tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Expression of the ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion as a primary event in human secretory breast carcinoma
Authors: Cristina Tognon, Stevan R Knezevich, David Huntsman, Calvin D Roskelley, Natalya Melnyk, Joan A Mathers, Laurence Becker, Fatima Carneiro, Nicol MacPherson, Doug Horsman, Christopher Poremba, Poul H.B Sorensen
Journal: Cancer Cell (2002)
Safety of probiotics: comparison of two popular strains
Authors: Cathy Hammerman, Alona Bin-Nun, Michael Kaplan
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Mounting clinical evidence shows that nutritional supplements of live micro-organisms (probiotics) have health advantages to humans.The appeal of probiotic therapy lies in the fact that it not only represents a non-invasive attempt to recreate natural flora rather than a disruption of nature, but it is also an approach that is both cheap and effective.However, the concept of willingly ingesting live bacteria remains somewhat counterintuitive.Although probiotic therapy is generally considered harmless, rare reports of systemic infections involving probiotic bacteria have raised clinical concerns.We therefore conducted a scientific review of the safety of these organisms.For the purpose of this review, we assumed therapeutic effectiveness and concentrated primarily on evaluating the safety of this treatment.Although many such reviews exist, previous authors have taken a uniform approach-they have mostly reported anecdotal case reports of infection or infection rates with the strain under investigation and then generalised their findings to all probiotics.We have tried to isolate the different safety profiles of diverse probiotic strains.
Insights from Modeling Protein Evolution with Context-Dependent Mutation and Asymmetric Amino Acid Selection
Authors: C. T. Saunders, P. Green
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

We develop an approximate maximum likelihood method to estimate flanking nucleotide context-dependent mutation rates and amino acid exchange-dependent selection in orthologous protein-coding sequences and use it to analyze genome-wide coding sequence alignments from mammals and yeast. Allowing context-dependent mutation provides a better fit to coding sequence data than simpler (context-independent or CpG “hotspot”) models and significantly affects selection parameter estimates. Allowing asymmetric (nonreciprocal) selection on amino acid exchanges gives a better fit than simple dN/dS or symmetric selection models. Relative selection strength estimates from our models show good agreement with independent estimates derived from human disease-causing and engineered mutations. Selection strengths depend on local protein structure, showing expected biophysical trends in helical versus nonhelical regions and increased asymmetry on polar–hydrophobic exchanges with increased burial. The more stringent selection that has previously been observed for highly expressed proteins is primarily concentrated in buried regions, supporting the notion that such proteins are under stronger than average selection for stability. Our analyses indicate that a highly parameterized model of mutation and selection is computationally tractable and is a useful tool for exploring a variety of biological questions concerning protein and coding sequence evolution.
