tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE PENETRATION OF BACTERIA THROUGH CAPILLARY SPACES
Authors: Stuart Mudd, Emily B. H. Mudd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1924)

The dark-field microscope may be used to observe directly the characteristics of composite films. The liquid phases, one or both of them containing suspended solid particles as test objects (in these experiments bacteria were used), are spread between slide and cover-glass and examined with any desired lenses. The liquid-liquid interfaces appear as bright lines and the solid particles as shining motes. An interfacial kinetic mechanism has been observed in films of all composition studied. The bacteria are transported along the phase boundary lines in a striking and characteristic manner and quite independently of movements in the adjoining organic or aqueous phases. These movements in the interface are interpreted as essentially due, according to the composition of the films, to local inequalities in interfacial surface tension, or to minute currents from mixing of the two phases across and along their boundary line, or to both forces acting together. The bacteria (non-motile in these experiments) reached the interface by brownian movement or currents or shifts in the position of the boundary line. Once in the interface they tended to remain, and accumulated there, in instances where the liquid-liquid interfacial tension was high at least, in higher concentration than in the contiguous phases. Bacteria could, however, escape from the interface in a variety of ways detailed above. With liquids which differ markedly in interfacial tension and miscibility with water, these properties may be correlated with the characteristics of the preparation. With cyclohexane-water films, for instance, (immiscible, interfacial tension high), the boundary was less readily drawn out into projections, the interfacial trapping mechanism was more efficient, and brownian movement of bacteria in the interface was less free than with cyclohexanol-water films (miscible, interfacial tension low). Analysis of the mechanism of the phenomena herein described will be given in the paper following.
Sunbed use in children-time for new legislation?
Authors: D.L.L. Roberts, K. Foley
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2009)

Journal Article Sunbed use in children—time for new legislation? Get access D.L.L. Roberts, D.L.L. Roberts Department of Dermatology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8QA, U.K. E‐mail: dllr@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. Foley K. Foley Department of Dermatology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea SA2 8QA, U.K. E‐mail: dllr@doctors.org.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 161, Issue 1, 1 July 2009, Pages 193–194, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09159.x Published: 01 July 2009
THE FILTERING CAPACITY OF LYMPH NODES
Authors: Cecil K. Drinker, Madeleine E. Field, Hugh K. Ward
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1934)

