tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Commission Report: 'AIDS: An Expanding Tragedy'
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1993)

THE NATIONAL Commission on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has delivered its final report, warning in grim terms that if the present course of "unreasoning fear and cruel indifference" to the disease continues it will expand relentlessly, taking the lives of young Americans on an unprecedented scale. In more than 60 cities in the United States, AIDS is now the leading cause of death among men between the ages of 25 and 44 years (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993; 269:2991-2994 and p 305, this issue). The report was characterized by June E. Osborn, MD, and David E. Rogers, MD, the commission's chair and vice chair, respectively, as "angry" and "filled with sadness and foreboding" because, they say, earlier recommendations made by the commission have been consistently underfunded or ignored. "The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has profoundly changed life on our planet. America has not done well in acknowledging this fact or in mobilizing
Action needed now to turn the general practice crisis into a renaissance
Authors: R. M. Vautrey
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Appleby rightly highlights the dearth of up to date factual information to back up what all GPs are saying—that their workload has reached unsustainable and potentially unsafe levels.1 Many surveys have confirmed this, including one carried out by the BMA general practitioners committee in 2013, which received 3629 responses from GPs, …
Tc-99m Sestamibi Myocardial SPECT in Syndrome X
Authors: CHIA-HUNG KAO, SHYH-JEN WANG, CHIH-TAI TING, YING-TSUNG CHEN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

The authors reviewed the stress TC-99m MIBI SPECT results and clinical data of 15 patients with syndrome X. The results of exercise EKG and resting left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were compared with the results of Tc-99m MIBI SPECT. Of the 15 patients, 9 (60%) had a normal Tc-99m MIBI SPECT study and 6 (40%) had an abnormal Tc-99m MIBI SPECT. The authors found that 1) an abnormal Tc-99m MIBI SPECT was common in syndrome X, 2) the results of the exercise EKG were not related to perfusion defects on Tc-99m MIBI SPECT, and 3) for patients with an abnormal Tc-99m MIBI SPECT, the incidence of an abnormal resting LVEF and cardiac abnormalities were not higher than in patients with normal Tc-99m MIBI SPECT studies.
THE IMPROPER USE IN MEDICAL LITERATURE OF CERTAIN WORDS AND PHRASES.
Authors: CASEY A. WOOD
Journal: JAMA (1895)

In one of his published letters, Oliver Wendell Holmes writes: "I've sometimes made new words. In `Elsie Venner' I made the word chrysocracy, thinking it would take its place—but it didn't; plutocracy, meaning the same thing, was adopted instead. Oddly enough I had a letter from a man to-day asking if I did not make the word anesthesia, which I certainly did." The life history of words and expressions, medical terms included—how they came to be used at all— how some of them, after enjoying a period of prosperity, even of aristocratic connection, sank into obscurity—how some of them were resuscitated and afterwards became a part of the speech of every-day life—how certain candidates for favor were rejected while others were taken up, fêted, caressed, and finally became immortalized in the common dictionary of the language—all this forms a story of the greatest interest. It may also be pointed out
Congenital Heart Disease in the General Population
Authors: Ariane J. Marelli, Andrew S. Mackie, Raluca Ionescu-Ittu, Elham Rahme, Louise Pilote
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background— Empirical data on the changing epidemiology of congenital heart disease (CHD) are scant. We determined the prevalence, age distribution, and proportion of adults and children with severe and other forms of CHD in the general population from 1985 to 2000. Methods and Results— Where healthcare access is universal, we used administrative databases that systematically recorded all diagnoses and claims. Diagnostic codes conformed to the International Classification of Disease , ninth revision. Severe CHD was defined as tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus, transposition complexes, endocardial cushion defects, and univentricular heart. Prevalence of severe and other CHD lesions was determined in l985, 1990, 1995, and 2000 using population numbers in Quebec. Children were subjects &lt;18 years of age. The prevalence was 4.09 per 1000 adults in the year 2000 for all CHD and 0.38 per 1000 (9%) for those with severe lesions. Female subjects accounted for 57% of the adult CHD population. The median age of all patients with severe CHD was 11 years (interquartile range, 4 to 22 years) in 1985 and 17 years (interquartile range, 10 to 28 years) in 2000 ( P &lt;0.0001). The prevalence of severe CHD increased from 1985 to 2000, but the increase in adults was significantly higher than that observed in children. In the year 2000, 49% of those alive with severe CHD were adults. Conclusions— The prevalence in adults and median age of patients with severe CHD increased in the general population from 1985 to 2000. In 2000, there were nearly equal numbers of adults and children with severe CHD.
The Multifactorial Basis for Hypocalcemia During Sepsis
Authors: GARY P. ZALOGA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

