tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Detection of Reovirus Type 3 in the Porta Hepatis of an Infant with Extrahepatic Biliary Atresia: Ultrastructural and Immunocytochemical Study
Authors: Rachel Morecki, Joy H. Glaser, Anne B. Johnson, Yvonne Kress
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

This report describes immunocytochemical and ultrastructural methods which led to the identification of Reovirus type 3 (Reo-3) in the porta hepatis of a patient with extrahepatic biliary atresia. The study indicates that Reo-3 antigenic sites are demonstrable by the avidin-biotinylated complex peroxidase method following formalin fixation and paraffin embedding, but are destroyed by freezing and thawing prior to fixation. Deparaffinization of the block and subsequent rembed-ding in epon-araldite did not alter immunoperoxidase staining. This procedure offered the advantage of higher light microscopic resolution of semithin (1 jtm) sections and assisted in the selection of specific areas for ultrastructural studies. Localization of Reo-3 in extrahepatic biliary atresia was confined to a biliary remnant in which there were acutely inflammed, partially necrotic microscopic ducts. Electron microscopic examination of the immunoreactive sites revealed virus-like particles similar in appearance to Reo-3 particles in infected tissue culture cells. The observations presented here support previously reported serologic data which have shown an association between Reo-3 infection and extrahepatic biliary atresia.
Inhibition of reticuloendothelial function by gold and its relation to postinjection reactions.
Authors: B D Williams, C M Lockwood, B A Pussell
Journal: BMJ (1979)

A patient with rheumatoid arthritis developed severe exacerbation of symptoms 18 hours after an injection of gold thiomalate (sodium aurothiomalate). Immune complexes were present in his serum and synovial fluid; in the synovial fluid they were associated with intense complement activation. The effect of gold salts on splenic reticuloendothelial function was determined by measuring the clearance of heat-damaged erythrocytes from the circulation. Gold thiomalate (50 mg) substantially delayed clearance in the patient but had no effect in four other patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had not had a postinjection reaction. Severely impaired clearance also occurred in three out of four healthy people given 100 mg gold but they remained asymptomatic. The postinjection reaction may be an immune-complex disease that is triggered in certain patients because gold transiently inhibits reticuloendothelial function.
Homocysteine Trials — Clear Outcomes for Complex Reasons
Authors: Joseph Loscalzo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

In 1969, McCully first proposed that homocysteine causes atherosclerosis.1 His hypothesis was based on the finding of atherosclerotic plaque at autopsies of young people with homocystinuria. This hypothesis was later modified to include a broader population, positing that mild hyperhomocysteinemia caused by dietary deficiencies of the vitamin cofactors required for the metabolism of homocysteine — folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 — is a risk factor for atherothrombosis. In developed countries, these vitamins are partially removed from foods during processing,2 and typical diets are rich in the precursor amino acid methionine (which is derived from animal . . .
Alpha 1-adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis in adult rat cardiomyocytes.
Authors: J H Brown, I L Buxton, L L Brunton
Journal: Circulation Research (1985)

Cardiac alpha-adrenergic receptors mediate cellular responses to norepinephrine through an undefined series of molecular events. We examined the possibility that phosphoinositide hydrolysis was stimulated through alpha-adrenergic receptors in cardiomyocytes purified from adult rat ventricle. Phosphoinositide stores were labeled with [3H]inositol, and [3H]inositol phosphate formation was assessed after the addition of lithium chloride and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine increased the accumulation of [3H]inositol phosphate by approximately 5-fold, giving a maximal response at approximately 30 microM and a half-maximal response at approximately 1 microM. There was a significant increase in [3H]inositol phosphate formation in response to norepinephrine at 5 minutes, and the response was linear over 40 minutes. Norepinephrine-stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate formation was not blocked by propranolol (1 microM) or yohimbine (0.1 microM) but was completely antagonized by the alpha 1-selective antagonist prazosin (0.1 microM). Muscarinic cholinergic receptor activation by carbachol also stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate formation in rat ventricular myocytes. The maximal effect of carbachol (approximately 2-fold) was always less than that of norepinephrine. The combined effects of norepinephrine and carbachol were additive, suggesting that the two hormones do not share a common rate-limiting step. Removal of extracellular calcium and addition of ethylene glycol bis(beta-amino ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid, attenuated, but did not abolish, norepinephrine- or carbachol-stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate formation. Neither the calcium ionophore A23187 nor the calcium channel blockers verapamil and nifedipine had any effect on basal or hormone-stimulated [3H]inositol phosphate formation. We suggest that some of the physiological and metabolic effects of adrenergic and cholinergic stimulation on the rat myocardium are secondary to receptor-mediated hydrolysis of phosphoinositides.
Asymmetries in the distribution of composite and derived basic color categories
Authors: Paul Kay
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