In anesthetized dogs the popliteal lymph node alone, and the popliteal and iliac lymph nodes in series, have been perfused with solutions containing dog erythrocytes and streptococci. The perfusions have been carried out under conditions of lymph flow and pressure within the limits of those occurring in the actively moving dog, or after a severe degree of inflammatory swelling has developed. Figures for filtration are given, with protocols of typical experiments. They indicate that normal lymph nodes possess a high degree of filtering efficiency-an efficiency so great as to make it fairly certain that in a part kept at rest early in an infection, practically no microorganisms would escape the nodes in the line of drainage.
Long-Lasting Complete Remission with Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma with a so far Unknown EGFR Mutation
Authors: Vienna Ludovini, Stefania Gori, Lorenza Pistola, Maria Agnese Della Fazia, Danilo Piobbico, Giuseppe Servillo, Antonella Flacco, Cristina Scuderi, Lucio Crinò
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2008)
NM23-H2, an ERβ Associated Protein, as a Prognostic Marker in Breast Cancer.
Authors: W. Hamilton-Burke, V. Speirs, M. Cummings, K. Horgan, A. Shaaban
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Endocrine therapy is a well established therapy for estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. Two ER have been identified but currently only ERα is used in clinical practice. The role of ERβ in breast cancer is less well understood. Two human NM23 genes exist, NM23-H1 and NM23-H2. Several studies have shown an inverse relationship between overexpression of NM23-H1 in breast cancer and disease aggressiveness. NM23-H2, a metastasis suppressor protein, was recently identified as ERβ associated protein in vascular wall of atherosclerotic lesions, but the prognostic significance of this protein and its association with ERβ has not being studied in breast carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether NM23-H2 is expressed in breast cancer and its potential clinical implications.Material and Methods: A cohort of 427 patients with diagnosis of primary invasive breast carcinoma between the period of 1994 to 1997 was used for this study. They all were patients diagnosed and treated at the Leeds Teaching Hospitals, UK. Immunohistochemistry was used primarily to identify the expression of NM23-H2 in this study. Regulation of NM23-H2 in vitro in MCF-7 cells was assessed by Western blotting. p&amp;lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Patients ages were 27-92 years (median = 58 years, IQ range 47-69 years) with median follow up of 110 months. Tumour size varied from 1 and 130 mm (median=22.7mm, IQ range 14-26mm). Seventy eight percent were invasive ductal carcinoma NST and 11.5% were invasive lobular; 3.9% were special type (tubular, mucinous); and 6.6% were mixed type. Twenty-three percent of the tumours were grade 1, 43.3% were grade 2 and 33.7% were grade 3. Axillary metastases were present in 51% of the cases. NM23-H2 expression was variable between tumours and demonstrated only in the cytoplasm of breast carcinomas. The percentage of staining ranged from 0% to 100% (median 80%).NM23-H2 was strongly correlated with ERβ1 and ERα (p &amp;lt;0.001; correlation coefficient 0.252 and 0.176 respectively). No correlation was found between NM23-H2 with age, size, grade or lymph node status. NM23-H2 when expressed at levels higher than 30% was associated with improved overall survival (p= 0.030). In a multivariate Cox hazard analysis, NM23-H2 overexpression was a significant predictor of better survival independent of tumor grade, lymph node status, size or ERα. MCF-7 cells treated with 17β-estradiol (E2) expressed higher levels of NM23-H2(17.5kDa) compared with serum treated cells.Conclusion: This is the first time to our knowledge that the expression of NM23- H2 in breast cancer and its association with ERβ has been investigated. Our data provide evidence that immunohistochemical overexpression of NM23 H2 is associated with ERβ and ERα in breast cancer and with improved survival. NM23-H2 might be a good prognostic marker in breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4148.
Maternal Use of Ginseng and Neonatal Androgenization
Authors: Paul M. Fleiss
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It is unfortunate that Koren et al<sup>1</sup>in their interesting letter advised the mother to discontinue breast-feeding her infant. There is absolutely no evidence that Siberian ginseng (650 mg twice a day) taken orally by the mother would appear in her milk. Breast-feeding is important for all infants and should<i>not</i>be discouraged. The breast-fed infant would receive 10% less energy intake per day than a formula-fed infant, which might have helped slow the growth of this infant to a more normal level. Regulating the intake of ginseng is reasonable; stopping breast-feeding is not.
Heavy Percaine Spinal Anaesthesia: A Series of 420 Cases
Authors: W. W. Mushin
Journal: BMJ (1942)

Although it is idle to speculate without the evidence of blood-sugar estimations carried out in an actual attack, it is unlikely that a cerebral lesion-of the hypothalamus, for example-had caused temporary hypoglycaemia in these cases.Such a lesion, if it were to produce hypoglycaemia, would almost certainly also produce intolerance to insulin, which was not present in our cases.ConfArmation of this statement is obtained from a study of the work of Cleveland and Davis (1936), who found insulin intoler- ance in 12 out of 14 cats with artificially produced hypo- thalamic lesions.From those cases in which the syndrome of periodic somnolence and morbid hunger is preceded by an acute infecti6n it is temptirng to suggest that some foFm of mild encephalitis occurs which causes instability of the higher cerebral centres.The syndrome, however, dods not appear to be related in any way to epidemic encephalitis.Narco- lepsy-a much commoner cause of pathological sleepdiffers from the present syndrome in many important features: (1) the attacks of sleep are shorter and more frequent, being paroxysmal rather than periodic; (2) exces- sive hunger does not typically occur; (3) cataplexy is a characteristic concomitant; and (4) disordered nocturnal sleep is usually present.It is not clear whether the hallu- cinations described in the Kleine -Levin syndrome are similar to the hypnagogic hallucinations of narcolepsy.The result of electro-encephalography in Case I cannot be taken as conclusive evidence that a frontal lesion is responsible for the symptoms.(So far as we know, this is the only patient with the disorder to be examined by this means.)If subsequent cases also produce similar results this will be of considerable interest.The result obtained was similar to those found in cases of epilepsy or in patients with an epileptic predisposition who have never had fits.A finding of this sort probably indicates the existence of a cerebral dysrhythmia and nothing more. Summary and ConclusionsThe syndrome of periodic somnolence and morbid hunger is described, with special reference to the work of Levin.Two cases are reported which have recently been observed in Royal Naval hospitals, in one of which therewas an abhormal electro-encephalographic reading.These cases, in our opinion, give strong evidence that such a.syndrome exists as a definite entity.Levin's views as to the cause of the syndrome are discussed, but it is considered that the nature of the pathological process is still obscure.The differential diagnosis is considered with special reference to hypoglycaemia.For permission to quote these two cases we are indebted to the Surgeon Rear-Admirals at the naval hospitals concerned.
Tuberculosis Drug Development
Authors: Anne F. Luetkemeyer, Haileyesus Getahun, Gabriel Chamie, Christian Lienhardt, Diane V. Havlir
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

