tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Conversion of Cholesterol to Trihydroxycoprostanic Acid and Cholic Acid in Man*
Authors: James B. Carey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1964)

Some lower vertebrates, such as certain fishes, amphibia, and reptiles, do not shorten the cholesterol side chain in the formation of bile acids but simply oxidize the terminal methyl groups to "primitive" 27-carbon bile alcohols or acids.Haslewood has proposed that some of these C-27 compounds may be intermediates in the biochemical pathway by which more recently evolved animals transform cholesterol to "modern" C-24 bile acids (1).This proposal is supported by experimental evidence showing that a C-27 bile acid, trihydroxycoprostanic acid,' is derived from cholesterol in the alligator (2) and rapidly converted to cholic acid in the rat possessing a bile fistula (3).In man the administration of cholesterol-26-C14 gives rise to a radioactive fraction in bile that crystal- lizes to constant specific activity with added tri- hydroxycoprostanic acid (4).Crystallization of naturally occurring trihydroxycoprostanic acid from human bile (5) iden-
UK doctors warned after ricin poison found in police raid
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Doctors in the United Kingdom have been alerted to the symptoms of ricin poisoning after a small amount was found last week when police raided a flat in north London.

The Department of Health alerted the health service on the symptoms of ricin poisoning after police found castor oil beans, from which ricin is extracted, and equipment for crushing the beans at the raided flat. Scientists at the Defence Science and Technology Laboratories at Porton Down in Wiltshire identified a small quantity of material found in the flat as ricin.

In a statement sent immediately …
The Medical Awareness Concerning Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases (PID) in the City of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: E.O. Dantas, C.S. Aranda, F.A. Nobre, E. Felix, K. Fahl, J.T.L. Mazzucchelli, D.L. Friedenbach, V. Nudelman, A. Condino-Neto, L.H. Lin, J.D. Chaves, B.T. Costa-Carvalho
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Measurement and Data Collection in Medical Practice
Authors: Mark J. Ault
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters1 November 1998Measurement and Data Collection in Medical PracticeMark J. Ault, MDMark J. Ault, MDCedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA 90048Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-129-9-199811010-00035 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I couldn't agree more with Nelson and colleagues [1] about the need to build measurement and data collection into daily medical practice. The difficulty lies with implementation. While medicine is still wedded to the paper record, two things are happening that will change our approach to data collection.First, medicine is becoming more evidence based. It is not sufficient to justify actions by stating “in my experience … .” People want to know exactly what your experience is. Second is a greater expectation for data at the point of care. If my patient is in the emergency ...References1. Nelson EC, Splaine ME, Batalden PB, Plume SK. Building measurement and data collection into medical practice. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128:460-6. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Mark J. Ault, MDAffiliations: Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Los Angeles, CA 90048 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1998Volume 129, Issue 9Page: 754KeywordsCathetersChartsComputersComputing systemsDatabasesEmergency departmentEvidence based medicineHospitalistsMotivationPatients ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 November 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Hypokalaemia after Pneumoencephalography
Authors: M. Podda, A. Agostoni, F. Pintus, G. Signoroni
Journal: BMJ (1971)

<h3>Aims</h3> A member of the p53 family, the <i>p73</i> gene is essential for the maintenance of genomic stability, DNA repair and apoptosis regulation. This study was designed to evaluate the utility of expression and DNA methylation patterns of the <i>p73</i> gene in the early diagnosis and prognosis of Wilms’ tumour (WT). <h3>Methods</h3> Methylation-specific PCR, semi-quantitative (sq-PCR), real-time quantitative PCR (qRT–PCR), receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and survival and hazard function curve analyses were utilised to measure the expression and DNA methylation patterns of <i>p73</i> in WT tissue samples with a view to assessing diagnostic and prognostic value. <h3>Results</h3> The relative expression of <i>p73</i> mRNA was higher, while the promoter methylation level was lower in the WT than the control group (p&lt;0.05) and closely associated with poor survival prognosis in children with WT (p&lt;0.05). Increased expression and decreased methylation of <i>p73</i> were correlated with increasing tumour size, clinical stage and unfavourable histological differentiation (p&lt;0.05). ROC curve analysis showed areas under the curve of 0.544 for methylation and 0.939 for expression in WT venous blood, indicating the higher diagnostic yield of preoperative <i>p73</i> expression. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Preoperative venous blood <i>p73</i> level serves as an underlying biomarker for the early diagnosis of WT. <i>p73</i> overexpression and concomitantly decreased promoter methylation are significantly associated with poor survival in children with WT.
The Requirement of Nkx2-1 in the Temporal Specification of Cortical Interneuron Subtypes
Authors: Simon J.B. Butt, Vitor H. Sousa, Marc V. Fuccillo, Jens Hjerling-Leffler, Goichi Miyoshi, Shioko Kimura, Gord Fishell
Journal: Neuron (2008)
Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data
Authors: Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong, Maude E. Phipps, Mark Stoneking, Mahmood Ameen, Juli Edo, Naruya Saitou
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2012)

