tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dermatology quality of life scales -a measure of the impact of skin diseases
Authors: M. MORGAN, R. McCREEDY, J. SIMPSON, R.J. HAY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Patient-generated dermatology quality of life scales (DQOLS) were developed to assess the impact of skin conditions on patients' psychosocial state and everyday activities. The items were derived from the self-reported impacts of their skin condition by 50 dermatology out-patients. The resulting 17 psychosocial items and 12 activities items were assigned five-point scales and self-completed by 118 out-patients. Factor analyses grouped the items into four psychosocial subscales (embarrassment, despair, irritableness, distress) and four activities subscales (everyday, summer, social, sexual). Tests of the psychometric properties indicated that the internal consistency of responses was high, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.92 for the 17 psychosocial items and 0.83 for the 12 activity items. Assessment of reliability based on 41 psoriasis patients attending phototherapy treatment identified good short-term test-retest reliability, with intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.84 for both the psychosocial and activities scales. Construct validity was confirmed by the ability of the scales to identify clinically expected differences and their greater sensitivity to the impacts of skin problems compared with a widely used generic health status measure. The DQOLS thus form a robust measure of patient-perceived impacts. They were quickly self-completed and provide information that complements traditional clinical indicators. These scales should assist in informing treatment decisions by identifying impacts of different skin conditions and variations in responses among social and cultural groups, as well as guiding priorities for services within the specialty.
Over-the-counter cold medications. A critical review of clinical trials between 1950 and 1991
Authors: M. B. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine whether over-the-counter cold medications have been shown to be effective in relieving symptoms in children, adolescents, and adults. <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —The MEDLINE database using the key words combined with medications and research and review articles. Articles were retrieved if they were written in English and published between January 1950 and January 1991. <h3>Study Selection.</h3> —Articles were selected if they described a controlled clinical trial on the treatment of the common cold. Forty-eight percent of 106 articles met the selection criteria, and these were grouped by age into child studies (&lt;5 years old and &lt;12 years old) and adolescent (aged 12 years and older)/adult studies. <h3>Data Extraction.</h3> —Each article was scored on 11 criteria to determine scientific validity. Those articles scoring above 70% were included in the final analysis. Two authors independently scored a sample of articles to determine interrater reliability. <h3>Data Synthesis.</h3> —Very few studies have been performed on children. Of those, two done on preschool children demonstrated no symptom relief, whereas two done on older children showed some benefit. In the adolescent/adult studies, chlorpheniramine maleate, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, oxymetazoline hydrochloride, phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride, ipratropium bromide, and atropine methonitrate all improved nasal symptoms. Combination therapy (using an antihistamine-decongestant mix) was shown to relieve a variety of symptoms. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —No good evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness of over-the-counter cold medications in preschool children. Furthur studies are required to clarify the role of these medications in children. Certain single over-the-counter medications and combinations have been shown to reduce cold symptoms in adolescents and adults. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;269:2258-2263)
Screening for estrogen and androgen receptor activities in 200 pesticides by in vitro reporter gene assays using Chinese hamster ovary cells.
Authors: Hiroyuki Kojima, Eiji Katsura, Shinji Takeuchi, Kazuhito Niiyama, Kunihiko Kobayashi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

