tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3350: Cancer stem cells and lymph node metastasis in early stage breast cancer
Authors: Daniel G. Tiezzi, Fernando AM Valejo, Heitor RC Marana, Willian Simões Clagnan, Luciana Benevides, Hélio HA Carrara, João Santana Silva, Jurandyr M. Andrade
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Breast cancer is the leading cause of malignancy in women worldwide. Metastatic dissemination is the major cause of death. The mechanisms involved in cancer dissemination are unclear. The identification of tumor initiating cells in solid tumors has been reported. Initiating cells, also referred as cancer stem cells (CSCs), were defined as a CD44+/CD24— in breast carcinomas and have the ability to self-renewal, differentiate into any cell in the tumor and metastasize. The presence of CSCs is a suitable hypothesis for breast cancer metastasis and treatment failure. Nevertheless, there is no evidence of the relationship between CSCs in primary tumor and metastasis. Methods: we prospectively included 20 early-stage (I and II) breast cancer patients (17 invasive ductal carcinoma, 1 invasive lobular carcinoma, 1 metaplastic carcinoma and 1 tubular-lobular invasive carcinoma), and two patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) subjected to primary surgery. The proportion of CSCs was analyzed in 22 primary tumors and in three lymph node metastasis by flow cytometry. Anti-human CD326 (EpCam; FITC), anti-human CD227 (MUC-1; FITC), anti-human CD44 (APC) and anti-human CD24 (PE) were used for phenotype analysis. The percentage of CD44+/CD24- cell population in primary invasive tumors was compared with standard prognostic factors. The mean age was 58.3 years (37 - 77), the mean pT was 1.8 cm (0.5 - 3.5), 13 patients (59%) had no axillary lymph node metastasis (NLN group) and 9 had positive axillary metastasis (PLN group) confirmed for standard histological evaluation. The ER, PR and HER2 positive expression rates were 84.2%, 78.9% and 15.7%, respectively. The Wilcoxon or Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: the percentage of CSCs in primary invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) was 7.1% (0.2 - 29.4). In two DCIS we found 4.5% and 8.2% of CSCs. In lymph node metastases we observed a mean of 11.9% (1.5 - 31.1). In the other subtypes the mean percentage of CSCs was 12.7% (1.1 - 31.1). There was no association between CSC population in IDC and age (p= 0.8), pT (p= 0.7), tumor grade (p= 0.4), ER (p= 0.1), PR (p= 0.3) and HER2 (p= 0.4). We observed a significant increase in CSC population in PLN group [mean= 12.4% (4.1% - 29.4%)] when compared to patients without lymph node metastasis [mean= 2.4% (0.2% - 4.6%0] (p= 0.0008). Conclusion: this preliminary study indicates that the metastatic dissemination is associated with an increase in CSC population in early-stage breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3350.
Induction of Apoptosis in Primary Meningioma Cultures by Fenretinide
Authors: Vinay K. Puduvalli, Jessica T. Li, Ling Chen, Ian E. McCutcheon
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid that induces apoptosis in tumor cells in vitro, is being evaluated in clinical trials as a chemotherapeutic agent against several malignancies. Due to its ease of administration, long-term tolerability, and low incidence of long-term side effects, we explored its potential as a therapeutic agent against meningiomas by examining its efficacy in vitro against such cells in primary culture. Cells, cultured from freshly resected benign, atypical, or malignant meningiomas, were exposed to fenretinide (10 mumol/L). Treatment effects were assessed using flow cytometry, Western blot analysis, semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR for retinoid receptor expression, and changes in insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-induced proliferation. Fenretinide induced apoptosis in the three grades of meningioma primary cells tested, as shown by the appearance of a sub-G(1) fraction in flow cytometric analysis and by the detection of poly-adenosyl ribonucleotidyl phosphorylase cleavage indicating caspase activation. Fenretinide treatment also increased levels of the death receptor DR5 and caused mitochondrial membrane depolarization. The levels of the retinoid receptors, retinoic acid receptor alpha and retinoid X receptor gamma, were up-regulated in response to fenretinide, suggestive of ligand-induced receptor up-regulation. IGF-I-induced proliferation in the meningioma cells was abolished by fenretinide. We conclude that fenretinide induces apoptosis in all three histologic subtypes of meningioma and exerts diverse cellular effects, including DR5 up-regulation, modulation of retinoid receptor levels, and inhibition of IGF-I-induced proliferation. These results provide preliminary evidence that fenretinide has activity against meningiomas and suggest that further studies are warranted to explore its potential as a therapeutic agent against meningiomas.
