tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia-induced acute changes in capillary and fiber density and capillary red cell distribution in the rat heart.
Authors: F Vetterlein, H Hemeling, J Sammler, A Pethö, G Schmidt
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

The influence of acute hypoxia (respiration gas 12%, 10%, and 8% O2 and asphyxia, respectively) on 1) the density of perfused capillaries and muscle fibers, and 2) the capillary red cell distribution was investigated in the left heart of anesthetized rats. To observe capillaries and fibers, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled (FITC)-gamma-globulin and lissamine-rhodamine-B200-labeled (RB200) myoglobin were injected intravenously as labels of the perfused intravasal and the extracellular space, respectively. The hypoxic conditions were induced subsequently and maintained for 3 minutes. After this period the heart was rapidly frozen for histological demonstration of the dyes. Ventilation with 12% or 10% O2 did not induce any changes in the density of perfused capillaries; however, 8% O2 in respiration gas did lead to a significant increase (capillaries/mm2: subepicardium, 4,180, controls, 3,620; subendocardium, 3,930, controls, 3,240). A similar increase was found in the asphyxia group (capillaries/mm2: subepicardium, 4,170; subendocardium, 3,700). The increases in the density of perfused capillaries were paralleled by rises in fiber density. This leads to the conclusion that the changes in capillary counts were caused by fiber elongation with a resultant decrease in intercapillary distances. This assumption was supported by observations that there were no signs of changes in ventricular segment length during respiration of 12% or 10% O2 but that an increase did occur with 8% oxygen and with asphyxia. Densities of perfused capillaries exactly coincided with anatomical densities (demonstrated by additional labeling of capillary basement membranes with isolectin B4) in normoxic and asphyctic hearts. The distribution of red cells in the capillaries, determined in histological sections, did not differ appreciably under hypoxia due to reduced O2 in respiration air (12%) or asphyxia. The results obtained indicate that 1) extreme hypoxic states cause the capillaries to move closer to each other due to elongation of myocardial fibers and 2) red cell distribution is not altered during these conditions.
Does scopeguide improve caecal intubation? a randomised controlled trial
Authors: A. Ignjatovic, S. Thomas-Gibson, N. Suzuki, M. Vance, N. Palmer, B. P. Saunders
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Incomplete colonoscopy is one explanation for missed cancers in the right colon. Patients with incomplete colonoscopy are more likely to be older, female and have a history of abdominal or pelvic surgery. Most difficulties during colonoscopy arise from often unpredictable and recurrent looping of the colonoscope within floppy and elastic bowel. Magnetic endoscope imaging (ScopeGuide; Olympus) allows accurate visualisation of loops. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ScopeGuide in a group of patients likely to have technically difficult colonoscopy. <h3>Methods</h3> Consecutive patients over 60, attending St Mark9s hospital for a screening colonoscopy between September 2009 and July 2010 were identified and those scoring ≥2 on the predicted difficulty score were included (table 1). This was a randomised parallel trial in which patients were randomised in 1:1 ratio to a colonoscopy with ScopeGuide view available or not. All colonoscopies were performed by consultant endoscopists. The primary outcome measure was caecal intubation time in the study and control groups. Secondary outcome measures included: caecal intubation rates within 20 min (intention to treat analysis), patient pain scores and numbers of polyps detected. <h3>Results</h3> 44 patients (22 in each arm) completed the study protocol. Colonoscopy was complete to caecum in all 44 cases. Intubation to caecum was achieved within 20 min in 21 of 22 (95%) patients when the ScopeGuide view was available. When the ScopeGuide view was not available, in 18 of 22 (82%) patients caecal intubation was achieved within 20 min, p=0.35. In 3 cases, the endoscopist elected to view the ScopeGuide in order to complete the procedure – these were analysed as failed caecal intubations. Median time taken to complete intubation to caecum in the ScopeGuide arm was 6.6 min (IQR 4.3–11.1) compared to 9.1 min (7.4–13.5) (p=0.07) in the no ScopeGuide arm. There was a trend towards shorter duration of looping when ScopeGuide was available compared to when it was not, but this did not reach statistical significance (2.2 vs 4.3 min, p=0.07). Median patient pain score in the group when ScopeGuide view was available was 4 (IQR 0–22) compared to 15 (10–25) when ScopeGuide view was not available (p=0.03). <h3>Conclusion</h3> ScopeGuide does not improve caecal intubation rates and times, but does improve comfort levels in patients with technically difficult colonoscopies performed by very experienced colonoscopists. The effect of ScopeGuide on caecal intubation rates and times in technically difficult colonoscopies in the hands of less experienced colonoscopists should be studied.