We tested 200 pesticides, including some of their isomers and metabolites, for agonism and antagonism to two human estrogen receptor (hER) subtypes, hERalpha and hERbeta, and a human androgen receptor (hAR) by highly sensitive transactivation assays using Chinese hamster ovary cells. The test compounds were classified into nine groups: organochlorines, diphenyl ethers, organophosphorus pesticides, pyrethroids, carbamates, acid amides, triazines, ureas, and others. These pesticides were tested at concentrations < 10-5 M. Of the 200 pesticides tested, 47 and 33 showed hER- and hERbeta-mediated estrogenic activities, respectively. Among them, 29 pesticides had both hERalpha and hERbeta agonistic activities, and the effects of the organochlorine insecticides beta-benzene hexachloride (BHC) and delta-BHC and the carbamate insecticide methiocarb were predominantly hERbeta rather than hERalpha agonistic. Weak antagonistic effects toward hERalpha and hERbeta were shown in five and two pesticides, respectively. On the other hand, none of tested pesticides showed hAR-mediated androgenic activity, but 66 of 200 pesticides exhibited inhibitory activity against the transcriptional activity induced by 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. In particular, the antiandrogenic activities of two diphenyl ether herbicides, chlornitrofen and chlomethoxyfen, were higher than those of vinclozolin and p,p -dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene, known AR antagonists. The results of our ER and AR assays show that 34 pesticides possessed both estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities, indicating pleiotropic effects on hER and hAR. We also discussed chemical structures related to these activities. Taken together, our findings suggest that a variety of pesticides have estrogenic and/or antiandrogenic potential via ER and/or AR, and that numerous other manmade chemicals may also possess such estrogenic and antiandrogenic activities.
Clinical course of peritonitis due to Pseudomonas species complicating peritoneal dialysis: A review of 104 cases
Authors: Cheuk-Chun Szeto, Kai-Ming Chow, Chi-Bon Leung, Teresa Yuk-Hwa Wong, Alan Ka-Lun Wu, Angela Yee-Moon Wang, Siu-Fai Lui, Philip Kam-Tao Li
Journal: Kidney International (2001)
Rh and Other Blood Groups
Authors: Louis K. Diamond, Fred H. Allen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

Laboratory Procedures in Blood GroupingIt must be emphasized at the outset that blood-grouping procedures are at present in an imperfect state of development. The tests are still dependent in all routine work on the phenomenon of red-cell agglutination. Although this is an extremely sensitive method, as many biologic tests are, it is somewhat unpredictable, being dependent on certain physicochemical and biologic factors. Red cells must be well preserved in serum or in the clot and relatively fresh (one to three days old is best although adequate preservation for several weeks is possible with respect to some of the . . .
Does normal pump function belie muscle dysfunction in patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation?
Authors: T Wisenbaugh
Journal: Circulation (1988)

Left ventricular cineangiography and micromanometry were performed simultaneously in 27 patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation (MR group) and in 23 normal subjects (NL group). Stress (sigma) and volume (V) were computed frame by frame. Measurements were repeated after pharmacologic load manipulation in subsets of MR (n = 10) and NL (n = 11) groups. An inverse relationship (r = -.90) between EFc (ejection fraction determined from a common preload) and sigma es (afterload) was observed for the NL group. For the MR group, 10 of 14 with EFs less than 0.60 and four of 13 with EFs greater than 0.60 had muscle dysfunction, falling below the 95% prediction band of the normal EFc-sigma es relationship. Maximum myocardial stiffness (maxEN) determined from the end-systolic stress-strain relationship of Mirsky, sigma es = maxEN.gamma.loge(Ves/Vo), was 1398 +/- 716 in the MR (n = 10) vs 1165 +/- 394 in the NL group (n = 11, NS). EF was 0.62 +/- 0.13 in the MR and 0.65 +/- 0.08 in the NL group. Mitral valve surgery was performed on 19 of the patients with MR. All survived and all but one were symptomatically improved; that patient required reoperation in the early postoperative period because of transverse midventricular disruption. Thus, contractile function as assessed by stress-strain and EFc-afterload relationships is frequently normal in individuals with MR when EF is normal. When EF is depressed, contractile function as assessed by EFc-afterload relationships is frequently depressed, but this does not preclude a satisfactory surgical result.
Ga-67 Uptake in a Patient With Takayasu’s Arteritis
Authors: KRISTEN FULTS-GANEY, YONG BRADLEY, MORAKINYO O. TONEY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2000)

