tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Potassium and the Kidney
Authors: William B. Schwartz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

DURING the last decade major advances have been made in the understanding of the metabolism of potassium and the role of this ion in a variety of pathologic states. Several excellent reviews on various aspects of this subject have appeared in the past few years,1 2 3 4 but none have been concerned primarily with the relation of potassium and the kidney. In this field recent investigation has been particularly fruitful, and it now seems appropriate to review the problem in an attempt to integrate earlier work with current knowledge.The body of this paper is devoted to a consideration of the excretion . . .
Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 concentration in sera of patients with acute and chronic liver disease: Relationship to disease activity and cirrhosis
Authors: Gregor Zöhrens, Thomas Armbrust, Ursula Pirzer, Karl-Hermann Meyer zum Büschenfelde, Giuliano Ramadori
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

To study the influence of chronic hepatitis on intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum concentration, we measured intercellular adhesion molecular-1 in the serum of 84 patients with chronic liver disease (17 chronic persistent hepatitis, 42 chronic active hepatitis and 25 active cirrhosis) caused by hepatitis B virus (n = 46), hepatitis C virus (n = 10) and autoimmunity (n = 28). Furthermore, 20 patients with acute viral hepatitis (16 hepatitis B virus and 4 hepatitis A virus) and 6 patients with acute drug-induced hepatitis were included. Sera from 20 healthy persons were used as control. Follow-up examinations were performed during immunosuppressive therapy in 20 patients with autoimmune chronic liver disease (13 chronic active hepatitis and 7 active cirrhosis). Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum concentration was significantly increased in patients with acute viral hepatitis, drug-induced hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis and active cirrhosis compared with healthy controls and with patients with chronic persistent hepatitis. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 was also significantly increased in severe chronic active hepatitis and active cirrhosis compared with moderate chronic active hepatitis and moderate active cirrhosis. Serum concentration of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 decreased significantly in patients with autoimmune chronic liver disease after 2 mo of immunosuppression when remission was present. A close correlation between aspartate aminotransferase and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum levels was found. We conclude the following: (a) in chronic liver disease intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum concentration may represent, at least in part, hepatocellular damage; and (b) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 serum level does not differentiate between chronic autoimmune and chronic viral hepatitis. (HEPATOLOGY 1993;18:798-802).
I. Pharmacod Isolated Human
Authors: Ira Rosenblum
Journal: JAMA (1962)

The isolated human auricular myocardium has been shown to be an excellent system for in vitro drug testing. This tissue will beat spontaneously and will respond to epinephrine in classical fashion with an increase in both the force and the rate of contraction. When the adrenergic blocking drug, dichloroisoproterenol, was tested, it was found to block these effects of epinephrine, supporting the reliability of this test system.
Government wants to freeze GPs' pay until 2009, as figures show income rose by 10% in second year of new contract
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The government has told a review board that it wants to freeze GPs' pay for the third consecutive year, arguing that pay is an issue that no longer concerns GPs. Any increase should be linked to improvements in the level and quality of services, it says.

The news comes as a study shows that GPs in the United Kingdom earned an average net income (after deduction of expenses but before tax) of £110 000 (€158 000; $230 000) in 2005-6, a 10% increase on the previous year's figure.

The rise means that GPs' income rose by 33% in the two years …
A case of jejunal choriocarcinoma detected by capsule endoscopy and double-balloon endoscopy
Authors: T. Suekane, N. Oshitani, H. Okazaki, K. Maeda, M. Ohsawa, T. Arakawa
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