The population history of the indigenous populations in island Southeast Asia is generally accepted to have been shaped by two major migrations: the ancient "Out of Africa" migration ∼50,000 years before present (YBP) and the relatively recent "Out of Taiwan" expansion of Austronesian agriculturalists approximately 5,000 YBP. The Negritos are believed to have originated from the ancient migration, whereas the majority of island Southeast Asians are associated with the Austronesian expansion. We determined 86 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) complete genome sequences in four indigenous Malaysian populations, together with a reanalysis of published autosomal single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of Southeast Asians to test the plausibility and impact of those migration models. The three Austronesian groups (Bidayuh, Selatar, and Temuan) showed high frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups, which originated from the Asian mainland ∼30,000-10,000 YBP, but low frequencies of "Out of Taiwan" markers. Principal component analysis and phylogenetic analysis using autosomal SNP data indicate a dichotomy between continental and island Austronesian groups. We argue that both the mtDNA and autosomal data suggest an "Early Train" migration originating from Indochina or South China around the late-Pleistocene to early-Holocene period, which predates, but may not necessarily exclude, the Austronesian expansion.
L-menthol improves adenoma detection rate during colonoscopy: a randomized trial
Authors: Ken Inoue, Osamu Dohi, Yasuyuki Gen, Masayasu Jo, Takeshi Mazaki, Kazuhiko Tokita, Naohisa Yoshida, Tetsuya Okayama, Kazuhiro Kamada, Kazuhiro Katada, Kazuhiko Uchiyama, Takeshi Ishikawa, Osamu Handa, Tomohisa Takagi, Hideyuki Konishi, Naoki Wakabayashi, Nobuaki Yagi, Yuji Naito, Yoshito Itoh
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

