tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Embryology and development of the enteric nervous system
Authors: H M Young
Journal: Gut (2000)

The neurones and glial cells of the enteric nervous system (ENS) are derived from the neural crest (fig 1). While they are migrating, neural crest cells are morphologically indistinguishable from mesenchymal cells through which they migrate, and thus a variety of experimental approaches have been used to examine colonisation of the gut by neural crest derived cells. Yntema and Hammond (1954)1 ablated defined rostrocaudal regions of the neural crest of chicken embryos and examined the effects of the ablations on the ENS. They found that ablation of vagal level (somites 1–7) neural crest resulted in absence of enteric neurones throughout the gut, and therefore concluded that vagal level neural crest is the sole source of the ENS. Following transplantation of vagal level neural tubes from quail embryos into chicken embryos, in which the equivalent region of neural tube had been removed, quail cells were found throughout the gut of the chimera. This also supported the idea that vagal level neural crest cells give rise to enteric neurones throughout the gut.2 However, when the quail neural tube was transplanted into the sacral level (caudal to somite 28) of chicken embryos, quail cells were found within the myenteric plexus of the hindgut of the chimeras, indicating that sacral level neural crest cells also contribute to the ENS in the hindgut.2 Since then, the contribution of sacral level neural crest to the ENS in the hindgut has been controversial. Studies in which explants of chicken gut were removed and grown on the chorioallantoic membrane of host embryos,3 or in which the midgut of chicken embryos was transected prior to the arrival of vagal neural crest cells,4 suggested that either the vagal neural crest cells are the sole source of enteric neurones throughout the gut or that sacral level …
CASE OF LITHOTOMY: OPERATION IN THE MEDIAN LINE
Authors: J. Hinton
Journal: BMJ (1855)

