tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
FURTHER REPORTS ON THE ABORTION OF TYPHOID FEVER.
Authors: JOHN ELIOT WOODBRIDGE
Journal: JAMA (1895)

When I accepted an invitation to present a paper at your last meeting, selected for my subject the question, Can typhoid fever be aborted, and answered it in the affirmative, antagonizing the teachings of the most learned professors in every medical college in the civilized world, I knew that I should be severely criticized, no matter how conclusive the evidence might be that my views were correct, and I fully realized, to use the words of a distinguished<i>litterateur</i>, that I might expect to stand but sit and sleep on pin points for some years. Nothing, save the feeling of responsibility for every life sacrificed to typhoid fever, and the positive knowledge of its correctness could have forced from me that affirmative answer; looking back over twelve years experience without a death from typhoid, malarial, or any continued fever, to a preceding series of sixteen years with a death rate
THE INFLUENCE OF CORTISONE ON EXPERIMENTAL VIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Edwin D. Kilbourne
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1957)

The interference with viral synthesis which is induced by large quantities of non-infective influenza B virus is inhibited or negated with small quantities of cortisone and other C-21 steroids. The specificity of this effect is attested by the inactivity of 11-alpha hydroxy epimers of highly active compounds. Maximal activity in negation of interference is associated with the presence of oxygen at the C-11 position of the steroid molecule. In view of the demonstration that negation of interference can occur, it is concluded that the phenomenon of multiplicity reactivation of non-infective virus is not primarily influenced by cortisone. Rather, it is suggested that the reactivation phenomenon is unmasked by cortisone through its inhibiting effect on the autointerference intrinsic in multiplicity infection. If it is accepted that influenza virus infections in ovo are self-limited in part by viral autointerference, present evidence is consistent with the view that negation of this autointerference is the mechanism by which cortisone induces definitively increased yields of virus.
Diabetes in the Tropics
Authors: G. D. Campbell, W. G. McNeill
Journal: BMJ (1959)

7Medical Journal appear that isolated cases have occurred in native-born South Africans who have never left South Africa.These cases would, I think, repay very careful study on the line suggested by Dr. Cosnett.I consider it would also be useful if he were to investigate the incidence of retrotesbar neuritis in South Africa, which, I gather, is also extremely rare, and which is such a common early sign of disseminated sclerosis in any country.-Iam, etc., A.
Biliverdin Administration Prevents the Formation of Intimal Hyperplasia Induced by Vascular Injury
Authors: Atsunori Nakao, Noriko Murase, Chien Ho, Hideyoshi Toyokawa, Timothy R. Billiar, Shinichi Kanno
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Autologous vein grafts and balloon angioplasty are still commonly used for arterial reconstructive procedures. Their success is limited by the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). Biliverdin (BVD), one of the by-products of heme degradation, has been shown to have potent antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. We hypothesized that BVD administration would protect vascular tissue against vascular injury. Methods and Results— The effects of BVD administration against IH after vascular injury were analyzed in an arterialized vein graft model and a balloon injury model in rats. BVD treatment significantly suppressed the development of IH in both models compared with those without BVD. The mechanisms by which BVD treatment inhibits IH development might include decreasing c -Jun NH 2 terminal kinase activation and preventing apoptosis of endothelial cells. BVD also suppressed vascular smooth muscle cell migration in vitro. Conclusions— BVD administration prevented IH associated with arterialized vein graft vasculopathy or balloon angioplasty-induced vessel injury. These results suggest that a treatment regimen with exogenous BVD administration could provide an effective therapeutic adjunct to facilitate transfer of experimental treatments for vascular injury to the clinic.
Proteases are responsible for blister formation in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa and epidermolysis bullosa simplex
Authors: K. TAKAMORI, S. IKEDA, K. NAITO, H. OGAWA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

