tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
VIRAL ONCOLYSIS: INCREASED IMMUNOGENICITY OF HOST CELL ANTIGEN ASSOCIATED WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Jean Lindenmann, Paul A. Klein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1967)

A2G mice could be solidly immunized against the Ehrlich ascites tumor by single intraperitoneal injections of homogenized and lyophilized tumor cells which had been infected with oncolytic strains of influenza A virus. Similar homogenates from noninfected tumor cells were not immunogenic, even when mixed with egg-grown virus. The immunizing principle in viral oncolysates could not be separated from the oncolytic virus by differential centrifugation or adsorption to and elution from red cells. It could be inhibited by antibody raised in rabbits against the egg-grown oncolytic virus. This reaction showed serologic specificity. Thus, the immunogenicity of an oncolysate produced with the WSA strain of neurotropic influenza virus could be inhibited by rabbit anti-WSA, but not by rabbit antibody to the TUR strain of fowl plague virus. Conversely, the immunogenicity of an oncolysate prepared with the TUR strain could be inhibited by rabbit anti-TUR, but not by anti-WSA. When mice were preimmunized (primed) with egg-grown WSA virus, their antitumor response to a later injection of WSA oncolysate was of the anamnestic type. Priming with egg-grown influenza B virus had no such effect. It was concluded that the immunogenicity of certain host cell components was greatly increased by incorporation into the makeup of the oncolytic virus.
Landmark article Jan 18, 1936: Protamine insulinate. By H.C. Hagedorn, B.N. Jensen, N.B. Krarup, and I. Wodstrup
Authors: H. C. Hagedorn
Journal: JAMA (1984)

When treating diabetes with insulin, one has to replace the regulated continuous secretion from the normal pancreas into the portal vein by a few daily injections into the subcutaneous tissue. This method is of course only a poor imitation of nature's own mechanism. Serious disturbances are avoided only because the organism has other means of regulating the blood sugar than to vary the rate of insulin secretion. This is the reason why treatment with one or two injections daily is found to give fairly good results in many cases. In more severe cases, however, very pronounced oscillations of the blood sugar may occur. During the last few hours before the injection metabolic disturbances develop, which tend to minimize the available deposits of carbohydrate, strongly needed when the blood sugar runs low after the injection. It is obvious that the insulin hydrochloride will rapidly become absorbed into the blood after the
The Asthma Control and Communication Instrument: A clinical tool developed for ethnically diverse populations
Authors: Cecilia M. Patino, Sande O. Okelo, Cynthia S. Rand, Kristin A. Riekert, Jerry A. Krishnan, Kathy Thompson, Ruth I. Quartey, Deanna Perez-Williams, Andrew Bilderback, Barry Merriman, Laura Paulin, Nadia Hansel, Gregory B. Diette
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
Myocardial Infarction Due to Rheumatoid Arteritis
Authors: Robert L. Swezey
Journal: JAMA (1967)

