tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Industrial emission of cadmium in Japan.
Authors: N Yamagata
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

Direct emission of cadmium into air and water in Japan has been controlled on the basis of the Emission and Effluent Standards. Environmental quality in these media has been improved, but delayed effects of these emissions in the past are now manifest by contamination of agricultural acreage in various parts of this country. Special land improvement projects are therefore required, and cost allocation should be made on the basis of scientific assessment of natural background. An impact assessment on accidental release of potential sources of cadmium dispersed in the water system should be made on the basis of inventory surveillance. Assessment of natural background can practically be made by two means. One is to examine the vertical distribution of cadmium in a soil profile and to search for a subsurface layer in which there can be no contamination. Another is the use of the Zn/Cd ratio as an index of pollution, a value of 400 being suggested as a screening level. The transport of cadmium was found to occur principally in particulate form, and sampling and analysis of water together with suspended solid after a heavy rainfall is suggested as a useful means for assessing the character of a catchment area and for planning the improvement of land surface in mining districts.
Myocardial Infarction among Black Patients: Poor Prognosis after Hospital Discharge
Authors: Angel Castaner
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Previous studies suggest that long-term survival among symptomatic black patients with coronary artery disease is reduced compared with white patients. Of 342 patients hospitalized with a myocardial infarction over a 3-year period, 285 were black and 249 of these were discharged alive. In this cohort, the all-causes mortality was 14% (95% CI, 9 to 19) at 1 year and 22% (95% CI, 13 to 31) at 2 years. Cardiac causes accounted for 71% and 82% of all deaths at 1 and 2 years, respectively. These mortality rates exceed previous reports of survival after myocardial infarction among white patients in the United States, and confirm that inner-city minority patients served by municipal health care institutions have a particularly poor prognosis for coronary artery disease.
Increased Survival for Patients With Cirrhosis and Organ Failure in Liver Intensive Care and Validation of the Chronic Liver Failure–Sequential Organ Failure Scoring System
Authors: Mark J.W. McPhail, Debbie L. Shawcross, Robin D. Abeles, Anthony Chang, Vishal Patel, Guan-Huei Lee, Maheeba Abdulla, Elizabeth Sizer, Christopher Willars, Georg Auzinger, William Bernal, Julia A. Wendon
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
Waiting list times for treatment.
Authors: R Madhok
Journal: BMJ (1993)

We question what improvement in the data is afforded by treating thQse who do not sit a voluntary examination as equivalent to those who enter and fail it.In the emerging atmosphere of higher education, in which quality and value for money are watchwords, funding bodies are increasingly using performance indicators.Such indicators include numbers of staff and students; school leaving qualifications; drop out rates; quality of educational provision; pass rates; measures of graduates' subsequent success; and excellence and productivity of research.Data on many of these have been published or made available to universities, and they provide material for reflection-for example, one of us has reported substantial differences in the clinical experience provided by groups of medical schools (London, Oxford and Cambridge, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland).'Medical education is a continuum from under- graduate training through to continuing medical education.One object of undergraduate training is to prepare students for postgraduate training, which is typically assessed at some point by the examinations of the royal colleges.Measures of success in medicine are thus likely to include the results of these examinations, and we do not think that this is inappropriate.To this end it is desirable that all royal colleges publish data on the performance in their examinations of British graduates by medical school.
Risk of Community-Acquired Pneumococcal Bacteremia in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Reimar Wernich Thomsen, Heidi Holmager Hundborg, Hans-Henrik Lervang, Søren Paaske Johnsen, Henrik Carl Schønheyder, Henrik Toft Sørensen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