Abstract 4265: Bithionol as an inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis
Authors: Ling Zhai, Anshu M. Roy, Ali Zamani, Ximeng Liu, Yimin Wang, Rongbao Li, Zhican Qu
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Tumor progression depends on angiogenesis. The clinical successes in recent years have demonstrated that antiangiogenic agents can be developed as effective treatment for cancer patients. However, the resistance to the current FDA approved antiangiogenic therapies is emerging, which presents challenges in cancer research and urgent needs for novel angiogenesis inhibitors with different mechanisms of drug actions to overcome the resistance. In our previous studies, we have identified a small molecule bithionol as a potential antiangiogenic agent through a chemical diversity library screening with a cell-based angiogenesis assay. Bithionol is a FDA approved and current clinically used anthelmintics, which has been found to directly inhibit activity of autotaxin, a secreted enzyme that catalyzes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. LPA, as a lipid signaling molecule, is a potent angiogenic and cancer cell motility stimulating factor. Therefore, autotaxin plays important role in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis and has been recently identified as an attractive angiogenesis and cancer target. Our recent studies have shown that autotaxin is expressed at high levels in human endothelial and number of human cancer cell lines. Bithionol has demonstrated inhibitory activities against human endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube-formation as the three key cellular steps in angiogenesis process. The effect of bithionol on inhibition of tumor angiogenesis was also evaluated with an ex vivo xenograft chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (xenograft-CAM) model system. Bithionol is able to inhibit tumor-induced new blood vessel formation in a dose dependent manner and has demonstrated an additive inhibitory activity when it is applied in combination with Sutent, a current clinically used antiangiogenic drug. The results of this research suggest that bithionol provide a unique promising opportunity in developing new combinational treatment to increase the anticancer efficacy and minimize the resistance in cancer patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4265. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4265
TIC OF SALPINGOPALATINUS MUSCLE CAUSING SOUND AUDIBLE TO BYSTANDER
Authors: Henry F. Stoll
Journal: JAMA (1930)

A mentally deficient man, aged 30, was brought to my office by his mother because of a "ticking" in his ears that at times interfered with sleep. Though very frail as an infant, the patient seemed to be well until he was 5 years old when, following a fright, he appeared to be afraid of everything and everybody. He did not do well in school and even with a tutor made little progress. He could not read and was jealous of those who could. He performed simple chores about the farm. In boyhood, he would have convulsions after a fright but he has not had these during recent years. The head noises had been present for at least twelve years. A number of physicians had been consulted and the patient had received many treatments for "catarrh." The noises had been worse for the past three months. Up to this point
Vagal Syncope During Recurrent Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Ross J. Simpson, Robert Podolak, Charles A. Mangano, James R. Foster, Frederic G. Dalldorf
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The mechanism for syncope during pulmonary embolism is not well understood. We describe two patients with transient sinus bradycardia and atrioventricular (AV) block during syncope from recurrent pulmonary embolism. Consciousness was regained each time the rhythm returned to normal. We believe that the syncope and bradyarrhythmia was caused by a parasympathetic reflex, since simultaneous slowing of the sinus rate with concomitant AV block is a common manifestation of increased vagal tone. Such a reflex is consistent with known cardiac reflexes, may occur frequently, and may be one of the mechanisms for syncope in patients with pulmonary embolism.
Vertigo Following Whiplash— Vertebral Artery Injury?
