tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
LECTURE ON DRINKING WATER.AN ABSTRACT.
Authors: CHARLES SMART
Journal: JAMA (1894)

A lecture on drinking water was delivered by Dr. Charles Smart, U. S. Army, on the 5th inst., under the auspices of the Sanitary League of Washington, D. C. The lecturer spoke first of waters generally and their constituents, dividing the latter into inorganic matters, dead organic matter and living organic matter. The first of these he represented as not necessarily a sanitary impurity, for the human system required and assimilated from articles of food and drink over an ounce of just such salts daily. If a water is saline to the taste, or alkalin or chalybeate, or is so hard as to curdle the soap in washing instead of forming a foaming lather, it will probably cause intestinal disorders. Otherwise the analyst has little interest in the inorganic salts as the totality of their amount is insufficient to occasion harmful effects. The dead organic matter is of importance because
View From the Bridge
Authors: David H. Rosen
Journal: JAMA (1985)

A major aspect of medical education during the clinical years is learning how not to behave. Late one busy Saturday night during my rotation in the emergency room of a general hospital in San Francisco, while I was an intern, a young woman was brought in who had severed a radial artery in a suicide attempt. A tourniquet was applied, an intravenous line was started, and she was given fluids and, as soon as possible, blood transfusions. Once she was stabilized, the surgery resident and I began to repair the severed artery. The despondency and hopelessness expressed in the young woman's eyes seemed to reach out to me. She periodically moaned and cried; she talked about how life was not worth living. I gathered that she had just been rejected by a loved one and this had led to the attempt to end her life. The resident simply said, "Next
The role of iNOS in alcohol-dependent hepatotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in mice
Authors: Aparna Venkatraman, Sruti Shiva, Amanda Wigley, Elena Ulasova, David Chhieng, Shannon M. Bailey, Victor M. Darley-Usmar
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Nitric oxide (NO) is now known to control both mitochondrial respiration and organelle biogenesis. Under conditions of ethanol-dependent hepatic dysfunction, steatosis is increased, and this is associated with increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We have previously shown that after chronic exposure to ethanol, the sensitivity of mitochondrial respiration to inhibition by NO is enhanced, and we have proposed that this contributes to ethanol-dependent hypoxia. This study examines the role of iNOS in controlling the NO-dependent modification of mitochondrial function. Mitochondria were isolated from the livers of both wild-type (WT) and iNOS knockout (iNOS −/− ) mice that were fed an isocaloric ethanol-containing diet for a period of 5 weeks. All animals that consumed ethanol showed some evidence of fatty liver; however, this was to a lesser extent in the iNOS −/− mice compared to controls. At this early stage in ethanol-dependent hepatic dysfunction, infiltration of inflammatory cells and the formation of nitrated proteins was also decreased in response to ethanol feeding in the iNOS −/− animals. Mitochondria isolated from wild-type ethanol-fed mice showed a significant decrease in respiratory control ratio and an increased sensitivity to NO-dependent inhibition of respiration relative to their pair-fed controls. In contrast, liver mitochondria isolated from iNOS −/− mice fed ethanol showed no change in the sensitivity to NO-dependent inhibition of respiration. In conclusion , the hepatic response to chronic alcohol-dependent cytotoxicity involves a change in mitochondrial function dependent on the induction of iNOS. (Hepatology 2004;40:565-573.)
Preliminary report: genetic variation within the GPBAR1 gene is not associated with metabolic traits in white subjects at an increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Karsten Müssig, Harald Staiger, Fausto Machicao, Jürgen Machann, Fritz Schick, Silke A. Schäfer, Claus D. Claussen, Jens J. Holst, Baptist Gallwitz, Norbert Stefan, Andreas Fritsche, Hans-Ulrich Häring
Journal: Metabolism (2009)
Serum cortisol concentrations during low dose dexamethasone suppression test to screen for Cushing's syndrome.
Authors: L Kennedy, A B Atkinson, H Johnston, B Sheridan, D R Hadden
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Forty four subjects (23 obese controls, 11 patients with possible Cushing's syndrome, and 10 patients with definite Cushing's syndrome) underwent low dose (0 X 5 mg every six hours for two days) dexamethasone suppression tests during which serum cortisol concentration at 0800 and excretion of urinary free cortisol over 24 hours were measured. Serum cortisol concentration fell to below 60 nmol/1 (2 X 2 micrograms/100 ml) in 31 subjects and remained above 250 nmol/1 (9 X 1 micrograms/100 ml) in the 13 others. Excretion of urinary free cortisol showed a similar response, falling to below 110 nmol (40 micrograms)/24 h in 31 and remaining above 180 nmol (65 micrograms)/24 h in the 13 others. There was complete concordance between the two variables in terms of the pattern of response. Serum cortisol concentration fell to below 60 nmol/1 (2 X 2 micrograms/100 ml) in at least 97% (31 of a possible 32) of subjects without Cushing's syndrome. On the other hand, a serum cortisol concentration of above 250 nmol/1 (9 X 1 micrograms/100 ml) after low dose dexamethasone gave a false positive diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome in at most only one of 13 patients (7 X 7%). Measurement of serum cortisol concentration during the low dose dexamethasone test is simpler than, and as accurate and reliable as, measurements of urinary steroids.
Dispatches: Undercover Angels
Authors: Jane Salvage
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Channel 4, 31 January at 8 pm Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img> T he “undercover angels” of this documentary's title were Norma Ndebele and Charlie Smith, a nurse and a health care assistant (HCA), who spent three months apiece working at the Royal United Hospital, Bath, and Ealing Hospital, London, as HCAs wearing hidden cameras. Their six months of filming was distilled into a one hour programme trailed by Channel 4 as “a damning catalogue of inefficiency, neglect and substandard treatment.” A different director's cut might have shown a heartwarming catalogue of happy patients basking in wonderful care given by dedicated professionals, but that wouldn't have made the newspapers. The shock-horror build-up was duly fulfilled with distressing scenes of patients … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif
Null alleles of ABCG2 encoding the breast cancer resistance protein define the new blood group system Junior
Authors: Carole Saison, Virginie Helias, Bryan A Ballif, Thierry Peyrard, Hervé Puy, Toru Miyazaki, Sébastien Perrot, Muriel Vayssier-Taussat, Mauro Waldner, Pierre-Yves Le Pennec, Jean-Pierre Cartron, Lionel Arnaud
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
Ushering in the New Toxicology: Toxicogenomics and the Public Interest
Authors: John M. Balbus
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