PURPLE (RED-and-BLUE) is the most frequently occurring derived (binary) basic color term (BCT), but there is never a named composite BCT meaning RED-or-BLUE. GREEN-or-BLUE is the most frequently named composite color category, but there is never a BCT for the corresponding derived (binary) category CYAN (BLUE-and-GREEN). Why?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Presenting with Intractable Nausea
Authors: Ronald J. Brzana
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease are heartburn and regurgitation. A subset of patients present with atypical symptoms, such as chest pain, cough, wheezing, and hoarseness.To review the clinical presentation and treatment of patients who presented with nausea as the primary symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease.Case series.Outpatient department of a university hospital.10 outpatients who had chronic, intractable nausea and had not responded to empirical therapies.Patients were evaluated by esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 24-hour esophageal pH studies, gastric-emptying tests, electrogastrography, or a Bernstein test.Abnormal acid reflux was found to be the cause of intractable nausea in all 10 patients. In 5 of the 10 patients, esophagitis was documented by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Six patients had abnormal results on the 24-hour esophageal pH study. In these 6 patients, 32 of 33 episodes of nausea were accompanied by an episode of acid reflux. One patient had positive results on the Bernstein test. Nausea resolved after treatment with omeprazole in 7 patients, after treatment with cisapride or ranitidine in 2 patients, and after Nissen fundoplication in 1 patient.Intractable nausea is an atypical symptom that can occur in a subset of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. A 24-hour esophageal pH study should be considered in patients who have unexplained nausea but normal findings on esophagogastroduodenoscopy, a gastric-emptying test, and electrogastrography. Nausea related to gastroesophageal reflux disease resolves or is markedly reduced with proton-pump inhibitors or promotility drugs.
Myocardial Perfusion Scintigraphy after Intracoronary Injection of <sup>99m</sup> Tc-Labeled Human Albumin Microspheres
Authors: DANIEL A. WELLER, ROBERT J. ADOLPH, HENRY N. WELLMAN, ROBERT G. CARROLL, ONJA KIM
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was performed in 30 intact anesthetized dogs following intracoronary injection of 99m Tc-labeled human albumin microspheres (HAM). The normal dog myocardial image pattern was established. This technic detected myocardial infarcts resulting from small vessel occlusions and flush coronary branch occlusions when the coronary angiogram appeared normal. Myocardial infarcts as small as 1½ cm were seen. Toxicologic studies in 47 dogs failed to demonstrate significant changes in blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, or serum CPK activity following intracoronary injections of HAM in doses up to 200 times that required for adequate myocardial scintigraphy. Gross and microscopic examination of hearts 1-6 weeks after HAM injection showed minor abnormalities also seen in matched controls receiving coronary arteriography alone. Preliminary results in 33 patients substantiate the safety of this technic. Human myocardial scintigrams reported here reveal anatomic detail not previously demonstrated by other external imaging methods.
Are we going OTT about ITT? Reply from author
Authors: H.C. Williams
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Journal Article Are we going OTT about ITT? Reply from author Get access H.C. Williams H.C. Williams Centre of Evidence‐Based Dermatology, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, U.K. E‐mail: hywel.williams@ nottingham.ac.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 146, Issue 2, 1 February 2002, Pages 331–332, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.4653_2.x Published: 01 February 2002
Thrombocytopenia of Severe Alcoholism
Authors: DALE H. COWAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Factors related to transitory alcohol-related thrombocytopenia were studied in 43 severely alcoholic patients. Initial platelet counts were less than 100,000/ µl in 15 patients; 100,000 to 150,000/ µl in 20; and over 150,000/ µl in 8. There was no correlation between the platelet counts and the hematocrits, white cell counts, serum or red cell folate levels, or liver function tests. Thrombocytopenia developed in one hospitalized patient who ingested alcohol and persisted despite administration of pharmacologic doses of folic acid and pyridoxal phosphate. Platelets, counted daily in 19 patients, increased twofold to nineteenfold without institution of specific therapy; peak counts occurred 5 to 18 days after admission. Recovery from thrombocytopenia was unrelated to the initial platelet counts or folate levels. Thrombocytopenia commonly occurs in severely alcoholic patients, often unaccompanied by other hematologic abnormalities or folate deficiency and appears to be a direct effect of alcohol. Effective treatment is cessation of alcohol ingestion.
User guide for mapping-by-sequencing in Arabidopsis
Authors: Geo Velikkakam James, Vipul Patel, Karl JV Nordström, Jonas R Klasen, Patrice A Salomé, Detlef Weigel, Korbinian Schneeberger
Journal: Genome biology (2013)