A 34-year-old woman was admitted to our institution because she had melena and severe anemia (Hb 4.6 g/dL). She had a history of two abortions and two normal deliveries. Neither esophagogastroduodenoscopy nor total colonoscopy had identified the source of the bleeding. Capsule endoscopy revealed active hemorrhage in the jejunum and double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) showed a flat submucosal elevation at the mid-jejunum ([Fig. 1]).
Multiple Congenital Contractures
Authors: Chester A. Swinyard, Victor Mayer
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Seventy cases of multiple congenital contractures (arthrogryposis) were evaluated. Associated anomalies not previously described with this condition were found. The authors conclude that the condition is a syndrome of multiple congenital contractures and joint disturbances (eg, dislocations) which are the end result of many etiologies. The value of utilizing health department data derived from school placement changes, applications for state and city financial aid, and required reporting of orthopedic disabilities was demonstrated. The abnormality was limited to the upper extremities in 11% and to the lower in 43%. Both upper and lower extremities were involved in 46%. Treatment is prolonged, even though started very early, and requires a wide variety of orthopedic procedures.
Financial Interest and Its Disclosure in Scientific Publications
Authors: Sheldon Krimsky
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Journal policies and requirements of funding agencies on financial disclosure of authors and grant applicants have divided editors and scientists who disagree on whether such policies can improve the integrity of science or manage conflicts of interest. Those opposed to such disclosure policies argue that financial interest is one of many interests held by scientists, is the least scientifically dangerous, and should not be singled out. Those who favor open reporting of financial interests argue that full disclosure removes the suspicion that something of relevance to objectivity is being hidden and allows readers to form their own opinions on whether a conflict of interest exists and what relevance that has to the study. The authors believe that the scientific community and the public will be best served by open publication of financial disclosures for readers and reviewers to evaluate.
Passage of Labeled Cholesterol into the Aortic Wall of the Normal Dog
Authors: LEROY E. DUNCAN, KATHERIN BUCK, ALMORRIS LYNCH
Journal: Circulation Research (1959)

In the normal dog the rate of movement of cholesterol from the serum into the inner layer of the aortic wall is greatest at the proximal end of the aorta and decreases progressively along the length of the aorta until in the terminal aorta the rate is only about one sixth that in the proximal aorta. A similar gradient of rates was previously demonstrated for albumin which enters the aortic wall about three times as fast as cholesterol. The similarity of the gradients and the relative magnitude of the rates for cholesterol and albumin support the concept that cholesterol is carried into the aortic wall of the normal dog by the passage of the lipoproteins of which it is a part.
Effect of propranolol after acute myocardial infarction in patients with congestive heart failure.
Authors: K Chadda, S Goldstein, R Byington, J D Curb
Journal: Circulation (1986)

The incidence of congestive heart failure was studied in the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial in which postmyocardial infarction patients between the ages of 30 and 69 years, with no contraindication to propranolol, were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 1921) or propranolol 180 or 240 mg daily (n = 1916) 5 to 21 days after admission to the hospital for the event. Survivors of acute myocardial infarction with compensated or mild congestive heart failure, including those on digitalis and diuretics, were included in the study. A history of congestive heart failure before randomization characterized 710 (18.5%) patients: 345 (18.0%) in the propranolol group and 365 (19.0%) in the placebo group. The incidence of definite congestive heart failure after randomization and during the study was 6.7% in both groups. In patients with a history of congestive heart failure before randomization, 51 of 345 (14.8%) in the propranolol group and 46 of 365 (12.6%) in the placebo group developed congestive heart failure during an average 25 month follow-up. In the patients with no history of congestive heart failure, 5% in the propranolol group developed congestive heart failure and 5.3% in the placebo group developed congestive heart failure. Baseline characteristics predictive of the occurrence of congestive heart failure by multivariate analyses included an increased cardiothoracic ratio, diabetes, increased heart rate, low baseline weight, prior myocardial infarction, age, and more than 10 ventricular premature beats per hour.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Visceral Pleural Invasion: Pathologic Criteria and Use of Elastic Stains: Proposal for the 7th Edition of the TNM Classification for Lung Cancer
Authors: William D. Travis, Elisabeth Brambilla, Ramon Rami-Porta, Eric Vallières, Masahiro Tsuboi, Valerie Rusch, Peter Goldstraw
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2008)
An Address ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF SUGAR AND OF ALBUMEN IN THE URINE: Read before the Ilford Medical Society
Authors: R. W. Burnet
Journal: BMJ (1906)