OBJECTIVE—We conducted this population-based case-control study to examine whether diabetes is associated with an increased risk of community-acquired pneumococcal bacteremia. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We included 598 cases in the North Jutland County Bacteremia Registry, Denmark, with residence in the county and a first hospitalization for community-acquired pneumococcal bacteremia from 1992 through 2001. Ten sex- and age-matched population control subjects per case were selected, using a unique personal identifier. Diabetes was determined by record linkage with the County Prescription Database (for prescriptions for antidiabetic drugs) and the Hospital Discharge Registry (for previous hospitalizations with diabetes or diabetic complications). We performed conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for pneumococcal bacteremia among diabetic and nondiabetic persons, with adjustment for a range of comorbid diseases considered to be risk factors for pneumococcal infection. RESULTS—The crude OR for pneumococcal bacteremia in persons with diabetes was 1.9 (95% CI 1.4–2.6). After adjustment for comorbidity, the OR decreased to 1.5 (95% CI 1.1–2.0). The impact of diabetes on the risk for pneumococcal bacteremia was most pronounced in adults aged 40 years and younger (adjusted OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.1–16.7) and in persons without any other coexisting morbidity (adjusted OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–3.9). Under the assumptions that the association was causal and that there is a 5% overall prevalence of diabetes in our study population, 24 of 1,000 admissions with incident pneumococcal bacteremia may be attributed to diabetes. CONCLUSIONS—Diabetes seems to be a risk factor for community-acquired pneumococcal bacteremia.
Cholesterol's Effect on Patient Education
Authors: Renée M. Brilliant
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The question of whether to do routine cholesterol screening in children is one that is being hotly debated across the country.<sup>1</sup>I wish to make reference to an epiphenomenon that my practice group of pediatricians sees every day. We do routine cholesterol screening for children as young as 3 years. If the cholesterol level is higher than 4.70 mmol/L (180 mg/dL), a letter and suggested dietary changes are sent to the parents and another appointment is suggested, after the child follows the diet plan for about 2 months. We follow up lipid or cholesterol levels as indicated. Regardless of the cholesterol level, we have found that, by focusing on it, we have improved the diets of our patients enormously. The impetus for this improvement, I feel, is not our letter and the enclosed diet, but rather the parents' concern over their family's cholesterol levels, a concern
PCDD/PCDF: human background data for Germany, a 10-year experience.
Authors: O Päpke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

This paper gives an overview of the development of the environmental or background exposure of humans to polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in Germany. To determine the background exposure, adipose tissue, human milk, or blood can be used. The good comparability of the matrices analyzed is demonstrated. The daily consumption of low-level contaminated food, mainly of animal origin, leads to the accumulation of PCDDs/PCDFs in the human adipose reservoir. The influence of factors such as various eating habits, severe weight loss, age, and nursing (women only) on the human body burden is discussed. Because of decreasing emission of PCDDs/PCDFs into the environment, a decline of these components in humans could be observed over a time span of 10 years.
Consequences of Thyroid Radiation in Children
Authors: Lewis E. Braverman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

