tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
702. Use of Perfluorochemical Liquid Suspensions To Facilitate Gene Delivery to the Lung: Distribution of Recombinant Adenovirus- Delivered Transgene Expression
Authors: Marlene S. Strayer, Marla R. Wolfson, Daniel J. Malone, Jichuan Wu, Hshi-chi Koo, Thomas H. Shaffer, David S. Strayer, Jonathan M. Davis, Jeffrey A. Kazzaz
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Gene therapy of the lung, especially the distal lung, is problematic in part because it is difficult to reach appropriate target cells. Vectors suspended in saline may distribute unevenly, and not reach atelectatic or injured airways. Perfluorochemical liquids (PFCs) are inert compounds with high oxygen solubility that are eliminated from lung by evaporation. PFCs have been shown to distribute protein and rAd more evenly throughout lung and distal airways.
Concerns about tobacco control
Authors: T. Yates, M. McKee, K. E. Pickett, M. Dockrell, A. Gilmore, G. Hastings, A. Maryon-Davis, A. Macara
Journal: BMJ (2010)

In discussing whether the UK is turning the clock back on public health advances,1 the fact that the coalition government is considering mandatory plain brown packets for cigarettes is encouraging.2 However, this move, which may get held up in the courts, must not delay implementing …
Letter: Malabsorption in overland travellers to India.
Authors: A Tomkins, W P James
Journal: BMJ (1974)

24 August, p. 520) by our suggestion that beta-adrenergic blocking agents should not be used in patients with moderately severe renal failure (27 April, p. 193).They refer to a previous publication' to show that temporary deterioration in renal function in such patients may occur with the introduction of any hypotensive drug.Their evidence appears to be based on experience with one patient with malignant hypertension who was given 6 different drugs, and is not relevant to the cases described by us.We refer Drs.Kincaid-Smith and Hua to our paper, where they will find that the maximum change in diastolic blood pressure in any of the three cases was 10 mm Hg during the period that renal function deteri- orated.Their comments do not shed any light on the mechanism of the events we described.Drs. Kincaid-Smith and Hua will no doubt agree that renal function should be moni- tored during the course of therapy with hypotensive drugs in patients with renal failure.Our exoerience leads us to suggest that this may be especially important when beta-blocking drugs are prescribed and needs to be emphasized now that these agents are being so forcefully promoted in general prac- tice.-Weare, etc.,
Dead bodies do not pose health risk in natural disasters
Authors: Scott Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Fears about the dangers that dead bodies pose to the survivors of natural disasters are mistaken— and may be compounding health problems in Haiti and the Dominican Republic, the two Caribbean countries where recent flooding has caused hundreds of deaths.

“People are reacting to the misguided fear that bodies will spread disease,” says Dr Jean-Luc Poncelet, who directs the Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Relief program me of the Pan American Health Organization. “This misconception is very common, and the same reaction has occurred in many other countries around the world.”

His comments follow publication of a study that reviewed what dangers dead bodies pose to survivors …
Relation of Colloid Osmotic Pressure to Arterial Hypoxemia and Cerebral Edema During Crystalloid Volume Loading of Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: I. ALAN FEIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

The effect of crystalloid volume loading on serum colloid osmotic pressure, arterial oxygen (Po2), alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-aDo2), and cerebral lateral ventricle dimensions was prospectively studied in 18 patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Serial measurements showed concomitant decreases in colloid osmotic pressure, hematocrit, arterial Po2 (p less than 0.001), and significant increases in A-aDo2 (p less than 0.001) during treatment. Serial echoencephalograms were taken of 11 of the 18 patients; each patient served as his or her own control. Nine of these 11 patients showed significant decreases in lateral ventricle width during treatment; seven patients showed the echoencephalographic "hash" marks characteristic of cerebral edema. Follow up studies showed resolution of these abnormalities. Volume loading with large amounts of crystalloid solution seems to produce an acute hypooncotic state that may cause the development of both subclinical pulmonary and cerebral edema.
On the Somatic Origin of Malignant Disease
Authors: C. R. Crowther
Journal: BMJ (1926)

As a result of these inlvestigatiolls it WO-41d seem justi- iaable to draw the following coilClusions:1. Thie acetic anhydride.sulphuuricacid test oni tlhe erelbro-slinal fluid of cases of general paresis is positive in almost every case (97 per cent.),aud hliiee is almost as reliable as the Wassermann reaction in this; conditioni.2. It is inegative in almost every otlher type of mental disorder except certaini cases of neuro-syphilis (otlher than general paralysis of the insane).3. It is a test wlich can be performed witlh great ease and rapidity and hence is of definite value to the cliniciani.
Comparison of methods for assessing photoprotection against ultraviolet A in vivo
Authors: Kays Kaidbey, R. William Gange
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1987)

