tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparing 3 Techniques for Eliciting Patient Values for Decision Making About Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening
Authors: Michael Patrick Pignone, Kirsten Howard, Alison Tytell Brenner, Trisha Melinda Crutchfield, Sarah Tropman Hawley, Carmen Lynn Lewis, Stacey Lynn Sheridan
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

To make good decisions about prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, men must consider how they value the different potential outcomes.To determine the effects of different methods of helping men consider such values.Randomized trial from October 12 to 27, 2011, in the general community.A total of 911 men aged 50 to 70 years from the United States and Australia who had average risk. Participants were drawn from online panels from a survey research firm in each country and were randomized by the survey firm to 1 of 3 values clarification methods: a balance sheet (n = 302), a rating and ranking task (n = 307), or a discrete choice experiment (n = 302).Participants underwent a values clarification task and then chose the most important attribute.The main outcome was the difference among groups in the most important attribute. Secondary outcomes were differences in unlabeled test preference and intent to undergo screening with PSA.The mean age was 59.8 years; most participants were white and more than one-third had graduated from college. More than 40% reported a PSA test within 12 months. The participants who received the rating and ranking task were more likely to report reducing the chance of death from prostate cancer as being most important (54.4%) compared with those who received the balance sheet (35.1%) or the discrete choice experiment (32.5%) (P < .001). Those receiving the balance sheet were more likely (43.7%) to prefer the unlabeled PSA-like option (as opposed to the "no screening"-like option) compared with those who received rating and ranking (34.2%) or the discrete choice experiment (20.2%). However, the proportion who intended to undergo PSA testing was high and did not differ between groups (balance sheet, 77.1%; rating and ranking, 76.8%; and discrete choice experiment, 73.5%; P = .73).Different values clarification methods produce different patterns of attribute importance and different preferences for screening when presented with an unlabeled choice. Further studies with more distal outcome measures are needed to determine the best method of values clarification, if any, for decisions such as whether to undergo screening with PSA.
The orphan nuclear receptor HNF4α determines PXR- and CAR-mediated xenobiotic induction of CYP3A4
Authors: Rommel G. Tirona, Wooin Lee, Brenda F. Leake, Lu-Bin Lan, Cynthia Brimer Cline, Vishal Lamba, Fereshteh Parviz, Stephen A. Duncan, Yusuke Inoue, Frank J. Gonzalez, Erin G. Schuetz, Richard B. Kim
Journal: Nature Medicine (2003)
Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for dermatophyte and nondermatophyte identification in onychomycosis
Authors: O. Bontems, P.M. Hauser, M. Monod
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Dermatophytes are the main cause of onychomycoses, but various nondermatophyte filamentous fungi are often isolated from abnormal nails. The correct identification of the aetiological agent of nail infections is necessary in order to recommend appropriate treatment.To evaluate a rapid polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay based on 28S rDNA for fungal identification in nails on a large number of samples in comparison with cultures.Infectious fungi were analysed using PCR-RFLP in 410 nail samples in which fungal elements were observed in situ by direct mycological examination (positive samples). The results were compared with those previously obtained by culture of fungi on Sabouraud agar from the same nail samples.PCR-RFLP identification of fungi in nails allowed validation of the results obtained in culture when Trichophyton spp. grew from infected samples. In addition, nondermatophyte filamentous fungi could be identified with certainty as the infectious agents in onychomycosis, and discriminated from dermatophytes as well as from transient contaminants. The specificity of the culture results relative to PCR-RFLP appeared to be 81%, 71%, 52% and 63% when Fusarium spp., Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus spp. and Candida spp., respectively, grew on Sabouraud agar. It was also possible to identify the infectious agent when direct nail mycological examination showed fungal elements, but negative results were obtained from fungal culture.Improved sensitivity for the detection of fungi in nails was obtained using the PCR-RFLP assay. Rapid and reliable molecular identification of the infectious fungus can be used routinely and presents several important advantages compared with culture in expediting the choice of appropriate antifungal therapy.
