tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic assessment of oesophageal disease
Authors: J R Bennett
Journal: BMJ (1980)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To assess the effectiveness of prone positioning to reduce the risk of death or respiratory failure in non-critically ill patients hospitalized with COVID-19 <h3>Design</h3> Pragmatic randomized clinical trial of prone positioning of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 across 15 hospitals in Canada and the United States from May 2020 until May 2021. <h3>Settings</h3> Patients were eligible is they had a laboratory-confirmed or a clinically highly suspected diagnosis of COVID-19, required supplemental oxygen (up to 50% fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]), and were able to independently prone with verbal instruction. (NCT04383613). <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> The primary outcome was a composite of in-hospital death, mechanical ventilation, or worsening respiratory failure defined as requiring at least 60% FiO2 for at least 24 hours. Secondary outcomes included the change in the ratio of oxygen saturation to FiO2 (S/F ratio). <h3>Results</h3> A total of 248 patients were included. The trial was stopped early on the basis of futility for the pre-specified primary outcome. The median time from hospital admission until randomization was 1 day, the median age of patients was 56 years (interquartile range [IQR] 45,65), 36% were female, and 90% of patients were receiving oxygen via nasal prongs at the time of randomization. The median time spent prone in the first 72 hours was 6 hours total (IQR 1.5,12.8) for the prone arm compared to 0 hours (0,2) in the control arm. The risk of the primary outcome was similar between the prone group (18 [14.3%] events) and the standard care group (17 [13.9%] events), odds ratio 0.92 (95% CI 0.44 to 1.92). The change in the S/F ratio after 72 hours was similar for patients randomized to prone compared to standard of care. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Among hypoxic but not critically patients with COVID-19 in hospital, a multifaceted intervention to increase prone positioning did not improve outcomes. Adherence to prone positioning was poor, despite multiple efforts. Subsequent trials of prone positioning should aim to develop strategies to improve adherence to awake prone positioning. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Prone positioning is considered standard of care for mechanically ventilated patients who have severe acute respiratory distress syndrome. Recent data suggest prone positioning is beneficial for patients with COVID-19 who are requiring high flow oxygen. It is unknown of prone positioning is beneficial for patients not on high flow oxygen. <h3>What this study adds</h3> Prone positioning is generally not well tolerated and innovative approaches are needed to improve adherence. Clinical and physiologic outcomes were not improved with prone positioning among hypoxic but not critically ill patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
Regulatory mechanisms in immune responses to heterologous insulins. II. Suppressor T cell activation associated with nonresponsiveness in H-2b mice.
Authors: P E Jensen, C W Pierce, J A Kapp
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

Murine antibody responses to insulins are controlled by MHC-linked Ir genes. Although mice of the H-2b haplotype do not make antibody in response to pork insulin, we demonstrate in this communication that immunization with pork insulin stimulates radioresistant, Lyt-1+2- helper T cells that are capable of stimulating secondary antibody responses to pork insulin in vitro, but that this activity is masked by radiosensitive, Lyt-1-2+, I-J+ suppressor T cells. The suppressor T cells, present after immunization with pork insulin but not beef insulin, suppress the secondary response to pork but not beef insulin. The amino acid sequences of pork and beef insulins differ only at the A-chain loop; thus, pork insulin-specific suppressor T cells appear to recognize the A-chain loop determinant of pork insulin. The amino acid sequences of mouse and pork insulin are identical in the A-chain loop, which suggests that these suppressor T cells may be self-reactive. If this interpretation is correct, these suppressor T cells could be involved in the maintenance of self-tolerance to insulin. Nevertheless, these data clearly demonstrate that genetically determined nonresponsiveness in H-2b mice is conferred by activation of dominant, insulin-specific suppressor T cells (Ts), rather than by a defect in the stimulation of insulin-specific helper T cells (Th).
US government to sue tobacco companies
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The United States Justice Department has filed a massive civil lawsuit against the country's major tobacco companies, seeking to recover billions of dollars in long term costs related to treating ill smokers covered by the government health programmes.

