tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Women in the San Francisco Bay Area
Authors: Corinna Del Tempelis
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The question of what heterosexually active people should do to avoid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is becoming critical. Evidence is mounting that this virus, known to be spread by anal intercourse, may also be effectively spread by vaginal intercourse—both from men to women and from women to men.<sup>1-4</sup> However, the number of cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) classified as heterosexually acquired in men (566) and women (545) remains relatively small when compared with homosexual/bisexual (21 371)orintravenousdruguse—acquired (4955) cases, according to the Centers for Disease Control's cumulative national AIDS statistics as of Jan 26, 1987. This relatively small number of cases has led heterosexual men and women to consider themselves at low risk of infection. <h3>Study.—</h3> To help estimate the risk of HIV infection for heterosexuals in the San Francisco Bay Area, we tested serum samples collected from women in Alameda County (on the eastern
Thyroid Transcription Factor-1 Influences the Early Phase of Compensatory Lung Growth in Adult Mice
Authors: Yusuke Takahashi, Yotaro Izumi, Mitsutomo Kohno, Tokuhiro Kimura, Masafumi Kawamura, Yasunori Okada, Hiroaki Nomori, Eiji Ikeda
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Compensatory lung growth has been well described as a phenomenon in many animal models, but still little is known about the nature, extent, and modulation of such growth. We hypothesized that compensatory lung growth may at least in part recapitulate developmental lung growth, and factors known to be important during normal lung development, such as thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1), may be reactivated during compensatory lung growth.To investigate the role of TTF-1 in correlation with the morphological changes during compensatory lung growth.Sequential changes in TTF-1 expression and morphology were examined in the residual right lung after left pneumonectomy in 9-week-old mice. The effect of temporary knockdown of TTF-1 on compensatory lung growth was also evaluated.TTF-1 was transiently but significantly elevated at an early stage in compensatory lung growth. Morphologically, a process resembling septation in lung development may have been initiated during this period in the vicinity of the alveolar duct. furthermore, temporary knockdown of ttf-1 transiently but significantly delayed the early phase of compensatory lung growth.These results indicate the influential role of TTF-1 in modulating, and possibly initiating, the early phase of compensatory lung growth. Morphologically, compensatory lung growth may at least in part resemble developmental growth.
THE RELATION TO ALCOHOL TO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS.
Authors: RICHARD C. CABOT
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Most standard text-books<sup>1</sup>assert unconditionally the importance of the excessive use of alcoholic liquors in the production of arteriosclerosis. Standard treatises on the heart and blood vessels<sup>2</sup>are equally emphatic. In Nothnagel's magnificent "Specielle Pathologie und Therapie," Schrötter says, after reviewing the literature: "Alcohol is considered by practically all writers on arteriosclerosis as the chief cause or at least one of the most important causes of the condition." Yet Schrötter himself seems to be somewhat dubious regarding the evidence on which the belief is founded, and there are others, such as Duclos<sup>3</sup>and Ribberts,<sup>4</sup>who are yet more outspoken in their skepticism. <h3>CLINICAL RESEARCH.</h3> 1. I investigated first the question: How many cases of arteriosclerosis not referable to syphilis or to advancing age are to be found among alcoholics? At the Bridgewater State Farm and the Foxboro Asylum for Dipsomaniacs, I investigated 283 cases of the
Vitamin C depletion and pressure sores.
Authors: D. A. Skeil, C. Speed
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Vitamin C depletion and pressure sores EDITOR,-Helen F Goode and colleagues cite the main risk factors for pressure sores in elderly people-namely, acute illness, poor mobility, long periods on high pressure surfaces, incontinence, and confusion.'They did not control for these effects so are unwise to conclude that there is a significant association between vitamin C and the development of pressure sores in elderly subjects with femoral neck fractures, particularly since the patients were unselected.Rather than seek a "clear cut risk factor which determines why one patient should develop a sore given the same conditions as another patient," the authors could perhaps have used an instrument such as the Waterlow pressure sore assessment score.2This instrument acknowledges that the risk of developing pressure sores is multifactorial, but its application allows an appropriate care plan to be constructed, including the allocation of equipment such as mattresses to prevent the condition arising in the first place.'Such a system is used routinely in many units caring for elderly people.