The specific factors which induce blister formation in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) and epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) were studied by culturing normal human skin with blister fluid from patients with RDEB and EBS. When skin from a healthy person was cultured with RDEB blister fluid, it developed a clean subepidermal blister with histology similar to that of a RDEB blister. The specific factor(s) which induced this subepidermal blister was inactivated by heat (60°C, 30 min), trypsin digestion and by treating with EDTA, EGTA, α2‐macroglobulin, soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) or N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM), but was not affected by dialysis. These findings suggest that the active factor(s) in the blister fluid from patients with RDEB might include collagenase, neutral thiol protease and trypsin‐like protease. By contrast, when normal skin was cultured with EBS blister fluid, this produced a clean intra‐epidermal blister with histology similar to that of an EBS blister. The specific factor(s) inducing the intra‐epidermal blister was inactivated by heat (60°C, 30 min), trypsin digestion and by treating with NEM, but was not affected by dialysis, divalent cation chelators (EGTA, EDTA), α2‐macroglobulin, SBTI and pepstatin. These results suggest that the active factor(s) inducing the intra‐epidermal blister in EBS might be a neutral SH‐protease.
DECALCIFICATION OF TEETH AND BONES, AND REGENERATION OF BONE THROUGH DIET
Authors: PERCY R. HOWE
Journal: JAMA (1922)

That the teeth and bones are similar in structure has been recognized by nearly all physiologists. Chemically they are very much alike. According to Hoppe-Seyler, the inorganic constituents are the same for bone and for dentin, about 85 per cent, calcium phosphate and from 10 to 12 per cent, calcium carbonate. The density of dentin cartilage is about equal to that of bone.  The processes of calcification are analogous. In the teeth the calcification occurs about the processes of the odontoblasts, just as in bone it occurs about the bone cells and forms lacunae. In both, the inorganic constituents are laid down in a colloidal matrix. It would therefore seem reasonable to infer that a pathologic condition which affected one might affect the other.  This, however, has not been the opinion of dentists. They believe that dental caries is a purely local affair. The present theory is that carbohydrate material
BMA annual meeting: CCGs are failing to improve care, BMA survey finds
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Clinical commissioning groups (CCGs) in England, which were set up in April 2013 as part of the coalition government’s changes to the NHS, have failed to improve patient care or involve more GPs in running services, a survey by the BMA has found.1

The survey of 1393 GPs found that almost three in 10 respondents believed that their local CCG had introduced policies that had adversely affected their ability to care for patients. Only one in 10 thought that the reorganisation of primary care had given GPs the freedom to make clinical decisions for …
The Dangers of the X-Ray.
Authors: David L. Edsall
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Philadelphia, Dec. 14, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, December 8, Dr. William Allen Pusey makes some comments on my article entitled "The Attitude of the Clinician in Regard to Exposing Patients to the<i>X</i>-Ray." I fully appreciate the fact that controversial correspondence is of practically no value to the profession at large, and I assure you that I shall not again, through the correspondence columns, trespass on your space in reference to this subject. I do so in this instance, not in the hope of altering Dr. Pusey's personal views, but because, like himself, I am actuated by a desire that my opinions be not put in a false light through inaccuracy on the part of myself or others. Dr. Pusey does me the undeserved honor of classing me with scientific men, and then immediately robs me of this agreeable distinction by accusing me of historical inaccuracy
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CLINICAL AND ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS AMONG KOREAN PATIENTS WITH TAKAYASU ARTERITIS
Authors: Ga Yeon Lee, Eunkyung Kim, Mi-rae Lee, Kyoung-Min Byun, Min Ho Kang, Hyejin Han, Seung-Hyuk Choi, Yeon Hyeon Choe, Duk-Kyung Kim
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Size-dependent long-term tissue response to biostable nanowires in the brain
Authors: Lina Gällentoft, Lina M.E. Pettersson, Nils Danielsen, Jens Schouenborg, Christelle N. Prinz, Cecilia Eriksson Linsmeier
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)

