tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Management of Essential Hypertension
Authors: Garfield G. Duncan, Robert J. Gill
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

THE prevalence of essential hypertension, its crippling potentialities and its threat to life make it one of the greatest of clinical problems. The complexities are all the greater because a combination of influences, rather than a single factor, produces the phenomenon. Adrenocortical function and its influence on sodium metabolism and renal function, the kidneys and the secondary part that they play in retaining sodium in this disease, the pressor substances elaborated in the kidneys and elsewhere and the effect that central stimulation exerts on these processes are among the considerations in its management. It is not surprising in view of . . .
When I use a word . . .: Fortysomething
Authors: J. Aronson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Before people invented systems of arithmetic they used their fingers to count. This meant that anything more than a few was an indeterminately large number, as it was to the rabbits in Watership Down , who could count up to four, any number above which was Hrair–“a lot” or “a thousand.”

The number 40 was used in this indeterminate way, and the Bible, in which only the number seven is mentioned more often, overflows with instances. Noah's ark was afloat for 40 days and 40 nights; it took 40 days to embalm Jacob; the Children of Israel wandered in the wilderness for 40 years and Moses spent 40 days and nights on Mount …
Noninvasive Measurement of Cardiac Output During Exercise by Inert Gas Rebreathing Technique: A New Tool for Heart Failure Evaluation
Authors: Piergiuseppe Agostoni, Gaia Cattadori, Anna Apostolo, Mauro Contini, Pietro Palermo, Giancarlo Marenzi, Karlman Wasserman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Variants at 6q21 implicate PRDM1 in the etiology of therapy-induced second malignancies after Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Timothy Best, Dalin Li, Andrew D Skol, Tomas Kirchhoff, Sarah A Jackson, Yutaka Yasui, Smita Bhatia, Louise C Strong, Susan M Domchek, Katherine L Nathanson, Olufunmilayo I Olopade, R Stephanie Huang, Thomas M Mack, David V Conti, Kenneth Offit, Wendy Cozen, Leslie L Robison, Kenan Onel
Journal: Nature Medicine (2011)
Estrogen-Mediated Endothelial Progenitor Cell Biology and Kinetics For Physiological Postnatal Vasculogenesis
Authors: Haruchika Masuda, Christoph Kalka, Tomono Takahashi, Miyoko Yoshida, Mika Wada, Michiru Kobori, Rie Itoh, Hideki Iwaguro, Masamichi Eguchi, Yo Iwami, Rica Tanaka, Yoshihiro Nakagawa, Atsuhiko Sugimoto, Sayaka Ninomiya, Shinichiro Hayashi, Shunichi Kato, Takayuki Asahara
Journal: Circulation Research (2007)

Estrogen has been demonstrated to promote therapeutic reendothelialization after vascular injury by bone marrow (BM)–derived endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) mobilization and phenotypic modulation. We investigated the primary hypothesis that estrogen regulates physiological postnatal vasculogenesis by modulating bioactivity of BM-derived EPCs through the estrogen receptor (ER), in cyclic hormonally regulated endometrial neovascularization. Cultured human EPCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PB-MNCs) disclosed consistent gene expression of ER α as well as downregulated gene expressions of ER β. Under the physiological concentrations of estrogen (17β-estradiol, E2), proliferation and migration were stimulated, whereas apoptosis was inhibited on day 7 cultured EPCs. These estrogen-induced activities were blocked by the receptor antagonist, ICI182,780 (ICI). In BM transplanted (BMT) mice with ovariectomy (OVX) from transgenic mice overexpressing β-galactosidase (lacZ) regulated by an endothelial specific Tie-2 promoter (Tie-2/lacZ/BM), the uterus demonstrated a significant increase in BM-derived EPCs (lacZ expressing cells) incorporated into neovasculatures detected by CD31 immunohistochemistry after E2 administration. The BM-derived EPCs that were incorporated into the uterus dominantly expressed ER α, rather than ER β in BMT mice from BM of transgenic mice overexpressing EGFP regulated by Tie-2 promoter with OVX (Tie-2/EGFP/BMT/OVX) by ERs fluorescence immunohistochemistry. An in vitro assay for colony forming activity as well as flow cytometry for CD133, CD34, KDR, and VE-cadherin, using human PB-MNCs at 5 stages of the female menstrual-cycle (early-proliferative, pre-ovulatory, post-ovulatory, mid-luteal, late-luteal), revealed cycle-specific regulation of EPC kinetics. These findings demonstrate that physiological postnatal vasculogenesis involves cyclic, E2-regulated bioactivity of BM-derived EPCs, predominantly through the ERα.
SUSTAINED HYPERLIPEMIA INDUCED IN RABBITS BY MEANS OF INTRAVENOUSLY INJECTED SURFACE-ACTIVE AGENTS
Authors: Aaron Kellner, James W. Correll, Anthony T. Ladd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1951)

