tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chemical carcinogenesis in feral fish: uptake, activation, and detoxication of organic xenobiotics.
Authors: U Varanasi, J E Stein, M Nishimoto, W L Reichert, T K Collier
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

The high prevalence of liver neoplasms in English sole (Parophrys vetulus) and substantially lower prevalence of neoplasms in a closely related species, starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) captured from industrialized waterways, provide a unique opportunity to compare biochemical processes involved in chemical carcinogenesis in feral fish species. Because levels of aromatic hydrocarbons (AHs) in urban sediments are correlated with prevalences of liver neoplasms in English sole, we have initiated detailed studies to evaluate the effects of endogenous and exogenous factors on uptake, activation and detoxication of carcinogenic AHs, such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), using spectroscopic, chromatographic, and radiometric techniques. The results obtained thus far show that sole readily takes up AHs associated with sediment from urban areas and that the presence of other xenobiotics, such as PCBs, in sediment increases tissue concentrations of BaP metabolites. Extensive metabolism of BaP occurred whether sole was exposed to this AH via sediment, per os, or intraperitoneally. Substantial modification of hepatic DNA occurred and persisted for a period of 2-4 weeks after a single exposure to BaP. The level of covalent binding of BaP intermediates to hepatic DNA was 10-fold higher in juvenile than adult sole and 90-fold higher in juvenile sole than in Sprague-Dawley rat, a species which is resistant to BaP-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The level of chemical modification of hepatic DNA in juvenile flounder was 2-4 fold lower than that for juvenile sole and concentration of BaP 7,8-diol glucuronide in bile of sole was significantly higher than that in flounder bile, although the rate of formation of BaP 7,8-diol by hepatic microsomes was comparable for both species. Moreover, liver microsomes from both species, in the presence of exogenous DNA, metabolized BaP into essentially a single adduct, identified as (+)anti-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydroBaP-dG. These results, along with our findings that hepatic GST activity in flounder was two times higher than in sole, demonstrate that microsomal metabolism of BaP does not accurately reflect the differences in the ability of these fish to form BaP-DNA adducts in vivo and also suggest that detoxication of reactive intermediates is an important factor in determining the levels of DNA modification by AHs and resulting toxic effects in feral fish.
Incidence of asthma in Swedish teenagers: relation to sex and smoking habits.
Authors: L Larsson
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--The prevalence of asthma and the use of asthma drugs is increasing worldwide. Studies of the incidence of asthma are few but are of interest in finding factors associated with onset of the disease. A study was performed to estimate the incidence of asthma and its relation to sex and to tobacco smoking between the ages of 16 and 19 years, and to compare the incidence of asthma with the proportion of individuals receiving a prescription of an asthma drug for the first time during one year. METHODS--A questionnaire was sent in 1990 to all 3627 individuals born in 1974 living in the county of Jämtland and Gästrikland, the southern part of the county of Gävleborg in central Sweden. Individuals reporting airways disease or obstructive symptoms were investigated with a further interview and lung function tests. The cross sectional questionnaire study was repeated in 1993. The incidence of asthma was calculated in the 2308 individuals who answered the questionnaire in both surveys and who were found not to have asthma in 1990. RESULTS--The yearly incidence of asthma defined from self reported disease, physician diagnosed asthma, drug use, or asthma associated symptoms was between 0.8% and 1.3%, depending on the criteria used. All criteria used resulted in a higher incidence in female subjects. Female sex was a risk factor for asthma when standardised for smoking, and smoking was also a risk factor for asthma when standardised for sex to all but two of the criteria used. In all the criteria the increased risk of asthma combined with smoking was greater in female subjects. CONCLUSION--The yearly incidence of asthma was about 1% between the ages of 16 and 19 years. Smoking and female sex were found to be risk factors for asthma. The incidence of asthma was close to the incidence of new drug use for asthma.
Detection of Synchronous Primary Breast and Prostate Cancer by F-18 Fluorocholine PET/CT
Authors: Sandi A. Kwee, Marc N. Coel
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

There is growing experience with F-18 fluorocholine (FCH) for positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging of prostate cancer, but limited experience in breast cancer. We report the PET detection of synchronous cancers of the breast and prostate. A 68-year-old man with elevated prostate specific antigen levels underwent PET/CT following injection of 4.7 mCi of FCH with informed consent as part of a clinical research study. PET/CT revealed focal uptake in the left breast that was found by biopsy to be an invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Prostate biopsy also revealed prostate cancer corresponding to an area of increased prostatic FCH uptake. The patient received primary treatments with mastectomy and prostatectomy.
Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Andrea M. Vincent, James W. Russell, Phillip Low, Eva L. Feldman
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2004)