Angio-Immunoblastic (Immunoblastic) Lymphadenopathy
Authors: H. Rappaport, E.M. Moran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

The clinical picture of generalized lymphadenopathy with or without hepatosplenomegaly may be seen in a variety of diseases. In such cases, if the clinical laboratory data are not diagnostic of a specific entity, an excisional lymph-node biopsy must be performed without delay. One of the most important problems faced by the pathologist is to distinguish between malignant and reactive proliferations of the lymphoreticular tissue. This differential diagnosis may be complicated by the fact that the lymphoid tissue of man and animals reacts intensely to a variety of infectious and other antigenic stimuli, and the resulting proliferative process may and often . . .
TRANSPORTATION OF WOUNDED IN WAR.The opening paper of the Symposium on Transportation of Wounded, at the meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons, Washington, D. C., May 2, 1894.
Authors: CHARLES SMART
Journal: JAMA (1894)

In writing history it is necessary to begin at the beginning, thereafter following our subject along the stream of time until we reach either the end of its course or its present anchorage; but the beginning of our present subject is lost in the haze of the distant past. In the earliest dawn of history we find men fighting; and battles, no doubt, were fought even in the primitive days. The history of the human race is, in fact, a history of battles and their results. But history had no eyes for those who dropped out of the struggle; seldom are we told of the wounded. Nevertheless, we must credit these old time warriors with sympathies which led them to care for their wounded, so that our subject finds a beginning as far back and as undefined as history itself. We may assume that slaves, servants, companionsin-arms, friends or relatives
Inhibition of RAS-Mediated Transformation and Tumorigenesis by Targeting the Downstream E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Seven in Absentia Homologue
Authors: Rebecca L. Schmidt, Cheol Hong Park, Atique U. Ahmed, Justin H. Gundelach, Nanette R. Reed, Shen Cheng, Bruce E. Knudsen, Amy H. Tang
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Constitutively active RAS small GTPases promote the genesis of human cancers. An important goal in cancer biology is to identify means of countervailing activated RAS signaling to reverse malignant transformation. Oncogenic K-RAS mutations are found in virtually all pancreatic adenocarcinomas, making the RAS pathway an ideal target for therapeutic intervention. How to best contravene hyperactivated RAS signaling has remained elusive in human pancreatic cancers. Guided by the Drosophila studies, we reasoned that a downstream mediator of RAS signals might be a suitable anti-RAS target. The E3 ubiquitin ligase seven in absentia (SINA) is an essential downstream component of the Drosophila RAS signal transduction pathway. Thus, we determined the roles of the conserved human homologues of SINA, SIAHs, in mammalian RAS signaling and RAS-mediated tumorigenesis. We report that similar to its Drosophila counterpart, human SIAH is also required for oncogenic RAS signaling in pancreatic cancer. Inhibiting SIAH-dependent proteolysis blocked RAS-mediated focus formation in fibroblasts and abolished the tumor growth of human pancreatic cancer cells in soft agar as well as in athymic nude mice. Given the high level of conservation of RAS and SIAH function, our study provides useful insights into altered proteolysis in the RAS pathway in tumor initiation, progression, and oncogenesis. By targeting SIAH, we have found a novel means to contravene oncogenic RAS signaling and block RAS-mediated transformation/tumorigenesis. Thus, SIAH may offer a novel therapeutic target to halt tumor growth and ameliorate RAS-mediated pancreatic cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(24):11798–810]
Hepatic Coma: Newer Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches.
