional aids became apparent: access to patients, supervision, regional meetings. It is assumed that students learn how to link role performance with personal self-awareness, how to trust and be accepted, how to face the faculty. Four overlapping stages basic to the learning process (exposing, reflecting, acting, progressing) are discussed. It is concluded that in medical schools patient-oriented attitudinal learning is possible. Peer learning seems to be decisive. Interdisciplinary research into peer learning is recommended.
Death Enlightened
Authors: Antonie M. Luyendijk-Elshout
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Man never ceases to confront the mystery of death. According to the particular cultural pattern, Death may represent a merciless enemy or a welcome friend—a grinning skeleton wielding his scythe or, wrapped in a long cloak, a serene attendant waiting patiently at the bedside of the dying. Today, as our medical knowledge increases, Western man has to a great extent lost contact with death as a daily reality. The borderline between life and death is continually pushed back, and becomes less and less sharp. Death is in discredit, and we even tend to deny its inevitability. Belief in the hereafter, in a better life to come as a reward for the suffering of this world, are concepts disappearing from Western thought. Not so in the 17th century, when Death was everywhere a familiar and daily guest. Epidemics raged, life expectancy was short and child mortality was high. Therapeutic resources were
Benign Gastric Polyps
Authors: Ofer Landau
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> To evaluate the clinical significance of benign gastric polyps, we conducted an 11-year retrospective study reviewing clinical data on 95 patients. <h3>Study. —</h3> The information retrieved included demographic, clinical, endoscopic, pathological, and roentgenographic data at both presentation and follow-up. Serial semiannual gastroscopy was performed. The ages of the 95 patients ranged from 19 to 95 years, with peak prevalence in the seventh and eighth decades of life. Most patients were investigated because of nonspecific symptoms: abdominal pain (38.9%), chronic anemia (23.1%), and weakness (8.4%). The remainder presented with anorexia, peripheral neuropathy, or hematemesis. Complete medical records were available for 76 patients, 68 of whom took barium meal tests, disclosing gastric polyps in 47 patients. In 36 of the 76 patients a barium enema examination was performed. In 23 of these patients the results were normal, in 12 patients diverticula were found, and in 1 patient multiple colonic
Comparison between Nipple-Areola Saving Subcutaneous Mastectomy and Conventional Subcutaneous Mastectomy in Local Relapse and Prognosis: 5 Year Follow-Up Results.
Authors: S. Kang, Y. Jeon, C. Kim, Y. Cho, S. Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Backgrounds: Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and the even more conservative nipple-areola-skin sparing mastectomy (NASSM) are surgical options for selected patients with indication for mastectomy. But long term result of NASSM is rare and there is no report in Korea. So, we report here 5-year follow-up results of NASSM.Materials and Methods: 202 patients who underwent SSM (N=67) or NASSM (N=135) for breast cancer at our institution between 1996 and 2006 were included in analysis. All patients were followed-up completely. For making a decision of preserving the nipple-areola complex (NAC) during operation, frozen section analysis of the retroareolar glandular tissue with precise localization was done after meticulous dissection of parenchyme under the areola. In the case of positive result in the frozen section or final histology in the NAC, NAC was sacrificed. Intra- or postoperative radiotherapy was not performed. Local relapse (LR) rate and disease free survival (DFS) was analyzed and compared the result between NASSM and SSM.Results: The mean age at diagnosis was 40.2 years old (range 24-65) and mean follow-up months of NASSM was 70.9 months and 60.5 months in SSM. 60 NACs (29.7%) of the all objective NACs were involved by cancer cell at the final histology. The cancer cell involvement to the NAC were more common in invasive carcinoma with extensive intraductal component (p&amp;lt;0.001) or ductal carcinoma in situ component (p=0.048). But tumor size, vascular invasion and nodal status did not affect to involvement of the cancer cell in the NAC. Local recurrences occurred in 8.9% (NASSM) and 6.0% (SSM) of all patients, but there was no significant correlation between the two procedures (p&amp;gt;0.05). Local recurrences occurred at NAC (8 cases), skin flap (3 cases) and chest wall (1 cases) in NASSM procedure group, and 4 skin flaps in SSM group. All NAC recurrences were treated by wide excision of NAC. After treatment of local recurrence, only one case of SSM group preceded to distant metastasis. 5 year Disease-free survival rate was 88.2% in NASSM and 88.4% in SSM group (p&amp;gt;0.05).Conclusion: Our long term follow-up study shows that Nipple-areola-skin sparing mastectomy is oncologically safe procedure for breast cancer in patients who are candidates for mastectomy. Even if relapse is occurred in the NAC, this recurrence cannot affect to the progression of relapse after adequate local treatment. Thus, NASSM is alternative method for SSM with oncological safety and better cosmetic outcome. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3105.
Phototherapy and dithranol treatment of psoriasis: new lamps for old.
Authors: P M Farr, B L Diffey, J M Marks
Journal: BMJ (1987)