Abstract P1-16-02: Retrospective Review of Male Breast Cancer Patients: Analysis of Tamoxifen-Related Side Effects
Authors: N Pemmaraju, M Munsell, GN Hortobagyi, S. Giordano
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon malignancy with approximately 2000 American men diagnosed per year. It has been observed that the side effect profiles and tolerability with anti-hormonal treatments such as tamoxifen differ between women and men. There is a paucity of data specifically evaluating the side effect profiles of antihormonal treatments in MBC patients (pts). Objective: To specifically study the side effects of tamoxifen in a cohort of MBC pts and to determine toxicities in this population. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed all MBC pts evaluated at our institution from 1999-2009. Out of a total of 126 MBC pts, 64 met the following inclusion criteria: stage I-III, treated with tamoxifen, and at least one follow-up visit after starting tamoxifen. A descriptive analysis of side effects was performed on these 64 pts. Patient Characteristics and Results: Median follow-up time at our institution was 4.2 years (range 0.3-10.9). Median follow-up from the start of tamoxifen therapy was 4.0 years (range 0.3-19.4). The median age at diagnosis was 61 years (range 30-79). Breakdown by stage included: 29.7% Stage I, 54.7% stage II, and 15.6% stage III. Median initial tumor size was 2.0 cm (range 0.5-6.5). 100% were hormone-receptor positive and 7 tumors (11%) were HER2/neu-positive. Two pts had history of prior therapeutic radiation, and 11 pts (17%) had a prior or concomitant cancer diagnosis, including 6 pts with history of prostate cancer and 2 pts with history of renal cell carcinoma. Sixteen (25%) developed metastatic disease or recurrence. Thirty (47%) pts experienced at least one or more side effect while taking tamoxifen. There were a total of 101 documented side effects (more than one side effect in some pts). The most common toxicity was weight gain (14 out of 64 pts, 22%) and sexual dysfunction/loss of libido (14pts, 22%), followed by hot flashes (8pts, 13%), neurocognitive deficits (6 pts, 1%), thromboembolic events (4 pts, 1%) ocular events (3pts), mood alterations (2pts), depression (2 pts), GI disturbance(2 pts), insomnia (1) and leg cramps (1). Importantly, 13 out of the 64 (20.3%) pts discontinued tamoxifen due to toxicity: 1 for ocular, 2 for neurocognitive deficits, 4 for thromboembolic events, 2 for bone pain, 3 for loss of libido, and 1 for leg cramps. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the largest retrospective study specifically examining tamoxifen-related side effects among MBC pts. Among MBC pts, there is a high rate of discontinuation of tamoxifen. Further prospective work regarding better understanding of male hormonal biology as well as novel anti-hormonal drug development may be warranted in this unique population. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-16-02.
Changes in thiols and glutamate as consequence of simian immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Eleni Papadopulos-Eleopulos, Bruce Hedland-Thomas, DavidA Causer, ValendarF Turner, JohnM Papadimitriou, Wulf Dröge, SarkoM Tilkian, Myron Berdischewsky
Journal: The Lancet (1991)
Hemorrhage Into a Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Lenworth M. Jacobs
Journal: JAMA (1978)