Authors: Frederick Steigmann
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 April 1964Hepatic Coma: Newer Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches.Frederick Steigmann, M.D., F.A.C.P., Vincente Yu, M.D., Fevzi Pamukcu, M.D.Frederick Steigmann, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Vincente Yu, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Fevzi Pamukcu, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-723_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA comatose state in a patient with a history of chronic alcoholism or chronic liver disease may be due to causes other than hepatic encephalopathy. For correct therapy it is necessary to establish whether such a patient is actually suffering from a hepatic encephalopathy or from some other conditions producing coma. Since blood ammonia levels in hepatic coma vary greatly, we have determined the glutamine level in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of such patients.We have diagnosed hepatic coma by the elevated glutamine levels (above 30 mg) in the CSF. This diagnosis was confirmed later by the clinical course, liver... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Chicago, Illinois PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1964Volume 60, Issue 4Page: 723-724KeywordsAlcoholismAmmoniaBloodBrain diseasesCerebrospinal fluidChronic liver diseaseColony stimulating factorComaGlutamineLiver Issue Published: 1 April 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
Erratum: Corrigendum: Toll-like receptor 9—dependent activation by DNA-containing immune complexes is mediated by HMGB1 and RAGE
Authors: Jane Tian, Ana Maria Avalos, Su-Yau Mao, Bo Chen, Kannaki Senthil, Herren Wu, Peggy Parroche, Stacey Drabic, Douglas Golenbock, Cherilyn Sirois, Jing Hua, Ling Ling An, Laurent Audoly, Greg La Rosa, Angelika Bierhaus, Peter Naworth, Ann Marshak-Rothstein, Mary K Crow, Katherine A Fitzgerald, Eicke Latz, Peter A Kiener, Anthony J Coyle
Journal: Nature Immunology (2007)
Intracellular calcium and ventricular function. Effects of nisoldipine on global ischemia in the isovolumic, coronary-perfused heart.
Authors: I Amende, L A Bentivegna, A J Zeind, P Wenzlaff, W Grossman, J P Morgan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Ischemia-induced ventricular dysfunction has been shown to be associated with increased diastolic and systolic intracellular concentrations of free, ionized calcium ([Ca2+]i). The present study was designed to determine the effects of the Ca2+ antagonist nisoldipine on the relationship between [Ca2+]i and left ventricular contraction and relaxation during ischemia and reperfusion on a beat-to-beat basis. Nine isovolumic coronary-perfused ferret hearts were made globally ischemic for 3 min and reperfused for 10 min. Ischemia and reperfusion were repeated during perfusion with a buffer containing 10(-8) M nisoldipine. From left ventricular developed pressure, time to peak pressure and time to 50% pressure decline were obtained. [Ca2+]i was determined with the bioluminescent protein aequorin. Global ischemia caused a rapid decline in contractile function and a significant increase in diastolic [Ca2+]i, from 0.35 to 0.81 microM, and in systolic [Ca2+]i, from 0.61 to 0.96 microM. During reperfusion, [Ca2+]i returned to baseline while ventricular function was still impaired. Relaxation was more affected than systolic contractile function. Nisoldipine significantly reduced the ischemia-induced rise in diastolic [Ca2+]i to 0.62 microM, and in systolic [Ca2+]i to 0.77 microM, and lessened the decrease in contractile function. Nisoldipine significantly accelerated the decline in [Ca2+]i during reperfusion and improved recovery of contractility and relaxation. These effects were associated with a significant diminution in ischemic lactate production. Taken together, our results provide direct quantitative evidence on a beat-to-beat basis that the calcium antagonist nisoldipine can ameliorate ischemia-induced abnormalities in [Ca2+]i handling, an effect that was associated with improved myocardial function during early reperfusion.