Mapping-by-sequencing combines genetic mapping with whole-genome sequencing in order to accelerate mutant identification. However, application of mapping-by-sequencing requires decisions on various practical settings on the experimental design that are not intuitively answered. Following an experimentally determined recombination landscape of Arabidopsis and next generation sequencing-specific biases, we simulated more than 400,000 mapping-by-sequencing experiments. This allowed us to evaluate a broad range of different types of experiments and to develop general rules for mapping-by-sequencing in Arabidopsis. Most importantly, this informs about the properties of different crossing scenarios, the number of recombinants and sequencing depth needed for successful mapping experiments.
Diabetes Treatment — Bridging the Divide
Authors: Kristina I. Rother
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

In the simplest terms, diabetes mellitus results when pancreatic beta cells are unable to maintain adequate insulin secretion to prevent hyperglycemia. A combination of genetic and environmental factors causes the underlying beta-cell failure. In type 1 diabetes, a T-cell–mediated autoimmune response against beta cells appears to be the main disease mechanism, whereas insulin resistance is the key metabolic abnormality in type 2 diabetes. Yet the way in which insulin resistance triggers beta-cell failure remains obscure. The report by Larsen et al. in this issue of the Journal (pages 1517–1526) provides insight into a shared mechanism of beta-cell dysfunction in type . . .
Basolateral localization and export activity of the human multidrug resistance-associated protein in polarized pig kidney cells.
Authors: R Evers, G J Zaman, L van Deemter, H Jansen, J Calafat, L C Oomen, R P Oude Elferink, P Borst, A H Schinkel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

