tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Subgroup analyses in randomised controlled trials: cohort study on trial protocols and journal publications
Authors: B. Kasenda, S. Schandelmaier, X. Sun, E. von Elm, J. You, A. Blumle, Y. Tomonaga, R. Saccilotto, A. Amstutz, T. Bengough, J. J. Meerpohl, M. Stegert, K. K. Olu, K. A. O. Tikkinen, I. Neumann, A. Carrasco-Labra, M. Faulhaber, S. M. Mulla, D. Mertz, E. A. Akl, D. Bassler, J. W. Busse, I. Ferreira-Gonzalez, F. Lamontagne, A. Nordmann, V. Gloy, H. Raatz, L. Moja, R. Rosenthal, S. Ebrahim, P. O. Vandvik, B. C. Johnston, M. A. Walter, B. Burnand, M. Schwenkglenks, L. G. Hemkens, H. C. Bucher, G. H. Guyatt, M. Briel
Journal: BMJ (2014)

To investigate the planning of subgroup analyses in protocols of randomised controlled trials and the agreement with corresponding full journal publications.Cohort of protocols of randomised controlled trial and subsequent full journal publications.Six research ethics committees in Switzerland, Germany, and Canada.894 protocols of randomised controlled trial involving patients approved by participating research ethics committees between 2000 and 2003 and 515 subsequent full journal publications.Of 894 protocols of randomised controlled trials, 252 (28.2%) included one or more planned subgroup analyses. Of those, 17 (6.7%) provided a clear hypothesis for at least one subgroup analysis, 10 (4.0%) anticipated the direction of a subgroup effect, and 87 (34.5%) planned a statistical test for interaction. Industry sponsored trials more often planned subgroup analyses compared with investigator sponsored trials (195/551 (35.4%) v 57/343 (16.6%), P<0.001). Of 515 identified journal publications, 246 (47.8%) reported at least one subgroup analysis. In 81 (32.9%) of the 246 publications reporting subgroup analyses, authors stated that subgroup analyses were prespecified, but this was not supported by 28 (34.6%) corresponding protocols. In 86 publications, authors claimed a subgroup effect, but only 36 (41.9%) corresponding protocols reported a planned subgroup analysis.Subgroup analyses are insufficiently described in the protocols of randomised controlled trials submitted to research ethics committees, and investigators rarely specify the anticipated direction of subgroup effects. More than one third of statements in publications of randomised controlled trials about subgroup prespecification had no documentation in the corresponding protocols. Definitive judgments regarding credibility of claimed subgroup effects are not possible without access to protocols and analysis plans of randomised controlled trials.
Clean drinking water for homes in Africa and other less developed countries
Authors: James K Tumwine
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Flocculant-disinfectant treatment with bleach is effective and acceptable 

More than 1 billion people in developing countries lack access to safe water, and 2.2 million die annually of diarrhoea.1 Unfortunately, communities where diarrhoea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality often lack the capacity and the resources to establish and sustain centrally purified water free from sewage.2

Contamination of water during collection, transport, and storage at home presents a serious risk to health for millions of households in developing countries. Several studies have shown an increased risk of diarrhoea because of inadequate water storage.3 Regardless of where or how the water is collected, storage vessels with wide openings such as pots or buckets are easily contaminated with faeces, through the introduction of cups, dippers, or hands. Water might also be contaminated by flies, cockroaches, and rodents.

Several organisations have adopted a three …
Trans-Septal Catheterization of the Left Atrium
Authors: Armando Susmano, Richard A. Carleton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

