tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Incidence of hepatitis C virus and HIV among new injecting drug users in London: prospective cohort study
Authors: Ali Judd, Matthew Hickman, Steve Jones, Tamara McDonald, John V Parry, Gerry V Stimson, Andrew J Hall
Journal: BMJ (2004)

In England, the low prevalence of HIV among injecting drug users during the 1990s was attributed in part to the introduction of harm reduction interventions in the late 1980s. Also, the prevalence of hepatitis C virus in the late 1990s was thought to be relatively low compared with other countries, at around 40% overall and 15% among those who had been injecting drugs for less than six years.1 We carried out a prospective cohort study of new injecting drug users in London to estimate the incidence of hepatitis C virus and HIV.

In 2001, we recruited from community settings mainly in London, but also in Brighton, 428 injecting drug users who were aged below 30 years or had been injecting for six years or fewer. All had injected in the previous four weeks and could provide addresses for follow up. They completed interviewer administered questionnaires and provided oral fluid specimens and optionally dried capillary blood spots for testing for antibodies to hepatitis C virus and HIV using published methods.2 3 They were followed up 12 months later. …
Intraadrenal Interactions in the Regulation of Adrenocortical Steroidogenesis
Authors: Monika Ehrhart-Bornstein, Joy P. Hinson, Stefan R. Bornstein, Werner A. Scherbaum, Gavin P. Vinson
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1998)

I. Introduction: The Adrenal Functional Unit II. Interaction Between Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex A. Relationship between medullary and cortical cells B. Paracrine control of adrenocortical function by the adrenal medulla C. Gap junctions in the adrenal cortex D. Summary III. Innervation of the Adrenal Cortex A. Evidence for a nerve supply to the adrenal cortex B. The source of adrenocortical innervation C. Regulation of adrenocortical innervation D. Role of the splanchnic nerve in regulating adrenocortical neural function E. Influence of adrenal innervation on adrenocortical function F. Effects of neurotransmitter substances on adrenocortical function G. Summary IV. The Vascular System of the Adrenal Gland A. Regulation of blood flow B. Relationship between blood flow and steroid secretion C. Effects of vascular endothelial cell products on steroid secretion D. Summary V. The Intraadrenal CRH/ACTH System A. Extrapituitary effect of CRH B. Intraadrenal ACTH C. Intraadrenal CRH and CRH receptors D. F...
Long term follow up of patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic stones treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Authors: H E Adamek, R Jakobs, A Buttmann, M U Adamek, A R J Schneider, J F Riemann
Journal: Gut (1999)

