tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Doctors in Dickens
Authors: Wendy Moore
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Everyone has a favourite character from Dickens, whether it’s a selfless hero like David Copperfield, a rapacious villain like Fagin, or a half crazed eccentric like Miss Havisham. But anyone with great expectations of finding a likeable medical character in Dickens’s novels will be sorely disappointed.⇑

Dickens depicted about 50 doctors in his books. But, with one or two exceptions, his medical men range from bumbling fools to negligent crooks. At best, Dickens’s doctors stand by helplessly and mop a clammy brow as a patient expires from fever or consumption. At worst, they conspire in insurance swindles and abet murder. His antipathy to the medical profession is hardly surprising.

Born 200 years ago into modest origins, Dickens experienced at first …
PTU-148 Does investigating chronic gastrointestinal symptoms following pelvic radiotherapy identify treatable diagnoses?
Authors: C C Henson, J McLaughlin, Y Ang, C Babbs, J Crampton, M Kelly, S Lal, J Limdi, G Whatley, R Swindell, W Makin, S E Davidson
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> 17 000 patients are treated with radical pelvic radiotherapy per year in the UK. Although 50% develop significant chronic gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, &lt;20% are referred for gastroenterological evaluation. We aimed to determine the causes of GI symptoms in this patient group. <h3>Methods</h3> 60 patients with GI symptoms ≥6 months after radical pelvic radiotherapy were identified from oncology clinics. Those requiring urgent investigation via the 2-week wait pathway were excluded. Baseline characteristics including demographic data, cancer treatment details and symptoms were collected. Patients were referred for gastroenterological evaluation using an algorithmic approach, which involves the identification of all GI symptoms and investigation for all potential causes for the individual symptoms. Details of investigations and diagnoses were collected. <h3>Results</h3> 20 men and 36 women with primary gynaecological (31), urological (17) or lower GI (8) tumours were included, with a median age of 58.5 years (range 26.9–81.8). As part of their cancer treatment 15 patients also had brachytherapy, 28 had chemotherapy and 25 had surgery. Patients presented with multiple GI symptoms (median 8, range 4–16) including frequency (46), urgency (52), loose stool (50), faecal incontinence (40), flatulence (43), bloating/distension (38) and rectal bleeding (29). The median number of investigations per patient was 9 (range 1–17), including routine blood tests (47), coeliac screen (39), breath tests for small bowel bacterial overgrowth (21) and lactose intolerance (16), SeHCAT scans (27) and upper (27) and lower (38) GI endoscopy. Common diagnoses include radiation proctopathy (22) and bile acid mabsorption (12). Some diagnoses are unrelated to previous radiotherapy, for example, diverticulosis (9) and colonic polyps (8). No cause was found for symptoms in seven patients. 25 patients have 2 or more GI diagnoses. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Gastroenterological evaluation identifies significant and potentially treatable diagnoses in patients who develop chronic GI symptoms following pelvic radiotherapy. Some findings are incidental and some are unrelated to previous cancer treatment. GI symptoms in these patients have historically been considered “untreatable”. These data suggest that structured gastroenterological assessment has the potential to improve outcome by identifying these diagnoses and facilitating focussed treatment. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
Standardized MRD quantification in European ALL trials: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on MRD assessment in Kiel, Germany, 18–20 September 2008
Authors: M Brüggemann, A Schrauder, T Raff, H Pfeifer, M Dworzak, O G Ottmann, V Asnafi, A Baruchel, R Bassan, Y Benoit, A Biondi, H Cavé, H Dombret, A K Fielding, R Foà, N Gökbuget, A H Goldstone, N Goulden, G Henze, D Hoelzer, G E Janka-Schaub, E A Macintyre, R Pieters, A Rambaldi, J-M Ribera, K Schmiegelow, O Spinelli, J Stary, A von Stackelberg, M Kneba, M Schrappe, J J M van Dongen
Journal: Leukemia (2009)
How can drug discovery for psychiatric disorders be improved?
Authors: Yves Agid, György Buzsáki, David M. Diamond, Richard Frackowiak, Jay Giedd, Jean-Antoine Girault, Anthony Grace, Jeremy J. Lambert, Husseini Manji, Helen Mayberg, Maurizio Popoli, Alain Prochiantz, Gal Richter-Levin, Peter Somogyi, Michael Spedding, Per Svenningsson, Daniel Weinberger
Journal: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2007)
Archives of Pediatrics &amp;amp; Adolescent Medicine Makes January Appearance With New Editor
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1993)