To learn about the pathogenesis of sepsis-associated hypocalcemia, we measured serum ionized calcium concentrations in 60 critically ill patients with bacterial sepsis; 12 (20%) had hypocalcemia. The mortality rate in the hypocalcemic patients with sepsis (50%) was higher than that in the normocalcemic patients with sepsis (29%). Only patients with gram-negative sepsis became hypocalcemic, and hypocalcemia contributed to hypotension in 7 of the 12 hypocalcemic patients. Serum calcium concentrations returned to normal in each of those patients with sepsis who survived. Hypocalcemia during sepsis occurred in previously normocalcemic patients and was multifactorial in origin, resulting from acquired parathyroid gland insufficiency, renal 1 alpha-hydroxylase insufficiency, vitamin D deficiency, and acquired calcitriol resistance. We conclude that the hypocalcemia of sepsis is associated with a high mortality rate and usually occurs in previously normocalcemic patients who acquire a defect in the parathyroid-vitamin D axis.
Improving Adherence to Dementia Guidelines through Education and Opinion Leaders
Authors: David R. Gifford, Robert G. Holloway, Martin R. Frankel, Carol L. Albright, Rebecca Meyerson, Robert C. Griggs, Barbara G. Vickrey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Background: Educational methods that encourage physicians to adopt practice guidelines are needed. Objective: To evaluate an educational strategy to increase neurologists' adherence to specialty society-endorsed practice recommendations. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Six urban regions in New York State. Participants: 417 neurologists. Intervention: The educational strategy promoted six recommendations for evaluation and management of dementia. It included a mailed American Academy of Neurology continuing medical education course, practice-based tools, an interactive evidence-based American Academy of Neurology-sponsored seminar led by local opinion leaders, and follow-up mailings. Measurements: Neurologists' adherence to guidelines was measured by using detailed clinical scenarios mailed to a baseline group 3 months before the intervention and to intervention and control groups 6 months after the intervention. In one region, patients' medical records were reviewed to determine concordance between neurologists' scenario responses and their actual care. Results: Compared with neurologists in the baseline and control groups, neurologists in the intervention group were more adherent to three of the six recommendations: neuroimaging for patients with dementia only when certain criteria are present (odds ratio, 4.1 [95% CI, 1.9 to 8.9]), referral of all patients with dementia and their families to the Alzheimer's Association (odds ratio, 2.8 [CI, 1.7 to 4.8]), and encouragement of all patients and their families to enroll in the Alzheimer's Association Safe Return Program (odds ratio, 10.8 [CI, 3.5 to 33.2]). For the other three recommendations, adherence did not differ between the intervention and the nonintervention groups. Agreement between scenario responses and actual care ranged from 27% to 99% for the six recommendations and was 95% or more for three of the recommendations. Conclusion: A multifaceted educational program can improve physician adoption of practice guidelines.
Transformation by Tribbles homolog 2 (Trib2) requires both the Trib2 kinase domain and COP1 binding
Authors: Karen Keeshan, Will Bailis, Priya H. Dedhia, Maria E. Vega, Olga Shestova, Lanwei Xu, Kristin Toscano, Sacha N. Uljon, Stephen C. Blacklow, Warren S. Pear
Journal: Blood (2010)
Implication of IDO in RA patients treated by biologics
Authors: X. Guillot, S. Rulle, J. Mussard, G. Falgarone
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

