tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Research questions for systematic reviews must be unambiguous from protocol stage
Authors: G. Eysenbach
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—The systematic review of Walton et al aimed to “identify all comparative studies in which computers were used to help determine the most appropriate drug dose,”1 including studies in which participants are “patients receiving drug therapy based on advice from a computer.”2 According to this protocol, the authors clearly should have included studies in which advice is given direct to patients, nurses, or intermediates, such as in software applications for diabetes management.3 Such studies, however, were …
Management of Heel Pain
Authors: Mathis L. Becker
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I would take some exception to the advice of N. J. Giannestras, MD, to the physician from New York with regard to the use of a heating pad applied to the foot in a patient described as having mild diabetes with probable arteriolar disease (238:2419, 1977). Should this patient indeed have compromise in his arterial circulation in the lower extremity, as may well be the case in a man 77 years of age with diabetes and coronary heart disease and possibly some degree of peripheral neuropathy, such treatment may well be the precursor of more serious lesions of the foot, eg, burn that in turn could lead to disastrous complications. If the patient's only complaint is a brief period of sharp pain, which he relates stops on ambulation, in the plantar surface of the foot, that in itself may well be the only treatment required.
Comparing Warfarin With Aspirin After Biological Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Tiziano Gherli, Andrea Colli, Claudio Fragnito, Francesco Nicolini, Bruno Borrello, Stefano Saccani, Roberto D’Amico, Cesare Beghi
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Patients with prosthetic heart valves have a higher risk of developing valve thrombosis and arterial thromboembolism. Antithrombotic therapy in the early postoperative period after biological aortic valve replacement (BAVR) is controversial. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association and European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend the use of warfarin for the first 3 months after BAVR, although the American College Chest Physician guidelines suggest that the recommendations are very weak and that the risk/benefit is unclear. This prospective study investigated the efficacy of postoperative warfarin compared with aspirin in patients after aortic valve replacement.Patients undergoing BAVR between 2001 and 2002 received 2 antithrombotic therapies: 141 patients received warfarin for the first 3 months, and 108 patients received only aspirin. The major end points evaluated were the rate of cerebral ischemic events, bleeding, and survival. There were 3 and 5 postoperative cerebral ischemic events between 24 hours and 3 months for patients treated with aspirin and warfarin, respectively. After 3 months, the incidence of cerebral ischemic events did not differ between the 2 groups. The rate of major bleeding events, the stroke-free survival, and the overall survival rates were not statistically significant between the warfarin and aspirin groups.There seem to be no advantages in performing early anticoagulation therapy compared with a low-antiplatelet regimen with regard to early cerebral ischemic events, bleeding, and survival. Currently there is no evidence to support the fact that warfarin is more effective than aspirin.
Respiratory involvement in toxic epidermal necrolysis portends a poor prognosis that may not be reflected in SCORTEN
Authors: J.S. Hague, J.M.R. Goulding, T.M.W. Long, B.C. Gee
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Journal Article Respiratory involvement in toxic epidermal necrolysis portends a poor prognosis that may not be reflected in SCORTEN Get access J.S. Hague, J.S. Hague Departments of Dermatology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.M.R. Goulding, J.M.R. Goulding Departments of Dermatology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T.M.W. Long, T.M.W. Long Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, South Warwickshire General Hospitals NHS Trust, Warwick Hospital, Warwick CV34 5BW, U.K. E‐mail: joannehague@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B.C. Gee B.C. Gee Departments of Dermatology Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 157, Issue 6, 1 December 2007, Pages 1294–1296, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.08222.x Published: 01 December 2007
Magnetic Resonance Imaging for the Detection of Myocardial Fibrosis in Scleroderma
Authors: Sotiris C. Plastiras, Nikolaos Kelekis, George E. Tzelepis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

To the Editor: A 65-year-old woman with diffuse scleroderma presented with increasing dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, and approximately a six-week history of palpitations. She had a history of scleroderma-related pulmonary fibrosis, which was clinically stable, but no ischemic heart disease or other cardiomyopathy. Physical examination revealed pedal edema and neck-vein distention, consistent with right heart failure. Electrocardiography showed frequent atrial and ventricular premature beats, right bundle-branch block, and left anterior fascicular block. There was evidence of biventricular diastolic dysfunction on two-dimensional echocardiography. Cardiac enzymes were within the normal range on repeated measurements. On cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the cine . . .