APRIL 6, esusctated from a state of suspended animation.*The acidents were, no doubt, chiefly due to the circumstance tat it had been the custom to use the diluted preparation more freely than pure chlorororm would have been used; still they illustrate equally well the compartive safety of diluted and undiluted chloroform, when used on a sponge or handkerchief.Dr. J. Mason Warren has informed me that, since these accidents, the governors of the hospital have prohibited the inhalation of any other agent than sulphuric ether, for pre- venting pain in surgical operations.
Walk With Your Doc
Authors: Bruce B. Dan
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Although the ancient Greeks counseled that a sound mind and a sound body went hand-in-hand, it wasn't until the early 1950s that the benefits of regular physical activity were carefully studied. Responding to epidemiologic data demonstrating a real increase in the incidence of heart disease after World War II, British investigators studied the differences in rates of coronary heart disease among persons in various occupations.<sup>1</sup> See also p 2720. The researchers looked at the incidence of myocardial infarction in more than 30 000 workers on the trams and trolleys of London. They found that sedentary drivers had a 50% greater incidence of coronary heart disease than did conductors who collected fares climbing up and down the stairs on double-deck vehicles. Not only did fewer physically active conductors have coronary heart disease, but what disease they did have was less severe and occurred at a later age. The researchers also
Topotecan Is an Active Agent in the First-Line Treatment of Metastatic or Recurrent Endometrial Carcinoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E3E93
Authors: Scott Wadler, Donna E. Levy, Sarah T. Lincoln, Gamini S. Soori, Julian C. Schink, Gary Goldberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Purpose: To determine the clinical activity and the toxicity profile of the topoisomerase-I inhibitor, topotecan, in women with recurrent or advanced endometrial carcinoma. Patients and Methods: A prospective, phase II clinical trial was initiated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG). Patients had histologically confirmed advanced or recurrent endometrial carcinoma, measurable disease, no prior cytotoxic therapy, an ECOG performance status of 0 to 2, and evidence of disease progression while on progestins or after radiation therapy. Topotecan was administered at 1.5 mg/m 2 (or 1.2 mg/m 2 for patients with prior pelvic radiation) intravenously daily for 5 days every 3 weeks. Results: A total of 44 patients were enrolled; 42 were eligible. The study was suspended because of unexpected toxicities, primarily sepsis and bleeding. After toxicity review, the study was reopened using lower doses of topotecan (1.0 mg/m 2 or 0.8 mg/m 2 for patients with prior radiation therapy). In addition, prophylactic use of growth factors was allowed after the first cycle, and patients with performance status of 2 were excluded. The major toxicities were hematologic and gastrointestinal. Among the 40 assessable patients, there were three (7.5%) complete responders and five partial responders (12.5%), for an overall response rate of 20%. The median duration of response was 8.0 months and of overall survival was 6.5 months. Conclusion: Topotecan is an active agent for the treatment of advanced endometrial carcinoma. At the doses and schedules initially used, toxicities were unacceptable; however, at the modified doses, toxicities were acceptable and clinical activity was preserved.
Abstract 4139: Diagnostic performance of the F-18 labeled bombesin analog BAY 86-4367 in patients with primary prostate cancer
Authors: Niklaus Schäfer, Ray Valencia, Sandra Borkowski, Eva Geissler, Glen Kristiansen, Beate Rohde, Claudia Bacher-Stier, Bernd J. Krause, Thomas F. Hany
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Purpose: BAY 86-4367 is a new directly F-18 labeled, synthetic bombesin analog (3-Cyano-4-[18F]fluorobenzoyl-Ala(SO3H)-Ala(SO3H)-Ava-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-NMeGly-His-Sta-Leu-NH2) with antagonistic properties, targeting Gastrin-releasing-peptide receptors (GRPr). The aim of this proof of mechanism (PoM) study is to demonstrate the feasibility, safety, tolerability, biodistribution and diagnostic performance of the PET tracer BAY 86-4367 in patients with primary prostate cancer. Methods: 5 patients with non-treated primary prostate cancer (PSA range 7 to 24 µg/l) were prospectively included in the study. All patients had standardized biopsy proven primary prostate cancer with Gleason scores ranging from 6 (3+3) to 9 (4+5). All patients had standardized sequential dynamic and static PET/CT using the F-18 labeled tracer BAY 86-4367 for primary staging. Safety data (vital signs, ECG, adverse effects) were assessed in all patients. Four patients had a prior PET/CT scan with F-18 choline. Patients were scheduled for prostatectomy of primary prostate cancer. Full prostate samples were histopathologically analyzed to further confirm the imaging localisation data. Results: The tracer BAY 86-4367 was well tolerated after injection of ∼300 MBq and a peptide mass dose &amp;lt;40 µg per patient. Safety data showed no relevant changes in the sequential blood values, electrocardiograms, urine testing or physical examination. Malignant lesions were depicted in 3/5 patients with the F-18 labeled BAY 86-4367 tracer. Biopsy verified the correct tumor localisation of these imaging findings. In two patients with histologically proven primary prostate cancer, BAY 86-4367 showed no active accumulation in the prostate. F-18 choline PET/CT was performed in 4/5 patients with positive signals in all 4 patients. Correlation with biopsy showed correct localisation of F-18 choline in tumor tissue. However, there was false positive F-18 choline accumulation in benign hyperplasia of the prostate. Conclusion: PET imaging with the F-18 labeled bombesin analog BAY 86-4367 is safe. The tracer BAY 86-4367 correctly depicts primary prostate cancer in a subset of patients. However, diagnostic accuracy of bombesin analogs in GRPr imaging needs to be further explored. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4139. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4139
O10 SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF THE ALL-ORAL REGIMEN OF MK-5172/MK-8742 ± RIBAVIRIN IN TREATMENT-NAIVE, NON-CIRRHOTIC, PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION: THE C-WORTHY STUDY
Authors: C. Hezode, L. Serfaty, J.M. Vierling, M. Kugelmas, B. Pearlman, W. Sievert, W. Ghesquiere, E. Zuckerman, F. Sund, M. Shaughnessy, P. Hwang, J. Wahl, M.N. Robertson, B. Haber
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
The Effects of the Proton Pump Inhibitor Usage on the Development of Major Cardiovascular Event in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Receiving Dual Antiplatelet Therapy
Authors: Demet Menekşe Gerede, Naciye Özbek, Sibel Turhan, Özgür Ulaş Özcan, Başar Candemir, Cansın Tolunay Kaya, Çetin Erol
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Health of the Nation — Coverage for All Americans
Authors: Stephen Morrissey, Gregory D. Curfman, Jeffrey M. Drazen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

