tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity and Age
Authors: DANIEL R. CUMMINGS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

Letters and Corrections1 February 1985Aminoglycoside Nephrotoxicity and AgeDANIEL R. CUMMINGSDANIEL R. CUMMINGSSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-102-2-275_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Moore and colleagues (1) found by univariate analysis that age did not correlate with the development of aminoglycoside nephrotoxicity. The age distribution of patients who developed nephrotoxicity was the same as the age distribution of those who did not (p= 0.53). Nevertheless, by multivariate discriminant analysis they found that age was a significant discriminant factor, and that it was the most important factor identified before aminoglycoside treatment was initiated. Is there an explanation for these contradictory results?...Reference1. MOORESMITHLIPSKYMELLITSLIETMAN RCJEP. Risk factors for nephrotoxicity in patients treated with aminoglycosides. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:352-7. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: DANIEL R. CUMMINGSAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1985Volume 102, Issue 2Page: 275-275KeywordsAge distributionFactor analysisMultivariate analysis ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1985 PDF downloadLoading ...
China Is Eager to Export Its Traditional Medicine, but Some Chinese Scientists Urge More Skepticism
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Shanghai, China WHILE THE CHINESE government is stepping up efforts to export traditional Chinese medicine to the West, skeptical scientists in China are asking their western colleagues for help in examining the more remarkable claims of the country's traditional healers. In August, the China Science and Technology Information Institute announced plans to speed up the exportation of traditional Chinese medicines, which many in the East and West are promoting as more effective and less harmful than Western medicines. According to a report in the August 5 issue of China's official newspaper,<i>China Daily</i>, the institute expects foreign sales of traditional Chinese medicines to double to more than $2 billion by the year 2000. Business for marketers of traditional and other scientifically untested remedies is booming within China. Throughout Beijing, Shanghai, and other cities, women in white smocks sit at tables in front of pharmacies where they offer passersby free examinations
New perspectives in the treatment of HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Thomas Berg, Hartmut Jaeschke, Kevin Mullen, Darius Moradpour
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

BACKGROUND: Available treatments for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B are associated with poor sustained responses. As a result, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are typically continued indefinitely, a strategy associated with the risk of resistance and unknown long-term safety implications.METHODS: We compared the efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2a (180 microg once weekly) plus placebo, peginterferon alfa-2a plus lamivudine (100 mg daily), and lamivudine alone in 177, 179, and 181 patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B, respectively. Patients were treated for 48 weeks and followed for an additional 24 weeks.RESULTS: After 24 weeks of follow-up, the percentage of patients with normalization of alanine aminotransferase levels or hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels below 20,000 copies per milliliter was significantly higher with peginterferon alfa-2a monotherapy (59 percent and 43 percent, respectively) and peginterferon alfa-2a plus lamivudine (60 percent and 44 percent) than with lamivudine monotherapy (44 percent, P=0.004 and P=0.003, respectively; and 29 percent, P=0.007 and P=0.003, respectively). Rates of sustained suppression of HBV DNA to below 400 copies per milliliter were 19 percent with peginterferon alfa-2a monotherapy, 20 percent with combination therapy, and 7 percent with lamivudine alone (P<0.001 for both comparisons with lamivudine alone). Loss of hepatitis B surface antigen occurred in 12 patients in the peginterferon groups, as compared with 0 patients in the group given lamivudine alone. Adverse events, including pyrexia, fatigue, myalgia, and headache, were less frequent with lamivudine monotherapy than with peginterferon alfa-2a monotherapy or combination therapy.CONCLUSIONS: Patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B had significantly higher rates of response, sustained for 24 weeks after the cessation of therapy, with peginterferon alfa-2a than with lamivudine. The addition of lamivudine to peginterferon alfa-2a did not improve post-therapy response rates.
PTH-141 Could upper GI Cancer Explain False Positive Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) Results in the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme?
Authors: G M Clifford, J Shenfine, H Jaretzke, C J Rees
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) commenced in England in 2006 using the Hemoccult guaiac faecal occult blood test (FOBt). The study aimed to evaluate if significant numbers of upper GI cancers were being diagnosed in patients with a positive FOBt in the absence of colonic pathology. <h3>Methods</h3> A quantitative data analysis of all BCSP patients with a negative colonoscopy cross referenced with all patients within screening age (60yrs &gt; ) diagnosed with upper GI cancer in the North East of England, comprising of South of Tyne, North of Tyne, Teesside, Durham and Darlington. <h3>Results</h3> Collectively the North East Bowel Cancer Screening centres carried out 5176 colonoscopies from 2008–2011, resulting in 1108 (21.4%) normal investigations. In the same time period 589 patients were diagnosed with upper GI cancer. 243 were invited to participate in BCSP and 109 (45%) took part. 33/109 (30%) patients were diagnosed with upper GI cancer prior to submitting FOBt, leaving 76 (70%) presumably undiagnosed. 72/76 (94.8%) returned a negative FOBt, 2 (2.6%) returned an unclear subsequently followed by 2 negative FOBt kits according to BCSP practise, leaving 2 (2.6%) patients with a positive FOBt who subsequently had a normal colonoscopy. At the time of screening both patients were symptomatic with upper GI symptoms, and diagnosed with upper GI cancer within 3 months of screening. <h3>Conclusion</h3> These data suggest that carrying out an upper GI investigation in FOBt positive and colonoscopy negative patients is not justified. Consideration to investigate maybe given in the presence of upper GI symptoms; however, further work is needed to evaluate the prevalence of upper GI symptoms in this population. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Pharmacological prevention of migraine
Authors: N. Fenstermacher, M. Levin, T. Ward
Journal: BMJ (2011)