DURING the last decade several different technics for catheterization of the left side of the heart have been described.1 , 2 The most recent, which utilizes a percutaneous femoral puncture and transatrial septal approach to the left atrium,3 , 4 has been widely accepted and utilized.5 The major advantages are that the patient can be studied in the supine position, that the entry into the left atrium is painless, that the procedure leaves the patient free to exercise and that the catheter can be left in place for protracted periods. As with all approaches to the left atrium, however, complications have been reported.6 7 8 This . . .
Abstract 2605: Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms, plasma cholesterol, and prostate cancer
Authors: Irene M. Shui, Elizabeth A. Platz, Meir Stampfer, Lorelei A. Mucci, Edward Giovannucci
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Men who use cholesterol-lowering statin drugs and those with lower cholesterol levels may have a decreased risk of aggressive prostate cancer (PCa), providing support for further investigation of cholesterol metabolism in the etiology of PCa. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays an important role in cholesterol metabolism and may also affect tumor growth and angiogenesis. Compared to the APOE wild-type isoform (e3e3), the e4 allele has been associated with elevated cholesterol and the e2 allele with lower cholesterol. Our study aimed to determine if APOE polymorphisms were associated with PCa risk, especially aggressive disease, and whether this association varied by plasma total cholesterol level. Methods: We included 1193 total PCa cases and 1244 controls nested in the prospective Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1993-2004). APOE status was characterized by genotyping two SNPs (rs429358 and rs7412). Total plasma cholesterol was measured enzymatically. We calculated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for PCa risk (overall, high grade, and advanced stage/lethal) using unconditional logistic regression comparing e2 and e4 carriers to men homozygous for e3. Results: APOE genotype prevalence in controls was: e3e3 (0.60), e2e3 (0.14), e2e2 (0.007), e3e4 (0.22), e4e4 (0.016); those with e2e4 (0.027) were excluded from the analysis. APOE genotype was significantly associated with total plasma cholesterol: e2 carriers had significantly lower mean and standard deviation (188.5+/−34.7 mg/dL) compared to the e3e3 men (200.4+/−35.4 mg/dL) or the e4 carriers (201.2+/−36.3 mg/dL). However, we saw no significant associations with PCa by APOE genotype for total, advanced stage/lethal, or high-grade PCa (Table). There was no significant effect modification by plasma total cholesterol. Conclusions: In this large prospective cohort study we did not observe an association between APOE genotype and PCa. Future analyses will assess whether associations are modified by statin use. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2605. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2605
Serum levels of bone cytokines are increased in indolent systemic mastocytosis associated with osteopenia or osteoporosis
Authors: Anja Rabenhorst, Bastian Christopeit, Silke Leja, Alexander Gerbaulet, Svea Kleiner, Anja Förster, Ulrike Raap, Claudia Wickenhauser, Karin Hartmann
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Ascorbic acid inhibits chemically induced uroporphyria in ascorbate-requiring rats
Authors: Peter R. Sinclair, Nadia Gorman, Jacqueline F. Sinclair, Heidi S. Walton, William J. Bement, Richard W. Lambrecht
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Ascorbate was previously shown to suppress accumulation of uroporphyrin (URO) in cultured chick embryo hepatocytes and to competitively inhibit microsomal oxidation of uroporphyrinogen catalyzed by cytochrome P4501A2. Here we used the Osteogenic Disorder Shionogi (ODS) mutant rat, which cannot synthesize ascorbic acid, to examine the in vivo effect of ascorbic acid on hepatic URO accumulation caused by treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) and 5-aminolevulinate (ALA). Female mutant rats maintained on three levels of dietary ascorbate (15,200, and 800 ppm) were treated for a total of 24 days. On the 11th and 16th days, rats were administered 3-methylcholanthrene, and 5-aminolevulinate was present continuously in the drinking water from day 14. Hepatic URO accumulated at the two lowest ascorbate levels, but not at 800 ppm ascorbate. The latter dose produced normal hepatic ascorbate levels. Plasma ascorbate levels were proportional to the hepatic values. Male rats also accumulated URO at the low dietary dose of ascorbic acid. The methylcholanthrene-induced increase in microsomal levels of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, total cytochrome P450, and activities of uroporphyrinogen oxidation and ethoxyresorufin deethylase were not affected by the dietary level of ascorbate. Neither male nor female Fischer 344 rats accumulated URO when treated with the MC/ALA regime. Hepatic ascorbate concentrations in these rats were five-fold to seven-fold higher than they were in mutant rats that developed uroporphyria on 150 ppm dietary ascorbate. In ODS rats fed ascorbate at 90 but not 900 ppm in the diet, hexachlorobenzene caused hepatic URO accumulation, indicating that the effect of ascorbic acid is not unique to the regimen using methylcholanthrene.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of Sickle-cell Trait on Resistance to Malaria
Authors: E. Beutler, R. J. Dern, C. L. Flanagan
Journal: BMJ (1955)

