tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Initiative gets under way to help scientific editors regulate themselves
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A code of conduct has been issued for scientific journal editors in a bid to help them regulate their own conduct and prevent abuses of editorial power. The code was presented to delegates at the annual seminar of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE), held in London last week, following a slew of examples of misconduct by journal editors. The move comes amid signs that regulatory, professional, and educational bodies in the United Kingdom are at last beginning to recognise the need for action to tackle biomedical research misconduct in the round.
Does dietary vitamin A protect against airway obstruction? The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.
Authors: E Shahar, A R Folsom, S L Melnick, M S Tockman, G W Comstock, T Shimakawa, M W Higgins, P D Sorlie, M Szklo
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

A recent report based on data from the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey suggested that low intake of vitamin A may be associated with a greater risk of airway obstruction. We attempted to replicate these findings in a population-based sample of middle-aged adults (n = 15,743) who participated in the baseline examination of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Vitamin A intake was estimated from a 66-item food frequency questionnaire, and the presence of airway obstruction was determined by spirometry. Although airway obstruction was associated in ARIC with well-established risk factors such as age, sex, and smoking, there was little evidence for a role of vitamin A. With only one exception, vitamin A intake was unrelated to airway obstruction in all smoking categories using either categorical or continuous measures of lung function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC). Only among current smokers in the upper tertile of lifetime cigarette smoking (> 41 pack-years) was the odds ratio of having airway obstruction for the lowest quartile of vitamin A intake compared with the highest quartile elevated (1.7 [95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.7]). Despite some biological plausibility that vitamin A intake may prevent obstructive lung disease, the inability to demonstrate association in a larger population study, with better estimation of usual dietary intake, casts doubt on the existence of causal relationship.
Abstract 2146: Development of functional assays for p97/VCP inhibition.
Authors: Yihui Shi, Xiaohe Liu, Joy Calaoagan, Steven Samuelsson, Tsui-Fen Chou, Raymond J. Deshaies, Lidia C. Sambucetti
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract p97 (also called VCP in metazoans and CDC48 in yeast) is a highly conserved, ubiquitously expressed, and essential AAA ATPase. p97 plays a key role in endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of misfolded secretory and membrane proteins as well as ubiquitin-dependent turnover of a subset of cytoplasmic substrates of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. p97 also plays a critical role in specific cellular processes including Golgi membrane reassembly, membrane fusion, autophagy and DNA repair mechanisms. p97 expression is elevated in a number of cancer types including prostate cancer, non-small-cell lung carcinoma and leukemia. Given its cellular functions in protein homeostasis and the successful clinical development of proteasome inhibitors, p97 has emerged as an exciting new target for cancer therapy. We used p97 siRNA and a recently identified small molecule p97 inhibitor, N2,N4-dibenzylquinazoline- 2,4-diamine (DBeQ) as tools to develop functional assays suitable for further evaluating the activity of potential p97 inhibitors. A panel of unfolded protein response marker genes that are consistently modulated by p97 siRNA or DBeQ treatment has been identified. In addition, methods to monitor autophagic activity have been developed, including high content analysis of LC3B-GFP puncta formation. Cell viability assays were used to determine the susceptibility of various cancer cell lines to p97 inhibition. These assays will be used to evaluate the effects of potential p97 inhibitors on p97-dependent pathways and anti-proliferative activity. Acknowledgement: Funded by NExT Chemical Biology Consortium, NCI Contract No. HHSN261200800001E. Citation Format: Yihui Shi, Xiaohe Liu, Joy Calaoagan, Steven Samuelsson, Tsui-Fen Chou, Raymond J. Deshaies, Lidia C. Sambucetti. Development of functional assays for p97/VCP inhibition. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2146. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2146