#### Summary points

People who have migraine experience intermittent attacks of unilateral, pulsating, and moderate to severe headache with associated nausea or photophobia and phonophobia (or all these symptoms). These attacks typically start before the age of 40, often in childhood or teenage years, and occur most commonly from the second to the fourth decade of life.1 Attacks may be infrequent or frequent. Chronic migraine is diagnosed when attacks regularly occur on more than 15 days a month. Box 1 shows the International Headache Society’s classification criteria for migraine without aura. 

#### Box 1 International Headache Society’s classification criteria for migraine without aura1

At least five attacks fulfilling criteria A-C

Recent population studies have shown the worldwide prevalence of migraine to be greater than 10%. The prevalence of migraine in the United States has been estimated at 18% for women, 6% for men, and 12% overall.2 3 Migraine clearly affects women more than men, and its aetiology also seems to have a hereditary component. The World Health Organization ranks migraine 19th on the list of diseases worldwide that cause disability.w1 In spite of recent advances in treatment options for migraine, both acute and preventive, these treatments continue …
Manifestations and Aetiology of Hypertension in the Coloured and Bantu
Authors: B. N. Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1959)

MIMICAL JOURNAL fibrillation (Bourne and Williams, 1948b; Lock and Greiss, 1955).This may hold true also if, after an initial pudendal block with procaine-hyalase-adrenaline mixture, it becomes necessary to administer general anaesthesia in an emergency.Plain procaine was there- fore considered to be a safer agent to use in the cases above.An effective pudendal block, achieved in this way, assures one of the co-operation of the mother, who in most instances is thrilled to have actively participated in the birth of her child and is glad to be able to see and hear her baby cry for the very first time. Summary and ConclusionsA technique for pudendal nerve block anaesthesia for routine use is described.Cases delivered under pudendal block and those under general anaesthesia are recorded and analysed.An unconventional use of pethidine hydrochloride and self-administered trichlorethylene as an adjunct to pudendal block is described and discussed.A critical study of local analgesic agents commonly used for this purpose has been made.It is concluded that 40 ml. of 1 % procaine hydro- chloride (plain), injected according to the technique described above, produces a satisfactory pudendal nerve block and perineal analgesia; also that the perineal analgesia so developed, when combined with the use of pethidine and self-administered trilene analgesia, permits most of the operative vaginal deliveries to be carried out without general anaesthesia.ADDENDUM.-Since the preparations for this paper were completed, 40 ml. of 1% lignocaine hydrochloride has been substituted in place of procaine.It is perhaps a very premature observation at this stage, but it appears that so far it has lived up to its reputation, and lignocaine, when used with proper caution, may prove to be better than procaine.It is more potent and produces a more prompt and extensive analgesia.It is as safe as procaine if the strength of 1% is not exceeded.While 2% procaine may in some instances be used for nerve blocks, lignocaine in this strength should on no account be used for pudendal block.I am grateful to Mr. J. N. I. Emblin for his constant guidance, both in the clinical work and in the preparation of this paper,
Aortic-Valve Function during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Peter Mair, Wilhelm Furtwaengler, Michael Baubin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

