tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Is human information processing conscious?
Authors: Max Velmans
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1991)

Abstract Investigations of the function of consciousness in human information processing have focused mainly on two questions: (1) Where does consciousness enter into the information processing sequence, and (2) how does conscious processing differ from preconscious and unconscious processing? Input analysis is thought to be initially “preconscious” and “pre-attentive” - fast, involuntary, and automatic. This is followed by “conscious,” “focal-attentive” analysis, which is relatively slow, voluntary, and flexible. It is thought that simple, familiar stimuli can be identified preconsciously, but conscious processing is needed to identify complex, novel stimuli. Conscious processing has also been thought to be necessary for choice, learning and memory, and the organization of complex, novel responses, particularly those requiring planning, reflection, or creativity. The present target article reviews evidence that consciousness performs none of these functions. Consciousness nearly always results from focal-attentive processing (as a form of output) but does not itself enter into this or any other form of human information processing. This suggests that the term “conscious process” needs reexamination. Consciousness appears to be necessary in a variety of tasks because they require focal-attentive processing; if consciousness is absent, focal-attentive processing is absent. From a first-person perspective , however, conscious states are causally effective. First-person accounts are complementary to third-person accounts. Although they can be translated into third-person accounts, they cannot be reduced to them.
Russia tries to reduce irradiation deaths
Authors: M. Ingram
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Russian citizens are to be issued with “radiation passports” to try to reduce the number of deaths due to overirradiation. In Moscow alone 8000 people die every year of cancer, radiation sickness, or reduced immunity directly related to too many x ray examinations, according to Dr Roman Stavitsky, a senior medical officer who heads a laboratory investigating …
Abstract 3115: Ephrin-dependent and -independent activities of the receptor tyrosine kinase EphB4
Authors: Nai-Ying Michelle Yang, Nikki Noren Hooten, Elena B. Pasquale
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Recent evidence has shown that the EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinase is upregulated in various types of cancer. However, it is unclear how the EphB4 receptor may contribute to oncogenesis because its activation by its preferred ligand, ephrin-B2, appears to be low in most cancer cell types. We have found that activation of EphB4 in breast cancer cells by stimulation with exogenous ephrin-B2 Fc ligand activates a tumor suppressor pathway that inhibits cell growth and migration. Our laboratory has also recently demonstrated an ephrin-independent activity of EphB4 in breast cancer cells, which may play a role in the tumors where the ligand is absent. By using RNA interference to downregulate EphB4 in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 cells, we found that EphB4 inhibits integrin-mediated substrate adhesion, spreading and migration, and reduces β1-integrin protein levels. Through these effects, EphB4 expression would be expected to inhibit tumor development and growth. Ephrin binding does not appear to be important for this EphB4-dependent regulation of β1-integrin levels. Here, we show that EphB4 knock down also dramatically increases β1-integrin protein levels in PC3 prostate cancer cells. Stimulation with a soluble form of the ligand, ephrin-B2 Fc, also reduces EphB4 expression. Therefore, experiments are in progress to determine if EphB4 downregulation by ligand also results in decreased β1-integrin protein levels, besides the inhibition of integrin-mediated cell adhesion induced by EphB4 ligand-dependent signaling. Experiments are also in progress to investigate the mechanism by which EphB4 regulates integrin levels, and whether it involves regulation of mRNA levels or protein stability. Interestingly, a recent report shows that the decreased expression of EphB4 in intestinal tumors from APCmin/+ mice that lack one EphB4 allele causes increased transcription of genes involved in cell attachment to the extracellular matrix and invasion (Dopeso et al., 2009, Cancer Res 69:7430). However, an increase in β1-integrin mRNA level was not detected in this model. Therefore, it will be interesting to investigate whether EphB4 regulates integrins differently in different cancer cell types, the mechanisms involved, and the effects on cell migration and invasion. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3115.
Facing the Diabetes Epidemic — Mandatory Reporting of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Values in New York City
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Interview with Dr. Thomas Frieden on mandatory reporting of glycosylated hemoglobin values in New York City. (07:22)Download The diabetes epidemic in the United States continues unabated, with a staggering toll in acute and chronic complications, disability, and death. The primary culprits are poor glycemic control over the long term and other major risk factors, such as hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, and elevated levels of cholesterol or blood lipids. Although physicians know how to treat diabetes in individual patients, overall progress against the epidemic requires widespread improvement in glycemic control, as underscored by the recent finding that intensive insulin therapy reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease among patients with type 1 diabetes.1 In 2005, an estimated 20.8 million . . .
Body Build and Mortality
Authors: Thomas J. Bassler
Journal: JAMA (1980)

