tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE USE AND ABUSE OF BACTERIAL THERAPY
Authors: WILLARD J. STONE
Journal: JAMA (1913)

As one of the earlier pupils of Wright at St. Mary's Hospital, London, I trust that some of the things I shall say in the discussion of this subject may not seem to be at variance with the teachings of that brilliant student of immunity.There can be no doubt of the value of his researches and their practical application in that realm of medicine with which we are so fre- quently concerned.But as often happens with any more or less complicated and difficult mode of procedure, the method has been misunderstoodand misapplied by many whose optimism carried them further than the facts warranted.It will not be necessary to discuss in detail the features of immunity conferred by the inocula- tion of bacterial cells or their products in the varied types of infection to which the method is applicable, but rather to consider the practical aspects of treatment involved.If success is to be secured it will be necessary, in the consideration of any infection, to obtain certain definite information on the following points:1.The localization of the infection, whether general or focal, whether pyetnic or septicémie, whether sapro- phytic from retained neerotie tissue, whether acute or chronic, as well as other factors, such as local tension of the focus of infection under pressure, and the local blood-supply.•'. Definite knowledge of the predominating type of infection present and of the secondarily infecting organisms.Speculation should not enter into (be consideration of the rational worker, for, if definite knowledge in the application of the method is lacking--if hit-or-miss empirical therapy is employed the guess may as well be wrong as right and the method discredited.One should remember that bacterial vaccines are toxic prod¬ uits, capable of good or harmful results, according to the method of use.Cío one will deny the value of nior- phin within certain limitations, but we all condemn ¡Is promiscuous administration.It is safe to conclude that if we depended more on first-hand information obtained by methods of clinical research and less on the advertise¬ ments of well-meaning manufacturers of biologic prod¬ ucts, in which the evidences of clinical research are many times lacking, the practical results of bacterial therapy would be better.The statement has repeatedly been noticed, in certain trade journals devoted to biologic products, that the use of vaccines can do no harm.One such journalf lias recently recommended the use of mixtures of bacteria for such conditions as vertigo, pruritus ani, bay fever, rheumatism and sciatica.It has also published an arti¬ cle dealing with the treatment of gall-stones by vaccines and mentioned an abstract in which heart-block is spoken of as a streptococcus infection.Tbc concern under whose Oilier products such as "Gonorrhea l'bylacogen," "Ery¬ sipelas Phylacogen" and "Mixed infection l'bylacogen" are on the market.
THE INTENSIVE ELECTRIC SHOCK THERAPY OF CHRONIC DISTURBED PSYCHOTIC PATIENTS
Authors: MERVYN SHOOR, FREEMAN H. ADAMS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1950)

1. Intensive electric shock treatment was tried on a large, chronic, disturbed psychotic women's ward over a 3-month period. 2. As a result restraint was reduced roughly 90%, seclusion roughly 66%, and sedation roughly 90%. Patients in general became better "ward citizens."
Reducing allergenicity by altering allergen fold: a mosaic protein of Phl p 1 for allergy vaccination
Authors: T. Ball, B. Linhart, K. Sonneck, K. Blatt, H. Herrmann, P. Valent, A. Stoecklinger, C. Lupinek, J. Thalhamer, A. A. Fedorov, S. C. Almo, R. Valenta
Journal: Allergy (2009)

Background: The major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 1, resembles the allergenic epitopes of natural group I grass pollen allergens and is recognized by more than 95% of grass‐pollen‐allergic patients. Our objective was the construction, purification and immunologic characterization of a genetically modified derivative of the major timothy grass pollen allergen, Phl p 1 for immunotherapy of grass pollen allergy. Methods: A mosaic protein was generated by PCR‐based re‐assembly and expression of four cDNAs coding for Phl p 1 fragments and compared to the Phl p 1 wild‐type by circular dichroism analysis, immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐binding capacity, basophil activation assays and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay competition assays. Immune responses to the derivative were studied in BALB/c mice. Results: Grass‐pollen‐allergic patients exhibited greater than an 85% reduction in IgE reactivity to the mosaic as compared with the Phl p 1 allergen and basophil activation experiments confirmed the reduced allergenic activity of the mosaic. It also induced less Phl p 1‐specific IgE antibodies than Phl p 1 upon immunization of mice. However, immunization of mice and rabbits with the mosaic induced IgG antibodies that inhibited patients’ IgE‐binding to the wild‐type allergen and Phl p 1‐induced degranulation of basophils. Conclusion: We have developed a strategy based on rational molecular reassembly to convert one of the clinically most relevant allergens into a hypoallergenic derivative for allergy vaccination.
Parasympathetic effects on in vivo rat heart can be regulated through an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor.
Authors: P A McGrattan, J H Brown, O M Brown
Journal: Circulation Research (1987)