excited heart becomes exiausted and dilated in its futile attempts to maintain tension in unfilled arteries.Iodine.Iodine is oftern more valuable tllan thyroid, as its meta- bolic effects, as shown by Professor Stockman, are attained by its stimulating action os-the thyroid glan-id.I have seen two cases of exophthalmic goltre produced by thie rather excessive use of iodine.Both these cases got rapidly well on the stoppage of the drug.As a rule I prefer for ine(licinal use the tincture of iodine and the syrup of iodine and tannic aci(d to tlhe more stable iodides.The latter, however, are more easily prescribed in compounid mixtures.Adrenalin.Tllis remiiedy raises arterial tenisioni, and is, as a rutle, inijurious in arterio-sclerosis, but wvliemi combined witlh thyroid or iodiine it occasionally does goo(d ly maintainin-ig arterial tonie anid stimulating the lleart.Citrrates.Dr. A. E. Wright lhas shiowni that the citrates have a decalcifying effect con thie blood.At first they lessen its coagulability, but, after prolonged use, this again increases, an(d Dr. Wright believes that -this is due to the citrates dissolving thie lime salts out of the tissues.Benzoates.
Epidermal Langerhans cells tune skin reactivity to contact allergens
Authors: Mark C. Udey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Allergic contact dermatitis is a common disorder that has fascinated dermatologists and immunologists for decades. Extensive studies of contact sensitivity reactions in mice established a mechanistic paradigm that has been revisited in recent years, and the involvement of Langerhans cells (LCs), a population of epidermal dendritic cells, in immune responses to epicutaneously applied antigens has been questioned. In this issue of the JCI, Gomez de Agüero et al. describe an elegant series of experiments that implicate LCs in tolerance induction, positioning these cells as key regulators of immunologic barrier function.
Disorders of the Cervical Spine
Authors: James Sharp
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1981)

excellent chapter on a rapidly advancing front, the immunology of joints, by Michael Elves.The rare apparent omissions (on a quick reading and index consultation) may well be remedied in the second volume, for example, the angiogenesis inhibition factor of cartilage (first described in 1975) and amyloidosis in the aging joint capsule (described in 1976), both pertinent
School based intervention has reduced obesity in Singapore
Authors: C. M. Toh
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—In 1992 Singapore's health ministry launched a national programme promoting a healthy lifestyle to address the common risk factors for chronic diseases such as obesity, physical inactivity, and cigarette smoking. Different age groups in the population were targeted, including school children.

The health promotion board of the health ministry works in close partnership with the education ministry on obesity programmes for school children. The education ministry's “trim and fit” programme for primary, secondary, and pre-university schools aims to reduce obesity in school …
RAS signaling pathway mutations and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: getting into and out of the thick of it
Authors: Bruce D. Gelb, Marco Tartaglia
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

In this issue of the JCI, Wu et al. and Marin et al. describe two new mouse models of inherited disorders of the RAS/MAPK signal transduction pathway that display hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM); the model from the former paper was from a gain-of-function Raf1 mutation, and the model from the latter paper was from a protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 11 (Ptpn11) mutated allele encoding Shp2 with impaired catalytic function. The two groups show that HCM arises from increased signaling through Erk1/2 and the mTor complex 1, respectively, and that those cardiac issues can be prevented or reversed with small-molecule therapies inhibiting the appropriate pathway. Aside from being the first studies of treatment for Noonan syndrome and related disorders in a mammalian system, these papers provide important insights into the role of RAS signaling in cardiac hypertrophy and suggest the complexity in developing meaningful therapy for individuals with these RASopathies.
National Audit Office report shows gaps in emergency planning
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A fifth of NHS hospital and ambulance trusts in England are inadequately prepared to cope with major terrorist incidents, warned a report published by the National Audit Office last week.

