tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE AFTER-RESULTS OF GASTRIC OPERATIONS
Authors: J. L. Stretton
Journal: BMJ (1919)

BRTH Bs many cases, and wlhere it was marked we lhave always found pneumococci, occasionally associated witlh strepto- cocci.The latter organism, however, tends to produce exudation with more fluid, and all stages up to typical empyema may be met with.In our series of p08t-mortem examinations there were only 2 cases of empyema, but we have also examined the pus from 10 other influenza cases during life, making 12 cases in all.In 2 of these influenza bacilli and streptococci were present, in tlle otlher 10 streptococci were present alone.These were the only two instances in wlichl we found infection of the pleural fluid with the bacillus of influenza.There is no doubt that empyema is a comparatively common complication, occurring usually somewlhat late, and the possibility of its occurrence should always be kept in view.Bacteriology.Looking at tlhe matter from the bacteriological side, we may say that there occurs a descending infectiou of the respiratory passages with Pfeiffer's bacillus and otlher organisms, of which pnoumococci and streptococci are by far the commonest and most, important.An infection of tlhe terminal bronchioles and alveolar passages may follow, giving rise to bronchopueumonia;.and wlen this happens the influenza bacillus appears to us to be the most im- portant causal agent.In sections it can often be found in large numbers amongst the leucocytes in the lumen of the bronchioles, and a large proportion of the bacilli are usually contained within leucocytes.Our results in these respects agree generally witlh those of Pfeiffer, obtained in the last great epidemic.In some cases the organism appears to be
Vascular Trauma Induces Rapid but Transient Mobilization of VEGFR2 <sup>+</sup> AC133 <sup>+</sup> Endothelial Precursor Cells
Authors: Muhammad Gill, Sergio Dias, Koichi Hattori, Mary Lee Rivera, Daniel Hicklin, Larry Witte, Leonard Girardi, Roger Yurt, Harvey Himel, Shahin Rafii
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Abstract —Bone marrow (BM)–derived circulating endothelial precursor cells (CEPs) are thought to play a role in postnatal angiogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that angiogenic stress of vascular trauma may induce mobilization of CEPs to the peripheral circulation. In this regard, we studied the kinetics of CEP mobilization in two groups of patients who experienced acute vascular insult secondary to burns or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In both burn and CABG patients, there was a consistent, rapid increase in the number of CEPs, determined by their surface expression pattern of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), and AC133. Within the first 6 to 12 hours after injury, the percentage of CEPs in the peripheral blood of burn or CABG patients increased almost 50-fold, returning to basal levels within 48 to 72 hours. Mobilized cells also formed late-outgrowth endothelial colonies (CFU-ECs) in culture, indicating that a small, but significant, number of circulating endothelial cells were BM-derived CEPs. In parallel to the mobilization of CEPs, there was also a rapid elevation of VEGF plasma levels. Maximum VEGF levels were detected within 6 to 12 hours of vascular trauma and decreased to baseline levels after 48 to 72 hours. Acute elevation of VEGF in the mice plasma resulted in a similar kinetics of mobilization of VEGFR2 + cells. On the basis of these results, we propose that vascular trauma may induce release of chemokines, such as VEGF, that promotes rapid mobilization of CEPs to the peripheral circulation. Strategies to improve the mobilization and incorporation of CEPs may contribute to the acceleration of vascularization of the injured vascular tissue.
The Pericardium in Health and Disease
Authors: E. William Hancock
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Dr Noble Fowler, of the University of Cincinnati, has produced an excellent book on pericardial disease. Although a few chapters on specialty topics are contributed by Spodick (history and electrocardiography), Nasser (congenital defects), Shabetai (physiology), and Engel (echocardiography), the main body of the volume consists of discussions by Fowler of the principal clinical types of pericardial disease and of cardiac tamponade and paradoxical pulse, and is essentially a clinical monograph. The writing style is clear, and the presentation is straightforward and factual. The clinical opinions expressed are heavily based on the author's own experience, which is extensive and well reviewed. The central clinical descriptive portion of the book consists of chapters on acute pericarditis, infectious pericarditis, and chronic pericarditis; these chapters include a review of the literature that is detailed and well balanced. Specific etiologic types of pericardial disease, eg, neoplastic, uremic, and rheumatic, are covered under one or another
Removal of Superior Maxillary Branch of Fifth Nerve Under Cocain, for Relief of Neuralgia.
