tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A major anti-myoglobin idiotype. Influence of H-2-linked Ir genes on idiotype expression.
Authors: H Kawamura, Y Kohno, M Busch, F R Gurd, J A Berzofsky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

A rabbit antiidiotypic antiserum raised against an A.SW IgG1K monoclonal anti-sperm whale myoglobin (Mb) antibody, HAL19, and extensively absorbed with normal mouse immunoglobulin and MOPC 21 (IgG1K), was found to detect a common or major anti-Mb idiotype expressed by some but not all anti-Mb monoclonal antibodies, regardless of immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass, and by 40-50% of the anti-Mb antibodies in immune serum from five high responder strains of mice representing five different Igh allotypes. It did not inhibit antibodies to three unrelated protein antigens. The fraction of antibodies expressing this idiotype, denoted IdHAL19, was regulated by H-2-linked genes that correlated exactly in four independent haplotypes and an F1 with the known Mb immune response (Ir) genes and may be identical to these. Whereas less than 50% of antibodies from high responder mice were inhibitable by anti-IdHAL19, greater than 80% of antibodies from low responder mice, tested at comparable final antibody concentration, were inhibitable. This result was true for both low responder haplotypes, H-2b (B10) and H-2k (B10.BR). The idiotype was found to be present on antibodies that bound to native Mb but not fragments 1-55 or 132-153 of Mb or a denatured form, S-methyl Mb. This specificity for native Mb paralleled that of the monoclonal idiotype HAL19 itself. Therefore, the production of antibodies specific for native in contrast to denatured Mb was studied in H-2-congenic high and low responder strains. Strikingly, low responders produced antibodies that reacted almost exclusively with the native conformation, whereas a larger proportion of antibodies from high responder mice also reacted with the denatured form, S-methyl Mb. Bypassing of the Ir gene defect by immunization with Mb attached to a carrier, F gamma G, resulted in low responder antisera resembling higher responder sera in both idiotype expression and conformational specificity. The simplest explanation of these results is that H-2-linked Ir genes control antibody fine specificity, which is reflected in the idiotypes of the variable regions expressed. We suggest that low responder mice produce a more limited repertoire of antibodies consisting primarily of IdHAL19-positive antibodies specific for the native conformation of Mb. High responder mice produce a greater diversity of antibodies to Mb, so that the IdHAL19-positive, conformation-specific population represents a smaller proportion of the total. Similarly, the use of carrier-specific helper T cells in low responder mice results in a greater diversity of antibodies, which dilutes out the IdHAL19 subset.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Reporting of HIV Testing
Authors: John R. Harkess
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In recent letters to the editor, Kegeles et al<sup>1</sup>and Fordyce et al<sup>2</sup>reported that many homosexual men enrolled in a longitudinal study in San Francisco, Calif, and some black and Hispanic clients attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in New York, NY, said they would refuse human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing if their name and test result were reported to the public health department. The authors imply that because of these client concerns about disease reporting, HIV infections should not be reportable to the health department. We disagree with this implication. Public health departments have a strong record of maintaining confidentiality. The unwarranted fear of disclosure from HIV reporting must be separated from the very real possibility of breaches of confidentiality that can occur in medical care settings, from friends or family members, or in other ways. Breaches of confidentiality as a result
Do general practitioner deliveries constitute a perinatal mortality risk?
Authors: N Black
Journal: BMJ (1982)

In recent years local perinatal mortality experience has been on the agenda of most health district management teams. Nationally available data have been criticised for failing to take into account determinants beyond the influence of existing health services such as lethal congenital malformations. In response to local concern about perinatal mortality rate in Oxfordshire AHA(T) the crude data were refined by using simple epidemiological techniques. This failed to show that a high proportion of general practitioner deliveries constituted a major perinatal risk.
Functional enhancement of beta cells in transplanted pancreatic islets by secretion signal peptide-linked exendin-4 gene transduction
Authors: Jee-Heon Jeong, Simmyung Yook, Yoonsuk Jung, Bok-Hyeon Im, Minhyung Lee, Cheol-Hee Ahn, Dong Yun Lee, Youngro Byun
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
Tuberculosis levelling off worldwide
Authors: J. Westall
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The worldwide tuberculosis epidemic is levelling off for the first time in decades, the World Health Organisation announced last week.

