tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Veins of the Oesophagus
Authors: H. Butler
Journal: Thorax (1951)

Among the early anatomists, Vesalius (1543) pictured the oesophageal branches of the left gastric vessels lying close to the vagus nerves.According to Bartholin (1673) the veins of the oesophagus drain into the azygos, intercostal, and jugular veins.Dionis ( 1703) was probably the first to point out that the veins of the oesophagus drain into the left gastric vein.Portal (1803) described oesophageal veins going to the main veins of the neck and thorax, including the bronchial veins, and to the left gastric vein.According to Preble (1900), Fauvel reported the first case of rupture of oesophageal varices in cirrhosis of the liver in 1858.This stimulated a considerable amount of interest in the anastomoses between the portal and systemic veins, and a number of French investigators examined the veins of the oesophagus from this point of view (Kundrat, 1886; Dusaussay, 1877; Duret, 1878; and Mariau, 1893).Their accounts are at variance on many points, particularly with regard to the area of the oesophagus draining into the portal vein.Kundrat regarded the lower one- third of the oesophagus as draining into the portal vein; according to Dusaussay and Mariau the lower two-thirds did so.None of these investigators mentioned valves or discussed the possible effect of pressure differences between the portal and systemic veins.They also disagreed as to the relative size, pattern, and drainage routes of the peri-oesophageal and submucous venous plexuses.Mariau alone mentioned longitudinal veins running with the vagus nerves on the outer surface of the oesophagus.Kegaries (1934) stated that there was no peri-oesophageal plexus but only three to four longitudinal veins on the outer surface of the oesophagus, but he did not mention their relationship to the vagus nerves.Cross anastomoses between these veins were uncommon.The submucosa contained many veins lying both deep and superficial to the muscularis mucosae.Fine longitudinal veins connected the sub- mucous venous plexuses of the stomach and oesophagus.They began at the cardia and ran for 4 to 5 cm.along the oesophagus and were not connected by cross anastomoses.It is not clear from his description whether these veins were deep or superficial to the muscularis mucosae.They drained into the left gas:ric vein by vessels which passed obliquely through the wall of the oesophagus.Th-appearance of some specimens suggested that the fine anastomotic channels in the sub- mucosa may occasionally be absent.The left gastric vein received a peri-oesophageal branch which joined it just below the cardia.Connexions between the pulmonary veins and the veins of the mediastinum, including the veins of the oesophagus, have been described, and the relevant litera-on July 9, 2023 by guest.
A Paper on BRITISH DISCOVERIES IN TROPICAL MEDICINE DURING THE LAST HUNDRED YEARS
Authors: P. Manson-Bahr
Journal: BMJ (1933)

For the state of knowledge, in the earlier days-of the last century, of diseases -peculiar to warm climates we must look to the writings of those excellent clinicians in the service of, the atnuy Vof the Honourable East India Company. t THE SOWERSThe reign.of these sowers, as we may with justification term them, extended over some forty years, from 1830 to 1870, so that we can still turn with pleasure and profit to the writings of Sir T. Ranald Martin, F.R
Trichlorethylene Poisoning with Paranoid Psychosis and Lilliputian Hallucination
Authors: J. Todd
Journal: BMJ (1954)