IN 1836 Jean Bouillaud first called attention to the relationship of acute generalized febrile articular rheumatism to disease of the heart.<sup>1</sup>In 1881, Charcot argued, "I have collected a considerable number of cases in which endocarditis has developed in chronic rheumatism without the disease ever having assumed an acute form."<sup>1</sup>In 1876, Sir Alfred Garrod said that he had "never met with an instance in which I could trace the occurrence of pericarditis or endocarditis to rheumatoid arthritic disease, however acute the joint infection may have been and I am of the opinion that this absence of cardiac inflammation is one of the best tests for distinguishing this malady from genuine rheumatism."<sup>1</sup>The consensus that heart disease was a manifestation of rheumatic fever and not of rheumatoid arthritis persisted until Baggenstoss and Rosenberg reported on the cardiac lesions at autopsy in 20 cases of infectious arthritis.<sup>2</sup>
Low-Dose Combretastatin A4 Phosphate Enhances the Immune Response of Tumor Hosts to Experimental Colon Carcinoma
Authors: Wiaam Badn, Suzanne Kalliomäki, Bengt Widegren, Hans Olov Sjögren
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: Although there is a need to enhance the therapeutic efficiency in cancer by combining immunotherapeutic procedures with other therapy, combination with chemotherapy is complicated due to immunosuppressive effects of most chemotherapeutic drugs. The purpose of this investigation was to study whether combining tumor cell immunization with the vascular targeting drug combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) would enhance tumor retardation and/or affect the antitumor immune response. Experimental Design: Rats with intrahepatic colon carcinoma were immunized weekly with IL-18/IFNγ–transfected tumor cells, starting day 9, and were treated with a low-dose CA4P (2 mg/kg, 5 days a week starting day 7). The effect of CA4P was studied on tumor growth and on immune reactivity in vitro. Results: Rats with preexisting tumor, immunized and treated with low-dose CA4P, had a significantly retarded tumor growth compared with rats receiving CA4P or immunization alone. Splenocytes from rats treated with this combination had a significantly enhanced antitumor immune response compared with splenocytes from control rats. Exposure of nonadherent splenocytes to CA4P in vitro did not enhance their proliferation. However, 3-hour pretreatment of adherent splenocytes with 0.3 μg/mL CA4P significantly enhanced proliferation and IFNγ production of admixed nonadherent splenocytes, partly due to nitric oxide reduction. Combining the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester with CA4P and immunization further retarded tumor growth. Conclusion: Concomitant treatment of rats with progressively growing tumor with immunization and low-dose CA4P significantly enhances the therapeutic effect as compared with either treatment alone and results in an enhanced antitumor immune reactivity.
Neuroses among Combatant Troops
Authors: F. Dillon
Journal: BMJ (1939)

MTHEBARriN 63 MEDICAL JOURNAL,6 indicate disease of cerebral or coronary vessels, which may or may not be affected later in the long course of the disease.Treatment Antispasmodic treatment should be administered to patients seen a short time after the onset of retinal artery obstruction.Among the measures used the following have been found the most successful: subconjunctival injections of acetylcholine, combined with hypodermic in- jections of the same drug; amyl nitrite inhalations and nitroglycerin tablets may also be useful.In addition, the eye should be massaged at frequent intervals to reduce intraocular pressure.In grave cases not responding to the above treatment, paracentesis of the eye is carried out with a view to reducing intraocular pressure, and thus allowing a dilatation of the retinal vessels.Reports of success following these measures-spasm of the artery subsiding and the vision returning-are often found in ophthalmic literature.The following recent case is instructive.A man aged 54 suddenly noticed the loss of vision of the right eye when getting out of bed.He applied for treatment six hours later.He had had in the past several attacks of temporary blindness, which never lasted longer than five to ten minutes.On examination the following was found: Vision of the right eye was shadows only.Fundus: disk pale, constricted retinal arteries, and pallor of the retina.With the left eye vision was 6/9, and the fundus presented a typical picture of advanced retinal arteriosclerosis.The patient's blood pressure was 180/100.Treatment.-Amylnitrite inhalations were ordered, and the eye was massaged.This had no effect.A subconjunctival injection of acetylcholine (5 minims) was given; this was followed within half an hour by a gradual return of sight.The patient began to discern objects, and after three hours read 6/36.A second subconjunctival injection of acetyl- choline (5 minims) was then given.On the following day the patient read 6/18, but had an inferior nasal sector-shaped defect of the field of vision, which became permanent.In this case the prolonged anaemia of the retina had caused partial damage to the central region and the superior temporal quadrant of the retina, supplied by the superior temporal branch of the retinal artery.The patient later received general treatment for arteriosclerosis. ConclusionsAttacks of transient blindness should be regarded as a warning of vascular disease.In the diagnosis and prog- nosis of this disease the study and correct interpretation of the accompanying retinal changes are essential.
Number of people travelling to Switzerland for assisted dying doubles in four years
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<h3>Background:</h3> Mortality for liver resection has remarkably improved owing to multiple factors. We sought to determine the impact of the various types of fellowship training on patient survival after liver resection. <h3>Methods:</h3> Patients who underwent hepatic resection between 1995 and 2004 in either the Calgary or Capital health regions (Edmonton) of Alberta, Canada, were identified using ICD-9 and -10 codes. Primary outcomes included in-hospital mortality and patient survival according to surgeon volume and training type (surgical oncology v. hepatobiliary v. others). <h3>Results:</h3> A total of 1033 patients underwent hepatic resection. Surgeon volume was not predictive of either in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32–1.20) or patient survival (unadjusted hazard ratio 1.11, 95% CI 0.82–1.51). Nonsignificance was also demonstrated for a surgeon’s type of fellowship training. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> The various modes of fellowship training do not appear to influence inhospital mortality or patient survival after hepatic resection.
THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION REACTION WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Kenneth Goodner, Frank L. Horsfall
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1936)