Nanostructured neural interfaces, comprising nanotubes or nanowires, have the potential to overcome the present hurdles of achieving stable communication with neuronal networks for long periods of time. This would have a strong impact on brain research. However, little information is available on the brain response to implanted high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles, which share morphological similarities with asbestos fibres. Here, we investigated the glial response and neuronal loss in the rat brain after implantation of biostable and structurally controlled nanowires of different lengths for a period up to one year post-surgery. Our results show that, as for lung and abdominal tissue, the brain is subject to a sustained, local inflammation when biostable and high-aspect-ratio nanoparticles of 5 μm or longer are present in the brain tissue. In addition, a significant loss of neurons was observed adjacent to the 10 μm nanowires after one year. Notably, the inflammatory response was restricted to a narrow zone around the nanowires and did not escalate between 12 weeks and one year. Furthermore, 2 μm nanowires did not cause significant inflammatory response nor significant loss of neurons nearby. The present results provide key information for the design of future neural implants based on nanomaterials.
Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Smoldering Multiple Myeloma: A Review of the Current Understanding of Epidemiology, Biology, Risk Stratification, and Management of Myeloma Precursor Disease
Authors: Amit Agarwal, Irene M. Ghobrial
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The term monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) was coined in 1978. The recent advances in our knowledge about MGUS and smoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) have helped us better understand the pathogenesis of myeloma. It seems that myeloma evolves from a precursor state in almost all cases. We do not completely understand the multistep process from the precursor state to myeloma, but studies like whole genome sequencing continue to improve our understanding of this process. The process of transformation may not be linear acquisition of changes, but rather a branched heterogeneous process. Clinical features that are prognostic of rapid transformation have been identified, but no specific molecular markers have been identified. Even with recent advances, multiple myeloma remains an incurable disease in the vast majority, and intervening at the precursor state provides a unique opportunity to alter the natural history of the disease. A limitation is that a vast majority of patients with precursor disease, especially low-risk MGUS, will never progress to myeloma in their lifetime, and treating these patients is not only unnecessary but may be potentially harmful. The challenge is to identify a subset of patients with the precursor state that would definitely progress to myeloma and in whom interventions will have a meaningful impact. As our understanding of the molecular and genetic processes improves, these studies will guide the selection of high-risk patients more appropriately and ultimately direct a tailored management strategy to either delay progression to symptomatic myeloma or even “cure” a person at this premalignant stage. Clin Cancer Res; 19(5); 985–94. ©2012 AACR.
<i>BMJ</i> training for peer reviewers
Authors: Sara Schroter, Trish Groves
Journal: BMJ (2004)

We are offering free courses in London and a training pack on bmj.com> 

Peer review, although fundamental to science, has been largely an amateur process, with new reviewers learning their trade like apprentices.1 You can learn about critical appraisal of research papers and other academic articles in many places. But do peer reviewers know what editors want from them? Clearly, many do, and the BMJ islucky to have hundreds of excellent reviewers. We don't want to rely on luck, however, so this week the BMJ is launching a programme of training for peer reviewers.

We have published a free package of learning material at bmj.com/advice/peer_review/ The training has four aims: to tell participants about the state of peer review research; to make clear to them what constitutes a good review; to help …
Therapeutic Substitution: Usurpation of the Physician's Prerogative
Authors: Ronald L. Williams
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It is unfortunate that Dr Ballin's recent editorial on therapeutic substitution<sup>1</sup>implies that organized pharmacy is launching some kind of concerted campaign to usurp the prerogatives of medical practitioners. No organization in American pharmacy, and certainly not the American Pharmaceutical Association, advocates indiscriminate therapeutic substitution by pharmacists. All of the examples cited by Dr Ballin in which pharmacists are taking a more active role in drug therapy share as a feature dialogue and joint decision making by physicians and pharmacists. In both Washington and California, pharmacists act under strict protocols jointly developed by the two professions, and in Florida pharmacists are permitted to dispense only a few drugs in five categories, all of which were selected by a committee on which both pharmacists and physicians are represented. As Dr Ballin observes, pharmacists are much better trained than they were a few years ago, and as a
Sensitivity and specificity and their confidence intervals cannot exceed 100%
Authors: J. J Deeks, D. G Altman
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Stell and Gransden investigated the diagnostic accuracy of liquid media and direct culture of aspirated fluid as tests of septic bursitis.1 They reported that culture in liquid media had a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval 92% to 108%) and a specificity of 89% (74% to 104%).