Photoprotection against ultraviolet A (UVA) by three sunscreens was evaluated in humans, with erythema and pigmentation used as end points in normal skin and in skin sensitized with 8-methoxypsoralen and anthracene. The test sunscreens were Parsol 1789 (2%), Eusolex 8020 (2%), and oxybenzone (3%). UVA was obtained from two filtered xenon-arc sources. UVA protection factors were found to be significantly higher in sensitized skin compared with normal skin. Both Parsol and Eusolex provided better and comparable photoprotection (approximately 3.0) than oxybenzone (approximately 2.0) in sensitized skin, regardless of whether 8-methoxypsoralen or anthracene was used. In normal unsensitized skin, Parsol 1789 and Eusolex 8020 were also comparable and provided slightly better photoprotection (approximately 1.8) than oxybenzone (approximately 1.4) when pigmentation was used as an end point. The three sunscreens, however, were similar in providing photoprotection against UVA-induced erythema. Protection factors obtained in artificially sensitized skin are probably not relevant to normal skin. It is concluded that pigmentation, either immediate or delayed, is a reproducible and useful end point for the routine assessment of photoprotection of normal skin against UVA.
Physicians Accessing the Internet: The PAI Project
Authors: B. I. Chi-Lum
Journal: JAMA (1999)

tration of 20 mg of abciximab, intravenously, and stent implantation in the proximal left anterior descending artery only slightly improved TIMI flow to grade 2. Left ventricular angiography showed extensive akinesia of the anterior myocardial wall (Figure 2).Creatine kinase increased from 92 to 1120 U/L within 24 hours, and lactate dehydrogenase increased from 193 to 747 U/L after 36 hours.The patient had an otherwise uncomplicated clinical course.A follow-up coronary angiogram after 10 days and after 6 months revealed no restenosis or thrombotic material at the stented segment of the proximal left anterior descending artery with a TIMI flow of grade 3, while the distal left anterior descending artery remained occluded.A ventriculogram showed an ejection fraction of 52%.The patient did not become pregnant.Since the coronary angiogram showed no coronary artery disease, thrombotic material was present, and D-dimer concentration in plasma were slightly increased, this infarction could possibly be regarded as a primarily thrombogenic event.Results of several blood tests, including antithrombin III deficiency, proteins C and S, and cardiolipin antibodies, were all normal and revealed no systemic diseases or blood disorders predisposing to a hypercoagulable state.We conclude that myocardial infarction should be considered as a possible complication of controlled ovarian stimulation.
Fresh and Frozen Human Full-thickness Corneal Grafts in Ethiopia
Authors: F. O. Mueller, P. O'Neill, P. D. Trevor-Roper, H. Reiter, R. Ludek
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Many cases of human blindness are due to corneal opacities, and the sight can be restored only if these are replaced by a clear corneal graft. The donor eye from which the graft is to be cut must be removed within six hours after death, stored at 4-4? C, and used within four days, ajs after longer intervals the success rate of full-thickness grafts falls off rapidly. It follows that donor corneas, obtained with such difficulty and expense, often fail to find a suitable recipient in the limited time available, and the wastage is enormous.
Transmission of West Nile Virus through Blood Transfusion in the United States in 2002
Authors: Lisa N. Pealer, Anthony A. Marfin, Lyle R. Petersen, Robert S. Lanciotti, Peter L. Page, Susan L. Stramer, Mary Grace Stobierski, Kimberly Signs, Bruce Newman, Hema Kapoor, Jesse L. Goodman, Mary E. Chamberland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

During the 2002 West Nile virus epidemic in the United States, patients were identified whose West Nile virus illness was temporally associated with the receipt of transfused blood and blood components.Patients with laboratory evidence of recent West Nile virus infection within four weeks after receipt of a blood component from a donor with viremia were considered to have a confirmed transfusion-related infection. We interviewed the donors of these components, asking them whether they had had symptoms compatible with the presence of a viral illness before or after their donation; blood specimens retained from the time of donation and collected at follow-up were tested for West Nile virus.Twenty-three patients were confirmed to have acquired West Nile virus through transfused leukoreduced and nonleukoreduced red cells, platelets, or fresh-frozen plasma. Of the 23 recipients, 10 (43 percent) were immunocompromised owing to transplantation or cancer and 8 (35 percent) were at least 70 years of age. Immunocompromised recipients tended to have longer incubation periods than nonimmunocompromised recipients and infected persons in mosquito-borne community outbreaks. Sixteen donors with evidence of viremia at donation were linked to the 23 infected recipients; of these donors, 9 reported viral symptoms before or after donation, 5 were asymptomatic, and 2 were lost to follow-up. Fever, new rash, and painful eyes were independently associated with being an implicated donor with viremia rather than a donor without viremia. All 16 donors were negative for West Nile virus-specific IgM antibody at donation.Transfused red cells, platelets, and fresh-frozen plasma can transmit West Nile virus. Screening of potential donors with the use of nucleic acid-based assays for West Nile virus may reduce this risk.
The Pathology of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: George Margolis
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This slender volume, by focusing upon the basic pathology of cerebral palsy, constitutes an excellent introduction to that subject. It performs the major service of presenting in the English language a review of the basic German literature in the field, difficult enough because of its complex terminology, let alone the language barrier. Illustrations in general are of high quality. The information contained therein is presented in a form which is readable, understandable, and of value to pathologists and all of the clinical specialists involved in the treatment and rehabilitation of brain-injured children. The chief shortcoming of the book is the failure to give adequate weight to some of the more recent experimental studies which have been directed at understanding pathogenesis and etiology of cerebral palsy and to newer knowledge regarding chromosomal defects and metabolic abnormalities which represent the underlying basis of some types of mental deficiency and cerebral degeneration.
Inhibition of bone resorption in vitro by antisense RNA and DNA molecules targeted against carbonic anhydrase II or two subunits of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase.
Authors: T Laitala, H K Väänänen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