Allegiance to the Corps
Authors: Blake W. H. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1984)

IN RESIDENCY training programs around the country, a wave of physicians with obligations to the National Health Service Corps (NHSC) is now cresting. These physicians held NHSC scholarships as medical students, and on completion of residency training approved by the Corps they must begin a period of service equal in years to the length of time that they were supported by the NHSC as medical students. The recipients of the last large batch of NHSC scholarships were freshmen in medical school four years ago and are now in their first year of residency training. The wave of NHSC scholarship students has already passed through the medical schools, and by 1987 it will have passed through most residencies as well. Thereafter, communities that would have trouble attracting physicians without the special inducement of the NHSC service obligation may find themselves medically abandoned. This article proposes a strategy for averting that predictable
Clonal Waves of Neisseria Colonisation and Disease in the African Meningitis Belt: Eight- Year Longitudinal Study in Northern Ghana
Authors: Julia Leimkugel, Abraham Hodgson, Abudulai Adams Forgor, Valentin Pflüger, Jean-Pierre Dangy, Tom Smith, Mark Achtman, Sébastien Gagneux, Gerd Pluschke
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Background The Kassena-Nankana District of northern Ghana lies in the African "meningitis belt" where epidemics of meningococcal meningitis have been reoccurring every eight to 12 years for the last 100 years. The dynamics of meningococcal colonisation and disease are incompletely understood, and hence we embarked on a long-term study to determine how levels of colonisation with different bacterial serogroups change over time, and how the patterns of disease relate to such changes. Methods and Findings Between February 1998 and November 2005, pharyngeal carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in the Kassena-Nankana District was studied by twice-yearly colonisation surveys. Meningococcal disease was monitored throughout the eight-year study period, and patient isolates were compared to the colonisation isolates. The overall meningococcal colonisation rate of the study population was 6.0%. All culture-confirmed patient isolates and the majority of carriage isolates were associated with three sequential waves of colonisation with encapsulated (A ST5, X ST751, and A ST7) meningococci. Compared to industrialised countries, the colonising meningococcal population was less constant in genotype composition over time and was genetically less diverse during the peaks of the colonisation waves, and a smaller proportion of the isolates was nonserogroupable. We observed a broad age range in the healthy carriers, resembling that of meningitis patients during large disease epidemics. Conclusions The observed lack of a temporally stable and genetically diverse resident pharyngeal flora of meningococci might contribute to the susceptibility to meningococcal disease epidemics of residents in the African meningitis belt. Because capsular conjugate vaccines are known to impact meningococcal carriage, effects on herd immunity and potential serogroup replacement should be monitored following the introduction of such vaccines.
Deposition of Lipid in Calf Aorta Maintained in Vitro
Authors: JACK P. STRONG, HENRY C. McGILL, MELVIN A. NYMAN
Journal: Circulation Research (1957)

Morphologic and histochemical observations on the isolated perfused calf aorta maintained in vitro provide evidence that the aortas remain viable during perfusion. The appearance of lipid in the inner layers of the aortic wall corresponds to the previously reported biosynthesis of lipid by the aortic wall. There is a lag period of 24 to 48 hours between the chemical and morphologic appearance of lipid.