The lawsuit alleges that cigarette smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases that have resulted in an estimated $25bn (£15.6bn) in annual health claims paid by the …
HIV/AIDS—Building on Progress, Acquiring New Knowledge
Authors: Jeanette M. Smith, Phil B. Fontanarosa
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Recent welcome news from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS reported a 33% reduction in new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in adults and children globally in 2012 compared with the number of incident infections in 2001.1 The evidence of progress in preventing expansion of HIV is an impressive tribute to the efforts of many clinicians and researchers, but it is silhouetted against abackdropofanestimated35.3millionpersonsworldwidehaving HIV infection.1 In the United States, the number of cases of new HIV infections, estimated at approximately 50 000 each year,2,3 remains concerning, and despite evidence in support of preexposurechemoprophylaxis forHIVprevention, implementation issues may impede these interventions in fulfilling their promise.4 In terms of treatment,much progress has occurred with the development of effective therapies,5 but questions of resistance and tolerability remain. As in previous years, in July 2014 JAMA will publish a theme issue dedicated to HIV/AIDS research, which will coincide with the 20th International AIDS Conference to be held in Melbourne, Australia.6 Authors are invited to submit evidence-based manuscripts on topics of HIV-related prevention and treatment for consideration for publication in this issue. Original research, especially randomized clinical trials of HIV treatment, will receive the highest priority for publication. Rigorous studies on the epidemiology and management of HIV/hepatitis C coinfection and HIV/ tuberculosis coinfection also are of major interest. Reports of investigations on HIV basic science and its clinical application, behavioral and preventive intervention approaches, and issues related to HIV in international settings also are welcome. Systematic reviews and scholarly Viewpoints on these topics, as well as on topics relevant to clinical, educational, policy, and financial aspects of HIV/AIDS also would be of interest. All submittedmanuscripts will undergo editorial evaluation and if suitable, will then be assessed via the peer review process. High-quality manuscripts not accepted for publication in JAMAmay (with the authors’ permission) be referred for further consideration by one of the JAMA Network journals. Authors should consult the JAMA Instructions for Authors7 regarding the preparation and submission ofmanuscriptsandshouldpleasecontactuswithanyquestions.Manuscripts receivedbyFebruary 14, 2014,will have thebest chance for consideration for the 2014 HIV/AIDS issue. Achieving theestimablegoalof an“AIDS-freegeneration”8 will require building on successes as well as discovering new approaches to remaining issuesofoptimalHIVpreventionand treatment. With this in mind, we will look forward to receiving your manuscripts for the 2014 HIV/AIDS theme issue.
Extraction of a rectal foreign body using a custom-made giant snare
Authors: E. van der Wouden, B. Westerveld
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Extraction of foreign bodies from the rectum is a major challenge in therapeutic endoscopy [1] [2]. The use of a standard polypectomy snare is hampered in cases where the foreign body is slippery or too large to place the polypectomy snare around the foreign body.
EFFECT OF JEJUNOSTOMY IN EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE JEJUNUM OF THE DOG
Authors: Russell L. Haden, Thomas G. Orr
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1926)

1. Jejunostomy does not prevent the development of the chemical changes of the blood characteristic of obstruction of the jejunum in the dog. 2. Jejunostomy following experimental obstruction of the jejunum has no beneficial effect upon the duration of life. There is some evidence that life may be shortened by early jejunostomy. 3. Treatment of jejunal obstruction with sodium chloride solution tends to prolong the life of animals regardless of jejunostomy.