The recent epidemic of thyroid carcinoma in the Chicago area results from irradiation to the neck area in infancy and childhood. Fortunately, x-ray therapy for shrinking tonsils, adenoids, and thymus glands and treating acne and other benign conditions has been discontinued for at least 15 years, but the late effects of such therapy are being reported with increasing frequency. The study by Refetoff and his co-workers in this issue of the Journal describing the high incidence of thyroid carcinoma appearing years after neck irradiation (average of 25 years) confirms their earlier report1 and the findings of others that external irradiation . . .
Abstract 3255: Relevance of mutated PIK3CA to normal mammary gland development and malignancy
Authors: Vanessa F. Merino, Sunju Park, Xiaohui Liang, Yong Soon Chun, Saraswati Sukumar
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract In the current study we generated transgenic mice with mammary gland specific- overexpression of PIK3CA wild type and mutant protein with the aim to characterize the effects of activation of PI3K signaling on normal mammary gland and tumor development. PIK3CA encodes p110α, the predominant isoform of the catalytic subunit of class 1A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a lipid phosphokinase. The family of PI3Ks provides signaling for diverse cellular functions, including proliferation, metabolism, migration, translation, apoptosis avoidance, and angiogenesis. Disruption of this tightly regulated pathway by gene loss (PTEN), mutation (PIK3CA, AKT1, or less commonly PIK3R1), or amplification (PIK3CA), is one of the most common alterations in human cancers. PIK3CA mutations result in constitutive activation of p110α, increasing lipid kinase activity and resulting in an increase in activated AKT. The majority of mutations in breast cancer occur at three hotspots: E542K and E545K at exon 9, which encode the helical domain, and H1047R at exon 20, which encodes the kinase domain. Previously, it was described that human mammary epithelial cells expressing these alleles grew efficiently in soft agar and as orthotopic tumors in nude mice. In a mouse model in which PI3K is activated by forced recruitment of p110α to the membrane, increased ductal branching, alveolar hyperplasia, intraductal neoplasia and a low frequency of mammary tumors were observed. To date, no in vivo studies have been reported to determine if PIK3CA mutations play a causative role in breast tumorigenesis. By performing whole mount analysis of mammary gland at 8 weeks of age, we have shown that mice harboring E545K mutation showed increased ductal branching, while expression of H1047R (high copy numbers) results in duct enlargement and defects in duct elongation. Two mice harboring low and high copy numbers of H1047R mutation developed mammary tumors at 14 and 16 months of age respectively. Histological analysis revealed that both were carcinomas with tubular, papillary and comedo features. In conclusion, transgenic mice with mammary gland specific- overexpression of PIK3CA wild type and hot spot mutations were generated. In transgenic mouse studies, we show that PI3K signaling activation appears to alter normal mammary gland development and initiate mammary tumor formation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3255.
A Correlative Study of Postmortem, Electrocardiographic, and Spatial Vectorcardiographic Data in Myocardial Infarction
Authors: G. E. BURCH, L. G. HORAN, JOSEPH ZISKIND, J. A. CRONVICH
Journal: Circulation (1958)

The spatial vectorcardiograms (sVCG) and electrocardiograms were studied with respect to the gross and microscopic data in 59 instances of myocardial infarction. Besides the early abnormalities in the QRS sÊ-loop frequently associated with the electrocardiographic Q of infarction, there were recognizable alterations in the sVCG associated with the anatomic location of the infarction: lateral wall infarcts shortened vectors in mid-QRS sÊ-loop, and posterior lateral basal infarction altered the terminal portion distinctively. The myocardial lesions included fresh infarcts, solid scars, scattered fibrosis, and scar with interwoven intact muscle fibers. Where many normal-appearing fibers were present in the lesion, the previously recorded ECG or sVCG frequently failed to show the diagnostic signs of infarction. However, by presenting the depolarization complex in greater detail, the sVCG supplemented the ECG, improving the accuracy of diagnosis of infarction, especially among the smaller, less solid lesions.
Regression of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy With Captopril Restores Normal Ventricular Action Potential Duration, Dispersion of Refractoriness, and Vulnerability to Inducible Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: Seth J. Rials, Ying Wu, Xiaoping Xu, Roland A. Filart, Roger A. Marinchak, Peter R. Kowey
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with multiple cellular electrophysiological abnormalities, susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias, and an increased risk of sudden death. Several pharmacological therapies have been shown to produce regression of hypertrophy, but the value of regression is unclear. The present study examines whether pharmacological regression of LVH has effects on the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmia or the cellular electrophysiological abnormalities of LVH.Rabbits underwent unilateral renal artery banding and contralateral nephrectomy to induce LVH or were placed in the control group. Both groups were studied 3 months later by in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological techniques. Banded rabbits had increased mean arterial pressure, increased left ventricular weight and wall thickness, increased dispersion of refractoriness, and lower ventricular fibrillation thresholds than control rabbits. Action potential duration and cell capacitance were also greater in the banded group. Additional rabbits were treated beginning 3 months after banding with either captopril (5 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) or vehicle added to their diet for an additional 3 months. These rabbits and age-matched controls were then studied by in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological techniques. In banded rabbits that received vehicle and were studied 6 months after banding, increased dispersion of refractoriness, a lower ventricular fibrillation threshold, and action potential prolongation persisted and were unchanged from animals studied 3 months after banding. Captopril, started 3 months after banding, caused regression of hypertrophy and normalization of the in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological abnormalities. Addition of captopril to the tissue bath during in vitro electrophysiological study showed no effect on cells from control or banded rabbits.Pharmacological regression of LVH with captopril normalizes the in vivo and in vitro electrophysiological abnormalities of ventricular hypertrophy and reduces the vulnerability to ventricular fibrillation in a renovascular model of LVH.
Effectiveness of monitored anesthesia care in cataract surgery
Authors: Steven I Rosenfeld, Steven M Litinsky, David A Snyder, Harvey Plosker, Andrew W Astrove, Joyce Schiffman
Journal: Ophthalmology (1999)