Evagination of<i>Taenia solium</i>in the Fourth Ventricle
Authors: Ana Flisser, Ignacio Madrazo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

To the Editor: Cysticerci of Taenia solium (parasites of the subclass Cestoda) evaginate in vitro1,2 and in the human eye,3,4 where the scolex, the anterior end of the organism, protrudes and reinvaginates and may change from a subretinal to a vitreous location.4 We report on a patient with an evaginated cysticercus in the fourth ventricle of the brain, discovered by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fortuitously performed precisely when the cysticercus evaginated. The cyst, its evaginated scolex, and minimal inflammation were seen in the ventricle (Figure 1). The patient was a 34-year-old woman who had had dizziness, nausea, and . . .
Infliximab induces downregulation of the IL-12/IL-23 axis in 6-sulfo-LacNac (slan)+ dendritic cells and macrophages
Authors: Patrick M. Brunner, Frieder Koszik, Bärbel Reininger, Madeleine L. Kalb, Wolfgang Bauer, Georg Stingl
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
ABC of spinal cord injury. Medical management in the spinal injuries unit.
Authors: D Grundy, J Russell
Journal: BMJ (1986)

The cervical spineIn injuries ofthe cervical spine skull traction is normally maintained for six weeks initially.The cervical spine may be held in flexion, extension, or the neutral position, depending on the nature ofthe injury.Thus flexion injuries with suspected or obvious damage to the posterior ligamentous complex are treated by placing the neck in a degree ofextension.The standard site ofinsertion ofskull callipers need not be changed to achieve this; extension is achieved by correctly positioning a pillow or support under the shoulders.A support under the head produces flexion.Most injuries are managed with the neck in the neutral position.An appropriately sized neck roll is also inserted to maintain normal cervical lordosis.Left: unstable flexioninjury in man who sustained a complete tetraplegia below C5.Note forward slip of C4 on C5 and widened interspinous gap, indicating posterior ligamentous damage.Middle and right: the same patient six months later conservatively treated.Flexion/extension views show no significant movement but a persisting slight flexion deformity at the site ofprevious instability.A 41 year old tetraplegic patient injured after a dive into the shallow end ofa swimming pool."Profiling" before mobilisation into a wheelchair.
Clinical Role of Sm-153 EDTMP in the Treatment of Painful Bone Metastatic Disease
Authors: Mónica Coronado, Andrés Redondo, Juan Coya, Enrique Espinosa, Rosa M Couto, Pilar Zamora, Ma Dolores Marin, Beatriz Castelo, Ma Eugenia Lillo, Laura Frutos, Manuel González Barón, Luis M. Martín Curto
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Sm-153 EDTMP is an effective treatment of painful bone metastases from different neoplasms. However, there are few studies describing clinical experience with this therapeutic modality. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the efficacy of Sm-153 EDTMP in a group of patients with skeletal metastases and poor pain control with conventional therapies.Sixty-four patients with painful bone metastases treated with Sm-153 EDTMP were retrospectively evaluated. Nine patients were treated twice. The most common primaries were breast in 28 cases (44%) and prostate in 27 (41%). Treatment efficacy was assessed by a visual analog scale, analgesic consumption, and performance status before and after treatment. Response was graded as complete, moderate, or minor. Toxicity evaluation included analytic parameters (blood counts, renal function) and clinical follow up.Efficacy and toxicity were evaluated separately for each dose (total doses: 73), and complete follow up was only possible in 62 of 73 administrations. The response rate was 85% (21% complete, 40% moderate, and 24% minor). Onset of improvement took place a median of 7 days after Sm-153 EDTMP administration, and pain relief persisted for a mean of 3 months. No relevant toxicity was found in the early phase. Myelotoxicity appeared in 29% of the administrations and was mild in most cases (there was one case of grade 4 leukopenia).Sm-153 EDTMP is a good therapeutic option for patients with painful bone metastases. It is an effective treatment of pain relief without major secondary effects.
The Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Modulates DNA Repair and Radioresponsiveness
Authors: Chellappagounder Thangavel, Ettickan Boopathi, Steve Ciment, Yi Liu, Raymond O' Neill, Ankur Sharma, Steve B. McMahon, Hestia Mellert, Sankar Addya, Adam Ertel, Ruth Birbe, Paolo Fortina, Adam P. Dicker, Karen E. Knudsen, Robert B. Den
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

Perturbations in the retinoblastoma pathway are over-represented in advanced prostate cancer; retinoblastoma loss promotes bypass of first-line hormone therapy. Conversely, preliminary studies suggested that retinoblastoma-deficient tumors may become sensitized to a subset of DNA-damaging agents. Here, the molecular and in vivo consequence of retinoblastoma status was analyzed in models of clinical relevance.Experimental work was performed with multiple isogenic prostate cancer cell lines (hormone sensitive: LNCaP and LAPC4 cells and hormone resistant C42, 22Rv1 cells; stable knockdown of retinoblastoma using shRNA). Multiple mechanisms were interrogated including cell cycle, apoptosis, and DNA damage repair. Transcriptome analysis was performed, validated, and mechanisms discerned. Cell survival was measured using clonogenic cell survival assay and in vivo analysis was performed in nude mice with human derived tumor xenografts.Loss of retinoblastoma enhanced the radioresponsiveness of both hormone-sensitive and castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation was not mediated by cell cycle or p53. Retinoblastoma loss led to alteration in DNA damage repair and activation of the NF-κB pathway and subsequent cellular apoptosis through PLK3. In vivo xenografts of retinoblastoma-deficient tumors exhibited diminished tumor mass, lower PSA kinetics, and decreased tumor growth after treatment with ionizing radiation (P < 0.05).Loss of retinoblastoma confers increased radiosensitivity in prostate cancer. This hypersensitization was mediated by alterations in apoptotic signaling. Combined, these not only provide insight into the molecular consequence of retinoblastoma loss, but also credential retinoblastoma status as a putative biomarker for predicting response to radiotherapy.
A possible role for squalene in the pathogenesis of acne. II. In vivo study of squalene oxides in skin surface and intra-comedonal lipids of acne patients
Authors: D. SAINT-LEGER, A. BAGUE, E. LEFEBVRE, E. COHEN, M. CHIVOT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1986)

Skin surface lipids and lipids from open and closed comedones in acne patients were analysed by thin layer chromatography. The results showed that these lipids were enriched in polar lipids, as compared with the skin surface lipids obtained from controls without acne. In both open and closed comedones, these polar lipids appeared to be derived mainly from the oxidation of squalene, which is in agreement with our previous in vitro results. We suggest that squalene oxidation is the link between comedogenesis and bacterial colonization, and based on this, we propose a hypothesis of the pathogenesis of acne.
