tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Contraception and Prevention of HIV Infection—Reply
Authors: Richard M. Glass
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Nation Will Receive AIDS Brochure in 'Largest Government Mailing Ever'
Authors: Chris Anne Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1988)

BEGINNING LATE THIS MONTH, postal carriers will have nestled in their pouches another government document on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). They will be delivering an eight-page brochure to each of 108 million households in the United States, making this the largest ever public health education effort and "the largest government mailing ever," according to Robert E. Windom, MD, Assistant Secretary for Health in the Department of Health and Human Services. The pamphlet is written in a question-and-answer format, targeted for a seventh-grade reading level. Questions will include "Should You Get an AIDS Test?" "What Does a Person With AIDS Look Like?" and "Is There a Cure?" There also is information about how to care for a person with AIDS and a quiz to determine the reader's understanding of the material. Readers are referred to their physician in several places in the document. Those persons wishing more information are advised to
Information on Author's Funding Support Omitted From the Article by Golding et al (Arthritis Rheum, November 2013)
Authors: Amit Golding, Sarfaraz Hasni, Gabor Illei, Ethan M. Shevach
Journal: Arthritis & Rheumatology (2014)

In the article by Golding et al published in the November 2013 issue of Arthritis & Rheumatism (pages 2898–2906), acknowledgment of an author's funding was inadvertently omitted. The paragraph on funding support in the footnotes on the first page of the article should have included the statement, “Dr. Golding's work was supported by a VA Career Development Award (IK2 CX-000649).”
Periosteal Elevation in a 2 1/2-Year-Old Child
Authors: John A. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>History</h3> A 2 1/2-year-old boy complained of pain below the knee and had diffculty walking. Initial examination showed pain and redness over the right proximal tibia. The patient had a low-grade fever. The white blood cell count was 11,000/cu mm. Figure 1 was obtained soon after onset; Fig 2 and 3, three weeks later. <h3>Diagnosis</h3> Stress fracture. <h3>Comment</h3> The initial roentgenogram (Fig 1) showed no positive findings. Roentgenograms made three weeks later (Fig 2 and 3) showed periosteal elevation with subperiosteal new bone and a sclerotic line crossing the proximal tibia, indicating a healing fracture. Stress fractures occurring in young adults, especially military recruits, have been described in the literature as early as the mid-19th century.<sup>1</sup>Similar fractures in children younger than 10 years old have rarely been recorded. Often, the clinical findings and roentgenographic appearance lead to an erroneous diagnosis of either tumor or inflammation in these children.
Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: is it all gut flora modulation?
Authors: S Ghosh
Journal: Gut (2004)

Understanding probiotic action may permit modulation of the immune system, both locally and systemically

There is considerable public, media, and scientific interest in “natural” products, including probiotics, in modulating intestinal inflammation and health.1 Intestinal microflora are intimately involved in the generation of immunocompetent cells and tuning the balance between T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 immunity during the development of the gut associated immune system. It is now generally accepted that the intestinal bacterial flora contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) along with mucosal immune dysregulation and genetic susceptibility. Considerable research is focused on modifying the intestinal flora with probiotic bacteria to attenuate inflammatory activity and prevent relapses in ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and pouchitis. Although both Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species are frequently used, the optimum use of probiotics in IBD requires greater understanding of their effects on the immune system.