Optimizing Statin Treatment for Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Rodney A. Hayward, Harlan M. Krumholz, Donna M. Zulman, Justin W. Timbie, Sandeep Vijan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Background: Although treating to lipid targets ("treat to target") is widely recommended for coronary artery disease (CAD) prevention, some have advocated administering fixed doses of statins based on a person's estimated net benefit ("tailored treatment"). Objective: To examine how a tailored treatment approach to statin therapy compares with a treat-to-target approach. Design: Simulated model of population-level effects of treat-to-target and tailored treatment approaches to statin therapy. Data Sources: Statin trials from 1994 to 2009 and nationally representative CAD risk factor data. Target Population: U.S. persons aged 30 to 75 years with no history of myocardial infarction. Time Horizon: Lifetime effects of 5 years of treatment. Perspective: Societal and patient. Intervention: Tailored treatment based on a person's 5-year CAD risk (simvastatin, 40 mg, for 5% to 15% CAD risk and atorvastatin, 40 mg, for CAD risk >15%) versus treat-to-target approaches that escalate statin dose per National Cholesterol Education Program [NCEP] III guidelines (including an intensive approach that advances treatment whenever intensification is optional by NCEP III criteria). Outcome Measures: Quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Results of Base-Case Analysis: Compared with the standard NCEP III approach, the intensive NCEP III approach treated 15 million more persons and saved 570 000 more QALYs over 5 years. The tailored strategy treated a similar number of persons, as did the intensive NCEP III approach, but saved 500 000 more QALYs and treated fewer persons with high-dose statins. Results of Sensitivity Analysis: No circumstances were found in which a treat-to-target approach was preferable to tailored treatment. Limitation: Model assumptions were based on available clinical data, which included few persons 75 years or older. Conclusion: A tailored treatment strategy prevents more CAD events while treating fewer persons with high-dose statins than low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–based target approaches. Results were robust, even with assumptions favoring a treat-to-target approach. Primary Funding Source: Department of Veteran Affairs Health Services Research & Development Service's Quality Enhancement Research Initiative.
Two cases of pseudolymphoma on the lips
Authors: N. Haga, W. Nishie, H. Hata, T. Miyauchi, K. Muramatsu, S. Kitamura, R. Osawa, H. Shimizu
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Journal Article Two cases of pseudolymphoma on the lips Get access N. Haga, N. Haga Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine N15W7 Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐8638 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W. Nishie, W. Nishie Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine N15W7 Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐8638 Japan Correspondence: Wataru Nishie. E‐mail: nishie@med.hokudai.ac.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Hata, H. Hata Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine N15W7 Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐8638 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. Miyauchi, T. Miyauchi Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine N15W7 Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐8638 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. Muramatsu, K. Muramatsu Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine N15W7 Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐8638 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Kitamura, S. Kitamura Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine N15W7 Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐8638 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. Osawa, R. Osawa Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine N15W7 Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐8638 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Shimizu H. Shimizu Department of Dermatology Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine N15W7 Kita‐ku Sapporo 060‐8638 Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 170, Issue 5, 1 May 2014, Pages 1204–1206, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12837 Published: 01 May 2014
Avoid cuts that will widen gaps in child development, Marmot urges
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The public health expert Michael Marmot has pleaded with the UK government not to do “anything that will make things worse” in terms of health inequalities.

