tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Spina Bifida Children Attending Ordinary Schools
Authors: H. Welbourn
Journal: BMJ (1975)

From September 1971 to September 1973 a policy was actively followed in South Gloucestershire of placing spina bifida children in ordinary schools wherever possible. This was achieved successfully in 14 cases out of a possible 24. Special attention was paid to the selection of children and schools. The main contraindications to attendance at ordinary school were: below average intelligence, special perceptual problems, the need for intensive physiotherapy, and problem incontinence—particularly infaecal continence. Success often depended on special provisions—for example, transport, aids to mobility, peripatetic physiotherapists. Personal attendants (welfare assistants) could be allocated to each of the more severely handicapped children. The lack of facilities for handicapped pupils in comprehensive schools is a matter needing urgent review.
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias induced by ?-sotalol and phenylephrine in canine preparations of atrioventricular block: initiation in the conduction system followed by spatially unstable re-entry
Authors: K Derakhchan
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1998)

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardias (PVT) occur spontaneously in canine hearts under the combination of D-sotalol (S), bradycardia and phenylephrine (PE). We investigated the hypotheses that: (1) the activation patterns of the initial PVT beats would be consistent with an origin in the ventricular conduction system; and (2) the inhomogeneous prolongation of repolarisation intervals can provide refractory barriers for re-entrant activity.Unipolar electrograms were recorded from 127 epicardial (EPI) sites with a sock electrode array as well as from intramural and endocardial sites during PVTs. Electrograms were analysed to generate isochronal maps and measure the spatial distribution of activation-recovery intervals (ARI).Under S (9.9-14.5 mg.l-1), spontaneously terminating PVTs (cycle length of 270 +/- 43 ms, n = 45) (mean +/- s.d.) occurred when a PE bolus (10-50 micrograms.kg-1) was injected. The first beat of the PVTs occurred with a coupling interval of several hundred ms to the preceding idioventricular beat (IDV) without any bridging activity and its earliest EPI breakthrough occurred in areas overlying the terminations of the right or left bundle branch. ARI values measured in IDV (295 +/- 47 ms) were significantly prolonged prior to PVT (462 +/- 92 ms). Prolongation was greater in apical than in basal epicardial areas, and at endocardial than epicardial sites (to > 500 ms). Maximum delays > 200 ms developed in the regions of marked ARI prolongation and, in later beats, circus movement re-entry occurred around refractory barriers, shifting between various regions of the ventricles.Thus, PVTs occurring spontaneously under conditions of delayed repolarisation originate from shifting sites in the ventricular conduction system and re-entrant activity shifting between various regions of the ventricle may occur in later beats of the more sustained arrhythmias.
Risk Factors for Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Anders G. Holst, Gorm Jensen, Eva Prescott
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Studies have suggested a link between risk factors for atherosclerotic disease and venous thromboembolism (VTE), but results are heterogeneous. We sought to identify risk factors for VTE with a focus on risk factors for atherosclerotic disease.Data were taken from the Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective cohort study of a random, age-stratified sample of people living in a defined area in Copenhagen, Denmark, started in 1976 with follow-up until 2007. First VTE (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) diagnosis was retrieved from electronic national registries from study baseline to 2007. Of 18 954 subjects (median follow-up, 19.5 years) representing 360 399 person-years of follow-up, 969 subjects experienced at least 1 VTE, corresponding to a crude incidence rate of 2.