A rationale for the use of probiotics in IBD stems from reports of dysbiosis in the intestinal flora in ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and pouchitis, either by conventional anaerobic culture or by analysis using molecular probes. It is however unclear whether such alterations in intestinal flora drives the inflammation or is a consequence of it. The practical application of probiotic strategy has been especially encouraged by the positive results of a trial in its use for the prevention and treatment of pouchitis.2,3 The multispecies probiotics used pose special challenges in identifying precise mechanism of action, although alterations in faecal flora have been demonstrated.4 Despite some positive trials, generalisation from pouchitis to their use for all forms of IBD appears somewhat premature, however, as for example, a trial of administration of Lactobacillus GG after surgical resection for Crohn’s disease proved ineffective in preventing relapse.5 Further studies are therefore …
CULTIVATION OF TREPONEMA CALLIGYRUM (NEW SPECIES) FROM CONDYLOMATA OF MAN
Authors: Hideyo Noguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1913)

1. On the surface of genital or anal lesions, either syphilitic or non-syphilitic, there may be found occasionally a spirochaeta resembling Treponema pallidum, but somewhat thicker than the latter. In general characteristics, this organism occupies an intermediary position between Treponema pallidum and Spirochaeta refringens. 2. The treponema was obtained in pure culture from two cases. For the organism the name of Treponema calligyrum is proposed. 3. Treponema calligyrum is non-pathogenic for monkeys and rabbits. 4. Treponema calligyrum can be distinguished from Treponema pallidum, Treponema microdentium, Treponema macrodentium, Treponema mucosum, and Spirochaeta refringens either by the morphology, cultural and biological properties, or all these conditions in combination. 5. Under certain cultural conditions Treponema calligyrum becomes thinner and may cause some difficulty of differentiation from a strain of the thick type of Treponema pallidum, especially when the latter is grown under conditions which tend to render it thicker. There is no such difficulty when the average and thin types of Treponema pallidum are concerned. On the other hand, by providing the calligyrum with conditions which lead to the appearance of thicker specimens and by supplying Spirochaeta refringens with conditions of growth that favor the development of individuals that are thinner and more regularly curved, the refringens may be made to resemble the calligyrum in general appearance; but under identical cultural conditions they can be readily distinguished.
Junker: An Intergenic Explorer for Bacterial Genomes
Authors: Jayavel Sridhar, Radhakrishnan Sabarinathan, Shanmugam Siva Balan, Ziauddin Ahamed Rafi, Paramasamy Gunasekaran, Kanagaraj Sekar
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2011)

Abstract In the past few decades, scientists from all over the world have taken a keen interest in novel functional units such as small regulatory RNAs, small open reading frames, pseudogenes, transposons, integrase binding attB/attP sites, repeat elements within the bacterial intergenic regions (IGRs) and in the analysis of those “junk” regions for genomic complexity. Here we have developed a web server, named Junker, to facilitate the in-depth analysis of IGRs for examining their length distribution, four-quadrant plots, GC percentage and repeat details. Upon selection of a particular bacterial genome, the physical genome map is displayed as a multiple loci with options to view any loci of interest in detail. In addition, an IGR statistics module has been created and implemented in the web server to analyze the length distribution of the IGRs and to understand the disordered grouping of IGRs across the genome by generating the four-quadrant plots. The proposed web server is freely available at the URL http://pranag.physics.iisc.ernet.in/junker/.
miRNA Signatures Associate with Pathogenesis and Progression of Osteosarcoma
Authors: Kevin B. Jones, Zaidoun Salah, Sara Del Mare, Marco Galasso, Eugenio Gaudio, Gerard J. Nuovo, Francesca Lovat, Kimberly LeBlanc, Jeff Palatini, R. Lor Randall, Stefano Volinia, Gary S. Stein, Carlo M. Croce, Jane B. Lian, Rami I. Aqeilan
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Osteosarcoma remains a leading cause of cancer death in adolescents. Treatment paradigms and survival rates have not improved in two decades. Driving the lack of therapeutic inroads, the molecular etiology of osteosarcoma remains elusive. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have demonstrated far-reaching effects on the cellular biology of development and cancer. Their role in osteosarcomagenesis remains largely unexplored. Here we identify for the first time an miRNA signature reflecting the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma from surgically procured samples from human patients. The signature includes high expression of miR-181a,miR-181b, and miR-181c as well as reduced expression of miR-16, miR-29b, and miR-142-5p. We also demonstrate that miR-181b and miR-29b exhibit restricted expression to distinct cell populations in the tumor tissue. Further, higher expression of miR-27a and miR-181c* in pre-treatment biopsy samples characterized patients who developed clinical metastatic disease. In addition, higher expression of miR-451 and miR-15b in pre-treatment samples correlated with subsequent positive response to chemotherapy. In vitro and in vivo functional validation in osteosarcoma cell lines confirmed the tumor suppressive role of miR-16 and the pro-metastatic role of miR-27a. Furthermore, predicted target genes for miR-16 and miR-27a were confirmed as down-regulated by real-time PCR. Affymetrix array profiling of cDNAs from the osteosarcoma specimens and controls were interrogated according to predicted targets of miR-16, miR142-5p, miR-29b, miR-181a/b, and miR-27a. This analysis revealed positive and negative correlations highlighting pathways of known importance to osteosarcoma, as well as novel genes. Thus, our findings establish a miRNA signature associated with pathogenesis of osteosarcoma as well as critical pre-treatment biomarkers of metastasis and responsiveness to therapy.
Response to Comment on: Aeberli et al. Moderate Amounts of Fructose Consumption Impair Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Young Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care 2013;36:150–156
Authors: Isabelle Aeberli, Michel Hochuli, Kaspar Berneis
Journal: Diabetes Care (2013)

