tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Future of Public Health
Authors: W. S. Craig
Journal: BMJ (1952)

Moving dots can evoke a percept of the spatial structure of a three-dimensional object in the absence of other visual cues. This phenomenon, called structure from motion (SFM), suggests that the motion flowfield represented in the dorsal stream can form the basis of object recognition performed in the ventral stream. SFM processing is likely to contribute to object perception whenever there is relative motion between the observer and the object viewed. Here we investigate the motion flowfield component of object recognition with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Our SFM stimuli encoded face surfaces and random three-dimensional control shapes with matched curvature properties. We used two different types of an SFM stimulus with the dots either fixed to the surface of the object or moving on it. Despite the radically different encoding of surface structure in the two types of SFM, both elicited strong surface percepts and involved the same network of cortical regions. From early visual areas, this network extends dorsally into the human motion complex and parietal regions and ventrally into object-related cortex. The SFM stimuli elicited a face-selective response in the fusiform face area. The human motion complex appears to have a central role in SFM object recognition, not merely representing the motion flowfield but also the surface structure of the motion-defined object. The motion complex and a region in the intraparietal sulcus reflected the motion state of the SFM-implicit object, responding more strongly when the implicit object was in motion than when it was stationary.
Abstract 3986: Protein-bound polysaccharide induces IL-1β via NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
Authors: Yi Yang, Carol Inatsuka, Mary L. Disis, Hailing Lu
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Protein-bound polysaccharide-K (PSK) is a hot water extract from Trametes Versicolor mushroom. It is widely used in Asian countries for its immune enhancing and anti-cancer potential. We have recently reported that PSK activates TLR2 and has CD8 T cell- and NK cell- dependent anti-tumor activity. PSK stimulates the production of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, the production of which requires both TLR and inflammasome activation. The current study was undertaken to investigate the mechanism by which PSK activates inflammasome and induces IL-1β. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses showed that PSK induces pro-IL-1β in a dose- and time- dependent manner. PSK activates caspase-1 and pre-incubation with z-VAD-FMK, a caspase inhibitor, abolishes PSK-induced IL-1β. Comparison of THP-1 cells and THP-1 cells deficient for NLRP3 demonstrated that PSK-induced IL-1β production requires NLRP3 inflammasome. PSK also up-regulates the expression of NLRP3 mRNA. Further experiments were performed to investigate whether potassium efflux, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, or lysosomal perturbation was involved in PSK-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Results showed that CA-074-Me, a cathepsin B inhibitor, significantly decreased PSK-induced IL-1β, while the production of TNF-α was not affected. Phagocytosis or ROS generation was not required for PSK-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Altogether, our results suggest that PSK-induced IL-1β production is a two step process. Step 1 requires TLR2-dependent induction of pro-IL-1β and upregulation of NLRP3 expression; Step 2 involves NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a cathepsin B-dependent manner. These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of the immune stimulatory and anti-tumor effects of PSK. Citation Format: Yi Yang, Carol Inatsuka, Mary L. Disis, Hailing Lu. Protein-bound polysaccharide induces IL-1β via NLRP3 inflammasome activation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3986. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3986
[335] THE ANTI-FIBROTIC EFFECTS OF CELECOXIB IN BILE DUCT LIGATION- AND THIOACETAMIDE-INDUCED HEPATIC FIBROSIS MODELS IN RAT
Authors: Y.H. Paik, S.H. Kang, H.J. Lee, S.H. Ahn, K.H. Han, C.Y. Chon, Y.M. Moon, K.S. Lee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Preemptive CD20+ B cell depletion attenuates cardiac allograft vasculopathy in cyclosporine-treated monkeys
Authors: Shahrooz S. Kelishadi, Agnes M. Azimzadeh, Tianshu Zhang, Tiffany Stoddard, Emily Welty, Christopher Avon, Mitch Higuchi, Amal Laaris, Xiang-Fei Cheng, Christine McMahon, Richard N. Pierson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Chronic rejection currently limits the long-term efficacy of clinical transplantation. Although B cells have recently been shown to play a pivotal role in the induction of alloimmunity and are being targeted in other transplant contexts, the efficacy of preemptive B cell depletion to modulate alloimmunity or attenuate cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) (classic chronic rejection lesions found in transplanted hearts) in a translational model has not previously been described. We report here that the CD20-specific antibody (αCD20) rituximab depleted CD20+ B cells in peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid organs, and the graft in cynomolgus monkey recipients of heterotopic cardiac allografts. Furthermore, CD20+ B cell depletion therapy combined with the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A (CsA) prolonged median primary graft survival relative to treatment with αCD20 or CsA alone. In animals treated with both αCD20 and CsA that achieved efficient B cell depletion, alloantibody production was substantially inhibited and the CAV severity score was markedly reduced. We conclude therefore that efficient preemptive depletion of CD20+ B cells is effective in a preclinical model to modulate pathogenic alloimmunity and to attenuate chronic rejection when used in conjunction with a conventional clinical immunosuppressant. This study suggests that use of this treatment combination may improve the efficacy of transplantation in the clinic.
CASE of PERFORATION of the AORTA by a PIN ACCIDENTALLY SWALLOWED
Authors: I. Owen
Journal: BMJ (1903)

