tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Silica dust and lung cancer
Authors: X BAUR
Journal: Thorax (2000)

Xanthoma disseminatum (XD) is a rare mucocutaneous xanthomatosis classified as a benign form of non-Langerhans' cell histiocytosis.The case history is presented of a 61 year old woman with XD who developed dyspnoea and spirometric features of airflow obstruction.Bronchoscopy and computed tomography confirmed involvement of the large and medium sized bronchi and she subsequently died from acute respiratory failure.The post-mortem findings and the importance of respiratory tract disease in this unusual condition are discussed.
SURGICAL SEPSIS-REPORT ON SUBTOTAL GASTRECTOMIES
Authors: Benjamin A. Barnes
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The incidence of postoperative sepsis on a surgical service was determined because of the widespread impression that the risk of surgical sepsis is increasing. A retrospective record survey and statistical analysis of sepsis after 3,000 subtotal gastrectomies established an incidence of septic complications of 4% in the period 19411953. Prior to this period, when blood transfusions were not readily available, and after this period, when an increasing number of emergency subtotal gastrectomies were performed, the incidence of postoperative sepsis was greater. The clinical use of antibiotics was not synchronous with these changes. A large part of the recent rise in postoperative sepsis is a consequence of the altered case material. Numerous factors contributing to the development of sepsis require careful analysis before any one factor, such as environmental bacteria, may be held accountable.
Generation of leukotrienes from normal epidermis and their demonstration in cutaneous disease
Authors: T. ROSENBACH, J. GRABBE, ANNELIE MoLLER, H. J. SCHWANITZ, BEATE M. CZARNETZKI
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

In order to evaluate the significance of chemotactic leukotrienes in cutaneous disease, synthetic leukotriene B4 and its metabolites were examined during in vitro chemotaxis. Leukotriene B4, and less so 20-OH-leukotriene B4, were chemotactic for neutrophils and eosinophils, with a preferential attraction of eosinophils. The responsiveness of human monocytes towards leukotriene B4 was relatively low. Normal cells and cells from different patients varied in their quantitative response. Cells from patients with eczema and T-cell lymphoma tended to migrate less than those from patients with other inflammatory diseases. Leukotrienes are generated from several types of peripheral leukocytes. In order to examine whether resident cells of the skin can also produce these factors, isolated human and murine epidermal cells were examined for their ability to generate leukotriene B4 and leukotriene C4in vitro. Arachidonic acid, and less so the ionophore A 23187, induced the generation of both types of factors, based on the finding in the bioassay, reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassays. The same factors were demonstrated by either or all of these methods in skin biopsies, scales, blisters or suction blisters of patients with psoriasis, pitysiasis rubra pilaris, dyshidrosis, bullous pemphigoid, pressure urticaria, urticaria pigmentosa and drug reactions, but not in Sézary syndrome nor in callus and skin biopsies of normal controls. These findings underline the fact that the leukotrienes are potent inflammatory mediators in diverse skin diseases, but that they are not limited to any specific disease. Furthermore, a relationship between leukotrienes and tissue eosinophilia does not exist.
Maternal mortality: how many miles to Bethlehem?
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The closest I’ve got to Bethlehem was a medical workshop in Beirut last month. Or was it earlier, at a conference in Damascus or Amman? Distances in the Middle East can be deceptive. Are we talking geography, politics, or psychology?

As the crow flies from Jerusalem, Beirut is 145 miles (230 km) northwards and Amman is 44 miles to the east. On a map of England, if Oxford is Jerusalem, then Beirut, Damascus, and Amman are Leeds, Hull, and Welwyn Garden City.

