tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Healing and Recurrence of Duodenal Ulcers in Relation to the Acid-Secreting Area
Authors: M. Tatsuta, S. Okuda, H. Tamura
Journal: Endoscopy (1982)

The relation of the gastric acid-secreting area to the healing and recurrence of duodenal ulcers was examined in 67 patients with duodenal ulcers. Studies were made by the endoscopic Congo red test developed at this institute. Results indicate a close correlation between the healing and recurrence of duodenal ulcers, and the extent of the acid-secreting area. In general, when the acid-secreting area was large, the ulcers did not heal satisfactorily within 4 weeks after initiation of medical treatment and frequently recurred. In contrast, when the acid-secreting area was small, the ulcers tended to heal rapidly and not to recur.
5′ Flanking region polymorphism of the gene encoding leukotriene C4 synthase does not correlate with the aspirin-intolerant asthma phenotype in the United States
Authors: Rachel Van Sambeek, Donald D. Stevenson, Mathew Baldasaro, Bing K. Lam, JiLiang Zhao, Satoshi Yoshida, Chandri Yandora, Jeffrey M. Drazen, John F. Penrose
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2000)
PSITTACOSIS
Authors: T. M. Rivers, G. P. Berry, D. H. Sprunt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. The virus of psittacosis is present in the nasal secretions, feces, blood, spleen, and liver of an infected parrot. 2. Parrots are susceptible to intraoral, intranasal, or intramuscular inoculations of the virus. 3. The most constant pathological changes produced by psittacosis in parrots occur in the spleen and liver. The lesions exhibited in the latter organ consist of areas of necrotic liver cells and damage to bile ducts. In no instance, in our experience, were lesions observed in a parrot's lungs comparable to those found in the lungs of men. 4. "Minute bodies" similar to those described by Levinthal and others were found in many, but not in all of the infected birds. 5. Parrots that have recovered from one attack of psittacosis exhibit an active immunity against reinfection.
Dose-ranging study of lebrikizumab in asthmatic patients not receiving inhaled steroids
Authors: Michael Noonan, Phillip Korenblat, Sofia Mosesova, Heleen Scheerens, Joseph R. Arron, Yanan Zheng, Wendy S. Putnam, Merdad V. Parsey, Sean P. Bohen, John G. Matthews
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
ACCIDENTAL MALARIAL INFECTION IN SYPHILIS OF THE BRAIN
Authors: Laurence E. Hines
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Recently foreign literature has had numerous accounts of the treatment of general paralysis with induced malarial infection. A case of syphilis of the brain, with death from an accidental infection with estivo-autumnal malaria, is reported because it is a natural human experiment of interest in connection with this problem of treatment. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> A chemist, aged 35, was admitted to St. Joseph's Hospital, May 17, 1924, complaining of fever, chills, sweats, weakness and vomiting. A few hours previous to entrance, the temperature was 104 F., but when admitted he had no fever. He had arrived in New York from Santo Domingo, May 8, in good health. The next day he had a high fever, drenching sweats and vague gastro-intestinal complaints. When first seen, he was confused mentally, and unable to give a consistent history of the course of his illness. He knew of no cases of malaria in the
Convulsive Episodes and Lumbar Puncture
Authors: Leonard Levy
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Samson and his associates are to be congratulated for reminding all physicians that the diagnosis of febrile convulsions is one of exclusion only (<b>210:</b>1918, 1969). There is no excuse for not performing a lumbar puncture on an infant or child who has fever and a seizure, regardless of whether or not there seems to be a cause for the fever. I think the authors are too cautious, however, by limiting their statement to "<i>first</i>major motor seizure." I know of no reason why an infant or child who has true febrile convulsions cannot also have meningitis and have a seizure on that basis. The label of "febrile convulser" should not allow us to rest easy when confronted with a child with fever and convulsions.
Double-stranded RNA antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: P Davis, P Cunnington, G R Hughes
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1975)