New scientific tools spawned by the genomics revolution promise to improve our ability to identify causative factors in human diseases. But as these new tools elucidate the complex interactions between chemical toxins and biologic systems, the strain on traditional ways of understanding toxic effects grows. Despite major advances in the science and technology of these new toxicogenomics tools, scientific and political complexities threaten to delay the use of toxicogenomics to further the public interest or--worse--to advance its use initially to weaken the regulation and safety of widely used chemicals. To gain further insight into the scientific and political landscape of the new toxicology, we interviewed 27 experts from a variety of disciplines and sectors. Interviewees expressed widespread agreement that the new toxicology promises a significant increase in the amount of information available on toxic effects of chemicals. But the interviews show that the promise of the new toxicology will be realized only if technical and political obstacles can be overcome. Although scientific rigor is necessary for the new toxicology to move forward, the scientific and public-interest communities must ensure that inappropriate definitions of rigor, as well as proprietary interests, do not create unnecessary barriers to more effective public health protection.
Participation of monocyte-macrophages and lymphocytes in the production of a factor that stimulates collagenase and prostaglandin release by rheumatoid synovial cells.
Authors: J M Dayer, J Bréard, L Chess, S M Krane
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Cultured mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood produce a soluble factor (MCF) that stimulates collagenase and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release by cultured rheumatoid synovial cells up to several hundred fold. These target rheumatoid synovial cells lack conventional macrophage markers. To determine which mononuclear cells are the source of MCF, purified populations of monocyte-macrophages, thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes were prepared. The monocyte-macrophages alone produced levels of MCF that were proportional to cell density but unaffected by phytohemagglutinin or pokeweed mitogen. No detectable collagenase activity was produced by the cultured monocyte-macrophages or lymphocytes. Purified T lymphocytes produced levels of MCF approximately or equal to 1--3% those of purified monocyte-macrophages in the presence or absence of the above lectins. Purified T lymphocytes modulated the production of MCF by the monocyte-macrophages, however, in a manner dependent upon relative cell densities and the presence of lectins. For example, at optimal ratios of T lymphocytes: monocyte-macrophages, MCF production was markedly stimulated by pokeweed mitogen. Thus, interactions of T lymphocytes and monocyte-macrophages could be important in determining levels of MCF, which regulate collagenase and PGE2 production by target synovial cells in inflammatory arthritis.
INTRACUTANEOUS REACTIONS IN PERTUSSIS
Authors: THOMAS G. HULL
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The reports of Modigliani and de Villa<sup>1</sup>and of Orgel<sup>2</sup>in the diagnosis of pertussis by intracutaneous reactions encouraged the medical world to hope that progress was being made in the control of this disease. Modigliani and de Villa made intracutaneous injections of a suspension containing a loopful of pertussis culture in 1 c.c. of distilled water. No reaction was obtained in diseases other than whooping cough, while an inflammatory reaction formed constantly in thirty-eight children with pertussis. Normal children gave negative reactions. Three children who had been exposed to the disease, but as yet showed no symptoms, gave a positive intracutaneous reaction, and a few days later developed whooping cough. Orgel used a suspension of pertussis bacilli in salt solution, 2,000 million organisms per cubic centimeter. Among twenty-five children in various stages of pertussis, all but one reacted positively, this one being in the incubation period. Among
Margaret Elizabeth Barden
Authors: Ailsa E Gebbie
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former senior clinical medical officer in family planning Edinburgh (b 1935; q Bristol 1960; MFFP), died from cancer on 4 May 2003.