We appreciate the interest in our recent article on the effects of fructose consumption on insulin sensitivity in young men (1), even though we do not agree with White’s (2) view that our data do not support our conclusion. However, considering his affiliations in the sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) industry, his critique is neither new nor surprising.

Let us first clarify the study design. Subjects received 40 g (medium fructose [MF]) and 80 g (high fructose [HF]) of fructose per day. Assuming an energy intake of a sedentary study population around 2,400–2,500 kcal/day, this represents 6–7% and 13–14% of total energy intake. Dietary intake was assessed to exclude significant …
Antiglobulins and glomerulonephritis. Classification of patients by the reactivity of their sera and renal tissue with aggregated and native human IgG.
Authors: R D Rossen, M A Reisberg, J T Sharp, W N Sucki, F X Schloeder, L L Hill, G Eknoyan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

Renal biopsies and sera from 41 consecutive patients were studied to determine if antiglobulins were found more frequently in patients with severely diseased glomeruli. Patients were classified into three groups: A, 12 patients with normal renal function and minimal histological evidence of glomerular disease; B, 18 patients with normal renal function but distinctly abnormal biopsies (16 cases) or proteinuria greater than 16 g/24 h (2 cases); and C, 11 patients with both decreased function and abnormal histology. Positive latex fixation tests for rheumatoid factor were found in none of group A, four (22%) of group B, and five (45%) of group C patients. Sera heated 56 degrees C for 30 min contained precipitins reactive with heat-aggregated IgG in none of seven group A, five of ten (50%) group B, and four of ten (40%) group C patients. The quantity of 135I-labeled patient globulin which bound to immunoadsorbents coated with Cohn fraction II in competition with an equal quantity of 131I-labeled globulin from pooled plasma of normal donors was also measured. Patient globulins bound in significantly greater quantity (greater than or equal 2 SD) than the control in none of the group A, 7 of 18 (39%) group B, and 7 of 11 (64%) group C patients. Renal biopsies from 18 patients were also studied for the ability to fix fluorescein-conjugated heat-aggregated and native human IgG. None of nine tissue specimens from group A or B patients fixed either fluorescein-conjugated protein whereas tissue from eight of nine group C patients showed glomerular localization of one or both reagents. Severity of disease as judged by renal function and glomerular histology correlated with the presence of tissue-fixed and serum antiglobulins. Thus, detection of antiglobulins in glomeruli and sera of patients with glomerulonephritis may indicate a relatively poor prognosis and raises the possibility that antiglobulins may be implicated in some way in the pathophysiology of human glomerulonephritis.
Meher Derek Wells
Authors: R. Kapadia
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Meher Derek Wells (nee Mehta) was born in Hyderabad, India, the Nizam’s state, and she was proud of it. She entered the local Osmania Medical College, from which she graduated in 1960. She was influenced by A B N Rao—the local professor of ear, nose, and throat medicine—and developed a lifelong …
Loss of Preconditioning by Attenuated Activation of Myocardial ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Elderly Patients Undergoing Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Tsung-Ming Lee, Sheng-Fang Su, Tsai-Fwu Chou, Yuan-Teh Lee, Chang-Her Tsai