An unprecedented number of new tuberculosis (TB) medications are currently in development, and there will be great pressure to deploy these new drugs among all populations after their efficacy is demonstrated. People living with HIV experience a large burden of TB and have a particularly pressing need for TB treatments that are shorter and less toxic. In addition, all people living with HIV now require antiretroviral therapy during TB treatment. A roadmap of the research, programmatic, and regulatory considerations includes the following: (1) inclusion of people living with HIV early in clinical trials for treatment and prevention using new TB medications, (2) prioritization of key studies of HIV-TB drug interactions and interactions between new TB agents, and (3) optimization of clinical trial infrastructure, laboratory capacity, and drug susceptibility testing.
Isotretinoin and intestinal inflammation: what gastroenterologists need to know
Authors: M. Shale, G. G Kaplan, R. Panaccione, S. Ghosh
Journal: Gut (2009)

A possible aetiological role in the development or exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been suggested for a small number of drugs, including antibiotics,1 non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)2 and, more contentiously, oral contraceptive pills.3 Intriguing and less appreciated is the potential association of IBD with the use of the vitamin A analogue isotretinoin (13- cis -retinoic acid) which is widely prescribed in the treatment of severe acne. A small number of case reports have reported the development of IBD whilst receiving isotretinoin therapy.4–11 A review of adverse events reported to the United States Federal Drug Administration’s (FDA) Medwatch scheme over a 5 year period (1997–2002) revealed 85 cases of IBD, of which the causal association with isotretinoin was considered probable or highly probable in 73% of cases.12 It has been questioned whether this represents a true aetiological link, with the biggest confounder being the overlap in the peak age of the onset of IBD with the age group most commonly prescribed isotretinoin.13 Despite this there is biological plausibility in why such an association may exist. Retinoids have been shown to exhibit diverse effects on epithelial cell turnover, as well as glycoprotein and cytokine synthesis. More recently, advances in our understanding of the immunology of the gut have shown a fundamental role for retinoids in the regulation of the intestinal mucosal immune response.

Here we discuss the literature on the association of isotretinoin therapy with intestinal inflammation and IBD, present an update of epidemiological and pharmaco-vigilance data, and highlight possible underlying mechanisms, based upon recent advances in mucosal immunology.

IBD has not been noted in clinical trials of isotretinoin in the treatment of acne, but the exposure length and number of patients in trials may not have been sufficient. The association has …
Mussel‐Inspired Gold Hollow Superparticles for Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Ye Tian, Shun Shen, Jiachun Feng, Xingguo Jiang, Wuli Yang
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

Gold hollow superparticles are prepared taking advantage of the dopamine chemistry. The plasmon coupling of the gold nanoparticles makes the superparticles an effective photothermal conversion agent in the photothermal therapy of cancer. Moreover, the mussel-inspired assembly approach could be extremely useful for the transfer of nanomaterial science to realistic technologies.
Liver Scintigraphy in Chronic Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis A Predictor of Disease Severity
Authors: SAMUEL SOSTRE, F SILVA DE ROLDAN, MOHAMMED K. ZAIDI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1987)