Oxidative stress results from a cell or tissue failing to detoxify the free radicals that are produced during metabolic activity. Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia that produces dysregulation of cellular metabolism. This review explores the concept that diabetes overloads glucose metabolic pathways, resulting in excess free radical production and oxidative stress. Evidence is presented to support the idea that both chronic and acute hyperglycemia cause oxidative stress in the peripheral nervous system that can promote the development of diabetic neuropathy. Proteins that are damaged by oxidative stress have decreased biological activity leading to loss of energy metabolism, cell signaling, transport, and, ultimately, to cell death. Examination of the data from animal and cell culture models of diabetes, as well as clinical trials of antioxidants, strongly implicates hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy. We conclude that striving for superior antioxidative therapies remains essential for the prevention of neuropathy in diabetic patients.
High Concentrations of Keratinocyte Growth Factor in Airways of Premature Infants Predicted Absence of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Claude Danan, Marie-Laure Franco, Pierre-Henri Jarreau, Gilles Dassieu, Bernadette Chailley-Heu, Jacques Bourbon, Christophe Delacourt
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Premature lungs are highly susceptible to lung injuries, leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is produced by the developing lung and may reduce the risk of BPD by preventing injury to the lung epithelium and enhancing its repair. To determine whether KGF concentrations in the airways during the initial phase of hyaline membrane disease are correlated with subsequent development of BPD defined as the need for supplemental oxygen at a postconceptional age of 36 weeks, we obtained tracheal aspirates within 3 hours of birth (Day 0) from 91 intubated neonates with a gestational age of 30 weeks or less. Repeat samples were obtained from 42 neonates within 5 days after birth. KGF in aspirate supernatants was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. On Day 0, KGF was detected in all but six neonates. A significant increase in KGF concentration was found from the first to the second samples. The highest KGF concentration within 5 days after birth (KGFmax) was significantly higher in survivors without BPD than in those with BPD. A KGFmax value higher than 110 pg/ml had a positive predictive value of 95% for absence of BPD. KGF may hold promise for the treatment of very premature neonates.
Significance of anergy to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in inflammatory bowel disease: family and postoperative studies.
Authors: S Meyers, D B Sachar, R N Taub, H D Janowitz
Journal: Gut (1978)

To evaluate the pathogenetic significance of impaired cellular immunity in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we have measured the cutaneous responsiveness to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) among 58 patients with IBD, 33 with Crohn9s disease and 25 with ulcerative colitis, 63 of their clinically normal relatives, 24 additional ileitis and colitis patients who had undergone resection of all visibly diseased bowel, and 23 control subjects. Cutaneous anergy to DNCB was demonstrated among 70% of the patients with CD and 48% of those with UC, as against only 9% of the controls (p less than 0.001). There was no increased incidence of anergy among either 44 first-degree relatives (7%) or 19 spouses (3%), nor was there any special proclivity toward anergy among six pairs of patients with familial inflammatory bowel disease. In Crohn9s disease, anergy was still present after bowel resection in six of 10 patients (60%), while in ulcerative colitis anergy was found after colectomy in only two of 14 patients (14%). Our data suggest that the immune defect in patients with inflammatory bowel disease may be a secondary phenomenon. In ulcerative colitis, the defect appears to reverse after colectomy, but in Crohn9s disease it persists despite resection. This finding is consistent with the observed tendency of Crohn9s disease, but not ulcerative colitis, to inexorable postoperative recurrence.
Gastro-Intestinal Toxins: Their Clinical Significance and Therapeutic Indications
Authors: Wm. Armstrong
Journal: BMJ (1897)

