tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Management of prisoners with HIV infection
Authors: A J Ashworth, S. Portsmouth
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Health inequities are defined as unfair and avoidable differences in health between groups within a population. Most health research is conducted through observational studies, which are able to offer real-world insights about etiology, healthcare policy/programme effectiveness and the impacts of socioeconomic factors. However, most published reports of observational studies do not address how their findings relate to health equity. Our team seeks to develop equity-relevant reporting guidance as an extension of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. This scoping review will inform the development of candidate items for the STROBE-Equity extension. We will operationalise equity-seeking populations using the PROGRESS-Plus framework of sociodemographic factors. As part of a parallel stream of the STROBE-Equity project, the relevance of candidate guideline items to Indigenous research will be led by Indigenous coinvestigators on the team. <h3>Methods and analysis</h3> We will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute method for conducting scoping reviews. We will evaluate the extent to which the identified guidance supports or refutes our preliminary candidate items for reporting equity in observational studies. These candidate items were developed based on items from equity-reporting guidelines for randomised trials and systematic reviews, developed by members of this team. We will consult with our knowledge users, patients/public partners and Indigenous research steering committee to invite suggestions for relevant guidance documents and interpretation of findings. If the identified guidance suggests the need for additional candidate items, they will be developed through inductive thematic analysis. <h3>Ethics and dissemination</h3> We will follow a principled approach that promotes ethical codevelopment with our community partners, based on principles of cultural safety, authentic partnerships, addressing colonial structures in knowledge production and the shared ownership, interpretation, and dissemination of research. All products of this research will be published as open access.
Structure-Function Analysis of Cell Adhesion by Neural (N-) Cadherin
Authors: Kazuyoshi Tamura, Wei-Song Shan, Wayne A. Hendrickson, David R. Colman, Lawrence Shapiro
Journal: Neuron (1998)

To investigate the possible biological function of the lateral "strand dimer" observed in crystal structures of a D1 domain extracellular fragment from N-cadherin, we have undertaken site-directed mutagenesis studies of this molecule. Mutation of most residues important in the strand dimer interface abolish the ability of N-cadherin to mediate cell adhesion. Mutation of an analogous central residue (Trp-2) in E-cadherin also abrogates the adhesive capacity of that molecule. We also determined the crystal structure of a Ca2+-complexed two-domain fragment from N-cadherin. This structure, like its E-cadherin counterpart, does not adopt the strand dimer conformation. This suggests the possibility that classical cadherins might stably exist in both dimeric and monomeric forms. Data from several laboratories imply that lateral dimerization or clustering of cadherins may increase their adhesivity. We suggest the possibility that the strand dimer may play a role in this activation.
Ocular Effects of Radiation
Authors: David G. Cogan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