Liver-spleen scintigrams were performed in 42 patients with chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis. The scan patterns found are described and classified in five stages of increasing hepatic involvement. The scintigraphic classification correlates well with clinical parameters of disease severity. With higher stages, the number of symptoms and the severity of complications increase. The liver-spleen scan provides a simple and accurate means to determine extent of hepatic involvement and probabilities of complications in this disease.
Microalbuminuria, height, and sex: Authors' reply
Authors: M M Gould, V Mohamed-Ali, S Goubet, J S Yudkin, A P Haines
Journal: BMJ (1993)

reported by Gould and colleagues.We note that the most striking finding reported in their paper- the 5 cm difference in average height between men with microalbuminuria in both samples and those with no microalbuminuria in both samples-is based on a small number of men with micro- albuminuria, and the means are not standardised for age.In the British population 70 year old men are on average about 4 cm shorter than 40 year old men, partly because of the general increase in adult height since the 1930s.3It would be helpful, therefore, for Gould and colleagues to report the number of men with microalbuminuria in both samples and the size of the difference in height between men in this group and men without albuminuria when the means for both groups are standardised to the same age distribution.
Combination radiofrequency (RF) ablation and IV liposomal heat shock protein suppression: Reduced tumor growth and increased animal endpoint survival in a small animal tumor model
Authors: Wei Yang, Muneeb Ahmed, Beenish Tasawwar, Tatynana Levchenko, Rupa R. Sawant, Vladimir Torchilin, S. Nahum Goldberg
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2011)
Endoscopic submucosal dissection for rectal tumors
Authors: Y. Onozato, S. Kakizaki, H. Ishihara, H. Iizuka, N. Sohara, S. Okamura, M. Mori, H. Itoh
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has recently been developed for one-piece resection of gastric tumors. In order to improve patients' quality of life, it may be desirable to use the same technique for rectal tumors.35 consecutive patients with rectal tumors were enrolled. ESD was carried out using the same technique as for the stomach. The efficacy, technical feasibility, operation time, complications, and follow-up results were assessed.The mean size of the epithelial tumors was 26.2 +/- 14.0 mm, and the rates of one-piece resection and one-piece resection with tumor-free margins were 73.3% (22 of 30) and 70.0% (21 of 30), respectively. The median operation time was 70 min (range 8-360 min). All five carcinoid tumors were completely resected. No patient needed blood transfusion or had the complication of problematic bleeding. Perforation during ESD occurred in one patient (2.9%), who was managed with conservative medical treatment after endoscopic closure of the perforation. Excluding seven patients, who either underwent additional surgery or whose follow-up period was less than 1 year, all 23 patients with epithelial tumors were free of recurrence during a mean follow-up period of 25.7 months (range 12-53 months).ESD was thus found to be feasible for the treatment of rectal tumors, with promising results although the follow-up periods were short. ESD may therefore be indicated for rectal tumors which are not resectable en bloc by conventional procedures, in order to improve the patients' quality of life.
Durability after discontinuation of nucleos(t)ide therapy in chronic HBeAg negative hepatitis patients
Authors: Young Jip Kim, Kichan Kim, Sun Hyuk Hwang, Soon Sun Kim, Dami Lee, Jae Youn Cheong, Sung Won Cho
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2013)