The report found that the NHS was well prepared to cope with previously encountered major incidents, such as rail and plane crashes, but that many hospital and ambulance trusts did not have adequate plans to deal with a major biological, chemical, or nuclear attack. Information was collected from surveys of all …
Committee calls for more guidance on animal experiments
Authors: Madeleine Brettingham
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The Home Office must make available clear and accessible information on the degree and length of suffering experienced by animals involved in scientific research in the United Kingdom. This is the conclusion of a panel of experts brought together by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics to debate the ethical issues raised by experiments on animals.

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Credit: SIPA/REX

The report, published this …

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The principal eosinophil peroxidase product, HOSCN, is a uniquely potent phagocyte oxidant inducer of endothelial cell tissue factor activity: a potential mechanism for thrombosis in eosinophilic inflammatory states
Authors: Jian-Guo Wang, Shawn A. Mahmud, Jacob A. Thompson, Jian-Guo Geng, Nigel S. Key, Arne Slungaard
Journal: Blood (2005)
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision: Modeling the Impact and Cost of Expanding Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Eastern and Southern Africa
Authors: Emmanuel Njeuhmeli, Steven Forsythe, Jason Reed, Marjorie Opuni, Lori Bollinger, Nathan Heard, Delivette Castor, John Stover, Timothy Farley, Veena Menon, Catherine Hankins
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2011)

Emmanuel Njeuhmeli and colleagues estimate the impact and cost of scaling up adult medical male circumcision in 13 priority countries in eastern and southern Africa, finding that reaching 80% coverage and maintaining it until 2025 would avert 3.36 million new HIV infections.
STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF METALS
Authors: Frederick S. Hammett, Vilma L. Wallace
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1928)

Our study of the effect of the lead ion on the development of the chick embryo has brought out the following facts: 1. Gross growth is retarded. 2. Somite growth is retarded to a degree greater than that exhibited by body length and width. 3. The head and optic anlagen are regions of particular sensitivity. Their differential development is markedly inhibited. From the purely biological point of view these results are in line with the findings of Child (10) and his school as to the sensitivity of the head end of rapidly growing organisms to harmful influences, and with those of Stockard (11) as to the peculiar sensitivity of the optic anlagen. It is almost too well known to need repetition that the head region and the somites of embryos are specific areas of intense growth by increase in cell number. Therefore, turning from the general to the particular, the differential retardation of these regions which is caused by lead, is evidence justifying the conclusion that it is areas of rapid growth by cell proliferation which are selectively inhibited by this metallic ion.
Points from letters: Royal commission
Authors: W H Davies
Journal: BMJ (1976)

4) Teaching and administrative duties.(5) A "flexibility factor," so dear to the hearts of our junior colleagues, should apply equally to consultants.(6) A "continuity factor" could also be brought in for the fact that consultants, whether officially on or off duty, still carry responsibility for patients in their care and expect to be called in if anything goes wrong.The pension scheme would also need to be revised, but this is perhaps a separate matter.
Inhibition of C-jun N-terminal kinase improves insulin sensitivity but worsens albuminuria in experimental diabetes
Authors: Adeel Ijaz, Thor Tejada, Paola Catanuto, Xiaomei Xia, Sharon J. Elliot, Oliver Lenz, Alexandra Jauregui, Maria O. Saenz, Ruth D. Molano, Antonello Pileggi, Camillo Ricordi, Alessia Fornoni
Journal: Kidney International (2008)
Study indicates nine risk factors explain most heart attacks
Authors: Caroline White
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Nine in 10 heart attacks can be predicted on the basis of nine risk factors, which are the same all over the world irrespective of ethnic group or sex, global research in 52 countries has found.

An abnormal ratio of apolipoprotein A to apolipoprotein B—a more sensitive marker than the ratio of high density to low density lipoprotein—and smoking accounted for two thirds of total risk.