The intravenous injection of the surface-active agents Tween 80 and Triton A20 into rabbits fed a normal diet resulted in marked and sustained elevations of the cholesterol, phospholipid, and total lipid content of their blood. The increase in phospholipid in general paralleled that of the blood cholesterol. The implications of the findings are briefly discussed.
High-Throughput Quantitative Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus DNA in Serum Using the TaqMan Fluorogenic Detection System
Authors: Keith R. Loeb, Keith R. Jerome, James Goddard, Meei-li Huang, Anne Cent, Lawrence Corey
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Reproducible quantitative assays to detect viral nucleic acids have proven useful in defining disease progression and following response to therapy in a wide variety of viral infections. We describe the development of a quantitative assay to detect hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA using real-time fluorescent-probe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (TaqMan). The assay is highly reproducible, highly automated, and much more sensitive than the currently used branched-chain DNA (bDNA) assay for HBV. The quantitative PCR assay accurately detected samples ranging from 10 to 10(9) copies of HBV DNA per milliliter. Of 157 serum samples submitted for HBV quantitation, 119 were positive by TaqMan PCR versus only 55 by bDNA (P <.001). All 55 bDNA-positives were positive by TaqMan. Of the 77 samples with detectable HBV-DNA titers below 3.75 x 10(5) copies by TaqMan, only 13 were detected by bDNA. We tested 119 patients negative for all HBV serologic markers, and all tested negative in the TaqMan assay. HBV DNA was detected by TaqMan in 164 of 195 (84%) of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive samples. Among hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive samples, median titers were 4. 3 x 10(6) copies/mL versus 322 copies/mL in HBeAg-negative samples (P =.012). The TaqMan assay for HBV DNA is highly sensitive and reproducible and thus appears useful in accurately defining levels of viral replication among persons with HBV infection.
INTESTINAL LIPODYSTROPHY WITHOUT DIARRHEA
Authors: Marion D. Hargrove
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Increasing interest in intestinal lipodystrophy (Whipple's disease) has been shown during the past year, with two series of six and seven cases, respectively, having been reported.<sup>1</sup>These represent about one-fifth of the accepted cases reported in the world's literature since the original description of this disease by George Whipple in 1907.<sup>2</sup>Evidence suggests that intestinal lipodystrophy is more than a local disease of the small intestine. Typical pathological changes may be found not only in the intestinal mucosa and mesenteric lymph nodes but in peripheral lymph nodes as well.<sup>3</sup>Indeed, serous cavities may be involved, and bacterial vegetations in the endocardium are not rare.<sup>4</sup> A highly characteristic clinical picture usually is present. This includes diarrhea, steatorrhea, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, abdominal pain, and weight loss. One or more of these manifestations may be absent, but, generally, all will develop during the course of the disease. The patient reported
Anamnestic Data in Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Erna Binder, Eino Holopainen, Henrik Malmberg, Osmo Salo
Journal: Allergy (1982)