negative reaction.These cases show that for diagnosis a negative reaction is fairly strong evidence that the disease is not enteric fever.This, I have said above, is not absolute, for 9.8 per cent. of my cases of enteric fever gave a negative reaction.The last class is made up from 35 patients who were suffer- ing from various diseases, and 3 cases who were in perfect health.Not one positive reaction was obtained.Many pseudo-agglomerations were observed, but these occurred only after the preparation had been made some time; and, as explained above, the false reaction as a whole differs greatly from the true.In fact it seemed very unusual to find diseases, especially if attended with fever, whose sera did not give rise to clumps after a certain period.The motility always seems to become lessened after twenty-four hours, and as a rule a few clumps appeared; and often, indeed, a few clusters of organisms could be seen at once.In one case a typical reaction showed itself in an hour and a-half with a I to 2 'dilution.This impressed upon me the necessity of fixing a time limit, namely half an hour, for the reaction to take place in.This patient died, and at the necropsy no lesion of enteric fever was found.I have tried the action of typhoid sera, which react with typhoid microbes, on bacillus coli communis; clumping never took place in a i to 9 or I to 2 dilution; in twenty-four hours in some cases there were a few clusters, but active motility was retained.I have also tried the action of the urine from typhoid patients upon typhoid organisms.In i few cases this certainly gave rise to clumping, but the result was not so rapid or so clear as the serum reaction.The saliva from healthy pe9ple gave clumps as well as that from typhoid patients.Other typhoid saliva gave no sign of clumping.This, therefore, is obviously untrustworthy, and there is no doubt that it is the blood serum which gives the best results.CONCLUSIONS.
Conjugal disharmony: a hitherto unrecognised cause of strokes.
Authors: N Milligan, M Anderson
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Two women of reproductive age suffered strokes. Neither was taking oral contraceptives, and investigations showed no other causal factors. The radiological findings were characteristic of traumatic internal carotid artery occlusion, but neither patient gave a history of trauma. Only after further inquiry into the patients' social circumstances did it emerge that each had survived an attempt at strangulation by her husband. Such a cause of stroke in young women should be considered when other causes of carotid artery occlusion cannot be identified.
Preoperative Anthropometric Analysis of the Cleft Child's Face: A Comparison between Groups
Authors: J. Whittle
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2004)

This study examines the facial surfaces of different groups of cleft babies aged up to eleven months, prior to any corrective surgery, with the aim of identifying and assessing differences in their facial morphology. Measurements of standard anthropometric landmarks were made on plaster casts taken pre-operatively of the faces of babies presenting for surgical correction of lip and palate deformities. Periorbital and mid face measurements show no difference between control and cleft groups. The nasal base is shown to be wider in infants with cleft lip on both cleft and non-cleft sides. Upper lip measurements indicate shortening, lateral deviation and superolateral rotation. A diagrammatic model is proposed to illustrate facial anatomy in control and cleft individuals. Modifications to the technique are proposed. Further study in this field is suggested, in order to produce a comprehensive database of facial morphological changes in the cleft and non-cleft populations both pre-operatively and over time, with a view to producing a potential redefinition of the cleft syndrome based on anthropometric principles.
Host Restriction Factor SAMHD1 Limits Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Infection of Monocytes via STING-Mediated Apoptosis
Authors: Alexandre Sze, S. Mehdi Belgnaoui, David Olagnier, Rongtuan Lin, John Hiscott, Julien van Grevenynghe
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)
Slipping Rib Syndrome
Authors: George J. Heinz
Journal: JAMA (1977)