Authors: Jno. R. Cook
Journal: JAMA (1899)

and partly due to the greater ease of physical diagnosis.Aus- cultatory percussion, being relatively more exact and subject to less interference by thickness of the body wall, difference between fleshy and bony covering, etc., shows the areas of con¬ tact of organs with the body wall much more in accordance with the anatomic facts than do other methods.Thus, the changes noted by Dr. Whitney will be much less conspicuous.For several summers, it was my privilege to make physical examinations of thirty or forty up to eighty or ninety boys, ranging from 5 to 18 years of age.I did not pretend to locate the organs of all, but, in many instances, when the heart was beating forcibly or when there was a slight murmur, the area was also marked out.In such instances, it would usually be found to extend at least to the very top of the third rib, half a centimeter or more outside the left nipple, and a centimeter or two to the right of the right margin of the sternum.In a few cases, among the younger boys, these limits would be slightly exceeded.But, by auscultatory percussion, there was no such conspicuous difference among boys of different ages, nor be¬ tween children and adults, as made out by Dr. Whitney by ordinary percussion.Very truly,
Elevated prevalence of hepatitis C infection in users of United States veterans medical centers
Authors: Jason A. Dominitz, Edward J. Boyko, Thomas D. Koepsell, Patrick J. Heagerty, Charles Maynard, Jennifer L. Sporleder
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Several studies suggest veterans have a higher prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection than nonveterans, possibly because of military exposures. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibody and evaluate factors associated with infection among users of Department of Veterans Affairs medical centers. Using a two-staged cluster sample, 1288 of 3863 randomly selected veterans completed a survey and underwent home-based phlebotomy for serological testing. Administrative and clinical data were used to correct the prevalence estimate for nonparticipation. The prevalence of antihepatitis C antibody among serology participants was 4.0% (95% CI, 2.6%-5.5%). The estimated prevalence in the population of Veterans Affairs medical center users was 5.4% (95% CI, 3.3%-7.5%) after correction for sociodemographic and clinical differences between participants and nonparticipants. Significant predictors of seropositivity included demographic factors, period of military service (e.g., Vietnam era), prior diagnoses, health care use, and lifestyle factors. At least one traditional risk factor (transfusion or intravenous drug use) was reported by 30.2% of all subjects. Among those testing positive for hepatitis C antibody, 78% either had a transfusion or had used injection drugs. Adjusting for injection drug use and nonparticipation, seropositivity was associated with tattoos and incarceration. Military-related exposures were not found to be associated with infection in the adjusted analysis. In conclusion, the prevalence of hepatitis C in these subjects exceeds the estimate from the general US population by more than 2-fold, likely reflecting more exposure to traditional risk factors among these veterans.