As sensitivity and specificity cannot exceed 100%, neither should their confidence intervals. Such impossible results arise when the standard large sample method for calculating confidence intervals for proportions is …
In vivo release of cisplatin from a needle-type copolymer formulation implanted in rat kidney
Authors: Masaru Yoshida, Masaharu Asano, Yasushi Morita, Isao Kaetsu, Kyoichi Imai, Tooru Mashimo, Hisako Yuasa, Hidetoshi Yamanaka, Umeko Kawaharada, Keiji Suzuki
Journal: Biomaterials (1989)
Abstract 2053: Regulation of microRNA-10b by <i>CCN5/WISP-2</i> in breast cancer: A novel mechanism of <i>CCN5/WISP-2</i> mediated suppression of invasive front
Authors: Inamul Haque, Snigdha Banerjee, Smita Mehta, Teresa A. Phillips, Gopal Dhar, Suman Kambhampati, Sushanta K. Banerjee
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Metastatic cells are a subset of primary tumor cells that have the skill to complete multi-step metastatic cascades, including dissemination, migration, extravasation, and eventual proliferation) at a discontinuous secondary site. Understanding the molecular biology of cancer metastasis may provide novel intervention strategies to control metastatic lesions, and/or to improve the quality of life for the patients with these advanced diseases. MicoRNAs are naturally occurring single-stranded RNA molecules that posttranscriptionally regulate the expression of target mRNA transcripts. Many of these target mRNA transcripts are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, processes commonly altered during tumorigenesis. Recent findings have shown that microRNA-10b (miR-10b) is highly expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells and positively regulates cell migration and invasion. Expression of miR-10b is induced by Twist, a transcription factor that binds to putative promoter of miR-10b. We hypothesized that whether nullification of CCN5/WISP-2, an antiinvasive gene has any role in miR-10b expression. We found that nullification of CCN5/WISP-2 in ER-positive noninvasive breast tumor cell upregulates the miR-10b expression. Interestingly, we also found the upregulation of Twist by silencing CCN5/WISP-2. Collectively, we conclude that CCN5/WISP-2 may be a critical regulator of miR-10b expression through the HIF-1α-Twist signaling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2053.
Unusual complication of B.C.G. vaccination.
Authors: S M Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1971)