IN keeping with the times, a chief interest of physicians should center about the ionizing radiations. Yet it may not be amiss to present a synopsis of ocular effects from portions of the electromagnetic spectrum in addition to those of the ionizing portion, and to point out how anatomic peculiarities of the eye make this organ especially vulnerable to particular bands of radiation.The corneoconjunctival epithelium is a membrane that, like that of skin and other mucous membranes, has a high coefficient of absorption in the ultraviolet range. However, unlike the skin, it has no protective covering of keratin, and . . .
Methadone for Pain
Authors: Alex A. Cardoni
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the course of treating patients with severe pain, it is sometimes difficult to continue administering injections of narcotic analgesics over prolonged periods for various reasons. This is especially a problem in terminally ill patients who require higher-than-usual doses or more frequent drug administration than usual. Thus, oral administration of narcotic analgesics becomes desirable. However, effective oral narcotic analgesic therapy is difficult to achieve, primarily for the following two reasons: (1) the relative scarcity of oral dosage forms of potent narcotic analgesics, and (2) the poor bioavailability of these drugs on oral administration. One possible solution to these problems has been to use oral liquid combinations, such as the Brompton cocktail (morphine, cocaine, ethanol, and chloroform). However, this "shotgun" approach is unnecessary and undesirable when the same results could be obtained with other simpler preparations. Furthermore, the efficacy of oral cocaine is suspect, and its commercial availability
Performance standards for therapeutic abdominal paracentesis
Authors: Catherine M. Grabau, Sharon F. Crago, Linda K. Hoff, Julie A. Simon, Cheryl A. Melton, Beverly J. Ott, Patrick S. Kamath
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Large-volume paracentesis, the preferred treatment for patients with symptomatic tense ascites due to cirrhosis, has traditionally been performed by physicians as an inpatient procedure. Our objectives were to determine (1) whether large-volume paracentesis could be performed safely and effectively by gastrointestinal endoscopy assistants and as an outpatient procedure, (2) whether the risk of bleeding was associated with either thrombocytopenia or prolongation of the prothrombin time, and (3) the resources used for large-volume paracentesis. Gastrointestinal endoscopy assistants performed 1,100 large-volume paracenteses in 628 patients, 513 of whom had cirrhosis of the liver. The preprocedure mean international normalized ratio for prothrombin time was 1.7 +/- 0.46 (range, 0.9-8.7; interquartile range, 1.4-2.2), and the mean platelet count was 50.4 x 10(3)/microL, (range, 19 x 10(3)/microL - 341 x 10(3)/microL; interquartile range, 42-56 x 10(3)/microL). Performance of 3 to 7 supervised paracenteses was required before competence was achieved. There were no significant procedure-related complications, even in patients with marked thrombocytopenia or prolongation in the prothrombin time. The mean duration of large-volume paracentesis was 97 +/- 24 minutes, and the mean volume of ascitic fluid removed was 8.7 +/- 2.8 L. In conclusion, large-volume paracentesis can be performed safely as an outpatient procedure by trained gastrointestinal endoscopy assistants. Ten supervised paracenteses would be optimal for training the operators carrying out the procedure. The practice guideline of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases which states that routine correction of prolonged prothrombin time or thrombocytopenia is not required is appropriate when experienced personnel carry out paracentesis.
INTERSEXUALITY PROVED BY OPERATION AND MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION
Authors: Abner I. Weisman
Journal: JAMA (1941)

It is becoming more widely accepted, as science progresses, that there are few persons who are either wholly male or wholly female but rather that there is a little of the female in all men and a little of the male in all women. The ratio may sometimes be unduly exaggerated and far from the usual normal proportions, which may make it difficult at times to determine whether the individual is basically a male or a female. For this kind of person the term "intersex" has been coined. The case reported here presents one of these problems of intersexuality. It is not within the province of this report to enter into the theories of formation, suggested mechanisms, hypothetic causative factors or reports of the various classifications of intersexes. For those interested in recently proposed theories and collective reviews of the subject, suitable references are offered.<sup>1</sup>Here, the statement should
Auricular Fibrillation and the Thyroid
Authors: E. G. Slesinger
Journal: BMJ (1939)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MEDICAL JOURNAL the gonadotropic substance present in the urine of pregnant women and inject them into sterile women.Thyroidal insufficiency (in both parties) may account for sterility, since Lawrence and Rowe (1n28) have shown that 39 per cent. of a series of patients with some degree of thyroid insufficiency were sterile.The results of this series show that investigation and treatment of as many as possible of the existing causes of sterility, at the same time, raise the fertility level and render pregnancy more likely to occur.Summary 1. Sixty-two women complaining of sterility have been examined, the patency or non-patency of the Fallopian tubes being confirmed by uterosalpingography, and hormone therapy has been administered in many cases.2. Of the husbands examined 13 per cent.were abso- lute.!y sterile, and in 8 per cent.few and distorted spermatozoa only were observed.3. In 17.7 per cent. of women examined no lipiodol entered the peritoneum, showing non-patency of the tubes, and in 19 per cent. of the remaining cases one tube only was patent.4. Of the women who had been sterile from two to eleven years (with the exception of two cases of nine months and one year respectively) 47.8 per cent.have to date (September, 1938) become pregnant within a period varying from one to seven months after treatment was begun. (In all these cases the tubes were patent and the husbands fertile.)Of the whole series 35.5 per cent.b2came pregnant.5. The average age of the patients in this series is 30 years.6.The average number of years of sterility is 5.7. 1 am greatly indebted to Miss Dearnley, who has allowed me to carry on these investigations in her out-patient department at the Royal Free Hospital.I am also indebted to Dr. Ulysses Williams for the interesting series of radiographs, to Dr. Pillman Williams for so kindly carrying out basal metabolism and sugar tolerance investigations,
Which drug for hypertension?
Authors: R Gabriel
Journal: BMJ (1978)