The bone resorbing cells, osteoclasts, express high levels of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase) during bone resorption. We have used antisense RNA and DNA molecules targeted against CA II, and against 16- and 60-kD subunits of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), to block the expression of these proteins in vitro. Osteoclastic bone resorption was studied in two in vitro culture systems: release of 45Calcium from prelabeled newborn mouse calvaria cultures, and resorption pit assays performed with rat osteoclasts cultured on bovine bone slices. Both antisense RNA and DNA against CA II and the V-ATPase were used to compare their specificities as regards inhibiting bone resorption in vitro. The antisense molecules inhibited the synthesis of these proteins by decreasing the amounts of mRNA in the cells in a highly specific manner. In osteoclast cultures treated with the 16-kD V-ATPase antisense RNA, acidification of an unknown population of intracellular vesicles was highly stimulated. The acidification of these vesicles was not sensitive to amiloride or bafilomycin A1. This suggests the existence of a back-up system for acidification of intracellular vesicles, when the expression of the V-ATPase is blocked. Our results further indicate that blocking the expression of CA II and V-ATPase with antisense RNA or DNA leads to decreased bone resorption.
Characterization of Covalent DNA Binding of Morpholino and Cyanomorpholino Derivatives of Doxorubicin
Authors: D. H. M. Lau, G. E. Duran, B. I. Sikic
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1992)

Background : The doxorubicin analogues cyanomorpholino doxorubicin (MRA-CN) and morpholino doxorubicin (MRA) were synthesized in an attempt to avoid the cardiotoxicity and drug resistance of doxorubiricn therapy. MRA-CN forms interstrand DNA cross-links without requiring microsomal metabolic activitation in the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) to form a product that alkylates DNA, but MRA requires metabolic activation Alkyalation produces DNA cross-links, which are associated with potentiation of the cytotoxicity of some drugs. Purpose: Our purpose was to study the DNA binding of MRA-CN and MRA with and without metabolic activation in order to better understand the mechanisms for cross linking DNA. Methods: We used ( 3 MRA and ( 3 H) MRA-CN, with the 3 H labeled at C-2 and C-6 of the morpholino ring. MRA (10 n M) was incubated with human liver microsomes with or without NADPH to measure DNA binding. In addition, a filter elution assay was used to determine the nature and extent of drug binding to DNA in the human ovarian carcionma cell line ES-2. We studied the appearence of interstrand crosslinks versus total DNA adducts in pBR322 plasmid DNA incubated with 100 n M MRA-CN in cell free medium and then subjected to denaturation and agarose gel electropohoresis. Results: Regardless of the extracellular concentration of the drug (1– 85% of intracellular MRA-CN was covalently bound to DNA, and the total amount to DNA, and the total amount of drug bound to DNA was proportional to extracellular drug concentration. No covalent binding of MRA to DNA was found in cells exposed to 10 n M MRA alone for 2 hours. In contrast, 10% of the intracellular drug was bound to DNA iof the cells were exposed to MRA preincubated with human liver microsomes and NADPH. The percentages of plasmide containing at least one interstrand cross-links rose from 35% at 15 minutes to 92% at 2 hours. We estimate that eight molecoules of MRA-CN were adducted per molecule of p BR322 DNA (or one drug adduct per 545 base pairs), with a minimum of 12% of the adducts forming interstrand cross links. Conclusions: These result suggest that the carbons at positions 2 and 6 of the morpholino ring of both MRA-CN and the activated metabolite of MRA are retained in the drug-DNA adduct. They also indicate that the formation of interstrand DNA cross links by MRA-CN is preceded by formation of drug adducts to a single strand of DNA. (J Natl Cancer Inst 1587–1592, 1992)
Renal Fat Embolization and Urostealith Formation Complicating Femoral Fracture
Authors: Edward Wagman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Three children had prolonged lipuria following femoral fracture. One case was further complicated by the bilateral development of urostealiths, rarely described fatty "calculi," with renal colic and hematuria. All patients are now asymptomatic. The observations in these three cases tend to support the concept that fat emboli are common following bone trauma. The emboli generally do not cause loss of renal function, and the diagnosis can be made by demonstration of lipids in the urine.
The Xbp1s/GalE axis links ER stress to postprandial hepatic metabolism
Authors: Yingfeng Deng, Zhao V. Wang, Caroline Tao, Ningguo Gao, William L. Holland, Anwarul Ferdous, Joyce J. Repa, Guosheng Liang, Jin Ye, Mark A. Lehrman, Joseph A. Hill, Jay D. Horton, Philipp E. Scherer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Postprandially, the liver experiences an extensive metabolic reprogramming that is required for the switch from glucose production to glucose assimilation. Upon refeeding, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is rapidly, though only transiently, activated. Activation of the UPR results in a cessation of protein translation, increased chaperone expression, and increased ER-mediated protein degradation, but it is not clear how the UPR is involved in the postprandial switch to alternate fuel sources. Activation of the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) branch of the UPR signaling pathway triggers expression of the transcription factor Xbp1s. Using a mouse model with liver-specific inducible Xbp1s expression, we demonstrate that Xbp1s is sufficient to provoke a metabolic switch characteristic of the postprandial state, even in the absence of caloric influx. Mechanistically, we identified UDP-galactose-4-epimerase (GalE) as a direct transcriptional target of Xbp1s and as the key mediator of this effect. Our results provide evidence that the Xbp1s/GalE pathway functions as a novel regulatory nexus connecting the UPR to the characteristic postprandial metabolic changes in hepatocytes.
Unfair Pressure for Abortion
Authors: H. Faulkner
Journal: BMJ (1972)