Delegates attending a conference in London to mark “world tuberculosis day” heard that the public health breakthrough is due to a strategy called directly observed treatment short course (DOTS). This approach improves patients' compliance as each drug dose is directly supervised …
BACTERIAL INTERFERENCE IN EXPERIMENTAL BURNS
Authors: Bascom F. Anthony, Lewis W. Wannamaker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1967)

A standardized, full thickness, dermal burn in rabbits was used to study interference between strains of Staph. aureus inoculated on the wound surface. Several strains appeared equally capable of colonizing lesions and of preventing superinfection by other staphylococci inoculated at a later time. In addition, cross-infection between rabbits colonized by different strains (502A and Q461) and placed together in cages was prevented, presumably by the same mechanism. Interference appeared to be a strictly local phenomenon, since it did not occur when an animal was colonized by strain 502A at one burn site and subsequently challenged with strain Q461 at a separate lesion. For interference to occur, a minimal time interval (9 hr) was required between inoculation of the interfering strain and inoculation of the challenge strain. In vivo growth rates indicated rapid growth in the first 24 hr by the interfering strain but no detectable multiplication by the challenge strain. Heat-killed staphylococci, even in large numbers, were incapable of producing interference. Penicillin treatment of animals colonized by strain 502A (penicillin-sensitive) abolished interference with strain Q461 (penicillin-resistant). These findings indicate that bacterial multiplication by the interfering strain is an essential feature of this phenomenon. The mechanism of interference between strains of Staph. aureus remains obscure. There was no evidence in these studies for direct bacterial antagonism in vitro or in vivo between most of the strains examined; yet, all were capable of producing interference. Attempts to identify antistaphylococcal activity in passively transferred tissue homogenates and serum collected from infected animals were also negative. The ability of large inocula of staphylococci grown in broth to superinfect colonized lesions indicates that the numerical superiority of the interfering strain over the challenge strain is an important aspect of interference. The observation that in vivo-grown organisms may superinfect in significantly smaller quantities is suggestive of a qualitative advantage as well.
SELECTIVE TOXICITY OF 1,2-DICHLORO-4,5-DIAMINOBENZENE: ITS RELATION TO REQUIREMENTS FOR RIBOFLAVIN AND VITAMIN B12
Authors: D. W. Woolley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1951)

In a series of 26 species selected from widely differing classes, 1,2-dichloro-4,5-diaminobenzene was toxic to those which did not exhibit a nutritional need for riboflavin plus vitamin B(12). It failed to retard the growth of those which needed both of these vitamins. The compound was conceived as an antimetabolite of 1,2-dimethyl-4,5-diaminobenzene. This latter, which is contained within the structures of the two vitamins, was pictured as a metabolic precursor of them. It was found to have very slight activity as either riboflavin or as vitamin B(12) for lactic acid bacteria and algae. The growth-inhibiting action of the dichlorodiaminobenzene was overcome competitively by the dimethyidiaminobenzene, and also, to a lesser extent, by o-phenylenediamine. The toxicity was not influenced by additions of riboflavin plus vitamin B(12), except in the cases of two species, where the influence was slight. These facts were considered to support the idea that properly constructed analogs of a precursor of two or more essential participants in cell division may be able to circumvent the counteraction which the vitamin has been found to exert on an antimetabolite of its precursor. Alternate explanations of the observed data were likewise considered.
Practical Hepatobiliary Imaging Using Pretreatment with Sincalide in 139 Hepatobiliary Studies
Authors: FRANCES K. PATTERSON, JACK WOON-KIM KAM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