of hepatic or renal calculi, or when over the splenic region, to tumours of that part.Diagnosis is difficult only when there are paroxysmal crises.In such cases the intensity of the pain, the feverish condi- tions, and the vomiting may make one mistake them for appendicitis, hepatic or renal colic, or ovarian pain.PROGNOSIS.
1423 INTERIM ANALYSIS OF AN INTERFERON (IFN)- AND RIBAVIRIN (RBV)-FREE REGIMEN OF DACLATASVIR (DCV), ASUNAPREVIR (ASV), AND BMS-791325 IN TREATMENT-NAIVE, HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPE 1-INFECTED PATIENTS
Authors: G.T. Everson, K.D. Sims, M. Rodriguez-Torres, C. H'ezode, E. Lawitz, M. Bourlière, V. Loustaud-Ratti, V. Rustgi, H. Schwartz, H. Tatum, P. Marcellin, S. Pol, P.J. Thuluvath, T. Eley, X. Wang, S.-P. Huang, F. McPhee, M. Wind-Rotolo, E. Chung, C. Pasquinelli, D.M. Grasela, D.F. Gardiner
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Pyogenic liver abscess as a complication of sigmoid polypectomy
Authors: A. Farmer, K. Browett, V. Rusius, S. Bhalerao, M. Anderson
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

A previously well 65-year-old man underwent a routine colonoscopy after being referred with diarrhea. A 15-mm pedunculated polyp was observed at the rectosigmoid junction and an uncomplicated polypectomy was performed; examination to the cecum was otherwise normal. He was discharged 3 hours after this procedure. Histological examination of the polyp revealed a tubulovillous adenoma with low-grade dysplasia. The patient returned 3 days later with fevers and rigors, but with no abdominal pain. The symptoms had begun 12 hours after the colonoscopy, and on admission he was found to be hypotensive and septic, with a low-grade fever. Clinical examination was unremarkable. He had a neutrophil leukocytosis of 43.6 × 109/L and a C-reactive protein level of 218 mg/L, but liver function tests were normal. Blood cultures grew Streptococcus milleri, and appropriate antibiotic therapy was commenced. Despite this treatment, however, he continued to show signs of sepsis. Abdominal computed tomography 6 days after his colonoscopy demonstrated a multiloculated, right-lobe liver abscess ([Fig. 1]), and 300 mL of purulent fluid was aspirated from this, which also grew S. milleri. After drainage of this abscess he made an uncomplicated recovery.
ACUTE PNEUMONIC PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS TREATED BY ARTIFICIAL PNEUMOTHORAX: NOTES ON TWO CASES
Authors: J. Torrens, A. G. E. Wilcock
Journal: BMJ (1924)