What …
Transverse Colon Thromboangiitis Obliterans of the
Authors: Ian L. Sachs, Tomas Klima, Norman B. Frankel
Journal: JAMA (1977)

THROMBOANGIITIS obliterans (TAO) is a rare occlusive vascular disease first described by Buerger in 1908.<sup>1</sup>Later, Buerger noted that vascular obliteration could include mesenteric vessels as well. Nevertheless, gastrointestinal involvement remains largely unknown; for instance, no mention was made of abdominal manifestations of Buerger's disease in a recent symposium.<sup>2</sup>Since Buerger's description of mesenteric involvement (1924), only three cases describing involvement of the colon have been added.<sup>3,4</sup>We present an additional case of TAO involving the colon, emphasizing involvement of the mesenteric circulation in Buerger's disease. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 45-year-old man was admitted to St Luke's Episcopal Hospital (Houston) because of constant left upper quadrant abdominal pain. He also had intermittent claudication on walking and anorexia, with a 14-kg weight loss during the previous year. He had smoked two packages of cigarettes daily for 30 years. Physical examination showed cachexia and left upper quadrant abdominal
Flow Through Collapsible Tubes: Augmented Flow Produced by Resistance at the Outlet
Authors: SIMON RODBARD
Journal: Circulation (1955)

The physical laws describing the character of flow through blood vessels may depart radically from those which have been developed by engineers and physicists for uniform flow through rigid tubes of uniform diameter. These deviations are marked in the case of flow through collapsible tubes,such as blood vessels and valves. At critically high velocities, the flow pattern may be transformed from a quiet, uniform smooth-flowing stream to an interrupted series of jets with the production of audible sound and with marked energy losses. The present study deals primarily with the "paradoxically" increased flow which may take place through collapsible tubes when a resistance is added to the outlet from the system. This marked deviation from the laws for rigid tubes is attributed to the vessel-distending effects of the added resistance, and to the inhibition of the phenomenon of recurrent collapsibility. The present in vitro experiments are used to attempt to explain certain paradoxical findings in flow through the collapsible tube systems of the body.
Gene tests should be better regulated, says Lords committee
Authors: D. M Henderson
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Online genetic tests are “medically irrelevant” and provide “totally useless information,” says a report published by the House of Lords on Monday.

The report highlights concerns about the growing market for tests made available directly to consumers, stating that the United Kingdom had no regulations governing such tests and that consumers were receiving results without adequate medical counselling. Results were likely to be interpreted out of context and could result in further anxiety.

The report recommends that direct to consumer …
Ethics of receiving gifts considered
Authors: T. Randall
Journal: JAMA (1991)

SOCIAL SCIENTISTS describe the "norm of reciprocity," or the obligation to help those who have helped you, as one of the fundamental principles that guides human interactions. It is not surprising, therefore, that pharmaceutical companies rely on this principle of human nature by giving gifts to physicians in hopes that they will prescribe their firms' products in return. In the context of medicine, however, many feel that the act of accepting a gift has far-reaching ethical consequences that put the "gift" at too great a price. The recent Senate hearings that investigated the use of gifts and other extravagant marketing practices of the pharmaceutical industry were conducted primarily out of concern that these expensive promotional schemes were raising the prices of drugs while offering no benefit to consumers. The concern has been repeated often in the medical literature. John Nelson, MD, immediate past president of the Utah Medical Association and
Optimized Dialysis and Protease Inhibition of Sputum Dithiothreitol Supernatants
Authors: Edward M. Erin, Gavin R. Jenkins, Onn Min Kon, Angela S. Zacharasiewicz, Grant C. Nicholson, Helen Neighbour, Rachel C. Tennant, Andrew J. Tan, Brian R. Leaker, Andrew Bush, Peter J. Jose, Peter J. Barnes, Trevor T. Hansel
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Dithiothreitol (DTT) is commonly used to liquefy induced sputum samples before assessment of cytology, but causes reduction of disulfide bonds and denaturation of proteins.To process sputum supernatants containing DTT to enable quantification of cytokines and chemokines.A standard solution of 22 pooled chemokines and cytokines was incubated with DTT at the concentrations used during sputum liquefaction and then dialyzed under 20 different denaturant and redox conditions.After incubation of the standard solution with DTT there was loss of detectable protein mediators on immunoassay, but optimized dialysis permitted recovery of chemokines to 96 +/- 4% and cytokines to 91 +/- 6%. Optimized dialysis of DTT supernatants from subjects with asthma covering a range of severities (n = 35) was performed in the presence of a cocktail of protease inhibitors and demonstrated significantly elevated levels of the chemokine CXCL10 (IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10), CXCL8 (IL-8), and CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha); with lower but significantly elevated levels of CCL2 (monocyte chemotactic protein-1), CCL11 (eotaxin), and CCL5 (regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted) in severe asthma. In sputum from subjects with severe asthma there were also significantly elevated levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-12(p40).The technique of optimized dialysis and protease inhibition of sputum DTT supernatants aids the detection of chemokines and cytokines. The detection of elevated levels of particular sputum chemokines and cytokines in individual patients may provide a rationale for specific therapies.
Dynamic thresholds for controlling encoding and retrieval operations in localist (or distributed) neural networks: The need for biologically plausible implementations
Authors: Alan D. Pickering
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

