tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The effect of ultraviolet radiation exposure on the prevalence of mast cells in human skin
Authors: M.A. Grimbaldeston, A. Simpson, J.J. Finlay-Jones, P.H. Hart
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Dermal mast cells have been implicated as important effector cells in innate immunity, hypersensitivity responses and ultraviolet (UV)B-induced suppression of cell-mediated immune responses to contact allergens. Humans, like mouse strains, display variations in dermal mast cell prevalence. The factors determining these differences are yet to be fully elucidated. In mice, expression of the receptor for stem cell factor, c-kit, on dermal mast cells correlates with prevalence.To evaluate dermal mast cell prevalence and mast cell c-kit expression in non-sun-exposed and sun-exposed skin in the same donor.In 14 subjects, biopsies of skin (4 mm) were sampled from the skin sites of buttock, inner arm, shoulder and back of hand skin and dermal mast cell prevalence quantified. Non-sun-exposed buttock and chronically sun-exposed hand skin were evaluated for mast cell expression of c-kit and elastin content, a feature of photoageing and surrogate marker of UV exposure.The prevalence of dermal mast cells was significantly higher in hand skin than in the three other anatomically different skin sites. Significant correlations were observed in hand but not buttock skin between increasing dermal mast cell densities, extent of elastin content in the papillary dermis and age of the subject. Cellular expression of c-kit correlated with mast cell prevalence in hand skin. However, no relationship was observed in hand skin between c-kit expression, elastin content and age.The prevalence of mast cells in human skin is altered by factors that are intrinsic (mechanisms regulating c-kit expression) and extrinsic (chronic sun exposure), and the fact that the associations of mast cell prevalence with age is explained by the latter being a correlate of cumulative sun exposure.
Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Murad Alam, Désirée Ratner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, with over 1.3 million cases expected to occur in the year 2001. Approximately 80 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers are basal-cell carcinomas, and 20 percent are squamous-cell carcinomas.1 Squamous-cell carcinoma is the second most common cancer among whites.2 Unlike almost all basal-cell carcinomas, cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas are associated with a substantial risk of metastasis.IncidenceIn 1994 in the United States, the lifetime risk of squamous-cell carcinoma was 9 to 14 percent among men and 4 to 9 percent among women.3 Although it is known that this neoplasm . . .
Therapy for Hypertension
Authors: Marvin Moser
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  Ingelfinger and Goldman in a recent COMMENTARY (238:1369, 1977) are critical of certain conclusions reached by the Joint National Committee Report on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, especially as they relate to the Veterans Administration Cooperative Study on the treatment of hypertension. 1 Certainly Ingelfinger and Goldman do not believe that the committee's conclusions were based solely on these data. Quite the contrary; there have been numerous reports that clearly establish the beneficial effects of lowering blood pressure (Perry, 2 Breslin et al, 3 Moser, 4 and others). They clearly establish that it is the lowering of blood pressure by any one of several drugs or methods, and not some unknown effect or factor inherent in a specific medication, that decreases morbidity and increases survival. These studies included men and women of all ages and hospitalized as well as ambulatory patients.  In discussing the
Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated with Endoscopic Sphincterotomy Techniques: Preliminary Results of a Prospective Study, with Emphasis on the Reduced Risk of Acute Pancreatitis with Low-Dose Anticoagulation Treatment
Authors: T. Rabenstein, H. T. Schneider, D. Bulling, M. Nicklas, A. Katalinic, E. G. Hahn, P. Martus, C. Ell
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