Tz B'k CASE Ir. An unmarried woman, aged 20, stated that appetite and thirst had for several months been unusually great.One month pre- viously she had noticed loss of weight.For twelve days she had ceased to work owing to weakness.On January 2nd, 1924, she felt definitely unwell.On January 4th she "fainted" and was admitted to hospital sufficiently conscio-us to attempt, unsuccessfully, to answer questions.The knee-jerks and abdominal reflexes were then absent, but returned before the second examination of the blood was made.One hour after admission, having had an almost protein-free diet during the previous twenty-four hours, the con- centrations of sugar and of urea in the blood were respectively 620 mg. and 27 mg.per 100 c.cm.On the following day, after an enema of olive and castor oils, the administration by the rectum of half a pint of water every hour, and a total of 40 units of insulin, the figures were 250 mg. and 41.4 mg. 1 M. 27 1/2 0.
Statistical Issues in Risk Assessment of Reproductive Outcomes with Chemical Mixtures
Authors: Vicki Stover Hertzberg, Grace K. Lemasters, Karen Hansen, Harold M. Zenick
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

Establishing the relationship between a given chemical exposure and human reproductive health risk is complicated by exposures or other concomitant factors that may vary from pregnancy to pregnancy.Moreover, when exposures are to complex mixtures ofchemicals, varying with time in number ofcomponents, doses ofindividual components, and con- stancy of exposure, the picture becomes even more complicated.A pilot study of risk of adverse reproductive outcomes among male wastewater treatment workers and their wives is described here.The wives of 231 workers were interview- ed to evaluatererospectively the outcomes ofspontaneous early fetal loss and infertility.In adtion, 87 workers participated in a cross-sectional evaluation of sperm/semen parameters Due to the ever-changing nature of the exposure and the lack ofquantification ofspecific exposures, six dichotomous variables were used for each specific job description to give a sur- rogate measure ofexposure.Hence, no quantitative exposur-response relationships could be modeled.These six variables were independently assigned by two environmental hygienists, and their interrater reliability was assessed.Results are presented and further innovations in statistical methodology are proposed for further applications.
Structure-toxicity relationships of acrylic monomers.
Authors: J Autian
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1975)

Esters of acrylic acid, in particular methyl methacrylate, have wide applications in a number of industrial and consumer products, forming very desirable nonbreakable glass-like materials. In dentistry, the monomers are used to prepare dentures and a variety of filling and coating materials for the teeth. Surgeons utilize the monomers to prepare a cement which helps anchor prosthetic devices to bone. Special types of acrylic monomers such as the cyano derivatives have found a useful application as adhesive materials. Most of the acrylic acid esters are volatile substances and can produce various levels of toxicity if inhaled. A large number of workers thus exposed to the vapors of these esters can develop clinical symptoms and signs of toxicity. This paper will discuss the toxicity of a large number of acrylic esters, and will attempt to show structure-activity relationships where such data are available. General comments will also be made as to the potential health hazards this variety of esters may present to selected segments of the population.
Principles and practice of functional MRI of the human brain
Authors: John C. Gore
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Conventional MRI is used extensively for radiological diagnosis and produces spatial maps of the properties of mobile hydrogen nuclei (single protons) that are contained mainly in water molecules. Conventional magnetic resonance images portray anatomic details with exquisite resolution (on the order of 1 mm or better), in three dimensions, and differentiate soft tissues very well. The contrast within images results from variations mainly in the density of water within tissues and in the manner in which water interacts with macromolecules. Functional MRI (fMRI) is now also well established in many centers and uses similar imaging techniques and the same equipment as conventional MRI. fMRI relies on detecting small changes in the signals used to produce magnetic resonance images that are associated with neuronal activity in the brain, and it is producing unique and valuable information for applications in both basic and clinical neuroscience. fMRI is safe, noninvasive, and repeatable in adults and children and thus has widespread potential uses. This short overview will attempt to illustrate the physical basis of fMRI, how it is performed in practice, some of the limitations of the technique, and some of the types of application that have been exploited to date. fMRI detects the blood oxygen level‐dependent
Aleppo Boil or Biskra Bouton
Authors: G. Thin
Journal: BMJ (1876)