To determine the need for monitored anesthesia care in cataract surgery by evaluating the incidence of intervention by anesthesia personnel and by looking for associated risk factors.Nonrandomized, prospective case series with analysis of consecutive cataract surgery cases.A total of 1006 consecutive cataract surgery patients at an ambulatory surgery center over a 6-month period.Routine cataract surgery was performed with the patient under local anesthesia. A detailed questionnaire was completed by the anesthesia personnel at the conclusion of each phase (before, during, and after) of cataract surgery.Age, medical history, and preoperative electrocardiogram (EKG) were analyzed as predictors for intervention by anesthesia personnel. The nature of the patient's problem and the type of intervention by anesthesia personnel were recorded.In 1006 consecutive cataract surgery cases, intervention by anesthesia personnel was required in 376 (37.4%) cases. No preoperative identifying characteristics were found to be reliable predictors of the need for intervention. There were no statistically significant differences in preoperative EKG and some medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and thyroid disease between patients who received intervention and those who did not. Certain subgroups of patients did show a statistically significantly greater incidence of intervention, including systemic hypertensives (41.4%) versus nonhypertensives (34.5%) (P = 0.030), patients with pulmonary disease (49.3%) versus no pulmonary disease (36.5%) (P = 0.043), patients with renal disease (68.8%) versus no renal disease (36.9%) (P = 0.019), and patients with cancer (61.9%) versus no cancer (36.3%) (P = 0.001). Intervention was also required in 61.1 % of patients younger than 60 years of age compared to 36.5% of those patients 60 years of age and older (P = 0.005).Because intervention is required in more than one third of cataract surgery cases and the authors cannot reliably predict those patients at risk, monitored anesthesia care seems justified in cataract surgery with the patient under local anesthesia.
Calcium and Magnesium Nutrition in Human Hypertension
Authors: DAVID A. McCARRON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Many studies suggest that reduced consumption of calcium or magnesium is associated with an increased risk of developing hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Results of animal studies show that restriction of calcium increases, and supplementation with calcium lowers, the blood pressure of normal and hypertensive rats. Data from the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I done by the National Center for Health Statistics document the relation between dietary calcium intake and the risk of hypertension in the United States. Hypertensive persons consumed 18% less dietary calcium (hypertensive, 572 ± 17 mg, versus normotensive, 695 ± 7 mg; p < 0.0001). Of the 17 nutrients analyzed, only calcium distinguished hypertensive persons from normotensive persons in all subgroups. Of all nutritional factors assessed, reduced consumption of calcium most consistently distinguishes hypertensive persons from normotensive persons.
Incidence, mechanism and risk factors for injury in youth rock climbers
Authors: Kaikanani Y Woollings, Carly D McKay, Jian Kang, Willem H Meeuwisse, Carolyn A Emery
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Rock-climbing participation has grown globally in recent years, and the sport was officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee in 2010. The epidemiology of climbing injuries in adults has been examined, but few studies have investigated injury in youth climbers. Objective To examine the incidence, mechanisms and risk factors for injury in recreational and elite sport climbers and boulderers aged 11–19 years. Study design Cross-sectional. Methods Youth (n=116) were recruited from climbing facilities across Alberta, Canada. Participants completed an anonymous questionnaire from October 2012 to March 2013. Climbing injury incidence proportions and incidence rates (IR) were calculated. ORs with corresponding 95% CIs were estimated for possible risk factors. Results The injury IR was 4.44 injuries/1000 climbing hours (95% CI 3.74 to 5.23). Sprains (27%) and strains (26%) were the predominant injury types, and repetitive overuse was the primary mechanism of injury (42%). Hands and fingers were the most commonly injured locations (21%). Exploratory analyses showed three risk factors for injury: older age (15–19 vs 11–14 years; OR=11.30, 95% CI 2.33 to 54.85), injury in a sport other than climbing (OR=6.46, 95% CI 1.62 to 25.68) and preventive taping (OR=5.09, 95% CI 1.44 to 18.02). Conclusions Injury risk is high in youth climbers. Findings are consistent with the reported rates, types and mechanisms in adults. Modifiable risk factors warrant further investigation to inform the development of injury prevention strategies, targeting high-risk climbers including adolescents and those with previous injury.
Occurrence of autoantibodies and proliferating T cell clones to human asialoglycoproteinreceptor (H-ASGPR) in patients with autoimmune chronic hepatitis (AI-CAH)
Authors: U. Treichel, H. Löhr, T. Poralla, B. Fleischer, M. Manns, K.-H.Meyer zum Büschenfelde
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1989)
A germline JAK2 SNP is associated with predisposition to the development of JAK2V617F-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Outi Kilpivaara, Semanti Mukherjee, Alison M Schram, Martha Wadleigh, Ann Mullally, Benjamin L Ebert, Adam Bass, Sachie Marubayashi, Adriana Heguy, Guillermo Garcia-Manero, Hagop Kantarjian, Kenneth Offit, Richard M Stone, D Gary Gilliland, Robert J Klein, Ross L Levine
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Streptomycin Treatment in Acute Brucellosis
Authors: Calderon Howe, James T. Heyl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