A dynamic threshold, which controls the nature and course of learning, is a pivotal concept in Page's general localist framework. This commentary addresses various issues surrounding biologically plausible implementations for such thresholds. Relevant previous research is noted and the particular difficulties relating to the creation of so-called instance representations are highlighted. It is stressed that these issues also apply to distributed models.
Severe bleeding disorders in children with normal coagulation screening tests
Authors: P J Green
Journal: BMJ (1982)

treatment it could mean that the patient was receiving months of unnecessary, ineffective, and expensive treatment.Ultrasound is likely to prove useful in detecting spontaneous gall-stone recurrence and in monitor- ing the efficacy of postdissolution treatments given in attempts to prevent recurrence.If recurrent stones are detected, however, and treatment options include the possibility of further dissolution therapy, supplementary oral cholecystography will again be necessary.In our present state of ignorance, we agree that it seems sensible to use both cholecysto- graphy and ultrasonography of the gall bladder in monitoring the response to medical treatment and in the follow-up of patients after "confirmed" complete gall-stone dissolution.Indeed, this has been our policy since reliable ultrasonography first became available at Guy's Hospital.The routine use of both techniques is also part of the protocol of the British National Gall-stone Group in their multicentre, postdissolution trial.But to return to Dr Somerville and colleagues' title question: are we being misled?We do not think so, but we do not know and until the incidence of false-positive and false-negative results with both imaging techniques be- comes established, we believe that we should keep an open mind and avoid dogma.
Cognitive impairment and early death in the elderly
Authors: E McRorie, D C Kennie, J D Fulton
Journal: BMJ (1990)

department of our hospital attend because of musculoskeletal complaints and injuries.A glance at the journals of the defence organisations reveals that such injuries are often a fruitful source of litigation.We hope that the omission oforthopaedic surgery is an error in the construction of the questionnaire used in the study rather than a reflection on its lack of teaching.
Social exclusion must be considered in global terms
Authors: J J. Miranda, P. Farmer
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Risk of adverse birth outcomes near landfill sitesEvidence suggests that it is probably safe for fetuses to develop near landfill sites Editor-Elliott et al report a large geographical study of adverse birth outcomes in populations living near landfill sites. 1 They conclude that there are small excess risks of congenital anomalies and low birth weight in such populations.Although they advise caution when interpreting their results, the study is nevertheless hailed by the press and by environmental groups as evidence that living near such sites is hazardous to health. 2 The concerns felt by parents, often with no opportunity to move elsewhere, are fuelled, and perhaps on no grounds.Scientists contribute to the media generated intrigue in subtle ways.For example, the description of the paper in an editorial by McNamee and Dolk as a report "on the risks to fetuses associated with residence" when "a study of the statistical association between reported anomalies and residence" would have been more accurate and less sensationalist. 3 Health authorities are left to pick up the pieces when a story breaks, with no advance warning, about a landfill site in their area.Another interpretation of the results of Elliott et al is that this essentially negative study goes some way to reassuring other scientists who have been studying this question that it is probably safe for fetuses to develop near such sites.Any scientist who has any experience of multivariate epidemiological analysis would have to admit that such small and inconsistent excesses and deficits, even though significant, could well be attributable to inadequately adjusted social deprivation, to name but one of many important confounders.The fact that there was no increase after the landfill sites became operational, and a significant deficit of anomalies around landfill sites in Scotland, must leave even the most determined author feeling uneasy about suggesting a causal association.Epidemiological techniques used in this study are blunt instruments unlikely to detect subtle or unidentified effects.Perhaps it is time for epidemiologists to admit that their tools are inadequate to answer this question.Other scientists should take this forward by developing better techniques to identify any putative agents in the gas emissions, leachates, and soil that may be of sufficiently high concentrations to affect human health.Many of these landfill sites are unattractive and foul smelling, attracting seagulls and peppering the landscape with rubbish.More imaginative long term wastemanagement solutions are long overdue.
Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: A placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Ulrich Beuers, Ulrich Spengler, Wolfgang Kruis, ülker Aydemir, Baldur Wiebecke, Walter Heldwein, Marlene Weinzierl, Gerd R. Pape, Tilman Sauerbruch, Gustav Paumgartner
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

The efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis were evaluated in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Fourteen patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis documented by cholestatic serum enzyme pattern, liver histological appearance and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography were included in the trial. Six patients received ursodeoxycholic acid (13 to 15 mg/kg body wt/day), and eight patients received placebo. Two patients had to be withdrawn from the study, one because of UDCA-related diarrhea and the other because of worsening of the disease during placebo treatment. Patients in the ursodeoxycholic acid group improved significantly during 1 yr of treatment with respect to serum levels of bilirubin (median = -50%), alkaline phosphatase (median = -67%), gamma-glutamyltransferase (median = -53%), AST (median = -54%) and ALT (median = -36%) compared with the placebo group, but not with respect to serum levels of hydrophobic bile acids. During ursodeoxycholic acid treatment, histopathological features also improved significantly, as evaluated by multiparametric score. Expression of human leukocyte antigen class I molecules appeared to be markedly reduced on liver cells after ursodeoxycholic acid treatment. We conclude that ursodeoxycholic acid is beneficial in reducing disease activity in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Synchronous Bronchioloalveolar and Squamous Cell Lung Cancer With Different 18F-FDG Avidity on PET/CT
Authors: Thorsten Derlin, Till Sebastian Clauditz, Alexander Quaas, Christian Rolf Habermann
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

We report a case of synchronous multiple primary lung cancer diagnosed by 18F-FDG PET/CT. A 78-year-old man underwent staging FDG PET/CT that demonstrated intense tracer uptake in the primary, and a second lesion with low uptake. Histopathologic evaluation revealed synchronous squamous cell and bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, representing 2 distinct primaries. FDG PET/CT may identify and diagnose synchronous multiple primary lung cancer on the basis of different morphologic and metabolic features of distinct tumor entities. Moreover, pulmonary lesions with low FDG avidity may still represent malignant disease, even in the context of biopsy-proven FDG-avid lung cancer.
923 VALIDATION OF A NEW SONOGRAPHIC PARAMETER (LIVER/KIDNEY RATIO OF GREYS INTENSITY OF DIGITAL IMAGES) FOR DIAGNOSIS AND QUANTIFICATION OF LIVER STEATOSIS
Authors: S. Gaiani, L. Chemello, A. Cecchetto, G.C. Bombonato, L. Cavalletto, M. Bolognesi, A. Gatta, D. Sacerdoti
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Califano and Health Research
Authors: Daniel S. Greenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

