tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antagonising neuromuscular block at the end of surgery
Authors: J. M. Hunter
Journal: BMJ (2012)

To reverse or not to reverse? That is the question

The introduction of neuromuscular blocking drugs (muscle relaxants) into anaesthetic practice 70 years ago revolutionised acute clinical care. It led to the development of major cardiac surgery, paediatric surgery, and neurosurgery, as well as the specialty of critical care. In the presence of muscle relaxants, anaesthesia could be lightened and postoperative recovery was faster. This allowed patients to protect their airway more rapidly on recovery, thereby preventing pulmonary aspiration of stomach contents. In a linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.e6329), Grosse-Sundrup and colleagues used a prospective propensity score matched cohort analysis to compare outcomes in 18 579 patients who received intermediate acting muscle relaxants and 18 579 who did not.1 

In the United Kingdom, the development of anaesthesia using neuromuscular blockade was led by T Cecil Gray in Liverpool. In 1946, he described a series of more than 1000 cases of what became known as the Liverpool anaesthetic technique, which consisted of sleep induced with a barbiturate and maintained with nitrous oxide in oxygen, analgesia with morphine, and profound muscle relaxation with D-tubocurarine.2 He insisted on the need for good oxygenation throughout anaesthesia—in itself a new concept at the time—and diligent clinical monitoring of the …
Exercise vs Drugs for Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Broino Kiveloff
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Recent research has indicated that both isotonic and isometric exercise are alternatives for hypotensive drugs in the treatment and prevention of hypertension. The danger of becoming a drug-oriented society may be reduced with attention to this other approach. With the new trend in screening for early detection of hypertension, hope of alleviating this condition is assured for innumerable people of all ages. The sphygmomanometer may join the thermometer as a household necessity and thereby arrest the development of advanced medical problems by early care by a physician. Early detection seems indicated in this modern civilized society with its technological pressures. The rationale for utilizing a normal, physiological, hygienic method of exercise for maintaining normal blood pressure and lowering hypertension possibly may rest with the explanation of feedback from the muscles in regulating cardiovascular adjustments. Preliminary experiments with brief, extensive, maximal isometric exercises are indicating this possibility. Consideration
language and the game of life
Authors: stevan harnad
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

steels &amp; belpaeme's (s&amp;b's) simulations contain all the right components, but they are put together wrongly. color categories are unrepresentative of categories in general and language is not merely naming. language evolved because it provided a powerful new way to acquire categories (through instruction, rather than just the old way of other species, through trial-and-error experience). it did not evolve so that multiple agents looking at the same objects could let one another know which of the objects they had in mind, co-coining names for them on the fly.
A rapid in vitro drug‐sensitivity assay in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Michael E. Theodorakis, Jack Goldberg
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1983)

