tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Management in Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Susan K. Pingleton
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Nutrition in the intensive care unit is receiving increased attention. Patients with acute respiratory failure from primary lung disease are often initially malnourished, or become malnourished secondary to increased metabolic demands or inadequate nutritional support. Adverse effects of malnutrition on lung function include decreased respiratory muscle function, decreased ventilatory drive, and altered lung defense mechanisms. Nutritional support should be strongly considered if the patient has evidence of malnutrition by nutritional assessment or has a high likelihood of becoming malnourished by virtue of severe, prolonged critical illness. General nutritional goals in the intensive care unit include maintenance of body weight and lean body mass. Proper nutritional therapy includes assessment of adequate caloric requirements and appropriate protein, carbohydrate, and fat composition of the nutritional support. Nutritional therapy should be closely monitored with body weight and nitrogen-balance measurements. (<i>JAMA</i>1987;257:3094-3099)
Pesticides, Chloracne, and Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
Authors: Joe R. Willard
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I commendThe Journalfor bringing the dangers of pesticides to the attention of the medical profession but feel that such information could be more specific. The July 6, 1964, issue (vol 189) makes reference (in an editorial on p 56 and in a Letter to the Editor on p 66) to studies which indicate that 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5trichlorophenol are causal agents of chloracne. I believe that these two phenols are used only as intermediates in the preparation of the common weed killers, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid, and thus would not be expected to be found in more than trace amounts in the commercial herbicides. I do not know whether or not the phenoxy acetic acids themselves are capable of inducing chloracne, but feel that correction should be made in the statements relative to these phenols, lest these most useful herbicides be unduly branded.
A Critique of "Manpower Needs by Specialty"
Authors: Carolynn Steinwald
Journal: JAMA (1972)

In "Manpower Needs by Specialty," Mason<sup>1</sup>has attempted to demonstrate that the "problem of the medical service bottleneck" is not reflective of an absolute shortage of medical manpower, but rather reflects an imbalance in the distribution of physicians. Imbalances relating to geographic location and distribution within specialties have been cited as main areas of concern and as focal points around which further research must be directed. To emphasize this point, tables were constructed containing physician-to-population ratios in selected prepaid group practice plans and in each of the 50 states. Although physician-to-population ratios have been used in several studies in the past to reflect the overall level of physician supply,<sup>2,3</sup>there are inherent limitations with such use. The main area of contention is that information about what does exist does not provide answers about what<i>should</i>exist. Ratios are often used as measuring sticks to determine whether a particular
Recurrence after duodenal ulcer surgery
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The ulcer recurrence rate associated with the more conservative of two surgical procedures for chronic duodenal ulcers—highly selective vagotomy (HSV)— may be higher than that for the more radical procedure—truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TVP). TVP was the most commonly performed surgery for chronic duodenal ulceration in Britain when a comparison trial began there in the early 1970s (<i>Br J Surg</i>1979;66:145-148). The procedure eliminates gastric acid hypersecretion by interrupting the triggering parasympathetic nerve network to the stomach, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, small intestine, and part of the large intestine. The pyloroplasty relieves gastric stasis. HSV involves selective dissection of the nerves to the fundus and body of the stomach, while preserving as many as possible of the vagal nerves to the antrum and pylorus. One investigator, James C. Thompson, MD, of the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, recently noted that this operation "is associated with a rate of
As Number of Contact Lens Users Increases, Research Seeks to Determine Risk Factors, How Best to Prevent Potential Eye Infections
Authors: Timothy F. Kirn
Journal: JAMA (1987)