Hepatobiliary studies were performed over a three-year period on 139 patients suspected of having cystic duct obstruction. Each patient was infused intravenously with sincalide, a C-terminal octapeptide of CCK, 15 minutes prior to the administration of the hepatobiliary imaging agent Tc-99m paraisopropyl iminodiacetic acid (PIPIDA). Analysis of the results demonstrated significant advantages in pretreating patients with sincalide in hepatobiliary studies in a small facility with a relatively large patient load. Most of our studies were completed within 2 hours without jeopardizing the sensitivity (97%) or accuracy (96%) of the test. The specificity (88%) was comparable to percentages reported by others. Most investigators have reported that chronic cholecystitis contributed to the majority of false-positive cases. In addition, inconsistency in the documentation of criteria for the determination of acute cholecystitis (surgical, radiologic, or histologic also could be a cause for such a discrepancy. Knowledge of some important variables may help improve the specificity of the test: an awareness of the following factors during scan interpretation: 1) the effectiveness of the sincalide pretreatment dose, 2) the patient's pretest status (fasting or nonfasting, postanalgesic medication or no analgesics), and 3) time limit for gallbladder visualization. With these variables in mind, the hepatobiliary imaging using pretreatment with sincalide is proven to be a practical procedure protocol with good sensitivity and accuracy as well as specificity.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection using a new scissors-type electrosurgical knife: a first-in-human feasibility study
Authors: Tomonori Yano, Hiroyuki Ono, Toshihiko Doi, Hiromi Hasegawa, Minako Honda, Yasuhiro Oono, Hiroaki Ikematsu, Masaki Tanaka, Naomi Kakushima, Kazuhiro Kaneko, Akihiro Sato, Atsushi Ohtsu
Journal: Endoscopy (2014)

<b>Background and study aims:</b> Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is more difficult and has a higher rate of complications, such as perforation and bleeding, compared with conventional endoscopic resection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a new scissors-type electrosurgical knife for ESD, which was developed for improved durability and ease of use. <b>Materials and methods:</b> Initial ex vivo experiments and subsequent ESD procedures in live pigs were carried out. A human feasibility study was then performed in patients with early esophageal or gastric cancer. The primary end point was serious adverse events (SAE) related to ESD. <b>Results:</b> In the ex vivo and live animal models, no mechanical errors occurred and only minor damage to surrounding tissue was observed. Four patients were enrolled in the human feasibility study; all ESD procedures were completed with a mean procedure time of 31 minutes. All specimens were resected completely without any SAEs. The device worked smoothly, with no electrical problems noted. <b>Conclusion:</b> ESD using a novel scissors-type knife for early esophageal or gastric cancer is feasible. Clinical trial registration: UMIN000004941.
A Little Book of Doctors' Rules
Authors: Don Riesenberg
Journal: JAMA (1993)