There are few published reports of psychosis resulting from poisoning with trichlorethylene (" trilene ").Eichert (1936) recorded two cases and Rickles (1945) one case.All three arose from the excessive use of trichlorethylene inhalations to assuage the pain of tic douloureux.The opportunity to study the effects of orally ingested trichlorethylene has rarely arisen.However, Stephens (1945), Naish (1945), and Kallenback (1947) have between them described the toxic manifestations of swallowed trichlorethylene in four cases.In general, the symptoms consisted of pro- longed inebriation, with vomiting, dizziness, deafness, or numbness of the limbs.The following case has some unique features.Case Report An Irish labourer aged 40 was admitted to Littlemore Mental Hospital on April 11, 1953.On April 5 he had accidentally swallowed a quantity of trichlorethylene con- tained in a beer bottle.The precise quantity ingested could not be ascertained, but was described as a "good swig."Realizing his mistake, he succeeded in vomiting up some of the liquid by swallowing an emetic mixture of salt and water.Nevertheless, his breath reeked of trichlorethylene and he was grossly inebriated on arrival at the casualty department of the Radcliffe Infirmary less than an hour after the accident.Despite stomach washouts (and other treatment), he passed into a deep coma lasting 36 hours.At times he was frankly cyanosed.The pupils varied in size from pin-point to wide dilatation with brisk light reaction.The B.P. varied between 90/50 and 140/70.On April 8, consciousness having returned the previous day, he developed a system of paranoidal ideas to the effect that he was going to be "beaten up" during the night by two patients in league with the nursing staff.That night he awoke in a state of delirium which he described as follows:
Acute Small-Bowel Mucosal Edema Following Enalapril Use
Authors: Francis A. Farraye
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Enalapril (Vasotec, Merck Sharp &amp; Dohme, West Point, Pa) is an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor that is used primarily in the treatment of hypertension.<sup>1</sup>We report a patient who developed severe abdominal pain associated with mucosal and submucosal edema of the small bowel after initial use of enalapril. <h3>Report of a Case.</h3> —A 41-year-old woman was given enalapril for treatment of hypertension. Twelve hours after taking her first dose (5 mg) she developed crampy abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea and was admitted to the hospital. She did not note rash, stridor, dyspnea, or facial edema. She denied any recent complaints, had no travel history, and gave no history of dermatologic or gastrointestinal tract disorders. She had known allergies to sulfonamides, ampicillin, and erythromycin. The only other medications she was receiving were conjugated estrogens (Premarin), which she had taken for 18 months. On examination at admission to the
The Nuclear Pregnane X Receptor: A Key Regulator of Xenobiotic Metabolism
Authors: Steven A. Kliewer, Bryan Goodwin, Timothy M. Willson
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2002)

The nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is an important component of the body's adaptive defense mechanism against toxic substances including foreign chemicals (xenobiotics). PXR is activated by a large number of endogenous and exogenous chemicals including steroids, antibiotics, antimycotics, bile acids, and the herbal antidepressant St. John's wort. Elucidation of the three-dimensional structure of the PXR ligand binding domain revealed that it has a large, spherical ligand binding cavity that allows it to interact with a wide range of hydrophobic chemicals. Thus, unlike other nuclear receptors that interact selectively with their physiological ligands, PXR serves as a generalized sensor of hydrophobic toxins. PXR binds as a heterodimer with the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (NR2B) to DNA response elements in the regulatory regions of cytochrome P450 3A monooxygenase genes and a number of other genes involved in the metabolism and elimination of xenobiotics from the body. Although PXR evolved to protect the body, its activation by a variety of prescription drugs represents the molecular basis for an important class of harmful drug-drug interactions. Thus, assays that detect PXR activity will be useful in developing safer prescription drugs.
Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene
Authors: Jerome T. Siedlecki
Journal: JAMA (1971)

The preventive aspects of an occupational health program include the examination of the overall environment created by the work site and production processes. To recognize the hazards of the environment, there must be a familiarity with work operations and an understanding of the effect of various exposures and stresses on health and well-being of the worker. To fill this need, the authors of this manual present a simplified, logical, and organized explanation of the elementary principles of industrial hygiene. The manual is divided into six major parts. The first three discuss the key concepts vital to any effective industrial hygiene program: the recognition of specific environmental factors and stresses, evaluation of hazards, and the application of effective control measures. Part 4 describes the parts of the anatomy most vulnerable to occupational hazards and the methods of monitoring and protecting the lungs, the skins, the eyes, and the ears. An effective
Sugar consumption in acne vulgaris and seborrhoeic dermatitis.
Authors: D. G. Bett, J. Morland, J. Yudkin
Journal: BMJ (1967)

The consumption of sugar (sucrose) by patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis was found to be significantly higher than that of two groups of control subjects.On the other hand, the con- sumption of sugar by patients with acne vulgaris was found to be no different from that of control subjects.
Guidelines for medical audit
Authors: D. H Stone
Journal: BMJ (1989)

