tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Keratinization in dispersed cell cultures of adult guinea-pig ear skin
Authors: HILARY CONSTABLE, J.R. COOPER, C.N.D. CRUICKSHANK, PATRICIA R. MANN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1974)

A study of the behaviour of dispersed cell cultures of adult guinea-pig keratinocytes has been made using time-lapse cinephotomicrography and electron microscopy. Attention has been directed mainly to the formation of aggregates and the ultrastructure of the cells involved. At the periphery of the clumps and at the edges of spaces within the clumps the cells were organized in a layered system and fully keratinized cells occurred only within a three dimensional system. Some partial keratinization and some autolysis was also noted.
The Relationship between Breast Cancer and Research; a Bibliometric Study.
Authors: R. Glynn, J. Chin, M. Kerin, K. Sweeney
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Thousands of articles are published every year in the medical literature relating to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. An area of contention of late has been the amount of research time and money being devoted to breast cancer, to what some believe is to the detriment of research into other forms of malignancy. The aims of this study were to further investigate the relationship between malignancy and research, in order to better quantify the degree to which breast cancer is being over- or under-represented in the research world.Methods: Bibliometrics is the science of studying written communication by systematic measurement and analysis of research publications. In this study, we examined research output over a one-year period for the 26 most commonly diagnosed cancers in the UK. Our strategy was based on that employed by a group in Edinburgh in 2001, and involved correlating research output with incidence and mortality statistics. In addition, we sought to elucidate changes in research output over time and then to correlate these changes with improvements in survival. The survival data used was that published by Coleman et al in 2004, and represents changes in survival over 5 year periods between 1986 and 1999 in England and Wales.Results: A total of 73,798 publications were included in this study. Breast cancer received more research attention than any other malignancy in the time period of this study. Proportional to its incidence and associated mortality, however, breast cancer was markedly underrepresented. This relationship was consistent across publication and study types, and in the higher impact journals. There was a strong positive correlation between improvement in 5-year survival and research output (p = 0.003). Those malignancies enjoying the greatest increases in output included those involving the prostate, non-hodgkins lymphoma, breast and vaginal cancer.Conclusions: This study was intended to provide a snapshot-in-time of research output in malignancy. It has shown that, on the basis of both incidence and mortality, breast cancer is not receiving disproportionate attention by the research community, contrary to popular opinion. Whilst the absolute figures clearly reflect the success of the breast cancer advocacy community in raising and maintaining the profile of the disease, the evidence suggests that, if anything, breast cancer is not receiving the interest it deserves, based on its burden to society. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1080.
Sentinel Node Detection in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: C Lemstra, M Broersma, L Poot, P L. Jager
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

Sentinel node detection in patients with breast cancer is routinely performed in our department. Images frequently show star-shaped activity at the site of injection caused by septum penetration. These star-shaped artifacts could possibly impair visualization of nearby sentinel nodes. The aim of this study was to determine whether sentinel node detection in patients with breast cancer can be improved using a medium-energy all-purpose (ME) collimator instead of a low-energy all-purpose (LEAP) collimator. For this purpose, 15 patients were studied and a phantom study was performed. The LEAP collimator was used for a dynamic study immediately after injection, and both the LEAP and the ME collimators were used for static studies. A total of 20 sentinel nodes were found with both collimators. All sentinel nodes were found in the axilla. To separate sentinel nodes from the injection site, the ME collimator gave the best results in 4 of 15 patients, but only within the first hour after injection. To separate 2 nearby sentinel nodes from each other, the LEAP collimator gave the best results in 3 of 15 patients. Our conclusion is that the LEAP collimator gave better results than the ME collimator as a result of the better resolution and the higher sensitivity. Use of the ME collimator did not improve sentinel node detection.
JNK-dependent downregulation of FoxO1 is required to promote the survival of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Aleksander M Grabiec, Chiara Angiolilli, Linda M Hartkamp, Lisa G M van Baarsen, Paul P Tak, Kris A Reedquist
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