In a study of 770 patients with allergic rhinitis, anamnestic data were collected by means of a questionnaire. 484 (63%) of the patients were women and 286 (37%) men. 45.5% of the patients had perennial symptoms, 33.5% had seasonal symptoms only, and 21% had predominantly seasonal but also some perennial symptoms. More than 50% of the patients belonged to the age group 21–40 years. The seasonal group included significantly more young patients than the perennial group. More than 50% of the parents and about 45% of the siblings had some atopic disorder. About 20% of the rhinitis patients had a concomitant allergic disorder. Sneezing was the commonest complaint in both rhinitis groups, but it was significantly more frequent in patients with seasonal rhinitis. Nasal blockage, again, was significantly commoner in perennial rhinitis. More than half of the patients reported severest symptoms in the morning. 282 patients had some domestic animal or pet, and 34% of these developed symptoms when close to an animal. Hypersensitivity to animals was significantly more frequent in patients who had domestic animals or pets than in those who did not. There was a clear correlation in perennial allergic rhinitis between the duration of rhinitis and deterioration of the sense of smell.
Physical Education in Schools Helps Reduce Future Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Reginald L. Washington
Journal: Circulation (2009)

I n many parts of the world, the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity has increased at an alarming rate.In the United States between 1963 to 1965 and 2003 to 2004, there was a 348% relative increase in overweight children 6 to 11 years of age.This figure has risen from 4.2% to 18.8% in the same period of time. 1 If this trend continues, 1 in every 4 children in the United States will be obese by 2015.Similar increases in childhood overweight or obesity have also been observed in Canada, the United Kingdom, China, Germany, France, and Finland.
Full access to trial data holds many benefits and a few pitfalls, conference hears
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2012)

An era of open, transparent, and accessible data from pharmaceutical research holds huge promise and some dangers, a conference organised by the BMJ Group and the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry at BMA House in London was told.

Enthusiasts for open data, led by Wikipedia’s founder, Jimmy Wales, argued at the conference on 23 May that the “enormous cultural shift” that would occur when millions of people could freely access all the research in the world would enhance productivity by what he called “interesting cross pollination.” He was unworried about quality, arguing that market pressure would ensure that the best standards reached by conventional journal based publishing would be retained. “I don’t expect any major tragedies in quality, though it’s something we should keep an eye on,” he said.

Although open access to research findings was a “no brainer,” access to raw data was trickier. “The more people …
Deficiency of the homologous restriction factor in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.
Authors: L S Zalman, L M Wood, M M Frank, H J Müller-Eberhard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