A further important point is that 20-30% of the population in the Paddington and North Kensington area is not registered with a general practitioner and would therefore not be included in any screen- ing programme that is based on the family practi- tioner committee register.This is a cause of some concern and necessitates the implementation of alternative strategies, which bear an additional cost.
Fibrinolytic activity of ascites caused by alcoholic cirrhosis and peritoneal malignancy.
Authors: D M Scott-Coombes, S A Whawell, M N Vipond, L Crnojevic, J N Thompson
Journal: Gut (1993)

Coagulopathy is a well recognised complication of peritoneovenous shunting for ascites. The relative contributions of primary fibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation remain controversial. Plasminogen activating activity was significantly lower in malignant ascites (n = 10, median &lt; 0.02 (range &lt; 0.02-1.26) IU/ml) than in alcoholic ascites (n = 10, 1.07 (0.30-1.49) IU/ml) (p &lt; 0.05). Fibrinolytic activity was determined by a balance between tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. There was no significant difference between the two groups in the concentration of tissue plasminogen activator (34 (12-64) ng/ml in malignant ascites v 29 (12-43) ng/ml in alcoholic ascites), but the concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was significantly higher in malignant ascites (736 (213-1651) ng/ml) than in alcohol ascites (29 (12-43) ng/ml) (p &lt; 0.05). Malignant ascites contained significantly higher concentrations of urokinase (0.7 (&lt; 0.1-1.3) ng/ml v 0.2 (&lt; 0.1-0.6) ng/ml in alcoholic ascites) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (33 (&lt; 6-140) ng/ml v 9 (&lt; 6-28) ng/ml alcoholic ascites). The plasminogen activating activity of alcohol ascites may lead to primary fibrinolysis after peritoneovenous shunting. The considerably lower activity found in malignant ascites may explain why coagulopathy after shunting is less pronounced in this group of patients.
Syphilis With a Negative Blood Test Reaction
Authors: Arthur S. Spangler, James H. Jackson, Nicholas J. Fiumara, Thomas A. Warthin
Journal: JAMA (1964)

The reappearance of syphilis as an important infectious disease in this country prompted a review of the methodology of diagnosis as viewed by the practitioner. Blind reliance on standard serologic tests for syphilis may be misleading. In our study, the disease, in various stages, was present in 24 patients whose serologic tests were negative. In 16, the negative test was the result of a positive prozone reaction, and the reagin became positive upon dilution of the serum. The newer treponemol tests (RPCF and TPI), darkfield and spinal fluid examinations were also valuable in establishing the diagnosis. The clinician must be aware of the possibility of active syphilis with a "false negative serology."
Cognitive architectures have limited explanatory power
Authors: Prasad Tadepalli
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Cognitive architectures, like programming languages, make commitments only at the implementation level and have limited explanatory power. Their universality implies that it is hard, if not impossible, to justify them in detail from finite quantities of data. It is more fruitful to focus on particular tasks such as language understanding and propose testable theories at the computational and algorithmic levels.
Science, Politics, and Federal Advisory Committees
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

About 1000 committees advise the federal government. Many of them address scientific, technical, and medical issues. There is a continuing dispute about whether the administration of President George W. Bush has compromised the system of advisory committees by manipulating it for political and ideological reasons and seeking scientific advice that matches the administration's own views. In turn, administration officials have rejected these charges as politically motivated. They maintain that they are supporting a strong system, not subverting it by stacking the committees. The controversy comes at a time of exceptional partisanship in Washington, with major battles over many issues, including . . .
Polycythemia: Theory and Management
Authors: John G. Deaton
Journal: JAMA (1974)

This multiauthored symposium on polycythemia is about the size of a<i>Medical Clinics of North America</i>and, except for the price, reminds me of one. But don't be fooled by the title, which suggests that the book is devoted to<i>all</i>types of polycythemia. The lion's share of the book is devoted to polycythemia vera. While some chapters are better than others, the volume lacks the unity one expects from a monograph—and in places suffers from an anemia of substance. In classifying polycythemia, two authors point out that red blood cell volume is the most important determinant of polycythemia. But another author states: "It is debatable whether a red cell mass need be determined in every patient under study for polycythemia vera. The diagnosis can be established with conviction in the presence of pancythemia, splenomegaly and a solidly cellular bone marrow." The author of the chapter on clinical manifestations refers
Molecular Characterization and Functional Analysis of Murine Interleukin 4 Receptor Allotypes
Authors: T. Schulte, R. Kurrle, M. Röllinghoff, A. Gessner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