ventricle is necessary to drive an equal volume of blood in the same time through the smaller orifice of the aorta.Dr. Black speaks repeatedly of the weakness of the right heart.It is, of course, absolutely weaker than the left; but, relatively to the work which each heart has to perform, the two hearts are of equal strength.If they were not, they could not work so harmoniously to- gether, as they often do, for fourscore years and upwards.I think that I have now adduced sufficient reason for my belief that Dr. Black's " explanation of the heart's thin pulmonary chamber" is unten- able, and his theory of asphyxia inconsistent with unquestionable facts.
Staining for intracytoplasmic lumina and CAM5.2 increases the detection rate for bile duct cancers
Authors: A. Jahng, D. Chung, B. Pham, S. Reicher, B. Yee, L. Abramyan, R. Venegas, S. French, V. Eysselein
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Endoscopic biopsies have a low sensitivity for diagnosing malignant bile duct strictures. Tumor markers detected by mucin staining and immunohistochemistry may help to determine the malignancy of a biopsy specimen where histologic evaluation alone is nondiagnostic.61 patients who underwent forceps biopsies were retrospectively identified, yielding 49 and 40 biopsy specimens for strictures finally diagnosed as benign and malignant, respectively. Biopsy specimens were histologically evaluated and stained for p53, Ki-67, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA19-9, CAM5.2, and presence of intracytoplasmic lumina (ICL). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR) were calculated to evaluate the performance of each test.Histology alone provided sensitivity and specificity of 53 % and 100 %. Addition of ICL or CAM5.2 increased sensitivity to 73 % or 60 %, respectively, and provided excellent specificity, PPV, and PLR (ICL, 98 %, 97 %, and 36; CAM5.2, 100 %, 100 %, and infinite). Both stains in combination increased the sensitivity to 75 %. Staining for Ki-67, p53, CEA, and CA19-9 increased the sensitivity to detect malignancy (range 60 % to 83 %), but significantly reduced the specificity, PPV and PLR (ranges 73 % to 90 %, 72 % to 86 %, and 3 to 7, respectively). Markers in all combinations performed poorly as a negative test (NPV 69 % to 87 %, and NLR 0.19 to 0.55).Staining for tumor markers ICL and CAM5.2 can improve the diagnostic value of endoscopic biopsies, and may change the course of management for patients with indeterminate histological findings.
Corrigendum to “The Epidemiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma” [Eur Urol 2011;60:615–21]
Authors: Börje Ljungberg, Steven C. Campbell, Han Yong Choi, Didier Jacqmin, Jung Eun Lee, Steffen Weikert, Lambertus A. Kiemeney
Journal: European Urology (2011)
SSRIs may well be best treatment for elderly depressed subjects
Authors: R. J Porter, J. T O'Brien
Journal: BMJ (1998)

EDITOR—In his review of mental health in old age Macdonald advocates the use of dothiepin as a first line antidepressant.1 He suggests that the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors should usually be reserved for cases in which tricyclic antidepressants fail or are contraindicated. Although it is impossible in a brief review article to cover fully the advantages and disadvantages of different drugs, we think it important to highlight that, as in younger patients, rational choice of a first line …
The DRASIC Cation Channel Contributes to the Detection of Cutaneous Touch and Acid Stimuli in Mice
Authors: Margaret P Price, Sabrina L McIlwrath, Jinghui Xie, Chun Cheng, Jing Qiao, Deirdre E Tarr, Kathleen A Sluka, Timothy J Brennan, Gary R Lewin, Michael J Welsh
Journal: Neuron (2001)
Prostaglandin I2 analogue and propranolol prevent ischaemia induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the stabilisation of lysosomal membranes
Authors: N. HIEDA, Y. TOKI, S. SUGIYAMA, T. ITO, T. SATAKE, T. OZAWA
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1988)

Leakage of lysosomal enzymes is associated with irreversible cellular damage. To determine the effect of prostaglandin I2 analogue and propranolol on the ischaemic myocardium in relation to changes in lysosomal integrity 26 anaesthetised mongrel dogs were divided into three treatment groups and subjected to 2 h coronary occlusion. In the control group (n = 12) physiological saline was infused throughout the experiment. In the prostaglandin I2 analogue group (n = 7) the prostaglandin I2 analogue, OP-41483-alpha-CD;5(E)-6-Deoxa-6,9 alpha-methylene-15-cyclopentyl-16,17,18,19,20-pentanor-PGI2. alpha-cyclodextrin clathrate (5 ng.kg-1.min-1) was infused from 25 min before occlusion until the end of the experiment. In the propranolol group (n = 7) propranolol (0.3 mg.kg-1) was injected for 10 min 25 min before occlusion. Two hours after occlusion mitochondria were prepared from both ischaemic and non-ischaemic areas in each group and their function measured polarographically with succinate as substrate. Fractionation of myocardial tissue from both non-ischaemic and ischaemic areas was performed and the activities of lysosomal enzymes (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase; beta-glucuronidase) were measured. In the control group, mitochondrial function in the ischaemic area was reduced compared with that from the non-ischaemic area. The activities of both lysosomal enzymes were increased significantly in the supernatant fraction obtained from the ischaemic area compared with those for the supernatant from the non-ischaemic area. The administration of prostaglandin I2 analogue or propranolol not only prevented the leakage of lysosomal enzymes but also maintained mitochondrial function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Role of the left atrium in adaptation of the heart to chronic mitral regurgitation in conscious dogs.
Authors: Y Kihara, S Sasayama, S Miyazaki, T Onodera, T Susawa, Y Nakamura, H Fujiwara, C Kawai
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