Abstract Leukemic myeloid, myelomonocytic, and monocytic cells will incorporate radiolabeled sulfate into newly synthesized macromolecules. We developed a liquid culture technique to examine the in vitro effects of chemotherapeutic agents on the incorporation of radiolabeled sulfate into cells of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL). Cells recovered from bone marrow or peripheral blood of 25 patients with ANLL were incubated in vitro for one hour with saline (control) or a variety of chemotherapeutic agents. Cells were washed free of the drug and grown in liquid cultures containing nutrient medium and 35 SO 4 . The percent of 35 SO 4 incorporated into the drug treated as compared with control cells was determined after one, three, and seven days of culture. Patients whose drug‐treated cells incorporated less than 30% of 35 SO 4 when compared with the control after three or seven days of culture achieved a complete response to these agents in vivo (P &lt; .05). Thus, the in vitro effects of various chemotherapeutic agents on the incorporation of 35 SO 4 into cells obtained from patients with ANLL may help predict clinical response to these agents in vivo.
Efficient T Cell Activation via a Toll-Interleukin 1 Receptor-Independent Pathway
Authors: Edith Janssen, Koichi Tabeta, Michael J. Barnes, Sophie Rutschmann, Sara McBride, Keith S. Bahjat, Stephen P. Schoenberger, Argyrios N. Theofilopoulos, Bruce Beutler, Kasper Hoebe
Journal: Immunity (2006)
Diseases of the Kidney
Authors: George Dunea
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The modern medical textbook continues to defy exaggerated rumors of its impending demise. Blissfully ignorant of cost containment and prudent diets, it keeps gaining weight and becoming more expensive. This particular renal textbook has more than 3500 pages, weighs 18 lb, and costs $195. It represents the fourth reincarnation of "Strauss and Welt," which in 1963 constituted an agreeable piece of carry-on luggage for the few devotees of the budding discipline of nephrology. The current edition, by contrast, is a time bomb that threatens to ultimately explode into the size of an<i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Its dinosaurian proportions also make it more vulnerable to early obsolescence—especially since most of the sections appear to have been written around 1985. Inherent in the nature of these multiauthor encyclopedias is a considerable amount of overlap. Subjects recur like thoughts in a dream—so that, for example, acquired renal cystic disease first appears on page 570
Clonal Mutations in the Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: The Case against Genetic Coevolution
Authors: Ian Campbell, Kornelia Polyak, Izhak Haviv
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

It is well established that carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) differ phenotypically from fibroblasts associated with normal tissue, but the mechanisms underlying these differences remain controversial. Because CAFs can be propagated in vitro for extended periods and still maintain their cancer promoting phenotype, it has been proposed that they might have acquired somatic genetic alterations analogous to those observed in malignant epithelium. Whereas some investigators have reported frequent and profound genomic alterations in CAFs, other groups have found no such evidence. One striking common trait of those studies reporting frequent clonal somatic alterations in CAFs is the use of tissues and techniques which are well known to be highly prone to generating artefacts, such as limiting and poor quality DNA followed by highly multiplexed PCR-based analysis. We conclude that reported frequent clonal somatic mutations in CAFs are likely to be artefacts and are not the biological basis of the cancer promoting attributes of CAFs. [corrected]
Regional crisis is feared as violence overtakes Chad
Authors: Peter Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Humanitarian officials fear that recent fighting in Chad—the worst in decades of sporadic civil conflict—could have a catastrophic effect on millions of people displaced by the violence in Darfur in neighbouring Sudan. They caution that if the crisis is not immediately resolved it could soon spread across the region.

UN secretary general Ban Ki-Moon warned that there could be “devastating consequences not only for the people of Chad and Darfurian refugees seeking shelter there but also for Darfur itself.”

He insisted that the deployment of the hybrid United Nations and African Union peacekeeping force, known as UNAMID, must be speeded up, and he urged …
Abstract 163: DTMETH: A novel method for increased length quantitative CpG methylation analysis
Authors: Triantafillos Liloglou, Anastasia Filia, Alexandros Daskalos, Georgios Nikolaidis, Helen Bottomley, Peter N. Ma, Britta Finkelnburg, John K. Field
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract DNA methylation analysis has been blooming in the last decade as there is increasing evidence for epigenetic control of new pathways involved in normal cell function as well as the pathogenesis of human disease. A large number of methods have been devised to address the needs of DNA methylation detection in clinical samples. A DNA methylation detection method of preference should be able to interrogate multiple CpGs over long stretches of DNA, quantify DNA methylation, include multiple bisulphite conversion controls, provide increased sensitivity and low background. Here we present DTMETH, a novel method for DNA methylation analysis that bears the above characteristics. In principle, the desired locus is amplified from bisulphite treated-DNA using primers at CpG-free areas. Primers bear short 5’ tails which contain two cytosines (forward) or guanines (reverse) that will serve as normalisation tools. After a spin-column cleanup process, the PCR product is subjected to DTMETH. This is a thermostable reaction utilising FS Taq and labelled ddC (Applied Biosystems). The latter will be only incorporated at methylated cytosines, as post-bisulphite unmethylated cytosines are converted to uracils. The DTMETH products are cleaned by ethanol precipitation and subjected to analysis on a capillary sequencer. ddC peak areas corresponding to methylated Cs are normalised by the peak areas of the control Cs on the primer tail. As proof of principle we present DNA methylation analysis for the p16 gene. We amplified a 269 bp region of the gene's 5’UTR containing 28 CpGs. The assays provide excellent linearity and reproducibility. We used it to screen 90 non-small cell lung carcinomas for p16 methylation in comparison to an established pyrosequencing assay. p16 hypermethylation was detected in 23 samples with both methods, 3 samples with DTMETH only, while 64 samples were negative. DTMETH combines the read lengths of dideoxy terminator sequencing, and enables quantitation without the need of cloning. It is highly versatile, offering easy assay design and due to its thermostable nature can easily overcome secondary structure issues arising from the low complexity bisulphite DNA sequence composition. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 163.
Spontaneous haemoperitoneum from rupture of a primary hepatic adenoma in an adult man.
Authors: P D McInerney, M G van Dessel, D A Berstock
Journal: Gut (1987)