Professor Marmot said he welcomed the government’s white paper on public health, Healthy Lives, Healthy People , which puts the responsibility for public health in England in the hands of local authorities ( BMJ 2010;341:c6938, doi:10.1136/bmj.c6938), but he admitted that he had “great difficulty” talking about the fact that only 56% of children are rated by their teachers as having achieved a good level of development by the age of 5 years.

Professor Marmot was speaking at the launch of new charts designed to track the effect of government policies on health inequalities. The charts were put together by the London Health …
Public knowledge about AIDS increasing.
Authors: M J Campbell, W E Waters
Journal: BMJ (1987)

In response to concern over the perceived limited effectiveness of Department of Health and Social Security (UK) advertising campaigns to inform the public of the basic facts of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), a prospective questionnaire study was undertaken in Southampton, England to test the effectiveness of government education prior to a January, 1987 government television/leaflet advertising campaign. 300 questionnaires about AIDS were mailed in December of 1986 to a sample drawn from electoral rolls. The response rate was 61%. Most of the questions were drawn from material covered in the campaign. The results seemed to indicate a small overall increase in knowledge about AIDS. Some changes from a June survey were noted, e.g.: more people were aware that AIDS is a virus for which there is no cure and that it is not readily transmitted by sharing washing, eating or drinking utensils; more people believed that the statement that women are at greater risk for catching AIDS is false. Respondents were generally favorable to the government's continued use of television, even with explicit language, and to its use of the schools, for AIDS education. Many were not aware of the dangers to intravenous drug users or of the symptoms of AIDS. Other surveys have shown an increasing knowledge of AIDS dangers. It is possible that television coverage of the problem will continue to be necessary, in order that less literate populations be reached. Further AIDS health education in general is needed.
Molecular mechanisms of functional natural killer deficiency in patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome
Authors: Peilin Zheng, Lenora M. Noroski, Imelda C. Hanson, Yuhui Chen, Michelle E. Lee, Yu Huang, Michael X. Zhu, Pinaki P. Banerjee, George Makedonas, Jordan S. Orange, William T. Shearer, Dongfang Liu
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Ionizing Radiations in Our Era
Authors: Traian Leucutia
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE FAMOUS INVENTOR, Thomas Edison, fascinated by the discovery in December, 1895, of a "New Kind of Ray" by Wilhelm Konrad Röntgen of Würzburg, almost at once devised an x-ray fluoroscope, which he exhibited at numerous public gatherings. Clarence Dolly, his assistant in demonstrating the new device, unaware of any danger, repeatedly exposed himself to rather large amounts of the "apple-green light," sustained severe burns, developed cancer, and within a few years died—the first known victim of radiation-in-duced cancer. Mme Marie (Sklodowska) Curie of Paris, who with her husband, Pierre Curie, discovered radium in December, 1898, was made with him Nobel Laureate in 1903, and after 30 years of illustrious contribution to our understanding of natural earthborn radiation problems, she died in 1934 of an assortment of cancers. Sabin A. von Sochocky in 1915 originated the luminous radiumpaint formula for watch dials; the paint was used during World War I
A New Form of Warfare: the Development of Non-lethal Weapons, by Malcolm Dando
Authors: V. Nathanson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Malcolm Dando: Brasseys, £25, pp 250 ISBN 1 85753 127 2

See p 72

Scientific knowledge has been used for centuries to develop more effective weapons. Dando puts that fact into the current geopolitical context and considers the parallel development of instruments of weapons control.

He explores the use of new knowledge and technology in the development of weapons—weaponisation—particularly in relation to psychoactive substances. It is startling how much money was available for study into the effects of drugs such as LSD and mescaline, as well as agents such …
Is the distribution of training practices appropriate?
Authors: H M Mackenzie
Journal: BMJ (1985)

data shows that the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with acute stroke admitted to the Royal Victoria Infirmary and Freeman Hospital, New- castle UpoIn Tyne, was 31I,O (24/78) as defined by a raised stable HbA,, (<7o5%, that is, above the 95'%) confidence limits).There were four patients within this group with previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, resulting in an overall incidence of unrecognised diabetes mellitus of 26°/., (20/78).There is therefore a significant number of patients with acute stroke presenting with previously un- recognised diabetes mellitus (p<OO5).The group of patients presenting with a raised HbA,, value also, and not surprisingly, had a significantly higher blood glucose concentration than those with a normal HbA,, value.The report fails to emphasise the role of stress hyperglycaemia in predicting outcome, an important omission because our observed mortality rates suggest a higher mortality in those patients with stress hyperglycaemia (normal HbA1, but blood glucose <8 mmol/l (14-4 mg/100 ml)): 42 80% compared with 30% for diabetic patients recognised and unrecognised.We think therefore that undiagnosed diabetes mellitus is a more important factor in acute stroke than reported but that stress hyperglycaemia is more important in predicting early mortality.
AN INVESTIGATION ON THE REGENERATION OF NERVES, WITH REGARD TO THE TREATMENT OF CERTAIN PARALYSES
Authors: B. Kilvington
Journal: BMJ (1905)

