tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increasing CD4 count with interleukin-2 does not benefit people with HIV
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Two large international trials have found that adding the immune modulator interleukin 2 (IL-2) to standard treatment for people with HIV offers no clinical benefit.

The results, which were presented on 10 February in Montreal, Canada, at the 16th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, shocked investigators and have led to a halt of other trials using the cytokine.

Effective treatments for HIV suppress the virus to undetectable levels and result in a slow increase in CD4 T cells, an important component of the immune system’s defence against infection. 

The trials involving interleukin 2 were based on the fact that the drug stimulates a substantial rapid and …
Esterases Involved in the Metabolism of Ciclesonide (CIC) in Human Nasal Epithelial Cells (HNEC)
Authors: M.A. Wingertzahn, H. Sato, R. Nave, T. Nonaka, T. Mochizuki, S. Takahama, S. Kondo
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Seeking Explanations for Secular Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality
Authors: G. Frank O. Tyers
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In his recent review of the downward trend in cardiovascular mortality (1982;247:877), Dr Kannel states that the combined impact of medical and surgical interventions would seem insufficient to produce a 25% improvement. While without question the improvement has been multifactorial, especially in coronary heart disease mortality, we are talking about 600,000 to 700,000 deaths per year with up to 200,000 primary or "salvage" operative procedures, an increasing role of thrombolysins and dilatation treatment, and the introduction of calcium antagonists and β-blockers. The role of the medical and surgical teams in affecting modification of risk factors is also significant, as both coronary bypass surgery and even a mild myocardial infarction can make the patient unusually susceptible to suggestions that he lose weight, stop smoking, take his medications, and increase his activity level. I refuse to operate on any patient who has not stopped smoking, and with a waiting
Pachyonychia congenita cornered: report on the 11th<scp>A</scp>nnual<scp>I</scp>nternational<scp>P</scp>achyonychia<scp>C</scp>ongenita<scp>C</scp>onsortium Meeting
Authors: E.A. O'Toole, R.L. Kaspar, E. Sprecher, M.E. Schwartz, L. Rittié
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

This is a report of the research presented at the 11th Annual Meeting of the International Pachyonychia Congenita Consortium, held on 6 May 2014 in Albuquerque, NM, U.S.A. This year's meeting was divided into five corners concerning pachyonychia congenita (PC) research: (i) 'PC Pathogenesis Cornered', an overview of recent keratin research, for PC and other skin disorders; (ii) 'From All Corners of …', an outline of other genetic disorders that we can learn from; (iii) 'Fighting For Our Corner', an outline of National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases programmes and U.S. funding opportunities applicable to rare skin disorders; (iv) 'The PC Corner', focusing on recent clinical studies related to PC; and (v) 'Clinical Corners: Turning the Corner?', an update on ongoing PC clinical trials.
Legal Implications of Emergency Care
Authors: Burton A. Russman
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The author states in his introduction that he wants to dispel the confusion and misunderstanding surrounding the legal implications of emergency care. However, his axe grinds sharply against his basic underlying concern—that is, a plea for improved emergency-care training and better emergency facilities. Mr. Chayet defines in simple terms the legal concept of the "duty to act"—the key to any legal responsibility. Few physicians are aware that a relatively minor act makes them legally liable for the subsequent care of the patient. With the hospital emergency room becoming the primary locus of physician-patient contact, the "on call" attending man is well advised to avoid any advice unless he is willing to accept the patient as his personal responsibility. In stressing the role of the hospital in emergency care, the author reproduces the "Standards for Hospital Emergency Wards," of the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. As the courts tend to
Touchstones of abnormal personality theory
Authors: Richard W. J. Neufeld
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Strengths of Mealey's target article are its implementation of results from game-theoretic analyses and its potential links with other formal developments. In recent dynamic decision/choice models, reduced salience of avoidance tendencies, said to typify primary sociopaths, has quantifiable consequences for response latencies and choices. Also, formal models of stress effects on information processing predict selected effects of hypoarousability.
Direct Expansion of Functional CD25+ CD4+ Regulatory T Cells by Antigen-processing Dendritic Cells
Authors: Sayuri Yamazaki, Tomonori Iyoda, Kristin Tarbell, Kara Olson, Klara Velinzon, Kayo Inaba, Ralph M. Steinman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