Elizabeth Barden worked in Kenya before moving to Scotland, where she trained in child health and family planning. Her main clinical role was in the family planning services in Lothian, where she developed new services and methods of contraception in the clinics and was a dedicated teacher of doctors in training. She was a medical officer for 19 schools in East Lothian and wrote a regular medical column for the Scotsman newspaper. Predeceased by her only son, she leaves two grandsons.
RECENT ADDITIONS TO KNOWLEDGE OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Henry W. Kumm
Journal: JAMA (1952)

During the past two years, several hundred articles dealing with many phases of the study of infantile paralysis have appeared in the medical press. While not all of the significant contributions that have been published during this period are considered, aspects to be covered are etiology, pathogenesis, factors precipitating paralysis in experimental animals and man, immunization studies, and finally, the very important discovery that the virus can be grown in cultures of non-nervous tissue. <h3>ETIOLOGY</h3> Cross immunity tests have shown that the poliomyelitis viruses can be separated into three broad antigenic groups. This investigation, involving several hundred strains of the virus, has been completed, and a report of the results of the first 100 strains typed has already been published. The program, guided by the special Committee on Typing of the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, was carried out by four teams of investigators located at the universities of Pittsburgh,
Abstract 224: Targeting reprogramming the stemness in breast carcinogenesis by 2-Methoxyestradiol.
Authors: Gargi Maity, Snigdha Banerjee, Archana De, Sandipto Sarkar, Amlan Das, Sushanta Banerjee
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2), a natural metabolite of estradiol is a potent antitumor and antiangiogenic agent. 2ME2 inhibits the proliferation of a wide variety of cancer cell and primary cultures and blocks tumor growth in the tumor xenograft model. 2-ME2 is currently undergoing Phase I and II clinical trial under the commercial name Panzem. Although various molecular targets have been proposed for this compound, the impact of 2ME2 on reprogramming of stemness is unknown. Thus, the purpose of this was to determine whether 2ME2 can modulate pathophysiological events like epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell migration and stemness in breast cancer cell. Our study indicated that 2ME2 inhibits EMT by down regulating mesenchymal markers like vimentin, Snail, Twist and upregulating epithelial markers like keratin-19, E-cadherin in both low metastatic (MCF-7) and high metastatic (MDA-MB-231) breast cancer cells. We found that 2ME2 significantly reduced in vitro breast cancer cell proliferation and migration. We also showed that 2ME2 not only decreased expression of stem cell markers CD44 and oct4 and increased CD24 expression in breast cancer cells it also inhibits stemness or self -renewal property of breast cancer stem cell as observed from mammosphere assay. Overall our results may help to understand the role of 2ME2 in EMT process followed by stemness, which may facilitate to develop new therapeutic targets in breast cancer management. Citation Format: Gargi Maity, Snigdha Banerjee, Archana De, Sandipto Sarkar, Amlan Das, Sushanta Banerjee. Targeting reprogramming the stemness in breast carcinogenesis by 2-Methoxyestradiol. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 224. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-224 Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR Annual Meeting 2013 because the presenter was unable to attend.
New register will track trials funded by the NHS
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A recently launched electronic register of clinical trials will provide information on all randomised controlled trials funded wholly by the NHS in England.

The NHS trusts clinical trials register has been set up to comply with the requirements of the UK research governance framework regarding trial registration, and to identify areas being supported by NHS research funding.

It will include details on all trials taking place in England with planned completion dates after 31 March 2003. The register will not include trials that are part of a nationally …
Inducible Enhancement of Memory Storage and Synaptic Plasticity in Transgenic Mice Expressing an Inhibitor of ATF4 (CREB-2) and C/EBP Proteins
Authors: Amy Chen, Isabel A Muzzio, Gaël Malleret, Dusan Bartsch, Miguel Verbitsky, Paul Pavlidis, Amanda L Yonan, Svetlana Vronskaya, Michael B Grody, Ivan Cepeda, T.Conrad Gilliam, Eric R Kandel
Journal: Neuron (2003)
Screening Preeclamptic Cord Plasma for Proteins Associated with Decreased Breast Cancer Susceptibility
Authors: Hoi Pang Low, Ashutosh Tiwari, Jagadeesh Janjanam, Li Qiu, Chien-I Chang, William C. Strohsnitter, Errol R. Norwitz, Sun W. Tam, James E. Evans, Karin M. Green, Joao A. Paulo, Mats Lambe, Chung-Cheng Hsieh
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2013)