The murine interleukin 4 receptor (IL-4R) exists as a transmembrane protein transducing pleiotropic IL-4 functions, or as soluble (s)IL-4–binding molecule with potent immunoregulatory effects. In this study we identified and characterized a murine IL-4R allotype. Sequence analysis of the IL-4R cDNA of BALB/c mice revealed 18 base substitutions leading to three extracellular and five cytoplasmic amino acid changes when compared with the published IL-4R sequence of C57BL/6 mice. Analyses with allotype-specific mAbs revealed that AKR/J and SJL/J mice possess the newly identified BALB/c IL-4R allotype whereas the IL-4Rs of C3H, CBA, DBA-2, and FVB/N mice are identical to that of the C57BL/6 mouse. The extracellular Thr49 to Ile substitution abrogates one N-glycosylation site in the naturally occurring BALB/c IL-4R as well as in the experimentally point mutated C57BL/6-T49I sIL-4R, and both molecules display a nearly threefold reduction in IL-4–neutralizing activity compared to the C57BL/6 sIL-4R. In line with this, a significantly enhanced dissociation rate of IL-4 was detected for the BALB/c IL-4R allotype by surface plasmon resonance and in radioligand binding studies with IL-4R–transfected cell lines. These findings suggest that the altered ligand binding behavior of the newly described IL-4R allotype may influence the IL-4 responsiveness, thus contributing to the diverse phenotypes of inbred mouse strains in IL-4–dependent diseases.
Aerosol Steroids for Asthma-Reply
Authors: M. Henry Williams
Journal: JAMA (1975)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I agree with Dr. Chmelik that long-term evaluation of patients receiving aerosolized steroids is needed, but surely, potential local side effects are greatly outweighed by the known systemic toxicity produced by orally administered steroids, the only available alternative for patients with severe asthma. Aerosolized steroids, particularly beclomethasone, have now been used for more than two years, their efficacy and freedom from serious toxicity have been amply substantiated in the medical literature, and they should be made available for patients in the United States, as they are in most other parts of the world.
Quality of data in the Manchester orthopaedic database.
Authors: J. L. Barrie, D. R. Marsh
Journal: BMJ (1992)