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.52 to 2.86) per 1000 person-years. The variables found to be significantly associated with VTE in a multivariable model adjusted for age and calendar time were as follows: body mass index (hazard ratio [HR] for >or=35 versus <20=2.10 [95% CI, 1.39 to 3.16]); smoking (HR for >or=25 g tobacco per day versus never smoker=1.52 [95% CI, 1.15 to 2.01]); gender (HR for men versus women=1.24 [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.42]); household income (HR for medium versus low=0.82 [95% CI, 0.70 to 0.95]); and diastolic blood pressure (HR for >100 versus <80 mm Hg=1.34 [95% CI, 1.08 to 1.66]). Other cardiovascular risk factors including total/high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and diabetes mellitus were not associated with VTE.Obesity and smoking were both found to be important risk factors for VTE whereas total/high-density lipoprotein/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and diabetes mellitus were not.
Supporting the delivery of cost-effective interventions in primary health-care systems in low-income and middle-income countries: an overview of systematic reviews
Authors: Simon Lewin, John N Lavis, Andrew D Oxman, Gabriel Bastías, Mickey Chopra, Agustín Ciapponi, Signe Flottorp, Sebastian García Martí, Tomas Pantoja, Gabriel Rada, Nathan Souza, Shaun Treweek, Charles S Wiysonge, Andy Haines
Journal: The Lancet (2008)
Genetic Variants Associated with Arsenic Susceptibility: Study of Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase, Arsenic (+3) Methyltransferase, and Glutathione <i>S</i> -Transferase Omega Genes
Authors: Sujata De Chaudhuri, Pritha Ghosh, Nilendu Sarma, Papiya Majumdar, Tanmoy Jyoti Sau, Santanu Basu, Susanta Roychoudhury, Kunal Ray, Ashok K. Giri
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Individual variability in arsenic metabolism may underlie individual susceptibility toward arsenic-induced skin lesions and skin cancer. Metabolism of arsenic proceeds through sequential reduction and oxidative methylation being mediated by the following genes: purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP), arsenic (+3) methyltransferase (As3MT), glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1), and omega 2 (GSTO2). PNP functions as arsenate reductase; As3MT methylates inorganic arsenic and its metabolites; and both GSTO1 and GSTO2 reduce the metabolites. Alteration in functions of these gene products may lead to arsenic-specific disease manifestations.To find any probable association between arsenicism and the exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the above-mentioned arsenic-metabolizing genes, we screened all the exons in those genes in an arsenic-exposed population.Using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, we screened the exons in 25 cases (individuals with arsenic-induced skin lesions) and 25 controls (individuals without arsenic-induced skin lesions), both groups drinking similar arsenic-contaminated water. The exonic SNPs identified were further genotyped in a total of 428 genetically unrelated individuals (229 cases and 199 controls) for association study.Among four candidate genes, PNP, As3MT, GSTO1, and GSTO2, we found that distribution of three exonic polymorphisms, His20His, Gly51Ser, and Pro57Pro of PNP, was associated with arsenicism. Genotypes having the minor alleles were significantly overrepresented in the case group: odds ratio (OR) = 1.69 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08-2.66] for His20His; OR = 1.66 [95% CI, 1.04-2.64] for Gly51Ser; and OR = 1.67 [95% CI, 1.05-2.66] for Pro57Pro.The results indicate that the three PNP variants render individuals susceptible toward developing arsenic-induced skin lesions.
Persistence of HPV increases risk of cervical cancer
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Women in whom the human papillomavirus persists for several months have a higher risk of developing cervical cancer than those women who quickly clear the infection, researchers have claimed. Their findings could have implications for cervical cancer screening and for research into a vaccine against the viral strains behind the disease, they have said.