MDCLJOURNALmunicated to rats by inoculation with the materies morbi of a cattle-disease.Lieutenant-Colonel Leishman hMs throughout taken an in- terest in this subject and has now joined in the investigation of this point, regarding which we hope to make a further commuaication.In the meantime what has been written above may lead to fruitful investigation in plague areas, especially by officers of the Veterinary Service3 in India.At the same time it has to be borne in mind that the tick may be the medium by which infection is conveyed from the soil to both man and beast, as well
Utrophin localization in normal and dystrophin-deficient heart.
Authors: F Pons, A Robert, E Fabbrizio, G Hugon, J C Califano, J A Fehrentz, J Martinez, D Mornet
Journal: Circulation (1994)

The localization of dystrophin at the sarcolemma of cardiac skeletal fibers and cardiac Purkinje fibers has been described. Dystrophin deficiency produces clinical manifestations of disease in skeletal muscles and hearts of patients with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy. Utrophin (or dystrophin-related protein), a dystrophin homologous protein, was found to be expressed in fetal muscles and reexpressed in dystrophin-deficient skeletal muscle fibers. We therefore examined utrophin expression in normal and in dystrophin-deficient hearts.The expression and subcellular distribution of utrophin was examined in cardiac muscle by immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis in normal bovine heart compared with dystrophin. Utrophin expression was also examined in normal and dystrophin-deficient hearts of MDX mice. Three monoclonal antibodies reacting with dystrophin and utrophin solely or reacting with both proteins along with two polyclonal antibodies reacting with either utrophin or dystrophin and utrophin were tested. In normal bovine heart, utrophin was not expressed at the periphery of fibers but was strongly expressed in intercalated disks and in the cytoplasm of cardiac Purkinje fibers. In cardiocytes, utrophin was colocalized along transverse T tubules with dystrophin. Dystrophin was present at the periphery of cardiocytes and cardiac Purkinje fibers as well as in transverse T tubules but was absent or faintly expressed in intercalated disks. The results with monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were identical. Western blot analysis revealed that the detected molecules corresponded only to a 400-kD protein band and not to possible shorter transcripts of utrophin or dystrophin (apo-utrophin or apo-dystrophin). In dystrophin-deficient hearts of MDX mice, utrophin alone was abundant but not organized in the same networklike distribution.This first localization of utrophin in normal heart (in Purkinje fibers, transverse tubules, and intercalated disks) showed a distinct subcellular localization of this protein with dystrophin, suggesting an important function of this protein in intercellular communication. In dystrophin-deficient hearts of MDX mice, utrophin alone is overexpressed as in skeletal muscle sarcolemma, an area normally occupied by dystrophin but not organized in the same networklike distribution.
Mutation Accumulation in the Intestine and Colon of Mice Deficient in Two Intracellular Glutathione Peroxidases
Authors: Dong-Hyun Lee, R. Steven Esworthy, Christy Chu, Gerd P. Pfeifer, Fong-Fong Chu
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Mice deficient in two glutathione peroxidases (GPX), Gpx1 and Gpx2, [Gpx1/2-double knockout (DKO) mice] are prone to ileocolitis on a mixed C57BL/6 and 129S1/SvJ (B6.129) genetic background. We reported previously that ∼25% of B6.129 Gpx1/2-DKO mice develop ileocolonic tumors by 6 to 9 months of age, when their non-DKO littermates [having at least one wild-type (WT) Gpx1 or Gpx2 allele] rarely have inflammation and none have tumors. Because genetic background affects tumor susceptibility, we have generated a B6 Gpx1/2-DKO colony and discovered that these mice have fewer inflammatory cells, milder ileocolitis, and low mortality, and only 2.5% of B6 mice developed tumors. The mutant frequency of a cII reporter gene was about 2- to 3-fold higher in 28-day-old Gpx1/2-DKO and 4-fold higher in 8-month-old Gpx1/2-DKO ileal mucosa than in controls in both genetic backgrounds. In contrast, mutant frequencies in the unaffected B6 liver were not significantly different between WT and Gpx1/2-DKO mice. The mutant frequency of 8-month-old B6.129 Gpx1/2-DKO ileum was 38.94 ± 15.5−5, which was not significantly higher than the age-matched B6 ileum, 25.54 ± 10.33−5. The mutation spectra analysis has shown that B6 Gpx1/2-DKO ileum had a 3-fold increase in small nucleotide deletions at mononucleotide repeats over control B6, which are a signature mutation associated with oxidative stress. Unexpectedly, B6 Gpx1/2-DKO mice had fewer C to T transitions at CpG dinucleotides than the WT B6 (18.0% versus 40.1%; P &amp;lt; 0.001). Our results suggest that inflammation drives gene mutations, which leads to neoplastic transformation of intestinal epithelium in the B6.129 Gpx1/2-DKO mice but rarely in the B6 Gpx1/2-DKO mice. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(20): 9845-51)
Prevention of Autoimmunity and Control of Recall Response to Exogenous Antigen by Fas Death Receptor Ligand Expression on T Cells
Authors: Imed Mabrouk, Stéphanie Buart, Meriem Hasmim, Christelle Michiels, Elizabeth Connault, Paule Opolon, Gilles Chiocchia, Matthieu Lévi-Strauss, Salem Chouaib, Saoussen Karray
Journal: Immunity (2008)
Metastatic Poorly Differentiated Prostatic Carcinoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation
Authors: Partha Sarathi Chakraborty, Madhavi Tripathi, Krishan Kant Agarwal, Rajeev Kumar, Maneesh Kumar Vijay, Chandrasekhar Bal
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