An important pathway for immune tolerance is provided by thymic-derived CD25+ CD4+ T cells that suppress other CD25− autoimmune disease–inducing T cells. The antigen-presenting cell (APC) requirements for the control of CD25+ CD4+ suppressor T cells remain to be identified, hampering their study in experimental and clinical situations. CD25+ CD4+ T cells are classically anergic, unable to proliferate in response to mitogenic antibodies to the T cell receptor complex. We now find that CD25+ CD4+ T cells can proliferate in the absence of added cytokines in culture and in vivo when stimulated by antigen-loaded dendritic cells (DCs), especially mature DCs. With high doses of DCs in culture, CD25+ CD4+ and CD25− CD4+ populations initially proliferate to a comparable extent. With current methods, one third of the antigen-reactive T cell receptor transgenic T cells enter into cycle for an average of three divisions in 3 d. The expansion of CD25+ CD4+ T cells stops by day 5, in the absence or presence of exogenous interleukin (IL)-2, whereas CD25− CD4+ T cells continue to grow. CD25+ CD4+ T cell growth requires DC–T cell contact and is partially dependent upon the production of small amounts of IL-2 by the T cells and B7 costimulation by the DCs. After antigen-specific expansion, the CD25+ CD4+ T cells retain their known surface features and actively suppress CD25− CD4+ T cell proliferation to splenic APCs. DCs also can expand CD25+ CD4+ T cells in the absence of specific antigen but in the presence of exogenous IL-2. In vivo, both steady state and mature antigen-processing DCs induce proliferation of adoptively transferred CD25+ CD4+ T cells. The capacity to expand CD25+ CD4+ T cells provides DCs with an additional mechanism to regulate autoimmunity and other immune responses.
Medical care in France
Authors: J. K Paterson
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

I wonder whether Barbara Gomes and Irene Higginson, who wrote the excellent editorial on place of death (September 2004 JRSM 1 ), would consider that a poll of RSM Fellows might provide useful data?I have seen only two formal papers, both from the USA, regarding the medical technology health workers would want for themselves at the end of life.One disclosed that the great majority of doctors in North Carolina would refuse cardiopulmonary resuscitation and tube feeding if terminally ill. 2 The other concluded that physicians and nurses who have extensive exposure to hospitals and sick patients are unlikely to wish aggressive treatment if they become terminally ill, demented, or in a persistent vegetative state. 3 I suspect that most British health professionals would be similarly reluctant to have much medical technology applied to them at the end of life, and, by what seems an obvious extension, would rather die at home than in hospital.Personally, if I do not die suddenly, I want to die at home, in very familiar surroundings, with my beloved cat and partner next to me, and with the music of Shirley Bassey as loud as possible.
Abstract 1966: Plasmonic gold nanostars: A potential agent for molecular imaging and cancer therapy
Authors: Hsiangkuo Yuan, Christopher Khoury, Christy Wilson, Gerald Grant, Tuan Vo-Dinh
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Gold nanoparticles offer great potential for bioapplication due to their biocompatibility, chemical stability, and plasmon tunability. Due to the increased demand in custom-designed bioapplication, tailoring nanoparticle's plasmon for a specific application remains an active area of research. Plasmonic gold nanostars, with their sharp tips and small cores, yield unique optical properties in the near infrared region favorable for biological applications. We present a high-yield biocompatible synthesis of gold nanostars, whose geometry is adjustable such that the plasmon band can be tuned into the near-infrared “tissue diagnostic window”. Nanostars offer several interesting plasmon properties including intense surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for ultrasensitive detection, strong two-photon photoluminescence (TPL) for real-time particle tracking, and efficient photothermal transduction for hyperthermic therapy. Here, we demonstrate nanostars tracking and photothermal ablation both in vitro and in vivo. Using SKBR3 breast cancer cells incubated with bare nanostars, photothermal ablation was observed within 5 minutes of irradiation (980 nm CW laser, 15 W/cm2). On a mouse preinfused systemically with PEGylated nanostars for 2 days, extravasation of nanostars was observed and localized photothermal ablation was demonstrated on a dorsal window chamber within 10 minutes of irradiation (785 nm CW laser, 1.1 W/cm2). These preliminary results have illustrated the theranostic potential of gold nanostars for the use in molecular imaging and cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1966. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1966
ART IN PSYCHOTHERAPY
Authors: IRVING BIEBER, JESSIE K. HERKIMER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1948)