Background and Study Aims: The aim of the present study was to analyze the risk factors associated with complications of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES).
Prognostic Value of High-Dose Dipyridamole Stress Myocardial Contrast Perfusion Echocardiography
Authors: Nicola Gaibazzi, Claudio Reverberi, Valentina Lorenzoni, Sabrina Molinaro, Thomas R. Porter
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Background— The addition of myocardial perfusion (MP) imaging during dipyridamole real-time contrast echocardiography improves the sensitivity to detect coronary artery disease, but its prognostic value to predict hard cardiac events in large numbers of patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease remains unknown. Methods and Results— We studied 1252 patients with the use of dipyridamole real-time contrast echocardiography and followed them for a median of 25 months. The prognostic value of MP imaging regarding death and nonfatal myocardial infarction was determined and related to wall motion (WM), clinical risk factors, and rest ejection fraction by the use of Cox proportional-hazards models, C index, and risk reclassification analysis. A total of 59 hard events (4.7%) occurred during the follow-up (24 deaths, 35 myocardial infarctions). The 2-year event-free survival was 97.9% in patients with normal MP and WM, 91.9% with isolated reversible MP defects but normal WM, and 67.4% with both reversible MP and WM abnormalities ( P &lt;0.001). By multivariate analysis the independent predictors of events were age (hazard ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02–1.08), sex (hazard ratio, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.32–4.23), reversible MP defects (hazard ratio, 3.88; 95% CI, 1.83–8.21), and reversible WM abnormalities with reversible MP defects (hazard ratio, 4.51; 95% CI, 2.25–9.07). Reversible MP defects added incremental predictive value and reclassification benefit over WM response and clinical factors ( P =0.001). Conclusions— MP imaging using real-time perfusion echocardiography during dipyridamole real-time contrast echocardiography provides independent, incremental prognostic information regarding hard cardiac events in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease. Patients with normal MP responses have better outcome than patients with normal WM; patients with both reversible WM and MP abnormalities have the worst outcome.
Shoulder-hand syndrome in patients with ovarian carcinoma.
Authors: P E McGill, K C Calman
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

<h3>Abstract</h3> This paper investigates model congruence (= asymptotic unidentifiability) in phylogenetics for continuous-time Markov chains (CTMCs) that include models for DNA, protein, discrete trait evolution, and state-dependent diversification. Without exception, all CTMCs have infinite classes of congruent models. Congruent models vary in the number of parameters from one to infinity and may have drastically different evolutionary dynamics, and standard model selection criteria are not applicable to them. We classify the structure of a congruence class and show how the “best” model can be selected based on mathematical and biological reasoning. Thus, congruent models in CTMCs do not suffer from the model selection problem previously identified for the time-dependent diversification process. Moreover, we demonstrate that congruence may serve to explain some evolutionary phenomena, specifically linking macro-and microevolution. We also discuss other types of congruence that may occur in phylogenetics and ways to handle them.
Burnout and Self-Reported Patient Care in an Internal Medicine Residency Program
Authors: Tait D. Shanafelt, Katharine A. Bradley, Joyce E. Wipf, Anthony L. Back
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Background: Burnout is a syndrome of depersonalization, emotional exhaustion, and a sense of low personal accomplishment. Little is known about burnout in residents or its relationship to patient care. Objective: To determine the prevalence of burnout in medical residents and explore its relationship to self-reported patient care practices. Design: Cross-sectional study using an anonymous, mailed survey. Setting: University-based residency program in Seattle, Washington. Participants: 115 internal medicine residents. Measurements: Burnout was measured by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory and was defined as scores in the high range for medical professionals on the depersonalization or emotional exhaustion subscales. Five questions developed for this study assessed self-reported patient care practices that suggested suboptimal care (for example, "I did not fully discuss treatment options or answer a patient's questions" or "I made … errors that were not due to a lack of knowledge or inexperience"). Depression and at-risk alcohol use were assessed by using validated screening questionnaires. Results: Of 115 (76%) responding residents, 87 (76%) met the criteria for burnout. Compared with non–burned-out residents, burned-out residents were significantly more likely to self-report providing at least one type of suboptimal patient care at least monthly (53% vs. 21%; P = 0.004). In multivariate analyses, burnout—but not sex, depression, or at-risk alcohol use—was strongly associated with self-report of one or more suboptimal patient care practices at least monthly (odds ratio, 8.3 [95% CI, 2.6 to 26.5]). When each domain of burnout was evaluated separately, only a high score for depersonalization was associated with self-reported suboptimal patient care practices (in a dose–response relationship). Conclusion: Burnout was common among resident physicians and was associated with self-reported suboptimal patient care practices.
Descriptive Analysis of 30-Day Readmission After Inpatient Surgery Discharge in the Veterans Health Administration
Authors: Soonhee Han, Tracy S. Smith, William Gunnar
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