A 19-year-old Asian woman was admitted with fever of unknown origin, anemia, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and clinical indications of lymphoma. Screening Ga-67 citrate scintigraphy showed significant uptake in the distribution of the aortic arch and origin of the great vessels, thoracic aorta, left subclavian artery, and left common carotid artery. Subsequent enhanced computed tomography of the neck and chest showed marked arterial wall thickening in the regions of increased Ga-67 uptake. Classic angiographic changes in the great vessels confirmed the diagnosis of Takayasu’s arteritis.
Revenge can be more fully understood by making distinctions between anger and hatred
Authors: Aaron N. Sell
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract McCullough et al. present a compelling case that anger-based revenge is designed to disincentivize the target from imposing costs on the vengeful individual. Here I present a contrast between revenge motivated by anger (as discussed in the target article) and revenge motivated by hatred, which remains largely unexplored in the literature.
An Oration on THE INEXORABILITY OF THE LAW OF EVOLUTION AS MANIFESTED IN MODERN MEDICINE
Authors: A. Keith
Journal: BMJ (1930)

Wimnpole Street provided a. medical visitor from tIme country witlh quite an interesting morning.The namiaes oni the door-plates were already familiar to him; for the greater part they were those of phvsicians and surgeons oni the staffs of our leading hospitals.The physicians were mostly general consultants, but fame, he knew, had given some of them a reputation for being particularly skilled in certaiii diseases.The surgeons, too, exercised their art on all parts of the body, but already specialization lhad taken hold anid some were devoting themselVes to particular disorders, sulch as those of the urino-genital system, or even conifininig themselves to definite organs or svstems of the body, suell as eye, ear, niose anid throat, teeth, skini, and suclh as required oi-tlopaedic treatimient.Oltr' visitor woullI also have come across the names of miin w-ho had made their reputation in the p)ractieo of miiidwifer v and diseases of womien---a specialty whiclh in 1880 as at.Itast a cemitur-v 6c1l.Spencer's Law of Progress.Ouir counlltry friend, if he were familiar witlh Herber-t Spencer's law of progress,*-namely, thlat it u-as mierely another niame for increased specialization-woUld lhave fouiid ani opportunity, in tlie three streets just iiainaed, of studying the application of Spelncer's law to medicine.Of the 120 men who at that time liad segregated theinselves froein the arnmy of practitiomiers anld takein up aii abode in the thlree streets, some, although oli tlhe staffs of lhospitals, did engage in family practice; others wvere not oui any hos- pital staff, but sought prestige in practice from theil place of resideiice; the vast majority, low-ever, weere consulting physicialns, surgeons, or obstetriciaiis, or were specialists in one branlch of these three miiaini (ivisions.Their nulimbers represenit the extent to whicih iuiedical specialization lhad spread in, the year 1880.Thie 1?ate at which Specialization is Gmroling.Were our' visitor to return now, after ani absence of fifty
Prophylaxis after occupational exposure to HIV
Authors: P. Easterbrook, G. Ippolito
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Health care workers have a low but measurable risk of HIV infection after accidental exposure to infected blood or body fluids. Based on over 3000 incidents, the average risk of HIV infection after a single percutaneous exposure is 0.3% (95% confidence interval 0.18% to 0.46%).1 2 Contamination of mucous membranes and non-intact skin carries an even lower risk, while conjunctival contamination with blood carries a slightly higher risk.2 As a result HIV attributable to occupational exposure is uncommon: only 92 cases have been reported worldwide (J Heptonstall and G Ippolito, personal communication).

Although compliance with infection control recommendations in handling sharps is the mainstay of prevention,3 4 additional prevention strategies now include post-exposure prophylaxis with antiretroviral therapy. This has become widely used since the early 1990s, despite lack of clear evidence of benefit. Importantly, there has been no randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of such treatment, and nor are such trials likely to be practicable given the low risk of transmission.