Forkhead box O (FoxO) transcription factors integrate environmental signals to modulate cell proliferation and survival, and alterations in FoxO function have been reported in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).To examine the relationship between inflammation and FoxO expression in RA, and to analyse the mechanisms and biological consequences of FoxO regulation in RA fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).RNA was isolated from RA patient and healthy donor (HD) peripheral blood and RA synovial tissue. Expression of FoxO1, FoxO3a and FoxO4 was measured by quantitative PCR. FoxO1 DNA binding, expression and mRNA stability in RA FLS were measured by ELISA-based assays, immunoblotting and quantitative PCR. FLS were transduced with adenovirus encoding constitutively active FoxO1 (FoxO1ADA) or transfected with small interfering RNA targeting FoxO1 to examine the effects on cell viability and gene expression.FoxO1 mRNA levels were reduced in RA patient peripheral blood compared with HD blood, and RA synovial tissue FoxO1 expression correlated negatively with disease activity. RA FLS stimulation with interleukin 1β or tumour necrosis factor caused rapid downregulation of FoxO1. This effect was independent of protein kinase B (PKB), but dependent on c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated acceleration of FoxO1 mRNA degradation. FoxO1ADA overexpression in RA FLS induced apoptosis associated with altered expression of genes regulating cell cycle and survival, including BIM, p27(Kip1) and Bcl-XL.Our findings identify JNK-dependent modulation of mRNA stability as an important PKB-independent mechanism underlying FoxO1 regulation by cytokines, and suggest that reduced FoxO1 expression is required to promote FLS survival in RA.
Interstitial nephritis associated with indapamide.
Authors: C G Newstead, R H Moore, A J Barnes
Journal: BMJ (1990)

the meninges and abducens nerve on its long intracranial course.The sixth nerve occupies a superficial position in relation to the fourth ventricle, which communi- cates directly through the foramina of Magendie and Luschka with the subarachnoid space.Dye studies have shown that agents introduced into the spinal canal frequently reach the medulla, which may explain the peculiar affinity of the sixth nerve to palsy.4The contrast agents introduced in the procedure of myelography have a toxicity of their own, and the incidence of cranial nerve palsy is higher than after merely dural puncture.5This may be due to a previously unreported direct neurotoxicity of the contrast agent iopamidol itself.1 Lamb IT.Iohexol versus lopamidol for myelography.
Continuous Intraarterial Measurement of Oxygenation during Aerosolized Prostacyclin Administration in Severe Respiratory Failure
Authors: Thomas Bein, Michael Pfeifer, Gunter A.J. Riegger, Kai Taeger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

To the Editor: A recent report1 stimulated us to use aerosolized prostaglandin I2 (PGI2; also called prostacyclin or epoprostenol) to improve arterial oxygenation by producing selective pulmonary v...
Nickel as cause of wedding-ring dermatitis.
Authors: S. W. Davies
Journal: BMJ (1969)

than our own and against their Government's wishes, and after being nakedly exploited by us find the " training " they have received so inappropriate to their own societies' problems as to be a lasting source of dissatisfaction and unhappiness and a deterrent to their return home.Dr. Lawrence, and you, Sir, would do better to castigate those responsible for this situation than attempt to paper over genuine differences and preferences between the races which are certainly mutual, probably bene- ficial, and deeply rooted in our respective evolutionary past.The pages of history are stained with the consequences of imposed solutions of who lives where and with whom.A certain amount of bickering to fend off territorial encroachment seems preferable to catastrophic confrontations, and is not incompatible with courtesy, respect, and under- standing between the races-a goal not beyond us.-Iam, etc., J. W. PAULLEY.Ipswich.
Interobserver variability in coronary angiography.
Authors: L M Zir, S W Miller, R E Dinsmore, J P Gilbert, J W Harthorne
Journal: Circulation (1976)