MAJOR CHANGES begin this month at the American Medical Association's 82-year-old<i>American Journal of Diseases of Children (AJDC)</i>. One transition getting under way this month involves the editorship. That responsibility is moving from Vincent A. Fulginiti, MD, MS, chancellor for health affairs, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, to Catherine D. DeAngelis, MD, MPH, senior associate dean for academic affairs and faculty and professor of pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md. Another change, effective with the January 1994 issue, involves the journal's name. It becomes<i>Archives of Pediatrics &amp; Adolescent Medicine</i>. <h3>All-Archive 'Family'</h3> With that change, all 10 specialty journals published by the American Medical Association will have titles beginning with the designation Archives. When <h3>ARCHIVES PEDIATRICS &amp; ADOLESCENT MEDICINE</h3> This is the journal's new look. this journal began publication in 1911, there already was a US pediatric journal with<i>Archives</i>as part
Mechanisms of resistance to ErbB-targeted cancer therapeutics
Authors: Qiang Wang, Mark I. Greene
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

The ErbB receptors, such as EGFR, have been intensely pursued as targets for cancer therapeutics. However, a large percentage of patients who are initially responsive to ErbB-targeted therapies experience tumor recurrence and become refractory to therapy. In this issue of the JCI, Guix et al. demonstrate that downregulation of IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and -4, the negative regulators of IGF-I receptor signaling, contributes to the resistance of human squamous cell carcinomas to the EGFR inhibitor gefitinib (see the related article beginning on page 2609). Understanding the mechanisms involved in the resistance of some tumors to ErbB-targeted molecules may provide guidelines for developing more efficient therapeutic approaches.
On White Coats and Professional Development: The Formal and the Hidden Curricula
Authors: Delese Wear
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

White coat ceremonies are a recent phenomenon in medical education. Selected as a symbol by the Arnold P. Gold Foundation to impress upon medical students the importance of compassion and humility, the white coat has had a long association with all things medical, scientific, and healing. It is also associated with the attributes of purity and goodness traditionally symbolized by the color white. Thus, its selection as the material focus of the white coat ceremony seems natural. This article situates the white coat ceremony as a curricular event and suggests that, in addition to having the meanings cited above, the white coat has other meanings that fall into the realm of the hidden curriculum--it can symbolize caregiving hierarchies and spheres of practice, the social and economic privilege of physicians, and medicine's well-established practices of determining membership in the profession. Finally, this paper suggests several other ceremonies or rituals that may be better than the white coat ceremony for encouraging compassion and humility in medical students.
Determination of the Volume of Residual Urine in the Bladder without Catheterization
Authors: Ramzi S. Cotran, Edward H. Kass
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

IT is frequently necessary, in the study of patients with disorders of the urinary tract, to determine the volume of residual urine in the bladder. This volume is customarily determined by catheterization of the bladder and occasionally by radiologic means. Catheterization is a potentially traumatic, generally unpleasant procedure and may be responsible for the introduction of pathogenic bacteria into the urinary tract.1 2 3 4 5 Residual urine can be determined after intravenous pyelography if radiopaque dye is still present in the bladder after the patient has voided.6 , 7 However, the radiologic method is expensive and nonquantitative and requires exposure to ionizing radiation.A simple . . .
Piecemeal Endoscopic Aspiration Mucosectomy for Large Superficial Intramucosal Tumors of the Stomach
Authors: H. Yoshikane, A. Sakakibara, H. Hidano, Y. Niwa, H. Goto, T. Yokoi
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