Indirect evidence for antiretroviral therapy after occupational exposure to HIV comes from four main sources: biological plausability of benefit; a retrospective case-control study5; its efficacy in some animal models6; and zidovudine's effectiveness in reducing the risk of vertical transmission.7 The biological rationale is that initial virus uptake and antigen processing after inoculation may take several hours or even days. This presents a …
Antibody Testing in Lyme Disease A Comparison of Results in Four Laboratories
Authors: Brian S. Schwartz, Michael D. Goldstein, Jose M. C. Ribeiro, Terry L. Schulze, S. I. Shahied
Journal: JAMA (1989)

To evaluate the interlaboratory and intralaboratory agreement in the performance of Lyme disease serological testing, we sent serum specimens from 132 outdoor workers in New Jersey to as many as four independent laboratories. These included one state department of health laboratory, one large commercial laboratory, and two research laboratories. The measurement of agreement employed, the kappa statistic, ranged from .45 to .53 among the four laboratories and from .50 to .54 within the commercial laboratory. These values represent low levels of agreement. The data suggest that Lyme disease serological testing procedures should be standardized so that Lyme disease test results are more comparable between laboratories.
Clinical Experience Is Tempered by Genuine Human Concern
Authors: John P. Merrill
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE COMMUNICATION by Dr. Eugene Robin discussing the morality of human homotransplantation correctly and eloquently represents the issues involved. Certainly no one could dispute his conclusions. They have been stressed by many of us for years, although usually as part of a scientific treatise where the impact of the moral issues may have been obscured. A statement<sup>1</sup>published several months ago representing the opinion of the transplant group at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital emphasizes many of the points made in Dr. Robin's present communication. I should, however, like to touch briefly on several points which need elaboration. Dr. Robin has pointed out that his communication represents personal opinion. In this instance, it is an informed and penetrating opinion. There has been, however, a rash of published comments both in the lay press and in medical journals on this same subject. Much has been written by individuals with no
From Phisohex to Hibiscrub
Authors: H. G. Smylie, J. R. C. Logie, G. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1973)

In a field trial of three disinfectant-detergent preparations for the surgical scrub Hibiscrub (a 4% chlorhexidine detergent solution) maintained a significantly greater residual antibacterial action on the skin of the gloved hands of an operating team than was obtained with Disadine (povidone-iodine detergent preparation) (P&lt;0·001). In comparison with Phisohex (3% hexachlorophane in detergent cream), the established surgical scrub of the operating team for many years, Hibiscrub maintained marginally more significant residual disinfection (P 0·05). Of the three preparations the members of the team found Hibiscrub to be more acceptable for use than either Disadine or Phisohex.
Cholesterolosis: a physical cause of "functional" disorder.
Authors: M R Jacyna, I A Bouchier
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Many good friends and colleagues in England and Wales may take exception to criticisms of the National Blood Transfusion Service by the national medical director of its wee sister in Scotland.Undoubtedly my critique is partly based on "self' interest: the continued decline of the National Blood Transfusion Service is now having a destabi- lising effect on the Scottish service.Nevertheless, the overriding reason for this cri de coeur is my belief that unless the vital importance of the blood transfusion services to the well being of the health services in the UK is better understood, and the decline in performance arrested, then within the next decade the consequences will be grave.
The Prevalence of High Blood Cholesterol Levels Among Adults in the United States
Authors: Christopher Sempos
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Using the National Cholesterol Education Program's Guidelines for the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults and the most recent nationally representative serum total cholesterol and lipoprotein data for adults (ages 20 to 74 years) from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976 to 1980), it is estimated that 41% of adults should have lipoprotein analysis after an initial measurement of serum total cholesterol. Furthermore, it is estimated that 88% of those who need lipoprotein analysis, or 36% of all adults aged 20 to 74 years, are candidates for medical advice and intervention for high blood cholesterol levels. We estimate, based on 1986 population data, that approximately 40 million Americans between the ages of 20 and 59 years are candidates for medical advice and intervention. An additional 24 million Americans aged 60 years and older are candidates. Overall, we estimate that about 60 million Americans aged 20 years and older are candidates for medical advice and intervention for high levels of blood cholesterol, although a less intensive approach might be appropriate for elderly patients. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:45-52)
Overexpression of glycine-extended gastrin in transgenic mice results in increased colonic proliferation
Authors: Theodore J. Koh, Graham J. Dockray, Andrea Varro, Rachel J. Cahill, Charles A. Dangler, James G. Fox, Timothy C. Wang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