Disposing of the US Chemical Weapons Stockpile
Authors: Sam Abbott Carnes
Journal: JAMA (1989)

A congressional mandate to dispose of the current US stockpile of lethal unitary weapons (Public Law 99-145, Department of Defense Authorization Act of 1986) has international implications and is responsible for a recent major assessment of available disposal alternatives. Eight installations in the continental United States currently host aging stockpiles of chemical warfare agents. The stockpiles are described, the toxicology and physical properties of each agent are characterized, disposal options considered by the US Army are identified, and the role of a programmatic health and environmental assessment in the decision-making process is outlined. Critical findings are that existing community emergency planning and preparedness are inadequate and that communication of risk information requires significant improvement. Measures are under way to address these needs. However, timely disposal of the stockpile entails less of a hazard than continued storage.
Diagnostic and therapeutic efficacy of barium meal examination: a prospective evaluation in general practice.
Authors: B. G. Conry, A. M. McLean, M. J. Farthing
Journal: BMJ (1989)

OBJECTIVE--To assess the efficacy of barium meal examinations in managing patients with dyspepsia in general practice. DESIGN--Prospective study by questionnaires completed by general practitioners before and within three to six months after the barium meal examination. Information was requested about the patients9 symptoms, current treatment, reason for requesting the examination, and the working diagnosis, including degree of certainty and, after the examination, about any change in diagnosis, diagnostic confidence, or management and to determine whether the examination was judged to be helpful or not. SETTING--Inner city health district. PATIENTS--133 Patients with dyspepsia referred by general practitioners for outpatient barium meal examination, 31 of whom failed to attend for the examination, or refused it on arrival, or did not have fully completed questionnaires. Two patients were not available for follow up. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Prevalence of radiological abnormalities and the influence of the examination result on management, particularly changes in drug treatment. RESULTS--Fully completed pairs of questionnaires were available for 100 patients, 58 of whom were aged below 50. Most of the barium meal reports (64) were to confirm the clinical diagnosis; only 22 were to exclude serious disease. Ninety nine patients were already receiving treatment, with 39 taking an H2 receptor antagonist. Fifty eight barium meal examinations showed abnormalities (31 major abnormalities); there were no cancers and in only 18 patients was the working diagnosis changed as a result of the findings. Although the barium meal result increased management confidence (63 patients) and allayed patients9 anxiety (46), changes in management attributed directly to the examination occurred in only 22 patients. Management changes were minor, usually comprising interchange of antacids and H2 receptor antagonists. CONCLUSIONS--Young patients (aged below 50) with dyspepsia are still being overinvestigated. Although barium meal examination improves diagnostic confidence and allays patients9 anxiety, fully utilising communication skills at the initial consultation might allay anxiety more economically.
Letter: Myocardial infarction and H.G.V. drivers.