<b>Background and study aims: </b>Colonoscopy is one of the most reliable methods for the detection of colorectal neoplasms. However, colonic peristalsis during colonoscopy results in some neoplastic lesions being hidden from view and commonly requires an intravenous or intramuscular injection of antispasmodic agents, which may sometimes causes unexpected adverse reactions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of L-menthol spray as an antiperistaltic agent and its effect on adenoma detection. <b>Patients and methods:</b> This was a prospective, randomized, single-blind placebo-controlled trial. A total of 226 patients who were scheduled to undergo colonoscopy were randomly assigned to receive either 20 mL of 1.6 % L-menthol (n = 118) or placebo (n = 108). Both treatments were sprayed locally onto the colonic mucosa via an endoscope. The adenoma detection rate (ADR) and the proportion of patients with no peristalsis were the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. <b>Results: </b>The ADR was significantly higher in the L-menthol group than in the placebo group (60.2 % vs. 42.6 %; <i>P</i> = 0.0083). The proportion of patients with no peristalsis after treatment with L-menthol was significantly higher than in the placebo group (71.2 % vs. 30.9 %; <i>P</i> < 0.0001). There were no adverse effects in either group. <b>Conclusions: </b>The results suggest that the suppression of colonic peristalsis by L-menthol sprayed directly onto the colonic mucosa improves the ADR. <b>Clinical trial registration: </b>ID: UMIN 000007972.
Smoking, Tobacco Exposure Through Breast Milk, and SIDS-Reply
Authors: Hillary Klonoff-Cohen, Sharon L. Edelstein
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —Thank you for your comments regarding our article. In this study, breast-feeding was defined as exclusive, partial (a combination of breast and formula feeding), or bottle feeding (formula). Furthermore, for the total time period the mother breast-fed (days, weeks, or months), we recorded the number of breast-feedings and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The three most common reasons for not choosing breast-feeding cited by case and control mothers were not wanting to, tried but failed (eg, infant would not take the breast), and postnatal use of alcohol, tobacco, or other drugs.  The logistic regression model containing the interaction term between breast-feeding and smoking did adjust for passive tobacco smoke exposure from all adults smoking in the vicinity of the infant, including the mother. Although there were only a small number of women who breast-fed and smoked (sample was weighted toward nonsmokers), the results demonstrated an increased
Letter by Keidar and Gamliel-Lazarovich Regarding Article, “Effects of A Novel Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitor for Treatment of Primary Hypertension: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Phase 2 Trial”
Authors: Shlomo Keidar, Aviva Gamliel-Lazarovich
Journal: Circulation (2012)
Adventures in Smoking: Add Oxygen
Authors: Glenn William Knox
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> From January 1985 through June 1986, members of the Department of Otolaryngology at the Medical College of Virginia Hospitals, Richmond, saw three inpatients who sustained severe burns of the nasal mucosa following cigarette smoking while being administered oxygen via nasal cannula. One patient had associated second-degree burns of the cheeks and external parts of the nose. These three male patients ranged from 51 to 64 years of age. All three patients had significant underlying medical illness at the time of presentation. All three also had a significant history of alcohol and other drug abuse. One patient had a seizure disorder as well as an affective disorder. Conservative management of these patients consisted of four main points: (1) education of the patient, family, and nursing staff in burn wound care and prevention, (2) maintenance of adequate nutrition during healing, (3) return to normal activities as soon as possible,
Abstract 3818: Arsenic hexaoxide (As4O6) shows anticancer effects on human colon cancer cells in vitro and <i>in vivo</i>
Authors: Jeong Won Yun, Won Sup Lee, Min jeong Kim, Jing Nan Lu, Dong Chul Kim, Yung Hyun Choi, Jae-Hoon Jeong, GonSup Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Arsenic hexaoxide (As4O6) has been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of cancer since the late 1980's in Korea, and evidence suggests that As4O6-induced cell death pathway was different from that of As2O3. Here, we investigated the anticancer activities of As4O6 on SW620 human colon cancer cells. As4O6 induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. The cell death was caspase-independent. In addition, the apoptosis was associated with suppression of p-Akt and activation of p-P38. As4O6 suppressed TNF-induced NF-κB activation through suppression of phosphorylation of IαB. As4O6 also suppressed NF-κB-regulated genes (Bcl-2, XIAP, and Bcl-xL) which are involved in anti-apoptosis. In animal experiments, As4O6 inhibited tumorigenicity of SW620 cells in a xenograft mouse model without showing any harmful effects on mice. As4O6 significantly inhibited intratumoral microvessel density. However, the inhibitory effects of As4O6 on NF-κB was minimal. In summary, in vitro study indicates that the As4O6 have anti-cancer effects on SW620 human colon cancer cells through inducing apoptosis by inhibiting anti-apoptotic molecules and in vivo study suggested that As4O6 should have additional anti-angiogenic activity. This study provides the evidence that As4O6 might be useful in the treatment of human colon cancer. [This study was supported by a grant from the National R&amp;D Program for Cancer Control, Ministry for Health, Welfare &amp; Family Affairs, Republic of Korea (0820050), and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. 2011-0007389)] Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3818. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3818
Regulation of Cardiac L-Type Ca <sup>2+</sup> Channel Ca <sub>V</sub> 1.2 Via the β-Adrenergic-cAMP-Protein Kinase A Pathway
Authors: Sharon Weiss, Shimrit Oz, Adva Benmocha, Nathan Dascal
Journal: Circulation Research (2013)