To the Editor.—  We agree with the timely editorial by Samuel Vaisrub, MD (243:1844, 1980), that suggests that corpulence is not only safe but may be desirable. Our forensic surveillance of jogging deaths 1 is in agreement with the Framingham study by Sorlie et al (243:1828, 1980) in the sense that risk is highest at the two extremes of body build—the leanest and the fattest. Joggers of average build who run average training mileage have less risk than those who vary greatly from the mean.  We expected the group with high body fat and low exercise levels to show more deaths from atherosclerosis. They had more risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and long intervals of sedentary living.  However, just as Sorlie et al were puzzled by the excess mortality in the leanest group, we are unable to explain the sudden deaths of elite runners. They usually die of cardiac
Cephalgia fugax: a momentary headache.
Authors: L O'Donnell, E A Martin
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Description d'un syndrome particulier de cephalalgie intense et fugace, sans prodromes ni facteur declenchant le plus souvent. Chez tous les malades suivis plusieurs annees aucune maladie liee a ces douleurs ne se declare. Les explorations radiologiques et autres donnent des resultats negatifs
A CASE OF FULMINANT CEREBRO-SPINAL FEVER WITHOUT MENINGITIS
Authors: W. S. Symmers
Journal: BMJ (1917)

rThIC BURMs 78 require stiuilatttio.A 10 per cenit.aqueous solutioin is painted ovet tCle b-Lurn ble-fore the al)llication of the paraffin.'l'eeie i.-.very distin6t evihnce that con- .valescence is greatly accelerated by tlhe uise of this .powerfulstimulsts to the foIrimationi of epitlheliuai; 1 anid 10 per cent.liave been tried, and id imost cases the 1 per cenit.lhas proved sufficienit.Mustard gas barns lheal readily by thc ordiniary applica- tioni of No. 7 parafflin.Thle treatment giving the ihost satisfactory results, obviating pain, sepsis, and otlher complications, and which we have found generally applicable,.is the prelit-minary iainting: of the sutrface of thle burn wVitlh aqueous flavine solution 1 in 1,000, folHowed by tlle application of No. 7 paraffin.-in eases of long duration scarlet-red 1 per cent. is substituted for tlle flavine solution.We lia've found rapidity of h%ealing and miniffized scarring, to be greatly favoured by this treatmenit.FOR.MULAE.
Melissa Jane McDermott
Authors: M. Still, J. Worters
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Melissa Jane McDermott was born in Huddersfield, west Yorkshire, and educated at the Mount School in York and Dumfries Academy, before her medical training. After house jobs in Glasgow, and a general medical post in Nottingham, she took a placement in public health before entering specialist training in the East of England Deanery in …
Effectiveness of federally required medical laboratory screening in the detection of chemical liver injury
Authors: Carlo H. Tamburro, Richard Greenberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1981)