Preoperative Nutritional Status Is an Important Predictor of Survival in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Todd M. Morgan, Dominic Tang, Kelly L. Stratton, Daniel A. Barocas, Christopher B. Anderson, Justin R. Gregg, Sam S. Chang, Michael S. Cookson, S. Duke Herrell, Joseph A. Smith, Peter E. Clark
Journal: European Urology (2011)
NKG2D-Deficient Mice Are Defective in Tumor Surveillance in Models of Spontaneous Malignancy
Authors: Nadia Guerra, Ying Xim Tan, Nathalie T. Joncker, Augustine Choy, Fermin Gallardo, Na Xiong, Susan Knoblaugh, Dragana Cado, Norman R. Greenberg, David H. Raulet
Journal: Immunity (2008)
Sustained, Long-Term Renal Stabilization After 54 Months of Agalsidase β Therapy in Patients with Fabry Disease
Authors: Dominique P. Germain, Stephen Waldek, Maryam Banikazemi, David A. Bushinsky, Joel Charrow, Robert J. Desnick, Philip Lee, Thomas Loew, Anouk C. Vedder, Rekha Abichandani, William R. Wilcox, Nathalie Guffon
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Fabry disease, an inherited deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A, causes progressive intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide (GL-3) and premature death from renal, cardiac, and cerebrovascular manifestations. To determine the long-term safety and efficacy of recombinant human α-galactosidase A, an open-label, phase III extension study was conducted, involving 58 patients who had classic Fabry disease and completed a 20-wk, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase III study of agalsidase β and were transitioned to an extension trial to receive biweekly 1 mg/kg agalsidase β for up to an additional 54 mo. GL-3 accumulation was evaluated in the capillary endothelia of the skin, kidney, and heart. Renal function was assessed. By month 54, all patients with optional kidney biopsies (<i>n</i> = 8) maintained complete GL-3 clearance in renal capillary endothelial cells and multiple cell types. Continued, complete clearance of skin (31 of 36) and heart (six of eight) capillary endothelium was demonstrated. Mean plasma GL-3 levels remained decreased in the normal range. Median serum creatinine and estimated GFR remained stable (normal) in patients with renal data at month 54 (<i>n</i> = 41). Six patients had renal disease progression; most (four of six) were older than 40 yr and had significant proteinuria at baseline and evidence of sclerotic glomeruli pretreatment. Adverse events were generally mild and unrelated to treatment. The most common treatment-related adverse events were infusion-associated reactions, which decreased over time. Long-term agalsidase β therapy stabilizes renal function in patients without renal involvement at baseline, maintains reduction of plasma GL-3, and sustains GL-3 clearance in capillary endothelial cells and multiple renal cell types.
Malignant Ocular Melanoma During Pregnancy
Authors: Ralph Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1963)

MALIGNANT MELANOMA of the eye during pregnancy has rarely been seen by either the ophthalmologist or obstetrician. There have been at least three reports in the literature of patients who were pregnant at the time of enucleation of an eye containing a melanoma. The infrequency of the reported instances of pregnancy coexistent with melanoma of the choroid and the fulminating course has prompted the following report.  Report of a Case  A 31-year-old patient had been pregnant for 6 months when she reported loss of vision in her left eye of about 4 weeks' duration. There was no associated pain or redness. Ophthalmological examination on Jan 13, 1961, revealed that vision in the left eye was limited to perception of hand movements and the vision in the right eye was equal to 20/20. The left eye showed a gray solid mass extending from five o'clock to nine o'clock with a detached
La coloscopie en France en 2008: résultats d'une enquête prospective nationale de la Société Française d'Endoscopie Digestive (SFED)
Authors: JM Canard, JC Letard, D Heresbach, R Laugier, C Cellier, C Boustière, B Richard-Molard, P Pienkowski, M Barthet, PA Dalbiès, A Calazel, JP Arpurt, B Croguennec, T Barrioz, B Marchetti, F Prat, J Saurin, P Burtin
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Introduction: Décrire et quantifier prospectivement l'ensemble des coloscopies réalisées en France en 2008 et suivre leur évolution depuis la première enquête réalisée en 1998.