1. Complement is not fixed by immune aggregates resulting from the interaction of pneumococcus capsular polysaccharide and type-specific immune horse serum, although under proper conditions the substitution of immune rabbit serum gives positive results. 2. The negative results with immune horse serum are due to some poorly understood property of the specific antibodies rather than to some heterologous inhibitor present in the serum. 3. It has been shown that with immune rabbit serum-polysaccharide combinations, complement fixation is an adsorptive phenomenon conditioned upon the surface exposure of the immune aggregates. 4. A close parallelism to the selective adsorption of phosphatides by these immune aggregates has been pointed out. 5. In those instances in which complement is fixed this phenomenon must be regarded as tertiary and conditioned by (a) union of antigen and antibody, and (b) particulation. 6. The general significance of complement fixation as applied to bacterial polysaccharides has been discussed.
Effect of lovastatin on intimal hyperplasia after balloon angioplasty: A study in an atherosclerotic hypercholesterolemic rabbit
Authors: Joel Gellman, Michael D. Ezekowitz, Ian J. Sarembock, Michael A. Azrin, Lucien E. Nochomowitz, Emanuel Lerner, Christian C. Haudenschild
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Neonatal and Pediatric Cardiovascular Crises
Authors: Warren G. Guntheroth
Journal: JAMA (1975)

CRISES of the cardiovascular system in the pediatric age group occur most often in the infant, whose size makes monitoring blood pressure difficult and the dosage of fluids and medications critical. Therefore, some general comments about monitoring and drug dosage may serve well as an introduction to the critical care of infants and children. <h3>Blood Pressure Determination</h3> The blood pressure determination is crucial to the diagnosis as well as to the treatment of circulatory shock. No matter whether auscultation or ultrasonic or other electronic methods are employed,<i>the cuff size is of enormous significance</i>. A cuff that is too small will indicate systolic pressures higher than the true value of the intra-arterial pressure, and a cuff too large will produce readings that may suggest shock in the presence of a normal circulatory state. The width of the air bladder in the cuff should be 20% to 25% wider than the
Severe Lung Lesions Caused by <i>Salmonella</i> Are Prevented by Inhibition of the Contact System
Authors: Kristin Persson, Matthias Mörgelin, Lennart Lindbom, Per Alm, Lars Björck, Heiko Herwald
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

Vascular damage induced by trauma, inflammation, or infection results in an alteration of the endothelium from a nonactivated to a procoagulant, vasoconstrictive, and proinflammatory state, and can lead to life-threatening complications. Here we report that activation of the contact system by Salmonella leads to massive infiltration of red blood cells and fibrin deposition in the lungs of infected rats. These pulmonary lesions were prevented when the infected animals were treated with H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-chloromethylketone, an inhibitor of coagulation factor XII and plasma kallikrein, suggesting that inhibition of contact system activation could be used therapeutically in severe infectious disease.
F-18 FDG PET Evaluation of Bronchial Plasmacytoma With CT and MRI Correlation
Authors: Andrei Iagaru, Carina Mari, George Segall
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