B1-07: Decreased neurocognitive progression with Motexafin Gadolinium (MGd) plus Whole Brain Radiation Therapy (WBRT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with brain metastases: pooled analysis of two randomized phase 3 trials
Authors: Minesh Mehta, Mark Leibenhaut, John Suh, Christine Meyers, Markus F. Renschler, Jennifer Smith, See C. Phan
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Psychophysiological Responses to Anesthesia and Operation
Authors: James G. L. Williams
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Each year millions of patients undergo operations, and to many, this constitutes the ultimate threat and produces maximal stress. Those of us to whom hospital procedures are routine often fail to recognize the extent of the patient's anxiety; consequently we ignore the implications of Alexander's observation that "every emotional state has its own physiological syndrome"<sup>1</sup>and we neglect to take into account the role of anxiety as a determinant of the patient's physiological status immediately prior to and during anesthesia and operation. The pilot study reported here was undertaken in order to make possible a preliminary assessment of the degree and patterns of autonomic activity under these circumstances. Evaluations of stress and drugs to suppress stress have often been accomplished by psychological testing, but this does not permit continuous objective monitoring. Psychophysiological techniques frequently employ the<i>continuous</i>and simultaneous recording of several physiological variables in order to increase the
Interaction between erbB- receptors and heregulin in breast cancer tumor progression and drug resistance
Authors: Ruth Lupu, Marina Cardillo, Lyndsay Harris, Mai Hijazi, Karen Rosenberg
Journal: Seminars in Cancer Biology (1995)

The type 1 growth factor receptor family is increasingly recognized as important in the development and maintenance of breast cancer. The family currently consists of four closely related members: the epidermal growth factor receptor(EGF-R/erbB-1), erbB-2, erbB-3anderbB-4. Putative ligands which bind directly to or indirectly activateerbB-2/3/4have been characterized recently. This still growing family of EGF-related growth factors includes gp30, its homolog heregulin (HRG), the rat homolog neu differentiation factor (NDF), glial growth factors (GLIA), ARIA and a 50 kDa factor from COLO 16 cells. The understanding of the function, biology and interactions of these growth factor receptors and their ligands will have far-reaching implications for the prognosis and treatment of breast cancer. This review focuses on advances and future directions for further investigations intended to clarify the mechanism and significance of erbB/ligand interactions in breast cancer.
Abstract P6-05-01: Triple Negative Breast Cancer in Korea — Distinct Biology with Different Impact of Prognostic Factors on Survival
Authors: JA Lee, JW Bae, Y-H Jung, H An, ES. Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Patients with triple negative breast cancer(TNBC) are known to have poor prognosis and derive no benefit from endocrine therapy or targeted treatments. Using a database from a multicenter registry in Korea, we present the clinical features and prognosis for TNBC with other subtypes of breast cancer and clinicopathologic variables that influence the 3-year survival of the TNBC patients. Materials and Methods: From 1993 to 2008, patients diagnosed with breast cancer who were registered to the Korean Breast Cancer Society Registry were analyzed retrospectively. A cohort of 26,767 patients were divided in four groups: luminal A (ER+ and/or PR+, HER2-), luminal B (ER+ and/or PR+, HER2+), HER2 overexpression (ER-, PR-, HER2+), and triple negative (ER-, PR-, HER2-). Clinicopathologic features such as age, tumor size, nodal status, p53, ki-67 expression and survival were evaluated. Results: The luminal A (14437 patients, 53.9%) subtype was the largest in our study sample, as compared with luminal B (3517 patients, 13.1%), ER-/HER2+ (3227 patients, 12%), and TNBC (5586 patients, 21%) subtypes. Compared with luminal A subtype, TNBC correlated with younger age and more aggressive characteristics, such as larger size, more lymph node metastasis, and higher proliferation rate. Moreover, TNBC correlated with poor overall survival and breast cancer-specific survival. The hazard rate showed a peak at 24 months for the TNBC subtype, but after 60 months, the risk was similar to that of the luminal A subtype. Higher T, N stage and histologic grade, and lymphatic and vascular invasion showed poor prognosis in TNBC patients, but on multivariate analysis only histologic grade and ki-67 status were related to poor prognosis. Young age was related to poor prognosis in the luminal A subtype, however, age was not related to prognosis in the TNBC subtype. Of the 5586 TNBC patients, 282 patients (7.11%) expired within 3 years of diagnosis. T and N stage, and grade was significantly associated with prognosis on multivariate analysis. Discussion: TNBC subtype is characterized by a younger age with poorer outcome. However, younger age is not related to prognosis, and mortality risk decreases to that of the luminal A subtype, which is known to have the best prognosis after a few years. The underlying biology of the TNBC subtype is important, and further studies to discover novel biomarkers to predict prognosis and target treatments for the TNBC subtype are necessary. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-05-01.