BY THE TIME the news media spread the story, ophthalmologists already had strong suspicions. Wearing soft contact lenses, especially extended-wear, they feared, carried the risk of ocular infection. The American Academy of Ophthalmology had issued a warning in July 1985. There had been scattered reports in the medical literature of soft contact lens—associated corneal ulcers and infections going back at least to 1972 (<i>Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol</i>1972;76:511). And it appeared that the numbers of infections associated with contact lens wear began climbing dramatically around 1981, when extended-wear soft contact lenses were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for persons with myopia. But most ophthalmologists say they just don't know if there are more cases because wearing soft contacts puts a person at risk, or if there is an increase simply because more persons are wearing contact lenses today. (More than 23 million people wear contact lenses
STATIN–INDUCED DECREASE IN ABCA1 EXPRESSION VIA MIR33 INDUCTION MAY COUNTERACT CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX BY HIGH–DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS RAISED WITH THE CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN MODULATOR DALCETRAPIB
Authors: Eric J. Niesor, Gregory Schwartz, Gabriela Suchankova, Renee Benghozi, Markus Abt, David Kallend
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
A2-04: Has primary tumour standardized maximum uptake value (SUV max) measured on fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) a prognostic value for survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ? A systematic review and meta-analysis (MA) by the European Lung Cancer Working Party for the IASLC Staging Project
Authors: Marianne Paesmans, Michelle Dusart, Thierry Berghmans, Claude Hossein-Foucher, Catherine Castaigne, Arnaud Scherpereel, Celine Mascaux, Michel Moreau, Martine Roelandts, Stéphane Alard, Anne-Pascale Meert, Jean-Jacques Lafitte, Ned Patz, Jean-Paul Sculier
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Newly Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Richard L. Page
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

A 77-year-old woman with a history of hypertension treated with metoprolol presents for her annual examination. She reports no new symptoms. The examination is remarkable only for an irregular heart rate. Electrocardiographic testing reveals atrial fibrillation at an average rate of 75 beats per minute. She has no history of arrhythmia, coronary disease, valvular disease, diabetes, alcohol abuse, or transient ischemic attack or stroke. What should her physician advise?
IMPACT OF WOUND BLUSH SIGN AS AN ENDPOINT OF ENDOVASCULAR THERAPY FOR LIMB SALVAGE IN PATIENTS WITH CRITICAL LIMB ISCHEMIA
Authors: Makoto Utsunomiya, Masato Nakamura, Mami Nakanishi, Tadashi Araki, Masaki Hori, Nobutaka Ikeda, Kunihiko Makino, Hideki Itaya, Naohiko Nemoto, Raisuke Iijima, Hidehiko Hara, Takuro Takagi, Kaoru Sugi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Evaluation of Optic Nerve Development in Preterm and Term Infants Using Handheld Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Amy Y. Tong, Mays El-Dairi, Ramiro S. Maldonado, Adam L. Rothman, Eric L. Yuan, Sandra S. Stinnett, Laura Kupper, C. Michael Cotten, Kathryn E. Gustafson, Ricki F. Goldstein, Sharon F. Freedman, Cynthia A. Toth
Journal: Ophthalmology (2014)
SURVEY OF THE ACTUAL VALUE OF HYDROTHERAPY
Authors: GUY HINSDALE
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Much of the effect of hydrologic measures is due to the stimulus of temperature and hydrostatic pressure on the cutaneous nerve endings. The stimulus of light when employed in the cabinet bath is likewise important. In all these cases impulses are set up which travel by way of afferent nerves to the lower nerve centers and in some cases to the higher nerve centers, such as the brain. The vagus and sympathetic nerves control the caliber of the cutaneous arterioles and produce secondary changes of an opposite character in the viscera. Metabolic action is altered, cold, as a rule, producing an increased elimination of carbon dioxide, whereas heat reduces the carbon dioxide elimination. This was shown by many, including Landis, Long, Jackson and Meyer at the University of Pennsylvania, and by Bazett in an elaborate study of the effects of baths on man. <h3>THE OBJECT OF HYDROTHERAPEUTIC METHODS</h3> It may
Translational Tolerance of Mitochondrial Genes to Metabolic Energy Stress Involves TISU and eIF1-eIF4GI Cooperation in Start Codon Selection
Authors: Hadar Sinvani, Ora Haimov, Yuri Svitkin, Nahum Sonenberg, Ana Tamarkin-Ben-Harush, Benoit Viollet, Rivka Dikstein
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2015)
A NEW INSTRUMENT COMBINING SUCTION AND IRRIGATION FOR INTRACRANIAL SURGERY
Authors: Temple Fay
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The need for clear vision in the depth of a small field is well recognized by every neurosurgeon. Operations on the brain and spinal cord must be performed within a very limited area, such as the transfrontal approach to the pituitary body, the section of the posterior root of the trigeminus, and certain suboccipital operations involving the cerebellopontile angle. The lighted retractor has proved invaluable in exploring these deep recesses below the brain. The great problem at present concerns the matter of sponging within the depths of the wound, so as to give a clear view of the structures and landmarks presenting during the operation. The extreme friability of the cortical vessels has made it necessary to use the softest cotton pledgets, small enough to be introduced into the limited space concerned. A small amount of hemorrhage in the depth of the wound arrests the progress of the operation