WE describe the clinical course of a patient and discuss a number of the associated pharmacophysiological effects of massive hemorrhage into a pheochromocytoma. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A spontaneous hemorrhage into a unilateral adrenopheochromocytoma developed in a previously healthy 28-year-old woman. This led to fulminating pulmonary edema and cardiac failure, which were complicated by disseminating intravascular coagulation resulting in microinfarcts and ischemic necrosis of the brain. In the emergency room, she was nauseated and was vomiting. On examination, her vital signs were blood pressure (BP), 120/80 mm Hg; pulse rate, 124 beats per minute; and respirations, 16/min. She was not in distress. Her oropharynx was unremarkable and her chest was clear. Her abdomen was unremarkable. Within one hour cyanosis and copious, frothy pink hemoptysis developed. A chest x-ray film showed fulminant pulmonary edema. Her blood gas values on 100% oxygen were Pao<sub>2</sub>, 45 mm Hg; Pco<sub>2</sub>, 29 mm
Comparison of 30- and 50-mCi Doses of Iodine-131 for Thyroid Ablation
Authors: LESLIE J. DEGROOT
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

We compared the utility of lower (30 mCi) and higher (50 to 60 mCi) doses of 131I used to ablate residual thyroid tissue after thyroidectomy for carcinoma. Whole body scans were done using 1 mCi 131I, 3 weeks after withdrawal of triiodothyronine. Patients had received ablation therapy within 3 days after scanning, and one or more subsequent scans were analyzed. Forty-eight patients were treated to ablate residual thyroid tissue that was presumed to be normal. Among 18 patients given the lower dose of 131I as outpatients, 15 had successful ablation and three needed a second administration; all 30 patients treated with the higher dose had successful ablation. Seventeen additional patients, presumed to have residual cancer, received 50 to 150 mCi; and six needed treatment. Although 1 dose of 50 to 60 mCi 131I provides more certain ablation, use of the usually effective 30-mCi dose for initial ablation is justified by the convenience of outpatient administration, the lower expense, and the lower whole-body radiation dose.
Hair Nicotine and Cotinine in Women and Newborn Infants-Reply
Authors: Gideon Koren
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In Reply.  —The difference between mean hair concentrations of nicotine in babies of nonsmokers (0.4 ng/mg) and passive smokers (0.28 ng/mg) was not statistically significant. Conversely, the difference in levels of cotinine was highly significant. As our study indicates, cotinine is a more accurate marker of exposure because of its substantially longer elimination half-life.  Low exposure to nicotine is part of most people's diet, in the form of potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, to mention a few. Therefore, it is not surprising that there is some nicotine in most samples. In addition, even in cases of true nonsmokers, none of us can escape all the nicotine that surrounds us.  We have no problem with you enjoying your cigar, as long as no pregnant woman is around.
Physicians' Willingness To Participate in the Process of Lethal Injection for Capital Punishment
Authors: Neil J. Farber, Brian M. Aboff, Joan Weiner, Elizabeth B. Davis, E. Gil Boyer, Peter A. Ubel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: It has been found that physicians condone colleague involvement in capital punishment. Physicians' own willingness to participate has not been explored. Objective: To examine physicians' willingness to be involved in cases of capital punishment. Design: Survey exploring physicians' willingness to participate in 10 aspects of capital punishment by lethal injection, 8 of which are disallowed by the American Medical Association. Setting: United States. Participants: 1000 randomly selected practicing physicians. Measurements: Questions assessing willingness to be involved in and attitudes toward capital punishment. Results: 41% of respondents indicated that they would perform at least one action disallowed by the American Medical Association; 25% would perform five or more disallowed actions. Perceived duty to society (P < 0.001), approval of the death penalty (P < 0.001), and approval of assisted suicide (P = 0.015) correlated with increased willingness to perform disallowed actions. Only 3% of respondents knew of any guidelines on this issue. Conclusions: Despite medical society policies, many physicians would be willing to be involved in the execution of adults. The medical profession needs to be better informed about the ethical issues involved in physician participation in capital punishment.
Health and climate change: a call for action
Authors: Bettina Menne, Roberto Bertollini
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The health sector has to become proactive, not reactive 

Climate change—the subject of this week's United Nations summit in Montreal—is already affecting human health in Europe, and countries are not prepared. It is now five years since the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded that there is new and stronger evidence that most of the global warming that has occurred over the past 50 years is attributable to human activities and that climate change could affect human health.1 Even before that, in 1999, ministers of health and environment from the World Health Organization European Region acknowledged that “human-induced changes in the global climate system and in stratospheric ozone pose a range of severe health risks and potentially threaten economic development and social and political stability.”

Several countries have started the essential action of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. As long as these measures are not altering the ongoing changes in the climate there is a need to understand how people and systems can effectively adapt to new climate patterns and potential threats, and to determine what should be …
Underreporting of AIDS in South Carolina-Reply
Authors: Clark W. Heath
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Jones et al reaffirm South Carolina's ongoing commitment to AIDS surveillance, and we anticipate that the completeness of reporting will improve with this new program. The results from the two Michigan hospitals reported by Mss Mokotoff and Galbraith are consistent with those found by Chamberland et al,<sup>1</sup>Lafferty et al,<sup>2</sup>and others, as well as in our own subset of large hospitals that provide care to many patients with AIDS. An important distinction between the South Carolina and Michigan studies is that the latter was not statewide and thus excludes smaller and rural hospitals in Michigan, which may have lower reporting levels. We considered the possible effect of the 1987 change in surveillance criteria on our findings. However, we observed that reporting levels were not substantially different, 50% and 57%, respectively, for persons meeting earlier vs the extended (1987) surveillance definitions. Thus, we concluded that the
Screening for Alcoholism
Authors: Robert M. Morse
Journal: JAMA (1979)