The human multidrug resistance-associated protein MRP confers resistance to various cytotoxic drugs by lowering the intracellular drug concentration. Recent evidence indicates that MRP can also transport glutathione S-conjugates across membranes. To study the transport properties of MRP in intact cells, we have expressed human MRP cDNA in the polarized pig kidney epithelial cell line LLC-PK1. MRP mainly localized to the basolateral plasma membrane of these cells, and not to the apical membrane, as determined by immunocytochemistry using confocal laser scanning and electron microscopy. In accordance with this localization, MRP caused increased transport of the glutathione S-conjugate S-(2, 4-dinitrophenyl)-glutathione and of the anticancer drug daunorubicin to the basal side of the epithelial cell layer. Sulfinpyrazone and probenecid, known inhibitors of multispecific organic anion transport, inhibited this basolateral transport, but not the apical transport of daunorubicin mediated by the apically localized human MDR1 P-glycoprotein in MDR1-transfected LLC-PK1 cells. Probenecid and sulfinpyrazone may therefore be useful lead compounds for the development of clinical reversal agents specific for MRP-mediated drug resistance.
Studies of the microvascular endothelium in uninvolved skin of patients with systemic sclerosis: direct evidence for a generalized microangiopathy
Authors: A. J. FREEMONT, J. HOYLAND, P. FIELDING, N. HODSON, M. I. V. JAYSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Various parameters for assessing endothelial cell (EC) metabolism, including immunohistochemistry and adenosine uptake, have been compared in the clinically uninvolved skin of patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis (DSS), CREST, incomplete CREST syndrome (ICREST), primary Raynaud's disease (1° RD) and normal controls. Evidence of platelet adhesion to EC, decreased EC storage of factor VIII‐related antigen, changes in EC morphology and decreased adenosine uptake by EC, were found in the dermal microvasculature of normal skin of patients with DSS, CREST and ICREST, but not in 1° RD. These data indicate that a generalized microvascular endothelial dysfunction is present in the skin of patients with the systemic forms of scleroderma.
Differentiation and function of human endothelial progenitor cells are enhanced by hypoxia: implications for cell transplantation-mediated therapeutic neovascularization
Authors: Toyoaki Murohara, Takako Akita, Hisao Ikeda, Ken-ichim Sasaki, Toshifumi Shimada, Kimiyasu Egami, Tsutomu Imaizumi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Role of Colonoscopy and Polyp Characteristics in Colorectal Cancer After Colonoscopic Polyp Detection
Authors: Hermann Brenner, Jenny Chang-Claude, Lina Jansen, Christoph M. Seiler, Michael Hoffmeister
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Studies have identified characteristics of adenomas detected on colonoscopy to be predictive of adenoma recurrence.To assess the role of both colonoscopy-related factors and polyp characteristics on the risk for colorectal cancer after colonoscopic polyp detection.Population-based case-control study (3148 case participants and 3274 control participants).Rhine-Neckar region of Germany.Case and control participants with physician-validated detection of polyps (other than hyperplastic polyps) at a previous colonoscopy in the past 10 years.Detailed history and results of previous colonoscopies were obtained through interviews and medical records. Case and control participants were compared according to colonoscopy-related factors (incompleteness, poor bowel preparation, incomplete removal of all polyps, and no surveillance colonoscopy within 5 years) and polyp characteristics (≥ 1 cm, villous components or high-grade dysplasia, ≥ 3 polyps, and ≥ 1 proximal polyp). Odds ratios (ORs) and attributable fractions were derived by using multiple logistic regression and the Levin formula.155 case participants and 260 control participants with physician-validated polyp detection in the past 10 years were identified. The following characteristics were significantly more common among case participants than among control participants: not all polyps completely removed (29.0% vs. 9.6%; OR, 3.73 [95% CI, 2.11 to 6.60]), no surveillance colonoscopy within 5 years (26.5% vs. 11.5%; OR, 2.96 [CI, 1.70 to 5.16]), and detection of 3 or more polyps (14.2% vs. 7.3%; OR, 2.21 [CI, 1.07 to 4.54]). Odds ratios ranged from 1.12 to 1.42 and CIs included 1.00 for all other variables. Overall, 41.1% and 21.7% of cancer cases were statistically attributable to colonoscopy-related factors and polyp characteristics, respectively.This was an observational study with potential for residual confounding and selection bias.Colonoscopy-related factors are more important than polyp characteristics for stratification of colorectal cancer risk after colonoscopic polyp detection in the community setting.
Metabolism of heptadecapeptide gastrin in humans studied by region-specific antisera.
Authors: S Pauwels, G J Dockray, R Walker, S Marcus
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