"When I find myself in the company of scientists," W. H. Auden wrote some years ago, "I feel like a shabby curate who has strayed by mistake into a drawing room full of dukes."If Mr. Auden had strayed into the main auditorium of the National Institutes of Health on October 3, he would surely have revised his impressions of the ducal nature of contemporary science. For there on the podium was lawyer Joseph A. Califano, Jr., the shake-'em-up impresario of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, using a soft voice but firm words to inform nearly 1000 members . . .
Management of Diabetic Retinopathy-Reply
Authors: Jay S. Skyler
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In Reply.—  Dr Hagan is concerned about my use of the word retinal  specialist rather than ophthalmologist in my editorial. He quotes an earlier paragraph in which he puts emphasis on the word ophthalmologist . The intended emphasis of that sentence is  in the evaluation and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. My bias is that such treatment is best performed by a retinal specialist. Thus, the word ideally initiates the sentence in question. Retinal specialists should be able to identify glaucoma and cataracts as well.  Although retinal specialists may be ideal, all communities may not have ready access to them. Thus, in this circumstance, experienced general ophthalmologists would be appropriate. A further point is that primary care physicians should not assume that their casual funduscopic examination is adequate in the evaluation of diabetic patients.
TICAGRELOR PLASMA LEVELS BUT NOT CLINICAL OUTCOMES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH TRANSPORTER AND METABOLISM ENZYME GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS
Authors: Christoph Varenhorst, Niclas Eriksson, Åsa Johansson, Bryan Barratt, Axel Åkerblom, Emil Hagström, Ann-Christine Syvänen, Richard Becker, Stefan James, Hugo Katus, Steen Husted, Gabriel Steg, Agneta Siegbahn, Deepak Voora, Robert Storey, Lars Wallentin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
THE CREMASTERIC REFLEX IN VARICOCELE.
Authors: THEODORE A. McGRAW
Journal: JAMA (1892)

I wish in this paper to make a short mention of certain observations and theories which I am not yet prepared to publish in full.The accepted theories in regard to the causation and pathology of varicocele have never been entirely satisfactory to the profession.While it may be ad¬ mitted that certain anatomical relations, more espe¬ cially of veins on the left side of the body, may pre¬ dispose to the disease, and while there can be no doubt of the occasional agency of injuries and vene¬ real excesses in producing it, we may nevertheless ac¬ knowledge our ignorance of the exact pathological processes which lead to its development.We cannot explain why of two men of apparently similar con¬ stitution and habits of life one should suffer from the disease and the other escape.We may accept as the truth, the statement that the size, winding course and numerous anastomoses of the veins near the testis, their lack of support by the loose and inelas¬ tic tissues which surround them ; the length and small size of their efferent trunks, the perpendicular course of the left spermatic vein, its right angled junction with the renal and its position under the sigmoid flexure render these veins especially liable to over distention and resulting disease.We may also agree that general debility, sprains, violent muscular exertion and excess of venereal excitement,conduce to the production of variococele, and yet we have still to account for the fact that multitudes of men whose anatomical formation is precisely similar and who are subjected to the influence of all of these so-called causes, go through life nevertheless untouched by the
New screening tests for bowel and cervical cancer are to be piloted in NHS
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2012)

New cancer screening tests are to be piloted in the NHS in England, the health secretary announced this week at the Britain against Cancer conference in London.

Condemning the variation in outcomes among people who develop bowel cancer, with five year survival from bowel cancer ranging from 68% of patients in the best areas to 40% in the worst, Jeremy Hunt said, “This cannot be right.”

He announced that pilot schemes using flexible sigmoidoscopy to screen for bowel cancer would be launched next March by trusts in five areas of England: Norwich, South of Tyne, northwest London,, Surrey, West Kent, and Wolverhampton. All people aged over 55 would be invited.

Deborah Alsina, chief executive of the …
MENSTRUATION AND THE SAFE PERIOD
Authors: Ivan I. Yoder
Journal: JAMA (1934)

To  Editor:—  InThe Journal, February 10, Dr. Emil Novak, in discussing   period, bottom of second column, page 452, states: the nondangerous span being that embraced between  twelfth and nineteenth days, inclusive. This seems to be  direct opposite of his statement earlier in  same paragraph. It does not fit with  observations you make in your editorial in  same issue. If  word dangerous instead of undangerous were used or  word inclusive construed as meaning from  nineteenth day of  menstrual cycle, through to  twelfth day after, this passage would be obvious. I am pointing to this apparent error because  statement, as it stands, is in entire accord with my previous knowledge and is  teaching that  clergy in my locality are advising in regard to  safe period. The newer knowledge of  time of ovulation,
Analysis of fibrinogen γ-chain truncations shows the C-terminus, particularly γIle387, is essential for assembly and secretion of this multichain protein
Authors: Nobuo Okumura, Fumiko Terasawa, Hitoshi Tanaka, Masako Hirota, Hiroyoshi Ota, Kiyoshi Kitano, Kendo Kiyosawa, Susan T. Lord
Journal: Blood (2002)