Hepatic cell adenomata have been described as the rarest of benign liver tumours. Their incidence has increased with the advent of the oral contraceptive pill and they have been reported to rupture spontaneously in women. In men such a phenomenon appears to be an extreme rarity and, to our knowledge, spontaneous rupture of an uncomplicated primary hepatic adenoma, in an adult man, is previously unrecorded.
Angiotensin II and cell-matrix adhesion: PKCɛ is essential
Authors: L HEIN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

See article by Stawowy et al. (pages 50–59) in this issue .

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an essential regulator of homeostasis and response to pathological stimuli in the cardiovascular system. In addition to its short- and long-term hemodynamic effects, Ang II plays an important role in cardiovascular remodeling in hypertension, myocardial infarction and chronic heart failure. In recent years, great efforts have been made to identify specific intracellular signaling pathways that are activated in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts during the process of ventricular remodeling. Despite significant progress, the precise role of individual pathways and their relevance in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts are only partly understood.

In this issue of Cardiovascular Research , Stawowy et al. [1] describe a novel signaling pathway for Ang II-mediated adhesion of cardiac fibroblasts to extracellular matrix. This study convincingly demonstrates that a specific protein kinase C subtype, PKCe, is essential for inside–out signaling of β1-integrin-activated adhesion of cardiac fibroblasts to the extracellular matrix.

Protein kinase C may be regulated by a number of different stimuli. All G protein-coupled receptors that activate Gαq/11 proteins, e.g. AT1 receptors via phospholipase Cβ, which releases diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, initiate PKC activation (Fig. 1). Other stimuli that are associated with PKC activation, e.g. ischemia/reperfusion or pressure overload, are less … 

*Tel.: +49 761 203 5313; fax: +49 761 203 5318. Email address: lutz.hein{at}pharmakol.uni-freiburg.de
Company’s decision to lengthen lipid lowering trial causes controversy
Authors: Jeanne Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The decision to extend enrolment of participants in a lipid lowering trial that was set to come to an end in 2011 because the target for enrolments had already been exceeded is causing controversy.

The delay follows an earlier row about the delayed reporting of the results of another study of the same drug, ezetimibe, which is manufactured jointly by Merck and Schering-Plough and sold singly as Ezetrol in the United Kingdom and as Zetia in the United States, or in combination with simvastatin as Inegy in the UK and Vytorin in the US ( BMJ 2008;336:180-1; doi: 10.1136/bmj.39468.610775.DB).