As endoscopic techniques continue to develop, endoscopic mucosal resection is increasingly being used in the treatment of intramucosal gastric tumors. The aim of this study was to explore the feasibility of piecemeal endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy for large superficial intramucosal tumors of the stomach.The study group consisted of five consecutive patients with large superficial intramucosal tumors of the stomach, 4 cm or more in diameter. Piecemeal endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy using a cap-fitted panendoscope was carried out. The initial resection was undertaken at the oral side of the lesion. Subsequent resections were carried out along the anal margin of the previous resection site, until the marks around the boundary of the tumor completely disappeared.The shape of the tumors was slightly elevated in four cases and slightly depressed in one. The mean diameter of the tumors was 4.8 cm. The diameters of the resected specimens ranged from approximately 1.0 cm to 2.3 cm. The numbers of piecemeal resection procedures needed per lesion ranged from five to 18 (mean 11). The visual field was well ensured by the cap, and the tumors were macroscopically completely resected without any complications in all patients. The final histological diagnoses in the specimens were adenoma in one case and mucosal carcinoma in adenoma in four. One patient had residual or recurrent tumor, and received full treatment with additional endoscopic procedures.Piecemeal endoscopic aspiration mucosectomy is a simple and very useful technique for treating large superficial intramucosal tumors of the stomach.
Type VI collagen mutations in Bethlem myopathy, an autosomal dominant myopathy with contractures
Authors: G. Joost Jöbsis, H. Keizers, Jeroen P. Vreijling, Marianne de Visser, Marcy C. Speer, Ruud A. Wolterman, Frank Baas, Pieter A. Bolhuis
Journal: Nature Genetics (1996)
Quantum probability and comparative cognition
Authors: Randolph C. Grace, Simon Kemp
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Evolution would favor organisms that can make recurrent decisions in accordance with classical probability (CP) theory, because such choices would be optimal in the long run. This is illustrated by the base-rate fallacy and probability matching, where nonhumans choose optimally but humans do not. Quantum probability (QP) theory may be able to account for these species differences in terms of orthogonal versus nonorthogonal representations.
A Program for Stroke Prevention.
Authors: S. C. Leonberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1972A Program for Stroke Prevention.S. C. Leonberg Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P., F. A. Elliott, F.R.C.P.S. C. Leonberg Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, F. A. Elliott, F.R.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-76-5-878_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptLittle attention has been given to stroke prevention. Various studies indicate a mortality of about 10% annually for the first 5 years after initial stroke. Sixty-three patients with stroke who were discharged from hospitals in recent years, but not treated by the authors, served as controls. Mortality in this group was 12.1% annually for the first 5 years. Results of efforts to prevent recurrent stroke in patients who survived cerebral infarction are reported. One hundred and two such patients were treated energetically at a Stroke Prevention Clinic in an effort to reduce recurrent vascular episodes. Treatment consisted of rigid control... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Philadelphia, Pa. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1972Volume 76, Issue 5Page: 878-878KeywordsInfarctionMortalityStroke ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1972 PDF downloadLoading ...
Eating more vegetables might explain reduced asthma symptoms
Authors: Ruoling Chen, Zhi Hu, Anthony Seaton
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—Anderson et al report a decrease in the prevalence of asthma symptoms among 12-14 year olds in the British Isles.1