A prejunctional mechanism involving an alpha 1-adrenergic receptor may exert control on the release of acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerve endings in the heart. To test this hypothesis in vivo, rats were prepared for electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves. Blood pressures and heart rates were monitored, and the animals were treated with alpha-agonists and alpha-antagonists. The alpha 1-selective agonist phenylephrine significantly attenuated vagally induced bradycardia in a dose-dependent fashion (ED50 = 19 micrograms/kg). This is consistent with the hypothesis that there is alpha-adrenergic inhibition of ACh release. In contrast, the alpha 2-selective agonist, BHT-920, caused no change in heart rate during vagal stimulation. The effects of phenylephrine to raise heart rate and blood pressure during vagal stimulation were blocked by the alpha 1-selective antagonist prazosin (ID50 approximately 1 microgram/kg) but not by the alpha 2-selective antagonists yohimbine and rauwolscine. This further supports an alpha 1 assignment to the prejunctional adrenergic receptor mechanism, which can regulate the release of acetylcholine from cardiac parasympathetic neurons.
HIV Treatment Strategies
Authors: Roy M. Gulick
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The happiest man in the picture
Authors: C. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The hospital conference room once served a quite different purpose—as dining room of the medical residency. Twenty five years ago, when the arcane traditions of the teaching hospital medical mess were already fading, it was the focus of a cosy, seedy clubdom almost unimaginable today.

Back then there was a butler and a small disorganised bar. There were mess dinners, drunkenly formal. And within the hospital that dining room was a place apart, where only residents might breakfast, lunch, or dine. True, there were cockroaches in the pantry and the late meals left in its little oven were regularly overrun by them. But it was our …
Relationship of extent of revascularization with angina at one year in the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation (BARI)
Authors: Patrick L. Whitlow, Alexios P. Dimas, Thomas M. Bashore, Robert M. Califf, Martial G. Bourassa, Bernard R. Chaitman, Allan D. Rosen, Kevin E. Kip, Michael L. Stadius, Edwin L. Alderman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1999)
The History of Psychiatry: Its Relevance for the Psychiatrist
Authors: GEORGE MORA
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

To mark the closing of the APA's 125th anniversary year, the author examines recent progress in the study of the history of psychiatry. He outlines the reasons why the historical study of attitudes toward mental illness and methods of treatment in psychiatry merit proper consideration in the training of psychiatrists, and he reviews some of the steps being taken to meet this need.
Molecular Screening for the Lynch Syndrome — Better Than Family History?
Authors: Henry T. Lynch, Patrick M. Lynch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of death from cancer in the United States, after lung cancer and breast cancer.1 A well-defined hereditary predisposition accounts for probably 3 to 4 percent of cases of colorectal cancer. Conditions such as familial adenomatous polyposis and the Lynch syndrome (also known as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) nevertheless represent important models, and their contribution to the understanding of mechanisms of carcinogenesis is out of proportion to their frequency. Within a family with the Lynch syndrome, opportunities for genetic testing and enhanced surveillance exist. Because of the early age at the onset of . . .
Localization of distinct F2-isoprostanes in human atherosclerotic lesions.
Authors: D Praticò, L Iuliano, A Mauriello, L Spagnoli, J A Lawson, J Rokach, J Maclouf, F Violi, G A FitzGerald
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