Authors: A Raffle
Journal: BMJ (1975)

James D. Dana, being out of the country at the time, took no part in the early stages of the Taconic controversy (1840-1842). When he returned, he simply accepted the opinion of the majority, who rejected Emmons9 claim that the Taconic System is separate from and entirely older than the New-York System-the well exposed and clearly displayed Lower and Middle Paleozoic stratigraphic sequence in New York State then being established by Emmons and his colleagues. When in 1861 Barrande showed that two trilobites described by Emmons in 1844 from a single locality in his Taconic slate were in fact "Primordial" (we would now call them Early Cambrian) and hence older than the oldest strata in the New-York System (Late Cambrian), Dana agreed to the age assignment. But he argued consistently that the validity of Emmons9 Taconic System must be judged from the "original" or "true" Taconic of 1842, not from the greatly broadened Taconic of 1844 in which the trilobites were found. In 1871 Dana began fifteen summers of field work in the original Taconic region of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, and its extensions. Fossils had already been found and more were discovered, and they showed that at least the greater part of the "original Taconic" is in fact coeval with the lower part of the New-York System. But at the same time S. W. Ford showed that Emmons9 trilobites and associated "Primordial" fossils are common in a belt west of the original Taconic region but between it and the established New-York System. Ford also showed that the contact of that belt with the New-York System to the west is not an unconformity, as Emmons had thought, but a major fault, comparable to the "great dislocation" found by Logan in the analogous position at Quebec City. Finally C. D. Walcott found additional fossil localities, which showed that both the original and the broadened Taconic include both strata older than and strata coeval with the New-York System; he concluded that the name Taconic has no further usefulness in stratigraphic nomenclature, and the matter was then considered closed. (The fossils also showed however that Dana9s, as well as Emmons9, concepts of the structure were far too simple, and they led to a second, 20th-century, Taconic controversy.)
Hepatitis B virus mutants associated with 3TC and famciclovir administration are replication defective
Authors: Margherita Melegari, Pier Paolo Scaglioni, Jack R. Wands
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) variant strains may develop during therapy for chronic infection with the nucleoside analog 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC). HBV mutants result from isoleucine (I) or valine (V) substitutions in the methionine (M) of the YMDD motif in the viral reverse-transcriptase catalytic domain. In addition, other mutations in the reverse-transcriptase "B domain" involving either a phenylalanine (F)-to-leucine (L) at amino acid 501 (F501L) or an L-to-M substitution at amino acid 515 (L515M) have been observed during 3TC and Famciclovir therapy as well. To determine the biologic consequences of these mutations on viral replication, variant viral genomes were constructed and transiently transfected into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HEK 293 human embryo kidney-derived cell lines. In transiently transfected HCC cells, the viruses bearing the YI/VDD or F501L mutations had greatly impaired replication as compared to wild-type virus, whereas the virus carrying the L515M substitution showed the least defect. Double mutants with the L515M substitution showed intermediate defect between the YI/VDD or F501L and the L515M single-mutant strains. In contrast, when transfected into HEK 293 cells, the viruses bearing the YI/VDD or L515M mutation replicated as wild-type. However, under conditions of deoxynucleotide depletion produced by hydroxyurea treatment of HEK 293 cells, all mutants but not the wild-type virus exhibited a reduced replication phenotype similar to that observed in HCC cells. In both HCC and HEK 293 cells, the mutant viruses carrying the F501L substitution showed a decreased pregenomic RNA encapsidation level, suggesting that the defect in HBV DNA synthesis occurs at the RNA packaging level. These findings show that 3TC and Famciclovir selected mutations alter the properties of the HBV reverse transcriptase, resulting in impaired viral replication within the cell.
Psychological Problems of the Patient on Hemodialysis and Their Treatment
Authors: Norman B. Levy
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1979)

Patients treated by maintenance hemodialysis are subjected to many stresses. As a result, many of these patients have psychological problems. Depression is the most common psychological complication seen in them. This is reflected in a high suicide rate in these patients. Other psychological problems seen in these patients are anxiety, sexual dysfunctions, problems connected with difficulties in rehabilitation, the problem of the 'uncooperative' patients, and psychosis. Vigilant attention is required so that diagnosis may be made early and treatment started soon thereafter. Important methods of treatment are supportive psychotherapy, behavioral techniques for sexual dysfunctions, and the use of psychologically active drugs.