The Initial Vibrations of the First Heart Sound
Authors: TIMOTHY COUNIHAN, ADDISON LEE MESSER, MAURICE B. RAPPAPORT, HOWARD B. SPRAGUE
Journal: Circulation (1951)

The major component of the normal first heart sound is that due to valvular closure. Preceding this there occur low frequency, low amplitude vibrations commonly attributed to auricular systole. It has been shown in this study that such vibrations appear invariably even though the auricles are fibrillating, and in heart block when auricular systole is widely seperated from ventricular systole. It is concluded that the onset of ventricular contraction itself causes these vibrations through mechanisms unrelated to auricular contraction, and prior to the valvular component.
Targeting a Tumor-Specific Laminin Domain Critical for Human Carcinogenesis
Authors: Mark Tran, Patricia Rousselle, Pasi Nokelainen, Sruthi Tallapragada, Ngon T. Nguyen, Edgar F. Fincher, M. Peter Marinkovich
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Laminin-332 is critical for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumorigenesis, but targeting it for cancer therapy has been unachievable due to key role of laminin-332 in promoting tissue integrity. Here, we show that a portion of laminin-332, termed G45, which is proteolytically removed and absent in normal tissues, is prominently expressed in most human SCC tumors and plays an important role in human SCC tumorigenesis. Primary human keratinocytes lacking G45 (ΔG45) showed alterations of basal receptor organization, impaired matrix deposition, and increased migration. After SCC transformation, the absence of G45 domain in ΔG45 cells was associated with deficient extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphotidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation, impaired invasion, deficient metalloproteinase activity, and absent tumorgenicity in vivo. Expression of G45 or activated PI3K subunit in ΔG45 cells reversed these abnormalities. G45 antibody treatment induced SCC tumor apoptosis, decreased SCC tumor proliferation, and markedly impaired human SCC tumorigenesis in vivo without affecting normal tissue adhesion. These results show a remarkable selectivity of expression and function for laminin-332 G45 in human SCC tumorigenesis and implicate it as a specific target for anticancer therapy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(8):2885–94]
THE REACTIVITY OF VARIOUS HUMAN SERA WITH MUMPS COMPLEMENT FIXATION ANTIGENS
Authors: Gertrude Henle, Susanna Harris, Werner Henle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

Human sera taken at various stages of mumps have been analyzed in regard to their reactivity with two serologically distinct complement fixation antigens which were derived from the infected chick embryo. Antibodies to the soluble or S antigen appear earlier in the disease and, as a rule, reach high levels before antibodies against the virus-bound or V antigen commence to rise. In early convalescence, both antibodies reach high levels. Subsequently antibodies against the S antigen decrease usually at a faster rate than those against V, so that after a period of several years, frequently only anti-V may be left. These findings were found helpful in diagnostic procedures. The use of both the V and S antigens has permitted the early diagnosis of manifestations of mumps in the absence of parotitis, such as meningoencephalitis, since the finding of high levels of anti-S and of low titers of, or no, anti-V is considered diagnostically significant for the first few days of illness. For the determination of resistance the use of the V antigen appears more useful. Following vaccination or skin testing, antibodies against both antigens may develop; those against V increase more regularly and to higher titers than those against S.