Immediately after the onset of sexual activity, rates of human papillomavirus are very high as women become infected. In most women, the immune system will quickly clear the infection, but in a minority the infection persists.

The new study found that women were more likely to show cervical abnormalities called squamous intraepithelial …
Dectin-2 Is a Direct Receptor for Mannose-Capped Lipoarabinomannan of Mycobacteria
Authors: Akiko Yonekawa, Shinobu Saijo, Yoshihiko Hoshino, Yasunobu Miyake, Eri Ishikawa, Maho Suzukawa, Hiromasa Inoue, Masato Tanaka, Mitsutoshi Yoneyama, Masatsugu Oh-hora, Koichi Akashi, Sho Yamasaki
Journal: Immunity (2014)
Three Neuropeptide Y Receptor Genes in the Spiny Dogfish, Squalus acanthias, Support en Bloc Duplications in Early Vertebrate Evolution
Authors: E. Salaneck
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

It has been debated whether the increase in gene number during early vertebrate evolution was due to multiple independent gene duplications or synchronous duplications of many genes. We describe here the cloning of three neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor genes belonging to the Y1 subfamily in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias, a cartilaginous fish. The three genes are orthologs of the mammalian subtypes Y1, Y4, and Y6, which are located in paralogous gene regions on different chromosomes in mammals. Thus, these genes arose by duplications of a chromosome region before the radiation of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Estimates of duplication times from linearized trees together with evidence from other gene families supports two rounds of chromosome duplications or tetraploidizations early in vertebrate evolution. The anatomical distribution of mRNA was determined by reverse-transcriptase PCR and was found to differ from mammals, suggesting differential functional diversification of the new gene copies during the radiation of the vertebrate classes.
Studies in Ammonia Metabolism
Authors: Glenn M. Clark, Ben Eiseman, Roger McCay
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

THE possibility that an increase in blood ammonia produces coma by a direct effect on enzymatic reactions in the brain has been a subject of speculation and investigation for several years,1 2 3 and the occurrence of coma in dogs with experimental Eck fistula and in human beings with liver disease is well known. However, a direct relation between blood ammonia and the onset of coma was only recently demonstrated as the result of a procedure developed in this laboratory for consistent production of coma in normal dogs by the infusion of ammonia into the cerebral circulation.4 Using this technic we have . . .
The trk family of receptors mediates nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 effects in melanocytes.
Authors: M Yaar, M S Eller, P DiBenedetto, W R Reenstra, S Zhai, T McQuaid, M Archambault, B A Gilchrest
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

We have recently shown that (a) human melanocytes express the p75 nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor in vitro; (b) that melanocyte dendricity and migration, among other behaviors, are regulated at least in part by NGF; and (c) that cultured human epidermal keratinocytes produce NGF. We now report that melanocyte stimulation with phorbol 12-tetra decanoate 13-acetate (TPA), previously reported to induce p75 NGF receptor, also induces trk in melanocytes, and TPA effect is further potentiated by the presence of keratinocytes in culture. Moreover, trk in melanocytes becomes phosphorylated within minutes after NGF stimulation. As well, cultures of dermal fibroblasts express neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA; NT-3 mRNA levels in cultured fibroblasts are modulated by mitogenic stimulation, UV irradiation, and exposure to melanocyte-conditioned medium. Moreover, melanocytes constitutively express low levels of trk-C, and its expression is downregulated after TPA stimulation. NT-3 supplementation to cultured melanocytes maintained in Medium 199 alone prevents cell death. These combined data suggest that melanocyte behavior in human skin may be influenced by neurotrophic factors, possibly of keratinocyte and fibroblast origin, which act through high affinity receptors.
Popularity of US "doc in a box" clinics is due to low price and accessibility
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The rapid growth of retail medical clinics in drugstores, the Walmart chain, and other non-traditional locations in the United States has prompted a new report whose findings are chiefly favourable to the new outlets.

The retail clinics, sometimes called “doc in a box” clinics, offer a limited range of services such as sale of drugs for common infections and wounds, tests, and vaccinations. They are generally staffed by nurse practitioners, have varying degrees of oversight by physicians, and follow established clinical practice guidelines. The average visit costs $40 (£28; €32) to $80.

The new report, which was commissioned by the California HealthCare Foundation, a charity that focuses on healthcare policy and education, found that patients like the hours …
Why not go all the way
Authors: Richard Schuster
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

“Psychology Game Theory” grafts social-process explanations onto classical game theory to explain deviations from instrumental rationality caused by the social properties of cooperation. This leads to confusion between cooperation as a social or individual behavior, and between ultimate and proximate explanations. If game theory models explain the existence of cooperation, different models are needed for understanding the proximate social processes that underlie cooperation in the real world.
Hepatology over the years
Authors: Steven Schenker, D. Montgomery Bissell, Andres T. Blei
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

