tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of D-(3H)glucosamine into normal and psoriatic epidermal glycoconjugates
Authors: IAN A. KING, ANNE TABIOWO, C.J. PAUL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Samples of normal, uninvolved and involved psoriatic skin were maintained for 18 h in organ culture in the presence of D-(6-3H) glucosamine which is a precursor of cell-surface associated carbohydrates in the epidermis. The total incorporation into involved psoriatic epidermis (solubilized with 8 mol/l urea, 5% sodium dodecyl sulphate, 10 mmol 2-mercaptoethanol) was less than into normal or uninvolved epidermis. This decrease was found whether specific radioactivities were expressed in terms or area, wet weight or protein content of the epidermis. Electrophoresis revealed that the major labelled component in normal and uninvolved epidermis had a high molecular weight. The labelling of this material was significantly reduced in involved psoriatic epidermis. Using pig epidermis we have shown previously that this material represents mainly extracellular glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans. The decrease labelling (and presumable synthesis) of these extracellular carbohydrates may be related to the failure of mechanisms controlling cell proliferation and to the altered cell interactions which are found in psoriatic epidermis. Electrophoresis also showed that a non-glycosylated protein, molecular weight approximately 50,000, which was present as a singly band in both normal and uninvolved epidermis was always present as a doublet band in the involved psoriatic epidermis.
Manual of Rheumatology and Outpatient Orthopedic Disorders: Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: John H. Talbott
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Now that rheumatology has achieved clinical maturity and ranks as a major specialty in internal medicine, it is not surprising that a rash of texts, manuals, and monographs has appeared. Earlier treatises, of which that by Pemberton and Osgood (1934) is an example, were almost naïve handbooks on arthritis. For example, it was noted in the introduction to one publication that "this book has been written because of the convictions of the authors, that chronic arthritis is largely a preventable and curable disease." The latest of the current group of publications on arthritis is a spiral manual from the Hospital for Special Surgery, New York City, a unique institution in America for disease of the musculoskeletal system. The hospital and outpatient clinic are unique because orthopedic surgery and (medical) arthritis are integrated in a commendable fashion for patient management as well as teaching. Since most of the problems of diagnosis
Colocalization of the IL-12 receptor and FcγRIIIa to natural killer cell lipid rafts leads to activation of ERK and enhanced production of interferon-γ
Authors: Sri Vidya Kondadasula, Julie M. Roda, Robin Parihar, Jianhua Yu, Amy Lehman, Michael A. Caligiuri, Susheela Tridandapani, Richard W. Burry, William E. Carson
Journal: Blood (2008)
Feedback inhibition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-stimulated Na+ transport in the rabbit cortical collecting duct via Na(+)-dependent basolateral Ca++ entry.
Authors: M D Breyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) transiently stimulates Na+ transport in the rabbit cortical collecting duct (CCD). However, the sustained effect of both AVP and its putative second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), on Na+ transport in the rabbit CCD is inhibitory. Because maneuvers that increase [Ca++]i inhibit Na+ transport, the effects of AVP and cell-permeable cAMP analogues, on [Ca++]i were investigated in fura-2-loaded in vitro microperfused rabbit CCDs. Low-dose AVP (23-230 pM) selectively stimulated Ca++ influx, whereas 23 nM AVP additionally released calcium from intracellular stores. 8-chlorophenylthio-cAMP (8CPTcAMP) and 8-bromo-cAMP (8-Br-cAMP) also increased CCD [Ca++]i. The 8CPTcAMP-stimulated [Ca++]i increase was totally dependent on basolateral [Ca++]. In the absence of cAMP, peritubular Na+ removal produced a marked increase in [Ca++]i, which was also dependent on bath [Ca++], suggesting the existence of basolateral Na+/Ca++ exchange. Luminal Na+ removal in the absence of cAMP did not alter CCD [Ca++]i, but it completely blocked the cAMP-stimulated [Ca++]i increase. Thus the cAMP-dependent Ca++ increase is totally dependent on both luminal Na+ and basolateral Ca++, suggesting the [Ca++]i increase is secondary to cAMP effects on luminal Na+ entry and its coupling to basolateral Na+/Ca++ exchange. 8CPTcAMP inhibits lumen-to-bath 22Na flux [JNa(l-b)] in CCDs bathed in a normal Ca++ bath (2.4 mM). However, when bath Ca++ was lowered to 100 nM, a maneuver that also blocks the 8CPTcAMP [Ca++]i increase, 8CPTcAMP stimulated, rather than inhibited JNa(l-b). These results suggest that cAMP formation initially stimulates CCD Na+ transport, and that increased apical Na+ entry secondarily activates basolateral Ca++ entry. The cAMP-dependent [Ca++]i increase leads to inhibition Na+ transport in the rabbit CCD.
Occupationally Acquired Infections in Health Care Workers: Part I
Authors: Kent A. Sepkowitz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Background: Health care workers are at occupational risk for a vast array of infections that cause substantial illness and occasional deaths. Despite this, few studies have examined the incidence, prevalence, or exposure-associated rates of infection or have considered infection-specific interventions recommended to maintain worker safety. Objectives: To review all recent reports of occupationally acquired infection in health care workers in order to characterize the type and frequency of infections, the recommended interventions, and the costs of protecting workers. Part I of this two-part review focuses on the historical and ethical aspects of the problem and reviews data on infections caused by specific airborne organisms. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search and examination of infectious disease and infection control journals. Data Selection: All English-language articles and meeting abstracts published between January 1983 and February 1996 related to occupationally acquired infections among health care workers were reviewed. Outbreak- and non-outbreak-associated incidence and prevalence rates were derived, as were costs to prevent, control, and treat infections in health care workers. Data Synthesis: More than 15 airborne infections have been transmitted to health care workers, including tuberculosis, varicella, measles, influenza, and respiratory syncytial virus infection. Outbreak-associated attack rates range from 15% to 40%. Most occupational transmission is associated with violation of one or more of three basic principles of infection control: handwashing, vaccination of health care workers, and prompt placement of infectious patients into appropriate isolation. Conclusions: The risk for occupationally acquired infection is an unavoidable part of daily patient care. Infections that result from airborne transmission of organisms cause substantial illness and occasional deaths among health care workers. Further studies are needed to identify new infection control strategies to 1) improve protection of health care workers and 2) enhance compliance with established approaches. As health care is being reformed, the risk for and cost of occupationally acquired infection must be considered.
Natural Killer Cells Determine Development of Allergen-induced Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Magnus Korsgren, Carl G.A. Persson, Frank Sundler, Torbjörn Bjerke, Tony Hansson, Benedict J. Chambers, Seokmann Hong, Luc Van Kaer, Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren, Olle Korsgren
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