To the Editor: Cardiac output during standard manual cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is 30 to 60 percent of the normal value1. A study in animals2 demonstrated improved systemic blood flow and increased coronary perfusion pressure during active compression-decompression CPR. In humans, a significantly higher systolic arterial pressure has been measured during active compression-decompression CPR than during standard CPR3. The newer technique produces negative intrathoracic pressure during the decompression phase, thereby improving venous return and transmitral left ventricular filling1–3 [see Cohen et al. elsewhere in this issue]. In an adult patient undergoing prolonged CPR after nearly drowning, we monitored . . .
Consensus in stroke management?
Authors: J Bogousslavsky
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Besides meta-analyses of clinical trials, one of the fashions in clinical management at the end of the 20th century is consensus statements. To produce these statements, experts in the subject, and others who consider themselves to be so, meet for a few hours in attractive places such as airports. Stroke management has not escaped this plethora of consensus statements, the most recent being that based on a conference held at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh immediately before the seventh European Stroke Conference.1 Other recent consensus conferences have been held by the European Stroke Council, which led to the Helsingborg Declaration on Stroke Management, including targets for the year 2005,2 the …
THE COURSE OF VIRUS-INDUCED RABBIT PAPILLOMAS AS DETERMINED BY VIRUS, CELLS, AND HOST
Authors: John G. Kidd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

An experimental analysis of the factors responsible for the observed differences in the course of virus-induced papillomas of the rabbit has shown that some are referable to the virus, others to the cells, and yet others to host influences. The interplay of these factors affords enlightening illustration of the nature of the cell-virus relationship in virus-induced tumors. Retrogression of the rabbit papillomas appears to be consequent on a generalized resistance of host origin, elicited by and directed against the proliferating, virus-infected cells.
On the analysis of spatial neural codes in taste
Authors: Christian H. Lemon
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract The two most popular, yet opposing, models of taste processing, the labeled-line (LL) and across-neuron pattern (ANP) theories, are variants of spatial neural coding. Analyses whose outcomes have been argued to support either theory have sometimes glossed over important caveats and considerations that may drastically impact interpretation. Some of these issues are discussed here.
Peritoneal Dialysis in the Management of Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Robert E. Stevens, Sidney Baskin, James A. Greene, John M. Weller
Journal: JAMA (1964)

ALTHOUGH it had been recognized earlier that the peritoneum was a semipermeable membrane, its utilization for dialysis in the treatment of uremia was not described until 1923.<sup>1,2</sup>Technical problems and infection prevented popular adoption of peritoneal dialysis for more than 20 years,<sup>3</sup>although its clinical potentialities were explored.<sup>4</sup>The development of antibiotics and plastic catheters set the stage for Maxwell<sup>5</sup>and Doolan<sup>6</sup>in 1959 to describe simplified procedures for conducting peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis has been used primarily in the treatment of acute renal failure. The treatment of chronic renal insufficiency by this method is a more recent development and experience with it is limited.<sup>7-10</sup>The purpose of this paper is to report the use of peritoneal dialysis as an adjunct in the management of 54 patients presenting with symptoms due to chronic renal insufficiency and to attempt to assess why certain of these
Penetration of antibiotics into the respiratory tract.
Authors: D C Currie, N D Garbett, P J Cole
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Systemic bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) induce inflammatory responses characteristic of sepsis. Instillation of LPS into rat bladder produces a localized inflammatory response similar to that seen in urinary tract infections (UTIs). Four hours after intravesical instillation of LPS, neutrophils infiltrate into the bladder, and mRNA for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the cytokines, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10, is detected in rat bladder but not in the kidney. Induction of iNOS protein is inferred because urinary nitrate and cGMP levels are increased 4 hr after LPS intravesical instillation and remain elevated for at least 24 hr. When LPS is injected intraperitoneally, iNOS and IL-6 mRNA are induced both in the bladder and in the kidney. These data are consistent with the effects of intravesical instillation of LPS remaining localized. iNOS activity increases in both particulate and soluble bladder fractions when measured 4 hr after intravesical instillation of LPS. The magnitude of these increases in iNOS activity in the bladder is not as great as when LPS is injected intraperitoneally. Intravesical instillation of LPS induces no increase in lung or kidney NOS activity. The localized inflammatory response produced by intravesical instillation of LPS demonstrates the importance of LPS as a mediator of the host response in UTIs and supports the use of urinary measurements of nitrate and cGMP in humans as indicative of the localized induction of iNOS in UTIs.
Disruption of the 12/15-lipoxygenase gene (Alox15) protects hyperlipidemic mice from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Marcos Martínez-Clemente, Natàlia Ferré, Esther Titos, Raquel Horrillo, Ana González-Périz, Eva Morán-Salvador, Cristina López-Vicario, Rosa Miquel, Vicente Arroyo, Colin D. Funk, Joan Clària
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