The affected E of two patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) were enriched by lysing the unaffected, normal E with anti-human decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and guinea pig serum. The membranes of the unlysed, DAF-deficient cells (PNH-E) were dissolved and examined by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting using an antiserum to homologous restriction factor (HRF). Whereas the 65 kD complement regulatory protein was readily detectable in the normal controls, it was completely lacking in both samples of PNH-E membranes. Functional studies likewise indicated the absence of HRF activity from PNH-E. When radiolabeled, isolated HRF protein was offered to PNH-E, it became firmly attached to the cell. Approximately 1,000 molecules of HRF per cell reduced the characteristic susceptibility of these cells to reactive lysis by C5b-9 to nearly normal levels. The results suggest that HRF, which is known to control the action of C8 and C9 on normal human E membranes, is deficient in PNH, as well as acetylcholinesterase and DAF.
Variant Forms of Pulmonary Cryptococcosis
Authors: BAYARD TYNES
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Cryptococcus neoformans was cultured from the sputum bronchial washings, or lung of 32 patients, 25 of whom were white men. Eight patients had invasive pulmonary disease; this was demonstrated by lung resection or biopsy in six. Pulmonary invasion was suspected in three other patients, one of whom had hilar adenopathy, and could not be excluded in three additional patients with terminal malignancy. The remaining 18 patients were thought to have saprophytic colonization. In 12 of the 18, C. neoformans was transient. In one it was recurrent, and in five it was present in multiple sputum specimens over periods ranging from 10 months to 3½ years. Preexisting pulmonary disease was present in 15 of the 18 patients. Serologic testing did not differentiate patients with invasive disease from those with saprophytic colonization. In patients without clinical or radiologic evidence of invasion, treatment with amphotericin B is best withheld.
Identification of the <i>IFITM</i> Family as a New Molecular Marker in Human Colorectal Tumors
Authors: Pauline Andreu, Sabine Colnot, Cécile Godard, Pierre Laurent-Puig, Dominique Lamarque, Axel Kahn, Christine Perret, Béatrice Romagnolo
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract We analyzed the expression profiles of intestinal adenomas from a new murine familial adenomatous polyposis model (ApcΔ14/+) using suppression subtractive hybridization to identify novel diagnostic markers of colorectal carcinogenesis. We identified 18 candidate genes having increased expression levels in the adenoma. Subsequent Northern blotting, real-time reverse transcription-PCR, and in situ hybridization analysis confirmed their induction in β-catenin-activated epithelial cells of murine adenomas. We showed that most of the genes also have altered expression levels in human colonic adenomas and carcinomas. We focused on the IFITM genes that encode IFN-inducible transmembrane proteins. Serial analyses of gene expression levels revealed high levels of expression in early and late intestinal neoplasm in both mice and humans. Using a conditional mouse model of Apc inactivation and a human colon carcinoma cell line, we showed that IFITM gene expression is rapidly induced after activation of the β-catenin signaling. Using a large-scale analysis of human tumors, we showed that IFITM gene expression is significantly up-regulated specifically in colorectal tumors and thus may be a useful diagnostic tool in these tumors. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(4): 1949-55)
Computer Analysis in Development of New Diagnostic Methods
Authors: Edward E. Mason
Journal: JAMA (1961)

IN 1865 Claude Bernard wrote, "Medical investigation is the most complicated of all: it includes all the methods proper to anatomical, physiological and therapeutic research, and as it develops, it also borrows from chemistry and physics many means of research which become powerful allies."<sup>1</sup>Our physics department with its voluminous satellite data analyses has contributed greatly to our computer center and indirectly to medical research. The chief contribution of a large digital stored program computer rests in its prodigious capacity to accumulate data and to carry out prescribed manipulations with speed and accuracy. A current research project will be used to illustrate computer application. The objective of this project is to find better means of diagnosis, prognostication, and evaluation of treatment of patients with acute ischemic or toxic kidney damage through measurement of urine enzyme activity. Figure 1 illustrates the problem with data from urine analyses carried out
Medical Physics and Physiological Measurement
Authors: C. Tyler Burt
Journal: JAMA (1982)

This book represents the distillation of several years of teaching medical physics in Sheffield, England, and hopes to cover a range of readers from undergraduate and graduate PhDs to medical personnel. In general the authors have been successful, but in trying to cover topics from radiation biology to hemodialysis, from basic electronic circuits to respiratory and neurophysiological function, as well as the staples of x-ray films and radioisotopes, they have given their work the flavor of a handbook or encyclopedia. It succeeds in much the same way self-teaching electronic manuals do, and one could easily imagine a companion self-teaching guide to go along with the volume. The book also presents experiments to aid in understanding the theoretical points discussed. As such, it would be helpful if some blank pages had been included for a student to make comments relating to the particular equipment used. A fair amount of mathematics is
Cumene hydroperoxide induced changes in calcium homeostasis in cultured neonatal rat heart cells
Authors: M Persoon-Rothert, J M Egas-Kenniphaas, E J M v. d. Valk-Kokshoorn, A v. d. Laarse
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