In the heart, adrenergic stimulation activates the β-adrenergic receptors coupled to the heterotrimeric stimulatory Gs protein, followed by subsequent activation of adenylyl cyclase, elevation of cyclic AMP levels, and protein kinase A (PKA) activation. One of the main targets for PKA modulation is the cardiac L-type Ca²⁺ channel (CaV1.2) located in the plasma membrane and along the T-tubules, which mediates Ca²⁺ entry into cardiomyocytes. β-Adrenergic receptor activation increases the Ca²⁺ current via CaV1.2 channels and is responsible for the positive ionotropic effect of adrenergic stimulation. Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanism underlying this modulation has not been fully resolved. On the contrary, initial reports of identification of key components in this modulation were later refuted using advanced model systems, especially transgenic animals. Some of the cardinal debated issues include details of specific subunits and residues in CaV1.2 phosphorylated by PKA, the nature, extent, and role of post-translational processing of CaV1.2, and the role of auxiliary proteins (such as A kinase anchoring proteins) involved in PKA regulation. In addition, the previously proposed crucial role of PKA in modulation of unstimulated Ca²⁺ current in the absence of β-adrenergic receptor stimulation and in voltage-dependent facilitation of CaV1.2 remains uncertain. Full reconstitution of the β-adrenergic receptor signaling pathway in heterologous expression systems remains an unmet challenge. This review summarizes the past and new findings, the mechanisms proposed and later proven, rejected or disputed, and emphasizes the essential issues that remain unresolved.
TREATMENT OF MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS OF TYPHOID FEVER.
Authors: GEORGE W. WEBSTER
Journal: JAMA (1900)

In the consideration of any phase of the typhoid fever question, we are confronted by, and must take cognizance of, the following facts: 1, that the disease is a general infection by a germ which circulates freely in the blood and may find lodgment, and cause inflammatory reaction in almost all organs and tissues of the body, and that it possesses pyogenetic properties; 2, that typhoid infection predisposes to the occurrence of secondary infection, especially by the pyogenic organisms, as the streptococcus, staphylococcus, and also by the pneumoeoccus, the bacterium coli and the bacillus of tuberculosis. Furthermore, there seems to be no uniformity in the use of the term, "complication." Is it to be employed in designating all the unusual manifestations of the affection when due to the typhoid bacillus alone, or only to those complications which follow secondary infection? I shall, as far as possible, limit my remarks to
1031-32 Felodipine Versus Enalapril in Heart Failure: Results on Peak Oxygen Consumption, Holter Recordings Hemodynamics, Neurohormones, and Quality of Life
Authors: Rob J. de Vries, Michel Ouéré, Dirk J. Lok, Pieter Sijbring, Jeroen J. Bucx, Peter H. Dunselman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
THERAPEUTIC SERUM FOR PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE V (COOPER) PNEUMONIA 1
Authors: Jesse G. M. Bullowa, Clare Wilcox
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1936)

The characteristics of the pneumonias caused by pneumococcus Type V (Cooper) will be de- scribed elsewhere.This type was originally des- ignated Type IIA by Avery.It is frequently mistaken for Type II, but by means of the Neu- feld technic it is readily distinguished from that type.In general, pneumococcus Type V causes a less severe pneumonia than pneumococcus Type II.In the last seven years 249 cases of pneu- monia due to Type V were observed at Harlem Hospital among adults.There were 34 deaths among 163 cases in which serum was not used, and the mortality rate was 20.8 per cent.If we add to these the 6 cases who came in with an overwhelming blood invasion and who died be- fore they received a dose of serum adequate to affect the outcome, the mortality would be even higher.The 163 patients, who were not treated specifically and the other 6 cases who entered the hospital with overwhelming bacteremia constitute 169 cases; among them there were 40 deaths, a mortality of 24.4 per cent.
Points: Hyperbaric oxygen in treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: S. Kumar
Journal: BMJ (1984)

but no obstructing lesion or other abnormality were found.He had an uneventful recovery.Acute pseudo-obstruction of the large bowel is a recognised, potentially fatal, clinical syndrome.'The mechanism is unknown, but the condition may be associated with serious pathology inside or outside the abdomen.'-3Our experience suggests that pulmonary thromboembolism may lead to this condition.1 Addison NV.Pseudo-obstruction of the large bowel.
Behavioral Assessment of Lead Intoxication
Authors: Ralph Barocas, Bernard Weiss
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1974)