I and many others know well the medical progeny of Clifton K. Meador, and we are impressed. This Master Clinician—for once the cliché applies—has been turning out compleat physicians for decades. Now he has written a book of "rules" or observations about patients and doctors, which summarize succinctly and humorously the travail that is medical practice. The rules appear "in no order other than the sequence in which I recalled and recorded them." Meador takes on the simple ("Drugs should make patients feel better, not worse.") and the complicated (see the slightly distracting formula for the "Law of Prevalence" under Rule 48). But it is the candor of these pages that will entertain medical readers. The advice imparted in this palm-size booklet is directed toward both the medical novice ("In the emergency room, assume that nothing is ever as bad as it looks at first.") and the seasoned clinician (on
Twenty-four-week clevudine therapy showed potent and sustained antiviral activity in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Byung Chul Yoo, Ju Hyun Kim, Young‐Hwa Chung, Kwan Sik Lee, Seung Woon Paik, Soo Hyung Ryu, Byung Hoon Han, Joon‐Yeol Han, Kwan Soo Byun, Mong Cho, Heon‐Ju Lee, Tae‐Hun Kim, Se‐Hyun Cho, Joong‐Won Park, Soon‐Ho Um, Seong Gyu Hwang, Young Soo Kim, Youn‐Jae Lee, Chae Yoon Chon, Byung‐Ik Kim, Young‐Suk Lee, Jin‐Mo Yang, Haak Cheoul Kim, Jae Seok Hwang, Sung‐Kyu Choi, Young‐Oh Kweon, Sook‐Hyang Jeong, Myung‐Seok Lee, Jong‐Young Choi, Dae‐Ghon Kim, Yun Soo Kim, Heon Young Lee, Kwon Yoo, Hee‐Won Yoo, Hyo‐Suk Lee
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Clevudine is a pyrimidine analogue with potent and sustained antiviral activity against HBV. The present study evaluated the safety and efficacy of 30 mg clevudine once daily for 24 weeks and assessed the durable antiviral response for 24 weeks after cessation of dosing. A total of 243 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B patients were randomized (3:1) to receive clevudine 30 mg once daily (n = 182) or placebo (n = 61) for 24 weeks. Patients were followed for a further 24 weeks off therapy. Median serum HBV DNA reductions from baseline at week 24 were 5.10 and 0.27 log10 copies/mL in the clevudine and placebo groups, respectively (P < 0.0001). Viral suppression in the clevudine group was sustained off therapy, with 3.73 log10 reduction at week 34 and 2.02 log10 reduction at week 48. At week 24, 59.0% of patients in the clevudine group had undetectable serum HBV DNA levels by Amplicor PCR assay (less than 300 copies/mL). The proportion of patients who achieved normalization of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels was 68.2% in the clevudine group and 17.5% in the placebo group at week 24 (P < 0.0001). ALT normalization in the clevudine group was well maintained during post-treatment follow-up period. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) was similar between the clevudine group and the placebo group. No resistance to clevudine was detected with 24 weeks of administration of drug. Conclusion: A 24-week clevudine therapy was well tolerated and showed potent and sustained antiviral effect without evidence of viral resistance during treatment period in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:1172–1178.)
Quality of Care in Emergency Services
Authors: Robert S. London, Joseph I. Berman, Jane F. Goldthorn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Comments and Corrections1 June 1973Quality of Care in Emergency ServicesROBERT S. LONDON, M.D., JOSEPH I. BERMAN, M.D., M.P.H., JANE F. GOLDTHORNROBERT S. LONDON, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, JOSEPH I. BERMAN, M.D., M.P.H.Search for more papers by this author, JANE F. GOLDTHORNSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-6-976_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We wish to add our experience in the evaluation of emergency medical care in Baltimore to that of Brook, Berg, and Schechter (Ann Intern Med 78:333-339, 1973).In a previous study we examined the management of patients diagnosed as having acute gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease in the emergency service of a large, urban community general hospital in Baltimore (1). The standards for the proper diagnosis and therapy of the disease were those recommended by the United States Public Health Service (before the 1972 revision) (2), and the design of the study was patterned after Lembeke's criteria for...References1. LONDON R, GOLDTHORN J, and BERMAN J: Use of an urban emergency service in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. HSMHA Health Rep. In press Google Scholar2. SCHROETER A and LUCAS J: Gonorrhea—diagnosis and treatment. Obstet Gynecol 39:274-286, 1972 MedlineGoogle Scholar3. LEMBEKE P: Evolution of the medical audit. JAMA 199: 111-118, 1967 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ROBERT S. LONDON, M.D.; JOSEPH I. BERMAN, M.D., M.P.H.; JANE F. GOLDTHORN PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1973Volume 78, Issue 6Page: 976-977KeywordsHealth care qualityMedical servicesPelvic inflammatory disease ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
A common mutation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein gene in dialysis patients
Authors: Hideki Kimura, Fumitake Gejyo, Satoru Suzuki, Tomoko Yamaguchi, Toshio Imura, Ryoichi Miyazaki, Kyoko Ei, Isei Ei, Mizue Oda, Yoshiichi Miyakawa, Masaaki Arakawa
Journal: Kidney International (1999)
Kant, Sartre, and the Categorical Imperative-Reply
Authors: James Ransom
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I do not say it was not Kant, only that it was Sartre: "Tout se passe comme si, pour tout homme, toute l'humanite avait les yeux fixes sur ce qu'il fait et se reglait sur ce qu'il fait."<sup>1</sup>["For every man, everything happens as if all humanity has its eyes fixed on what he does and guides itself by what he does."]
Gastropyloric Ulcers Related to 'Crack'
Authors: David L. Abramson
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Numerous cocaine complications have been described since "crack" appeared on the streets of our largest cities.<sup>1</sup>Over the last 18 months we have operated on several young men with perforated gastric ulcers in our large municipal hospital that serves a poor black population. Among a total of 23 patients with perforated ulcers, 5 were young male crack users (ages, 27 to 38 years) without a history of gastric symptoms who had perforated gastric ulcers (two of which were pyloric) related to smoking crack. Compared with age-matched, non—crack-using "control" patients operated on during the same period, the crack users had a shorter duration of symptoms (1 to 5 days vs &gt;30 days), lower leukocyte counts (3.4×10<sub>9</sub>/L to 9.7×10<sub>9</sub>/L vs 12.2×10<sub>9</sub>/L to 14.0×10<sub>9</sub>/L), and a shorter length of stay (7.6 vs 9.5 days). The location of the perforation (gastric rather
Sensitization to acid‐hydrolyzed wheat protein by transdermal administration to <scp>BALB</scp>/c mice, and comparison with gluten
Authors: R. Adachi, R. Nakamura, S. Sakai, Y. Fukutomi, R. Teshima
Journal: Allergy (2012)