For the first time to our knowledge, this study analyzes and reports the 30-day all-cause readmission rates for surgical procedures performed in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA).To analyze and report 30-day all-cause readmission rates following discharge from 9 surgical specialties in the VHA for a 10-year period.In a retrospective observational study, Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Program data for surgery records and VHA administrative discharge data were linked to evaluate all-cause readmission within 30 days of discharge from the surgical inpatient stay. The study population represents 9 surgical specialty groups: general, urology, neurosurgery, orthopedic, otolaryngology, plastic, thoracic, peripheral vascular, and cardiac. Trends of postoperative hospital admission rates for each surgery were investigated using 10 years (fiscal years 2001-2010; N = 894,943) of linked data.All-cause 30-day readmission after surgery for each specialty.During the 10-year period, the overall 30-day all-cause readmission rate following inpatient surgery discharge significantly decreased from 12.9% to 12.2% (P < .001). Unadjusted readmission rates varied by surgical specialty: general, 12.5%; urology, 9.0%; neurosurgery, 10.5%; orthopedic, 9.6%; otolaryngology, 9.5%; plastic, 12.2%; thoracic, 14.4%; peripheral vascular, 16.0%; and cardiac, 16.6%. The following specialties were found to have a significant decline in readmission rates: orthopedic (P = .004), otolaryngology (P = .005), plastic (P = .02), thoracic (P = .04), peripheral vascular (P < .001), and cardiac (P = .003). Postoperative hospital length of stay in individual specialties decreased during this period (each P < .05) except for thoracic and cardiac surgery, which remained unchanged. Readmission diagnoses varied by specialty; postoperative infection was the most common readmission diagnosis in 7 specialties and the second most common in the other 2 specialties (urology and thoracic). Urinary tract infection and digestive system complications were also common readmission diagnoses.This retrospective observational study showed decreasing 30-day readmission rates associated with a decline in postoperative hospital length of stay for 9 surgical specialties in the VHA during a 10-year period. Further study will be required to capture data from patients who had surgery at a VHA facility but were readmitted in the private sector.
Randomised controlled trial of intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring
Authors: K Mahomed, R Nyoni, T Mulambo, J Kasule, E Jacobus
Journal: BMJ (1994)

To compare effectiveness of different methods of monitoring intrapartum fetal heart rate.Prospective randomised controlled trial.Referral maternity hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe.1255 women who were 37 weeks or more pregnant with singleton cephalic presentation and normal fetal heart rate before entry into study.Intermittent monitoring of fetal heart rate by electronic monitoring, Doppler ultrasound, use of Pinard stethoscope by a research midwife, or routine use of Pinard stethoscope by attending midwife.Abnormal fetal heart rate patterns, need for operative delivery for fetal distress, neonatal mortality, Apgar scores, admission to neonatal unit, neonatal seizures, and hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy.Abnormalities in fetal heart rate were detected in 54% (172/318) of the electronic monitoring group, 32% (100/312) of the ultrasonography group, 15% (47/310) of the Pinard stethoscope group, and 9% (28/315) of the routine monitoring group. Caesarean sections were performed for 28% (89%), 24% (76), 10% (32), and 15% (46) of the four groups respectively. Neonatal outcome was best in the ultrasonography group: hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy occurred in two, one, seven, and 10 cases in the four groups respectively; neonatal seizures occurred only in the last two groups (six and nine cases respectively); and deaths occurred in eight, two, five, and nine cases respectively.Abnormalities in fetal heart rate were more reliably detected by Doppler ultrasonography than with Pinard stethoscope, and its use resulted in good perinatal outcome. The use of relatively cheap ultrasound monitors should be further evaluated and promoted in obstetric units caring for high risk pregnancies in developing countries with scarce resources.
Preference for subcutaneous or intravenous administration of trastuzumab in patients with HER2-positive early breast cancer (PrefHer): an open-label randomised study
Authors: Xavier Pivot, Joseph Gligorov, Volkmar Müller, Peter Barrett-Lee, Sunil Verma, Ann Knoop, Giuseppe Curigliano, Vladimir Semiglazov, Guillermo López-Vivanco, Valerie Jenkins, Nana Scotto, Stuart Osborne, Lesley Fallowfield
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2013)
La médecine japonaise des origines à nos jours
Authors: Ilza Veith
Journal: JAMA (1975)