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — The ischemic preconditioning response among elderly patients is known to be lower than in adult patients. Since mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (K ATP ) channels exert preconditioning effects, we undertook this study to determine whether this attenuated activation of K ATP channels influences the reduced responsiveness of elderly patients to ischemic preconditioning. Methods and Results — Fifty-six patients undergoing angioplasty for a major epicardial coronary artery were randomly allocated to either an ischemic preconditioning group, a nicorandil (an agonist of K ATP channels) group, or a glibenclamide (an antagonist of K ATP channels), group based on their age: adult groups (n=26; age, ≤55 years; mean age, 45±5 years) and elderly groups (n=30; age, ≥65 years; mean age, 71±3 years). Ischemic preconditioning with a 120-second coronary occlusion significantly lowered the ischemic burden assessed by ST-segment shift, chest pain score, and myocardial lactate extraction ratios in the adult group. This did not occur in the elderly group. The impaired preconditioning responsiveness in the elderly patients was reversed by nicorandil administration or an ischemic period lengthened to 180 seconds. However, nicorandil-induced cardioprotection was abolished by administering glibenclamide in both the adult and elderly groups. Conclusions — The present study demonstrates that preconditioning significantly enhances the tolerance of the heart to subsequent ischemia in adults but not in senescent patients. Since prolonged ischemia and nicorandil are able to mimic preconditioning and can reverse impaired responsiveness, impaired preconditioning of the aged heart appears to be due to an attenuated activation of K ATP channels.
Randomised trial comparing hysterectomy with endometrial ablation for dysfunctional uterine bleeding: psychiatric and psychosocial aspects
Authors: D. A Alexander, A. A. Naji, S. B Pinion, J. Mollison, H. C Kitchener, D. E Parkin, D. R Abramovich, I. T Russell
Journal: BMJ (1996)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To compare in psychiatric and psychosocial terms the outcome of hysterectomy and endometrial ablation for the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. <b>Design</b>: Prospective randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b>: Obstetrics and gynaecology department of a large teaching hospital. <b>Subjects</b>: 204 women with dysfunctional bleeding for whom hysterectomy would have been the preferred treatment were recruited over 24 months and randomly allocated to hysterectomy (99 women) or to hysteroscopic surgery (transcervical resection (52 women) or laser ablation (53 women)). <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Mental state, marital relationship, psychosocial and sexual adjustment in assessments conducted before the operation and one month, six months, and 12 months later. <b>Results</b>: Both treatments significantly reduced the anxiety and depression present before the operation, and there were no differences in mental health between the groups at 12 months. Hysterectomy did not lead to postoperative psychiatric illness. Sexual interest after the operation did not vary with treatment. Overall, 46 out of 185 (25%) women reported a loss of sexual interest and 50 out of 185 (27%) reported increased sexual interest. Marital relationships were unaffected by surgery. Personality and duration of dysfunctional uterine bleeding played no significant part in determining outcome. <b>Conclusions</b>: Hysteroscopic surgery and hysterectomy have a similar effect on psychiatric and psychosocial outcomes. There is no evidence that hysterectomy leads to postoperative psychiatric illness. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages Hitherto hysterectomy has been the preferred procedure, though women may be ill postoperatively The introduction of hysteroscopic procedures demands an evaluation of different surgical methods according not only to gynaecological criteria but also in terms of their psychiatric and psychosocial outcome This randomised trial of hysterectomy and hysteroscopic surgery found that both methods had satisfactory outcomes in terms of anxiety, depression, and psychosocial adjustment
Differentiation and activation phenotypes of lung T lymphocytes differ from those of circulating T lymphocytes.
Authors: B L Davidson, J Faust, S Pessano, R P Daniele, G Rovera
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