A woman with recurrent abdominal pain was found to have the "slipping rib syndrome" by using the hooking maneuver. The diagnosis of this common but little known cause of abdominal and chest pain can often be made by using this simple technique. Rib resection was required for relief of this patient's symptoms. (<i>JAMA</i>237:794-795, 1977)
Contraindications to Lumbar Puncture
Authors: DONALD FORESTER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Letters and Corrections1 November 1986Contraindications to Lumbar PunctureDONALD FORESTER, M.D.DONALD FORESTER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-105-5-805_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The indications for, and usefulness of, the spinal tap are reviewed by Marton and Gean (1) in the June issue. However, two contraindications to the lumbar puncture not mentioned by the authors are local lumbar skin infection and platelet counts below 50 000/mm3(2). Overlying skin infection creates a medium for the introduction of bacteria into the spinal canal. Thrombocytopenia creates the risk of intraspinal hemorrhage as the advancing spinal needle passes into the subarachnoid space (3); correcting this abnormality before the lumbar puncture can avoid such a complication....References1. MARTONGEAN KA. The spinal tap: A new look at an old test. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104:840-8. LinkGoogle Scholar2. EARNEST M. Safe and effective use of lumbar puncture. In: EARNEST MP, ed. Neurologic Emergencies. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1983:47-58. Google Scholar3. GORELICKBELLER PJ. Lumbar puncture: technique, indications and complications. Postgrad Med. 1986;79:257-68. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: The Mount Vernon Hospital Mount Vernon, NY 10550 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 November 1986Volume 105, Issue 5Page: 805-805KeywordsBacteriaHemorrhageLumbar puncturePlateletsSkin infectionsSubarachnoid hemorrhage ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1986 PDF downloadLoading ...
Isolation of Salmonella from Poultry
Authors: Arthur N. Wilder, Robert A. MacCready
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE number of cases of salmonellosis reported in the United States has increased dramatically over the last twenty years.1 Much of this has been due to a greater awareness of the disease, a better utilization of existing laboratory facilities and intensified epidemiologic investigations. However, real increases in the incidence of salmonellosis have been documented as well.2 They undoubtedly may be explained by changing patterns of food consumption, and particularly by greater centralization and mechanization of food processing and production. These changes cause more people to be exposed at any one time to possible sources of salmonella contamination. A vivid example . . .
Hepatitis B and Sexual Practices
Authors: Robert K. Bolan, William F. Owen, Robert L. Owen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Letters and Corrections1 May 1982Hepatitis B and Sexual PracticesROBERT K. BOLAN, M.D., WILLIAM F. OWEN JR., M.D., ROBERT L. OWEN, M.D.ROBERT K. BOLAN, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, WILLIAM F. OWEN JR., M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ROBERT L. OWEN, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-96-5-678_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Reiner and coauthors (1) present evidence for de facto parenteral transmission of hepatitis B through specific sexual activities in gay men and provide more information on the complex puzzle of disease and data collection in this population. We present four points for consideration.First, in a study of sexual transmission of hepatitis A, Corey and Holmes (2) found the acquisition of hepatitis B significantly correlated with the frequency of anal receptive intercourse but not with analingus. This finding contrasts with the unpublished data cited by the authors on the risk of analingus.Second, because the prevalence of...References1. REINERJUDSONBONDFRANCISPETERSEN NFWDN. Asymptomatic rectal mucosal lesions and hepatitis B surface antigen at sites of sexual contact in homosexual men with persistent hepatitis B virus infection: evidence for de facto parenteral transmission. Ann Intern Med. 1982;96:170-3. LinkGoogle Scholar2. COREYHOLMES LK. Sexual transmission of hepatitis A in homosexual men: incidence and mechanism. N Engl J Med. 1980;302:435-8. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. OWEN W. Sexually transmitted diseases and traumatic problems in homosexual men. Ann Intern Med. 1980;92:805-8. LinkGoogle Scholar4. KAZALSOHNCARRASCO HNJ. The gay bowel syndrome: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1976;6:184-92. MedlineGoogle Scholar5. BOLLING D. Prevalence, goals and complications of heterosexual anal intercourse in a gynecologic population. J Reprod Med. 1977;19:120-4. MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of California San Francisco, CA PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1982Volume 96, Issue 5Page: 678-678KeywordsHepatitis AHepatitis BHuman sexual behavior Issue Published: 1 May 1982 PDF downloadLoading ...
The Negative Side of Cost-effectiveness Analysis-Reply
Authors: Joanna E. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Drs Stinnett and Mullahy provide a helpful illustration of the problems that occur when standard cost-effectiveness calculations lead to a negative C/E ratio. Negative ratios occur in a cost-effectiveness analysis when 1 of the 2 alternatives being compared dominates the other, ie, 1 of the alternatives is both less costly and more effective than the other. Trouble arises when part of the legitimate range of uncertainty about the cost difference or the difference in effectiveness between the 2 alternatives includes cases in which 1 alternative dominates the other. Stinnett and Mullahy rightly point out that computing a CI for the C/E ratio does not circumvent the basic problem that it is inappropriate to compute a C/E ratio in this circumstance and advocate the alternative of using net benefit rather than a C/E ratio. From the terminology, it would seem that Stinnett and Mullahy are advocating the use of cost-benefit analysis,
The Relation of Cavity to the Development of Streptomycin-Resistant Tubercle Bacilli in Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Roger S. Mitchell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

IT IS increasingly apparent that the usefulness of streptomycin therapy in pulmonary tuberculosis is seriously limited by the frequent and often early appearance of tubercle bacilli that are resistant‡ to the drug. The development of this resistance in vitro has been observed to coincide with loss of effectiveness of the drug in vivo.1 2 3 4 The incidence of streptomycin resistance has been found to increase with the number of days that treatment is given.1 , 3 , 5 6 7 It is believed, in addition, that resistant strains appear earlier and more frequently in patients with severe constitutional symptoms and in those with extensive pulmonary involvement.4 , 5 On the . . .
Pulmonary Heart Disease
Authors: ROBERT N. ARMEN, MILTON KANTOR, NELSON J. WEISER
Journal: Circulation (1958)

The diagnosis of cor pulmonale presents considerable difficulty in its earlier stages. Clinical symptoms are not available until the right heart fails and the only reliable sign is right ventricular hypertrophy, which is not easy to demonstrate. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate electrocardiographic patterns of these patients as a more practical means of diagnosis. Sixty-seven patients with cor pulmonale are included in this study, which endeavors to point out degrees of correlation between various electrocardiographic patterns and clinical factors, such as stages of the disease, its severity, its etiology, and the anatomic changes of the right ventricle. It also evaluates the degrees of specificity of the various patterns encountered in these patients.
The Stage Theory of Grief
Authors: Roxane Cohen Silver, Camille B. Wortman
Journal: JAMA (2007)

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