Four experienced coronary angiographers (two radiologists and two cardiologists) independently assessed the location and degree of coronary artery stenosis, and the location and degree of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities in 20 coronary angiograms. Marked interobserver variability was noted in quantifying percent coronary artery stenosis and degree of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities. For example, in only 13/20 (65%) of the coronary angiograms did all observers agree about the significance of a stenosis (defined as greater than 50% in diameter luminal narrowing) in the proximal or mid left anterior descending coronary artery. In 3/20 (15%) angiograms there was disagreement by at least one observer about the significance of lesions noted in the main left coronary artery. The ventricle was divided into five segments and the degree of wall motion abnormality graded into six categories of increasing severity from normal to dyskinesis. There was a 42% mean disagreement among all four observers where a disagreement between observers was defined as any difference in grading wall motion abnormalities. Interobserver variability reveals a significant limitation of coronary angiography.
Green coffee beans may solve a blood bank problem
Authors: Virginia Snodgrass Cowart
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The perennial blood bank problem of not having enough of the right type of blood may one day be solved by changing the type of blood on hand to the type that is needed. A first step in that direction was outlined at the recent American Association of Blood Banks meeting in Chicago by Jack Goldstein, PhD, of the New York Blood Center, who presented the results of his group's work in changing type B erythrocytes to type O erythrocytes. To perform this transformation, α-galactosidase from green coffee beans was used to remove a sugar molecule from the surface of type B cells, turning them into type O cells. Goldstein said use of this enzyme in various studies dates back to the 1950s. When it was used in previous investigations, however, the membrane of the RBCs was damaged and cell metabolism impaired. "It was a matter of developing the proper
POLIOMYELITIS IN THE CYNOMOLGUS MONKEY
Authors: Harold K. Faber, Rosalie J. Silverberg, Luther Dong
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

1. Poliomyelitis virus suspensions were atomized so as to produce dry droplet nuclei which, suspended in air, were introduced into a special infecting chamber and inhaled by test animals, both rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. 2. Without olfactory blockade, 5 of 7 rhesus and 6 of 7 cynomolgus monkeys developed poliomyelitis of the CNS with entry through the olfactory nerves. 3. With olfactory blockade, 2 of 35 rhesus and 4 of 10 cynomolgus monkeys developed this form of the disease by routes proved by serial sections of the olfactory bulbs not to have been olfactory. 4. The neural pathways of infection from the mucous surfaces to the CNS in the 4 cynomolgus monkeys with blockade were shown in 2 instances to have been the afferent fibers of the trigeminal nerve into the Gasserian ganglion and thence to its central connections in the pons-medulla; in another case this was the probable route. In one instance the pathway consisted of the sympathetic fibers of the nose or nasopharynx into the cervical sympathetic ganglia and thence into the uppermost levels of the thoracic cord. The routes in the 2 rhesus monkeys with non-olfactory takes were not accurately determined but in one there was suggestive evidence of entry through the trigeminal nerve. 5. Study of the peripheral ganglia in a number of exposed cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, including several with no demonstrated involvement of the CNS, revealed lesions most constantly in the Gasserian ganglia; less so in the cervical sympathetics and still less so in the celiac. In 2 rhesus monkeys dying of other causes a few days after exposure, lesions were limited to the Gasserian ganglia. No evidence was found in any case of passage of infection from the celiac ganglia into the CNS. 6. The importance of the peripheral ganglia as intermediate stations in the centripetal passage of infection from the body surface is again emphasized. 7. Comparison of the present with a previous study suggests that infection by inhalation of virus occurs with greater ease than by ingestion.
Ultraviolet light induces binding of antibodies to selected nuclear antigens on cultured human keratinocytes.
Authors: W P LeFeber, D A Norris, S R Ryan, J C Huff, L A Lee, M Kubo, S T Boyce, B L Kotzin, W L Weston
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Antibodies which bind to different nuclear antigens in tissue sections or in permeabilized cell cultures are useful markers of subsets of connective tissue disease, especially of lupus erythematosus (LE), but whether these antibodies are able to react with these intracellular sequestered antigens in vivo and cause immunologic tissue damage has been a matter of much debate. We report experiments which show that ultraviolet light-irradiated, cultured human keratinocytes bind IgG antibodies from the sera of LE patients with either monospecific anti-SSA/Ro, anti-RNP, or anti-Sm activity, which implies that these antigens have been made accessible on the cell surface by ultraviolet irradiation. Normal human sera or LE patient's sera with anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-single-stranded DNA, or antihistone activity do not bind to the surface of irradiated human keratinocytes. In control experiments, all antisera produced the expected patterns of nuclear and cytoplasmic staining of fixed permeabilized, unirradiated keratinocytes. Careful study of the viability and permeability of irradiated keratinocytes by several techniques showed that this apparent cell membrane expression of extractable nuclear antigens (SSA/Ro, RNP, and Sm) following irradiation was seen on injured keratinocytes whose cell membranes were intact, but not on dead cells. It is particularly significant that all six monospecific anti-SSA/Ro sera bound to irradiated keratinocytes, since this antibody antigen system is highly associated with photosensitive cutaneous LE.
Use of a Polyol in the Prevention of Hemolysis due to an Antifoam Agent in Pump Oxygenators
Authors: ROE WELLS, M. STELLAN BYGDEMAN, ALI A. SHAHRIARI, JACK M. MATLOFF, DWIGHT E. HARKEN
Journal: Circulation (1968)