The increasing concern of industrialized societies over the potential health hazard of synthetic chemicals in the occupational environment has led to government requirements for medical laboratory screening of workers. The specific tests for such screening programs are most often selected on the basis of medical experience which utilized them in symptomatic or hospitalized populations. Required screening tests for hepatic injury including cancer in vinyl chloride workers has been systematically and prospectively studied in an industrial population working with synthetic rubber and plastics. Approximately 1300 employees were studied over a five-year period. A cohort of 969 male employees, for the purposes of analysis, were divided into a “standard” and “nonstandard” population based upon the absence or presence of significant medical disease (including liver disease). A subcohort of 120 individuals was further identified based on availabiliity of liver biopsy. Evaluation of federally required studies included alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP), alanine aminotranserase (ALT, SGPT), aspartic aminotransferase (AST, SGOT) and bilirubin (BR). Also studied were indocyanine green clearance (ICG) and radioisotopic liver spleen scans (L-S scans). The GGTP provided the highest positive predicted value as a screening test for identifying “nonstandard” individuals (individuals with all types of medical disease) followed by ICG, AST, ALT, L-S scan, AP, and BR. In the identification of asymptomatic liver disease the GGTP had the least specificity due to a high false positive rate, while the AP provided the highest specificity. The ICG clearance however, provided the best combination of positive predictive value and sum of specificity and sensitivity. The AP provided additional increase in specificity as a follow-up study. There was no evidence that any of the other federally required tests added any additional benefit and did add significant increase in the false positive rate. These studies support the need for evaluating screening tests as to their sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value, in asymptomatic individuals, before they are made established requirements.
The Conduit System Transports Soluble Antigens from the Afferent Lymph to Resident Dendritic Cells in the T Cell Area of the Lymph Node
Authors: Michael Sixt, Nobuo Kanazawa, Manuel Selg, Thomas Samson, Gunnel Roos, Dieter P. Reinhardt, Reinhard Pabst, Manfred B. Lutz, Lydia Sorokin
Journal: Immunity (2005)
1100-60 Platelet dysfunction following a 300 mg clopidogrel loading dose in type 2 diabetes undergoing coronary stenting
Authors: Dominick J Angiolillo, Antonio Fernández-Ortiz, Esther Bernardo, Celia Ramírez, Manel Sabaté, Rosana Hernández-Antolín, Raul Moreno, Fernando Alfonso, Javier Escaned, Camino Bañuelos, Carlos Macaya
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Paper pushers and patients
Authors: W. Russell
Journal: BMJ (1982)

In its 17th report, Financial Control of Accountability in the National Health Service, published last September, the Commons Public Accounts Committee was critical of the way staff numbers have been rising in recent years.Between 1971 and 1979 staff increased overall by 22-9% or 174 000, and within different staff groups there were wide variations in the percentage increases.For instance, professional and technical staff in England and Wales went up by 47 4%, administrative and clerical staff by 45-4%, hospital medical staff by 3155%, nursing staff by 24-6%, and ambulance staff by 1222%.Quite clearly that could give the
[523] QUANTIFICATION OF HBV MUTANTS AGAINST LAMIVUDINE BY THE PNA-MGB METHOD DURING THE COURSE OF BREAKTHROUGH HEPATITIS
Authors: Y. Yamamoto, S. Hige, T. Sho, M. Natsuizaka, M. Nakanishi, M. Chuma, S. Yoshida, M. Asaka
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
The Place of the Physician in Modern Society
Authors: Charles D. Aring
Journal: JAMA (1974)

NEARLY a half century ago a group of leaders in the fields of medicine, public health, and the social sciences convened to consider distribution of medical care and the quality of the care that was or was not reaching the citizenry—an index of a civilization then as now. The self-constituted<i>Committee on the Cost of Medical Care</i>(1927 to 1932) resulted. This was composed of 50 members under the chairmanship of Ray Lyman Wilbur, MD, President of Stanford University. The committee comprised a group of distinguished people, physicians, sociologists, economists, and public figures, buttressed by a research staff of 75 technical experts. From the final report, a statement by Walton H. Hamilton (1881-1958), Professor of Law at Yale University Law School, is worth resurrecting because of insights into the nuances of certain medical problems of considerable subtlety that compliment the excellence of the presentation. Hamilton found himself unable to concur
Selective blockade of CD28 and not CTLA-4 with a single-chain Fv–α1-antitrypsin fusion antibody
Authors: Bernard Vanhove, Geneviève Laflamme, Flora Coulon, Marie Mougin, Patricia Vusio, Fabienne Haspot, Jérôme Tiollier, Jean-Paul Soulillou
Journal: Blood (2003)
Relationships Between Authorship Contributions and Authors' Industry Financial Ties Among Oncology Clinical Trials
Authors: Susannah L. Rose, Monika K. Krzyzanowska, Steven Joffe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