We present the case of a 59-year-old man diagnosed with primary solitary endobronchial plasmacytoma (PSEP). The patient presented for evaluation of an episode of hemoptysis and shortness of breath. Chest CT revealed a right hilar soft tissue mass causing stenosis of the right upper lobe and right middle lobe pulmonary arteries resulting from an extrinsic mass effect, a 2-cm nodule within the right middle lobe, and bulky right paratracheal mediastinal adenopathy. The tumor mass extended into the right mainstem bronchus, bronchus intermedius, and right upper lobe bronchus. Further evaluation with bronchoscopic biopsy and washings revealed the tissue diagnosis of endobronchial anaplastic plasmacytoma. To exclude systemic involvement by multiple myeloma, a bone survey was performed and was negative. F-18 FDG PET scan was positive in the right upper lung mass as well as in paratracheal and hilar areas. The patient received external radiation therapy and returned at 3 months for restaging with PET. Follow-up FDG PET revealed residual pulmonary disease as well as multiple new osseous lesions. MRI of the lumbar spine confirmed the presence of lesions consistent with multiple myeloma.
Treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with extracorporeal photopheresis monotherapy and in combination with recombinant interferon alfa: A 10-year experience at a single institution
Authors: Scott L Gottlieb, Jonathan T Wolfe, Floyd E Fox, Barbara J DeNardo, William H Macey, Patricia G Bromley, Stuart R Lessin, Alain H Rook
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1996)