The metabolism of synthetic human heptadecapeptide gastrin (G17) in vivo, and in serum in vitro, was studied by radioimmunoassay using region specific antisera, gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography. After infusion of G17 intravenously in normal human volunteers, COOH-terminal and NH2-terminal immunoreactive G17 fragments were generated. At a steady state, approximately 15% of COOH-terminal immunoreactivity was attributable to G14-like material and up to 25% of total NH2-terminal immunoreactivity was attributable to two NH2-terminal fragments; one had the chromatographic properties of 1-13 G17, and the other was less acidic and less hydrophobic. After stopping the infusion of G17, the latter fragments accounted for progressively greater proportions of total gastrin activity. When G17 was incubated in serum in vitro, there was time-dependent and temperature-dependent loss of immunoreactivity, and again COOH-terminal and NH2-terminal immunoreactive fragments were formed. Removal of the NH2-terminal pyroglutamic acid was probably the rate limiting step because synthetic 2-17 G17 was degraded more rapidly in serum (t1/2, 2-3 h) than G17 (t1/2, 3-5 h). EDTA blocked degradation at the COOH-terminus of both 2-17 G17 and G17 but cleavage at the NH2-terminus still occurred, giving rise to a G14-like peptide. The rate of conversion of G17 in serum was not enough to account for the production of fragments in vivo, and it is proposed that these are formed when G17 encounters enzymes on cell surfaces, perhaps during passage through the capillary circulation. The production of these fragments needs to be considered in interpreting studies of the identity, metabolism, and release of gastrin in health and disease.
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: MICHAEL TYNAN
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Sequential cardiac catheterizations were performed on 19 infants with complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA). None had any additional cardiac abnormalities other than an atrial septal defect. All were under 3 months of age at the time of the initial study. The pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary-to-systemic vascular resistance ratios were significantly higher under the age of 9 weeks than over this age. The major fall in pulmonary vascular resistance appeared to occur in the first 4 weeks of life. A systolic pressure gradient from the left ventricle to the pulmonary artery of more than 5 mm Hg (median 13) was found at all the investigations performed in patients over the age of 2 weeks. This suggests that such a pressure gradient is usual in TGA, and not a sign of pulmonary stenosis. No systematic distribution of pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratios or age-related changes in these ratios was demonstrated, but pulmonary flow was rarely the same as systemic flow. In TGA the pulmonary vasculature undergoes a maturation process with the transition from intra- to extrauterine life. This process is similar in magnitude and time scale to that seen in the normal human infant.
EU parliament backs 30 minutes' exercise a day for all children to tackle obesity
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The European parliament has highlighted the costs of obesity to individuals and society by overwhelmingly endorsing a comprehensive strategy to tackle a problem it warns has reached epidemic proportions.

World Health Organization data show that worldwide more than a billion people are overweight and 300 million obese. In Europe, almost 22 million children are overweight, and a further 1.3 million will be so by 2010. Obesity already accounts for some 6% of health related expenditure, without counting indirect costs.

Alessandro Foglietta, the member of the European parliament who authored the report on tackling obesity, which …
My first patient
Authors: K D Stephenson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Friday had been a busy day. I saw my name on the list of candidates who had satisfied the examiners in the final examinations. I shook hands with the dean, swore the Hippocratic oath, signed up with the Medical Defence Union, and went to a party.

The next day I was driving in my old Austin 10 to see my parents when I noticed a man walking on the opposite side of the road suddenly fall to his knees …
Perceptual Disorders in Schizophrenia
Authors: JULES R. BEMPORAD
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1967)

Schizophrenia may involve a perceptual distortion characterized by an ontogenetically more primitive mode of perception in which parts of a whole are seen as separate and unrelated. In this study of perceptual distortion among four groups of patients, acute schizophrenic patients were least able to organize perceptual parts into a whole correctly. Chronic and recovered schizophrenic patients did better, although their responses still showed greater fragmentation of percepts than did those of the nonschizophrenic control group.