The earliest contact between antigen and the innate immune system is thought to direct the subsequent antigen-specific T cell response. We hypothesized that cells of the innate immune system, such as natural killer (NK) cells, NK1.1+ T cells (NKT cells), and γ/δ T cells, may regulate the development of allergic airway disease. We demonstrate here that depletion of NK1.1+ cells (NK cells and NKT cells) before immunization inhibits pulmonary eosinophil and CD3+ T cell infiltration as well as increased levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-12 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in a murine model of allergic asthma. Moreover, systemic allergen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E and IgG2a levels and the number of IL-4 and interferon γ–producing splenic cells were diminished in mice depleted of NK1.1+ cells before the priming regime. Depletion of NK1.1+ cells during the challenge period only did not influence pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation. CD1d1 mutant mice, deficient in NKT cells but with normal NK cells, developed lung tissue eosinophilia and allergen-specific IgE levels not different from those observed in wild-type mice. Mice deficient in γ/δ T cells showed a mild attenuation of lung tissue eosinophilia in this model. Taken together, these findings suggest a critical role of NK cells, but not of NKT cells, for the development of allergen-induced airway inflammation, and that this effect of NK cells is exerted during the immunization. If translatable to humans, these data suggest that NK cells may be critically important for deciding whether allergic eosinophilic airway disease will develop. These observations are also compatible with a pathogenic role for the increased NK cell activity observed in human asthma.
Recombinant human extracellular superoxide dismutase reduces concentration of oxygen free radicals in the reperfused rat heart
Authors: M. H Johansson, J. Deinum, S. L Marklund, P.-O. Sjoquist
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1990)

The aim of the study was to determine whether recombinant human extracellular superoxide dismutase type C (rh-EC-SOD C) has antioxidant effects similar to those of the previously studied Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase.Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used for quantification of free radical generation during reperfusion of postischaemic isolated rat hearts. The hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer and then subjected to 15 min global ischaemia. N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) was added as a spin trapping agent to the perfusate.18 hearts from Sprague-Dawley rats (280-400 g) were used.Reperfusion resulted in a burst of radical formation. In presence of rh-EC-SOD C plus catalase, the PBN spin adduct concentration was only 18% (p less than 0.05) of the value in the control group. With bovine Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase plus catalase added to the buffer the corresponding spin adduct formation was 44% of control (NS = v rh-EC-SOD C).In isolated rat heart, rh-EC-SOD C reduces free radical concentrations at least to the same extent as Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase.
Revival of 5-HT3 antagonism as treatment of IBS-D?
Authors: Giovanni Barbara
Journal: Gut (2014)