Antibodies to viral double-stranded RNA (ds RNA) have been found in 40% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 14-5% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. These antibodies were diagnostically more specific SLE than those directed against artificial polynucleotides, poly I:C and poly A:U. Although not disease specific, high titres of antibody to ds viral RNA were found almost exclusively in SLE. Serial studies failed to show that RNA antibody levels correlated with disease activity. Although of considerable interest in experimental studies on the pathogenesis of SLE, ds viral RNA antibodies are of little clinical significance in the management of SLE.
Relation between gastric acid output, Helicobacter pylori, and gastric metaplasia in the duodenal bulb.
Authors: A W Harris, P A Gummett, M M Walker, J J Misiewicz, J H Baron
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND: Factors that determine gastric metaplasia in the duodenal bulb are ill defined. It is more common and extensive in the presence of high acid output and possibly in the presence of Helicobacter pylori. However, no quantitative relation between acid output and the extent of gastric metaplasia has been demonstrated and its relation to H pylori is uncertain. AIM: To determine the relation between H pylori infection and acid output and the presence and extent of gastric metaplasia in the duodenal bulb. subjects: H pylori positive and negative patients with duodenal ulcer and healthy controls were studied. METHODS: Quadrantic duodenal bulb biopsy specimens were taken and the presence and extent of gastric metaplasia determined using a computer enhanced image intensifier. Basal and stimulated acid outputs were measured. RESULTS: gastric metaplasia was significantly (p &lt; 0.05 more common and significantly (p &lt; 0.05) greater in extent in patients with duodenal ulcer than in controls. Neither the prevalence or extent of gastric metaplasia was affected by H pylori status. There were significant (p &lt; 0.01) direct correlations between acid output and extent of gastric metaplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence and extent of gastric metaplasia are not related to H pylori in controls, or in patients with duodenal ulcer. Rather, high acid response to gastrin may be more important.
China's great famine: 40 years later
Authors: V. Smil
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Forty years ago China was in the middle of the world's largest famine: between the spring of 1959 and the end of 1961 some 30 million Chinese starved to death and about the same number of births were lost or postponed. The famine had overwhelmingly ideological causes, rating alongside the two world wars as a prime example of what Richard Rhodes labelled public manmade death, perhaps the most overlooked cause of 20th century mortality.1 Two generations later China, which has been rapidly modernising since the early 1980s, is economically successful and producing adequate amounts of food. Yet it has still not undertaken an open, critical examination of this unprecedented tragedy.

#### Summary points

The largest famine in human history took place in China during 1959-61

Although drought was a contributory factor, this was largely a manmade catastrophe for which Mao Zedong bears the greatest responsibility

We will never know the precise number of casualties, but the best demographic reconstructions indicate about 30 million dead

Two generations later China is yet to openly examine the causes and consequences of the famine

The origins of the famine can be traced to Mao Zedong's decision, supported by the leadership of China's communist party, to launch the Great Leap Forward. This mass mobilisation of the country's huge population was to achieve in just a few years economic advances that took other nations many decades to accomplish.2 Mao, beholden to Stalinist ideology that stressed the key role of heavy industry, made steel production the centrepiece of this deluded effort. Instead of working in the fields, tens of millions of peasants were ordered to mine local deposits of iron ore and limestone, to cut trees for charcoal, to build simple clay furnaces, and to smelt metal. This frenzied enterprise did not produce steel but mostly lumps of …
Interobserver variability of teledermoscopy: an international study
Authors: E. Tan, A. Oakley, H.P. Soyer, M. Haskett, A. Marghoob, M. Jameson, M. Rademaker
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2010)

Teledermoscopy is a rapidly developing field of dermatology with studies demonstrating excellent agreement with face-to-face diagnosis. However, we are unaware of studies evaluating interobserver variability in diagnosis between dermatologists from different continents. This evaluation is important to determine the robustness of teledermoscopy and allow comparisons to be made between different studies.To assess the interobserver diagnostic variability between five independent experienced dermatologists (A-E) in New Zealand, Australia and the U.S.A.Images from 979 lesions from 206 patients were distributed to five dermatologists. The lesions were viewed and diagnoses recorded using MoleMap Diagnose (MoleMap, Auckland, New Zealand) software. The diagnoses were analysed for interobserver variability.There was excellent agreement between four of five dermatologists (A-D) for lesions that were agreed upon as melanoma (κ = 0·81-0·97) and benign naevus (κ = 0·77-0·82).The fifth dermatologist (E) made a more frequent diagnosis of atypical naevus and melanoma than the others. For nonmelanocytic lesions, there was moderate to very good agreement for seborrhoeic keratosis (κ = 0·64-0·80) and basal cell carcinoma (κ = 0·55-0·67), but poor agreement for invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (κ = 0·05-0·15). Agreement for actinic keratosis (κ = 0·32-0·67) and SCC in situ (κ = 0·15-0·32) was only moderate. When atypical and benign naevi were grouped together and actinic keratosis and SCC in situ grouped together, there was better agreement among all dermatologists. There was good ability to distinguish malignant from benign lesions (κ = 0·57-0·93).There was good agreement among dermatologists A-D but dermatologist E varied from the group with more frequent diagnosis of melanoma and atypical naevus. This difference could be due to different definition of terms with lack of consensus guidelines in definition of atypical naevus, lack of familiarity with the specific patient population and/or diagnostic drift.
Tuberculous Meningitis in Children
Authors: R. F. Gunstone
Journal: BMJ (1971)