Authors: Andrew L. Carney
Journal: JAMA (1978)

To the Editor.—  In the case of whiplash cited in QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (239:2485, 1978), the symptoms included the loss of consciousness, the sudden onset of vertigo and vomiting ten days following injury, persistent neck stiffness for 2 1/2 years, and vertigo and nausea provoked by head movements.  The discussion related these symptoms to the vestibular apparatus and to the nonspecific  vertigo. Another point of view would be to focus on the specific pathology of the vertebral artery. The interosseous course of the vertebral artery renders it vulnerable to injury with the cervical spine. A minor intimal injury may give rise to a propagating thrombus and lead to the delayed onset of acute symptoms by the mechanisms of embolism, brain-stem ischemia due to vertebral artery occlusion, or brainstem infarction due to the extension of thrombus into the posterior inferior cerebellar and basilar arteries. 1,2   Rare though it appears, the
Recombinant Galectin-1 and Its Genetic Delivery Suppress Collagen-Induced Arthritis via T Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Gabriel A. Rabinovich, Gordon Daly, Hanna Dreja, Hitakshi Tailor, Clelia M. Riera, Jun Hirabayashi, Yuti Chernajovsky
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

Galectin-1 (GAL-1), a member of a family of conserved β-galactoside–binding proteins, has been shown to induce in vitro apoptosis of activated T cells and immature thymocytes. We assessed the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of delivery of GAL-1 in a collagen-induced arthritis model. A single injection of syngeneic DBA/1 fibroblasts engineered to secrete GAL-1 at the day of disease onset was able to abrogate clinical and histopathological manifestations of arthritis. This effect was reproduced by daily administration of recombinant GAL-1. GAL-1 treatment resulted in reduction in anticollagen immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels. The cytokine profile in draining lymph node cells and the anticollagen IgG isotypes in mice sera at the end of the treatment clearly showed inhibition of the proinflammatory response and skewing towards a type 2–polarized immune reaction. Lymph node cells from mice engaged in the gene therapy protocol increased their susceptibility to antigen-induced apoptosis. Moreover, GAL-1–expressing fibroblasts and recombinant GAL-1 revealed a specific dose-dependent inhibitory effect in vitro in antigen-dependent interleukin 2 production to an Aq-restricted, collagen type 2–specific T cell hybridoma clone. Thus, a correlation between the apoptotic properties of GAL-1 in vitro and its immunomodulatory properties in vivo supports its therapeutic potential in the treatment of T helper cell type 1–mediated autoimmune disorders.
Abstract 1269: Identifying Pten-sensitive drug therapy through metabolic phenotype-arrays
Authors: Adam Naguib, Dawid G. Nowak, Muhan Chen, Lloyd C. Trotman
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The loss or mutation of tumor suppressor genes is a predominant event in the initiation, progression and metastatic development of cancer. PTEN and p53 are frequently inactivated in lethal metastatic prostate cancer, as they provide a critical growth, proliferation and anti-apoptotic advantage to cells in which their activity is diminished. In mouse prostate cancer models, loss of p53 alone in the prostate does not result in noticeable neoplasia. However, subsequent additional deletion of Pten causes lethal prostatic adenocarcinoma within 6 months, illustrating the need to combat the cooperative power of these two genetic lesions. Although inactivation of these tumor suppressor genes has been widely described at the level of their cancer phenotype, it has recently emerged that one understudied route to combat lesions harboring these alterations is to understand and exploit critical underlying changes in their metabolic makeup. In the present study, we used an array platform to determine the growth phenotype of p53 null Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEFs) under close to 1200 conditions involving different sources of energy, amino acids, hormones, growth factors, chemical ions and responses to chemotherapy agents. with subsequent comparison to the response in p53/Pten double-null MEFs. Our analysis showed that loss of Pten critically altered response, utilization and sensitivity especially to specific hormones, ions and chemotherapy agents. Since this approach revealed Pten-status specific cell sensitivities, we are utilizing this information to establish selective targeting of cells as a precursor to therapeutic intervention in our genetically engineered mouse models of prostate cancer, which harbor the identical tumor suppressor lesions. Collectively, our results establish a rapid screening platform for identification of genotype-specific anti-cancer agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1269. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1269
For public or profession?--The new GMC performance procedures.