A Field Study of the Stress Response Syndrome
Authors: Nancy B. Kaltreider
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The symptom pattern previously delineated as the stress response syndrome in a mental health setting was hypothesized to be useful in conceptualizing reactions to a traumatic event in a nonpsychiatric patient population. The experience of loss resulting from nonelective hysterectomy for benign disease in women of childbearing age was selected as a relevant field study model. Twenty-eight women were studied one year after hysterectomy, using extensive psychological interviewing by women clinicians and experiential rating scales. Twelve subjects had a mild stress response syndrome, and five subjects had a serious level of intrusive and avoidant symptoms. Increasing severity of response was associated with persisting child-wish, deterioration in sexual functioning, and change in self-concept. Women who did well postoperatively generally had no future wish for children and were actively committed to achievement outside of the home. (<i>JAMA</i>242:1499-1503, 1979)
Efficacy Assessment of Meloxicam, a Preferential Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor, in Acute Coronary Syndromes Without ST-Segment Elevation
Authors: Raul Altman, Hector L. Luciardi, Juan Muntaner, Fatima Del Rio, Sofia G. Berman, Ruben Lopez, Claudio Gonzalez
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — Despite the use of heparin, aspirin, and other antiplatelet agents, acute coronary syndrome patients without ST-segment elevation remain at risk of cardiovascular thrombotic events. Given the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis, we tested the hypothesis that the combination of meloxicam, a preferential COX-2 inhibitor, and heparin and aspirin would be superior to heparin and aspirin alone. Methods and Results — In an open-label, randomized, prospective, single-blind pilot study, patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation were randomized to aspirin and heparin treatment (n=60) or aspirin, heparin, and meloxicam (n=60) during coronary care unit stay. Patients then received aspirin or aspirin plus meloxicam for 30 days. During the coronary care unit stay, the primary outcomes variable of recurrent angina, myocardial infarction, or death was significantly lower in the patients receiving meloxicam (15.0% versus 38.3%, P =0.007). The second composite variable (coronary revascularization procedures, myocardial infarction, and death) was also significantly lower in meloxicam-treated patients (10.0% versus 26.7%, P =0.034). At 90 days, the primary end point remained significantly lower in the meloxicam group (21.7% versus 48.3%, P =0.004), as did the secondary end point (13.3% versus 33.3%, P =0.015) and the need for revascularization alone (11.7% versus 30.0%, P =0.025). No adverse complications associated with the meloxicam treatment were observed. Conclusions — Meloxicam with heparin and aspirin was associated with significant reductions in adverse outcomes in acute coronary syndrome patients without ST-segment elevation. Additional larger trials are required to confirm the findings of this pilot study.
The Climate of Cannes
Authors: Th. de Valcourt
Journal: BMJ (1868)

<i>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</i> The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of diffusion tensor MR imaging (DTI) for the assessment of chronic stroke with crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD). <i>METHODS:</i> Twenty-two patients (15 men and 7 women; mean age, 60 years) with chronic stroke (13 ischemic and 9 hemorrhagic) were evaluated by diffusion-tensor MR imaging (DTI) and <sup>18</sup>F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron-emission tomography (PET). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and color-coded vector maps were generated. To evaluate afferent fiber systems to the cerebellum, the FA of the bilateral middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) was measured. Changes of FA values in the MCP were compared against PET results. <i>RESULTS:</i> In patients with a chronic infarct involving more than one-third of the unilateral hemisphere, MCP of the contralesional side showed an FA value of 0.5226 ± 0.0174, which was significantly lower than that of the ipsilesional side MCP (0.5366 ± 0.0159) (one-tail paired <i>t</i> test, <i>P</i> = .0009). On FDG-PET scan, decreased glucose metabolism was observed in the affected cerebellum in 19 patients (86.4%). <i>CONCLUSION:</i> DTI can visualize an altered corticocerebellar circuit in the case of chronic stroke with CCD, which is hardly demonstrated by conventional MR images.
Commentary: A reply to Ken Judge: mistaken criticisms ignore overwhelming evidence
Authors: R. G Wilkinson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Despite Judge's highly personal focus, mine is far from being the only evidence of an association between national mortality rates and income distribution. The criticisms that Judge directs at two of my five demonstrations of the relation would therefore, even if they had been accurate, leave the bulk of the evidence unscathed. As well as summarising the evidence which Judge ignores, I shall also show why we should not be surprised at a relation between mortality and income distribution, and then deal with methodological problems that he inadvertently raises.