Breast Cancer in African-American Women: Differences in Tumor Biology from European-American Women
Authors: Kandace Amend, David Hicks, Christine B. Ambrosone
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Disparities exist between African-American and European-American women in the incidence and nature of breast cancer. African-American women are more often diagnosed with breast cancer at an earlier age and with more aggressive disease, characterized by higher grade and negative estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Recent findings reveal specific gene expression patterns associated with the more aggressive breast cancers observed in African-American women. An overview of the current literature about racial differences in breast cancer prompts questions for future research to elucidate causes for the apparent disparities in tumor biology. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(17): 8327-30)
Toxic pustuloderma: a self-limiting eruption
Authors: M.H.A. RUSTIN, T.W.E. ROBINSON, PAULINE M. DOWD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Three patients are described who developed numerous pinhead sized pustules within areas of a widespread toxic erythema. The eruption was precipitated by food poisoning in one patient, a suspected, but blood-culture-negative septicaemia in another and in the third patient, by a cephalosporin. This self-limiting syndrome consists of fever, a pustular and erythematous eruption, a neutrophil leucocytosis, subcorneal and spongiform pustules but without a history of psoriasis. We believe that this entity of toxic pustuloderma represents a severe form of toxic erythema.
GW25-e0717 Lycopene protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via attenuating endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Xu Lei, Shuang zhang, Houxiang Hu, Rongchuan Yue, Huan Wang, Haiyan Chen, Chunyan Tan, Ke Li
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Rapid evolution of immunoglobulin superfamily C2 domains expressed in immune system cells
Authors: A. L. Hughes
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

To test the hypothesis that proteins expressed in cells of the vertebrate immune system evolve unusually rapidly, 107 orthologous immunoglobulin C2 domains were compared between human and murine rodent. The analysis showed that the rate of nonsynonymous (amino-acid-altering) nucleotide substitution in these domains was correlated with factors associated with protein structure and with breadth of tissue expression, as well as with the rate of synonymous substitution. However, when such factors were controlled for statistically, there remained a strong positive association between expression in the immune system and nonsynonymous rate, with the highest rates being seen in genes expressed in the immune system only. Certain immune system genes are known to be subject to positive selection favoring diversity at the amino acid level; most of these genes encode receptors that interact directly with foreign antigens. The observed acceleration of the rate of nonsynonymous evolution in C2 domains of immune system proteins may be explained by either (1) reduced constraint at the amino acid level on molecules interacting with immune system receptors that are themselves evolving rapidly due to positive diversifying selection or (2) positive selection favoring amino acid changes correlated with changes in the immune system receptors.
Zinc in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection-Reply
Authors: Julian Falutz
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> We concur with Shoemaker et al that the leukocyte zinc concentration may be an inadequate marker of zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—infected subjects. Zinc is important for normal cell-mediated immune function. Naturally occurring or experimentally induced zinc deficiency states lead to reversible immune abnormalities, including thymic atrophy, lymphopenia, reduced mitogen responsiveness, and impaired T-helper cell function.<sup>1</sup>Human immunodeficiency virus infection causes similar abnormalities. A recent report<sup>2</sup>suggested a possible role for zinc in the control of the HIV regulatory protein Tat (transactivator). A reliable measure of total body zinc concentration remains to be universally accepted by investigators, making the correlation between functionally significant zinc deficits and observed concentrations difficult. Zinc concentration may be determined in serum, erythrocytes, leukocytes, proteins, urine, hair, muscle, and bone, as well as several zinc metalloenzymes.<sup>1</sup> It is uncertain whether a fall in zinc concentration in a particular compartment
Degranulating Stimuli Decrease the Negative Surface Charge and Increase the Adhesiveness of Human Neutrophils
Authors: John I. Gallin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Chemotactic factors decrease the negative surface charge of neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes [PMN]) and this has been speculated to be important in PMN margination and aggregation in vivo. PMN adherence and aggregation are also enhanced by degranulation of lysosomal enzymes. To further assess the possible relationship between degranulation, surface charge, adherence, and aggregation, human peripheral blood PMN (isolated by Hypaque-Ficoll and dextran sedimentation) were exposed to the secretagogues ionophore A23187, phorbol myristate acetate, concanavalin A, and chemotactic factors (partially purified C5a or the synthetic peptide f-met-leu-phe) plus cytochalasin B. Surface charge was measured in a cytopherometer. After incubation of PMN with secretagogues, PMN surface charge was decreased to a greater extent than incubation of PMN with chemotactic factors. The decreased surface charge induced by f-met-leu-phe plus cytochalasin B required both extracellular calcium and magnesium. The ionophore A23187-induced surface charge changes were dependent on extracellular calcium but not magnesium whereas the phorbol myristate acetate effect was only partially dependent on Ca++ and Mg++. The surface charge changes induced by secretagogues were related to both the amount of lysozyme released and to the increased adhesiveness of cells to plastic surfaces. These observations indicate exocytosis of lysosomal granule contents is associated with decreases in neutrophil surface charge, and there appears to be a correlation between decreases in surface charge and facilitation of neutrophil aggregation and adhesiveness. However, a causal relationship between these events has not been established, and the relationship may be simply temporal.