A psychotherapeutic team consisting of a male psychiatrist, a female psychiatric social worker, and a male artist, operating in a military setting, selected a group of patients who were willing to draw from the psychiatric section of a general hospital. All "open ward" patients willing to draw attended art sessions conducted by the art member of the team, and were seen in therapeutic sessions by the psychiatrist, psychiatric social worker, or both as the patients desired. The art productions of all patients were collected and studied. A case report detailing the progress of one patient is given. The value of a team of therapists working through the medium of art is discussed. The value of art as a diagnostic therapeutic agent and as an objective means of following therapy is likewise described.
Integrated genomic analysis of relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia reveals therapeutic strategies
Authors: Laura E. Hogan, Julia A. Meyer, Jun Yang, Jinhua Wang, Nicholas Wong, Wenjian Yang, Gregory Condos, Stephen P. Hunger, Elizabeth Raetz, Richard Saffery, Mary V. Relling, Deepa Bhojwani, Debra J. Morrison, William L. Carroll
Journal: Blood (2011)
The Importance of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the United States: The Need for a National Registry
Authors: Leonard A. Kaminsky, Ross Arena, Theresa M. Beckie, Peter H. Brubaker, Timothy S. Church, Daniel E. Forman, Barry A. Franklin, Martha Gulati, Carl J. Lavie, Jonathan Myers, Mahesh J. Patel, Ileana L. Piña, William S. Weintraub, Mark A. Williams
Journal: Circulation (2013)
Subgroup Analyses of Maraviroc in Previously Treated R5 HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Gerd Fätkenheuer, Mark Nelson, Adriano Lazzarin, Irina Konourina, Andy I.M. Hoepelman, Harry Lampiris, Bernard Hirschel, Pablo Tebas, François Raffi, Benoit Trottier, Nicholaos Bellos, Michael Saag, David A. Cooper, Mike Westby, Margaret Tawadrous, John F. Sullivan, Caroline Ridgway, Michael W. Dunne, Steve Felstead, Howard Mayer, Elna van der Ryst
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

We conducted subanalyses of the combined results of the Maraviroc versus Optimized Therapy in Viremic Antiretroviral Treatment-Experienced Patients (MOTIVATE) 1 and MOTIVATE 2 studies to better characterize the efficacy and safety of maraviroc in key subgroups of patients.We analyzed pooled data from week 48 from the two studies according to sex, race or ethnic group, clade, CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) delta32 genotype, viral load at the time of screening, the use or nonuse of enfuvirtide in optimized background therapy (OBT), the baseline CD4 cell count, the number of active antiretroviral drugs coadministered, the first use of selected background agents, and tropism at baseline. Changes in viral tropism and the CD4 count at treatment failure were evaluated. Data on aminotransferase levels in patients coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) were also analyzed.A treatment benefit of maraviroc plus OBT over placebo plus OBT was shown in all subgroups, including patients with a low CD4 cell count at baseline, those with a high viral load at screening, and those who had not received active agents in OBT. Analyses of the virologic response according to the first use of selected background drugs showed the additional benefit of adding a potent new drug to maraviroc at the initiation of maraviroc therapy. More patients in whom maraviroc failed had a virus binding to the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) at failure, but there was no evidence of a decrease in the CD4 cell count at failure in such patients as compared with those in whom placebo failed. Subanalyses involving patients coinfected with HBV or HCV revealed no evidence of excess hepatotoxic effects as compared with baseline.Subanalyses of pooled data from week 48 indicate that maraviroc provides a valuable treatment option for a wide spectrum of patients with R5 HIV-1 infection who have been treated previously. (ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT00098306 and NCT00098722.)
Ode to Joy
Authors: Mark S. Litwin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