In this year's Shattuck Lecture, we break with long-standing precedent. After 117 Shattuck Lectures delivered since 1890, the lecture this year took the form of a seminar with 13 panelists and a moderator discussing the topic “Health of the Nation — Coverage for All Americans.” The panelists included physicians, academics, and leaders from business, the insurance industry, and politics. In this important election year, with health care as one of the principal campaign issues before the nation, we wanted to present the perspectives of a number of experts representing many parts of the health care community and different political persuasions, . . .
Abstract C45: Inhibition of antiapoptotic BCL2 members facilitates interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) mediated prodeath signaling in breast cancer cells
Authors: Jessica L. Schwartz, Rong Hu, Ayesha N. Shajahan, Robert Clarke
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Antiestrogens (AEs) have long been a standard treatment for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer patients. However, antiestrogen resistance, either de novo or acquired, is a major hurdle for effective therapy in breast cancer patients. To address this, the underlying mechanisms of antiestrogen resistance must be understood. Antiestrogens are known to induce apoptosis in sensitive breast cancer cells. The tumor suppressor gene interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1) plays a key role in signaling to proapoptotic BH3 only BCL2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) family members (i.e., BIK, PUMA, and BMF). In an attempt to understand IRF1-mediated signaling in AE sensitivity, AE-sensitive and -resistant breast cancer cells were made to overexpress IRF1 or a dominant negative IRF1 (dnIRF1; lacks the transactivation domain of IRF1 but retains the DNA-binding domain). We found that IRF1 regulates the transcription of proapoptotic BIK, BMF, and PUMA, which are necessary to induce apoptosis in AE-sensitive cells. Conversely, AE-resistant breast cancer cells have low IRF1 expression and increased levels of antiapoptotic BCL2 and BCLW. Previous work by our group showed that the inflammatory cytokine IFNγ can be used to induce IRF1 expression in AE-resistant cells, and restores the responsiveness of these cells to fulvestrant (Faslodex; ICI 182,780) through BH3-mediated apoptosis, suggesting a key role of IRF1 in endocrine-resistant breast cancer. We also discovered that the pan BCL2 inhibitor GX15-070 (obatoclax) significantly reduces cell proliferation and, in combination with fulvestrant or tamoxifen, results in a synergistic inhibition of cell growth in AE-resistant breast cancer cells. Treatment with obatoclax in AE-resistant cells results in a reduction in Beclin1 (BECN1) protein levels with a corresponding increase in cleaved caspase-7, indicating a possible role of autophagy and apoptosis in GX15-070-induced cell death. Moreover, overexpression of BECN1 in AE-resistant cells enhances obatoclax-mediated cell death. Collectively, our data demonstrate that a combination of obatoclax and an antiestrogen increases the levels of free BH3 domain proteins, thus facilitating mitochondrial dysfunction, and rendering breast cancer cells more susceptible to tumor cell death by IRF1-mediated signaling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr C45.
Nigel Joseph Walter Royston
Authors: M. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Former consultant paediatrician Yeovil and Taunton, Somerset (b Liverpool 1923; q Middlesex Hospital 1952), died from an intracerebral haemorrhage on 11 September 2003.​2003.