when approximately 84 million patients had received the parenteral form.Typically, those who abuse pentazocine also abuse narcotics and other drugs.'Pentazocine alone does not produce a typical opiate abstinence syndrome,2 and withdrawal symptoms are not usually severe and do not require treatment.3In the group reported by Drs King and Betts the symptoms are described as severe; lasting more than two weeks, and resembling those of diamorphine withdrawal.Clearly this runs contrary to the general experience of pentazocine dependence.Subjective testimony alone cannot be regarded as sufficient evidence to establish which drug is being abused,4 since it is reported that analysis revealed no trace of pentazocine in six subjects alleging dependence on this drug, while in five there was evidence of morphine or pethidine usage.5Finally, the authors give no indication of the relative frequency of alleged pentazocine abuse.Comparative data are needed to put their experience into correct perspective.If these data could be made available, then the report can be properly evaluated.
Reading Pulmonary Vascular Pressure Tracings. How to Handle the Problems of Zero Leveling and Respiratory Swings
Authors: Gabor Kovacs, Alexander Avian, Michael Pienn, Robert Naeije, Horst Olschewski
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<Zero Leveling during Righ...Influence of Intrathoraci...ConclusionsReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Poisoning by oil wintergreen.
Authors: J. N. Pritchard
Journal: BMJ (1968)

arrangements.Although this figure accounted for only 11% of staff, it had grown from 3.4% in just over two years, and the trend appears to be continuing.Pioneers naturally stimulate interest and enthusiasm and one should therefore be cautious about accepting their judgement of the value of their developments.However, detailed studies`' examining the work of local authority staff in attached and un- attached situations, and in particular a study by this unite conducted simultaneously in Oxford (where there was general attachment) and other towns where there were no attach- ments, seem to bear out Dr. Warin's generally favourable conclusions about this method of working.The next step appears to be the link with hospital services.-Weare, etc.,
Thymic selection of the human T cell receptor V beta repertoire in SCID-hu mice.
Authors: B A Vandekerckhove, R Baccala, D Jones, D H Kono, A N Theofilopoulos, M G Roncarolo
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Implantation of pieces of human fetal liver and thymus into SCID mice results in the development of a human thymus-like organ, in which sustained lymphopoiesis is reproducibly observed. In this model, T cell development can be experimentally manipulated. To study the influence of thymic selection on the development of the human T cell repertoire, the T cell receptor (TCR) V beta gene repertoire of double-positive (CD4+CD8+) and single-positive (CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+) T cells was analyzed in the SCID-hu thymus using a multiprobe ribonuclease protection assay. TCR diversity in double-positive SCID-hu thymocytes was found to be comparable with that present in the thymus of the fetal liver donor, did not change with time, and was independent of the origin of the thymus donor. Thymic selection in SCID-hu thymus induces changes in V beta usage by the single-positive CD4+ or CD8+ T cells comparable with those previously reported for single-positive cells present in a normal human thymus. Finally, significant differences were observed in the V beta usage by CD4 or CD8 single-positive T cells that matured from genetically identical stem cells in different thymic environments. Collectively, these data suggest: first, that the generation of TCR diversity at the double-positive stage is determined by the genotype of the stem cells; and second, that polymorphic determinants expressed by thymic epithelium measurably influence the V beta repertoire of mature single-positive T cells.
Passive Flexion and Femoral Vein Flow: A Study Using a Motorized Foot Mover
Authors: V. C. Roberts, S. Sabri, M. C. Pietroni, V. Gurewich, L. T. Cotton
Journal: BMJ (1971)

The effect of rhythmic passive flexion of the foot on femoral vein blood volume flow rate has been investigated in 11 patients undergoing surgery for varicose veins. With rates of flexion varying from 24 to 50 per minute and with amplitudes varying from 20 degrees to 50 degrees it has been shown that the peak femoral vein flow can be increased to twice its normal value and that its pulsatility can be increased elevenfold. These increases are proportional to both the rate and the amplitude of the flexion, the maximum occurring, theoretically, when the foot is flexed +/-28 degrees about a line perpendicular to the leg.The investigation has further shown that the effects of sustained passive flexion are maintained, without appreciable dimunition, for 30 minutes and that the maximum increases are produced in those patients who have the lowest resting flows. It is suggested that per-operative passive flexion of the feet may be a good prophylactic against postoperative deep vein thrombosis.
A 24-WEEK STUDY OF ALIROCUMAB AS MONOTHERAPY VERSUS EZETIMIBE: THE FIRST PHASE 3 DATA OF A PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE SUBTILISIN/KEXIN TYPE 9 INHIBITOR
Authors: Eli M. Roth, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Henry Ginsberg, John Kastelein, Helen M. Colhoun, Laurence Merlet, Robert Pordy, Marie T. Baccara-Dinet
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Severely Comminuted Intertrochanteric Hip Fracture
Authors: Otto E. Aufranc
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Dr. Turner: A 78-year-old woman fell in her home, experiencing sudden and severe pain in the right hip. She arrived by ambulance at the Massachusetts General Hospital approximately two hours after her fall. Physical examination showed the right leg to be held in external rotation of 80° and to be shortened 1 1/2 inches. There was pain on any attempted motion of the right hip, which obviously was broken. General physical examination showed a blood pressure of 160/85 mm Hg. and there was a grade 1 systolic aortic murmur consistent with minimal arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The lungs, abdomen, and extremities were normal except for the mentioned deformity in the right leg. X-ray films revealed a fracture of the right hip with four-fragment comminution (Fig 1). The femoral head and neck were a single fragment with a long medial spike. The lesser and the greater trochanter were both separate and completely
Trends in Serum Lipids Among US Youths Aged 6 to 19 Years, 1988-2010
Authors: Brian K. Kit, Margaret D. Carroll, David A. Lacher, Paul D. Sorlie, Janet M. DeJesus, CyntjL. Ogden
Journal: JAMA (2012)

For more than 20 years, primary prevention of coronary heart disease has included strategies intended to improve overall serum lipid concentrations among youths.
778 PHASE IIB STUDY OF BALAPIRAVIR (RG1626; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGUE INHIBITOR OF HCV POLYMERASE) PLUS PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A (40KD) AND RIBAVIRIN FOR CHC GENOTYPE 1: FINAL RESULTS
Authors: S. Zeuzem, D.R. Nelson, P. Andreone, P. Ferenci, R. Herring, D.M. Jensen, P. Marcellin, P. Pockros, M. Rodriguez-Torres, L. Rossaro, V.K. Rustgi, T. Sepe, M. Sulkowski, I.R. Thomason, E. Yoshida, A. Chan, G. Hill
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
ASC-1, PAT2, and P2RX5 are cell surface markers for white, beige, and brown adipocytes
Authors: Siegfried Ussar, Kevin Y. Lee, Simon N. Dankel, Jeremie Boucher, Max-Felix Haering, Andre Kleinridders, Thomas Thomou, Ruidan Xue, Yazmin Macotela, Aaron M. Cypess, Yu-Hua Tseng, Gunnar Mellgren, C. Ronald Kahn
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2014)

The cell surface markers ASC-1, PAT2, and P2RX5 can be used to mark and identify brown, beige, and white adipocytes in both rodents and humans.
Merkel cell carcinoma arising after therapeutic immunosuppression
Authors: C. GOOPTU, A. WOOLLONS, J. ROSS, M. PRICE, F. WOJNAROWSKA, P.J. MORRIS, S. WALL, C.B. BUNKER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

Azathioprine and cyclosporin have been used as immunosuppressants for many years, but long-term use has also been associated with neoplasia. We report three cases of rapidly fatal Merkel cell carcinoma in patients who had been treated with azathioprine for many years either for rheumatoid arthritis or following organ transplantation. Two of these patients had also received cyclosporin. We suggest that Merkel cell carcinoma may be seen more commonly in immunosuppressed patients than in the normal population and that the oncogenic potential of azathioprine and cyclosporin should be borne in mind when prescribing these drugs.
THE PRESSURE AND INTERSTITIAL RESISTANCE PREVAILING IN THE NORMAL AND EDEMATOUS SKIN OF ANIMALS AND MAN
Authors: Philip D. McMaster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1946)

Means have been described for the study of pressure conditions in normal and pathological skin of living human beings and mice. The true pressure in normal skin cannot be measured directly by any of the means hitherto described, because there is insufficient free fluid to make manometric determinations. However, for practical purposes, the intracutaneous pressure has been approximately estimated by introducing into skin exceedingly small amounts of a relatively unabsorbable fluid, a mixture of Locke's solution and a vital dye, and then finding the least pressure required to overcome the resistance of the skin to the passage of this fluid through it at the lowest rate measurable with accuracy by the apparatus at hand. In the present paper measurements of this pressure have been termed the interstitial resistance. In normal skin the interstitial pressure, as estimated by measurements of the interstitial resistance, is low, slightly less, on the average, than 1.7 cm. of water in the skin of the mouse, and less than 3.1 cm. of water in human skin. It remains unchanged in states of active hyperemia. In edematous skin the interstitial pressure can be directly measured by determination of the edema fluid pressure. It has been compared with determinations of the interstitial resistance and found to be only 0.5 cm. of water lower in both the mouse and man. Under the conditions of our experiments, in skin rendered slowly edematous by the introduction of irritant chemicals or their topical application, little rise in pressure took place. On the other hand, in rapidly forming edema of the skin the edema fluid pressure and the intradermal interstitial resistance rose and became great enough to hinder materially the further escape of fluid from the blood vessels. The edema fluid pressure rose in proportion to the rapidity with which the edema formed. When a rapidly formed edema subsided, the edema fluid pressure and interstitial resistance fell, but if inflammation and induration followed later, the interstitial resistance became high again. As these conditions subsided the interstitial resistance fell, at times to normal levels, even in the presence of edema. In mouse skin injured by squeezing according to a standard procedure, with result in pronounced edema, the intradermal interstitial resistance rose within a few hours to levels of 10 to 15 cm. of water. In those instances in which the injury progressed to induration, the interstitial resistance rose to such high levels that it seemed impossible that fluid could continue to escape from the capillaries. Such a state of affairs may be of great importance in determining whether necrosis follows trauma.
Adiposity, Fat Distribution, and Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Alan N. Peiris, Mark S. Sothmann, Raymond G. Hoffmann, Magda I. Hennes, Charles R. Wilson, Anthony B. Gustafson, Ahmed H. Kissebah
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To determine the relative importance of adiposity and fat distribution to cardiovascular risk profile. Design: A cross-sectional study. Setting: Clinical research center funded by the National Institutes of Health. Patients: Convenience sample of 33 healthy premenopausal women with a wide range of body weight who did not have diabetes mellitus, hirsutism and virilism, gynecologic disorder, cardiac disease, or hypertension. Women participating in exercise or dietary programs or taking medication were excluded. All subjects completed the study. Interventions: Total body fat mass was determined by hydrostatic weighing, and fat distribution was assessed by subscapular skinfold thickness, subscapular-to-triceps skinfold ratio, the waist-to-hip ratio, and computed tomography. Cardiovascular risk was assessed by the serum insulin response during oral glucose stimulation; levels of triglycerides and total cholesterol; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol concentrations; and systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Measurements and Main Results: The anthropometric parameters chosen were significantly associated with the cardiovascular risk profile (P < 0.001). Visceral fat distribution assessed by computed tomography accounted for a significantly greater degree of variance in the cardiovascular risk factors than the total body fat mass (P < 0.05). The cumulative insulin response was the primary metabolic variable relating the anthropometric indices to cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: Intra-abdominal fat deposition constitutes a greater cardiovascular risk than obesity alone. Hyperinsulinemia may constitute an important component of the increased cardiovascular risk of abdominal obesity.