Indoleamine 2-3 dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme involved in immune tolerance, which is thought to be defective in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It is expressed in mononuclear cells including dendritic cells (DC), and could play a role in DC regulatory T Cells crosstalk. The authors9 aim was to study IDO expression in peripheral blood of RA patients compared to osteoarthritis (OA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) controls. The authors also tried to induce IDO expression in vitro, in PBMC from biologic treated patients. RA patients who fulfilled ACR criteria were included if they were scheduled for biologics. Baseline characteristics of patients were listed and the therapeutic response was evaluated according to EULAR criteria. Human PBMC were purified by density gradient centrifugation, then IDO gene expression was assessed using q-RTPCR; in parallel the kynurenine dosage was performed in plasma to evaluate IDO activity. For some, PBMC were cultured for 24 h with LPS, IFN-γ or LPS<sup>+</sup>IFN-γ before IDO assays. The authors included 37 RA patients and 20 controls including 9 AS and 11 OA. The results showed that IDO was over expressed and more active in RA patients compared to non-inflammatory patients. Kynurenine levels were significantly higher in RA patients compared to all control groups In RA patients, before treatment, kynurenine plasmatic level was negatively correlated with DAS28 activity score (r=−0.552; p&lt;0.016), and IDO mRNA ratio with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=−0.536; p&lt;0.0034). After 3 months of biologics (whatever drugs used), kynurenine levels significantly decreased in responders, while they remained unchanged in non-responders. In culture assays, IDO mRNA ratio and kynurenine in supernatants strongly increased after IFN-γ and LPS<sup>+</sup>IFN-γ stimulation in RA patients, and to a lesser extent in controls only after LPS<sup>+</sup>IFN-γ stimulation. In RA patients treated with anti-tumour necrosis factor (n=8), IDO mRNA ratio significantly decreased after 1 and 3 months. In patients treated with tocilizumab (RIL6-inhibitor, n=14), IDO mRNA expression was downregulated after 1, 2 and 3 months of treatment, and kynurenine levels were significantly lower after 3 months of treatment (n=7). Abatacept (CTLA4-Ig; n=9) and rituximab (B cell depletion; n=3) did not significantly modified IDO gene expression nor kynurenine levels in RA patients. In conclusion, IDO is upregulated and more functional in RA patients. It is negatively correlated with systemic inflammation and disease activity, and IDO gene expression is highly inducible. After biologics, IDO function and induction capacities decreased, especially for anti-tumour necrosis factor and anti-RIL6. IDO could contribute to decrease systemic inflammation and disease activity, in a counter-regulation loop that need further experiments.
SURGERY IN CANCER OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: Hugh H. Young
Journal: JAMA (1942)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The answer that "once the diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate has been made, the condition is no longer surgical" is grossly in error. Statistics prove conclusively that carcinoma of the prostate has been cured in a considerable percentage of the cases by a radical operation in which the entire prostate with a portion, of the vesical neck, the seminal vesicles and ampullae of the vasa deferentia have been removed with their fascial coverings in one piece. We have been assiduous in following all patients on whom our operation has been carried out. Some are still well from ten to twenty-six years after leaving the hospital. A meticulous analysis indicates that more than 40 per cent of the patients followed five years or longer after leaving the hospital have shown no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. That in rare instances metastases may become apparent after a longer
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Albert H. Coons, Elizabeth H. Leduc, Melvin H. Kaplan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1951)

The fate of three proteins, crystalline hen's egg albumin, crystalline bovine plasma albumin, and human plasma gamma-globulin, was traced after intravenous injection into mice. This was done by preparing frozen sections of quick-frozen tissue, allowing what foreign protein might be present in the section to react with homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein, and examining the section under the fluorescence microscope. By this means, which employs the serological specificity of the protein as a natural "marker," all three of these proteins were found in the cells of the reticulo-endothelial system, the connective tissue, the vascular endothelium, the lymphocytes of spleen and lymph node, and the epithelium of the kidney tubules, the liver, and in very small amounts in the adrenal. The central nervous system was not studied. All three persisted longest in the reticulo-endothelial system and the connective tissue, and in the doses employed egg white (10 mg.) was no longer detectable after 1 day, bovine albumin (10 mg.) after 2 days, and human gamma-globulin (4 mg.) after 6 days, although in a somewhat higher dose (10 mg.) human gamma-globulin persisted longer than 8 days. Egg albumin differed from the others in not being detectable in the cells of the renal glomerulus. It was found that each of the three proteins was present in the nuclei of each cell type enumerated above, often in higher concentration than in the cytoplasm. Further, some of the nuclei not only contained antigen, soon after injection, but were also surrounded by a bright ring associated with the nuclear membrane. By means of photographic records under the fluorescence microscope of sections stained for antigen, and direct observation under the light microscope of the same field subsequently stained with hematoxylin and eosin, it could be determined that the antigen was not adsorbed to chromatin or nucleoli, but was apparently in solution in the nuclear sap.
FDA Standards for Diagnostic X-ray Equipment
Authors: Morgan W. Nields
Journal: JAMA (1974)

ABSTRACT To the Editor.— A recent news release from the Food and Drug Administration concerned performance standard for diagnostic x-ray equipment that becomes effective Aug 1, 1974.As a manufacturer that provides diagnostic x-ray equipment to the medical profession, we would like to comment on this law, since so many practitioners have asked us for clarification.The performance standard was promulgated by the Bureau of Radiological Health as required by the Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968. The performance standard will apply to x-ray equipment manufactured after Aug 1, 1974, and will not affect equipment currently in use or equipment that is installed prior to Aug 1, 1974.The primary intent of the law is to reduce unnecessary radiation caused by retakes and improper beam collimation. As such, automatic collimation will be mandatory on all equipment sold after Aug 1, 1974. In addition, manufacturers must certify that the
A randomized, blinded, controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality.
Authors: M E Hellard, M I Sinclair, A B Forbes, C K Fairley
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