BACKGROUND There have been conflicting reports as to whether pancreatic ductal drainage achieved by endoscopy and lithotripsy improves the clinical outcome of patients with chronic pancreatitis. AIMS To determine the clinical outcome in patients with chronic pancreatitis who received extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and were followed up for two to eight years. METHODS Eighty patients with severe chronic pancreatitis and endoscopically unretrievable obstructive stones underwent ESWL with a piezoelectric lithotripter between 1989 and 1996. Clinical status, relief of symptoms, further endoscopic or surgical interventions, and mortality were defined. RESULTS Forty three (54%) patients were treated successfully with ESWL. The only feature associated with treatment success was the presence of a single stone rather than multiple stones. Successfully treated patients tended to experience less pain, although this did not reach statistical significance. A slight increase in weight was noted in our patients; however, there was no notable improvement in anomalous stools and diabetes mellitus. Five patients died due to extrapancreatic reasons. No pancreatic carcinomas developed. CONCLUSIONS ESWL associated with endoscopic drainage is a safe technique that is particularly successful in patients with a single stone. However, pancreatic drainage by endoscopy and ESWL has almost no effect on pain in chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, endoscopic management and ESWL does not prevent or postpone the development of glandular insufficiency.
Endocannabinoids promote hepatic lipogenesis and steatosis through CB1 receptors
Authors: Robert F. Schwabe
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Abstract Endogenous cannabinoids acting at CB1 receptors stimulate appetite, and CB1 antagonists show promise in the treatment of obesity. CB1−/− mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity even though their caloric intake is similar to that of wild-type mice, suggesting that endocannabinoids also regulate fat metabolism. Here, we investigated the possible role of endocannabinoids in the regulation of hepatic lipogenesis. Activation of CB1 in mice increases the hepatic gene expression of the lipogenic transcription factor SREBP-1c and its targets acetyl-CoA carboxylase-1 and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Treatment with a CB1 agonist also increases de novo fatty acid synthesis in the liver or in isolated hepatocytes, which express CB1. High-fat diet increases hepatic levels of the endocannabinoid anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide), CB1 density, and basal rates of fatty acid synthesis, and the latter is reduced by CB1 blockade. In the hypothalamus, where FAS inhibitors elicit anorexia, SREBP-1c and FAS expression are similarly affected by CB1 ligands. We conclude that anandamide acting at hepatic CB1 contributes to diet-induced obesity and that the FAS pathway may be a common molecular target for central appetitive and peripheral metabolic regulation.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous diltiazem in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.
Authors: V C Dias, S J Weir, K A Ellenbogen
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, has been shown to be safe and effective in the treatment of patients in atrial fibrillation and/or atrial flutter. However, there have been no pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies of diltiazem in these patients. METHODS AND RESULTS The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous diltiazem were determined in 32 patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (mean +/- SD age, 66 +/- 7 years; mean baseline heart rate, 131 +/- 10 beats per minute) after 20 mg or 20 mg followed by 25-mg bolus doses and a 10 and 15 mg/hr infusion for 24 hours. After the 10 and 15 mg/hr infusions of diltiazem, mean +/- SD elimination half-life was 6.8 +/- 1.8 and 6.9 +/- 1.5 hours, volume of distribution was 411 +/- 151.8 and 299 +/- 70.8 I, and systemic clearance was 42 +/- 12.4 and 31 +/- 8.3 l/hr, respectively. Percentages of the plasma concentrations of the principal metabolites desacetyldiltiazem and N-desmethyldiltiazem to diltiazem were &lt; 15% and &lt; 10%, respectively. Thirty of 32 patients maintained response throughout the 24-hour infusion of diltiazem. Using a sigmoidal Emax pharmacodynamic model, a strong relation (mean +/- SD r2, 0.78 +/- 0.2) was observed between plasma diltiazem concentration and percent heart rate reduction. Mean +/- SD Emax (maximum percent reduction in heart rate from baseline) and EC50 (plasma diltiazem concentration that achieves half Emax) were 52 +/- 17% and 110 +/- 84 ng/ml, respectively. The model predicts that mean plasma diltiazem concentration of 79, 172, and 294 ng/ml are required to produce a 20%, 30%, and 40% reduction in heart rate, respectively. A relation between plasma diltiazem concentration and percent change in systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from baseline was not observed (mean +/- SD r2, SBP/DBP: 0.35 +/- 0.24/0.36 +/- 0.2). There were no untoward side effects observed. CONCLUSIONS First, the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter is nonlinear with an apparent dose-dependent decrease in systemic clearance with increasing infusion rate. Second, using a sigmoidal Emax model, there is a strong relation between plasma diltiazem concentration and percent heart rate reduction. Third, the plasma concentrations of the principal metabolites desacetyldiltiazem and N-desmethyldiltiazem are low and are not expected to contribute significantly to the pharmacodynamics of intravenous diltiazem in these patients.
Rhinovirus infection causes steroid resistance in airway epithelium through nuclear factor κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation
Authors: Alberto Papi, Marco Contoli, Ian M. Adcock, Cinzia Bellettato, Anna Padovani, Paolo Casolari, Luminita A. Stanciu, Peter J. Barnes, Sebastian L. Johnston, Kazuhiro Ito, Gaetano Caramori
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Flexural Agminated Eruptive Nevi in Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Authors: Catherine Surinach, Philippe Bahadoran, Pierre Vabres, Christine Chiaverini, Henri Montaudie, Nouran Erfan, Anne Deville, Candace Ben Signor, Maxime Benchetrit, Thierry Passeron, Jean-Philippe Lacour
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a multisystemic disease of childhood characterized by abnormal clonal proliferation of Langerhans cells, with skin lesions often involving flexural areas. We report 2 cases of eruptive nevi seen in skin folds of children with LCH.
Amplified interactive toxicity of chemicals at nontoxic levels: mechanistic considerations and implications to public health.
Authors: H M Mehendale
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