Authors: M. Stacey
Journal: BMJ (1992)

The upheaval in the General Medical Council two decades ago came from doctors not the consumers the council was set up to protect. Since then there have been repeated calls for doctors to improve their self regulation by amending the disciplinary procedures. Private member9s bills have failed and the GMC has now proposed performance procedures to deal with doctors who exhibit a "pattern of poor performance." After months of wide consultation in and outside the medical profession the GMC will decide next week whether to endorse the procedures, which unlike the conduct hearings will be inquiries by peers. Professor Margaret Stacey suggests that the procedures lack clarity, smacking of that "trust me" principle whose subtext is "but I9m not telling you what I9m up to."
SOME MEDICO-LEGAL FEATURES OF THE SCHNEIDER CASE.
Authors: IRVING C. ROSSE
Journal: JAMA (1895)

most instances the gradual and final reversion to the original state and condition of health?How many sensations, aches and pains we meet; the persistence of the menstrual flow and molimen, when we know beyond doubt that the agents for these activities have been absolutely done away with?How often we see the gynesia after prolonged diseases become restored to conditions that the skilled sense of touch knows are within the domain of the normal or stand- ard type, when, with some reasonably sufficient cause the swing back into the domain of the previous ex- perience is so sudden and aggravated that the ob- server is non-plussed?Who is not familiar with the phenomena of heredity and the climacteric?These are all kindred and can not be interpreted or compre- hended save but by the element of habit; and in the progression of disease during the active stages, the host of experiences and evidences that are readily reconcilable and can be intelligently explained are many, and correctly appreciated lead to safe thera- peutics.Appreciating the element of habit in health and its possibility and processes in gynecic disease, and comprehending the entity to be a variation in type either in relation to energy, function or structure, one, two or all, and these as related to the natura of the organism affected, obedient to continuity and con- servation, we are led in the solution of the problems presented, to the rules and principles of atavism or reversion to the original type.
Unsafe surgery: make it zero
Authors: Jane Feinmann
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The <i>BMJ </i>has chosen Lifebox as its 2011 Christmas charity. Lifebox is working to ensure every operating theatre worldwide is equipped with a £160 pulse oximeter, the most important monitoring device in anaesthesia. <b>Atul Gawande</b>, speaking to Jane Feinmann, explains how you can help
Possible Influence of Ileal Neobladder on Assessment of Urinary C-peptide
Authors: Takahiro Zenda, Masaji Miyamoto, Toshimitsu Misaki, Shuichi Kaneko
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Urinary C-peptide (UCP) is one of the most popular indicators of insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells (1,2). However, there are no previous reports discussing the relationship between UCP and neobladder, a new, reconstructed bladder using the ileum after radical cystectomy (3,4). We report a patient with neobladder in whom, among parameters of endogenous insulin production, only the 24-h UCP level was extremely decreased.