We have shown that Alox15, the gene encoding for 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO), is markedly up-regulated in livers from apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice, which spontaneously develop nonalcoholic fatty liver disease secondary to hyperlipidemia. In the current study, we used ApoE(-/-) mice with a targeted disruption of the Alox15 gene to assess the role of 12/15-LO in the development and progression of hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Compared with ApoE(-/-) mice, which exhibited extensive hepatic lipid accumulation and exacerbated inflammatory injury, ApoE/12/15-LO double-knockout (ApoE(-/-)/12/15-LO(-/-)) mice showed reduced serum alanine aminotransferase levels; decreased hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and macrophage infiltration; and decreased fatty acid synthase, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interleukin (IL)-18, and IL-6 expression. Remarkably, disruption of Alox15 attenuated glucose intolerance and high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance, up-regulated insulin receptor substrate-2, and exerted opposite effects on hepatic c-Jun amino-terminal kinase and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation, known negative and positive regulators of insulin signaling, respectively. In adipose tissue, the absence of Alox15 induced significant reductions in the expression of the proinflammatory and insulin-resistant adipokines MCP-1, TNFα, and resistin while increasing the expression of glucose transporter-4. Interestingly, compared with ApoE(-/-) mice, which exhibited increased hepatic caspase-3 staining, ApoE(-/-)/12/15-LO(-/-) mice showed attenuated hepatocellular injury. Consistent with this finding, hepatocytes isolated from ApoE(-/-) mice were more vulnerable to TNFα-induced programmed cell death, an effect that was not observed in hepatocytes carrying a targeted disruption of the Alox15 gene.Collectively, our data suggest a potentially relevant mechanism linking 12/15-LO to the promotion of hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation in experimental liver disease of metabolic origin.
Reproducibility of Assessing Immune Infiltration in Core Biopsies Compared to Primary Breast Tumors
Authors: X. Wang, L. Buisseret, R. de Wind, S. Duquenne, C. Gu, S. Garaud, S. Rorive, M. Paesmans, C. Sotiriou, K. Willard-Gallo
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2014)
Collapse of cervical spine treated by Down's Ace mark III halo assembly.
Authors: D W Haw
Journal: BMJ (1982)

elsewhere on the basis of our clinical studies that there is much undesirable and unnecessary polypharmacy in the treatment of epilepsy.3Prolonged follow-up will be of interest, but the present findings are in keeping with our view that the incidence of chronic toxicity can be reduced by careful monitoring of single-drug treatment.We are grateful to Parke-Davis, Ciba-Geigy, and the Medical Research Council for financial support and to Dr A Johnson for statistical advice.
Incidence of Induced Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter in Complete Atrioventricular Block
Authors: Takeshi Yamashita, Yuji Murakawa, Kohsuke Ajiki, Masao Omata
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Atrial fibrillation/flutter (Af) has been considered to occur coincidentally with atrioventricular (AV) block. However, a case with complete AV block was reported to histologically show fibrotic changes solely in the atrial muscles but neither in the AV node nor in the His bundle, indicating a possible relation between AV block and atrial tachyarrhythmias. To test a hypothesis that AV block and Af are causally interrelated, we investigated the incidence and electrophysiological characteristics of Af in complete AV block.Forty-two patients with persistent complete AV block underwent the electrophysiological study. Patients with spontaneous/electrically induced Af were compared with the other patients with respect to their electrophysiological variables. Of the 42 patients, Af was transiently induced by electrical stimulation in 5 patients (11.9%), while persistent Af was observed in 2 patients (4.8%, AH and HV block). AV block in the 5 patients with induced Af was invariably due to AH block. AH block complicated by persistent/induced Af was marked by relatively short RR intervals, significantly short junctional recovery time, and impaired intra-atrial conduction.Electrically induced Af in complete AV block was associated frequently with complete AH block. These patients were characterized differently from the commonly recognized AV block and therefore may stand as a unique subgroup of AH block.
Inhibition of <i>N</i> -Ethylmaleimide–Sensitive Factor Protects Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Authors: John W. Calvert, Susheel Gundewar, Munekazu Yamakuchi, Pierce C. Park, William M. Baldwin, David J. Lefer, Charles J. Lowenstein
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Exocytosis of endothelial granules promotes thrombosis and inflammation and may contribute to the pathophysiology of early reperfusion injury following myocardial ischemia. TAT-NSF700 is a novel peptide that reduces endothelial exocytosis by inhibiting the ATPase activity and disassembly activity of N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF), a critical component of the exocytic machinery. We hypothesized that TAT-NSF700 would limit myocardial injury in an in vivo murine model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mice were subjected to 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 24 hours of reperfusion. TAT-NSF700 or the scrambled control peptide TAT-NSF700scr was administered intravenously 20 minutes before the onset of ischemia. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion caused endothelial exocytosis, myocardial infarction, and left ventricular dysfunction. However, TAT-NSF700 decreased von Willebrand factor levels after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion, attenuated myocardial infarct size by 47%, and preserved left ventricular structure and function. These data suggest that drugs targeting endothelial exocytosis may be useful in the treatment of myocardial injury following ischemia/reperfusion.