Studies of the hematological effects of a polymethylsiloxane defoaming agent used in pump oxygenators have shown it to have significant hemolytic properties. This action is principally a direct one upon the red cell and requires some degree of associated mechanical stress. Pluronic, a nonionic emulsion stabilizer prevents the hemolytic process without interfering with the defoaming process.
Increasing Use of Chewing Tobacco, Especially Among Younger Persons, Alarms Surgeon General
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1993)

AN ORAL CANCER problem is in the making this new year unless effective steps can be taken to reduce the use of chewing tobacco—especially among young people. The warning comes from Antonia C. Novello, MD, surgeon general of the US Public Health Service. Surgeon General Novello's warning accompanies a report on "spit tobacco"— as chewing tobacco often is called—prepared by the inspector general of the Department of Health and Human Services. This report, she says, documents "an alarming increase in the use of moist snuff [one form of spit tobacco] by young people under the age of 18 years." The increase defies the laws in every state (except Montana) that prohibit the sale of tobacco to those younger than 18. Furthermore, belying the name, moist snuff is not sniffed but is put in a paper pouch and placed in the mouth between the cheek and the gum. Reginald C. S.
Vibrio alginolyticus peritonitis associated with ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
Authors: R Taylor, M McDonald, G Russ, M Carson, E Lukaczynski
Journal: BMJ (1981)

chorea occurs when the function of the corpus striatum is disrupted, the specific abnormality in Sydenham's chorea is unknown.The response to valproic acid suggests that the defect affects the GABA neurotransmitter system.Possibly the difference in effectiveness of valproic acid between Sydenham's chorea and Huntington's chorea reflects the degree of severity of the pathologic process or, alternatively, indicates a difference in the pathogenesis of the two diseases.
Effect of recombinant interleukin 2 on hepatitis B e antigen positive chronic hepatitis.
Authors: M Onji, H Kondoh, N Horiike, S Yamaguchi, Y Ogawa, I Kumon, Y Ohta
Journal: Gut (1987)

Eleven patients with hepatitis B (HB) virus related chronic hepatitis were treated with recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2). Two hundred and fifty to 1000 units were given intravenously once daily for seven to 28 days. In five patients serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity rose transiently. Six patients showed a decrease in HBV DNA polymerase. One patient lost HBs, e antigens (Ags) and gained anti-HBs, e antibodies, while one lost HBs Ag and another HBe Ag. 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase activity in mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood did not change during treatment. The number of CD4 positive (helper/inducer) cells and natural killer cell activity increased after therapy (p less than 0.05, p less than 0.01). These results suggest that rIL 2 acts as an immunomodulatory agent enhancing host immune activity and may be beneficial in patients with chronic HB virus infection.
Harmful Waste Products as Novel Immune Modulators for Treating Inflammatory Arthritis?
Authors: Andrew P Cope
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