The need for more integration of primary and secondary eye care
Authors: D. Parkins
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The College of Optometrists does not support Clarke’s view and we welcome the response from the Royal College of Ophthalmologists.1 2

Community optometrists provide a vital service as a first port of call for people with eye problems. They perform more than 12 million NHS eye examinations a year in England alone through which most eye diseases and abnormalities are detected. With …
NOTES ON TWO CASES OF LARYNGEAL NEUROSES.
Authors: S. K. MERRICK
Journal: JAMA (1895)

<h3>Case 1.</h3> —Mrs. O. H., widow, tall and rather slender, age about 63 to 65, native of Baltimore, was referred to me by Dr. Samuel T. Earle, of this city, is a woman of culture and refinement and has lived in affluence and ease most of her life, but had met with some reverses of fortune some years before, and her physician told me that for years past she had been in poor health and was somewhat of a neurasthenic, but was never hysterical. About three weeks before she came under my care she was seized with an acute laryngitis with aphonia. Dr.Earle applied the usual remedies, but finding the patient got no better, sent the case to me. On examination, the pharynx was highly congested, reddened and hyperesthetic. It was with great difficulty after several visits that I got a view of the larynx, partly owing to the overhanging
Rectus Abdominal Muscles Pulled by Coughing
Authors: Robert L. Anderton
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> While practicing in Yuma, Ariz, I have seen two patients in the last six months who presented with pulled rectus abdominal muscle insertions over the symphysis pubis. Careful questioning of both patients revealed no history of trauma, but both patients had experienced antecedent, prolonged paroxysms of coughing. Both these patients, following evaluation, had pulmonary coccidioidomycosis confirmed by skin tests, x-ray films of the chest, and serum titers. I feel these patients demonstrate the importance of careful evaluation of possible pulmonary disease in patients with isolated pulled rectus abdominal muscles as their presenting complaint.
Structural basis for a major histocompatibility complex class Ib–restricted T cell response
Authors: Hilary L Hoare, Lucy C Sullivan, Gabriella Pietra, Craig S Clements, Eleanor J Lee, Lauren K Ely, Travis Beddoe, Michela Falco, Lars Kjer-Nielsen, Hugh H Reid, James McCluskey, Lorenzo Moretta, Jamie Rossjohn, Andrew G Brooks
Journal: Nature Immunology (2006)
Priority on Job's Pellegra?
Authors: STEPHEN LEE TALLER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Letters and Corrections1 March 1978Priority on Job's Pellegra?STEPHEN LEE TALLER, M.D., F.A.C.P.STEPHEN LEE TALLER, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-88-3-434_4 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In their letter to the editor (Ann Intern Med87:379, 1977) Borelli and Hussey postulate that Job suffered from pellagra rather than depression. Do they know that this is not a new observation? In 1942 Charles J. Brim, writing in theArchives of Dermatology and Syphililogy(45:371, 1942), elegantly proposed this thesis. His article is excerpted in the bookTenements of Clay(SORSBY A (ed.), New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1974), along with other articles speculating on Noah's albinism, Lincoln's Marfan's syndrome, Milton's blindness, and the afflictions of other historical figures.... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: STEPHEN LEE TALLER, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: 743 Spruce Street; Berkeley, CA 94707 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1978Volume 88, Issue 3Page: 434-434KeywordsArchivesBlindnessDermatologyMarfan syndrome ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 March 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...