It is widely recognized that exposure to combinations or mixtures of chemicals may result in highly exaggerated toxicity even though the individual chemicals might not be toxic. Assessment of risk from exposure to combinations of chemicals requires the knowledge of the underlying mechanism(s). Dietary exposure to a nontoxic dose of chlordecone (CD; 10 ppm, 15 days) results in a 67-fold increase in lethality of an ordinarily inconsequential dose of CCl4 (100 microliters/kg, ip). Toxicity of closely related CHCl3 and BrCCl3 is also enhanced. Phenobarbital (PB, 225 ppm, 15 days) and mirex (10 ppm, 15 days) do not share the propensity of CD in this regard. Exposure to PB + CCl4 results in enhanced liver injury similar to that observed with CD, but the animals recover and survive in contrast to the greatly amplified lethality of CD + CCl4. Investigations have revealed that neither enhanced bioactivation of CCl4 nor increased lipid peroxidation offers a satisfactory explanation of these findings. Additional studies indicate that exposure to a low dose of CCl4 (100 microliters/kg, ip) results in limited injury, which is accompanied by a biphasic response of hepatocellular regeneration (6 and 36 hr) and tissue repair, which enables the animals to recover from injury. Exposure to CD + CCl4 results in suppressed tissue repair owing to an energy deficit in hepatocytes as a consequence of excessive intracellular influx of Ca2+ leading initially to a precipitous decline in glycogen and ultimately to hypoglycemia. Supplementation of cellular energy results in restoration of the tissue repair and complete recovery from the toxicity of CD + CCl4 combination. In contrast, only the early-phase hepatic tissue repair (6 hr) is affected in PB + CCl4 treatment, but this is adequately compensated for by a greater stimulation of tissue repair at 24 and 48 hr resulting in recovery from liver injury and animal survival. A wide variety of additional experimental evidence confirms the central role of stimulated tissue repair as a decisive determinant of the final outcome of liver injury inflicted by CCl4. For instance, a 35-fold greater CCl4 sensitivity of gerbils compared to rats is correlated with the very sluggish tissue repair in gerbils. These findings are consistent with a two-stage model of toxicity, where tissue injury is inflicted by the well described "mechanisms of toxicity," but the outcome of this injury is determined by whether or not sustainable tissue repair response accompanies this injury.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Personal and family history of immune-related conditions increase the risk of plasma cell disorders: a population-based study
Authors: Ebba K. Lindqvist, Lynn R. Goldin, Ola Landgren, Cecilie Blimark, Ulf-Henrik Mellqvist, Ingemar Turesson, Anders Wahlin, Magnus Björkholm, Sigurdur Y. Kristinsson
Journal: Blood (2011)
Neonatal Meningitis and Mastoiditis Caused by Hemophilus influenzae
Authors: Tay B. Lee
Journal: JAMA (1976)

A newborn infant developed<i>Hemophilus influenzae</i>meningitis associated with acute coalescent mastoiditis and a cutaneous abscess in the mastoid region. Mastoidectomy was followed by prompt recovery from the meningitis, which had failed to clear previously despite antibiotic therapy. Mastoiditis may exist as an infective focus in neonatal meningitis more frequently than has been appreciated. Mastoid roentgenograms are usually the only clue to diagnosis of this infection and should be obtained in patients with neonatal meningitis responding poorly to antibiotic therapy. (<i>JAMA</i>235:407-409, 1976)
New Physicians, the Affordable Care Act, and the Changing Practice of Medicine
Authors: Benjamin D Sommers, Andrew B Bindman
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases redesign
Authors: L van de Putte
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