F2-Isoprostanes are prostaglandin (PG) isomers formed in situ in cell membranes by peroxidation of arachidonic acid. 8-epi PGF2alpha and IPF2alpha-I are F2-isoprostanes produced in humans which circulate in plasma and are excreted in urine. Measurement of F2-isoprostanes may offer a sensitive, specific, and noninvasive method for measuring oxidant stress in clinical settings where reactive oxygen species are putatively involved. We determined whether isoprostanes were present in human atherosclerotic lesions, where lipid peroxidation is thought to occur in vivo. 8-epi PGF2alpha ranged from 1.310-3.450 pmol/micromol phospholipid in atherectomy specimens compared with 0.045-0.115 pmol/micromol phospholipid (P < 0.001) in vascular tissue devoid of atherosclerosis. Corresponding values of IPF2alpha-I were 5.6-13.8 vs. 0.16-0.44 pmol/micromol phospholipid (P < 0.001). Levels of the two isoprostanes in vascular tissue were highly correlated (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001). Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that foam cells adjacent to the lipid necrotic core of the plaque were markedly positive for 8-epi PGF2alpha. These cells were also reactive with anti-CD68, an epitope specific for human monocyte/macrophages. 8-epi PGF2alpha immunoreactivity was also detected in cells positive for anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin antibody, which specifically recognizes vascular smooth muscle cells. Our results indicate that 8-epi PGF2alpha and IPF2alpha-I, two distinct F2-isoprostanes and markers of oxidative stress in vivo, are present in human atherosclerotic plaque. Quantitation of these chemically stable products of lipid peroxidation in target tissues, as well as in biological fluids, may aid in the rational development of antioxidant drugs in humans.
Conundrum of the HOPE study: Authors' reply
Authors: J Bosch
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor—Taylor speculates that the reason that the HOPE (heart outcomes prevention evaluation) study did not show a significant relation between blood pressure and outcome was because ramipril was taken at bedtime.1

We believe that this assertion is incorrect for several reasons.

Firstly, the population studied in the paper by Svensson et al differed substantially from the overall HOPE population.2 This substudy focused on 38 patients who had peripheral arterial disease whereas only 43% of the overall HOPE population had such disease. Moreover, the patients recruited from the one centre participating in this substudy had blood pressures that were appreciably different from those in the overall trial (150/79 mm Hg v 139/79 mm Hg).

Secondly, even if a blood pressure reduction were extrapolated from the substudy by Svensson et al (which we believe is not appropriate), the degree of blood pressure reduction may at most be underestimated by 40%. With this taken into account, the blood pressure reduction between ramipril and placebo would be an estimated 4/3 mm Hg, and the effect on myocardial infarction still remains larger than that expected on the basis of epidemiological data.

Thirdly, studies that have assessed two different approaches to blood pressure—for example, the LIFE (losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension) study examining the effect of angiotensin receptor blockers v β blockers3—show that blockers of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system provide greater clinical benefit when blood pressure reduction is identical. Furthermore, other blood pressure lowering agents, such as calcium channel blockers, have been previously studied in populations similar to HOPE with no evidence of clinical benefit.4