On Being a Doctor15 August 1992Ode to JoyMark S. Litwin, MDMark S. Litwin, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-117-4-337 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptWhen you've gone through the four-year fire of medical school and you've walked the wards as a surgical intern, you think you're ready for anything. You think you can do anything. You learn to cut silk on the first try, tie knots with sutures fine as hair and list the causes of hypokalemic alkalosis. You can drive an IV into a veinless arm, hold a retractor, arms numb, for hours without moving. You can find any x-ray and summarize a two-month hospitalization in less than five minutes. You become case-hardened, tough.One patient can prove you wrong. Mrs. Bingham, on... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90024 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByBearing Bad NewsRichard H. Fine, MD 15 August 1992Volume 117, Issue 4Page: 337-337KeywordsHospitalizations Issue Published: 15 August 1992 Copyright©1992 American College of PhysiciansPDF DownloadLoading ...
[105] ARTERIAL AND PERIBILIARY VASCULOGENESIS DURING LIVER DEVELOPMENT IS MODULATED BY ANGIOGENIC GROWTH FACTORS EXPRESSED BY DUCTAL PLATE CELLS AND HEPATOBLASTS
Authors: L. Fabris, M. Cadamuro, L. Libbrecht, C. Spirli, R. Fiorotto, L. Okolicsanyi, T. Roskams, M. Strazzabosco
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Investigation of chronic diarrhoea in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective study of 155 patients.
Authors: C Blanshard, N Francis, B G Gazzard
Journal: Gut (1996)

The optimum diagnostic investigation for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and diarrhoea is not known. Often no pathogen is detected and it is unclear whether this is because pathogens are absent in some patients or the investigations used fail to detect them. The hypothesis that AIDS related diarrhoea is usually due to an infection, which can be identified by a simple diagnostic strategy based on the results of intensive investigation of a cohort of such patients, was investigated.155 patients with AIDS and chronic diarrhoea underwent contemporaneous examination of stools, duodenal, jejunal, and rectal biopsy specimens and duodenal aspirate for bacterial, protozoal, and viral pathogens. A decision tree analysis was used to determine the best sequential diagnostic strategy for clinicians.128 of 155 patients investigated (83%) had at least one potential pathogen. The presenting clinical features could not predict the presence or site of the pathogens. Stool analysis identified the most pathogens (93 of 199, 47%). Rectal biopsy was essential for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus and adenovirus. Duodenal biopsy was as helpful as jejunal biopsy and detected some treatable pathogens missed by other methods. Electron microscopy, impression smears, and duodenal aspirate yielded little extra information. If gut biopsy was reserved for patients without a stool pathogen, some treatable pathogens would have been missed.Most patients with AIDS and chronic diarrhoea have at least one gut pathogen, which can be identified by stool analysis and light microscopic examination of duodenal and rectal biopsies. Some pathogens will be missed unless all these investigations are done on all such patients.
189. Enhanced Nuclear Import and Transfection Efficiency by Disaccharide-Modified PEIs
Authors: Takeshi Nagasaki, Toshiki Shiga, Tomomi Jinta, Seiji Shinkai
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Gene delivery into mammalian cells requires the nuclear import of exogenous genes. Since non-viral vectors lack the ability to migrate into the nucleus by themselves, the efficiency of their nuclear import is quite low. Recently, in order to enhance gene transfer, glycosylated carriers were utilized for the nuclear import of plasmid DNA. Although glycofection seems to be potent for enhancing the transfection efficiency and nuclear import of polyplexes, their mechanisms are not clear to date. On the other hand, polyethylenimine (PEI), a synthetic and hyper-branched polyamine, was shown to compact plasmid DNA and to efficiently transfer them into cells both in vitro and vivo. In this work, the mechanism of nuclear import of glycoconjugates consisting of disaccharide- modified PEI/DNA polyplexes is further investigated by using cytoplasmic microinjection. Eight reducing disaccharides (lactose, maltose, isomaltose, mannobiose, mellibiose, gentiobiose, cellobiose, and laminaribiose) were conjugated with branched polyethylenimine (Mw.25 kDa, Aldrich) by reductive amination. The number of sugar moieties linked to PEI was adjusted to a few levels to estimate the potency for enhancing nuclear impot. Disaccharide-modified PEIs were evaluated as non-viral gene carrier to several kinds of cells. Improvement in gene transfer and expression efficiency and the acquirement of cell specificity toward cells could be achieved by the adjustment of number of glycosyl residues. Among compound, 28Lac-PEI with 28% of amino groups substituted with lactosyl residue shows highest transfection efficiency toward not only HepG2 cells which express asialoglycoprotein receptor but also COS-1 and A549 cells which must not express them. Cytoplasmic microinjection of fluorescent labeled polyplex demonstrated that 28Lac-PEI enhanced the import of DNA complex into nucleus, while free PEI, 42Lac-PEI, and 9.3Cel-PEI showed no effect for the nuclear import of plasmid DNA. The nuclear import of 28Lac-PEI/DNA complex occurs through the nuclear pore because it is inhibited by co-microinjection with wheat germ agglutinin, a lectin which blocks the translocation step through the nuclear pore. Furthermore, the nuclear import of 28Lac-PEI/ DNA complex does not use the pathway depending importin-β: co- microinjection of mutant Ran-GTP, inhibitor of the recyclable process of importin- β, resulted in no difference to absence of Ran-GTP. These results demonstrated that lactose-conjugation to cationic non- viral vector increase the transfection efficiency by the enhancement to not only internalization of polyplex but also nuclear import of gene. In addition, nuclear import of glucopolyplex is distinct from importin-β-dependent mechanism.
A controlled study of two psychotropic agents for the relief of pain in osteoarthrosis.
Authors: H A Bird, V Wright, P Le Gallez, R Bojar, J S Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Major abdominal operations on patients aged 80 and over: an audit Concern that the rates of death and complications after major abdominal operations in this hospital in a popular retirement area were inflated by the number ofpatients aged over 80 led us to conduct an audit ofpatients having such operations.Deaths and complications in patients undergoing operation according to age 95% Confidence No (%) of 2 Linn BS, LinnMW, Wallen N. Evaluationofresultsofsurgical procedures in the elderly.
YELLOW FEVER: PATHOLOGY AND TREATMENT.Prepared for the Pan-American Congress and for the International Congress at Rome.
Authors: F. PEYRE PORCHER
Journal: JAMA (1894)