A double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial was carried out in in Melbourne, Australia, to determine the contribution of drinking water to gastroenteritis. Melbourne is one of the few major cities in the world that draws drinking water from a protected forest catchment with minimal water treatment (chlorination only). Six hundred families were randomly allocated to receive either real or sham water treatment units (WTUs) installed in their kitchen. Real units were designed to remove viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Study participants completed a weekly health diary reporting gastrointestinal symptoms during the 68-week observation period. There were 2,669 cases of highly credible gastroenteritis (HCG) during the study (0.80 cases/person/year). The ratio of HCG episode rates for the real WTU group compared to the sham WTU group was 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.85-1.15, p = 0.85). We collected 795 fecal specimens from participants with gastroenteritis, and pathogens were not more significantly common in the sham WTU group. We found no evidence of waterborne disease in Melbourne. The application of this methodology to other water supplies will provide a better understanding of the relationship between human health and water quality.
Improving ultrasonic measurement of diaphragmatic excursion after cardiac surgery using the anatomical M-mode: a randomized crossover study
Authors: Daniela Pasero, Adrien Koeltz, Rui Placido, Mariana Fontes Lima, Olivia Haun, Mario Rienzo, David Marrache, Romain Pirracchio, Denis Safran, Bernard Cholley
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2015)
Saddle up, partner
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2003)

As a team of doctors and non-doctors—who have all, at some time in our lives, been patients as well—trying to put together an issue of the BMJ which would appeal to medics and non-medics alike has been quite a challenge.

We've tried to reflect the issues likely to be prominent in medicine and health care in 10 years' time. Not just the changing relationship between doctors and patients, but wider issues, such as the challenge of caring for a growing elderly population, and the inequalities still likely to be faced by those living in the developing world.

But we have also experimented with the most effective delivery for a journal which might, by 2013, engage not only doctors but interested non-medics as well. We have tried to make the look of the journal, rather than just the subject matter, a little more user friendly. We've tried to move it beyond merely an academic examination of the doctor-patient interaction (something the …
DIET IN THE TREATMENT OF BALANTIDIUM COLI INFECTION
Authors: J. L. GREENE
Journal: JAMA (1923)

In the treatment of<i>Balantidium coli</i>infection, less attention has been given to diet than to other measures. However, the patients who were given a special diet have done so well that it has prompted us to report our results so that a wider usage of the diet will demonstrate its value. For many years<i>Balantidium coli</i>has been considered as only a rare parasitic invader of mankind, but reports indicate that it is more common than is generally supposed. While the cases reported have been largely from the tropics, a number have been observed in the Southern states, and, what is important, cases have been noted in the Northern states as well. For this reason,<i>Balantidium coli</i>infection can no longer be considered a local or regional problem, but one which concerns the whole country. <i>Balantidium coli</i>is a unicellular flagellate inhabiting the colon and capable of invading the
Primer on the Metabolic Bone Diseases and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism
Authors: J. A Kanis
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1994)

The volume is divided into very short chapters by more than 80 authors and covers most of the disorders of bone and mineral metabolism.The problems with a multi- authorship volume are the lack of cohesion between chapters and in the level of expertise devoted to each section.This volume steers a very good compromise between these two extremes.Yes, there is overlap, but this is generally supportive rather than counterproductive.So too are their differences in style.There is, however, a great deal of heterogeneity in the level of referencing and this could be improved.Overall, this variation is not intrusive and is a great credit to the Editor and Associate Editors.The book is exactly what it claims to be -a primer.It is a very useful first source of reference for students, physicians and scientists who wish to have a short review of any area in bone metabolism.In the case of physicians, it will be useful in all the many specialties that cover some aspects of bone disease.These include rheumatology, but also endocrinology, nephrology, oncology and gynaecology.The book is compiled mainly by American authors and aimed at the American reader.There are therefore some problems for its wider use.For example, the view that corrected serum calcium should be abandoned, since ionised calcium is available and more appropriate, is clearly not translatable.Perhaps the most difficult area is in therapeutics, as in Europe treatment approaches differ considerably from the USA, particularly in osteoporosis.Agents that are widely available in other countries are relatively neglected, and in some cases ignored.Apart from these deficiencies, I can thoroughly recommed it for all with a passing, or even passionate, interest in bone disease.
Pericarditis, pleural effusion, and pneumonitis with transient mitochondrial antibodies.
Authors: J Guardia, J Gomez, C Martin, J M Martinez-Vazquez, R Bacardi, J Tornos
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Four women with fever, arthromyalgias, pericarditis, pleural effusion, high erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and lymphopenia had mitochondrial antibodies in the serum in the absence of antinuclear antibody. Their illness lasted 5-12 weeks and the antibody test results became negative on remission. Absence of specific bacteriological findings, normal antistreptolysin O titres, resistance to antibiotics, and good response to steroids suggested that these cases represented a milder and less persistent form of the syndrome resembling systemic lupus erythematosus described by German authors.
Seeking a Way to Alleviate Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2002)

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