In a community survey in rural China we examined the risks of asthma and wheeze in relation to fresh vegetable consumption among lifelong non-smokers. All residents (n = 38 109) in three townships (Yijing, Huigong, Fushan) of Zongyang County were visited by trained interviewers in 1993, and those aged > 15 years (n = …
Health Care System Delay and Heart Failure in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Treated With Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Follow-up of Population-Based Medical Registry Data
Authors: Christian Juhl Terkelsen, Lisette Okkels Jensen, Hans-Henrik Tilsted, Sven Trautner, Søren Paaske Johnsen, Werner Vach, Hans Erik Bøtker, Leif Thuesen, Jens Flensted Lassen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Background: In patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), delay between contact with the health care system and initiation of reperfusion therapy (system delay) is associated with mortality, but data on the associated risk for congestive heart failure (CHF) among survivors are limited. Objective: To evaluate the association between system delay and the risk for readmissions or outpatient contacts due to CHF after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in patients with STEMI. Design: Historical follow-up study using population-based medical registries. Setting: Western Denmark. Patients: Patients with STEMI who were transported by emergency medical service from 1 January 1999 to 7 February 2010 and treated with PPCI within 12 hours of symptom onset and who had a system delay of 6 hours or less (n = 7952). The median duration of follow-up was 3.1 years. Measurements: Cumulative incidence of readmissions or outpatient contacts due to CHF was determined by using competing-risk regression analysis, with death as the competing risk. Crude and adjusted cause-specific hazard ratios for readmissions or outpatient contacts due to CHF were determined for system delay and other covariates. Results: System delays of 60 minutes or less (n = 451), 61 to 120 minutes (n = 3457), 121 to 180 minutes (n = 2655), and 181 to 360 minutes (n = 1389) corresponded with long-term risks for readmissions or outpatient contacts due to CHF of 10.1%, 10.6%, 12.3%, and 14.1%, respectively (P < 0.001). In multivariable analysis, system delay was an independent predictor of readmissions or outpatient contacts due to CHF (adjusted hazard ratio per hour increase in delay, 1.10 [95% CI, 1.02 to 1.17]). Limitation: In any nonrandomized study, there are risks for selection bias and residual confounding. Conclusion: In patients with STEMI, shorter delay to PPCI is associated with lower risk for readmissions or outpatient contacts due to CHF during follow-up. Primary Funding Source: The Karl G. Andersen Foundation, the Helga and Peter Korning Foundation, the Health Research Fund of Central Denmark Region, the Research Foundation at Skejby University Hospital, the Riisfort Foundation, and the Arvid Nilsson Foundation.
Rat liver endothelial and Kupffer cell-mediated mutagenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxin B1.
Authors: P Steinberg, B Schlemper, E Molitor, K L Platt, A Seidel, F Oesch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

The ability of isolated rat liver endothelial and Kupffer cells to activate benzo(a)pyrene (BP), trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene (DDBP), trans-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrochrysene (DDCH), and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to mutagenic metabolites was assessed by means of a cell-mediated bacterial mutagenicity assay and compared with the ability of parenchymal cells to activate these compounds. Endothelial and Kupffer cells from untreated rats were able to activate AFB1 and DDBP; DDBP was activated even in the absence of an NADPH-generating system. Pretreating the animals with Aroclor 1254 strongly enhanced the mutagenicity of the dihydrodiol, whereas the mutagenicity of AFB1 showed a slight increase. BP and DDCH were only activated by endothelial and Kupffer cells isolated from Aroclor 1254-pretreated rats. Parenchymal cells from untreated animals activated all four carcinogens tested; Aroclor 1254 enhanced the parenchymal cell-mediated mutagenicity of BP and DDCH but did not affect that of DDBP and clearly reduced that of AFB1. The reduced mutagenicity of AFB1 correlates with the decrease in the amount of 2 alpha-hydroxytestosterone formed when testosterone was incubated with parenchymal cell microsomes from Aroclor 1254-pretreated rats (compared with microsomes from untreated animals): the formation of 2 alpha-hydroxytestosterone is specifically catalyzed by cytochrome P-450h, a hemoprotein thought to be involved in the activation of AFB1. These results show that not only rat liver parenchymal cells, but also endothelial and Kupffer cells, activate several carcinogens to mutagenic metabolites.
INTRACRANIAL DIVISION OF THE AUDITORY NERVE FOR PERSISTENT TINNITUS
Authors: CHARLES H. FRAZIER
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The surgery of the cranial nerves offers an interesting field for those who have made the treatment of nervous lesions an object of especial study. Perhaps because the symptoms to which these lesions give rise are not of serious moment in that they do not threaten life, or whatever may be the explanation, the fact remains that an insignificant number of people avail themselves of the relief that surgery affords. How many there are, who for a greater part of their lives endure the unpleasant disfigurement that follows a complete facial palsy, without so much as considering the possibilities of correction that surgery offers! And yet the facio-hypoglossal or the facio-accessory anastomosis is an operation carefully planned and fully justified by the results. Similarly with trigeminal neuralgia, it may be said that whether because of ignorance or indifference on the part of the profession or prejudice on the part of
Dysphagia in Parkinsonism
Authors: Eddy D. Palmer
Journal: JAMA (1974)