I wish in this paper, based on the study of several epidemics of yellow fever in Charleston, to make three points which are of the first importance; also to give some of the results of my experience as regards treatment and pathology, which I do not think have attracted the attention they deserve: 1. That this fever in Charleston has always been accompanied by what is known as "breakbone fever;" this, though extremely mild, is not distinguishable, but being counted in with cases of true yellow fever, prevents all accuracy in the mortality reports, 2. That yellow fever is fully susceptible of successful management in fair cases, seen early, 3. That life is compromised in the first six to ten hours of the disease; so that it is essential that treatment should be begun early. <i>Co-existence of Yellow and Breakbone Fever</i>.—Invariably two forms of fever existed together, namely, yellow fever,
Preliminary Evidence Points to Affective Disorder Triggered by Summer Weather
Authors: Chris Anne Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1988)

COLD SHOWERS, long a folk medicine to lessen libido, may become part of therapy to restore sexual desire, positive thinking, and motivation lost to some persons suffering from depression, according to a preliminary study by investigators at the National Institute of Mental Health in Rockville, Md (<i>Am J Psychiatry</i>1987;144:1602-1603). The report adds to a growing body of evidence incriminating dysfunctions of energy regulation in the etiology of affective disorders. It also raises the possibility of simple, nonpharmacologic treatments—such as partial sleep deprivation (please see accompanying article on p 959), phototherapy, or changes in ambient temperature—for at least some of them. This line of research garnered attention by introducing the syndrome known as seasonal affective disorder: recurring winter depression. The syndrome has been known for nearly 70 years (Kraepelin E [Barclay RM (trans)], in Robertson GM, Livingstone E, Livingstone S [eds]:<i>Manic Depressive Illness and Paranoia</i>. Edinburgh, E &amp; S