Diagnosis of Cholelithiasis
Authors: Dai D. Nghiem
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Venu and colleagues have to be congratulated for their excellent skill in performing ERCP with a 95% success in demonstrating the common bile duct, while most endoscopists obtain only 70% success. They also have to be commended for having only 0.5% pancreatitis<i>v</i>the 7.4% rate from a previous survey.<sup>1</sup> The amount of time spent to cannulate and inject the pancreatic ducts and the whole biliary tree, the radiation exposure for both patients and observers, and the cost of the entire procedure do not seem to be justified, since only 13.1% of the patients studied are identified to have cholelithiasis confirmed by operation. Recognizing that "symptoms suggestive of biliary tract disease" can also be caused by such factors as cholesterolosis, adenomyomatosis, cystic duct obstruction, and even pancreatic disease before its classic radiological features are present, the demonstration of "lithogenic bile" described first by Lyon<sup>2</sup>
Abstract 3591: Triple negative (c-KIT, BRAF, NRAS) acral lentiginous melanoma in Hawaii: Molecular profiling in a multi-ethnic population
Authors: Shane Y. Morita, Christopher A. Lum, James W. Davis
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is the least common subtype among patients with melanoma. There is a higher preponderance in the minority population. A different pathogenesis has been proposed for ALM. Previous studies have profiled the importance of c-KIT, BRAF and NRAS mutations in melanoma treatment and prognosis. However, characterization of these somatic mutations in a specific non-Caucasian ALM population has not been reported. The Pacific Basin provides a unique opportunity to study diseases in diverse ethnic groups, including Pacific Islanders and Filipinos. We sought to determine the frequency of a “triple negative” genotype in our multi-ethnic cohort. Methods: IRB approval was obtained for this molecular analysis. From 1999 to 2011, 12 non-Caucasian patients (8-Filipino, 3-Pacific Islander and 1-Vietnamese) histologically confirmed to have ALM were evaluated at a tertiary institution. Data including age, gender, tumor location, Breslow thickness, Clark level, ulceration, regression, and mitoses per mm squared were compiled. Direct sequencing (c-KIT [Exons 8,9,11,13,17,18], NRAS [Exons 2,3]) and real-time PCR (BRAF [Exon 15]) was performed on formalin-fixed/ paraffin-embedded archived biospecimens (primary lesions). Results: Our findings demonstrated that 7/12 (58%) patients exhibited the “triple negative” genotype. Mutually exclusive somatic mutations (4 c-KIT and 1 BRAF) were identified in the remaining 5/12 (42%) patients. Those in the “triple negative” group trended toward a deeper Breslow thickness, when compared to those with a mutation (depth 4.73 mm vs. 3.07 mm). Demographics of the entire non-Caucasian cohort included a mean age of 72.0 years old (range 52-87) and male gender 6/12 (50%). Tumor location principally involved the foot 10/12 (83%); mean Breslow thickness was 4.04 mm (range 2.20-7.75), Clark IV or higher 11/12 (92%), ulceration 8/12 (67%), regression 12/12 (100%), and mean mitoses per mm squared was 5.71 (range 0-30). Conclusions: Non-Caucasian patients with ALM were found to have a high prevalence of the “triple negative” genotype. Those within that group appeared to have thicker tumors. Nearly half of our cohort had thick primary lesions with a high propensity for ulceration. This is the first study to our knowledge that has profiled somatic mutations (c-KIT, BRAF, NRAS) in a multi-ethnic population of ALM patients and examined the histologic correlates of a “triple negative” genotype. This novel concept highlights the relevance of alternate pathways and molecular targets, such as PI3KCA in prognosis and therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3591. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3591
Finding the Right Compass for Issue-Mapping in Neuroimaging
Authors: Jocelyn Downie, Michael Hadskis
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2005)

In “Imaging or Imagining? A Neuroethics Challenge Informed by Genetics,” Judy Illes and Eric Racine (2005) explore whether reflections on ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) in genetics will h...
