tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hormone-Negative, Chromogranin a-Positive Endocrine Tumors
Authors: R E Sobol, V Memoli, L J Deftos
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

THE overproduction of hormones by endocrine tumors contributes to their clinical manifestations and serves as the basis of diagnostic testing.1 We describe tumors of three different endocrine tissues — medullary thyroid carcinoma, anterior pituitary adenoma, and pancreatic islet-cell carcinoma — that did not produce their resident hormones (hormone-negative) but did produce chromogranin A (chromogranin A–positive). Chromogranin A is a 439-amino-acid protein encoded on chromosome 14 that is produced by a variety of normal and malignant neuroendocrine cells but not by non-endocrine cells.2 3 4 5 Chromogranin A is overproduced and released into the circulation by endocrine tumors and has consequently become a marker . . .
Immune complex detection in arterial and venous blood: a preliminary study.
Authors: J A Schifferli, A Dash, D C Sutherland, D K Peters
Journal: BMJ (1981)

CommentArteritis is generally a multiorgan disease but lesions in the breast have only rarely been reported.1-4In those reports the breast lesion was the dominant clinical feature in two of the cases.1-3The other on 23 August
Haematuria clinics Cystoscopy of little value in children
Authors: R H R White, M A W White, M S Nathan, R J Morgan
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Epithelia act as a barrier against environmental stress and abrasion and i<i>n vivo</i> they are continuously exposed to environments of various mechanical properties. The impact of this environment on epithelial integrity remains elusive. By culturing epithelial cells on 2D hydrogels, we observe a loss of epithelial monolayer integrity through spontaneous hole formation when grown on soft substrates. Substrate stiffness triggers an unanticipated mechanical switch of epithelial monolayers from tensile on soft to compressive on stiff substrates. Through active nematic modelling, we find unique patterns of cell shape texture called nematic topological defects that underpin large isotropic stress fluctuations at certain locations thereby triggering mechanical failure of the monolayer and hole opening. Our results show that substrate stiffness provides feedback on monolayer mechanical state and that topological defects can trigger stochastic mechanical failure, with potential application towards a mechanistic understanding of compromised epithelial integrity in bacterial infection, tumor progression and morphogenesis.
US doctors' earnings up, surveys show
Authors: F. Charatan
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Doctors working in psychiatry, internal medicine, and gastro-enterology saw the biggest increases in doctors' earnings during 1996-7,according to a recent survey published in the weekly journal Medical Economics.

But their earnings were still considerably lower than those in the highest paid specialty, neuro-surgery, where practitioners averaged $500000 (£312000) gross a year, or …
Cyclosporine treatment decreases the percentage of cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA)+CD4+ T cells in children with severe atopic dermatitis
Authors: S.‐Y. Lee, J.‐Y. Shim, J.‐H. Kim, B.‐S. Kim, H.‐J. Seo, S.‐O. Choi, S.‐O. Jang, S.‐J. Hong
Journal: Allergy (2004)
Hereditary haemochromatosis should be more widely known about
Authors: W. Rosenberg, M. Howell, P. Roderick, D. Eccles, I. Day
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR--McCurdie and Perry draw attention to hereditary haemochromatosis, the commonest autosomal recessive genetic disorder in the United Kingdom. 1 2 Estimates suggest that 70 000 people in the United Kingdom have symptomatic hereditary haemochromatosis; only about 3000 cases are recognised. The reason for this mismatch is unclear. As complications of hereditary haemochromatosis are preventable by early diagnosis and treatment, cases should be identified early.

Hereditary haemochromatosis illustrates the differences between diagnostic testing and population screening. When disorders suitable for screening are considered the Wilson and Junger …
901–42 Redetection of Ventricular Fibrillation After Subthreshold Shocks: Prospective Analysis with Standard Bipolar and Integrated Bipolar Sensing Systems
Authors: Andrea Natale, Jasbir Sra, Anwer Dhala, Keith Newby, Kathi Axtell, Margaret Budziszewski, Masood Akhtar
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Dangerous Deception — Hiding the Evidence of Adverse Drug Effects
Authors: Jerry Avorn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