Ischaemia of Lower Limb as Cause of Motor Accidents
Authors: F. L. Davies
Journal: BMJ (1955)

<b>746</b> <h3><b>Objectives:</b></h3> Y-90 SPECT quantification is complicated by material dependence of the bremsstrahlung generation. The probability of bremsstrahlung production is proportional to the square of the atomic number of the absorber. Hence, the same amount of activity in different tissue regions of the body will produce different numbers of bremsstrahlung photons. However, existing reconstruction methods disregard this tissue-dependent probability of bremsstrahlung production, which can impact quantification accuracy when imaging heterogeneous regions such as marrow near bone. We propose a new maximum likelihood method that accounts for this dependency, enabling images of the desired ‘Y-90 distribution’ to be reconstructed instead of the ‘bremsstrahlung distribution’ that is obtained with existing methods. <h3><b>Methods:</b></h3> To assess the tissue dependence, we first performed EGS5 MC simulations for bone, marrow, ICRP tissue, and lung in infinite media. The simulations show that at typical Y-90 measurement energies bremsstrahlung production is 1.7 to 2.1 times as high in bone as in other tissues. Subsequent simulations of bone and marrow cavities of various sizes verified that bremsstrahlung production of photons above 100 keV was roughly 1.8 times production in pure marrow, almost independent of the cavity geometry. We incorporated the tissue-dependent probability into the image reconstruction method by adding a term to the system matrix (i.e., projector/backprojector) to model the bremsstrahlung spectra produced in each voxel as a bone-volume fraction (BVF) weighted mixture of the bone-only and tissue-only spectra. We used CT information to determine the BVF of each voxel in SPECT. To validate the efficacy of the system matrix, we used XCAT phantoms and investigated the region from spine to upper femur. We simulated different uptake ratios (1:1, 3:1, 1:3) for bone:marrow. Images were reconstructed with in-house developed 3D OS-EM including attenuation, collimator detector response and with and without tissue-dependent probabilities. <h3><b>Results:</b></h3> We compared SPECT reconstructions using the new model and standard model. Qualitatively, visual comparison showed better agreement between SPECT and the true activity map when the system model for the reconstruction included the tissue dependent probability. Quantitatively, we calculated the count recovery between the SPECT image and the true activity map in volumes of interest in (1) lumbar (2) pelvis and (3) upper femur, and the new model led to reconstruction closer to the true image in marrow regions (-11.0 - 48.5%, mean 19.8%) and in bone regions (-20.0 - 50.7%, mean 14.2%) than the reconstruction using the standard model. <h3><b>Conclusion:</b></h3> Y-90 SPECT reconstruction in heterogeneous regions is enhanced by accounting for tissue-dependent bremsstrahlung production. <b>Research Support:</b> NIH R01EB022075
Indications for Chloramphenicol
Authors: S. L. O. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1965)

question his reference to " ' Bedlam Melancholia '-depressed patients so bad as to be willing to go and sit about for weeks in Bethlem," etc.There can be few general practitioners, whether depressed or not, who would not welcome the chance to sit about in Bethlem at present, with its individual bedrooms, squash court, heated swinmming-bath, lecture theatre-cum-cinema, the canteen in which to entertain one's friends, and the whole set in magnificent grounds, abounding in rhododendrons, woods, lawns, and fields.If in spite of these attractions one did wish just to sit about, pleasant quiet indoor facilities exist for