Screening and Surveillance for the Early Detection of Colorectal Cancer and Adenomatous Polyps, 2008: A Joint Guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology
Authors: B. Levin, D. A. Lieberman, B. McFarland, R. A. Smith, D. Brooks, K. S. Andrews, C. Dash, F. M. Giardiello, S. Glick, T. R. Levin, P. Pickhardt, D. K. Rex, A. Thorson, S. J. Winawer
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2008)

In the United States, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer diagnosed among men and women and the second leading cause of death from cancer. CRC largely can be prevented by the detection and removal of adenomatous polyps, and survival is significantly better when CRC is diagnosed while still localized. In 2006 to 2007, the American Cancer Society, the US Multi Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology came together to develop consensus guidelines for the detection of adenomatous polyps and CRC in asymptomatic average-risk adults. In this update of each organization's guidelines, screening tests are grouped into those that primarily detect cancer early and those that can detect cancer early and also can detect adenomatous polyps, thus providing a greater potential for prevention through polypectomy. When possible, clinicians should make patients aware of the full range of screening options, but at a minimum they should be prepared to offer patients a choice between a screening test that is effective at both early cancer detection and cancer prevention through the detection and removal of polyps and a screening test that primarily is effective at early cancer detection. It is the strong opinion of these 3 organizations that colon cancer prevention should be the primary goal of screening.
AN APPARATUS FOR HOLDING THE FOOT IN FLEXION AND INVERSION
Authors: John A. Vietor
Journal: JAMA (1918)

A certain number of cases are presented to the surgeon in which there is stiffness or limitation of motion about the ankle joint that will show a tendency to improve under ordinary routine treatment, but in which, nevertheless, it would be an advantage to have constant traction in the position of dorsal flexion and inversion. For this purpose I have devised and used with good advantage an apparatus that will keep the foot in the position desired day and night if necessary. The apparatus consists of two main parts: 1. A canvas cuff with a lacing up the front that fits firmly over the patient's calf. To this cuff two buckles are attached obliquely, one on each side. 2. A stirrup made of moleskin elliptically shaped that fits under the ball of the patient's foot. To the ends of this stirrup are attached two elastic bands one-half inch wide and
Desferrioxamine (DFO) conjugated with starch decreases NAD redox potential of intact red blood cells (RBC): Evidence for DFO as an extracellular inducer of oxidant stress in RBC
Authors: Yutaka Niihara, Oded Shalev, Robert P. Hebbel, Huiyan Wu, Amy Tu, Dean S. Akiyama, Kouichi R. Tanaka
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2000)

Desferrioxamine (DFO) is an important iron-chelating agent. It has also been thought of as an agent with anti-oxidant potential as it chelates ferric iron in various parts of the body. However, there is evidence suggesting that it may paradoxically affect red blood cells (RBCs) by inducing intracellular oxidant stress. Recently we observed that incubation of RBCs with DFO decreases NAD redox potential in normal RBC. To further understand the mechanism of DFO's interaction with RBC, we conducted a study to determine the effect of extracellular DFO upon RBC's redox status. We examined NAD redox potential in intact RBC (N = 7) incubated with DFO conjugated to starch. RBCs were incubated with 4 mM DFO for 3½ hr and with 6 mM DFO for 2 and 3½ hr. Significant decreases in NAD redox potential were observed after the incubations. With 4 mM DFO at the 3 ½ hr time point the mean decrease was 12.37% ± 9.96% (P < 0.0085). With 6 mM DFO, the mean decreases were 18.54% ± 9.79% (P < 0.0013) and 19.16% ± 8.78% (P < 0.0006) for the 2 and 3 ½ hr incubations, respectively. DFO by itself is very poorly permeable to RBC. Conjugation with starch further ensured impermeability of DFO. The data presented here confirm the oxidant effect of DFO on RBC. The data also demonstrate that the effect of DFO on RBC's NAD redox potential originates extracellularly. Am. J. Hematol. 65:281–284, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Systematic Evaluation of the Prognostic Impact and Intratumour Heterogeneity of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Biomarkers
Authors: Sakshi Gulati, Pierre Martinez, Tejal Joshi, Nicolai Juul Birkbak, Claudio R. Santos, Andrew J. Rowan, Lisa Pickering, Martin Gore, James Larkin, Zoltan Szallasi, Paul A. Bates, Charles Swanton, Marco Gerlinger
Journal: European Urology (2014)

Candidate biomarkers have been identified for clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients, but most have not been validated.