On September 30, the New York Times reported that the FDA had issued a warning that the antifibrinolytic drug aprotinin could cause renal failure, congestive heart failure, stroke, and death. Dr. Jerry Avorn writes that many aspects of the aprotinin saga are familiar to observers of the drug-evaluation process.
Kidney Function and Drug Action
Authors: Marcus M. Reidenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Dosage adjustment to allow for the slowed excretion of drugs by patients with impaired kidney function dates back to the work of Kunin on antibiotics and continues to be an important part of medical practice.1 The basic theory, rigorously developed by Dettli,2 states that the rate of excretion of a drug is proportional to the glomerular filtration rate. Thus, the dosage must be reduced in proportion to the decrease in that rate and also in relation to the fraction of the dosage that is excreted by the kidneys instead of being metabolized or eliminated by other routes.Under certain circumstances, . . .
IFN-γ action in the media of the great elastic arteries, a novel immunoprivileged site
Authors: A J Dal Canto, P E Swanson, A K O'Guin, S H Speck, H W Virgin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Infection of medial smooth muscle cells with γ-herpesvirus 68 (γHV68) causes severe chronic vasculitis that is restricted to the great elastic arteries. We show here that persistence of disease in the great elastic arteries is (a) due to inefficient clearance of viral infection from this site compared with other organs or other vascular sites, and (b) associated with failure of T cells and macrophages to enter the virus-infected elastic media. These findings demonstrate immunoprivilege of the media of the great elastic arteries. We found that IFN-γ acted on somatic cells during acute infection to prevent the establishment of medial infection and on hematopoietic cells to determine the severity of disease in this site. The immunoprivileged elastic media may provide a site for persistence of pathogens or self antigens leading to chronic vascular disease, a process regulated by IFN-γ actions on both somatic and hematopoietic cells. These concepts have significant implications for understanding immune responses contributing to or controlling chronic inflammatory diseases of the great vessels.
Ethanol, acetaldehyde, and myocardial protein synthesis
Authors: Sidney S. Schreiber, Kay Briden, Murray Oratz, Marcus A. Rothschild
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The cause of alcoholic myocardiopathy is unknown. The effects of acute exposure to ethanol or its metabolite acetaldehyde on protein synthesis in working, intact, guinea pig hearts in vitro were studied utilizing lysine-14C perfusion. Ethanol at 250 mg/100 ml, a level sufficient to markedly inhibit hepatic production of albumin, did not alter cardiac function, the equilibration of the intracellular free lysine pool in either ventricle, or the incorporation of lysine-14C into protein. Thus, in controls and ethanol-perfused hearts, the incorporation of lysine in 3 hr was 44.1±1.5 and 42.8±1.2 μmoles lysine/g protein N for the right ventricles and 25.6±1.0 and 24.3±0.8 for the left ventricles, respectively. Only at lethal levels, 1500 mg/100 ml ethanol, was protein synthesis depressed. Acetaldehyde 3.5 mg/100 ml (0.8 mM) effected a markedly positive chronotropic and inotropic effect on the perfused heart and slightly depressed equilibration of the intracellular free lysine pool. However, determinations of protein incorporation of lysine-14C based on intracellular lysine-14C specific activities showed a significant decrease from control right and left ventricle values, to 27.1±2.8 and 14.9±1.9. Propanalol, which abolished the chronotropic effect, did not prevent the inhibition of protein synthesis. The studies suggest that acetaldehyde, which inhibits cardiac protein synthesis in vitro, may play a role in alcoholic myocardiopathy by interfering with normal myocardial protein synthesis.
The relationship of various measures of end-systole to left ventricular maximum time-varying elastance in man.
Authors: M R Starling, R A Walsh, L J Dell'Italia, G B Mancini, J C Lasher, J L Lancaster
Journal: Circulation (1987)