Abstract Preeclampsia, a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and proteinuria, has been found to reduce the subsequent risk for breast cancer in female offspring. As this protective effect could be due to exposure to preeclampsia-specific proteins during intrauterine life, the proteomic profiles of umbilical cord blood plasma between preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies were compared. Umbilical cord plasma samples, depleted of 14 abundant proteins, were subjected to proteomic analysis using the quantitative method of nanoACQUITY ultra performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry with elevated energy mode of acquisitionE (NanoUPLC-MSE). Sixty-nine differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 15 and 6 proteins were only detected in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnancies, respectively. Additionally, expression of 8 proteins (gelsolin, complement C5, keratin type I cytoskeletal 10, pigment epithelium-derived factor, complement factor B, complement component C7, hemoglobin subunit gamma-2 and alpha-fetoprotein) were up-regulated in preeclampsia with a fold change of ⩾2.0 when compared to normotensive pregnancies. The identification of alpha-fetoprotein in preeclamptic umbilical cord blood plasma supported the validity of this screen as alpha-fetoprotein has anti-estrogenic properties and has previously been linked to preeclampsia as well as a reduced breast cancer risk. The findings of this pilot study may provide new insights into the mechanistic link between preeclampsia and potentially reduced breast cancer susceptibility in adult life.
Book Review Skeletal Trauma: Fractures, Dislocations, Ligamentous Injuries Edited by Bruce D. Browner, Jesse B. Jupiter, Alan M. Levine, and Peter G. Trafton. 1991 pp. in two volumes, illustrated. Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders, 1992. $275. 0-7216-2726-9
Authors: Andrew F. Brooker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)
Abstract 4602: Cholesterol and ezetimibe: Effects on tumor growth and survival outcomes: An interim analysis
Authors: David I. Chu, Elizabeth M. Masko, Susan H. Poulton, Salvatore V. Pizzo, Stephen J. Freedland
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction and Objectives: Prostate cancer (PC) is affected by cholesterol metabolism and cholesterol-mediating medications. Ezetimibe, a gut cholesterol-uptake inhibitor, inhibits angiogenesis in human PC xenografts when given as preventive therapy. We investigated the effect of ezetimibe on PC growth when given as treatment therapy. Methods: We randomized 125 SCID mice into three initial diets: a high-fat, low-cholesterol diet (HFLC) (40% fat, 43% carbohydrates, 17% protein, 0.21% cholesterol), a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFHC) (40% fat, 43% carbohydrates, 17% protein, 1.25% cholesterol), and a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet supplemented with ezetimibe (30mg/kg) (HFHC+Z). Mice were fed ad libitum. After two weeks, we injected 106 LNCaP cells into the flanks, with 5-10 mice/group serving as non-injected controls. At two weeks post-injection, half the injected and control mice in the HFHC diet group had ezetimibe added to their diet (HFHC+delayed Z). Tumor volumes and body weights were measured twice weekly. Mice were sacrificed once tumors reached 1000mm3. Body weights and tumor volumes were compared across groups using Kruskal-Wallis test. Interim survival outcomes for this on-going study up to 86 days post-injection were evaluated with Cox proportional hazards. Results: At 1 day prior to injection, there were no significant differences in body weights across groups. At post-injection day (PD) 2, HFHC+Z mice with tumors were significantly lighter vs. all other mice (p=0.009). By PD 21, HFHC+delayed Z mice with tumors also became significantly lighter vs. the HFLC and HFHC mice with tumors (p&amp;lt;0.001). At PD 86, all mice with tumors were significantly lighter than their control counterparts without tumors (all p&amp;lt;0.013). Tumor volumes were not significantly different across groups (p=0.280). Likewise, survival was not significantly different across groups at PD 86 (p=0.125). Conclusion: Preliminary evidence from this on-going study demonstrates that ezetimibe is associated with weight loss, but only in mice with PC xenografts. The administration of ezetimibe as preventive vs. treatment therapy does not appear to affect tumor growth or survival. Future studies to explore the interplay between cholesterol metabolism and PC include comparing serum levels of cholesterol, insulin, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3, and tumor markers of proliferation and angiogenesis including akt, pakt, mTOR, VEGF, HIF, CD31 (microvessel density) and ki67 (proliferation). Moreover, we are continuing to follow the mice for any differences in tumor growth or survival. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4602. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4602
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C with recombinant α-interferon. A multicentre randomized, controlled trial
Authors: G.L Davis, L.A Balart, E.R Schiff, K Lindsay, H.C Bodenheimer, R.P Perrillo, W Carey, I.M Jacobson, J Payne, J.L Dienstag, D.H Van Thiel, C Tamburro, J Lefkowitch, J Albrecht, C Meschievitz, T.J Ortego, A Gibas
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1990)