ALCOHOLISM is one of the most prevalent conditions to confront the primary care physician. In six different hospital studies,<sup>1-3</sup>alcoholism was found in 3.7% to 9.9% of women and in 15.3% to 29% of men. We believe that all general medical patients should be screened for alcoholism and think that this can be done simply and reliably. In general, one must have a high index of suspicion, ask the proper questions, gather the evidence, and understand the condition. We suggest the following approach. <h3>The Right Questions</h3> Two commonly asked questions should be avoided. "How much do you drink?" and "Are you an alcoholic?" usually bring guarded replies and produce little useful information. We think that four simple screening questions can go a long way toward alerting the clinician to alcoholism. "Do you drink?" obviously must begin the screening process. The patient who denies drinking at all should then be
Cardiac Output of Men and Dogs Measured by in vivo Analysis of Iodinated (I <sup>131</sup> ) Human Serum Albumin
Authors: REX L. HUFF, DAVID D. FELLER, OLIVER J. JUDD, GEORGE M. BOGARDUS
Journal: Circulation Research (1955)

A time-intensity analysis of I 131 was carried out with a highly shielded well-collimated scintillation detector placed over the chest of normal men and women, patients and dogs. I 131 human serum albumin solution was injected intravenously. The curves thus obtained when analyzed for cardiac output gave values not significantly different from simultaneously obtained direct Fick values.
Regulation of pituitary gonadotrophin gene expression
Authors: J. Mercer
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (1995)

Journal Article Regulation of pituitary gonadotrophin gene expression Get access J.E. Mercer, J.E. Mercer Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA 02115, USA 1 Present address: Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, PO Box 152. Clayton 3168, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar W.W. Chin W.W. Chin 2 Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA 02115, USA 2 To Whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: (617) 732 5856; Fax: (617) 732 5123 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Human Reproduction Update, Volume 1, Issue 4, 1995, Pages 363–384, https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/1.4.363 Published: 01 July 1995
Abstract 1557: High mobility group box 1 secretion supports tumor progression of human malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Sandro Jube, Zeyana Rivera, Marco Bianchi, Amy Powers, Ena Wang, Ian Pagano, Harvey I. Pass, Giovanni Gaudino, Michele Carbone, Haining Yang
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Human malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive and highly lethal cancer, often associated with exposure to asbestos and erionite. Prognosis is poor, due to late-stage diagnosis and resistance to current conventional therapies. We previously showed that high-mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1), a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein, is involved in the early stages of mesothelial cell transformation. Here we show that HMGB1 establishes an autocrine circuit in MM cells influencing tumor cell proliferation and survival. MM cells express HMGB1 at high levels and secrete HMGB1 into the extracellular space. Accordingly, HMGB1 levels in MM patients’ sera are significantly higher than in those of healthy individuals. In addition, motility, survival and anchorage-independent growth of HMGB1-secreting MM cells were inhibited in vitro by a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against HMGB1, by the recombinant HMGB1 competitive antagonist BoxA and by antibodies against the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Inhibition of HMGB1 reduced the growth of MM xenografts in SCID mice and extended survival. Our findings indicate that MM cells become “addicted” to HMGB1 and that targeting HMGB1 can be a promising novel therapeutic approach for MM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1557. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1557
Low Total Plasma Homocysteine Concentrations in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Mario Cotellessa, Giuseppe Minniti, Roberto Cerone, Francesca Prigione, Maria Grazia Calevo, Renata Lorini
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

We read with great interest the recent article by C. Pavia et al. (1) on total homocysteine (tHcy) and its modifying vitamin factors (folates and vitamins B12 and B6) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. The authors studied the possible relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia in type 1 diabetes and duration of disease, degree of metabolic control, presence of microalbuminuria, alterations in fundus oculi, and chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.