Amphetamines in Hyperkinetic Children
Authors: Leon Tec
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a LETTER TO THE EDITOR (<b>215</b>:1987, 1971), Duvernoy referred to a recent MEDICAL NEWS item on amphetamines in overactive children. He thought that drug treatment of these children might condition them to rely on drugs to cure many unpleasant situations, and suggested counselling as a better choice. Friends of his own children who were hyperkinetic and taking amphetamines came from broken homes with virtually absent parents and total permissiveness. Hyperactive children also come from the best homes. The hyperkinetic syndrome is determined frequently by biological factors and not environmental ones. It is true that sometimes lack of maternal consistency and later lack of supervision may cause restlessness in children, but it is not the mostfrequent cause. It is useful to know that parents of hyperactive children who do care for their youngsters do become frustrated because their children stimulate negative reactions in them. Amphetamines are
Anti-CD45 pretargeted radioimmunotherapy using bismuth-213: high rates of complete remission and long-term survival in a mouse myeloid leukemia xenograft model
Authors: John M. Pagel, Aimee L. Kenoyer, Tom Bäck, Donald K. Hamlin, D. Scott Wilbur, Darrell R. Fisher, Steven I. Park, Shani Frayo, Amanda Axtman, Nural Orgun, Johnnie Orozco, Jaideep Shenoi, Yukang Lin, Ajay K. Gopal, Damian J. Green, Frederick R. Appelbaum, Oliver W. Press
Journal: Blood (2011)
276. Enhancement of Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Responses Against Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) Using Genetically Modified Dendritic Cells Expressing CEA and CD40 Ligand
Authors: Nachimuthu Chinnasamy, James Neuenfeldt, James Shaffer, Dhanalakshmi Chinnasamy
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), one of the well-characterized tumor-associated antigens is commonly expressed by a wide variety of adenocarcinomas. However, as a self-antigen it is poorly immunogenic due to immune tolerance. Although several human-leukocyte-antigen (HLA)-restricted epitopes within the CEA protein that can be recognized by human T lymphocytes have been identified, CEA expressing tumor cells are generally weakly recognized by the immune system. Therefore, development of immunotherapeutic strategies to break its tolerance is necessary to generate effective anti-tumor immunity against CEA expressing malignancies. In this study we evaluated the efficiency of genetically modified human peripheral blood monocyte-derived dendritic cell (MoDC) expressing CEA and immunostimulatory molecule CD40 ligand (CD40L) to generate effective immune response against autologous as well as tumor cell lines expressing CEA. The recombinant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-based self-inactivating lentiviral vectors expressing the full length CEA (Lenti-CEA) or human CD40L (Lenti-CD40L) under the transcriptional control of human PGK promoter provided a highly efficient reproducible gene transfer into immature MoDC. After single exposure to Lenti-CEA and/or Lenti-CD40L vector, more than 80% of DCs showed cell surface expression of CEA alone and/or CD40L without any toxicity. Notably, the Lenti-CD40L transduced DCs showed increased cell surface expression of maturation marker CD83 and molecules involved in antigen presentation (CD80, CD86, CD54, HLA-ABC and HLA-DR), secreted high amounts of T-cell immunostimulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-12, and showed enhanced T-cell stimulatory function. Importantly, the CEA/CD40L transduced DCs were able to generate CEA-specific T-cell responses ex vivo, which was higher than that of DC transduced with CEA alone and matured with recombinant soluble CD40L or prostaglandin E-2 either alone or in combination with tumor necrosis factor-a. The T-cell lines generated ex vivo with CEA/CD40L expressing DCs comprised both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells possessing polyclonal T-cell receptor repertoire, showed increased antigen-specific proliferative response, and secreted high levels of interferon-|[gamma]| and IL-2 upon antigen recall. Importantly, the CEA-specific T-cell lines were able to specifically recognize CEA expressing autologous target cells as well as CEA positive tumor cell lines in MHC restricted manner. Although cytotoxicity toward target cells was mediated primarily by CD8+ T-cells, interestingly both CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells were able to lyse CEA expressing target cells. Taken together, these results suggest that lentiviral vector-mediated expression of CEA and CD40L in DC may be a promising strategy for the rational development of DC vaccines or antigen-specific T-cells for adoptive immunotherapy of CEA expressing malignancies.