A new look for 2002

The observant reader of the Annals will notice that this first issue of the year 2002 looks different. The redesign of the journal is not just a manifestation of fashion, in a time where the only constant seems to be change. During the yearly and other meetings of editors of specialist journals published by the BMJ Publishing Group there has been …
Diagnostic Peroral Video Cholangioscopy Is an Accurate Diagnostic Tool for Patients With Bile Duct Lesions
Authors: Takao Itoi, Manabu Osanai, Yoshinori Igarashi, Kiyohito Tanaka, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroyuki Maguchi, Kenjiro Yasuda, Naoki Okano, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Tomohisa Yokoyama, Fumihide Itokawa
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2010)
Human neutrophils utilize a Rac/Cdc42-dependent MAPK pathway to direct intracellular granule mobilization toward ingested microbial pathogens
Authors: Bin Zhong, Kun Jiang, Danielle L. Gilvary, Pearlie K. Epling-Burnette, Connie Ritchey, Jinhong Liu, Rosalind J. Jackson, Elizabeth Hong-Geller, Sheng Wei
Journal: Blood (2003)
Analysis of Two Genomes from the Mitochondrion-Like Organelle of the Intestinal Parasite Blastocystis: Complete Sequences, Gene Content, and Genome Organization
Authors: V. Perez-Brocal, C. G. Clark
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Acquisition of mitochondria by the ancestor of all living eukaryotes represented a crucial milestone in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell. Nevertheless, a number of anaerobic unicellular eukaryotes have secondarily discarded certain mitochondrial features, leading to modified organelles such as hydrogenosomes and mitosomes via degenerative evolution. These mitochondrion-derived organelles have lost many of the typical characteristics of aerobic mitochondria, including certain metabolic pathways, morphological traits, and, in most cases, the organellar genome. So far, the evolutionary pathway leading from aerobic mitochondria to anaerobic degenerate organelles has remained unclear due to the lack of examples representing intermediate stages. The human parasitic stramenopile Blastocystis is a rare example of an anaerobic eukaryote with organelles that have retained some mitochondrial characteristics, including a genome, whereas they lack others, such as cytochromes. Here we report the sequence and comparative analysis of the organellar genome from two different Blastocystis isolates as well as a comparison to other genomes from stramenopile mitochondria. Analysis of the characteristics displayed by the unique Blastocystis organelle genome gives us an insight into the initial evolutionary steps that may have led from mitochondria to hydrogenosomes and mitosomes.
DISPENSARY ABUSE AND ITS ELIMINATION BY ORGANIZATION AND THE APPLICATION OF SOCIOLOGIC METHODS
Authors: A. R. WARNER
Journal: JAMA (1913)

There is to-day to a greater or less extent in all of our larger cities discussion of the problem of dispensary abuse. This problem has many sides, and dispensary physicians, outside physicians, dispensary managers and the patients are each and all in turn the abused and the abusers of the others in many ways. Beyond the individuals involved there are four fundamental factors: (1) the medical needs of our ambulatory poor; (2) the response to this by benevolence through free dispensaries; (3) the demand for material for the teaching clinics, and (4) the hereditary privileges of the family physician. It must be admitted that this need of the poor for medical aid, this zeal of benevolence to give, the attraction to the teacher combined with the absolute necessity for clinics, and the demands of the general practitioners for this same material have not been brought into a working harmony. We
MMR, autism, and Adam
Authors: D. Goldberg
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Adam was born in January 1990. His early development was uneventful though slow by comparison with that of his older sister. At 15 months, when Adam received his measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, he was beginning to articulate two word utterances. After 18 months, however, Adam began to show signs which gave my wife and me cause for concern. He became distant, disinterested, and inattentive, and he started to flap his arms and twirl. Our concerns, which had initially been greeted by some friends and professionals as those of neurotic parents were confirmed by experts at the time of Adam's second birthday. Our son was autistic and the regression experienced during his second year was characteristic of the condition. The cause, we were told, was likely to be genetic though environmental factors could not be excluded.