The functional relevance of passenger leukocytes and microchimerism for heart allograft acceptance in the rat
Authors: Saiho Ko, Andrea Deiwick, Mark D. Jäger, Astrid Dinkel, Frank Rohde, Rainer Fischer, Tung-Yu Tsui, Karl L. Rittmann, Kurt Wonigeit, Hans J. Schlitt
Journal: Nature Medicine (1999)
Abstract P1-06-11: Tumor-associated macrophages: CD206 expression and patient outcomes in locally advanced breast cancer
Authors: JM Reynolds, DB Hodges, A Salam, ET Shaw, V Magoon, AM Werlang-Perurena, HB Singh, VO Speights, CO Ruud, A Bhat
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Introduction The ability of a tumor to recur is related to the complex molecular biology of the tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) account for up to 50% of the cell mass within a breast tumor, and the M2 macrophage phenotype has been reported to have pro-tumor activity. The mannose receptor, CD206, is a transmembrane receptor expressed predominantly in macrophages and shown in mouse studies to promote M2/TAM activity. This study evaluates CD206 expression in the tumor stroma with patient outcomes in locally advanced breast cancer. Methods The Scott &amp; White tumor registry was queried for consecutive cases of women diagnosed with stage 3, HER-2 negative breast cancer between January 1999 and December 2006. To meet inclusion criteria, all biopsies must have been performed at S&amp;W and patients must have had at least 5 years of follow up in our system documenting status of cancer (complete remission vs. metastatic recurrence). Archived formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue breast tissue from initial surgical biopsies was obtained from the Scott &amp; White Pathology Department. Sections were cut at 4 microns thick and slides were stained for CD206. Two pathologists without knowledge of the patients’ clinical backgrounds reviewed each slide. The hot spot method was employed at 20x power to identify the 3 spots in tumor stroma that stained most heavily. The number of CD206+ cells in each of 3 hot spots was counted, and the mean number of CD206+ cells per hot spot reported by two independent pathologists was averaged for analysis. Results 65 patients met inclusion criteria, of these 31 had a recurrence within 5 years of diagnosis. There was no correlation between likelihood of recurrence or overall survival and CD206 expression. In the 31 patients that had a recurrence, a high CD206 count of greater than or equal to 15 was associated with a shorter time to recurrence than a CD206 count of less than 15 (14.8 months vs. 22 months, respectively, p = 0.028). Mean age at diagnosis in the recurrence group was 59.6 vs. 60 years, and 15 (60%) vs. 2(33%) patients were ER positive in the low CD206 (&amp;lt;15) vs. high CD206 ( = &amp;gt;15) groups, respectively. Conclusion High expression of CD206 in the tumor stroma was associated with a shorter time to recurrence in patients with stage 3, HER-2 negative breast cancer; however, there were more ER negative tumors in the high CD 206 group. Our research supports in vitro data that high CD206 expression in macrophages may represent a more aggressive tumor phenotype. Future studies focusing on studying CD206 expression in HER-2 positive breast tumors along with histological stratification are needed to confirm this finding. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-06-11.
Automated External Defibrillators
Authors: Janet M. Torpy, Cassio Lynm, Richard M. Glass
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Automated External Defibrillators Many sudden cardiac emergencies are related to ventricular fibrillation (a fatal abnormal heart rhythm).Defibrillation, done by "shocking" the heart with a measured dose of electricity, may allow the heart to resume a functional rhythm.Defibrillation is the only effective treatment for ventricular fibrillation.If defibrillation is applied early in the rescue sequence, persons experiencing a cardiac arrest have improved chances of survival.Traditional manual defibrillators are available in emergency care response vehicles, hospitals, and other health care facilities but require life support training for their proper and safe use.Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) are small (laptop computer-sized) units that have the capability to analyze the heart rhythm, determine if a shock should be given, then deliver the appropriate electrical therapy.This requires little training on the part of the responder and can easily be used by laypersons.The August 9, 2006, issue of JAMA includes an article about automated external defibrillators. USE OF AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATORS FOR MORE INFORMATIONLearn how to perform CPR and basic life support.For information about classes in your area, please contact the organizations below.
Surveying 2,020 Vagrants for Tuberculosis
Authors: Louis Trachtman
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  An inordinate fondness for alcohol and a nondiscriminating life-style characterize a population of homeless men who frequent New Orleans's streets and alleyways. We did not know whether these men were at risk of tuberculosis until we asked the city's missionaries to send everyone applying for shelter at a mission to the Wetmore Tuberculosis Clinic for a chest roentgenogram. As a result, we made chest roentgenograms on 2,020 vagrants in 1977 and found 156 (about 7.7%) who had lesions suggestive of tuberculosis.  There was only one woman in the group of 156 tuberculosis suspects. The youngest suspect was 19 years old; the oldest, 83 years old. Most were between the ages of 30 and 60 years: 15 were 29 years or younger; 128, between 30 and 59 years; and 13, 60 years or older.  We recalled all 156 tuberculosis suspects, but 134 eluded us. With the missionaries' help,