As acute gastritis most commonly results from extrinsic irritants, it seems reasonable to postulate that the levo-dopa may have been the cause of the bleeding in this man's case.The rarity of this complication, and its occurrence in our patient without any pre- vious evidence of gastric disorder, suggests an idiosyncratic response as a possible mechanism.-I am, etc.,
Reversible Acute Pulmonary Edema due to Uncontrolled Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Individuals with Renal Failure
Authors: Antoine Kaldany, Gregory A Curt, N Mark Estes, Larry A Weinrauch, A Richard Christlieb, John A D'elia
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

On eight separate occasions, four functionally anephric diabetic patients (on maintenance hemodialysis) experienced episodes of severe hyperglycemia with acute interstitial and alveolar pulmonary edema demonstrated clinically and by chest x-ray without electrocardiographic or enzymatic evidence of an acute myocardial lesion. Three patients had normal stress 201Tl scanning. The fourth patient, who experienced three such episodes, had normal coronary angiograms and only a mild elevation of the left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Clinical and chest x-ray improvement were immediate following insulin therapy and control of hyperglycemia, without phlebotomy or dialysis. Since these episodes were observed during a 1-yr period, this syndrome may be more common than suspected. It is concluded that in functionally anephric diabetic individuals: (1) pulmonary edema can be precipitated by uncontrolled diabetes; (2) endogenous fluid shifts may contribute to the cause of acute pulmonary edema; (3) clinical and radiologic improvement can be achieved with adequate insulin therapy; and (4) blood glucose levels should be monitored and controlled in diabetic patients with renal failure.
Changes in bone mass during low dose corticosteroid treatment in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica: a double blind, prospective comparison between prednisolone and deflazacort.
Authors: M R Krogsgaard, G Thamsborg, B Lund
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1996)

OBJECTIVE: To compare the long term effects of low dosage prednisolone or deflazacort treatments on bone mass in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica. METHODS: Thirty patients with polymyalgia rheumatica were allocated on a random double blind basis to receive treatment with prednisolone or deflazacort. Bone mineral content (BMC) was measured in the lumbar spine and in the distal forearm before treatment and three, six, and 12 months after treatment. RESULTS: At three months the decrease in lumbar BMC and bone mineral density (BMD) was significantly greater in the deflazacort group than in the prednisolone group (p &lt; 0.05), but at six and 12 months there was no difference between the two groups. In all patients after one year there was a significant loss of BMC: a 6.4% loss in lumbar BMC and a 1.8% loss in distal forearm BMC. Loss in lumbar BMC after six months was correlated to the cumulative dose of corticosteroid (r = 0.4; p &lt; 0.05) and was significantly greater in the group of patients who had persisting symptoms of polymyalgia at six weeks, three months, or both, after treatment started (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: This low dose study failed to reveal any calcium sparing properties of deflazacort compared with prednisolone. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed.