tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme in peripheral blood monocytes from patients with sarcoidosis.
Authors: T Okabe, K Yamagata, M Fujisawa, J Watanabe, F Takaku, J J Lanzillo, B L Fanburg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity was measured in isolated peripheral blood monocytes and culture medium from 28 patients with sarcoidosis and compared with values obtained from monocytes of 25 normal control subjects. ACE activity was determined by radioimmunoassay of angiotensin II produced from angiotensin I. While there was no measurable ACE activity in monocytes or culture medium from normal controls under the conditions of our study, monocytes from patients with sarcoidosis all showed activity both in cells and culture medium. The mean ACE activity of monocytes from patients with sarcoidosis was 2.0 pg angiotensin II formed/min per 10(5) cells, and that released into medium over a 24-h interval was 30.4 pg angiotensin II/min per 10(5) cells. The monocyte ACE from patients with sarcoidosis was activated by chloride ions and inhibited by EDTA, captopril, and rabbit antiserum to purified human plasma ACE, indicating that enzymatic activity was effected specifically by ACE. Thus, our studies show a significant elevation and release of ACE by peripheral blood monocytes of patients with sarcoidosis under conditions where monocytes of normal control subjects do not demonstrate ACE activity.
The Isolation of HIV- Positive Patients-Reply
Authors: Larry Gostin
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Early on in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, Public Broadcasting ran a television documentary about a Texas man with AIDS who was unabashedly claiming that he was having sexual relationships with other men. Public health officials, unaccustomed to using coercive powers, anguished over the proper response. The state of Texas considered isolating the man, but discovered the law gave them no power to do so. Texas, like most of the country at that time, classified HIV as a communicable, not a sexually transmitted, disease. Consequently, only patients with specific infectious conditions listed in the regulations were isolable, and HIV had not been listed. Texas eventually changed its law to make HIV an isolable condition (only after the man in question had died) and now many states across the country have enacted similar statutes. These statutes are behavior based, allowing isolation of HIV-infected persons only if they pose
Arsenic Methylation, <i>GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1</i> Polymorphisms, and Skin Lesions
Authors: Kathleen M. McCarty, Yen-Ching Chen, Quazi Quamruzzaman, Mahmuder Rahman, Golam Mahiuddin, Yu-Mei Hsueh, Li Su, Thomas Smith, Louise Ryan, David C. Christiani
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

ObjectiveWe investigated whether primary and secondary arsenic methylation ratios were associated with skin lesions and whether GSTT1, GSTP1, and GSTM1 polymorphisms modify these relationships.MethodsA case–control study of 600 cases and 600 controls that were frequency matched on age and sex was conducted in Pabna, Bangladesh, in 2001–2002. Individual well water, urine, and blood samples were collected. Water arsenic concentration was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Urinary arsenic speciation was determined using high performance liquid chromatography hydride with generator atomic absorption spectrometry and ICP-MS. Genotyping was conducted using multiplex polymerase chain reaction and TaqMan.ResultsA 10-fold increase in primary methylation ratio [monomethylarsonic acid (MMA)/(arsenite + arsenate] was associated with a 1.50-fold increased risk of skin lesions (multivariate odds ratio = 1.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–2.26). We observed significant interaction on the multiplicative scale between GSTT1 wildtype and secondary methylation ratio [dimethylarsinic acid/MMA; likelihood ratio test (LRT), p = 0.01]. No significant interactions were observed for GSTM1 or GSTP1 or for primary methylation ratios.ConclusionOur findings suggest that increasing primary methylation ratios are associated with an increase in risk of arsenic-related skin lesions. The interaction between GSTT1 wildtype and secondary methylation ratio modifies risk of skin lesions among arsenic-exposed individuals.
Research Opportunities in Alcoholism
Authors: Lewis Aronow, Elena O. Nightingale, Barbara Filner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Airline passengers who request a low-calorie soft drink these days also get some advice: the label on the can warns that the drink contains saccharin, which has been shown to be carcinogenic in animals. Those who request whiskey receive no such warning. This apparent inversion of the relative risks associated with these two products reflects our society's ambivalent attitudes toward both alcohol and the problems brought on by the inappropriate use of alcoholic beverages. Inebriation is often considered humorous and occasionally regarded as a mark of maturity and sophistication or a normal part of the life of the business executive. . . .
Regulation of stroke volume during submaximal and maximal upright exercise in normal man.
Authors: M B Higginbotham, K G Morris, R S Williams, P A McHale, R E Coleman, F R Cobb
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

To characterize the hemodynamic factors that regulate stroke volume during upright exercise in normal man, 24 asymptomatic male volunteers were evaluated by simultaneous right heart catheterization, radionuclide angiography, and expired gas analysis during staged upright bicycle exercise to exhaustion. From rest to peak exercise, oxygen consumption increased from 0.33 to 2.55 liters/min (7.7-fold), cardiac index increased from 3.0 to 9.7 liters/min per m2 (3.2-fold), and arteriovenous oxygen difference increased from 5.8 to 14.1 vol% (2.5-fold). The increase in cardiac index resulted from an increase in heart rate from 73 to 167 beats/min (2.5-fold), and an increase in left ventricular stroke volume index from 41 to 58 ml/m2 (1.4-fold). During low levels of exercise, there was a linear increase in cardiac index due to an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume index; stroke volume index increased as a result of an increase in left ventricular filling pressure and end-diastolic volume index and, to a much smaller extent, a decrease in end-systolic volume index. During high levels of exercise, further increases in cardiac index resulted entirely from an increase in heart rate, since stroke volume index increased no further. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume index decreased despite a linear increase in pulmonary artery wedge pressure; stroke volume index was maintained by a further decrease in end-systolic volume index. The degree to which stroke volume index increased during exercise in individuals correlated with the change in end-diastolic volume index (r = 0.66) but not with the change in end-systolic volume index (r = 0.07). Thus, the mechanism by which left ventricular stroke volume increases during upright exercise in man is dependent upon the changing relationship between heart rate, left ventricular filling, and left ventricular contractility. At low levels of exertion, an increase in left ventricular filling pressure and end-diastolic volume are important determinants of the stroke volume response through the Starling mechanism. At high levels of exertion, the exercise tachycardia is accompanied by a decrease in end-diastolic volume despite a progressive increase in filling pressure, so that stroke volume must be maintained by a decrease in end-systolic volume.
Differential combined effect of cadmium and nickel on hepatic and renal glutathione S-transferases of the guinea pig.
Authors: M Iscan, T Coban, B C Eke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

When male guinea pigs were given a single dose of Cd (2.0 mg Cd2+/kg, ip) 72 hr prior to sacrifice, the hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) level did not change although glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities toward the substrates 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene (DCNB), ethacrynic acid (EAA), and 1,2-epoxy-3-(p-nitrophenoxy) propane (ENPP) increased significantly as compared to controls. Cd did not change the renal GSH level and GST activities toward CDNB and EAA. However, significant increase was observed in the GST activity for DCNB whereas GST activity for ENPP was significantly inhibited by Cd. When the animals were given a single dose of Ni (14.8 mg Ni2+/kg, sc) 16 hr prior to sacrifice, significant increases were observed in hepatic GSH level and GST activities toward CDNB, DCNB, EAA and ENPP. Ni, however, depressed the renal GSH level and GST activities toward CDNB, DCNB and ENPP significantly. The renal GST activity toward EAA remained unaltered. For the combined treatment, guinea pigs received the single dose of Ni 56 hr after the single dose of Cd and then they were killed 16 hr later. In these animals, no significant alteration was observed in the hepatic GSH level. The augmentation of elevation was observed in hepatic GST activities toward CDNB and DCNB. Combined metal treatment did not potentiate the elevation of hepatic GST activities toward EAA and ENPP to any greater degree. The depression of renal GSH level was significantly ameliorated by the combined treatment. Combination treatment potentiated the depression of renal GST activity for ENPP but not for CDNB.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Shift to CFC-free inhalers may require change in doses
Authors: A. Legge
Journal: BMJ (1997)

General practices and hospital asthma clinics will face a significant rise in workload when current metered dose inhalers are switched to versions that are free of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), doctors in Britain have been warned. Many patients will need their treatment doses adjusted when the compulsory change happens, which is likely to start next year.

Medical, nursing, and pharmacy representatives …
Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: CHARLES M. HASKELL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

The data reviewed in this conference suggest that initial therapeutic decisions for patients with metastic breast cancer be based on the presence or absence of an estrogen receptor in the tumor. Patients with estrogen receptor in their original primary breast cancer or in a subsequent metastitic lesion are candidates for hormonal manipulation, whereas patients lacking estrogen receptor in their tumor are treated for their metastic disease with nonhormonal chemotherapy. Nonhormonal therapy usually consists of a combination of cytotoxic drugs including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF). Other programs of combination chemotherapy are under active study, especially programs that include nonspecific immune stimulation with Corynebacterium parvum or bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Inasmuch as patients with Stage II primary breast cancer frequently have "micrometastatic" disease, combination chemotherapy is also under study as an adjuvant to surgery. Preliminary results strongly support the use of such therapy.
Abstract 2563: Characterization of a p53 knockout Sprague Dawley rat
Authors: Aaron M. McCoy, Xiaoxia Cui, Edward Weinstein
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The tumor suppressor protein TP53 plays a crucial role in cancer biology, and the Tp53 gene is the most mutated gene in human cancer. The Tp53 knockout mouse models have been widely used in cancer etiology studies and in search for a cure of cancer with some limitations that other model organisms might help overcome. Via pronuclear microinjection of Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), we created a Tp53 knockout rat that contains an 11 bp deletion in exon 3. This deletion produces a frameshift and premature stop codons in the open reading frame. In cohorts of 30 homozygous, 35 heterozygous and 25 wild type rats, the homozygotes have an average life span of 126 days, and half of heterozygotes died by a year of age. Both heterozygous and homozygous knockouts developed a wide spectrum of tumors, most commonly, sarcomas. However, there is a strikingly high incidence of brain lesions, especially in homozygous animals. In addition, unlike the Tp53 knockout mice, both male and female homozygous Tp53 knockout rats are fertile. We believe this knockout rat line will be useful in studying cancer types rarely observed in mice and in carcinogenicity assays for drug development. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2563. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2563
Richard Morton, 1637-1698 Limner of Anorexia Nervosa: His Life and Times
Authors: Joseph A. Silverman
Journal: JAMA (1983)

IN 1689, Richard Morton,<sup>1</sup>a fellow of the College of Physicians, published his magnum opus,<i>Phthisiologia, seu Exercitationes de Phthisi</i>. In this seminal volume, translated into English five years later and subtitled<i>A Treatise of Consumptions</i>,<sup>2</sup>he outlined in painstaking detail the many disease processes that cause wasting of body tissues. All of the material was based on his own clinical observations, with little reference to books. The text, which is richly descriptive, is best known for his comments on tuberculosis. A specialist in the treatment of this disease, he was the first physician to state that tubercles are always present in the pulmonary form.<sup>3,4</sup> Morton is best known today as the author of the first medical account of anorexia nervosa,<sup>5</sup>a condition that he referred to as "a Nervous Consumption" caused by "Sadness and Anxious Cares." The clinical description, printed in its entirety, is as
Electrophysiologic and histologic effects of dissection of the connections between the atrium and posterior part of the atrioventricular node
Authors: Mark A. McGuire, Monica Robotin, Alex S.B. Yip, John P. Bourke, David C. Johnson, Barbara I. Dewsnap, Peter Grant, John B. Uther, David L. Ross
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)
AN ASPIRATOR FOR PARACENTESIS
Authors: H. C. Stevens
Journal: JAMA (1918)