An accidental overdose of the magnitude of 40 times the normal dose does not appear to have been previously reported in the literature.Case Report A man aged 26 had three Mantoux tests in France in January, March, and June 1966; they were negative and he was therefore advised to have a B.C.G. vaccination six months later.On 6 January 1967 he attended the casualty department of another hos- pital with an ampoule of B.C.G. vaccine (designed for percu-
Polycythemia vera treated with pipobroman as single agent: low incidence of secondary leukemia in a cohort of patients observed during 20 years (1971–1991)
Authors: MC Petti, A Spadea, G Avvisati, T Spadea, R Latagliata, E Montefusco, M Cosenza, F Malagnino
Journal: Leukemia (1998)
Handbook of Chronic Pain Management
Authors: S. Datta
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<i>The Handbook of Chronic Pain Management</i>, edited by C. David Tollison, is an interesting and well-written book. Management of pain has become a multidisciplinary branch of medicine and has shown remarkable progress in recent years. This unique book consists of 51 chapters and deals with various important issues, from definition of pain to the future of modern pain clinics. All the chapters are well written, and the editor should be congratulated for cohesive final organization of them; this is one of the stronger points of the book. I have favorites among the chapters too numerous to mention. Those on analgesic and anti-inflammatory medications, sociologic and cultural aspects of pain, and differential diagnosis of headache are very well written and full of important information. The rest of the chapters are clinically relevant and worth reading. I like the philosophy of involvement of various individuals from diverse specialities, which makes the book
P197 Physical Inactivity in Sarcoidosis
Authors: S Vasudevan, M Maddocks, S Chamberlain, A Spinou, C Wood, C Jolley, SS Birring
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Sarcoidosis is associated with dyspnoea, arthralgia, fatigue and poor health status. Little is known about physical activity in sarcoidosis. This study aimed to: 1) objectively measure physical activity in patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis; 2) investigate the relationship between physical activity and fatigue, exercise capacity, health status and lung function. <h3>Methods</h3> 15 pulmonary sarcoidosis patients (mean age: 52.7 years; 4 males) and 14 healthy controls (mean age: 46.5 years; 4 males) were recruited. Physical activity was assessed objectively over one week, using a validated tri-axial accelerometer- ActivPal<sup>TM</sup>, and subjectively with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). All participants also underwent pulmonary function tests, 6MWT and completed the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), MRC Dyspnoea Scale and the King’s Sarcoidosis QOL Questionnaire (KSQ). <h3>Results</h3> Compared to controls, patients had lower mean ± SD daily step count (5624 ± 1875 steps vs. 10429 ± 2942 steps, p &lt; 0.01, figure 1) and time spent stepping (1.18 ± 0.35 hr.day<sup>-1</sup> vs. 1.97 ± 0.46 hr.day<sup>-1</sup>; p &lt; 0.01). There was also a trend to reduced bouts of activity in sarcoidosis patients compared with controls, (sit-stand transitions: 49 ± 15 vs. 61 ± 20; p = 0.08). Exercise capacity was significantly reduced in patients compared to controls (6MWT distance: 375 ± 59 m vs. 487 ± 92 m; p &lt; 0.01). There was a significant association between daily step counts, and 6MWT distance, of patients (r = 0.63, p = 0.01). Physical activity (overall) reported subjectively was not significantly different between groups (Overall IPAQ median score: 2153 vs. 3230 MET.min.week-1; p = 0.32). However, 87% of patients reported doing no vigorous physical activity compared to 50% in controls (vigorous activity IPAQ; p &lt; 0.01). There were no significant correlations between daily step count and fatigue, dyspnoea, health status, lung function and self reported physical activity (IPAQ). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Physical activity is significantly reduced in sarcoidosis compared to healthy subjects. Objective measures of physical activity assess a unique dimension of health in the patient’s own environment that is not captured by existing clinical tools and should be further investigated.
Effectiveness and safety of endobronchial ultrasound-transbronchial needle aspiration: a systematic review
Authors: L. Varela-Lema, A. Fernández-Villar, A. Ruano-Ravina
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

The aim of the present systematic review was to assess the effectiveness and safety of real time endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS–TBNA) in patients with suspected or known bronchopulmonary carcinoma, as well as in other clinical indications presented by lymphatic adenopathies. A systematic review was carried out in November 2007 and updated in April 2008 using the main databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to the papers retrieved. A total of 20 publications were included. Of these, 14 were original studies that investigated the clinical usefulness of the technique in visualising and staging lymph nodes in patients with suspected or established lung cancer. Sensitivity ranged 85–100% and negative predictive value ranged 11–97.4%. Three studies assessed the clinical usefulness of the technique in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. EBUS–TBNA was diagnostic in 88–93% of patients. One retrospective study evaluated the use of EBUS–TBNA in the diagnosis of lymphoma. None of the studies included in the present review reported important complications. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration is a safe and highly accurate procedure for the examination and staging of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes in patients with known or suspected lung malignancy. The evidence is promising for sarcoidosis but is not sufficient for lymphoma.
Antithyroid antibodies in depressed patients
Authors: Charles B. Nemeroff, Jeffrey S. Simon, John J. Haggerty, Dwight L. Evans
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1985)

The presence of antithyroid (antimicrosomal and antithyroglobulin) antibodies was assessed in 45 psychiatric inpatients with prominent depressive symptoms (28 with DSM-III major depression). Nine patients (20%) had detectable titers of antithyroid antibodies, a rate considerably higher than the 5%-10% observed in the normal population. Each of these nine patients with symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis had normal baseline serum thyrotropin concentrations and normal thyroid function (as assessed by T4, T3 uptake, and free thyroxine index). These findings support the hypothesis of subtle thyroid dysfunction in a sizable sample of psychiatric inpatients with prominent depressive symptoms.