The manner in which the left atrium adapts to chronic mitral regurgitation and the role of the adapted left atrium as a modulator of excessive central blood volume were analyzed in seven conscious dogs, instrumented with high-fidelity pressure transducers and ultrasonic dimension gauges for measurement of left atrial and left ventricular pressure and cavity size. After obtaining data in a control situation, mitral regurgitation was produced by transventricular chordal sectioning. Heart rate was matched by right atrial pacing. In the "early" stage (7-14 days), left ventricular end-diastolic and mean left atrial pressures increased from 6 to 16 mm Hg and from 4 to 12 mm Hg, respectively. Both left ventricular end-diastolic segment length and left atrial diameter prior to atrial contraction increased by 7%. In the "late" stage (20-35 days), despite significant decreases in left ventricular filling pressure (11 mm Hg) and left atrial pressure (8 mm Hg), there was a continuous increase in left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (10%) and atrial end-diastolic diameter (10%). After the onset of mitral regurgitation, the left atrium performed greater work with a more enlarged cavity. Left atrial chamber stiffness was progressively decreased. These changes were associated with progressive increase in the left atrial diameter at zero stress, and there was a significant increase in the diameter of the left atrial myocyte. These results indicate that during chronic mitral regurgitation, the left atrium enlarges in size and mass, with a more potent booster action. The left atrial chamber becomes more compliant. Thus, the enlarged left atrium appears to exert an important compensatory mechanism in the case of excessive central blood volume by buffering pressure rise in the atrium and by providing an adequate ventricular filling volume.
Deletion of interleukin-12p40 suppresses autoimmune cholangitis in dominant negative transforming growth factor β receptor type II mice
Authors: Katsunori Yoshida, Guo-Xiang Yang, Weici Zhang, Masanobu Tsuda, Koichi Tsuneyama, Yuki Moritoki, Aftab A. Ansari, Kazuichi Okazaki, Zhe-Xiong Lian, Ross L. Coppel, Ian R. Mackay, Eric M. Gershwin
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract Our laboratory has reported that mice that express a dominant negative form of transforming growth factor β receptor restricted to T cells (dnTGFβRII) develop an inflammatory biliary ductular disease with elevated serum levels of interleukin (IL)-12p40 and other proinflammatory cytokines and antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) closely resembling human primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). We have used this mouse model to address the potential mechanisms of immunomodulation of liver disease by creating two unique genetic strains: IL-12p40 knockout (KO)-dnTGFβRII mice and IFN-γ KO-dnTGFβRII mice. The two colonies of genetically modified mice—and, for purposes of controls, the dnTGFβRII mice—were monitored for liver immunopathology, AMAs, and intrahepatic cytokine production. Disease expression in the IFN-γ KO-dnTGFβRII mice, including liver immunopathology, were similar to those of dnTGFβRII mice, whereas the IL-12p40 KO-dnTGFβRII mice had a dramatic reduction in histological autoimmune cholangitis and significant decreases in levels of intrahepatic proinflammatory cytokines, but similar levels of AMAs compared with dnTGFβRII controls. Conclusion: These data indicate that in this mouse model of PBC, signaling by way of IL-12p40 is an essential requirement for the development of autoimmune cholangitis. The results of these studies will play an important role in identifying pathways and reagents that will selectively inhibit IL-12 signaling for the outlining of future therapeutic strategies for human PBC. (Hepatology 2009.)