Occupational exposure and asthma mortality
Authors: M. P. DeMers
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —There has been speculation in the literature about the cause of the rising mortality rates from asthma. Several recent analyses have focused on increases in deaths from asthma in metropolitan areas. Two studies looked at Cook County, Illinois, and found up to 16.4 deaths attributable to asthma per million population for persons aged 5 to 34 years (1980 through 1988) 1 compared with national asthma mortality rates for persons 5 to 34 years of 2.6 to 4.2 per million (1980 through 1987). 2 It is theorized that occupational exposures in metropolitan areas may be one of the factors increasing death rates from asthma in the inner cities.  We studied death certificates for the given occupation of those who died in Chicago between 1980 and 1988, with asthma listed as the cause of death or a contributing cause of death. The ages examined were 20 to 35 years.
860 HNRNP A2/B1 AS ANTINUCLEAR ANTIBODIES TARGET: EPITOPE MAPPING AND DIFFERENTIAL REACTIVITY IN AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES
Authors: S. Huguet, C. Combet, E. Ballot, C. Johanet, G. Deleage, D. Samuel, J.C. Duclos-Vallee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Chlorosis Lives!— and Slips Through MeSH
Authors: Joel E. Holloway
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Concerning the commentary entitled "Whatever Became of Chlorosis?" by Dr Crosby,<sup>1</sup>I do not agree with his line of reasoning as to what makes the skin green in a chlorotic person. As Dr Crosby first points out, combining the pigments blue and yellow will result in green, as in bruising of the skin. However, when he discusses the possibility of a small amount of melanin—which might appear yellow—over-overlying a blue pigment, he then is discussing the physics of light and filters and not the mixing of pigments. A yellow filter will block the transmission of blue and will allow the transmission of yellow, green, or red. It will not combine with blue to form green as in the mixing of pigments.
The Nature and Uses of Refractometric and Viscosimetric Tests
Authors: C. A. H. Franklin
Journal: BMJ (1926)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Nontyphoidal strains of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> are a major cause of foodborne illnesses and infection with these bacteria result in inflammatory gastroenteritis. Neutrophils are a dominant immune cell type found at the site of infection in <i>Salmonella-</i>infected individuals, but how they regulate infection outcome is not well understood. Here we used a co-culture model of primary human neutrophils and human intestinal organoids to probe the role of neutrophils during infection with two of the most prevalent <i>Salmonella</i> serovars: <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Enteritidis and Typhimurium. Using a transcriptomics approach, we identified a dominant role for neutrophils in mounting differential immune responses including production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides. We also identified specific gene sets that are induced by neutrophils in response to Enteritidis or Typhimurium infection. By comparing host responses to these serovars, we uncovered differential regulation of host metabolic pathways particularly induction of cholesterol biosynthetic pathways during Typhimurium infection and suppression of RNA metabolism during Enteritidis infection. Together these findings provide insight into the role of human neutrophils in modulating different host responses to pathogens that cause similar disease in humans. <h3>Importance</h3> Nontyphoidal serovars of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> are known to induce robust neutrophil recruitment in the gut during early stages of infection, but the specific role of neutrophils in regulating infection outcome of different serovars is poorly understood. Due to differences in human infection progression compared to small animal models, characterizing the role of neutrophils during infection has been challenging. Here we used a co-culture model of human intestinal organoids with human primary neutrophils to study the role of neutrophils during infection of human intestinal epithelium. Using a transcriptomics approach, we define neutrophil-dependent reprogramming of the host response to <i>Salmonella</i>, establishing a clear role in amplifying pro-inflammatory gene expression. Additionally, the host response driven by neutrophils differed between two similar nontyphoidal <i>Salmonella</i> serovars. These findings highlight the importance of building more physiological infection models to replicate human infection conditions to study host responses specific to individual pathogens.