Glu-NH-CO-NH-Lys-(Ahx)-[Ga-68(HBED-CC)], abbreviated as Ga-PSMA, is a novel radiotracer undergoing evaluation for PET/CT imaging of prostate carcinoma. Its major advantage is the sensitive detection of lesions even at low prostate-specific antigen level and high target-to-background ratios obtained in metastatic lesions, which is better than that obtained with F-fluoromethylcholine. We present the case of a 28-year-old man with poorly differentiated prostate carcinoma with neuroendocrine differentiation, whose lesions did not show significant Ga-PSMA localization. As literature on utility of Ga-PSMA PET/CT for imaging prostate carcinoma grows, it is important to be aware of potential false negatives that could influence study results.
Amyloid-β Positron Emission Tomography in the Diagnostic Evaluation of Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Steven D. Pearson, Daniel A. Ollendorf, Jennifer A. Colby
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

The only def initive method for diagnosing Alzheimer disease (AD) has been a combination of clinical diagnosis and findings of pathognomonic amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated forms of the protein tau on examination of the brain at autopsy. In April 2012, however, the Food and Drug Administration approved Aβ positron emission tomography (PET) with florbetapir F-18 (Amyvid; Lilly USA) to identify areas of accumulation of Aβ plaques.1 The label for florbetapir F-18 states that a negative scan result indicates a reduced likelihood that any cognitive impairment is due to AD, but that a positive scan result does not establish a diagnosis of Alzheimer or any other neurodegenerative disease because excess Aβ is also found in adults with normal cognition. Although this review assessed the evidence for all purported diagnostic tests for AD, it focused on the evidence related to Aβ PET scans.
Increased Rate of Head Growth During Infancy in Autism
Authors: Janet E. Lainhart
Journal: JAMA (2003)

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