Familial hypercholesterolemia. There is a need for early detection and treatment
Authors: D. W. Bilheimer
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a metabolic disorder that causes premature artherosclerosis. 1 It is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait, and both heterozygous and homozygous forms of the disease are recognized. The gene frequency for heterozygous FH in the general population is estimated to be one in 500, making it one of the most common simply inherited disorders in man. The hypercholesterolemia results from the excess accumulation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the plasma. The sustained elevation of the LDL-cholesterol level then promotes the development of premature atherosclerosis and xanthoma formation in the tendons and skin. Heterozygotes have LDL-cholesterol levels twofold to threefold above normal and begin experiencing myocardial infarctions in the fourth decade of life. Homozygotes are much more severely affected, having LDL-cholesterol levels sixfold to eightfold above normal and experiencing myocardial infarctions in the first or second decades of life.  The pathophysiology of FH is now well understood,
No Opium for Pain
Authors: Leonard B. Greentree
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  This letter is an update of my COMMENTARY  Preparedness—A Must (233:1171, 1975) and my editorial No Opium for Pain—A Threatening Medical Crisis (N Engl J Med291:1411,1974), both of which detail the fact that the painkiller medicinal opium stockpile in the United States is woefully inadequate for use in the event of a grave national emergency. Recent events indicate that this stockpile will soon be much more depleted. It is important to preface this worrisome prediction with several facts. First, there is no synthetic medicine that combines the potent pain-relieving and tranquilizing effect of morphine, the medicinal drug extracted from the opium poppy flower. Second, there is no synthetic medicine that combines the painkilling, cough-relieving, and sedative effect of codeine, also extracted from the opium poppy flower. Third, the pharmaceutical industry and academic sources are not optimistic about their ability, within the foreseeable future, to replace
The Dangers of Eating Raw Fish
Authors: Peter M. Schantz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

The report in this issue of the Journal 1 of the extraction during emergency surgery of a 4-cm red worm from the peritoneal cavity of a young man who habitually ate sushi is an uncomfortable reminder of the potential danger of eating raw fish. Parasitism is a common phenomenon, and most animals, cold- and warm-blooded alike, are the hosts of a variety of helminths that are potentially infective to humans. Parasitologists (and fishermen) tell us that most fish have worms. Infection would be more frequent in humans except that most worms are removed in processing or killed in cooking. Eating raw . . .
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS ORGANS ON THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD
Authors: M. C. Winternitz, J. P. Pratt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1910)

The object of this work has been to study the influence which various organs exert on the catalytic activity of the blood.This has seemed essential since the knowledge thereby gained will assist materially in interpreting the results obtained by the clinical application of the test.L i t e r a t u r e .--T h e only researches we have been able to find concerning the effect of removal of various organs on catalase are the isolated ones of Battelli and Stern. 2 After bilateral nephrectomy, they found that there was no change in the catalase of the tissues at death.They also poisoned guinea-pigs and rats with phosphorous with the purpose of producing fatty degeneration of the liver and retarding the function of that organ.They found that there was no change in the catalase of the tissues of animals that had died acutely, but in those animals where the liver had undergone a fatty change, the liver showed a marked reduction in its catalytic activity, while the other tissues, blood, kidney, spleen, muscle, brain, and lung all showed an increased activity.They found the same augmentation, though to a much less degree, in the other tissues of the frog after extirpation of the liver.On the basis of this work they concluded that catalase is not formed in a single organ, but that it is produced by various tissues which have the power of supporting each other in preserving the high catalytic activity of the body; that it does not play an essential r61e in the special function of one tissue, but that it fulfills a general function in which all the organs are interested.While we have been unable to confirm the isolated findings of Battelli and Stern concerning the catalase of the blood and other *
Prolongation of the QT Interval and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Peter John Schwartz, Marco Stramba-Badiale, Alessandro Segantini, Paola Austoni, Giuliano Bosi, Roberto Giorgetti, Fabio Grancini, Ernesto Diego Marni, Francesco Perticone, Dario Rosti, Patrizia Salice
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is multifactorial in origin, but its causes remain unknown. We previously proposed that prolongation of the QT interval on the electrocardiogram, possibly resulting from a developmental abnormality in cardiac sympathetic innervation, may increase the risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and contribute to this devastating disorder. We prospectively tested this hypothesis.