While drug development for chronic constipation and IBS with constipation has moved ahead with the marketing of prucalopride and linaclotide in many countries, the development of agents for functional diarrhoea and IBS-D has been more troubled. With the limited availability of the serotonin (5-HT)3 antagonist alosetron, the global market of drugs for diarrhoeal disorders is still led by agents developed 40–60 years ago, including opioid receptor agonists (eg, loperamide), bile acid binders (eg, cholestyramine) and tricyclic antidepressants (eg, amitriptyline). Clearly, the development of new effective and safe drugs for diarrhoeal disorders is greatly needed to provide more options for patients and physicians, higher efficacy and fewer side effects. The problem is of great relevance as diarrhoea is the second leading gastrointestinal symptom after abdominal pain prompting an outpatient clinic visit in the USA. IBS-D affects about 3% of the general population and accounts for approximately 20% of gastroenterology outpatient visits in Europe.1 ,2 

The understanding of basic mechanisms underlying IBS-D pathophysiology advanced enormously in recent years. Appreciation of the importance of host–microbiota interactions, epithelial barrier alterations, low-grade immune activation and 5-HT metabolism together with the revival of bile acid malabsorption provides cautious enthusiasm for future drug development for functional diarrhoeal disorders.3 Basic and clinical aspects of the pharmacological modulation of 5-HT receptors continue to generate great interest among scientists and the pharmaceutical industry alike. A meta-analysis of 4440 patients showed the benefit of the 5-HT3 antagonists alosetron and cilansetron in non-constipated IBS, …
Bone turnover and trabecular plate survival after artificial menopause.
Authors: J Reeve
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Considerable bone loss often occurs after menopause, particularly if menopause is induced by surgery. For perhaps two years bone formation fails to keep pace with the rapid acceleration of bone resorption that occurs after sex hormone withdrawal. The threat that this poses to the integrity of the skeleton is not clear. Because ethical constraints limit histological studies in normal women existing normal data and statistical modelling techniques were used to explore the dynamics of iliac trabecular bone after menopause. Trabeculae are breached during remodelling when the osteoclasts resorb to a depth equal to the trabecular thickness. Since holes in trabecular plates cannot normally be bridged such defects are probably permanent. Men lose 7% of their vertebral trabecular bone every 10 years; deeper than average resorption of trabeculae at the thin end of the normal range would account for it. The dramatic losses of trabecular bone that are seen in some postmenopausal women, however, require a period of imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption since this leads rapidly to generalised thinning. The statistical model suggested that an imbalance lasting only two years may account for eventual losses of up to half of the iliac trabecular bone. Further understanding is needed of what determines the amount of bone lost in the immediate postmenopause, which varies considerably among women. A simple mean is needed of identifying women who will lose bone most rapidly at the menopause. This must be suitable for use in general practice because these women should probably be offered long term hormone replacement treatment within a few months of the last menstruation.
Effect of Repeated Intravenous Injections of Bilirubin on Erythropoiesis in Anaemic Dogs
Authors: R. R. Bomford
Journal: BMJ (1940)

DIAGNOSTIC VALUL OF PREGNANDIOL EXCRETIONIEDITiwflUTSH -549that pregnandiol excretion will help to remove doubt, for while the occurrence of pregnandiol excretion may be merely the normal prelude to a fresh menstrual bleeding, its persistence at a subsequent estimation a fortnight or more later renders this very unlikely and a diagnosis of pregnancy almost certain.Summary Pregnandiol is a product of corpus luteuLm and placental metabolism.Its excretion in the urine is relatively easily measured in any biochemical laboratory.An attempt has been made to assess the diagnostic value of pregnandiol excretion in abnormal pregnancy.Its complete absence is nearly always evidence of serious abnormality, suggesting in early pregnancy the imminence of abortion and in late pregnancy the death of the foetus.The significance of a low pregnandiol excretion still remains uncertain.A normal preg- nandiol excretion is not evidence that abortion will not occur or that the foetus is still alive.Both chronic nephritis and toxaemia of pregnancy may interfere with pregnandiol excretion.Deviations from the normal excretion in these conditions do not necessarily mean that the gestation is abnormal.Pregnandiol excretion seems assured of a place as a diagnostic aid in obstetric disorders.
David John Gould
Authors: Bill Bowers
Journal: BMJ (2005)