We used dual laser two-color flow cytometry to compare the expression of surface markers associated with activation and with differentiation in lung and peripheral blood T lymphocytes from normal subjects. T cell subsets, defined based on their reactivity with monoclonal antibodies (MAb) OKT3, OKT4, and OKT8, were analyzed for expression of activation antigens as detected by MAbs to the interleukin-2 receptor, the transferrin receptor, and HLA-DR determinants. Whereas circulating T lymphocytes expressed the three activation antigens at low levels, and the total of T4+ and T8+ cells always approximated the number of T3+ cells, lung T lymphocytes of the T3+, T4+, and T8+ populations expressed the activation antigens at variable levels in combinations not seen in circulating lymphocytes, and the sum of T4+ and T8+ cells always exceeded the T3+ total. A proportion of T4+T8+ cells was detected in lung lymphocytes.
Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan with toll-like receptor 2, but not platelet activating factor receptor, promotes TNF$alpha; release from human conjunctival epithelial cells*1
Authors: E.B. Cook, J.L. Stahl, N.P. Barney, F.M. Graziano
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2004)
Azathioprine in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: M. Mason, H. L. F. Currey, C. G. Barnes, J. F. Dunne, B. L. Hazleman, I. D. Strickland
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The ability of azathioprine to reduce the corticosteroid requirements of patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis was tested under double-blind conditions against placebo. After 12 months a significant mean dose reduction of 36% was achieved without undue side-effects. This form of therapy promises to be an advance in the management of severe rheumatoid arthritis.
Evaluation of circulating tumor cell gene expression profiles before and following combination immunotherapy for advanced prostate cancer
Authors: Sachin Puri, Jing Han, Bharat H Joshi, Daniel Healy, Janet Siebert, Christopher Paustian, Christopher Dubay, Keith S Bahjat, Brendan Curti, Walter J Urba, Bernard A Fox
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts The Phase I/II clinical trial randomized patients to GVAX immunotherapy (two prostate cancer cell lines that secrete GM-CSF, Cell Genesys Inc.) alone or in combination with non-myeloablative chemotherapy and adoptive transfer of PBMC. Pre and week 11 aphereses were obtained to
The Pathology of Renal Cancer
Authors: R. L. Carter
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Primary cancer of the kidney is derived from three principal sources: (1)<i>tubular epithelium</i>, which gives rise to adenocarcinoma; (2)<i>epithelium lining the pelvicalycine system</i>, from which transitional cell carcinomas develop; and (3)<i>immature parenchymal tissue</i>, the source of the Wilms' tumor or nephroblastoma. Malignant tumors also occasionally arise from mesodermal elements within the kidney, but these comprise only a small proportion of all malignant renal neoplasms. The commonest tumors are those which develop from mature tubular epithelium, and it is with these that the present account is concerned. "Renal adenocarcinoma" is probably the most convenient term, although the histologic structure of such tumors is extremely variable and classic adenomatous patterns may be difficult to discern. Other terms—eg, hypernephroma, Grawitz's tumor, malignant nephroma, metanephroma—have nothing to commend their use. Renal adenocarcinoma is more frequent in males, occurring most commonly during the fifth and sixth decades. The tumor shows no consistent
Antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers in alcohol induced liver disease
Authors: C. Fornaciari, M. Beltrani, B. Casali, E. Castagnetti, L. Lindner, I. Manghi, P. Rivasi, P. Zanoni, A.C. Plancher
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1990)