It has been remarked above that the difference between sick- ling and non-sickling children is particularly marked at about this level of parasitaemia.It is important to notice that for natural selection to operate in favour of hetero- 7ygouLs sicklers it must exert its effect before reproductive age; the view advanced here is that it can operate only in the absence of acquired immunity, and in an endemic area it is precisely those below reproductive age who lack effective immunity.All this evidence is of course indirect * the decisive information-accurate mortality statistics for sicklers and non- sicklers before puberty-is nowhere available, and will be difficult to collect.Nevertheless, there is enough evidence to give support to Allison's (1954) hypothesis, and to justify attempts to show exactly how the metabolism of the various species of plasmodia is affected by the molecular structure of the haemoglobin in the erythrocytes that they invade. SummaryIn two large series of children living in the vicinity of Kampala, Uganda, the gross malarial parasite rate was found to be lower in those carrying the sickle-cell trait than in others, but not significantly so.In a series of 1,200 children attending hospital the P. falciparuni rate was significantly lower in sicklers than in non-sicklers.Parasite counts in P. falciparumii infections were very much lower in sickling than in non-sickling children.It is maintained that the presence of sickle-cell haemo- globin in erythrocytes does not prevent, but limits, the severity of P. falciparumn infections in non-immune sub- jects.Insufficient data are available to assess the effect of sickle-cell haemoglobin on other species of plasmodia.I am indebted to the medical superintendent and physicians of Mulago Hospital and to Dr. H. F. Welbourn for access to cases under their care, and to the D.M.S. Uganda
Vascular Changes in Renal Homografts
Authors: George Dunea, John B. Hazard, Willem J. Kolff
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Renal vascular changes were seen in six patients after renal homotransplantation. A deposition of fibrinous material on the intimal surface and in the vessel wall was found in three cadaver kidneys where extensive areas of necrosis had occurred. Necrotizing arterial lesions were seen in two transplanted kidneys and may have represented acute rejection. Severe obliteration of the vessel walls in four patients was considered to be the end result of recurrent acute rejections or of chronic rejection. It is hoped that vigorous immunosuppressive therapy may prevent vascular rejection.
392 HBeAg defective mutants in active/inactive anti-HBe positive HBV carriers: Possible role of pre-core initiation mutants
Authors: D. Flichman, F. Moriconi, F. Oliveri, P. Ciccorossi, B. Coco, P. Colombatto, R. Sacco, F. Bonino, M.R. Brunetto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Child health in ethnic minorities. Chinese and Vietnamese families.
Authors: J Black
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Chinese familiesFor many generations there have been Chinese communities in our major ports, but only during the past 20 years have greater numbers come to Britain, mainly from Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore.In London most Chinese families live in Camden, Islington, Lambeth, and the City of Westminster, though there are smaller communities or single families scattered all over London, owing to the large number of Chinese restaurants.In the rest of Britain the pattern is similar, with large communities in Liverpool, Manchester, and Bristol.There are also a few families from the People's Republic of China in London, mainly attached to or working in the Chinese Embassy.The ethnic Chinese families who came to the United Kingdom from Vietnam have rather different problems and are considered later. Social structure and family lifePerhaps more than any other immigrant group the Chinese have tended to retain their social structure and cultural attitudes with little contact with local or national activities.The extended family is a very important aspect of their social life; for the children, respect for parents, relatives, older people, and "authority figures" such as teachers is an essential part of their attitude to life.Religion-There are many Buddhists and also Christians of various denominations.So called "ancestor worship," more properly reverence or respect for one's ancestors, is important to most Chinese families and means looking to their ancestors for guidance.It is a way of life not a religion, and its practice is quite compatible with membership of a formal religious group.In the People's Republic of China there is no formal religion; religious worship is tolerated but not encouraged.Language-Families from urban Hong Kong usually speak Cantonese and those from the New Territories may speak Hakka or Cantonese, or both.Many families from Malaysia and Singapore speak Hokien.Mandarin is also widely understood.Written Chinese, being in the form of ideographs, is, of course, understood by all Chinese people.Naming system-The Chinese normally put the tamily name (surname) first, followed by the given names.In Britain, however, many families have adopted the British system, with the family name last, so it is essential to clear up this point at the beginning.When asking someone's name it is best to say, "What is your family name?" and "What is your personal or given name?" rather than to say, "What is your first (or last) name?" Older women may have retained their maiden names after marriage without adding the husband's family name, but this is becoming less common.When a whole family is registered, as in general practice, and the wife is using her maiden name it is best to put in brackets (wife of Mr .... ).Children normally take the father's family name; they may have both English and Chinese names, or for use in school they may use an English translation of their Chinese given names.
Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets—Reply
Authors: Christopher D. Gardner, Randall S. Stafford, Abby C. King
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
DELAY FROM FIRST MEDICAL CONTACT TO PCI AND ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION UNDERGOING PRIMARY PCI
Authors: Sasha Koul, Pontus Andell, Andreas Martinsson, J. Gustav Smith, Jesper van der Pals, Fredrik Scherstén, Tomas Jernberg, Bo Lagerqvist, David Erlinge
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Novel cyclooxygenase‐catalyzed bioactive prostaglandin F<sub>2α</sub> from physiology to new principles in inflammation
Authors: Samar Basu
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2006)