invented the Swan-Ganz cardiac catheter and was at the forefront of advances in cardiology for 40 years.A former president of the American College of Cardiology, Swan was an intellectual maverick who had vision, compassion, and wit.His cardiac catheter, made with a student of his called Willie Ganz, revolutionised heart surgery at its invention in 1968.It enabled bedside monitoring in critically ill patients by measuring heart output and capillary pressure in the lungs.This hugely improved the survival of patients with heart attacks, serious burns, acute respiratory failure, and many other conditions.Swan was born in Sligo Town, Ireland, the son of two general practitioners, and educated at Castle Knock School.From there he went to St Vincent's College, Dublin, but his studies were soon interrupted by meningitis and he lapsed into a coma.Penicillin was not yet available, but his mother gave him sulfa drugs, which saved his life.He recovered completely, both as a scholar and as a middle weight boxer.At St Thomas' Hospital Medical School his fellow students regarded him as a genius, and indeed, he was allowed to take his MRCP exams after six months instead of the usual two years.After six months as a casualty surgeon he did two years' war service with the Royal Air Force, mainly stationed at a military hospital in Iraq.Returning to St Thomas', he spent three years as physiology lecturer and was awarded a PhD for his early work on cardiac catheterisation and pharmacology, researching under Henry Barcroft, a historic figure in heart physiology.
Prospective audit of records of deceased patients received in hospital mortuary
Authors: Y L Hock
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Mortuary services in hospitals have generally been given little attention by clinicians, the media, or the public. However, recent stories about improper storage of bodies and organs have generated public interest in both pathology and mortuary services.1 2 3

Response to the media stories shows that the public expects the standards of care and attention given to the deceased to be the same as those for living patients. However, our experience, and that of pathology colleagues, suggests that clinical staff do not pay enough attention to the documentation related to deceased patients. Although this is understandable given the increasing workload of clinical staff and staff shortages, it is unacceptable. To investigate the errors or omissions in the documentation accompanying deceased patients, we audited the …
Election watch: access to GP services
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2015)

<h3>Objective</h3> To evaluate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) using conscious sedation (CS). <h3>Background</h3> Several percutaneous structural heart disease interventions are safely and efficiently performed using CS instead of general anaesthesia (GA). This concept has not been evaluated in a large multicenter cohort of patients undergoing LAAO. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients from the prospective, global Amplatzer Amulet Occluder Observational Study were divided into two groups (GA vs CS). Baseline information, periprocedural and postprocedural efficacy and complications, as well as outcomes through 7 days post implant were compared. <h3>Results</h3> Patients undergoing transesophageal-guided implants were categorised by GA (n=607, 64%) or CS (n=342, 36%) usage. Mean age was 75 years in both groups. LAAO technical success was achieved in 99% of both groups. The procedure duration (GA: 35±22 min vs CS: 27±19 min, p&lt;0.001), total amount of contrast medium (GA: 105±81 mL vs CS: 86±66 mL, p&lt;0.001) and fluoroscopic time (GA: 13±9 min vs CS: 12±13 min, p&lt;0.001) were less in CS cases. Procedure-related or device-related serious adverse events during the first 7 days were numerically higher in the CS group (GA: 4.9% vs CS: 7.6%, p=0.114). Peridevice residual flow was absent or ≤5 mm 1–3 months after the procedure in 99.7% of the GA and in 100% of the CS group (p=1.000). <h3>Conclusions</h3> In a large global study, LAAO with the Amplatzer Amulet occluder is safe and feasible using CS. Procedure duration and total amount of contrast were less with CS than GA cases. <h3>Trial registration number</h3> NCT02447081; Results.
Comparative Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for Adults with IDDM
Authors: Malcolm D Riley, Leigh Blizzard
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the characteristics of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in measuring dietary intake in an adult insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) population. FFQs have been widely used in developed countries to assess usual dietary intake; however, information regarding the application of the method to individuals advised to follow a specific dietary regimen (such as people with IDDM) is scarce. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The measurement of energy and macronutrients by an interviewer-administered FFQ was assessed in 84 adults, who were representative of adults with IDDM in Tasmania, Australia, by comparing it with 2 days of weighed dietary records. Mean daily energy and macronutrient intakes by each method were compared, and Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated for both unadjusted and energy-adjusted macronutrient intakes. RESULTS The ratio of within-person to between-person variance in dietary estimates from weighed records was 0.53 for energy, 0.70 for fat, 2.55 for protein, 0.50 for carbohydrate, 0.78 for saturated fat, and 3.56 for dietary cholesterol. The correlation coefficient between the FFQ and a 2-day weighed dietary record for the same nutrients ranged from 0.38 for protein intake to 0.60 for saturated fat intake. The correlation coefficient between the FFQ and true usual dietary intake was estimated to be 0.60 for energy-adjusted fat intake, 0.36 for energy-adjusted protein intake, 0.72 for energy-adjusted carbohydrate intake, 0.55 for energy-adjusted saturated fat intake, and 0.77 for energy-adjusted cholesterol intake. CONCLUSIONS People with IDDM had a low ratio of within-person to between-person variance in daily energy, fat, carbohydrate, saturate fat, and cholesterol intake. The performance of the FFQ in the IDDM population is consistent with similar questionnaires in nondiabetic populations; however, there was a significant decrease in the dietary energy estimate upon readministration of the questionnaire. Validation studies such as this are important to provide information to guide the design and analysis of investigations that use dietary questionnaires.