tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, and Practice, Vols 1 &amp; 2
Authors: William Newsholme
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Research on Implementation of Interventions in Tuberculosis Control in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review
Authors: Frank Cobelens, Sanne van Kampen, Eleanor Ochodo, Rifat Atun, Christian Lienhardt
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

Background Several interventions for tuberculosis (TB) control have been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) over the past decade. These include isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) for HIV-infected individuals and household contacts of infectious TB patients, diagnostic algorithms for rule-in or rule-out of smear-negative pulmonary TB, and programmatic treatment for multidrug-resistant TB. There is no systematically collected data on the type of evidence that is publicly available to guide the scale-up of these interventions in low- and middle-income countries. We investigated the availability of published evidence on their effectiveness, delivery, and cost-effectiveness that policy makers need for scaling-up these interventions at country level. Methods and Findings PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and several regional databases were searched for studies published from 1 January 1990 through 31 March 2012 that assessed health outcomes, delivery aspects, or cost-effectiveness for any of these interventions in low- or middle-income countries. Selected studies were evaluated for their objective(s), design, geographical and institutional setting, and generalizability. Studies reporting health outcomes were categorized as primarily addressing efficacy or effectiveness of the intervention. These criteria were used to draw landscapes of published research. We identified 59 studies on IPT in HIV infection, 14 on IPT in household contacts, 44 on rule-in diagnosis, 19 on rule-out diagnosis, and 72 on second-line treatment. Comparative effectiveness studies were relatively few (n = 9) and limited to South America and sub-Saharan Africa for IPT in HIV-infection, absent for IPT in household contacts, and rare for second-line treatment (n = 3). Evaluations of diagnostic and screening algorithms were more frequent (n = 19) but geographically clustered and mainly of non-comparative design. Fifty-four studies evaluated ways of delivering these interventions, and nine addressed their cost-effectiveness. Conclusions There are substantial gaps in published evidence for scale-up for five WHO-recommended TB interventions settings at country level, which for many countries possibly precludes program-wide implementation of these interventions. There is a strong need for rigorous operational research studies to be carried out in programmatic settings to inform on best use of existing and new interventions in TB control. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Prevention of mite infestation of bedding by means of an impregnated sheet
Authors: M. L. Burr, B. V. Dean, B. K. Butland, E. Neale
Journal: Allergy (1988)

A randomized controlled trial was conducted to test the effect of a sheet impregnated with benzyl benzoate in preventing mite infestation of new bedding. Impregnated sheets were placed on the mattresses of 17 subjects, while 19 subjects received placebo sheets. Over the following 2 years infestation occurred more commonly, and tended to be heavier, in the beds with inactive sheets than in those with impregnated sheets; among the 27 beds with three items of new bedding sampled on four occasions, a mite count of five or more occurred significantly more often where the sheet was inactive than where it was active (11 of 13 and 5 of 14 respectively). The application of a sheet impregnated with benzyl benzoate appears to prevent mite infestation and may be useful for patients with mite allergy who obtain new bedding as part of a mite‐avoidance regimen.
Hemoglobin knossos: A clinical, laboratory, and epidemiological study
Authors: Phaedon Fessas, Dimitris Loukopoulos, Stavroula Kokkinou, Yannis Papasotiriou, Aris Karaklis
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract Hb Knossos is a β‐chain variant (β 27 Ser ± Ala) that is unrecognizable by conventional separation methods but detectable by globin electrophoresis on urea‐Triton X‐acrylamide gels or by IEF. Hb Knossos is characterized by reduced synthesis and by interaction with β‐thalassemia, in which the double heterozygotes display typical features of thalassemia intermedia. The present paper summarizes the salient genetic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of five such cases hitherto identified in three families along with the same features on 12 heterozygous Hb Knossos carriers. Hb Knossos displays a slightly decreased oxygen affinity; this factor may compensate in part for the severe anemia of the double heterozygotes. Hb Knossos is relatively rare in our population, since a prospective survey on 610 individuals has failed to disclose any heterozygotes. However, the mutation appears to have spread over the Mediterranean countries and may be more common elsewhere.