This investigation was designed to calculate left ventricular maximum time-varying elastance (Emax), to define the relationship between Emax and pressure-volume (P-V) relations at other, more easily defined measured of end-systole, and to determine whether these measures of left ventricular contractile function can be normalized in man. Accordingly, we studied 10 subjects with simultaneous high-fidelity micromanometer left ventricular and ascending aortic pressure recordings and biplane contrast cineangiograms at control conditions and during infusion of methoxamine and nitroprusside. Emax was defined as the maximum slope of the linear relation of isochronal, instantaneous P-V data points obtained from each of the three loading conditions. Left ventricular end-systole was also defined for each loading condition as: the time of the maximum P-V ratio (maxPV), minimum ventricular volume (minPV), (-)dP/dtmin [(-)dP/dtPV], and zero systolic flow approximated by the central aortic dicrotic notch (AodiPV). The mean heart rates and LV (+)dP/dtmax were insignificantly altered during the three loading conditions. Isochronal Emax ranged from 3.38 to 6.73 mm Hg/ml (mean 5.48 +/- 1.23 [SD] mm Hg/ml) and the volume-axis intercepts at zero pressure ranged from -2 to 51 ml (mean 18 +/- 16 ml). The isochronal slope calculations were reproducible (r = .97 to .99). The end-systolic P-V slope values for the maxPV, minPV, (-)dP/dtPV, and AodiPV relations correlated with isochronal Emax (r = .90, .88, .69, and .74, respectively). The average slope values for these end-systolic P-V relations, however, underestimated the mean Emax (p less than .01 to p less than .001). The mean extrapolated volume-axis intercepts for these end-systolic P-V relations also underestimated that for Emax. Finally, the isochronal Emax and other end-systolic P-V relation slope values demonstrated inverse linear relationships with left ventricular mass (r = -.68 to -.91, p less than .05 to p less than .001). Only the Emax volume-axis intercepts showed a linear relationship with left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = .75). Thus we conclude that the time-varying elastic properties of the left ventricle can be calculated in man, that commonly used end-systolic P-V relations significantly underestimate isochronal Emax, and that normalization of isochronal Emax and other end-systolic P-V relation slope values might be performed in man with left ventricular mass; no obvious relationship between volume-axis intercepts and measures of left ventricular or body size was apparent.
Hospital mergers may be painful but have positive aspects too
Authors: A J Minchin
Journal: BMJ (2001)

EDITOR—Most of us would agree with Harvey's comments in her personal view about the problems of hospital mergers.1 A merger is more like a divorce than a marriage. It introduces vulnerabilities, sensitivities, suspicion, and redirections that often seem inappropriate.

The developing paranoia that Harvey expresses—concerning the perceived …
Facebook for scientists?
Authors: Deborah Cohen
Journal: BMJ (2007)

“So come on, people, pimp my coat! I'm tired of putting on the same old stained, shapeless one every morning,” writes cell biologist Jenny Rohn in her call out to potential collaborators on Nature Network.

Rohn, a cell biologist at University College London and editor of the online cult science magazine LabLit.com, met former scientist Wynn Abbott, director of the science art agency SciCult, through Nature Network, a free online networking site for scientists. They started chatting at a Nature Network drinking session and realised that they were both deeply perplexed that the basic design of the white coat has remained unchanged for more than a century. They turned to Nature Network users to look for ideas.

Such collaboration is just one example of the potential networking benefits that the internet offers to scientists. While the Facebook website may already have the monopoly on social networking internationally, the Nature Publishing Group has been quick to capitalise on the professional networking capacity of the internet by launching Nature Network.

Although there are other professional networking sites, Nature Network aims to give “scientists a persistent …
Speech Activity and Respiratory Function in Asthmatics
Authors: J. Mook, H.M. van der Ploeg
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1980)

Clinical patients and outpatients with bronchial asthma participated in four different studies. Their ventilatory capacity was measured both before and after a standardized interview with the experimenter. It was found that in the majority of cases expiration improved when the asthmatic subjects had used the opportunity to verbalize freely. When they were forced to listen to the experimenter or were interrupted by him there generally was no improvement of the expiratory flow rates. It was concluded that an increase of the amount of verbal production in certain asthmatic patients can result in an improvement of the expiratory function.
Salivary Gland Tumors in Atomic Bomb Survivors
Authors: Leonard A. Sagan
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In my opinion, the data presented do not justify the degree of certainty reported. The authors base their conclusion on the distribution of eight malignant tumors among the graded radiation categories, where they demonstrate a smooth dose-response curve. However, with so very few cases, this technique can be misleading. For instance, if the categories were arranged 1 to 91 rads and 92 to 299 instead of 1 to 89 and 90 to 299, then one case would be moved from the higher category to the lower and the dose-response relationship shown would disappear. Only the two cases above 300 rads (0.11 expected) would remain as evidence of a radiation effect and this would be fairly flimsy evidence upon which to base an "inescapable conclusion." One is particularly skeptical of a conclusion based on two cases when a histological diagnosis of malignancy is involved which is, at best,
Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis by Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor α
Authors: Jennifer D. Gorman, Kenneth E. Sack, John C. Davis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