Figure 1




Nigel served in the Royal Air Force from 1942 to 1947, taking up medicine after the second world war. He came to Somerset in 1963, where he pioneered a child development centre—Balidon—that brought health, social services, and education for children with disabilities on to one site. This was a first in the country and was filmed by the BBC in 1979. Balidon continues to flourish as an example of good multidisciplinary working. Nigel retired in 1982. He leaves his second wife, Ailsa, who was instrumental in setting up Balidon with him; three daughters; and four grandchildren.
47 A MULTICENTRIC, DOUBLE-BLIND, RANDOMISED- CONTROLLED TRIAL (RCT) OF HIGH DOSE URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID IN PATIENTS WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (NASH)
Authors: V. Ratziu, V. De Ledinghen, F. Oberti, P. Mathurin, C. Wartelle-Bladou, C. Renou, J. Spénard
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Stable expression of small interfering RNA sensitizes TEL-PDGFβR to inhibition with imatinib or rapamycin
Authors: Jing Chen, Nathan R. Wall, Kerry Kocher, Nicole Duclos, Doriano Fabbro, Donna Neuberg, James D. Griffin, Yang Shi, D. Gary Gilliland
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Small molecule inhibitors, such as imatinib, are effective therapies for tyrosine kinase fusions BCR-ABL–TEL-PDGFβR–mediated human leukemias, but resistance may develop. The unique fusion junctions of these molecules are attractive candidates for molecularly targeted therapeutic intervention using RNA interference (RNAi), which is mediated by small interfering RNA (siRNA). We developed a retroviral system for stable expression of siRNA directed to the unique fusion junction sequence of TEL-PDGFβR in transformed hematopoietic cells. Stable expression of the siRNA resulted in approximately 90% inhibition of TEL-PDGFβR expression and its downstream effectors, including PI3K and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Expression of TEL-PDGFβR–specific siRNA (TPsiRNA) significantly attenuated the proliferation of TEL-PDGFβR–transformed Ba/F3 cells or disease latency and penetrance in mice induced by intravenous injection of these Ba/F3 cells. Although a 90% reduction in TEL-PDGFβR expression was insufficient to induce cell death, stable siRNA expression sensitized transformed cells to the PDGFβR inhibitor imatinib or to the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. TPsiRNA also inhibited an imatinib-resistant TEL-PDGFβR mutant, and the inhibition was enhanced by siRNA in combination with PKC412, another PDGFβR inhibitor. Although siRNA delivery in vivo is a challenging problem, stable expression of siRNA, which targets oncogenic fusion genes, may potentiate the effects of conventional therapy for hematologic malignancies.
Exploring the Demographic History of DNA Sequences Using the Generalized Skyline Plot
Authors: Korbinian Strimmer, Oliver G. Pybus
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2001)

We present an intuitive visual framework, the generalized skyline plot, to explore the demographic history of sampled DNA sequences. This approach is based on a genealogy inferred from the sequences and provides a nonparametric estimate of effective population size through time. In contrast to previous related procedures, the generalized skyline plot is more applicable to cases where the underlying tree is not fully resolved and the data is not highly variable. This is achieved by the grouping of adjacent coalescent intervals. We employ a small-sample Akaike information criterion to objectively choose the optimal grouping strategy. We investigate the performance of our approach using simulation and subsequently apply it to HIV-1 sequences from central Africa and mtDNA sequences from red pandas.
CARBON MONOXIDE FROM ILLUMINATING GAS
Authors: Henry Leffmann
Journal: JAMA (1926)

To the Editor:  —The case of carbon monoxide poisoning reported by Dr. Stevens of New York inThe Journal, April 17, impels me to call attention to my article published inThe Journalin 1905 and entitled  Dangers of the Domestic Use of Illuminating Gas and the Means of Avoiding Them. I served on the committee appointed by the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, to protest against large scale introduction of water-gas as an illuminant in Philadelphia. Newspapers and many citizens jeered at the protest, but the subsequent fatality record is evidence of the danger of gas highly charged with carbon monoxide. The slot-meter in which a coin automatically starts the flow of gas has added new danger. Frequently these meters are broken open by thieves and the gas is allowed to escape.
Comparison of Oxidative Properties, Light Absorbance, and Total and Elemental Mass Concentration of Ambient PM <sub>2.5</sub> Collected at 20 European Sites
Authors: Nino Künzli, Ian S. Mudway, Thomas Götschi, Tingming Shi, Frank J. Kelly, Sarah Cook, Peter Burney, Bertil Forsberg, James W. Gauderman, Marianne E. Hazenkamp, Joachim Heinrich, Deborah Jarvis, Dan Norbäck, Felix Payo-Losa, Albino Poli, Jordi Sunyer, Paul J.A. Borm
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