This very splendid history of Japanese medicine will be a book collector's delight because it is printed in a limited edition of which each volume is numbered, and it contains numerous magnificent illustrations, many of which are in full color, while others are woodcut reproductions in black and white. The historical text itself achieves special clarity by means of an introductory map of Japan that shows that island-country in relation to China, Russia, and Korea. Because of the rich collection of illustrations, many of which have not often been seen before, the text—excellent though it is—is of only secondary importance. Unfortunately, not all of the illustrations carry their own legend, but are described in full on separate pages within the book, so that the readers must look back and forth for the explanations that seem essential for the full enjoyment and understanding of this remarkable work. Special mention must be
Effect of chronic coadministration of endotoxin and ethanol on rat liver pathology and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines
Authors: Harri A. Järveläinen, Che Fang, Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg, Kai O. Lindros
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

To better understand how gut-derived endotoxins influence alcohol-induced liver injury and the expression of inflammatory cytokines a new animal model was developed. After 2 weeks on a modified ethanol-containing liquid diet, some rats also were infused with endotoxin via osmotic minipumps for 4 additional weeks. Ethanol diet alone increased plasma endotoxin threefold to 9.3 pg/mL. Endotoxin infusion increased the levels to 388 and 513 pg/mL in controls and ethanol-fed animals, respectively. Panlobular macrovesicular and microvesicular steatosis and inflammatory foci were observed in livers from both ethanol- and ethanol-endotoxin-treated animals, but there was no significant potentiation by endotoxin. Only minor changes, mainly polymorphonuclear infiltration, were seen in animals treated with endotoxin alone although the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of both proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were markedly increased, as shown by competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using cyclophilin as standard. The effect of endotoxin infusion on cytokine mRNA expression in ethanol-fed animals was not significantly different. Expression of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA was increased twofold by ethanol, eightfold by endotoxin, but only threefold by ethanol-endotoxin treatment. The mRNA expression of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and CD14 endotoxin receptor was not significantly increased by chronic endotoxin treatment, contrasting with the marked elevation observed after acute endotoxin challenge. These results suggest that the tolerance observed despite sustained hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokines is counteracted by the anti-inflammatory cytokines and by down-regulation of CD14 and LBP. Furthermore, a similar adaptation may occur in alcoholics with continuous endotoxemia.
Individual and combined confrontation visual field tests performed poorly as a screen for visual field abnormalities
Authors: Barbara Connolly, Wieslaw Oczkowski
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