The response of psoriasis to ultraviolet radiation and dithranol was compared with the response to dithranol alone in 24 patients. The difference in rate of response, measured as change in plaque thickness, and the difference in time to complete clearance of psoriasis between irradiated and non-irradiated forearm lesions was significantly greater for patients treated using fluorescent lamps with negligible ultraviolet C emission (Wolff Helarium) than for those patients treated with a medium pressure mercury arc lamp (p less than 0.01) or an array of fluorescent sunlamps (p less than 0.05). The difference in therapeutic response shows that ultraviolet B phototherapy is effective when used in combination with dithranol. Nevertheless, radiation sources with substantial ultraviolet C emission, such as the medium pressure mercury arc lamp most commonly used to treat psoriasis in the United Kingdom, have little effect because delivery of therapeutic doses of ultraviolet B is limited by erythema induced by ultraviolet C.
Polymyositis in Chagas's disease.
Authors: W Cossermelli, H Friedman, E H Pastor, M R Nobre, A Manzione, M E Camargo, M Shiroma
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1978)

Polymyositis marked the clinical onset of Chagas9s disease in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. This is unusual, although clinically unimportant muscle involvement in trypanosomiasis has been described. The plasma cell infiltrate and vascular deposition of IgM and C3 suggest that the humoral immune system may play a role in the pathogenesis of chagasic polymyositis. It is not known whether the rheumatoid diseases predisposed to the polymyositis.
PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION AND MEDICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Steven E. Ross
Journal: JAMA (1962)

One greater delight than teaching medicine is learning it. Students, teachers, and society of which they are a part have much to gain from a new tool of learning: programmed instruction. It promises to introduce a new degree of ease, effectiveness, and efficiency into the initial and continuing training of physicians. The engineering approach is the art of applying scientific knowledge to tasks of living: building roads, lighting rooms, heating houses. We did build roads, light rooms, and heat houses without the help of engineers, but it was not the same. Human engineering is the art of designing objects that serve their users with ease—a knife that fits the hand that cuts, an instrument panel that reveals rather than confuses. It is based on careful attention to the limitations and capabilities of humans as users of objects and services. Programmed instruction represents a human engineering-type of approach to teaching. Good
Protection from childhood asthma and allergy in Alpine farm environments—the GABRIEL Advanced Studies
Authors: Sabina Illi, Martin Depner, Jon Genuneit, Elisabeth Horak, Georg Loss, Christine Strunz-Lehner, Gisela Büchele, Andrzej Boznanski, Hanna Danielewicz, Paul Cullinan, Dick Heederik, Charlotte Braun-Fahrländer, Erika von Mutius
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Role of AKT signaling in DNA repair and clinical response to cancer therapy
Authors: Q. Liu, K. M. Turner, W. K. Alfred Yung, K. Chen, W. Zhang
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2014)

Effective cancer treatment has been limited by the emergence of resistant cancer cells. The results of many studies indicate that AKT activation plays an important role in the acquisition of resistance to anticancer therapy. AKT is a critical effector serine/threonine kinase in the receptor tyrosine kinase/phosphatase and tensin homolog/phospho-inositide 3-kinase pathway and controls a myriad of cellular functions. Activation of AKT not only supports tumor growth and progression but also contributes to tumor-cell evasion of the cytotoxic effects of cancer therapy through many avenues including the promotion of anti-apoptosis, proliferation, and migration and regulation of the cell cycle. Accumulating evidence has implicated AKT as a direct participant in the DNA damage response and repair induced by commonly used genotoxic agents. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms by which genotoxic agents activate AKT and therefore contribute to resistance to cancer therapeutics, with particular emphasis on DNA repair.
Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride in Intraocular Surgery
Authors: A. B. Nutt, H. L. J. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1955)

A case of subcutaneous rupture of the pancreas due to an apparently minor injury is described.The treatment adopted was an exploratory operaVon followed by limita- tion of the secretion of pancreatic juice.The use of serial serum amylase estimations is recommended, both as a diagnostic test and as an index of the progress of the lesion.
A Functional Mouse Retroposed Gene Rps23r1 Reduces Alzheimer's β-Amyloid Levels and Tau Phosphorylation
Authors: Yun-wu Zhang, Shijie Liu, Xue Zhang, Wu-Bo Li, Yaomin Chen, Xiumei Huang, Liangwu Sun, Wenjie Luo, William J. Netzer, Richard Threadgill, Gordon Wiegand, Ruishan Wang, Stanley N. Cohen, Paul Greengard, Francesca-Fang Liao, Limin Li, Huaxi Xu
Journal: Neuron (2009)