Renal and Ureteral Damage
Authors: Rosser L. Mainwaring
Journal: JAMA (1963)

To the Editor:  —I am pleased to receive Dr. Mulvaney's comments, which certainly represent our feelings concerning Renacidin.  Our paper was written in order to point out a potential danger and to attempt to impress on the clinician the fact that this compound, as most of the other drugs used in the practice of medicine, must be used under controlled conditions.
Association Between Maternal Height and Childhood Outcomes
Authors: Adam E. Handel, Lahiru Handunnetthi, Sreeram V. Ramagopalan
Journal: JAMA (2010)

To the Editor: The survey study by Mr Ozaltin and colleagues described an interaction between maternal height and childhood outcomes of mortality, low weight, and stunting of growth. This study adds information regarding how health outcomes can be influenced by transgenerational effects. The authors discussed several possible mechanisms that may account for the relationship between smaller maternal stature and increased adverse outcomes in children younger than 5 years, including anatomical constraints on the pelvis during birth, intrauterine nutrient deprivation, and socioeconomic factors. Although all of these factors are almost certainly involved, another factor may be epigenetics: the control of gene expression by DNA methylation and histone modifications, a process that is increasingly understood to underlie many common conditions. The observation that childhood outcomes are affected until at least 5 years of age lends strength to a possible role for epigenetics, as this is a common molecular method of controlling gene expression over relatively long periods of time. There is evidence that individuals exposed prenatally to famine show significantly different patterns of the epigenetic alterations across many genes involved in metabolism and growth compared with their unexposed siblings. A similar mechanism could well underlie the observations in the study by Ozaltin et al. It would be particularly interesting to study the long-term outcomes of these cohorts since any putative epigenetic alterations may linger into adulthood. Low birth weight has already been shown to increase the risk of later cardiovascular and metabolic disease. This may be of practical relevance because, unlike the hardwired genome, the epigenome permits the possibility of intervention. If targeted micronutrients could alter the epigenomic effects of maternal malnutrition, it is possible that much of the poor health outcomes identified in this study could be prevented.
Prospective multicentre randomised trial of tension-free vaginal tape and colposuspension as primary treatment for stress incontinence
Authors: K. Ward
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To compare tension-free vaginal tape with colposuspension as primary treatment for stress incontinence. <b>Design:</b> Multicentred randomised comparative trial. <b>Setting:</b> Gynaecology or urology departments in 14 centres in the United Kingdom and Eire, including university teaching hospitals and district general hospitals. <b>Participants:</b> 344 women with urodynamic stress incontinence; 175 randomised to tension-free vaginal tape and 169 to colposuspension <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Assessment before treatment and at six months postoperatively with the SF-36, the Bristol female lower urinary tract symptoms questionnaire, the EQ-5D health questionnaire, a one week urinary diary, one hour perineal pad test, cystometry, and, in some centres, urethral profilometry. <b>Results:</b> 23 women in the colposuspension group and 5 in the vaginal tape group withdrew before surgery. No significant difference was found between the groups for cure rates: 115 (66%) women in the vaginal tape group and 97 (57%) in the colposuspension group were objectively cured (95% confidence interval for difference in cure −4.7% to 21.3%). Bladder injury was more common during the vaginal tape procedure; postoperative complications, in particular delayed resumption of micturition, were more common after colposuspension. Operation time, duration of hospital stay, and return to normal activity were all longer after colposuspension than after the vaginal tape procedure. <b>Conclusion:</b> Surgery with tension-free vaginal tape is associated with more operative complications than colposuspension, but colposuspension is associated with more postoperative complications and longer recovery. Vaginal tape shows promise for the treatment of urodynamic stress incontinence because of minimal access and rapid recovery times; cure rates at six months were comparable with colposuspension. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Few randomised trials exist on surgery for stress incontinence Systematic reviews suggest that colposuspension is associated with cure rates of up to 90% Case series of tension-free vaginal tape suggest cure rates of about 85%, with rapid return to normal activity <h3>What this study adds</h3> At six months the tension-free vaginal tape procedure is as effective as colposuspension for the primary treatment of stress incontinence Operative complications were more common with vaginal tape, but duration of hospital stay and return to normal activity were shorter than with colposuspension Postoperative complications were more common after colposuspension