Gastrin is a peptide hormone involved in the growth of both normal and malignant gastrointestinal tissue. Recent studies suggest that the glycine-extended biosynthetic intermediates mediate many of these trophic effects, but the in vivo relevance of glycine-extended gastrin (G-Gly) has not been tested. We have generated mice (MTI/G-GLY) that overexpress progastrin truncated at glycine-72 to evaluate the trophic effects of G-Gly in an in vivo model. MTI/G-GLY mice have elevated serum and colonic mucosal levels of G-Gly compared with wild-type mice. MTI/G-GLY mice had a 43% increase in colonic mucosal thickness and a 41% increase in the percentage of goblet cells per crypt. MTI/G-GLY mice exhibited increased colonic proliferation compared with wild-type controls, with an expansion of the proliferative zone into the upper third of the colonic crypts. Continuous infusion of G-Gly into gastrin-deficient mice for two weeks also resulted in elevated G-Gly levels, a 10% increase in colonic mucosal thickness, and an 81% increase in colonic proliferation when compared with gastrin-deficient mice that received saline alone. To our knowledge, these studies demonstrate for the first time that G-Gly's contribute to colonic mucosal proliferation in vivo.
Microwave balloon angioplasty effectively seals arterial dissections in an atherosclerotic rabbit model
Authors: Charles Landau, Jesse W. Currier, Christian C. Haudenschild, Anne C. Minihan, Diana Heymann, David P. Faxon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of microwave balloon angioplasty in sealing arterial dissections and to characterize the histologic features associated with this intervention. Background. Coronary dissection accompanying balloon dilation is frequently associated with abrupt closure and acute ischemic complications. Effective management of this complication remains an active area of investigation. Because thermal energy is effective in welding separated atherosclerotic plaques, a microwave-based catheter system that provides controlled local heating was utilized in vessels with angioplasty-induced dissections. Methods. Iliac artery dissections were induced in a hypercholesterolemic rabbit model. Vessels were randomly assigned to treatment with standard balloon angioplasty (control vessels) or microwave balloon angioplasty using an average temperature of 80 °C. The response of the artery was assessed angiographically and histologically. Results. Angiographic success, defined as a reduction of dissection length by >50% or the resolution of lumen haziness, was achieved is 63% of microwave-treated vessels and in 16% of control vessels (p < 0.005). Dissection length (mean ± SD) was reduced 8.0 ± 4.8 mm in microwave-treated vessels compared with 0.1 ± 7.9 mm in vessels receiving standard balloon inflations (p < 0.005). Cellular necrosis was more commonly observed in microwave-treated vessels than in control vessels (73% vs. 17%, p < 0.05), but less intraluminal thrombus was seen in vessels exposed to Microwave energy (p < 0.05). Conclusions. Microwave balloon angioplasty is more effective than routine balloon inflations in sealing arterial dissections in this model and appears to be less thrombogenic in these markedly disrupted vessels.
THE ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.
Authors: GEORGE M. STERNBERG
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Fellow Members of the American Medical Association:   desire at the outset of my presidential address to express to you my high appreciation of the honor conferred upon me and my thanks for the same.  esteem it a special honor to have been elected president of the American Medical Association at the semi-centennial meeting in Philadelphia. The large attendance, the hospitable reception accorded us by the citizens of Philadelphia, the admirable arrangements for our meetings, the high professional and scientific standard of the general addresses and of the papers read at the sectional meetings, all contributed to make this a memorable meeting, and it will be a matter of just pride in the future for those members who are able to say, I was present at the semi-centennial meeting of the American Medical Association in Philadelphia in 1897. Possibly some of our younger members may have the privilege of