is in the vicinity of 5,000 blood donations annually, apart from the cost of the associated equipment for the preparation of platelet concentrates and the salary of a technologist over and above the salaries of the blood collection staff necessary. In this country we have available a  set,3 comprising a needle and tubing connected to one limb of a Ypiece which has a free length of tubing from another limb, and the third limb fits the needle adaptor on the standard giving set. This enables the whole manoeuvre of mini-exchange and transfusion to be carried out with a single venepuncture.-I am, etc.,
Richard William Beard
Authors: L. Regan
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Richard William Beard was professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at St Mary’s Hospital, Paddington, from 1972 to 1996. He was known for his kind, often self effacing personality, and his main concern was first and foremost the wellbeing of mothers and their babies. He developed techniques that are still practised today, including the development and introduction of fetal heart monitoring, the management of diabetes during pregnancy, treatment of recurrent miscarriages, and, latterly, the origins and management of pelvic pain in women.

He encouraged a less authoritative approach between obstetricians and their patients. This included encouraging mothers to engage immediately with their newborn babies and have their partners present during delivery—a now universally accepted practice. The homely decor of the labour rooms and postnatal wards at St Mary’s were inspired by his foresight, creating a sense of welcome and calm not usually experienced in hospital wards at that time.

Born in Sussex, Richard Beard was educated in India and at Westminster School. He read natural sciences at Cambridge University and qualified …
Care of epilepsy patients in Europe has serious gaps, says expert report
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Epilepsy care in Europe is seriously under-resourced, a new expert report says, and treatment for many of the estimated six million people affected by the neurological disorder should be scaled up urgently. It also concludes that policies to reduce the social stigma and discrimination faced by people with epilepsy need to be implemented.

Up to 40% of people with the condition in Europe may still be untreated, it says, even though effective, low cost treatment is available.

The report, by the World Health Organization, the International Bureau for Epilepsy, and the International League Against Epilepsy, says that if the …
THE ESTIMATION OF URIC ACID IN URINE.
Authors: HENRY C. C. MAISCH
Journal: JAMA (1898)

While connected with the Stetson Laboratory of Hygiene, my attention was called to the fact that it was desirable to make a study of the conditions under which there was an increased, and other cases in which there was a decreased, elimination of uric acid. Intimately associated with this would be a physiologic study of tissues and probably also cell metabolism; in other words, determining the place occupied by uric acid in the chemistry of the animal body. The purely physiologic study being out of my line, I determined, on the recommendation of two of my former colleagues, Dr. Judson Daland and Dr. Frank Massey, to take up the purely chemic side of the question. The first step in the investigation would be to determine on a method for the estimation of uric acid which would be comparatively simple in its application, and which would in the different operations be
Pesticides: an important but underused model for the environmental health sciences.
Authors: E Hodgson, P E Levi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

Pesticides are high-volume, widely used, environmental chemicals and there is continuous debate concerning their possible role in many chronic human health effects. Because of their known structures, known rates of application, and the presence of a large occupationally exposed population, they are not only important in their own right but are ideal models for the effects of environmental chemicals on the population in general. For reasons that are not always clear, this potential has not been realized. These exposed populations represent an underused asset in the study of the human health effects of environmental contaminants. Chronic effects thought to involve pesticides include carcinogenesis, neurotoxicity, and reproductive and development effects. In this paper we attempt to summarize this concern and, relying to a large extent on studies in our own laboratory, to indicate the importance and present status of studies of the mammalian metabolism of pesticides and indicate the need for further use of this model. Aspects considered include the role of pesticides as substrates for xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes such as cytochrome P450 and the flavin-containing monooxygenase and their role as inducers or inhibitors of metabolic enzymes. The interaction of pesticides with complex multienzyme pathways, the role of biological characteristics, particularly gender, in pesticide metabolism, and the special role of pesticides at portals of entry and in target tissues are also considered.
Parasites on the defensive
Authors: B Dixon
Journal: BMJ (1994)

A scaris worms inhabit the small intestine of humans and domestic animals. It's an environment rich, both quantitatively and qualitatively, in bacteria so we would expect these parasitic nematodes to have developed antibacterial defences. Yet no one seems to have even investigated the possibility, until very recently. Textbooks of parasitology provide ample material on the interactions between various species of Ascaris and their hosts - but virtually nothing about how the worms themselves cope with the microbial population surrounding them.