One reaction which we, and other parents in similar circumstances, had was to search for a possible cause. Had there been an infection …
Serglycin proteoglycan deletion induces defects in platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in mice
Authors: Donna S. Woulfe, Joanne Klimas Lilliendahl, Shelley August, Lubica Rauova, M. Anna Kowalska, Magnus Åbrink, Gunnar Pejler, James G. White, Barbara P. Schick
Journal: Blood (2007)
The effects of mental and physical stress on the incidence of skin disorders
Authors: J. M. BEARE, D. BURROWS, J. D. MERRETT
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1978)

The effect of civil unrest and terrorism in Northern Ireland from 1969 on skin diseases which are generally accepted to be aggravated by stress and strain has been studied (1) by reporting cases making claims against the government for skin diseases developed as the result of violence and (2), studying changes in the pattern of skin diseases at skin clinics in Northern Ireland over the last 10 years. There has been little change in the pattern of skin diseases which could be attributed to mental or physical stress.
Day‐care attendance and increased risk for respiratory and allergic symptoms in preschool age
Authors: L. Hagerhed‐Engman, C.‐G. Bornehag, J. Sundell, N. Åberg
Journal: Allergy (2006)

Background: The reported impact of day‐care attendance on respiratory and atopic symptoms has varied between studies from different countries. Regarding to the ‘hygiene‐hypothesis’, day‐care attendance may lead to less sensitization later in life, but the question still is whether day‐care attendance and subsequent exposure to more frequent early infections is a risk or a protection against future allergic disease or asthma (atopic and nonatopic). Methods: A cross‐sectional postal questionnaire was replied by parents of 10 851 children, aged 1–6 years, in the year 2000 in a Swedish region (DBH‐phase 1). The questionnaire focused on respiratory and atopic symptoms, the home environment and information on day care of the children. Results: Children in day care were reported to have more symptoms than children in home care: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for wheezing last 12 months, AOR 1.33 (CI 95%: 1.12–1.58), cough at night apart from colds last 12 months AOR 1.56 (CI: 1.17–2.07), doctor diagnosed asthma AOR 1.23 (CI: 0.88–1.71), rhinitis last 12 months AOR 1.15 (CI: 0.92–1.44), doctor diagnosed hay fever AOR 1.75 (CI: 0.94–3.23), eczema last 12 months, AOR 1.49 (CI: 1.24–1.79), allergic reactions to foods, AOR 1.27 (CI: 1.07–1.52), &gt;6 colds last 12 months of 2.57 (CI: 2.12–3.12) and ear infection ever AOR 2.14 (CI: 1.87–2.45). The increased risks were mainly seen and reached significance in the youngest group of children, aged 1–4 years. Adjusting and stratification for the number of airway infections last year did not change the risk associated with day‐care attendance for allergic diseases. Conclusions: Attending day care was associated with an increased risk of symptoms related to airways infections as well with eczema and allergic reactions to food. No sign of protection from day‐care attendance for allergic diseases was found up to 6 years of age. Multiple airway infections and day‐care attendance were found to be independently associated with asthma and allergic symptoms.
<i>BRCA</i>Genes — Bookmaking, Fortunetelling, and Medical Care
Authors: Bernadine Healy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

The world cheered the discovery of the BRCA1 cancer-susceptibility gene in 19941 and was chilled by its implications. A woman with a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer, or both, who carries a germ-line mutation of BRCA1 faces roughly an 85 percent lifetime risk of breast cancer and a 60 percent risk of ovarian cancer.2 BRCA2 was then discovered,3 and together these two genes were said to explain most cases of familial breast cancer.The pressure for the immediate application of these discoveries to clinical care was overwhelming from the outset. The race to discover new genes was . . .
Child B is revealed
Authors: N. W Goodman
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Evidence is the most rational basis for all arguments but, as David Seedhouse wrote so succinctly in a recent paper in the Journal of Medical Ethics, “The context in which health services rationing takes place is either non-rational or irrational.”

Enter Child B, now identified as pugnacious, feisty Jaymee Bowen. She had relapsed twice with leukaemia some years after an initial diagnosis of lymphoma but was identified only cryptically during her father's legal battle for NHS treatment with Cambridge and Huntingdon Health Authority in March. The story resurfaced on 25 October when her father applied to the courts that her name be released to the media to fund further treatment.

Over the next two days most newspapers served up a mixture of news, comment, and editorial. Would the newspapers deal with …