Some patterns of prescribing by urban general practitioners
Authors: H. McGavock
Journal: BMJ (1988)

To detect the differences in patterns of prescribing between general practitioners with high and low costs, the costs in prescribing seven symptomatic and seven systematic drug groups were studied in 23 practices with low costs and 23 with high costs in the Belfast area. This was done by extracting information about the individual practices from the Department of Health and Social Services (Northern Ireland) information technology unit's database on prescribing. General practitioners in practices with high costs issued prescriptions more often and for larger quantities of medicine than did their colleagues in practices with low costs for all of the drug groups studied. There was a lower patient to doctor ratio in the practices with high costs (1786:1 v 2039:1). The prescribers with high costs offered more surgery sessions than their colleagues with low costs, amounting to an average of 6.5 extra surgery sessions per 1000 patients per month. Half as many more patients with heart disease, asthma, diabetes, and thyroid disease seemed to be treated by doctors in practices with high costs than in practices with low costs. A higher rate of prescribing symptomatic drugs by these same doctors was also seen, and further study is recommended in view of the risks associated with these drugs.
Abstract 2072: Distinct antioxidant profiles of human prostate carcinoma cell lines and tissues: Implications for rational design of redox therapy
Authors: Luksana Chaiswing, Weixiong Zhong, Terry D. Oberley
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Several cancer chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation mediate their effects, at least in part, by generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species. Therefore, the levels of antioxidants and status of cellular redox state have tremendous influence on the outcome of these therapies. We analyzed antioxidant proteins in normal prostate epithelial cells and tissues as well as prostate cancer cell lines and tissues. Highly aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer PC3 and LNCAP-C42B cells demonstrated significantly higher levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) 2, peroxyredoxin (Prx) 1, 2, 3, and 4, thioredoxin (Trx) 1 and 2, and thioredoxin reductase (TR) 1 and 2, relative to normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells and immortalized RWPE1 human prostate epithelial cells. Similarity, the highly aggressive human prostate cancer tissues (Gleason scores 4+4 and 4+5) demonstrated significantly higher levels of SOD1 and 2, Prx 3 and 4, Trx 1 and 2, and TR 1 and 2 relative to adjacent normal prostate tissues. In contrast, the expression levels of these antioxidant proteins were lower or were not altered in less aggressive human prostate cancer tissues (Gleason score 3+3) relative to adjacent normal prostate tissues. Utilizing Trx1 redox western as a marker of cellular redox states, we found more oxidized form of Trx1 in PC3 and LNCAP-C42B cells and human prostate cancer tissues (Gleason scores 4+4 and 4+5) despite their higher levels of Trx1 protein expression. Our data suggest that alteration in antioxidant proteins and cellular redox state may differentiate cancers from non-cancer tissues. Additionally, knowledge of redox state profiles can help to predict the response of each cancer cell type to chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2072. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2072
Surgical palliation of tricuspid atresia.
Authors: E R Kyger, G J Reul, F M Sandiford, D C Wukasch, G L Hallman, D A Cooley
Journal: Circulation (1975)

In the 20-year period ending December 31, 1973 we operated on 105 patients for palliation of tricuspid atresia (TA) with reduced pulmonary blood flow. Pott's anastomosis (85), Blalock-Taussig anastomosis (19), intrapericardial aorta (Ao)-to-right pulmonary artery (RPA) (18), Glenn procedure (3) and miscellaneous shunts (2) have been used. Of patients undergoing operation more than 15 years ago, 45% (9/20) are still alive. The over-all operative mortality was 9%. It was highest in patients less than one month of age (7/23, 30%). There were no operative deaths in patients older than 12 months. The median age at first operation for the entire series was five months. Our results indicate the Pott's anastomosis and Ao-to-RPA anastomosis are superior to the Blalock-Taussig anastomosis (BT) for palliation of TA. Of patients surviving BT, 69% (11/16) required reoperation, compared to 22% (17/78) surviving Pott's anastomosis and 13% (2/16) surviving Ao-to-RPA shunts. All three patients undergoing Glenn procedures (superior vena cava-to-RPA anastomosis) required reoperation or died without significant benefit. Ballon atrial septosomy and Pott's anastomosis appear to be indicated for infants less than six months of age, and Ao-to-RPA shunt with simultaneous atrial septectomy (if indicated) for older children.