Background/Aims Relapse has been reported after stopping nucleos(t)ide (NUC) therapy in the majority of chronic HBeAg negative hepatitis patients. However, the ideal treatment duration of HBeAg negative chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is not well known. We investigated the frequency of relapse in HBeAg negative CHB patients receiving NUC therapy. Methods The NUC therapy was discontinued at least 3 times undetectable level of HBV DNA leave 6 months space in 45 patients. Clinical relapse was defined as HBV DNA >2,000 IU/mL and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) >2 times of upper limit of normal range. Virological relapse was defined as HBV DNA >2,000 IU/mL. Results Clinical relapse developed in 16 (35.6%) and 24 (53.3%) patients after stopping therapy at 6 months and 12 months off therapy, respectively. Virological relapse developed 22 (48.9%) and 33 (73.3%) patients at 6 months and 12 months off therapy. The factors such as age, gender, cirrhosis, baseline AST, ALT, HBV DNA levels, treatment duration, and consolidation duration were analyzed to investigate the predictive factors associated with 1 year sustained response. Of these factors, cirrhosis (86.1% in CHB, 22.2% in LC) was significantly associated with 1 year virological relapse rate. Baseline HBV DNA and total treatment duration tended to be associated with virological relapse. Conclusions Virological relapse developed in the majority (73.3%) of HBeAg negative CHB patients and clinical relapse developed in the half (53.3%) of patients at 1 year off therapy. Cirrhosis may be associated with the low rate of virological relapse. Keywords: Chronic hepatitis B; Durability; Nucleos(t)ide analogue
Erythrocytosis in Patients on Long-term Hemodialysis
Authors: ROBERT J. SHALHOUB
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

Erythrocytosis was seen in two men during maintenance hemodialysis therapy for end-stage renal disease secondary to apparent chronic glomerulonephritis. Nonrenal causes of erythrocytosis such as polycythemia vera, chronic hypoxemia, high-oxygen affinity hemoglobin, and hepatoma were excluded by appropriate clinical studies. A computed tomographic scan of the abdomen showed numerous renal cysts in each patient consistent with acquired cystic disease of end-stage kidneys. Peripheral serum erythropoietin levels were elevated as measured by sensitive radioimmunoassay. The findings suggest that the erythrocytosis is caused by an erythropoietic mechanism related to the diseased kidneys. A review of the literature failed to show previous reports of this clinical association.
Military Physicians Lend Healing Hands to Haiti
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1995)

THE MISSION of US Army medical personnel in Haiti is to protect the health and readiness of United States and other United Nations (UN) armed forces who have occupied this country to restore the democratic government. Although the mandate of the UN mission does not include rehabilitating the country's devastated infrastructure, it has been impossible for US medical operations to ignore the medical needs of Haitians, the likes of which few American physicians have ever seen. In his 1963 novel<i>Cat's Cradle</i>, Kurt Vonnegut describes "scenes of hideous want" on "San Lorenzo," his imaginary depiction of an island very like Haiti. One such scene involved a pile of bodies outside the island's famous charity hospital, "House of Hope and Mercy," which grew so wide and deep that a bulldozer stalled trying to shove them into a mass grave. That was fiction. This is fact: At the University Hospital in Port-au-Prince,
Mortality in young offenders: retrospective cohort study
Authors: C. Coffey
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b> To estimate overall and cause specific standardised mortality ratios in young offenders. <b>Design</b> Comparison of mortality data in cohort of young offenders. <b>Settings</b> State of Victoria, Australia. <b>Subjects</b> Cohort of young offenders aged 10-20 years with a first custodial sentence from 1 January 1988 to 31 December 1999. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Deaths ascertained by matching with the national death index, a database containing records of all deaths in Australia since 1980. Death rates in the reference Victorian population used to calculate standardised mortality ratios. <b>Results</b> The offender cohort comprised 2621 men and 228 women with 11 333 person years of observation. The median age of first detention was 17.9 years for men and 18.4 years for women. Median follow up was 3.3 years for men and 1.4 years for women. Overall standardised mortality ratio adjusted for age (expressed as a ratio) was 9.4 (95% confidence interval 7.4 to 11.9) for men and 41.3 (20.2 to 84.7) for women. Cause specific standardised mortality ratios for men were 25.7 (17.9 to 36.9) for drug related causes, 9.2 (5.8 to 15) for suicide, and 5.7 (3.6 to 9.2) for non-intentional injury. A quarter of drug related deaths in men aged 15-19 years were in offenders. <b>Conclusions</b> Social policies for young offenders should address both the prevalent drug and mental health problems as well the high levels of social disadvantage.