ALL three strains of Brucella are known to be sensitive to small concentrations of streptomycin in vitro.1 This antibiotic has also been shown to protect chick embryos against infection with Brucella abortus 2 and to modify the infection to a considerable degree in guinea pigs.3 Recent studies, however, throw doubt on the efficacy of streptomycin in experimental brucellosis in guinea pigs.4 The reports that have appeared on the use of streptomycin in the treatment of brucellosis in human beings have so far been equally inconclusive.Table 1 lists the significant data on streptomycin treatment in the cases reported in the literature. Reports in . . .
Perspectives on NMR in drug discovery: a technique comes of age
Authors: Maurizio Pellecchia, Ivano Bertini, David Cowburn, Claudio Dalvit, Ernest Giralt, Wolfgang Jahnke, Thomas L. James, Steve W. Homans, Horst Kessler, Claudio Luchinat, Bernd Meyer, Hartmut Oschkinat, Jeff Peng, Harald Schwalbe, Gregg Siegal
Journal: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2008)
TO WHAT EXTENT SHOULD RECENTLY SUGGESTED SYSTEMS OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE DISPLACE TENOTOMY IN THE TREATMENT OF HETEROPHORIA?
Authors: HIRAM WOODS
Journal: JAMA (1895)

One's conception of the physiologic importance of an abnormality necessarily enters into his estimation of therapeutic measures. The wide difference of opinion upon the importance of heterophoria makes it advisable to state one's position before reviewing therapeusis. Briefly, I think heterophoria, like refraction errors, often is comfortably borne. Further, I am in accord with Dr. Duane<sup>1</sup>that we must find what heterophoria means. "Whether it is a spasm or paresis, accommodative strain or anatomic conditions that are the cause of the heterophoria." In some one of his papers Dr. Stevens has said that the surgical correction of a functional abnormality is a matter of grave responsibility. In a word, the whole matter is a question of diagnosis, and a mistake may be very serious. Exophoria is not always weakness of the interni. The same is true of faulty tendencies in other muscles. Free tenotomies sometimes produce slight effects, and