Acute Pneumonitis after Subcutaneous Injections of Silicone in Transsexual Men
Authors: Jean Chastre, Françoise Basset, François Viau, Pierre Dournovo, Abderrezak Bouchama, Abdel Akesbi, Claude Gibert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Polydimethylsiloxane fluid (injectable silicone fluid) is widely used in breast augmentation and other cosmetic procedures. This substance undergoes little or no change in physical properties as a function of temperature, low surface tension, or aging; this fact, combined with its minimal tissue reaction and lack of immunogenicity, explains the widespread use of silicone fluid for medical purposes. However, animal studies with subcutaneously injected medical-grade silicone have shown that it can subsequently be recovered in various organs.1 , 2 Bilateral silicone implants in one patient resulted in high fever, diffuse arthritis, renal failure, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates.3 Illicit injections of silicone in human . . .
Abstract 2936: MicroRNA-205 interdiction of Src-mediated oncogenic pathways in renal cancer
Authors: Shahana Majid, Altaf A. Dar, Sharanjot Saini, Hiroshi Hirata, Varahram Shahryari, Yuichiro Tanaka, Soichiro Yamamura, Koji Ueno, Mohd Saif Zaman, Kamaldeep Singh, Inik Chang, Guoren Deng, Peter R. Carroll, Rajvir Dahiya
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction and Objective: The Src family of protein kinases (SFKs) plays key roles in regulating fundamental cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, cell shape, migration and survival, and specialized cell signals in various malignancies. The pleotropic functions of SFKs in cancer make them promising targets for intervention. We investigated the role of miR-205 in inhibition of Src-mediated oncogenic pathways in renal cancer. Methods: The methods employed in this study include quantitative-real time PCR; western blot; fluorescence-activated cell sorting assays for cell cycle distribution and apoptosis; assays for cell viabiltity, clonability, migration and invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. Luciferase reporter and mutational assays; generation of miR-205 stable cells and in-vivo study in nude mice was also performed. Results: The expression of miR-205 was significantly suppressed in renal cancer cell lines and tumors when compared with normal tissues and a non-malignant cell line, and is correlated inversely with the expression of SFKs. miR-205 significantly suppressed the luciferase activity of reporter plasmids containing the 3’UTR sequences complementary to either Src, Lyn or Yes, which was abolished by mutations in these 3’UTR regions. Over-expression of miR-205 in A498 cells reduced Src, Lyn and Yes expression both at mRNA and protein levels. Proliferation of renal cancer cells was suppressed by miR-205, mediated by the phosphoSrc-regulated ERK1/2 pathway. Cell motility factor- FAK and STAT3 activation was also inhibited by miR-205. Transient as well as stable over-expression of miR-205 in A498 cells resulted in induction of G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis as indicated by decreased levels of cyclin D1 and cMyc, suppressed cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion in renal cancer cells. miR-205 also inhibited tumor cell growth in vivo. This is the first study demonstrating that miRNA-205 inhibits proto-oncogenic Src family of kinases indicating a therapeutic potential of miR-205 in the treatment of renal cancer. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that miRNA-205 inhibits proto-oncogenic Src family of kinases indicating a therapeutic potential of miR-205 in the treatment of renal cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2936. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2936
Plasma apelin concentration is depressed following acute myocardial infarction in man
Authors: Robin A.P. Weir, Kwok Shiong Chong, Jonathan R. Dalzell, Colin J. Petrie, Charles A. Murphy, Tracey Steedman, Patrick B. Mark, Theresa A. McDonagh, Henry J. Dargie, John J.V. McMurray
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2009)
Relationship between time-to-reperfusion and 30-day mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty
Authors: Giuseppe De Luca, Harry Suryapranata, Arnoud W. ban t'Hof, Jan C. Hoorntje, Menko-Jan de Boer, Jan-Henk Dambrink, Felix Zijlstra
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Weight Loss Treatment in Obese Adults—Reply
Authors: Caroline M. Apovian, Louis J. Aronne
Journal: JAMA (2013)

In Reply As Dr Gadde correctly notes, we stated in our Commentary that 58 participants in the trial1 were nonadherent to the treatment protocol for various reasons. In the trial, 48 participants dropped out, of whom 41 returned for the final visit. Therefore, 7 were lost to follow-up.