Abstract Background An increasing number of studies have shown that hydrolyzed wheat protein ( HWP ) can induce I g E ‐mediated hypersensitivity by skin contact and/or food ingestion. However, there has been no study of the sensitizing potential of HWP . In this study, the possibility of transdermal pathway for sensitization to acid‐ HWP ( HWP 1) was investigated using BALB /c mice, and compared with that of gluten. Methods HWP 1 or gluten (500 μg/mouse) was transdermally administered using patches. After three or four cycles of sensitization for 3 days/week, active systemic anaphylaxis ( ASA ) was induced by intraperitoneal injection of the antigen, and rectal temperatures, scores of anaphylactic responses, and plasma histamine levels were determined. Because HWP 1 was included in facial soap in J apan, the effect of detergent on the sensitizing potential was also investigated. Results Transdermal administration of HWP 1 induced dose‐dependent production of I g E and I g G 1. After sensitization for 3 or 4 weeks, intraperitoneal injection of HWP 1 caused ASA , leading to decreased rectal temperatures, increased anaphylaxis scores, and increased plasma histamine levels. In addition, splenocytes harvested after ASA produced IL ‐4, IL ‐5, and IL ‐10 by re‐stimulation with HWP 1. Transdermal exposure to gluten also induced I g E and I g G 1 production, and intraperitoneal injection of gluten also induced ASA only in mice sensitized in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Conclusions Transdermal exposure to HWP 1 is sufficient to activate key immune pathways necessary for sensitizing mice for immediate hypersensitivity reactions. This study shows that HWP has a sensitizing potential as well as gluten, whereas its allergenicity may be different from that of gluten.
Watchful waiting as good as surgery for prostate cancer
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Men with prostate cancer who decide not to have surgery and instead opt only for treatment of the symptoms of their disease do as well as men who have surgery, at least in the first six or seven years after diagnosis.

From October 1989 to February 1999, 695 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer in clinical stage T1b, T1c, or T2 (as described by the International Union against Cancer (UICC)) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: watchful waiting …