To determine the completeness and accuracy of data in a computerised clinical information system (Manchester orthopaedic database) in comparison with the data available through the Hospital Activity Analysis.Retrospective review of case notes, computer data, and Hospital Activity Analysis data.Orthopaedic unit in a district general hospital in Manchester.200 random patient records distributed through the period of use of the computer system (1 October 1988 to 31 March 1990) and 121 records for random admissions between 1 April 1989 and 31 March 1990, 71 of which were included in the previous sample.Conformity of the computer record key words and Hospital Activity Analysis codes to an ideal key word record and ideal code record drawn up by one investigator from the clinical notes; overall quality (completeness times accuracy).Overall completeness of the data in the orthopaedic database was 62% and the accuracy was 96%. Completeness improved after feedback to doctors on the use of key words in regular audit meetings. Completeness was higher in inpatient than outpatient records (69.9% v 53.7%, p less than 0.001) and when a new key word was required compared with missing and incorrect key words (both p less than 0.001). Completeness was lower when the key word was required of a senior registrar (p less than 0.05). Accuracy was not significantly different. The completeness of Hospital Activity Analysis data was 90.5% and accuracy 69.5%. Thus the overall data quality was similar in both systems.Even in a system designed for simple and efficient data capture, compliance by users was poor. Accuracy was high, suggesting that users understood the principles of data entry. Completeness of data capture can be improved by providing feedback to users on use of the system and performance. Improvements in future versions of the software should improve performance.
PD2-1-3: Changes in plasma levels of cytokines during fractionated radiotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): the relation with metabolic response and toxicity
Authors: Angela van Baardwijk, Geert Bosmans, Liesbeth Boersma, Rinus Wanders, Juanita Vernooy, Aleksandra Mandic Havelka, Philippe Lambin, Jan-Willem Cohen-Tervaert, Dirk De Ruysscher
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Poly (d,l-lactic acid) macroporous guidance scaffolds seeded with Schwann cells genetically modified to secrete a bi-functional neurotrophin implanted in the completely transected adult rat thoracic spinal cord
Authors: Andres Hurtado, Lawrence D.F. Moon, Véronique Maquet, Bas Blits, Robert Jérôme, Martin Oudega
Journal: Biomaterials (2005)
Conventional dendritic cells are the critical donor APC presenting alloantigen after experimental bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Kate A. Markey, Tatjana Banovic, Rachel D. Kuns, Stuart D. Olver, Alistair L. J. Don, Neil C. Raffelt, Yana A. Wilson, Liza J. Raggatt, Allison R. Pettit, Jonathan S. Bromberg, Geoffrey R. Hill, Kelli P. A. MacDonald
Journal: Blood (2009)
Reduction by Cimetidine of Serum Parathyroid Hormone Levels in Uremic Patients
Authors: Allan I. Jacob, Douglas Lanier, Janet Canterbury, Jacques J. Bourgoignie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Dietary restriction of phosphorus1 , 2 and administration of antacids3 have been shown to prevent or reverse uremic hyperparathyroidism, but patients find this therapy unpalatable and difficult to maintain. Recent case reports suggest a decrease of circulating levels of immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (iPTH) with cimetidine in two patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and ulcer disease.4 , 5 We therefore evaluated the effects of cimetidine on circulating levels of iPTH, ionized calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in patients on maintenance hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. We found that cimetidine reversibly lowered iPTH levels without affecting serum concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, or magnesium.MethodsSeven patients (five men . . .
Infectious-mononucleosis-like Syndrome After Transfusion
Authors: E. H. Horton
Journal: BMJ (1966)

If, rightly or wrongly, one accepts the theory that intrauterine devices, both ancient and modem, act as disnidators, then they are not contraceptives but abortifacients, and the incidence of extrauterine gestations in those women who have been fitted with these devices should remain unaffected.Mr. Ramkissoon-Chen and Dr. Kong Ta-Ko have issued a timely warning that in these cases the symptoms produced by a tubal gestation may easily be mistaken for side- effects due to the intrauterine device.In underlining this warning I hope that the diagnostic pitfall will be widely appreciated in order that occasional serious complications may be avoided.-Iam, etc.,
Abstract 3547: The differences in intestinal absorptions between CZ48 and its parental Camptothecin
Authors: Xing Liu, Albert DeJesus, Zhisong Cao, Beppino Giovanella
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The determination of oral bioavailability is a critical step in early phase drug development. In part, the ability to predict whether a drug will be effectively transported across the gastrointestinal mucosa can be estimated from the physicochemical properties of the compound. Currently, the Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cell line is often used by the pharmaceutical industry to evaluate intestinal absorption of drugs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the membrane transport mechanism of CZ48, a hydrated C20-propionate ester of Camptothecin (CPT), in the Caco-2 cell culture model, in order to understand the possible role of membrane transporters on its oral bioavailability and disposition. Caco-2 cells were grown onto Millicell™ to form monolayers. Directional transport of CZ48 and CPT was determined. The results indicated that apical (AP) to basolateral (BL) transport of CZ48 and CPT was distinctively different from BL to AP transport, with AP to BL transport surpassing the BL to AP transport. The ratio of BL-AP/AP-BL transport rate was 0.36 and 3.0 for CZ48 and CPT at the concentration of 5µM, respectively. The results also showed that AP to BL permeability of CZ48 was ten times lower than CPT, but the accumulation of CZ48 in intact cells was higher than CPT (0.67 and 0.49 nmol, respectively). In conclusion, the p-glycoprotein may be involved in the transepithelial transport of CPT. An additional carrier mechanism may be involved in the AP uptake of CZ48, since Apical transport of CZ48 in the Caco-2 cells is mediated, at least in part, by uptake of a nucleic bases into cells via an nucleobase transporter. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3547.