It has been proposed that the redox activity of particles may represent a major determinant of their toxicity. We measured the in vitro ability of ambient fine particles [particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters<or=2.5 microm (PM2.5)] to form hydroxyl radicals (.OH) in an oxidant environment, as well as to deplete physiologic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, glutathione) in the naturally reducing environment of the respiratory tract lining fluid (RTLF). The objective was to examine how these toxicologically relevant measures were related to other PM characteristics, such as total and elemental mass concentration and light absorbance.Gravimetric PM2.5 samples (n=716) collected over 1 year from 20 centers participating in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey were available. Light absorbance of these filters was measured with reflectometry. PM suspensions were recovered from filters by vortexing and sonication before dilution to a standard concentration. The oxidative activity of these particle suspensions was then assessed by measuring their ability to generate .OH in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, using electron spin resonance and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide as spin trap, or by establishing their capacity to deplete antioxidants from a synthetic model of the RTLF.PM oxidative activity varied significantly among European sampling sites. Correlations between oxidative activity and all other characteristics of PM were low, both within centers (temporal correlation) and across communities (annual mean). Thus, no single surrogate measure of PM redox activity could be identified. Because these novel measures are suggested to reflect crucial biologic mechanisms of PM, their use may be pertinent in epidemiologic studies. Therefore, it is important to define the appropriate methods to determine oxidative activity of PM.
William Stewart Hillis
Authors: S. Murray, J. MacLean, F. Dunn
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Pioneer in sports science, and doctor to the Scottish football team



Stewart Hillis had been actively involved in the preparation for the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow. He was diagnosed as having mesothelioma in May and continued to work till mid-June. He died two days before the opening ceremony.

Stewart was born in Clydebank, the son of a foreman at John Brown’s shipyard, two years after the town was devastated in the Blitz during the second world war. He was educated in Clydebank and at Glasgow University.

During his early postgraduate training with Gavin Shaw, he became interested in cardiology and in 1971 was appointed registrar in the University of Glasgow’s cardiology department with Professor T D V Lawrie. His career progressed rapidly. He showed considerable talent in invasive investigations, and that became a distinguishing feature of his career. After spending a year at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, he was appointed consultant cardiologist to Glasgow’s Stobhill Hospital in 1977. It was there that he began pivotal studies in relation to intracoronary and intravenous thrombolysis. He converted the back area of the critical care unit into a coronary angiographic facility and set up a 24/7 service that allowed assessment of artery …
Mercurialism: Environmental and Occupational Aspects
Authors: MORRIS M. JOSELOW
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

The recent recognition of mercury as a widespread environmental pollutant has presented practitioners with a new problem whose medical aspects they may be ill prepared to evaluate. Extensive background information on human toxicity is available from studies of the effects of occupational exposures. Such exposures have generally been to concentrations considerably greater than those found environmentally and have been mostly to inorganic mercury or compounds that readily decomposed to inorganic mercury. The organic forms of mercury, particularly the monomethyl mercury compounds, are far more toxic and are the type likely to be encountered in community exposures, as, for example, in foodstuffs. Characteristics of mercurialism originating from the absorption of both inorganic and organic mercury compounds are reviewed, and current problems concerning the risks of human exposure at environmental levels are presented.
NANNIZZIA INCURVATA INFECTION OF VELLUS HAIR
Authors: CHARLES S. EBY, R. L JETTON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1971)

Journal Article NANNIZZIA INCURVATA INFECTION OF VELLUS HAIR Get access CHARLES S. EBY, CHARLES S. EBY Dermatology Service, Naral Hospital, Camp Lejeune, N.C., U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. L JETTON R. L JETTON Dermatology Service, Naral Hospital, Camp Lejeune, N.C., U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 85, Issue 6, 1 December 1971, Pages 582–584, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1971.tb14087.x Published: 01 December 1971 Article history Accepted: 16 July 1971 Published: 01 December 1971
The Nuclear Medicine Bone Image and Myositis Ossificans Progressiva
Authors: BARRY H. GUZE, HEINRICH SCHELBERT
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

Myositis ossificans progresslva most commonly effects adolescents and young adults. It is characterized by progressive calcification of muscle and frequently follows trauma. Bone imaging may be helpful In determining the full extent of the disease process and may be more accurate than conventional radiographs. Bone Imaging is able to detect lesions before they can be observed with radiographs. In addition, radiographs may tend to underestimate the severity of the disease.
TCT-660 Multicenter Validation of a Near-infrared Spectroscopic Signature of Culprit Lesions Causing ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The NIRSTEMI II Study
Authors: Ryan D. Madder, James E. Muller, Rishi Puri, Jan Harnek, Matthias Gotberg, Richard F. McNamara, David H. Wohns, Stacie M. Vanoosterhout, Margaret Chi, Kathy Wolski, Sean Madden, Stephen J. Nicholls, David Erlinge
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)