Numerous studies clearly demonstrate that mild hyperhomocysteinemia is strongly related to vascular diseases (2,3). Patients with diabetes often develop premature vascular disease. In type 2 diabetes, increased plasma concentrations of tHcy …
What the Bones Tell Us
Authors: Irving Root
Journal: JAMA (1993)

An easily readable, informative, enjoyable, thought-provoking commentary, interspersed with warm, refreshing tales, this book is a worthwhile addition to the personal library. It should interest both general and medical readers, dealing as it does with a subject that is near and dear to our hearts: our bones.   What the Bones Tell Us is written in a popular science style and avoids the highly technical jargon of the specialties of anthropology and paleontology. The refreshing insight into what our bones can tell us about ourselves, the present, the recent past, and the evolutionary past and present piques our curiosity and makes us wonder if there will be a sequel.  Dr Schwartz touches only briefly on the forensic aspect and significance of the study of bones but does emphasize how sensitive an area it is. Under the watchful, albeit superficial, eye of the news media, ever mindful of the big story as
Is the Jarman underprivileged area score valid?
Authors: J R Charlton, A Lakhani
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A recently published validation of an underprivileged area score, which is intended to reflect factors that increase general practice workload or pressure on their services, was incomplete; a validation based on criteria other than the opinion of general practitioners is also required. Areas with higher mortality from diseases where general practitioner intervention can reduce mortality substantially are likely to have a greater need for general practice services. Similarly, the need for general practitioner services should be higher where the incidence of such treatable conditions is higher. This paper describes the association between Jarman9s score and (a) mortality from causes that are amenable to general practice intervention and (b) incidence of two diseases where general practice intervention is important. Using these data the score appears to have external criterion validity and thus is likely to reflect, at least crudely, the need for general practitioner services.
Virion half-life in chronic hepatitis B infection is strongly correlated with levels of viremia
Authors: Maura Dandri, John M. Murray, Marc Lutgehetmann, Tassilo Volz, Ansgar W. Lohse, Joerg Petersen
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) kinetics with mathematical models may disclose new aspects of HBV infection and host response mechanisms. To determine the kinetics of virion decay from the blood of patients in different phases of chronic infection, we applied mathematical modeling to real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, which enable quantification of viremia and intrahepatic HBV productivity by measuring both copy number and activity of covalently closed circular DNA (relaxed circular DNA/covalently closed circular DNA) in the liver of 80 untreated chronically active HBV carriers (38 hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg]-positive and 42 HBeAg-negative individuals). We found that the half-life of circulating virions is very fast (median 46 and 2.5 minutes in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative individuals, respectively) and strongly related to viremia, with clearance rates significantly accelerating as viral loads decrease. To investigate whether immune components can influence the kinetics of virion decay, we analyzed viral dynamics in immunodeficient urokinase-type plasminogen activator chimera mice. Virion half-life in mice (range, 44 minutes to >4 hours) was comparable to estimates determined in high viremic carriers, implying that clearance rates in these patients are mostly determined by common nonspecific mechanisms. Notably, the lack of correlation between virion half-life and viremia in mice indicated that immune components significantly accelerate virion clearance rates in individuals with low titers. Conclusion: Our analyses suggest that both host defense mechanisms and levels of circulating virions affect the kinetics of HBV decay assessed in the serum of chronic carriers. Identification of the factors affecting clearance rates will be important for future antiviral drug developments and it may give insights into the mechanisms involved in clearance of other chronic infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
The Use of Race in Medical Research-Reply
Authors: Marvin D. Feit
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We agree that in our society there is a relationship between race and socioeconomic status. It does not follow that this relationship converts race into the best variable to describe and analyze health outcomes. However, when properly used, race can be a valid research category. We devote a substantial part of our article to making precisely this point. We recognize that there may be compelling reasons for analyzing the effects of race on health. However, researchers must be able to explain why racial data are pertinent and to prove that the methods used address the hypotheses they intend to test. Those unable to do so are likely to be gathering meaningless or inappropriate data. The concept that theory inspires data and that data adjudicate theory is basic in research. Yes, there may be racial differences in drug metabolism and in the incidence of cancer among Asian Americans, blacks,