WHEN the patient with parkinsonism develops dysphagia, it is almost always hypopharyngeal dysphagia. Fortunately, this is not a common problem in parkinsonism, for the tracheopulmonary consequences are potentially disastrous, and the patient's distress is almost unbearable. For the individual patient, efforts to pin down the cause of the dysphagia have often left the clinician uncertain. The reason is that cinefluoroscopy, ordinarily an excellent method for investigating hypopharyngeal dysphagia, proves strangely difficult to interpret when there is parkinsonism. "Neuromuscular incoordination" is about as far as the interpretation can go. When the fuzziness of cinefluoroscopy is replaced by the sharpness and clarity of the 105-mm 6 or 12/sec photofluoroscopic technique, however, it becomes clear that the whole problem is caused simply by classical cricopharyngeal achalasia. In this form of hypopharyngeal neuromuscular incoordination, the cricopharyngeus muscle either does not open quickly enough as the bolus descends through the pharynx or it closes again
Malcolm “Callum” Walker Clark
Authors: Drew Clark, Stuart Clark
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former general medical practitioner Durham City (b 1923; q Glasgow 1947), died from pneumonia on 9 March 2004​2004




Figure 1




Callum, after graduating, spent two years in the Royal Army Medical Corps in Egypt, before returning for a short stint in general practice in Birmingham. In 1951 he moved to Durham City, where he remained for nearly 40 years. He took an active part in the education of St John Ambulance and worked for the health board after his retirement. He took every opportunity to maintain his links with Scotland through the Durham & District Caledonian Society, holidays, and sporting occasions. Predeceased by his wife, Nan, he leaves four children and nine grandchildren.
DIAGNOSIS OF LEPROSY
Authors: M. A. Ogden
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In reference to a communication inThe Journalof Aug. 23, 1952, page 1595, by Dr. H. W. Wade, statements are made concerning the diagnosis of leprosy. I had found that certain errors in diagnosis of leprosy are made not only because of faulty technique in obtaining material but also because of faulty staining of the smears. The method that gives 100% accurate positive results is as follows: (Hansen's bacilli, being acid-fast, are stained by the Ziehl-Neelsen method, with attention to details, and with modifications.) Within 10 to 20 minutes after smears are obtained fix over the flame of a Bunsen burner, passing three times. Use an unscratched and properly cleaned defatted slide (with ethyl alcohol). After fixation, flood slide with carbolfuchsin and steam (but do not boil) for 10 minutes (not 3 minutes as advised in textbooks). One must turn over the Bunsen burner and flame
CONGENITAL STENOSIS OF THE LARYNX
Authors: Richard W. Wilkinson
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Congenital stenosis of the larynx is a comparatively rare condition. Not more than twelve cases have been recorded in the literature within the past decade. Textbooks on laryngology give little more than mention to the subject. Within all probability numerous cases occur but are not diagnosed, owing to death at birth or shortly after by asphyxia. True congenital stenosis is limited to atresia, bands or webs occurring within the glottis, involving the vocal cords, ventricular bands or arytenoids, and is permanent unless relieved by some surgical method. This condition should not be confused with the commonly seen congenital laryngeal stridor that results from an abnormal flaccidity of the epiglottis, which is usually elongated, or abnormal flaccidity or thickening of the aryteno-epiglottic folds. The majority of such cases need little treatment, and the condition is outgrown. Jackson<sup>1</sup>states that the most frequent lesion of congenital stenosis of the larynx is