Purpose To test the hypothesis that authors who play key scientific roles in oncology clinical trials, and who therefore have increased influence over the design, analysis, interpretation or reporting of trials, are more likely than those who do not play such roles to have financial ties to industry. Methods Data were abstracted from all trials (n = 235) of drugs or biologic agents published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology between January 1, 2006 and June 30, 2007. Article-level data included sponsorship, age group (adult v pediatric), phase, single versus multicenter, country (United States v other), and number of authors. Author-level data (n = 2,927) included financial ties (eg, employment, consulting) and performance of key scientific roles (ie, conception/design, analysis/interpretation, or manuscript writing). Associations between performance of key roles and financial ties, adjusting for article-level covariates, were examined using generalized linear mixed models. Results One thousand eight hundred eighty-one authors (64%) reported performing at least one key role, and 842 authors (29%) reported at least one financial tie. Authors who reported performing a key role were more likely than other authors to report financial ties to industry (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.3; 99% CI, 3.0 to 6.0; P &lt; .0001). The association was stronger among trials with, compared with those without, industry funding (OR, 5.0 [99% CI, 3.4 to 7.5] v OR, 2.5 [99% CI, 1.3 to 4.8]), but was present regardless of sponsorship. Conclusion Authors who perform key roles in the conception and design, analysis, and interpretation, or reporting of oncology clinical trials are more likely than authors who do not perform such roles to have financial ties to industry.
Breast Cancer in Black Women
Authors: Jill Moormeier
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Purpose: To review the current knowledge about breast cancer in black women—including epidemiology, risk factors, screening practices, pathology, clinical manifestations, treatment, and outcome—with emphasis on issues that might explain why the survival rate in this population of women is lower than that in white women. Data Sources: The MEDLINE database from 1966 to 1995 and the bibliographies of all related articles. Study Selection: Review articles and clinical studies related to all aspects of breast cancer in black women. Data Synthesis: The incidence of breast cancer is lower in black women (95.8 cases per 100 000 women) than in white women (112.7 cases per 100 000 women). Differences in reproductive factors may partially explain the lower risk for breast cancer among black women in the United States. Breast tumors in black women are consistently diagnosed at a more advanced stage of disease: Forty-two percent of black women present with cancer confined to the breast compared with 53% of white women. In addition, the cancers of black women tend to be more poorly differentiated and are less likely to be estrogen receptor positive. Treatment of breast cancer in black women appears to be similar to that in white women, but little is known about systemic therapy choices and efficacy. Overall, despite their lower risk for breast cancer, black women have a mortality rate from breast cancer similar to that of white women because they have a lower 5-year disease-specific survival rate (64% in black women compared with 80% in white women). Conclusions: The discrepancy in survival rate between black and white women exists because black women have tumors that are more advanced at the time of diagnosis, because tumor biology in black women is different from that in white women (in particular, black women have a higher frequency of poorly differentiated tumors and a lower frequency of hormone receptor-positive tumors), and because of confounding comorbid conditions and socioeconomic factors. Current efforts to improve survival rates in black women with breast cancer should focus on community education, screening efforts, and early detection. As more information is gained about breast cancer treatment in black women, this may also be an important area for intervention.
THE INFLUENCE OF DIET ON THE PRODUCTION OF TUMORS OF THE LIVER BY BUTTER YELLOW
Authors: Eugene L. Opie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

The presence of fat in the diet accelerates the production of hepatic tumors by p-dimethylaminoazobenzene (butter yellow), and when its quantity is very small, few are produced. Butter yellow with diets consisting in large part of rice, or with other diets with low protein content, causes nodular cirrhosis, but, rice substituted for sugar in a diet containing protein, fat, and butter yellow with adequate vitamins accelerates the production of tumors though the added rice is insufficient to induce nodular cirrhosis. Rice favors the production of hepatic tumors by agencies that are not yet explained. Butter yellow produces hepatic tumors in the absence of cirrhosis, but with diets that produce cirrhosis, the frequency of tumors and of their precursors, cystic ducts and cholangiofibrosis, increases with the severity of cirrhosis.
In vivo magnetic resonance imaging of post angioplasty coronary vessell wall lesions in pigs
Authors: M. Shinnar, R. Gallo, Z.A. Fayad, J.T. Fallon, A. Padurean, S.N. Konstadt, D. Moskowitz, J. Abela, J.J. Badimon, V. Fuster
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Relationship of the CD5 B cell to human tonsillar lymphocytes that express autoantibody-associated cross-reactive idiotypes.
Authors: T J Kipps, S F Duffy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