Finally, the results of the HOPE study have now been confirmed by other large independent studies.5
Megestrol Acetate in the Spectrum of Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: Andrew A. Chan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 June 1998Megestrol Acetate in the Spectrum of Adrenal InsufficiencyAndrew A. Chan, MDAndrew A. Chan, MDGlendale, CA 91208Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-12_Part_1-199806150-00023 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I read with interest Dr. Carey's editorial on the causes and clinical presentations of adrenal insufficiency [1]. An additional medication that should be mentioned as a cause of iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency is megestrol acetate. A recent literature search and review of U.S. Food and Drug Administration adverse-event reports have shown that megestrol acetate has glucocorticoid-like activity that can result in clinical presentations of the Cushing syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and adrenal insufficiency [2]. The past reports suggest that clinically significant adrenal insufficiency may occur after discontinuation of therapy with the medication, but evidence indicates that this condition may ...References1. Carey RM. The changing clinical spectrum of adrenal insufficiency [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 127:1103-5. Google Scholar2. Mann M, Koller E, Murgo A, Malozowski S, Bacsanyi J, Leinung M. Glucocorticoidlike activity of megestrol. A summary of Food and Drug Administration experience and a review of the literature. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157:1651-6. Google Scholar3. Subramanian S, Goker H, Kanji A, Sweeney H. Clinical adrenal insufficiency in patients receiving megestrol therapy. Arch Intern Med. 1997; 157:1008-11. Google Scholar4. Castle S, Nguyen C, Joaquin A, Coyne B, Heuston C, Chan A, et al. Megestrol acetate suspension therapy in the treatment of geriatric anorexia/cachexia in nursing home patients [Letter]. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995; 43:835-6. Google Scholar5. Loprinzi CL, Michalak JC, Quella SK, Hatfield AK, O'Fallon JR, Nelimark RA, et al. Megestrol acetate for the prevention of hot flashes. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331:347-52. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Andrew A. Chan, MDAffiliations: Glendale, CA 91208 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byMegestrol acetate—associated adrenal insufficiencyAppetite stimulants in cystic fibrosis: a systematic reviewEffects of megestrol acetate on pituitary function and end-organ hormone secretion: A post hoc analysis of serum samples from a 12-week study in healthy older menAdrenal insufficiency and testicular failure secondary to megestrol acetate therapy in a patient with cystic fibrosis 15 June 1998Volume 128, Issue 12_Part_1Page: 1047KeywordsBreast cancerDiabetes mellitusEndometriumFood and Drug AdministrationGeriatricsHIV infectionsNursing homes ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 June 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Davison of Duke: His Reminiscences
Authors: Peter C. English
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Two devoted students have collected the reminiscences of Wilburt Cornell Davison, first dean and pediatrician at Duke University Medical School. In addition to the autobiographical material, much of which is devoted to Davison's pre-Duke years, Jay Arena (an early leader in poison control) and John McGovern (a pediatric allergist) have assembled 100 pages of correspondence (largely between Davison and the editors), eulogies, and obituaries. What emerges from the volume is the lively spirit and charm of the dean called "Dave," whose motivating force Arena and McGovern believe was indispensible to the building and growth of Duke. William Osler figured prominently in Davison's training. Osler advised Davison's studies while the American was a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University (1913-1915), guided his clinical initiation at the Radcliffe Infirmary, and frequently selected Davison's reading material. On Osler's recommendation, he was admitted as a fourth-year student at Johns Hopkins in 1916, and there is
369. Targeted Gene Modification Via Triple Helix-Forming Oligonucleotides
Authors: Peter M. Glazer, Faye Rogers, Janice Lloyd
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Triple helix-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) can bind to polypurine/polypyrimidine regions in DNA in a sequence-specific manner. The resulting triplexes have been shown to constitute a DNA structure that can provoke binding by the damage recognition factors, XPA and RPA, and to stimulate DNA repair via the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. Based on these observations, experiments were undertaken to determine the extent to which triplex structures can stimulate recombination events within genomic DNA in a site-directed manner. Studies in which TFOs were targeted to episomal SV40 genomes in COS cells suggested that intermolecular triplexes could stimulate recombination between tandemly repeated reporter gene sequences in a pathway dependent on XPA and other NER factors. Experiments in mouse Ltk-cells containing a dual TK gene substrate demonstrated that intrachromosomal gene conversion could be provoked by high affinity triplex formation, at frequencies as high as 1-2%, if the TFOs were delivered into the cells by microinjection. Recent work in both COS cells using an episomal target and in human cell free extracts using plasmid substrates has further demonstrated that triplex formation can promote intermolecular recombination. TFOs were shown to induce recombination between a target gene and short DNA fragment, in cases where the fragment is either covalently linked to or is completely separate from the TFO. In the extracts, immunodepletion and complementation with purified proteins demonstrated a requirement for XPA and for the human recombinase, HsRad51, in the reaction. In recent work, the ability of TFOs to stimulate recombination and thereby mediate gene repair in a dose-dependent manner at a chromosomal locus in mammalian cells has been established. Overall, this work raises the possibility that DNA binding ligands such as TFOs and related molecules such as a peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) may be useful in strategies designed to mediate targeted genome modification and genetic therapy by stimulating recombination in site-specific manner.
An epistemological account of visual consciousness
Authors: Peter D. Sparks, E. E. Krieckhaus
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

O'Regan &amp; Noë's (O&amp;N's) explanation of our stream of experience as activities depends on their denial of that palpable, most real aspect of experience: what they call “qualitative experience.” Given the ontological primacy of the qualitative givenness of our experience and the complete absence of actions as experiences in our stream of consciousness, though, all such reductionistic attempts must fail.
Hodgkin's Disease, Autoimmunity, and the Thymus
Authors: B. I. Hoffbrand
Journal: BMJ (1965)

3a. External pacemaker.Check external wires and connexions and replace six-monthly.Check power of pacemaker.Batteries changed 6-to 12- monthly.3b.Implanted pacemaker.Check power with measuring oscilloscope. ResultsNinety-six patients with permanent pacemakers have been followed up.The total number of faults and pacing- breakdowns has been large, but these are now becoming fewer with the introduction of better techniques.Furthermore, the majority of patients have been able to lead normal lives.Only one patient has died as a direct result of unit failure; the remainder survived a recurrence of Stokes-Adams attacks because of return of idioventricular rhythm giving sufficient time for restoration of artificial pacing. SummaryNinety-six patients with long-term artificial pacemakers have been followed up at a special out-patient clinic.Their types of pacing systems are described and normal pacing patterns are outlined.The causes of faulty pacing and their manifestations are discussed, with the techniques routinely used in the clinic to correct such faults and to maintain regular pacing.