Current questions about lead exposure focus on the consequences of levels too low to have erupted into blatantly discernible defects. The present paper addresses two sets of interrelated problems derived from this issue. One is how to define the behavioral consequences of asymptomatic lead absorption, and the second focuses on behavioral assessment procedures. Current primary prevention programs emphasize environmental monitoring, and early detection programs emphasize lead body burden measurements. The evaluation of behavioral problems in school children as a function of body burden is rarely performed. Epidemiologic data indicate sufficient natural variability to determine the degree of association between indices of total body burden and behavior. Assessment procedures are described and research suggestions offered that sample concretely defined target behaviors in social environments.
Use of BIBW 2992, a Novel Irreversible EGFR/HER1 and HER2 Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor To Treat Patients with HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer after Failure of Treatment with Trastuzumab.
Authors: T. Hickish, D. Wheatley, N. Lin, L. Carey, S. Houston, D. Mendelson, F. Solca, M. Uttenreuther-Fischer, H. Jones, E. Winer
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: BIBW 2992 (Tovok™*) is a novel, oral, irreversible inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)1 and HER2 inhibitor, with preclinical activity in trastuzumab-resistant cell lines overexpressing HER2 and Phase I clinical activity. A Phase II study of BIBW 2992 in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who have progressed following treatment with trastuzumab was conducted in the US and the UK.Methods: A multi-institutional, open-label, single-arm Phase II study was conducted. Eligible patients had stage IIIB or IV HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, with progression following trastuzumab treatment or intolerance of trastuzumab, received no prior EGFR-targeted therapy, had measurable disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0–2 and adequate organ function. Patients received 50 mg BIBW 2992 once-daily until disease progression. Tumor assessments were performed every two treatment courses (one course is 28 days). The primary endpoint was objective response rate (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors). Safety data were also collected.Results: A total of 41 patients started treatment on the trial. Patients had received a median of three lines of prior therapy (range, 0–15). Thirty-four patients are evaluable for response. Of these, four patients had a partial response (PR) and eight patients had stable disease maintained for at least four cycles. One patient with confirmed PR remained on treatment until progression at 63 weeks. The most frequently observed side-effects to date are rash (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] Grade 3 in four patients [9.8%]) and diarrhea (CTCAE Grade 3) in nine patients. There have been 21 dose reductions in 18 patients.Conclusion: BIBW 2992 was safe and induced promising early clinical responses in HER2-positive breast cancer patients who have progressed following treatment with trastuzumab. Manageable cutaneous adverse events and diarrhea were the main side-effects.*Trade name not FDA approved. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5060.
P1-043: Preliminary data from a prospective case registry of European women with lung cancer: a WALCE (Women Against Lung Cancer in Europe) Project
Authors: Silvia Novello, Anna Ceribelli, Caterina Casadio, Olga Martelli, Maria R. Migliorino, Marina Longo, Samuela Binato, Enrica Cappelletto, Roberta Buosi, Enriqueta Felip
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Wanless report outlines "Rolls- Royce" health service for 2022
Authors: W. Moore
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Leaders of doctors' organisations have warned that changes in the skills mix of medical staff will not be enough to bridge a 25000 shortfall in staff in 20 years' time predicted by an independent review of health funding.

The final report by former banker Derek Wanless, Securing our Future Health: Taking a Long-Term View , which was published last week, argues that the NHS will need two thirds more doctors and one third more nurses to deliver a top quality health service by 2022.

The forecast rise in health staff stems from the review's vision of a “Rolls-Royce” health service delivering first class care in state of the art buildings by 2022. The Wanless vision entails patients waiting no more than two weeks for inpatient treatment or outpatient consultations. Food and accommodation would be vastly improved. Investment in information technology would be doubled. And doctors would spend 10% of their time—double the estimated time at present—on clinical …