Merck and Schering-Plough published a news release on 28 March stating that they will extend enrolment …
Incremental prognostic value of exercise thallium-201 myocardial single-photon emission computed tomography late after coronary artery bypass surgery
Authors: Walter Palmas, Scott Bingham, George A. Diamond, Timothy A. Denton, Hosen Kiat, John D. Friedman, Debra Scarlata, Jamshid Maddahi, Ishac Cohen, Daniel S. Berman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
"THE KAHN TEST FOR SYPHILIS"
Authors: Robert A. Kilduffe
Journal: JAMA (1927)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The communication of Dr. A. V. Greaves (The Journal, March 19) deserves discussion. Like all interested in the study of syphilis, I have followed the developments of recent years affecting methods for its serologic investigation, both the evolution of refinements in Wassermann technic and the evolution of the Kahn flocculation test. I agree with Dr. Greaves that "in scientific medicine we must at all cost to our feelings follow our conclusions as far as they will take us without allowing sentiment to stand in the way." This is a fortunate phraseology, but I cannot avoid the impression that many of the recent communications are concerned, not with the applicability of the Kahn test to the serologic study of syphilis or to its diagnosis, but rather with a sometimes more than tepid discussion as to whether or not all other means of study shall be immediately discarded in
Distribution of HLA-B27 subtypes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: the disease is associated with a common determinant of the various B27 molecules.
Authors: B.S Breur-Vriesendorp, A.J Dekker-Saeys, P Ivanyi
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

HLA-B27 subtypes can be defined by cellular, serological, and biochemical techniques. The seven subtypes so far identified represent structural variants of B27 with limited variations in the amino acid sequence of the B27 molecule. The routinely typed B27 'antigen' remains a common (shared, public) determinant present on various B27 molecules. The distribution of the subtypes varies strongly among different ethnic groups and they occur in different linkage disequilibria. In the healthy Dutch population only two subtypes were found: B27W (B27 X 1, B27M2+) (90%) and B27K (B27 X 2, B27M2-) (10%). A similar distribution of B27 subtypes was observed in 91 unrelated Dutch patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS)--namely, 92% B27W and 8% B27K. In Oriental populations the subtype distribution is quite different: B27W occurs in less than 50%, whereas more than 50% individuals are of the B27C and B27D subtypes. Preliminary data indicate that the distribution of subtypes in healthy and diseased Oriental individuals is similar. These results suggest that the B27 and disease (AS) association is not correlated with the structural variations of one of the B27 subtypes, but with a common B27 determinant shared by various B27 subtypes. Consequently, the disease is older than the B27 variants. Further studies on disease and subtype distribution in various ethnic groups might contribute to a better understanding of the origin of both.
Use of Lasers for Vision Correction of Nearsightedness and Farsightedness
Authors: Steven E. Wilson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

A 32-year-old woman with moderate myopia and mild dry eye has worn soft contact lenses for 12 years but now is not tolerating them well. On examination, her refraction is –4.25 + 1.0 × 90 (–3.75 diopters of spherical equivalent and 1 diopter of astigmatism at 90 degrees) in the right eye and –3.5 + 0.5 × 88 in the left eye, yielding a best corrected visual acuity of 20/20 in each eye. She asks about refractive surgery. What would you advise?
Cardiac consequences and treatment of disopyramide intoxication: experimental evaluation in dogs
Authors: B. O'KEEFFE, A. M. HAYLER, D. W. HOLT, R. K. MEDD
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1979)

A slow (1.18 μmol·kg−1·mm−1) intravenous infusion of disopyramide (mol.wt 339) was given to 8 adult Beagle dogs. An initial phase of slow decline in cardiac output and broadening of the QRS complex on the ECG, with systolic blood pressure maintained above 13.5 kPa (100 mmHg), was followed by a phase of rapid circulatory failure without a correspondingly dramatic change in ECG appearances. Underventilation and cardiac arrhythmias were observed only in the agonal phase after several minutes of circulatory arrest. They were not therefore the primary cause of death, which was due to failure of myocardial contractility. Three positively inotropic drugs (isoprenaline, dopamine, and glucagon) are shown to be capable of restoring the failing circulation, provided they are given before the phase of complete circulatory standstill. In this respect isoprenaline appears superior to dopamine and glucagon.
Leukocytosis During Lithium Treatment
Authors: DENNIS L. MURPHY, FREDERICK K. GOODWIN, WILLIAM E. BUNNEY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