Now, thanks to the efforts of Professor A C Wardlaw and collaborators in the microbiology and zoology departments at the …
Oral Contraceptives and Liver Damage
Authors: N. E. Broglin
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Reports from others of evidence of liver damage attributed to use of various contraceptive steroid compounds are noted.  The author reports r esults in 36 22-44 year old patients of whom 26 were treated with Orgam etril and 10 with Lyndiol because of endometriosis.  Abnormal findings w ere noted in only a few cases.  Transaminase activity was occasionally i ncreased and a slight increase in bromosulphthalein retention was someti mes recorded.  Serum alkaline phosphatase values serum bilirubin levels  and thymol turbidity test were all normal.  The SGPT proved the most sensitive test being moderately increased in 2 patients taking Orgametr il.  Patients had no subjective symptoms.  Laboratory values returned to normal when therapy was stopped.  Although estrogenic compounds have been used in gynecology practice for many years in larger doses than in contraceptive pills known liver damage has not occurred.  A synergism b etween estrogenic and progestogenic steroids may exist.  In long-term tr eatment as in endometriosis it may be advisable to use the progestogen ic hormone alone and not in combination with the estrogenic hormone to avoid this possible effect.
Rituximab Purging and/or Maintenance in Patients Undergoing Autologous Transplantation for Relapsed Follicular Lymphoma: A Prospective Randomized Trial From the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Ruth Pettengell, Norbert Schmitz, Christian Gisselbrecht, Graeme Smith, William N. Patton, Bernd Metzner, Dolores Caballero, Herve Tilly, Jan A. Walewski, Isabelle Bence-Bruckler, Bik To, Christian H. Geisler, Rik Schots, Eva Kimby, Christian J. Taverna, Tomáš Kozák, Peter Dreger, Ruzena Uddin, Carmen Ruiz de Elvira, Anthony H. Goldstone
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Purpose The objective of this randomized trial was to assess the efficacy and safety of rituximab as in vivo purging before transplantation and as maintenance treatment immediately after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem-cell transplantation (HDC-ASCT) in patients with relapsed follicular lymphoma (FL). Patients and Methods Patients with relapsed FL who achieved either complete or very good partial remission with salvage chemotherapy were randomly assigned using a factorial design to rituximab purging (P+; 375 mg/m 2 once per week for 4 weeks) or observation (NP) before HDC-ASCT and to maintenance rituximab (M+; 375 mg/m 2 once every 2 months for four infusions) or observation (NM). Results From October 1999 to April 2006, 280 patients were enrolled. The median age was 51 years (range, 26 to 70 years), and baseline characteristics were well balanced between groups. On average, patients were 44 months (range, 3 to 464 months) from diagnosis, with 79% having received two lines and 15% three lines of prior therapy. Median follow-up was 8.3 years. In contrast to purging, 10-year progression-free survival (PFS) was 48% for P+ and 42% for NP groups (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80; 95% CI, 0.58 to 1.11; P = .18); maintenance had a significant effect on PFS (10-year PFS, 54% for M+ and 37% for NM; HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.91; P = .012). Overall survival (OS) was not improved by either rituximab purging or maintenance. Conclusion Rituximab maintenance after HDC-ASCT is safe and significantly prolongs PFS but not OS in patients undergoing transplantation for relapsed FL. Pretransplantation rituximab in vivo purging, even in rituximab-naive patients, failed to improve PFS or OS.
Selective Sweeps in a 2-Locus Model for Sex-Ratio Meiotic Drive in Drosophila simulans
Authors: Nicolas Derome, Emmanuelle Baudry, David Ogereau, Michel Veuille, Catherine Montchamp-Moreau
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2007)

A way to identify loci subject to positive selection is to detect the signature of selective sweeps in given chromosomal regions. It is revealed by the departure of DNA polymorphism patterns from the neutral equilibrium predicted by coalescent theory. We surveyed DNA sequence variation in a region formerly identified as causing "sex-ratio" meiotic drive in Drosophila simulans. We found evidence that this system evolved by positive selection at 2 neighboring loci, which thus appear to be required simultaneously for meiotic drive to occur. The 2 regions are approximately 150-kb distant, corresponding to a genetic distance of 0.1 cM. The presumably large transmission advantage of chromosomes carrying meiotic drive alleles at both loci has not erased the individual signature of selection at each locus. This chromosome fragment combines a high level of linkage disequilibrium between the 2 critical regions with a high recombination rate. As a result, 2 characteristic traits of selective sweeps--the reduction of variation and the departure from selective neutrality in haplotype tests--show a bimodal pattern. Linkage disequilibrium level indicates that, in the natural population from Madagascar used in this study, the selective sweep may be as recent as 100 years.
West Nile Virus Encephalitis
Authors: Lyle R Petersen, John T Roehrig, James M Hughes
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

In August 1999, Dr. Deborah Asnis, an infectious-disease clinician in Queens, New York, reported two cases of encephalitis associated with muscle weakness to the New York City Department of Health. Dr. Marci Layton and her colleagues at the Department of Health rapidly mounted a collaborative investigation that ultimately identified West Nile virus as the cause of the ongoing outbreaks of disease in humans and in crows. West Nile virus, which was first identified in a patient in Uganda in 1937, had not previously been recognized in the Western Hemisphere. The virus has now spread throughout most of the United States . . .