Abstract Prostaglandin F 2α (PGF 2α ), a foremost stable vasoactive cyclooxygenase (COX)‐catalyzed prostaglandin, regulates a number of key physiological functions such as luteolysis, ovarian function, luteal maintenance of pregnancy, and parturition as a constitutive part of ongoing reproductive processes of the body. It has recently been implicated in the regulation of intricate pathophysiological processes, such as acute and chronic inflammation, cardiovascular and rheumatic diseases. Since the discovery of a second isoform of COXs, it has been shown that PGF 2α can be formed in vivo from arachidonic acid through both isoforms of COXs, namely cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2). Being synthesized in various parts of the body, it metabolizes instantly to a number of rather inactive metabolites mainly in the lungs, liver, kidney, and efficiently excretes into the urine. 15‐Keto‐dihydro‐PGF 2α , a major stable metabolite of PGF 2α that reflects in vivo PGF 2α biosynthesis, is found in larger quantities than its parent compound in the circulation and urine in basal physiological conditions, with short‐lived pulses during luteolysis, induced termination of pregnancy and parturition, and is increased in tissues and various body fluids during acute, sub‐chronic, and severe chronic inflammation. Further, the close relationship of PGF 2α with a number of risk factors for atherosclerosis indicates its major role in inflammation pathology. This review addresses multiple aspects of PGF 2α in addition to its emerging role in physiology to inflammation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 4, 435–468, 2007
Induction of M2-like macrophages in recipient NOD-scid mice by allogeneic donor CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells
Authors: Xuelian Hu, Guangwei Liu, Yuzhu Hou, Jianfeng Shi, Linnan Zhu, Di Jin, Jianxia Peng, Yong Zhao
Journal: Cellular and Molecular Immunology (2012)
PATHOGENESIS OF EXPERIMENTAL SHOCK
Authors: Arnold L. Nagler, Benjamin W. Zweifach
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

A series of biological test reactions was used in order to establish the presence of bacterial endotoxins in the blood of rabbits during the progression of hemorrhagic shock. 1. When the shocked animal was used as the test object, it was not possible to induce either the generalized Shwartzman reaction or the dermal Shwartzman phenomenon with exogenous endotoxin (S. enteritidis or E. coli) as one of the two provocative factors. 2. Epinephrine instilled into the skin of rabbits either before, during, or after an episode of hemorrhagic shock did not result in the hemorrhagic skin reaction which occurs in the presence of as little as 1 microg of endotoxin intravenously. 3. Passive transfer from a donor in the irreversible phase of shock of 20 to 25 ml of blood into a primed recipient (B.P. at 40 mm Hg for 1 hour) was uniformly lethal. 4. Similar amounts of blood from such shocked donor failed upon intravenous injection to elicit a protective hemorrhagic reaction in skin sites which were infiltrated with 100 microg of epinephrine. In the same animals 1 microg of endotoxin added to the blood samples caused a positive dermal response. 5. Blood was taken from rabbits which had been pretreated with S. enteritidis endotoxin and then subjected to hemorrhagic shock (35 mm Hg for 2 hours). Such samples upon passive transfer produced positive skin reactions in epinephrine sites but were not lethal to the primed test recipient used in these studies. It is concluded that the contribution of bacterial endotoxemia to the genesis of hemorrhagic shock remains to be determined.
Reversing the Irreversible
Authors: Jeffrey M. Drazen, Craig Gerard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, also known as chronic airway obstruction, is a common disease. Exacerbations of this disorder accounted for more than 3.5 million hospital days in the United States in 1985.1 Not only is the disease common, but considerable resources are devoted to its treatment. One of every 60 prescriptions written in the United States in 1987 was written to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.2 Is this treatment well directed? In contrast to the highly labile airways found in asthma, the obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease does not respond to the short-term administration of bronchodilator medications. As a . . .