There are few effective treatments for ankylosing spondylitis, which causes substantial morbidity. Because of the central role of tumor necrosis factor α in the spondyloarthritides, we performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of etanercept, a recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75):Fc fusion protein, in patients with ankylosing spondylitis.
Pump and Circumstances
Authors: Georges Saumon
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Many experimental models have been designed to explore how ventilation could damage lungs and produce permeability-type pulmonary edema. Edema produced by ventilation with a high tidal volume varies in severity depending on the intensity and duration of the challenge and on previous lung state. Alveolar flooding with foam in airways excludes zones from the ventilation, and creates a vicious circle that increases the risk of overinflation of the remaining ventilated areas. This risk exists in patients suffering from the acute respiratory distress syndrome, even if ventilated with low tidal volumes. It is thus important to recruit zones filled with edematous liquid, and a means to achieve this goal is to accelerate alveolar liquid absorption. This may be obtained by activation of molecular mechanisms implicated in vectorial sodium transport by alveolar-bronchiolar cells responsible for liquid absorption, such as the sodium channel or the Na,K-ATPase pump. Unfortunately, overinflation experimentally decreases alveolar liquid resorption by depressing Na,K-ATPase function in the alveolar epithelium (1), for a yet unclear reason. Normal absorption may be restored in rat lungs submitted to overinflation by stimulating sodium transport with -adrenergic agonists (2), although these agents have not proven as effective in a similar model (3) or in patients with acute lung injury (4).
Long term effect of erythromycin therapy in patients with chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
Authors: T Fujii, J Kadota, K Kawakami, K Iida, R Shirai, M Kaseda, S Kawamoto, S Kohno
Journal: Thorax (1995)

Diffuse panbronchiolitis is a chronic infection of the lower respiratory tract common among the Japanese people, with a persistent Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in the late stage and sustained neutrophil retention in the airways. The long term effect of erythromycin was examined retrospectively in a group of patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis, with and without P aeruginosa infection, and the relationship between drug-induced bacterial clearance and clinical improvement was investigated.The history, daily volume of sputum, type of organisms in sputum cultures, pulmonary function tests, arterial blood gas tensions, and chest radiographs were compared in 16 patients with diffuse panbronchiolitis with P aeruginosa infection and 12 without. The total and differential cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were compared in 14 of the 28 patients (five of whom were infected with P aeruginosa) before and after 1-12 months of treatment with erythromycin (600 mg/day). The outcome of treatment in patients showing clearance of organisms on repeated sputum cultures was compared with that in those demonstrating persistence of bacteria in the sputum and patients with normal flora.Erythromycin improved respiratory function and arterial blood gas tensions irrespective of the presence or absence of P aeruginosa in the sputum. Treatment also resulted in a reduction in the BAL fluid total cell count and the percentage of neutrophils in both groups of patients. There were no differences between patients in whom the bacteria cleared and those with persistent bacteria or patients with a normal flora with regard to the degree of improvement of respiratory function, arterial blood gas tensions, and BAL fluid cell composition.The results suggest that the efficacy of erythromycin in diffuse pan-bronchiolitis may be due to anti-inflammatory effect, independent of P aeruginosa infection or bacterial clearance.
Immediate computed tomography or admission for observation after mild head injury: cost comparison in randomised controlled trial
Authors: Anders Norlund, Lars-Åke Marké, Jean-Luc af Geijerstam, Sven Oredsson, Mona Britton
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To compare the costs of immediate computed tomography during triage for admission with those of observation in hospital in patients with mild head injury. <b>Design</b> Prospective cost effectiveness analysis within a multicentre, pragmatic randomised trial. <b>Setting</b> 39 acute hospitals in Sweden <b>Participants</b> 2602 patients (aged ≥ 6) with mild head injury. <b>Interventions</b> Immediate computed tomography or admission for observation. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Direct and indirect costs related to the mild head injury during the acute and three month follow-up period. <b>Results</b> Outcome after three months was similar for both strategies (non-significantly in favour of computed tomography). For the acute stage and complications, the cost was 461 euros (£314, $582) per patient in the computed tomography group and 677 euros (£462, $854) in the observation group; an average of 32% less in the computed tomography group (216 euros, 95% confidence interval −272 to −164; P &lt; 0.001). Sensitivity analysis showed that computed tomography was the most cost effective strategy under a broad range of assumptions. After three months, total costs were 718 euros and 914 euros per patient—that is, 196 euros less in the computed tomography group (- 281 to - 114; P &lt; 0.001). The lower cost of the computed tomography strategy at the acute stage thus remained unchanged during follow-up. <b>Conclusion</b> Patients with mild head injury attending an emergency department can be managed more cost effectively with computed tomography rather than admission for observation in hospital. <b>Trial registration</b>ISRCTN81464462[controlled-trials.com].
T cell hyperactivity in lupus as a consequence of hyperstimulatory antigen-presenting cells
Authors: JianKun Zhu, XueBin Liu, Chun Xie, Mei Yan, Ying Yu, Eric S. Sobel, Edward K. Wakeland, Chandra Mohan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