For many years, reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals, and their reaction products, were classically described as harmful by-products of aerobic metabolism capable of causing DNA mutations, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation [1]. The identifi cation of enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase that served to eliminate these waste products rather substantiated this view. It soon became clear, however, that there existed a family of enzymes whose function it was to deliberately generate ROS. The fi rst of these was NADPH oxidase, which is responsible for the respiratory burst in neutrophils and macrophages in response to microbes or infl ammatory cytokines [2]. The catalytic centre of NADPH oxidase is the membrane-associated protein gp91phox (see Glossary) complexed with p22phox. Activation requires association with a phosphorylated form of p47phox (also known as Ncf1), p67phox, and the small GTPase Rac (Figure 1). p47phox defi ciency in humans leads to neutrophil dysfunction and chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), a primary immunodefi ciency disorder characterised by the inability to eradicate bacterial infections [3]. Since the late 1990s, six human gp91phox homologues have been identifi ed, each with distinct functions [1]. Besides a role in phagocyte function and host defence, a large amount of evidence points to important roles for ROS in cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, endocrinerelated functions, and oxidative modifi cation of the extracellular matrix. Indeed, increased ROS have been documented at sites of infl ammation, such as synovial joints of patients with infl ammatory arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis [RA]), and circulating neutrophils and monocytes from patients with RA have increased NADPH oxidase activity [4,5]. Interestingly, polyarthritis has also been described in patients with CGD. More recently, induction of arthritis in mice defi cient for the p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase was shown to induce granulomatous synovitis and exaggerated matrix destruction associated with enhanced expression of infl ammatory mediators [6]. Although the mechanism for this paradoxical relationship between defi cient NADPH Harmful Waste Products as Novel Immune Modulators for Treating Infl ammatory Arthritis?
X Rays and Radium in Graves's Disease
Authors: C. Kempster
Journal: BMJ (1933)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Infections by nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses (NNSV) are widely thought to entail gradient gene expression from the well-established existence of a single promoter at the 3’ end of the viral genome and the assumption of constant transcriptional attenuation between genes. But multiple recent studies show viral mRNA levels in infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a major human pathogen and member of NNSV, that are inconsistent with a simple gradient. Here we integrate known and newly predicted phenomena into a biophysically reasonable model of NNSV transcription. Our model succeeds in capturing published observations of RSV and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) mRNA levels. We therefore propose a novel understanding of NNSV transcription based on the possibility of ejective polymerase-polymerase collisions and, in the case of RSV, biased polymerase diffusion.
Reduced sympathetic nervous activity. A potential mechanism predisposing to body weight gain.
Authors: M Spraul, E Ravussin, A M Fontvieille, R Rising, D E Larson, E A Anderson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

The sympathetic nervous system is recognized to play a role in the etiology of animal and possibly human obesity through its impact on energy expenditure and/or food intake. We, therefore, measured fasting muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in the peroneal nerve and its relationship with energy expenditure and body composition in 25 relatively lean Pima Indian males (means +/- SD; 26 +/- 6 yr, 82 +/- 19 kg, 28 +/- 10% body fat) and 19 Caucasian males (29 +/- 5 yr, 81 +/- 13 kg, 24 +/- 9% body fat). 24-h energy expenditure, sleeping metabolic rate, and resting metabolic rate were measured in a respiratory chamber, whereas body composition was estimated by hydrodensitometry. Pima Indians had lower MSNA than Caucasians (23 +/- 6 vs 33 +/- 10 bursts/min, P = 0.0007). MSNA was significantly related to percent body fat in Caucasians (r = 0.55, P = 0.01) but not in Pimas. MSNA also correlated with energy expenditure adjusted for fat-free mass, fat mass, and age in Caucasians (r = 0.51, P = 0.03; r = 0.54, P = 0.02; and r = 0.53, P = 0.02 for adjusted 24-h energy expenditure, sleeping metabolic rate, and resting metabolic rate, respectively) but not in Pima Indians. In conclusion, the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is a determinant of energy expenditure in Caucasians. Individuals with low resting MSNA may be at risk for body weight gain resulting from a lower metabolic rate. A low resting MSNA and the lack of impact of MSNA on metabolic rate might play a role in the etiology of obesity in Pima Indians.