Improving surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus: Better to be looked over than be overlooked
Authors: Shaji Sebastian, Colm O'Morain
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Contraction and convergence: myth and realityEditor-The review of climate change issues in the BMJ of 10 June was comprehensive.On grounds of morality, the principle of contraction and convergence is unassailable. 1 In the real world, it is a pipe dream.It would work only by being enforcible, which implies an international policing authority with real teeth.Can we seriously believe that the United States, China, or Russia would submit to such an authority?Sadly there is no mileage in morality when affluent lifestyles are threatened.It is right to plead for changes in individual behaviour, but only the de-carbonising of energy at source will make a predictable and sustained impact on carbon dioxide emissions.The only long term route to this goal will be through the adoption of renewable energy technologies on two levels.Firstly, small scale to micro-generation systems are rapidly approaching market viability.Within five to 10 years, millions of homes could become cost effective mini-power stations linked to a local mini-grid under the umbrella of distributed generation.The Energy Saving Trust estimates that this sector could meet 40% of UK electricity demand. 2 Secondly, base load electricity could be provided by gigawatt scale technologies mostly drawing energy from wind, rivers, and seas.Tidal stream, tidal estuary, tidal impoundment, wave power, and offshore wind could more than match the output of today's nuclear power. 3 In the short term, "balancing power" to compensate for intermittency would be provided by combined cycle gas power plants.In the longer term, surplus electricity, which is an intrinsic problem with renewables, will be directed to producing hydrogen for grid connected gigawatt scale fuel cells in a symbiotic coupling with high energy density renewables installations.All this will, of course, depend on massive government investment, but so would nuclear energy.On the demand side, buildings are the biggest carbon culprits.The only effective answer, embracing both new and existing buildings, is the concept of the carbon budget, enforcible by law.This could also be adapted for transport.These have complex implications, perhaps for another time.
Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute leukemia: Morphologic and clinical correlations
Authors: Gilla Helenglass, Joseph R. Testa, Charles A. Schiffer
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract Twenty‐eight adult patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive (Ph+) acute leukemia were studied to determine if additional chromosomal changes were related to specific morphologic and clinical features. Twenty patients had chronic myeloid leukemia in blast crisis (CML‐BC), three had Ph+ de novo acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL), and five had de novo acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Chromosomal abnormalities in addition to a single Ph were noted in 90% of patients with CML‐BC and included a second Ph (five patients), +8 or duplication of part of 8q (five patients), dicentric isochromosome 17 (two patients), and +19 (two patients). Octaploidy with 4 Ph was seen in one patient with megakaryoblastic transformation. One of two patients with a progranulocytic blast crisis had a t(15;17) abnormality. Hypodiploidy was noted in 4 of 20 patients with CML‐BC. Each of the four patients had prominent extramedullary manifestations of blast crisis. All had received intensive chemotherapy prior to the detection of hypodiploidy, and the cytogenetic findings were similar to those often seen in patients with therapy‐related leukemia. An inv(3)(q21q26) was noted in two patients (one CML‐BC, one de novo Ph+ ANLL), one of whom had hypolobulated micromegakaryocytes. Additional cytogenetic abnormalities in de novo Ph+ ANLL (especially +19) were similar to those in CML‐BC. In contrast, the additional karyotypic changes in de novo Ph+ ALL (eg, +4, –7, –20, markers) were those commonly seen in ALL without a Ph and were generally different from those seen in CML‐BC.