Sle3 is an NZM2410-derived lupus susceptibility locus on murine chromosome 7. Congenic recombination has resulted in a novel mouse strain, B6.Sle3, associated with serum antinuclear autoantibodies (ANAs), T cell hyperactivity, and elevated CD4/CD8 ratios. An OVA-specific TCR transgene was used as a tool to demonstrate that Sle3 facilitated heightened T cell expansion in vitro, and in vivo, following antigen challenge. Indeed, continued T cell expansion was noted even in response to a tolerogenic signal. However, these phenotypes did not appear to be T cell intrinsic but were dictated by hyperstimulatory B6.Sle3 APCs. Importantly, B6.Sle3-derived DCs and macrophages appeared to be significantly more mature/activated, less apoptotic, and more proinflammatory and were better at costimulating T cells in vitro, compared with the B6 counterparts. Finally, the adoptive transfer of B6.Sle3-derived DCs into healthy B6 recipients elicited increased CD4/CD8 ratios and serum ANAs, 2 cardinal Sle3-associated phenotypes. We posit that their heightened expression of various costimulatory molecules, including CD80, CD106, I-Ab, and CD40, and their elevated production of various cytokines, including IL-12 and IL-1β, may explain why Sle3-bearing DCs may be superior at breaching self tolerance. These studies provide mechanistic evidence indicating that intrinsic abnormalities in DCs and possibly other myeloid cells may dictate several of the phenotypes associated with systemic lupus, including ANA formation and T cell hyperactivity.
Psychosis and Water Balance
Authors: Tomas Berl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

More than 100 years ago, Claude Bernard recognized the importance of a constant internal environment to the survival of living organisms. Almost 50 years have elapsed since Homer Smith assigned a central role to the kidneys in this critical process, describing them as "the master chemists of our internal environment."1 This is no exaggeration, since in the evolutionary process the adaptation of life initially to fresh water and much later to an arid terrestrial environment is closely linked with the kidney's ability to elaborate urine that is either more dilute or more concentrated than body fluids.The concentration of osmotically . . .
Volvulus of the Sigmoid Colon in Pathans
Authors: E. Melchior
Journal: BMJ (1967)

MJouuMa more than 1 per 1,000 fittings.Tietze' confirms this approximate figure and shows that the original Birnberg bow is far more liable to this complication than any other type of I.U.C.D.It seems possible that some patients might feel encouraged to take legal action for damages following this contingency, but this should be rejected in 'the courts.Perforation,
Immobilization stress alters intermediate metabolism and circulating lipoproteins in the rat
Authors: David Ricart-Jan[eacute], Victor Rodr[iacute]guez-Sureda, Alex Benavides, Julia Peinado-Onsurbe, M.Dolores L[oacute]pez-Tejero, Miquel Llobera
Journal: Metabolism (2002)