The role of liver transplantation in 29 patients with fulminant and subacute hepatic failure due to a variety of different causes was examined by comparing the outcome and a variety of “hospitalization” variables. Transplanted patients (n = 13) were more likely to survive (p less than 0.05), were younger (p less than 0.05) and spent more time in the hospital (p less than 0.025) than did those who were not transplanted (n = 16). Despite spending a much longer time in the hospital, transplanted patients spent less time in the intensive care unit (p less than 0.05) in coma (p less than 0.01) and on a respirator (p less than 0.01) than did those not transplanted. Most importantly, the survival rate for transplanted patients was significantly improved (p less than 0.05) as compared to those not transplanted. We conclude that liver transplantation can be applied successfully to the difficult clinical problem of fulminant and subacute hepatic failure.
Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) enhances expression and secretion of beta 2 interferon by human fibroblasts.
Authors: D C Helfgott, L T May, Z Sthoeger, I Tamm, P B Sehgal
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

The human beta 2 interferon (IFN-beta 2) gene, a gene that also codes for B cell differentiation factor 2 (BSF-2), plasmacytoma/hybridoma growth factor (HGF), and hepatocyte-stimulating factor (HSF), is expressed in a variety of lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Endotoxin, or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations derived from the outer membrane of Escherichia coli or Salmonella typhimurium rapidly elevate IFN-beta 2 mRNA level in human skin fibroblasts (FS-4 strain). E. coli-derived LPS enhances IFN-beta 2 mRNA expression in FS-4 fibroblasts at a concentration as low as 0.3 ng/ml; this response is near-maximal in the range of 0.1-1 microgram/ml LPS. The increase in IFN-beta 2 mRNA level caused by LPS in FS-4 cells is detected within 30 min after addition of LPS, is sustained for at least 20 h thereafter, appears to involve the protein kinase C signal transduction pathway, does not require new protein synthesis, and is inhibited by dexamethasone in a dose-dependent fashion (in the range 10(-6)-10(-8) M). Cultures of LPS-treated FS-4 cells exhibit an antiviral state against vesicular stomatitis virus, which can be prevented by anti-IFN-beta antiserum. Medium obtained from LPS-treated FS-4 cell cultures enhances the number of immunoglobulin-secreting cells in cultures of human B-lymphoblastoid (CESS) cells. Thus, LPS may trigger a number of host defense mechanisms in the course of infection due to Gram-negative bacteria by enhancing IFN-beta 2 production by the ubiquitous fibroblast.
Monocyte/macrophage-elicited natural killer cell dysfunction in hepatocellular carcinoma is mediated by CD48/2B4 interactions
Authors: Yan Wu, Dong-Ming Kuang, Wei-Dong Pan, Yun-Le Wan, Xiang-Ming Lao, Dian Wang, Xue-Feng Li, Limin Zheng
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Defects in natural killer (NK) cell functions are necessary for tumor immune escape, but their underlying regulatory mechanisms in human cancers remain largely unknown. Here we show, in detailed studies of NK cells in 294 untreated patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), that accumulation of functional NK cells in HCC tissues could predict improved survival of patients. However, in patients with advanced-stage HCC, NK cells were significantly decreased in number with impaired tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) production. High infiltration of peritumoral stroma monocytes/macrophages was positively correlated with impaired functional activities of NK cells in intratumoral areas. Further kinetic experiments revealed that soon after exposure to tumor-derived monocytes, NK cells underwent a rapid, transient activation, but then they became exhausted, and eventually died. The monocytes from HCC tissues, but not from nontumoral liver, strongly express CD48 proteins; and such monocyte-induced NK cell dysfunction was markedly attenuated by blocking CD48 receptor 2B4 on NK cells, but not by blockade of NKG2D and NKp30. Conclusion : These data reveal that human NK cells are regulated by a fine-tuned collaborative action between different types of immune cells, which may reflect a novel immune-escape mechanism by which tumors dynamically regulate their functions at distinct tumor microenvironments. (Hepatology 2013)
Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with abciximab on clinical and angiographic restenosis rate after the placement of coronary stents following acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Franz-Josef Neumann, Adnan Kastrati, Claus Schmitt, Rudolf Blasini, Martin Hadamitzky, Julinda Mehilli, Meinrad Gawaz, Michael Schleef, Melchior Seyfarth, Josef Dirschinger, Albert Schömig
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
The Penalty of Professionalism
Authors: Gerald D. Dorman
Journal: JAMA (1969)