Smoking six to 10 cigarettes a day doubles the risk of heart attack, according to the findings. Smoking 20 cigarettes a day increases the …
Occipital plagiocephaly: an epidemic of craniosynostosis?
Authors: Barry M Jones, Richard Hayward, Robert Evans, Jonathan Britto
Journal: BMJ (1997)

“A bizarre epidemic … 400% increase since 1992.” “Unkind cut: some physicians do unnecessary surgery on heads of infants.”1 These terms were used last year by the Wall Street Journal , in company with the British media, to report that the incidence of posterior skull asymmetry, or occipital plagiocephaly, and its surgical management, had increased to epidemic proportions. Such headlines have resulted in anxiety among parents, general practitioners, and paediatricians, and it is therefore important to be clear about the causes of the asymmetry.

One cause of plagiocephaly is craniosynostosis, which is premature fusion of the cranial sutures—the adaptive fibrous joints between the bones of the skull. The resulting abnormal skull shape is usually an isolated anomaly but it may be associated with a craniofacial syndrome such as that of Crouzon or Apert. The skull shape is predictable from the suture or sutures involved. Premature fusion of the lambdoid sutures, …
Epigastric Vein Visualization on Liver Scan in Severe Bilharzial Portal Hypertension
Authors: A H ELGAZZAR, A SAHWEIL, H M ABDEL-DAYEM, S JAHAN, B JARADAH
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

The authors report a case of severe biliarzial liver cirrhosis in which a dilated inferior epigastric vein was clearly visualized on a radionuclide angiogram as well as on static images on Tc-99m colloid liver imaging. This is an unusual finding on liver imaging indicating significant portosystemic shunts associated with severe portal hypertension.
Therapeutic ultrasound: Its application in drug delivery
Authors: Ka‐yun Ng, Yang Liu
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2002)

Ultrasound is best known for its imaging capability in diagnostic medicine. However, there have been considerable efforts recently to develop therapeutic uses for it. The purpose of this review is to summarize some of the recent advances made in the area of therapeutic ultrasound as they relate to drug delivery. In particular, this review will focus on the applications of ultrasound to enhance the delivery and effect of three distinctive therapeutic drug classes: chemotherapeutic, thrombolytic, and gene-based drugs. In addition, ultrasound contrast agents have been recently developed for diagnostic ultrasound. New experimental evidence suggests that these contrast agents can be used as exogenous cavitation nuclei for enhancement of drug and gene delivery. Thus, brief review of this new class of agents and their roles in drug delivery will also be provided. By comparison to diagnostic ultrasound, progress in therapeutic use of ultrasound has been somewhat limited. The recent successes in ultrasound-related drug delivery research positions ultrasound as therapeutic tool for drug delivery in the future.
Prevalence of Sjogren's syndrome in a closed rural community
Authors: U. G Dafni, A. G Tzioufas, P. Staikos, F. N Skopouli, H. M Moutsopoulos
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1997)

To define the prevalence of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) through an epidemiological survey in a closed rural community. The classification of SS is based on the validated criteria reported by a multicentre study performed in Europe and supported by the Epidemiology Committee of the European Community (EEC-COMAC Epidemiology).The population under study consisted of 837 women aged 18 years or older, residing in the Astakos community of Aitoloakarnania, Greece. The study protocol was subdivided in two parts. In part I, an exhaustive epidemiological survey of these women was conducted in July and August of 1992. The validated questionnaire used in the survey assesses both ocular and oral involvement. In part II, 45 of the women reporting symptoms of both dry eye and dry mouth were approached for a full examination based on the validated set of classification criteria of SS. The full complement of the diagnostic tests was performed on 35 of these women. A subject is classified as a definite primary SS case if at least four of six items of the subject's test items are positive. If three of six items are positive the subject is classified as a probable primary SS case.The classification criteria for definite primary SS were satisfied by five women. This number corresponds to an estimated prevalence of 0.60% (exact 95% CI 0.19%, 1.39%). Probable primary SS was diagnosed for 25 women (prevalence = 2.99%).Because of the loss of follow up (10 of 45) and the use of slightly stricter criteria for inclusion of possible SS cases in part II of the study, we consider our estimate of the prevalence of SS to be conservative. This study concurring with other recent reports, suggests that SS is more prevalent than previously thought.