Many forms of apparatus have been devised to create a vacuum sufficient to withdraw fluid from the pleural cavities. The Pétain system is effective when the parts are new. It has the disadvantage characteristic of all complicated mechanisms of easily getting out of order. The two chief difficulties, aside from expense, which we have experienced have been (1) in the valves of the pump, which have failed to close properly, and (2) in leakage about the hard rubber stopper of the bottle. The latter trouble is probably due to changes in the rubber incident to age. To obviate these difficulties, we have devised a simple apparatus which produces suction by means of a siphon. Any hospital possessing two 2-liter bottles, two two-way rubber stoppers, some glass tubing and rubber tubing can assemble an effective aspirator in a very short time. The construction is shown in the drawing. A 2-liter bottle,
Lymphocytes binding C-reactive protein during acute rheumatic fever.
Authors: R C Williams, K A Kilpatrick, M Kassaby, Z H Abdin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Lymphocytes binding C-reactive protein (CRP) were studied in 31 patients with acute rheumatic fever and 30 controls who were children. Marked elevations in both proportions and absolute numbers of CRP-binding lymphocytes were recorded in rheumatic fever (P less than 0.001). No clear correlation was noted between plasma CRP as quantitated by radioimmunoassay and proportions or numbers of CRP-binding cells. Double-labeling experiments indicated that 60-80% of CRP-binding lymphocytes also showed Fc receptors reacting with fluorescein-conjugated IgG aggregates. Passage of lymphocytes over Ig--anti-IgG columns, removed cells bearing surface Ig but not CRP-binding lymphocytes. Studies of T-cell subpopulations indicated no overlap between Tmicron- and CRP-binding cells; however about half of Tgamma-cells showed concurrent CRP binding. "Active" T-cell rosetting cells did not bind CRP. A 12-15-h incubation of lymphocytes at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2-air showed persistence of CRP binding in substantial proportions of cells particularly in acute rheumatic fever. CRP-binding lymphocytes may represent a marker for immunologically committed cells in acute rheumatic fever.
Evaluation of the Binax NOW Streptococcus pneumoniae urinary antigen assay in intensive care patients hospitalized for pneumonia
Authors: Sigismond Lasocki, Agnès Scanvic, Françoise Le Turdu, Aymeric Restoux, Hervé Mentec, Gérard Bleichner, Jean-Pierre Sollet
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2006)
Identifying brain tumours in children and young adults
Authors: S. H. Wilne, R. A. Dineen, R. M. Dommett, T. P. C. Chu, D. A. Walker
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Do risk tolerance questionnaires predict risk-taking? Traditionally, investor preferences have been identified using risk tolerance questionnaires. However, there has been little focus as to whether the questionnaires are actually useful in predicting risk-taking decisions of investors and advisers. The purpose of this research was to review the existing literature and, using an online analytical survey, conduct a statistical analysis to determine the relationship between risk tolerance and risk-taking. The resulting quantitative analysis was complemented with qualitative interviews. The main findings are that return expectations and demographic variables are important predictors of risk-taking decisions, whereas risk tolerance questionnaires are not. A framework of two models was developed to better understand investment decisions. It forms the basis for a general discussion of the implications of these findings for practitioners and other stakeholders. <b>TOPICS:</b>Wealth management, risk management, portfolio theory, portfolio construction <b>Key Findings</b> ▪ Risk tolerance questionnaires do not predict risk-taking decisions by investors or advisers. ▪ Return expectations do predict risk-taking decisions by investors and advisers. ▪ Investor demographic factors (gender, marital status, net worth) and adviser demographic factors (education, licensing) also predict risk-taking.
Salary Equity among Male and Female Internists in Pennsylvania
Authors: Roberta B. Ness
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: Women constitute an increasing proportion of physicians in the United States. Historically, inequities have existed between male and female physicians in professional advancement, but evidence has suggested that disparities in salary are resolving. Objective: To examine the current state of salary equity among male and female internists. Design: Population-based survey mailed to all Board-certified female internists and a matched group of male internists who had graduated from medical school 10 to 30 years ago and were currently practicing. Setting: Pennsylvania. Participants: 232 male and 213 female internists for whom data were complete. Measurements: Respondents answered questions about demographic characteristics, training, practice type and setting, status within the practice, family life, and salary. Results: Women were more likely to be involved in the least lucrative practice arrangements. They were more likely to be in low-paying specialties, to not be a partner in the practice, and to be salaried employees; they also spent fewer hours per week seeing patients. Even after adjustment for these differences, hourly earnings were significantly higher (14%) among men than among their female colleagues. Men's earnings significantly exceeded women's earnings among physicians with no academic affiliation, those in high-earning specialties, and those in general internal medicine. Conclusions: Significant salary differentials exist between male and female internists overall and in various medical practice settings.
Book Review CT and MRI of the Thorax (Contemporary Issues in Computed Tomography. Vol. 11.) Edited by Elias Z. Zerhouni. 222 pp., illustrated. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1990. $62. CT and MRI of the Liver and Biliary System (Contemporary Issues in Computed Tomography. Vol. 12.) Edited by Paul M. Silverman and Robert K. Zeman. 327 pp., illustrated. New York, Churchill Livingstone, 1990. $75.
Authors: M.L. Janower
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)
S113 Predictors Of Bacterial 'load' In Pleural Infection
Authors: J. Wrightson, J. Wray, T. Street, S. Chapman, D. Crook, N. Rahman
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3></h3> Pleural infection is usually defined using pleural fluid biochemical characteristics, given that only ~30% of cases are culture positive, but the relationship between these characteristics and pleural space bacterial concentration is unclear. We developed an assay to estimate bacterial ‘load’ using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine 16S rRNA gene copy number in pleural fluid samples (this gene is present in all bacteria). This enabled us to explore the relationship between patient characteristics and pleural fluid bacterial ‘load’. <h3>Methods</h3> Pleural infection samples were obtained from the Second Multicentre Intrapleural Sepsis randomised controlled Trial (MIST2), REC no. 04/MRE5/53. DNA was extracted using the FastDNA SPIN Kit. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) of the 16S rRNA gene was undertaken using the ultra-pure Power SYBR Green PCR reagent and primers that amplified the 467 nt V3–4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. A 3-step thermal cycling profile was empirically determined to give optimal results. Ten-fold dilutions of<i> Acidothermus cellulolyticus</i> DNA were used to estimate sample 16S rRNA gene concentration. All PCRs were performed in duplicate. Melt-curve analyses and agarose gel electrophoresis of qPCR amplicons were used to ensure absence of non-specific PCR products. <h3>Results</h3> 172 pleural fluid samples were analysed. Pleural fluid pH, culture status, appearance, LDH and glucose were all predictive of bacterial load (see Table). Patient C-reactive protein (CRP) and white cell count (WCC) were not significantly associated with bacterial load. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Bacterial ‘load’ was associated with acknowledged predictors for pleural infection. Such findings add further support to the utility of pH, glucose and LDH values as proxies for pleural infection, in the correct clinical context. Patient WCC and CRP were not significantly associated with bacterial ‘load’. This assay is limited in that it assesses total bacterial DNA (from viable and dead bacteria), rather than quantifying viable bacteria. Further, bacteria vary in their copy number of the 16S rRNA gene, dependent on species. Despite these limitations, our associations have reached a strong level of significance.