The relationship between oxidative stress induced cell necrosis and perturbation of intracellular calcium homeostasis was investigated in cultured myocytes.Cultured neonatal rat heart cells were loaded with fura-2 AM to measure cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i). Probenecid, an inhibitor of organic anion transport, was present during the experiment to reduce efflux of fura-2 from the cytoplasm. Cells were exposed to cumene hydroperoxide, a toxic organic hydroperoxide that is known to induce oxidative stress in myocytes. The efficacy of the protective agents Trolox C (a vitamin E analogue) and chlorpromazine (a phospholipase inhibitor) on cumene hydroperoxide induced cell injury was determined.[Ca2+]i in control cells was constant (60 nM) during an incubation time of 45 min. Probenecid did not affect [Ca2+]i levels or cell viability under the experimental conditions. Cumene hydroperoxide caused a sustained rise in [Ca2+]i starting after 5-10 min, to a level of 1300 nM at 45 min. After 20-25 min the viability of the heart cells started to decline and after 45 min 44% of the cells were irreversibly injured. The loss of cell viability was expressed as percentage decrease of the fluorescence at 360 nm (the calcium independent wavelength), since the percent release of cellular alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (alpha-HBDH) activity equalled the percent decrease of the fluorescence at 360 nm. Trolox C and chlorpromazine almost completely prevented the cumene hydroperoxide induced alpha-HBDH release. The [Ca2+]i of myocytes incubated with cumene hydroperoxide in combination with Trolox C rose to 1000 nM without affecting cell viability. The cumene hydroperoxide induced rise in [Ca2+]i was markedly reduced by chlorpromazine (at t = 45 min, [Ca2+]i = 360 nM). Addition of Trolox C to untreated cells did not influence [Ca2+]i, whereas chlorpromazine alone induced a slight increase of [Ca2+]i up to 360 nM with complete preservation of cell viability.Trolox C and chlorpromazine are very effective inhibitors of cumene hydroperoxide induced perturbation of calcium homeostasis and subsequent cell death. A role for peroxidation of membrane phospholipids and activation of calcium dependent phospholipase in the cascade of events leading to irreversible injury is suggested.
Postspinal headache. Successful use of epidural blood patch 11 weeks after onset
Authors: W. Cass
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Postspinal headache is not an uncommon complication of dural puncture. In 80% of cases, the headache resolves spontaneously within two weeks. Past treatment by empirical measures was not very successful. The epidural blood patch is a relatively new technique for treatment of postspinal headache. It has always been used within a few days of development of headache. In our patient the epidural blood patch was used successfully 11 weeks after the development of headache.
THE PLASMA FATS AND THE IODINE ABSORPTION CAPACITY OF THE FATTY ACIDS IN HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Elizabeth G. Nicholls, William A. Perlzweig
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1928)

A diminution in the surface tension of the blood serum has been found in many cases of hyperthyroidism as reported in a previous paper (1).Since it is well known that the unsaturated fatty acids are highly surface active, we have investigated the amount of these substances in relation to the plasma fats as a possible cause of the above observed phenomenon in patients with this disease.The blood fats in a short series of normal persons studied at the same time as a basis for comparison.Sixteen cases of hyperthyroidism and exophthalmic goitre have been studied.The blood was collected shortly after the patient was admitted to the ward and before the administration of iodine was commenced.Determinations were again made when the therapeutic effect of the iodine administered was considered to be at its maximum, and still later after surgical operation.Iodine was administered in the form of Lugol's solution, the usual dosage being 30 minims daily.In many cases the administration of Lugol's solution was continued for a short period after operation in dosage of 5 to 10 minims daily.The patients were given no food for
Predictive Factors for Ipsilateral Recurrence After Nephron-sparing Surgery in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Jean-Christophe Bernhard, Allan J. Pantuck, Hervé Wallerand, Maxime Crepel, Jean-Marie Ferrière, Laurent Bellec, Sylvie Maurice-Tison, Grégoire Robert, Baptiste Albouy, Gilles Pasticier, Michel Soulie, David Lopes, Bertrand Lacroix, Karim Bensalah, Christian Pfister, Rodolphe Thuret, Jacques Tostain, Alexandre De La Taille, Laurent Salomon, Clément Abbou, Marc Colombel, Arie S. Belldegrun, Jean-Jacques Patard
Journal: European Urology (2010)