The association between mortality and income distribution was first reported by Rodgers using data from around 1965 from 56 developed and less developed countries.1 Since then it has been found by many others. Flegg found that income distribution was related to national infant mortality among a group of 59 developing countries,2 and Le Grand reported that it was related to average age of death in a group of 17 developed countries.3 Analysing data from 70 rich and poor countries, Waldmann found that, if the real incomes of the poorest 20% were statistically held constant, increases in the incomes of the richest 5% were associated with rising rates of infant mortality.4 Among developed countries Wennemo has shown close relations between infant mortality and measures of income distribution and relative poverty.5 I have shown relations in developed countries between income distribution and life expectancy on two sets of cross sectional data and three sets of data on changes over time.6 7 8 Most recently, Kaplan et al at Berkeley and Kennedy et al at Harvard have independently found income distribution and life expectancy to be closely associated in 50 states of the United States.9 10 Lastly, using mid-century data for 20 countries at different stages of …
sharing perceptually grounded categories in uniform and nonuniform populations
Authors: kimberly a. jameson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

steels &amp; belpaeme's (s&amp;b) procedure does not model much of the important variation that occurs across human color categorizers. human perceptual variation and its corollary consequences impact real-world color categorization. because of this, investigators with the primary aim of understanding color categorization and naming across cultures should exercise some caution extending these findings to explain how different human societies lexicalize color appearance space.
Cancer Prevention in Primary Care: Current trends and some prospects for the future - II
Authors: J Austoker
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The risks, benefits, and limitations of genetic testing * What pretest counselling will be required * What constitutes a significant family history * How to assess risk in those at perceived high risk * How to explain the consequent risks to the indi- vidual * The implications of testing positive * The implications oftesting negative * The implications for other family members * Who should be referred for a specialist opinion * Where patients should be referred-for example, family cancer genetics clinic * The effectiveness of current methods of screening and surveillance for those at high risk-that is, their limitations * What post-test counselling will be required * What advice can be offered to those not requiring referral for testing
The evolution of changes in quantitative liver function tests in a rat model of biliary cirrhosis: Correlation with morphometric measurement of hepatocyte mass
Authors: John B. Gross, Juerg Reichen, Thomas B. Zeltner, Arthur Zimmermann
Journal: Hepatology (1987)

The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic significance of functional changes in the liver during progression of cirrhosis. Liver function was quantitated weekly by the aminopyrine breath test (measuring microsomal function) and the galactose breath test (measuring cytosolic function) in rats made cirrhotic by bile duct ligation (n = 14) and in sham-surgery controls (n = 9). Nine rats died spontaneously of cirrhosis. Both the aminopyrine breath test and galactose breath test were sensitive (89%) predictors of death within 1 week, but the galactose breath test was more specific (83%). Morphometric measurements of livers from surviving cirrhotic animals and controls (n = 5 each) showed that mean hepatocyte mass was maintained in the cirrhotic livers [cirrhosis (17.0 ± 2.0) vs. controls (13.9 ± 0.9 gm)]. The galactose breath test was also maintained, whereas the aminopyrine breath test was significantly decreased in the surviving cirrhotics. The galactose breath test, but not the aminopyrine breath test, correlated with hepatocyte mass (r = 0.67). The aminopyrine breath test correlated with microsomal aminopyrine N -demethylase activity (r = 0.78). Serial use of quantitative liver tests allows prediction of time of death from cirrhosis in this model.
Esophageal Candidiasis in the Diagnosis of HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Daniel Podzamczer
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In the recently revised definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), esophageal candidiasis remains as a diagnostic criterion for AIDS.<sup>1</sup>Nevertheless, Clotet et al<sup>2</sup>have reported a group of patients with asymptomatic esophageal candidiasis without the development of other opportunistic infections or neoplasms during a follow-up period of 14 months. We have recently observed a case of esophageal candidiasis that shows that it can occur before the development of AIDS as defined by the Centers for Disease Control. To our knowledge, this is a previously unreported feature: the appearance of oral and esophageal candidiasis during an acute episode of primary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. <h3>Report of a Case.</h3> —A 29-year-old heroin abuser presented with a seven-day history of a "mononucleosis-like" syndrome and an 8-kg weight loss. On physical examination he looked ill, with a temperature of 37.7°C. He had oral thrush, axillar adenopathy, and a
264 CELL-AUTONOMOUS TGF-β/SMAD SIGNALING AND THE MAINTENANCE OF EPITHELIAL PHENOTYPE IN HUMAN CHOLANGIOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: A. Komori, T. Uemura, S. Fujiwara, Y. Aiba, M. Nakamura, K. Yano, H. Fujioka, K. Migita, H. Yatsuhashi, H. Ishibashi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)