As physicians, all of us are well aware and justifiably proud of the advantages of being members of our profession. The conscientious physician probably gets more downright satisfaction out of his work than members of any other field. He also receives more respect and admiration from his fellowman. The reason for both—his personal satisfaction and the honor in which he is held—is that no calling more deeply involves any man with his fellow human beings than medicine. He cares for the organic problems of his neighbors, which is basic to his purpose. In addition, he often is trusted with a view of his patient's heart and soul that is denied to all others. It is not unusual for a physician to know more than a man's wife about his ambition and his fear, his confidence in himself and his secret doubts. A wife will tell her physician things about her
More than 4.2 million have signed up for US health insurance on Affordable Care Act exchanges
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

As of 1 March over 4.2 million people had enrolled in health insurance plans through the online health insurance exchanges created by the US Affordable Care Act.1

Eligible uninsured people have until 31 March to enroll in a plan for coverage in 2014 or they will face a tax penalty of $95 (£57; €68) per person, or 1% of household income.

Enrollment, which began on 1 October last year, got off to a slow start, largely due to technical glitches with state and federal websites …
1266 Progenitor cell features in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: A DURNEZ, C VERSLYPE, R AERTS, J PIRENNE, T ROSKAMS
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

To discriminate adenocarcinoma metastases originating from either colon or ovary, a panel of immunohistochemical markers was evaluated. For this purpose, paraffin sections from 157 primary and metastatic colonic and ovarian carcinomas were immunostained. These cases were divided into a learning group of 46 colonic and 54 ovarian carcinomas and a test group of 29 colonic and 28 ovarian carcinomas, including all metastatic tumors, among which were five with unknown primary site at the time of testing. The sections were immunostained with antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CFA), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), cytokeratin 20 (CK20), CA 125, vimentin, and CA 19.9. Staining results were expressed as the product of staining intensity and percentage of positive tumor cells. Stepwise discriminant analysis was applied on the learning set to obtain a classification function for both tumors. The validity of the classification function was evaluated using the test set. There was considerable overlap in immunostaining for both tumor types, but colonic carcinomas were typically positive for CEA and CK20 and negative for CK7 and CA125. Ovarian carcinomas were typically positive for CK7 and CA125 and negative for CEA and CK20. In discriminant analysis, the best combination of markers appeared to be CK7 and CFA. Only one sample of the test group (2%) was misclassified. Taking learning and test groups together, 136 of the 157 samples (87%) were correctly classified with high posterior probability (PP > .8). However, from the 28 mucinous ovarian carcinomas, only 19 (68%) could correctly be classified with high PP. When excluding the nonmnucinous ovarian carcinomas from the analysis, overall 87 of 103 (84.5%) of the samples were correctly classified (PP > .8) with a combination of CEA, CK7, and also vimentin. From the 28 mucinous ovarian carcinomas, only two (7%) were misclassified, and four could not be classified with sufficient certainty. In neither analysis did CK20, CA125, or CA19.9 emerge as discriminatory parameters. Based on the same data, an intuitive flow chart was constructed with which 129 of 157 cases could be classified (only one falsely) without further statistical analysis. The five metastases with an at first unknown primary could, according to the follow-up, all be classified correctly with high PP. Most ovarian carcinomas, including the mucinous ones, can be discriminated with high probability from colonic carcinomas using a panel of three antibodies directed against CEA, cytokeratin 7, and vimentin.
PHYSIOLOGIC EVALUATION OF MYOCARDIAL BRIDGING-A NEW ANALYSIS FOR AN OLD DISEASE
Authors: Kyungil Park, Kyung Woo Park, Hae-Young Lee, Hyun-Jae Kang, Bon-Kwon Koo, Hyo-Soo Kim, Byung-Hee Oh, Young-Bae Park
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)