ACP Journal Club19 October 2010Individual and combined confrontation visual field tests performed poorly as a screen for visual field abnormalitiesBarbara Connolly, MD, Wieslaw Oczkowski, MDBarbara Connolly, MDMcMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (B.C., W.O.), Wieslaw Oczkowski, MDMcMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (B.C., W.O.)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-8-201010190-02011 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationKerr NM, Chew SS, Eady EK, Gamble GD, Danesh-Meyer HV. Diagnostic accuracy of confrontation visual field tests. Neurology. 2010;74:1184-90. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20385890Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Emergency Med: Hospitalists: Neurology: References1 Trobe JD, Acosta PC, Krischer JP, Trick GL. Confrontation visual field techniques in the detection of anterior visual pathway lesions. Ann Neurol. 1981;10:28-34. [PMID: 7271230] Google Scholar2 Johnson LN, Baloh FG. The accuracy of confrontation visual field test in comparison with automated perimetry. J Natl Med Assoc. 1991;83:895-8. [PMID: 1800764] Google Scholar3 Pandit RJ, Gales K, Griffiths PG. Effectiveness of testing visual fields by confrontation [Letter]. Lancet. 2001;358:1339-40. [PMID: 11684217] Google Scholar4 Anderson NE, Mason DF, Fink JN, et al. Detection of focal cerebral hemisphere lesions using the neurological examination. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:545-9. [PMID: 15774443] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (B.C., W.O.)This article was published at Annals.org on 5 October 2010. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited by11 Neurologisch onderzoek 19 October 2010Volume 153, Issue 8Page: JC4-11KeywordsComputersGlaucomaHospitalistsLesionsNeurologyOptic nervePrimary careSpecificityVisual acuity ePublished: 19 October 2010 Issue Published: 19 October 2010 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2010 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Molecular dosimetry of 2,4-difluoroaniline in humans and rats by determination of hemoglobin adducts.
Authors: P J Boogaard, G N Fokkema, G D Beulink, J Bouskill, N J van Sittert
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Exposure to 2,4-difluoroaniline (DFA) was monitored by GC-MS of DFA adducts bound to hemoglobin (Hb). In two studies, involving 20 and 16 workers potentially exposed to low concentrations of DFA, median concentrations of 10 (range 1-83) and 20 (range 4-322) pmole/g Hb were found, respectively. For better interpretation of these results, the in vivo binding of DFA to Hb was investigated. DFA was administered orally at doses of 0, 0.078, 0.775, 7.75, and 77.5 mumole/kg/day, to 10 male and 10 female Fischer 344 rats for 10 consecutive days (2 rats/sex/dose group). A linear relation between dose and adduct concentration was observed. At the two lowest doses (0.078 and 0.775 mumole/kg/day) no methemoglobinemia was observed, but adducts could easily be measured. At these doses, the mean adduct levels were in the same range as found in the human studies. As yet, no occupational exposure limit for DFA has been established. The German biological tolerance value (BAT-value) for aniline was set at 7.2 nmole/g Hb. This BAT-value is based on the relation between methemoglobinemia and adduct formation. The amount of Hb binding by aniline and DFA was found to be similar in the rat. Assuming that this is also the case in humans, the BAT-value for aniline may tentatively be used for DFA as well. In both studies of occupationally exposed workers, the adduct levels were well below this BAT-value.
A Source-Book of Biological Names and Terms
Authors: A. C. Corcoran
Journal: JAMA (1960)

This book, with its appendix of brief biographies of men commemorated in biological nomenclature, has gone through three editions and five printings since 1944—the last, a full revision with insertion of an addendum. This is remarkable. Clearly, people want to know why things are named as they are. Apparently the sources indicated in medical, biological, and standard dictionaries do not satisfy this need. A further reason for the popularity of the book may be the fallen state of Greek and Latin learning in these decadent, mechanistic, modern times. Whatever the reason, the book has evoked interest which this reviewer shares. The system of arrangement, the orderly explanation of Greek and Latin usage in nomenclature, and the cross references add much to its value. It is aimed at biology generally; hence, many medical terms are not included, although the roots of these can usually be found easily. Thus, it is useful
Estrogen receptors and human disease
Authors: B. J. Deroo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2006)

Estrogens influence many physiological processes in mammals, including but not limited to reproduction, cardiovascular health, bone integrity, cognition, and behavior. Given this widespread role for estrogen in human physiology, it is not surprising that estrogen is also implicated in the development or progression of numerous diseases, which include but are not limited to various types of cancer (breast, ovarian, colorectal, prostate, endometrial), osteoporosis, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, lupus erythematosus, endometriosis, and obesity. In many of these diseases, estrogen mediates its effects through the estrogen receptor (ER), which serves as the basis for many therapeutic interventions. This Review will describe diseases in which estrogen, through the ER, plays a role in the development or severity of disease.