A murine model of severe immune thrombocytopenia is induced by antibody- and CD8+ T cell–mediated responses that are differentially sensitive to therapy
Authors: Leola Chow, Rukhsana Aslam, Edwin R. Speck, Michael Kim, Norman Cridland, Michelle Lee Webster, Pingguo Chen, Kim Sahib, Heyu Ni, Alan H. Lazarus, M. Bernadette Garvey, John Freedman, John W. Semple
Journal: Blood (2009)
Local Retention Versus Systemic Release of Soluble VEGF Receptor-1 Are Mediated by Heparin-Binding and Regulated by Heparanase
Authors: Shay Sela, Shira Natanson-Yaron, Eyal Zcharia, Israel Vlodavsky, Simcha Yagel, Eli Keshet
Journal: Circulation Research (2011)

The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) decoy receptor soluble VEGF-R1 (sVEGF-R1) is thought to protect the cells that produce it from adverse VEGF signaling. To accomplish this role, a mechanism for pericellular retention of sVEGF-R1 is required. Local retention may also prevent the accumulation of high circulating levels of sVEGF-R1 and resulting interference with homeostatic VEGF functions in remote organs.To reveal natural storage depots of sVEGF-R1 and determine mechanisms underlying its pericellular retention. To uncover natural mechanisms regulating its systemic release.We show that both the canonical and human-specific isoforms of sVEGF-R1 are strongly bound to heparin. sVEGF-R1 produced by vascular smooth muscle cells is stored in the vessel wall and can be displaced from isolated mouse aorta by heparin. Another major reservoir of sVEGF-R1 is the placenta. Heparin increases the level of sVEGF-R1 released by cultured human placental villi, and pregnant women treated with low molecular weight heparin showed markedly elevated levels of sVEGF-R1 in the circulation. Heparanase is expressed in human placenta at the same locales as sVEGF-R1, and its transgenic overexpression in mice resulted in a marked increase in the levels of circulating sVEGF-R1. Conversely, heparanase inhibition, by either a neutralizing antibody or by inhibition of its maturation, reduced the amounts of sVEGF-R1 released from human placental villi, indicating a natural role of heparanase in sVEGF-R1 release.Together, the findings uncover a new level of regulation governing sVEGF-R1 retention versus release and suggest that manipulations of the heparin/heparanase system could be harnessed for reducing unwarranted release of sVEGF-R1 in pathologies such as preeclampsia.
Infectious disease and worldwide declines of amphibian populations, with comments on emerging diseases in coral reef organisms and in humans.
Authors: C Carey
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Many populations of amphibians are declining on all six continents on which they occur. Some causes of amphibian declines, such as habitat destruction, direct application of xenobiotics, and introduction of predators or competitors, are clearly attributable to human activities. Infectious disease appears to be the direct cause of mass amphibian die-offs in relatively undisturbed areas of the world where anthropomorphic environmental disruption is minimal. In these cases, it is not yet clear whether these epizootics result from the natural evolution of new pathogens or from environmental changes that promote the emergence of pathogenic forms and/or that weaken the immune defenses of amphibians. Because some aspects of pathogen-related amphibian mass mortalities are similar to outbreaks of new diseases in humans and coral reef organisms, amphibian declines may be part of a much larger pattern than previously appreciated.
Stat-1 and IRF-1: two factors in the signaling pathway of interferons related to viral load and liver damage in chronic hepatitis C (CH-C)
Authors: Elvira Molano, Esther Larrea, Patricia Boya, Elena Baixeras, Iosu Sola, Miguel-Angel Munoz-Navas, MaPilar Civeira, Jesús Prieto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Advertising by doctors
Authors: P. Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Dectin-1 is the archetypal signaling, non-Toll-like pattern recognition receptor that plays a protective role in immune defense to <i>Candida albicans</i> as the major leukocyte receptor for β-glucans. Dectin-1-deficiency is associated with impaired recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes and inflammatory mediator production at the site of infection. In this study, we have used mice to define the mechanisms that regulate the dectin-1-mediated inflammatory responses. Myeloid cell activation by dectin-1 is controlled by inherent cellular programming, with distinct macrophage and dendritic cell populations responding differentially to the engagement of this receptor. The inflammatory response is further modulated by the progression of the phagocytosis, with “frustrated phagocytosis” resulting in dramatically augmented inflammatory responses. These studies demonstrate that dectin-1 in isolation is sufficient to drive a potent inflammatory response in a context-dependent manner. This has implications for the mechanism by which myeloid cells are activated during fungal infections and the processes involved in the therapeutic manipulation of the immune system via exogenous dectin-1 stimulation or blockade.