THE MODERN CONCEPTION OF GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: J. EARL THOMAS
Journal: JAMA (1942)

Since the year 1870, when Heidenhain 1 discovered the chief  (hauptzellen) and distinguished them from the parietal  (belegzellen) of the gastric glands, the gastric juice has properly been regarded as a mixture of secretions produced by the various cellular elements of the gastric mucosa. Bensley 2 differentiated the chief  of the neck from those of the body of the gastric glands. Lim 3 confirmed Bensley's observations and suggested the name mucoid cells for the neck chief cells. In addition to the true gastric glands which are found in the body and fundus of the stomach and are made up of the elements already mentioned, the pyloric glands and the mucous  of the surface epithelium contribute to the secretion.  The parietal  are believed to secrete a relatively pure solution of hydrochloric acid of constant strength. Estimates by various authors of the secreted concentration 4 range between
Hydrophilic Fungi and Ergosterol Associated with Respiratory Illness in a Water-Damaged Building
Authors: Ju-Hyeong Park, Jean M. Cox-Ganser, Kathleen Kreiss, Sandra K. White, Carol Y. Rao
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Damp building-related respiratory illnesses are an important public health issue.We compared three respiratory case groups defined by questionnaire responses [200 respiratory cases, 123 of the respiratory cases who met the epidemiologic asthma definition, and 49 of the epidemiologic asthma cases who had current physician-diagnosed asthma with post-occupancy onset] to a comparison group of 152 asymptomatic employees in an office building with a history of water damage.We analyzed dust samples collected from floors and chairs of 323 cases and comparisons for culturable fungi, ergosterol, endotoxin, and cat and dog allergens. We examined associations of total fungi, hydrophilic fungi (requiring water activity > or = 0.9), and ergosterol with the health outcomes using logistic regression models.In models adjusted for demographics, respiratory illnesses showed significant linear exposure-response relationships to total culturable fungi [interquartile range odds ratios (IQR-OR) = 1.37-1.72], hydrophilic fungi (IQR-OR = 1.45-2.19), and ergosterol (IQR-OR = 1.54-1.60) in floor and chair dusts. Of three outcomes analyzed, current asthma with postoccupancy physician diagnosis was most strongly associated with exposure to hydrophilic fungi in models adjusted for ergosterol, endotoxin, and demographics (IQR-OR = 2.09 for floor and 1.79 for chair dusts). Ergosterol levels in floor dust were significantly associated with epidemiologic asthma independent of culturable fungi (IQR-OR = 1.54-1.55).Our findings extend the 2004 conclusions of the Institute of Medicine [Human health effects associated with damp indoor environments. In: Damp Indoor Spaces and Health. Washington DC:National Academies Press, 183-269] by showing that mold levels in dust were associated with new-onset asthma in this damp indoor environment. Hydrophilic fungi and ergosterol as measures of fungal biomass may have promise as markers of risk of building-related respiratory diseases in damp indoor environments.
School Leavers and Factory Doctors
Authors: D. H. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1966)

by abnormal red cell haemolysis by hydro- gen peroxide, deficiency of vitamin E is, in our experience, almost invariable in the mal- absorption syndrome, and common after surgery for peptic ulcer.Of 80 patients with a Polya gastrectomy, 57 had evidence of vitamin-E deficiency, and the proportion of abnormal findings was the same whether the patients attended hospital because of complications of the operation or were attending a routine follow-up clinic.Abnormal results were significantly more common when the operation had been performed more than 10 years previously, but results were neverthe- less abnormal in about half the patients within 10 years of operation.A group of patients with various other gastric operations within the previous 10 years showed a simi- lar incidence of abnormal findings.In a small number of patients studied in greater detail, gross creatinuria was reduced after administration of vitamin E.We feel these studies suggest that defici- ency of vitamin E may be not uncommon, although its importance in human nutrition still remains to be established.-Weare, etc.,