A 61-year-old Japanese man with diabetes and atrial fibrillation was hospitalized because of left-sided hemiplegia and motor aphasia caused by thrombotic cerebral infarction. The patient had undergone bladder reconstruction with 66 cm of the ileum after radical cystectomy as the result of cancer 10 years ago. Only a lineal operation scar …
Abstract P5-12-10: Pathological characteristics and patterns of recurrence and mortality among young Mexican breast cancer patients
Authors: CM Villarreal-Garza, CM Hoyos, V Meza-Herrera, VA Palacios, MB Hernandez-Vega, C Aguila, F Lara-Medina, A Meneses, A Mohar
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: In Mexico, it is recognized that breast cancer (BC) is diagnosed at younger ages than that reported in the US and other populations. Although national data is not available regarding BC age of diagnosis distribution, data from the INCAN, the main referral center in Mexico, showed that 17% of the total 893 newly diagnosed BC patients seen in 2012 were younger than 40 years old (which is more than twice that -7%- reported for US BC patients). We conducted a retrospective study in order to describe the frequency of BC among young Mexican BC patients, as well as their pathological characteristics at diagnosis and patters of recurrence. Methods: Clinical and pathologic data from young pts (≤42 years old) who were newly diagnosed with invasive BC between January 2007 and December 2010 at the INCAN in Mexico and were followed for at least 2 years were identified. Clinical stage at diagnosis was recorded and estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and HER2 expression were determined by immunohistochemistry and/or FISH. Proportion differences were tested using the Chi-square test. Results: 445 young patients were identified from a total of 2919 BC patients (15%). A total of 320 patients met the inclusion criteria for analysis. Median age of diagnosis was 36 years (19-42). 49% of patients were very young patients (≤ 35 years). 19% were diagnosed as early disease, 67.5% as locally advanced BC and 13.5% as metastatic. 32% of patients had triple negative BC disease, while 27% were HER2 positive. From the non-metastatic patients at diagnosis, 31% developed recurrence (65% systemic, 21% loco regional and 14% both). After a median follow-up of 26 months, 18% of the 320 patients died secondary to BC disease progression. Conclusions: Although this series corresponds to patients treated at a reference national center, the data reported in this study suggests that BC among young women is very prevalent in Mexico compared to other populations. The causes underlying the striking difference in age at diagnosis in Mexican BC patients are unknown and have not been investigated, including the genetic contributing factors. As reported in non-Hispanic population studies, BC among young women is diagnosed in more advanced stages, and triple-negative and HER2 positive diseases are more frequent. It is associated with a high proportion of systemic and loco regional recurrence, with a dismal prognosis. Due to the substantial number of BC cases among young women in Mexico, its prospective study is more than justified. In order to meet with this goal, our group is preparing the establishment of the Mexican Young Women's Breast Cancer Cohort Program at the INCAN in Mexico and to launch the related scientific projects related to this plan. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-12-10.
L-Noradrenaline as a Vasoconstrictor
Authors: H. C. Churchill-Davidson
Journal: BMJ (1951)

<h3>Background</h3> Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and protein-to-creatinine ratio (PCR) are used to measure urine protein. Recent guidelines endorse ACR use, and equations have been developed incorporating ACR to predict risk of kidney failure. For situations in which PCR only is available, having a method to estimate ACR from PCR as accurately as possible would be useful. <h3>Methods</h3> We used data from a population-based cohort of 47,714 adults in Alberta, Canada, who had simultaneous assessments of urine ACR and PCR. After log-transforming ACR and PCR, we used cubic splines and quantile regression to estimate the median ACR from a PCR, allowing for modification by specified covariates. On the basis of the cubic splines, we created models using linear splines to develop equations to estimate ACR from PCR. In a subcohort with eGFR&lt;60 ml/min per 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>, we then used the kidney failure risk equation to compare kidney failure risk using measured ACR as well as estimated ACR that had been derived from PCR. <h3>Results</h3> We found a nonlinear association between log(ACR) and log(PCR), with the implied albumin-to-protein ratio increasing from &lt;30% in normal to mild proteinuria to about 70% in severe proteinuria, and with wider prediction intervals at lower levels. Sex was the most important modifier of the relationship between ACR and PCR, with men generally having a higher albumin-to-protein ratio. Estimates of kidney failure risk were similar using measured ACR and ACR estimated from PCR. <h3>Conclusions</h3> We developed equations to estimate the median ACR from a PCR, optionally including specified covariates. These equations may prove useful in certain retrospective clinical or research applications where only PCR is available.
Has pancreatic damage from glucagon suppressing diabetes drugs been underplayed?
Authors: D. Cohen
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Incretin mimetics have been called "the darlings of diabetes treatment" and they may soon also be licensed for treating obesity. But a <i>BMJ</i> investigation has found growing safety concerns linked to the drugs' mechanism of action. <b>Deborah Cohen</b> asks why patients and doctors have not been told.
SIGIRR, a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor–interleukin 1 receptor signaling
Authors: David Wald, Jinzhong Qin, Zhendong Zhao, Youcun Qian, Mayumi Naramura, Liping Tian, Jennifer Towne, John E Sims, George R Stark, Xiaoxia Li
Journal: Nature Immunology (2003)