An increase in circulating leukocytes accompanied lithium treatment in 28 consecutively studied manic-depressive patients. Acutely manic patients showed the most marked changes and maintained leukocyte counts of 10,000 to 14,000 during the first two to four weeks of lithium administration. Leukocyte counts returned to pre-lithium levels within one week after discontinuation of the drug. In 11 patients receiving lithium for longer periods the elevation in white cell count persisted throughout treatment.
Assessing Critical Illness During Emergency Medical Services Care
Authors: Henry E. Wang
Journal: JAMA (2010)

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Surgical management of hiatal herniae and oesophageal strictures in systemic sclerosis
Authors: R. H. F. Brain
Journal: Thorax (1973)

<b>Brain, R. H. F. (1973).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>28</b>, 515-520. <b>Surgical management of hiatal herniae and oesophageal strictures in systemic sclerosis.</b> The clinical manifestations of 10 patients with systemic sclerosis whose oesophageal complications were managed by surgery are reported. Ninety per cent had a severe ulcerating type of oesophagitis and all had hiatal herniae demonstrable by contrast radiology. All but two had fibrous strictures. Their treatment by surgery is reviewed. Earlier diagnosis of reflux oesophagitis should be beneficial in leading to successful control by a simple hiatal hernia repair. The severity of the oesophagitis is explained. Stricture formation, when present, should be treated by excision with replacement by jejunum or colon before the cardiopulmonary manifestations of the disease preclude major surgical measures. The finding of an impaired vagal neurological supply to the oesophagus in the form of a deficiency in Auerbach9s ganglion cells in two patients is of interest. Reflux oesophagitis is classified.
Graded Reduction of Arterial Pressure in Man by Means of a Thiophanium Derivative (Ro 2-2222)
Authors: STANLEY J. SARNOFF, WALTER T. GOODALE, L. CHARLOTTE SARNOFF
Journal: Circulation (1952)

The authors describe the use of a ganglionic blocking agent which acts almost entirely as a peripheral vasodilator with minimal side effects in man. This substance acts almost instantaneously when given intravenously, with the depressor effect quantitatively controlled by regulating the infusion rate without tachyphylaxis over several hours. Depressor effect of the drug disappears 2 to 15 minutes after stopping the infusion and is blocked promptly by intravenous ephedrine, neosynephrine or norepinephrine. The authors discuss its use in the treatment and elucidation of the basic mechanisms of acute pulmonary edema.
Effect of antioxidant vitamins on low density lipoprotein oxidation and impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with hypercholesterolemia
Authors: David M. Gilligan, Michael N. Sack, Victor Guetta, Philip R. Casino, Arshed A. Quyyumi, Daniel J. Rader, Julio A. Panza, Richard O. Cannon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE UTILIZATION OF THE TYPE OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY: DATA FROM THE NATIONWIDE INPATIENT SAMPLE 2003-2009
Authors: Madhu Reddy, Arun Raghav Mahankali Sridhar, Ajay Vallakati, Dhanunjaya Lakkireddy, Buddhadeb Dawn
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
The Chest Keloid
Authors: Francesco Ronchese
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Keloid formation is one of the many mysteries of human pathology. Especially mysterious is why apparently similar traumatic causes produce a keloid in one person and not in another. Why, in the same person will trauma produce a keloid in one area of the body and not in another? It would be repetitious to quote the many papers discussing the therapy of keloids by dermatologists, radiologists, and surgeons. However I would like to mention plastic surgeon Fischl<sup>1</sup>as the only writer, as far as I know, who lists among the various forms of therapy for keloids, "None." It is not stated for which keloid "no therapy" is indicated. I think that no therapy is specifically indicated for the chest keloid. Such a keloid, usually of very small dimension, about 1×1 cm in diameter, is called "spontaneous," but in reality develops after a scratch, the squeezing of