We examined human tonsillar B cells for expression of autoantibody heavy-chain or kappa light-chain cross-reactive idiotypes (CRIs), respectively defined by murine MAbs G6 or 17.109. We find 17.109 or G6 each specifically binds a subpopulation of B cells, respectively reacting with 3.8 +/- 3% (mean +/- SD) or 2.0 +/- 1.2% of all tonsillar lymphocytes. Cells reactive with both 17.109 and G6 comprise only 0.4 +/- 0.3% of tonsillar lymphocytes. Although each tested specimen had 17.109-positive cells, 2 of 19 tonsils (11%) did not have any G6-reactive cells. We find that CRI-positive cells and CD5 B cells both co-express slgD but fail to bind peanut agglutinin or MAbs specific for CD10, indicating that both cell types reside in the mantle zones of secondary B cell follicles. However, less than half of the B cells bearing one or both of these CRIs express detectable levels of CD5. Nevertheless, we find that G6-reactive lymphocytes constitute a multiclonal population of cells that express homologous heavy chain variable region genes, each rearranged to one of several distinct and apparently nonmutated D and JH gene segments. Collectively, these studies indicate that expression of nondiversified autoantibody-encoding variable region genes may not be an exclusive property of B cells that bear detectable levels of the CD5 surface antigen.
HIF-1α induction suppresses excessive lipid accumulation in alcoholic fatty liver in mice
Authors: Yasumasa Nishiyama, Nobuhito Goda, Mai Kanai, Daisuke Niwa, Kota Osanai, Yu Yamamoto, Nanami Senoo-Matsuda, Randall S. Johnson, Soichiro Miura, Yasuaki Kabe, Makoto Suematsu
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
P1237 ANTI-HEPATITIS C (HCV) TRIPLE THERAPY WITH PROTEASE INHIBITORS IN HIV/HCV CO-INFECTED PATIENTS AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: T.M. Antonini, V. Furlan, E. Teicher, S. Haim-Boukobza, M. Sebagh, A. Coilly, L. Bonhomme-Faivre, A.-M. Roque-Afonso, D. Vittecoq, D. Samuel, A.-M. Taburet, J.-C. Duclos-Vallee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Add‐on omalizumab improves day‐to‐day symptoms in inadequately controlled severe persistent allergic asthma
Authors: M. Humbert, W. Berger, G. Rapatz, F. Turk
Journal: Allergy (2008)

Background: Omalizumab is efficacious in the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe and severe persistent allergic (immunoglobulin E‐mediated) asthma, reducing exacerbations, emergency visits and improving quality of life (QoL). However, as exacerbations are relatively infrequent, assessment of efficacy on day‐to‐day symptoms is warranted. Aims: To investigate the effect of add‐on omalizumab on day‐to‐day symptoms, and how they correlate with QoL in severe persistent asthma. Methods: The correlation between asthma symptom scores and QoL [Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ)] was assessed. Symptom‐free days (total symptom score = 0) and symptom‐controlled days (definition 1: total symptom score ≤1; and definition 2: morning peak expiratory flow ≥90% of baseline, daytime asthma score ≤1 and night‐time asthma score = 0) were compared between the omalizumab‐treated group, omalizumab responders and placebo. Results: Four hundred and nineteen patients (omalizumab, n = 209; placebo, n = 210) were included in the efficacy analyses, and 61% (118/195) of patients with response data were classified as responders. Total symptom score strongly correlated with AQLQ overall and symptom scores and individual domains. AQLQ overall score correlated well with symptom scores. Responders had significantly more symptom‐free days than the omalizumab‐treated and placebo groups (45.8%, 37.2% and 22.6% respectively), and more symptom‐controlled days (definition 1: 56.1%, 47.9% and 35.3%, respectively, and definition 2: 50.8%, 43.9% and 28.0%, respectively). Conclusions: In patients with inadequately controlled severe persistent asthma, day‐to‐day symptoms correlate well with QoL. Add‐on omalizumab significantly improves day‐to‐day symptoms compared with placebo. Further improvement in responders confirms the physician’s assessment as a response measure.