Extracorporeal photopheresis is a pheresis-based therapy that permits the direct targeting of psoralen-mediated photochemotherapy to circulating pathogenic T cells. Although photopheresis is currently used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), limited data are available regarding overall response rates and durability of responses among patients with advanced disease. Furthermore, little is known about the effectiveness and tolerability of combined regimens employing other biologic response modifiers including interferon alfa.Our purpose was to determine the efficacy of photopheresis among 41 patients with the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of CTCL; the majority of patients had stage III or IV disease with the presence of circulating malignant T cells.A retrospective chart review during a 10-year period at a single university hospital was performed for all patients receiving either photopheresis monotherapy on two consecutive days every 4 weeks (one cycle) and for an additional 12 patients who also received interferon alfa 1.5 to 5 million U subcutaneously three to five times weekly.Thirty-one of 41 patients (76%) were treated for six or more cycles. The remaining 10 were treated with less than six cycles because of rapidly progressing disease (n = 6), death unrelated to CTCL (n = 2), or withdrawal from treatment (n = 1); one of the 10 patients had only received five cycles of treatment but is still receiving therapy. Twenty-eight of the 31 patients treated for six or more cycles received photopheresis alone. Among the 28, seven patients (25%) had a complete remission, 13 (46%) had a partial remission defined as more than 50% clearing of skin disease, and eight (29%) did not respond to treatment. The presence of Sézary cells in the peripheral blood was associated with a favorable response. Median time to treatment failure was 18 months, whereas median survival from initiation of therapy was 77 months and from the time of diagnosis exceeded 100 months. Nine of these 28 patients went on to receive combination therapy with interferon alfa and, in some cases, other agents. Among these nine patients, five had an enhanced clinical response to the combination therapy compared with treatment with photopheresis monotherapy. The combined regimen was well tolerated.These results indicate that patients with advanced CTCL can achieve a high response rate for an extended period with photopheresis and that interferon alfa combined with photopheresis is a well-tolerated regimen that appears to produce higher response rates than photopheresis alone.
Atopic dermatitis and the 'hygiene hypothesis': too clean to be true?
Authors: C. Flohr, D. Pascoe, H.C. Williams
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Background The so‐called 'hygiene hypothesis' postulates an inverse relationship between atopic dermatitis (AD) and an environment that leads to increased pathogen exposure. Objectives We sought to systematically identify, summarize and critically appraise: (i) the epidemiological evidence to suggest that environmental exposures that lead to an increase in microbial burden reduce the risk of AD; (ii) whether any specific infections have been shown to reduce AD risk; (iii) whether there is a link between immunizations, use of antibiotics and AD risk; and (iv) to comment on the new therapeutic approaches in AD that have evolved out of the 'hygiene hypothesis'. Methods We searched Medline from 1966 until August 2004 to identify relevant studies for inclusion. Differences in study design and populations did not allow formal meta‐analysis. Studies were therefore described qualitatively. Results We identified 64 studies that were relevant to our review, 27 (42%) of which were of prospective design. There was prospective evidence to support an inverse relationship between AD and endotoxins, early day care and animal exposure. Two well‐designed cohort studies have found a positive association between infections in early life and AD, and measles vaccination and AD. Antibiotic use was consistently associated with an increase in AD risk even into the antenatal period, although a few studies did not reach conventional statistical significance. A few small randomized controlled trials have suggested that probiotics can reduce AD severity and that probiotics may also be able to prevent AD to some degree. Conclusions Although population‐based studies have suggested a consistent inverse relationship between AD and increasing family size, this does not seem to be explained by a straightforward increased exposure to a single environmental pathogen. The effect seen with early day care, endotoxin and animal exposure may be due to a nonpathogenic microbial stimulus of a chronic or recurrent nature. This would also explain the risk increase associated with antibiotic use. Caution should prevail in the prescribing of antibiotics early in life, especially in children with a family history of AD. Larger well‐designed pragmatic trials on probiotics and the prevention and treatment of AD are now needed to inform whether such interventions should be used in routine clinical practice.
Intravitreal Bevacizumab to Treat Iris Neovascularization and Neovascular Glaucoma Secondary to Ischemic Retinal Diseases in 41 Consecutive Cases
Authors: Taku Wakabayashi, Yusuke Oshima, Hirokazu Sakaguchi, Yasushi Ikuno, Atsuya Miki, Fumi Gomi, Yasumasa Otori, Motohiro Kamei, Shunji Kusaka, Yasuo Tano
Journal: Ophthalmology (2008)
B cells are essential for murine mammary tumor virus transmission, but not for presentation of endogenous superantigens.
Authors: U Beutner, E Kraus, D Kitamura, K Rajewsky, B T Huber
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Murine mammary tumor viruses (MMTVs) are retroviruses that encode superantigens capable of stimulating T cells via superantigen-reactive T cell receptor V beta chains. MMTVs are transmitted to the suckling offspring through milk. Here we show that B cell-deficient mice foster nursed by virus-secreting mice do not transfer infectious MMTVs to their offspring. No MMTV proviruses could be detected in the spleen and mammary tissue of these mice, and no deletion of MMTV superantigen-reactive T cells occurred. By contrast, T cell deletion and positive selection due to endogenous MMTV superantigens occurred in B cell-deficient mice. We conclude that B cells are essential for the completion of the viral life cycle in vivo, but that endogenous MMTV superantigens can be presented by cell types other than B cells.
Review: Antibiotics reduce treatment failure in acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations
Authors: Matthew B. Stanbrook
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Source Citation Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Puhan MA. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD010257. 23235687
PARAMENINGOCOCCUS AND ITS ANTISERUM
Authors: Martha Wollstein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

The parameningococci of Dopter are culturally indistinguishable from true or normal meningococci, but serologically they exhibit differences as regards agglutination, opsonization, and complement deviation. Because of the variations and irregularities of serum reactions existing among otherwise normal strains of meningococci it does not seem either possible or desirable to separate the parameningococci into a strictly definite class. It appears desirable to consider them as constituting a special strain among meningococci not, however, wholly consistent in itself. The distinctions in serum reactions between normal and para meningococci are supported by the differences in protective effects of the monovalent immune sera upon infection in guinea pigs and monkeys. It is therefore concluded that it is highly desirable to employ strains of parameningococcus in the preparation of the usual polyvalent antimeningococcic serum. It remains to be determined whether it is better to employ the parameningococci along with normal meningococci in immunizing horses, or to employ normal and para strains separately in the immunization process and to combine afterwards, in certain proportions, the sera from the two kinds of immunized horses.
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 Group IVA Decreases the Expression of Eotaxin-1 and Increases the Expression of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Human Lung Cells
Authors: M. Sokolowska, K. Wodz-Naskiewicz, J. Stefanska, R. Pawliczak
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)