Laboratory Test Results Altered by "The Pill"
Authors: Howard Weindling
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Oral contraceptive agents have many diverse and important extragenital effects, as manifested by alterations in laboratory test results. Drug therapy, as with oral contraceptive agents, is only one of many variables that must be considered in the knowledgeable interpretation and application of laboratory-generated data. (<i>JAMA</i>229:1762-1768, 1974)
THE SERUM TREATMENT OF TETANUS AFTER SYMPTOMS HAVE DEVELOPED
Authors: Frank van der Bogert
Journal: JAMA (1913)

That there still remains some doubt as to the value of antitetanic serum after tetanus has manifested itself is evidenced by the paper of Newberger<sup>1</sup>as late as last July, in which the statement is made that "when tetanus has set in, the value of antitoxin may be questioned." From time to time reports of cases in which unusually large doses of the serum have been used with apparent good results, have been published in the journals. Strock<sup>2</sup>of Camden, N. J., in 1907, after relating an experience extending over six or eight years with small doses and a mortality of 100 per cent., reported five cases treated with very large doses and a mortality of only 20 per cent. Strock expressed the opinion that this was not a coincidence and attributed his latest success to the much larger doses used. Livermore<sup>3</sup>of Memphis, Tenn., in 1907
Extensive posttranscriptional deletion of the coding sequences for part of nucleotide-binding fold 1 in respiratory epithelial mRNA transcripts of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene is not associated with the clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis.
Authors: C S Chu, B C Trapnell, S M Curristin, G R Cutting, R G Crystal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a recessive hereditary disorder, requiring both parental cystic fibrosis conductance transmembrane regulator (CFTR) genes to carry mutations for clinical disease to manifest, i.e., only 50% of normal CFTR gene expression is required to maintain a normal phenotype. To help define the minimum amount of normal CFTR gene expression necessary to maintain normalcy, we have capitalized on our prior observation (Chu, C.-S., B. C. Trapnell, J. J. Murtagh, Jr., J. Moss, W. Dalemans, S. Jallat, A. Mercenier, A. Pavirani, J.-P. Lecocq, G. R. Cutting, et al. 1991. EMBO [Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ] J. 10:1355-1363) that normal individuals can have up to 66% of bronchial CFTR mRNA transcripts that are missing exon 9, a region representing 21% of the sequence coding for the critical nucleotide (ATP)-binding fold 1 (NBF1) of the predicted CFTR protein. The study population included 78 individuals with no prior diagnosis of CF. Evaluation of bronchial epithelial cells (obtained by bronchoscopy) revealed that exon 9 was variably deleted in all individuals. Remarkably, there were four individuals, all greater than or equal to 35 yr, in whom bronchial epithelial cells exhibited 73, 89, 90, and 92% CFTR transcripts with inframe deletion of exon 9, respectively, despite normal sweat Cl- and no clinical manifestation of CF. In the context that only 8% or less of bronchial CFTR transcripts need exon 9 to maintain normal airway function, these observations strongly suggest that either exon 9 is not necessary for CFTR structure and/or function or that only a very small fraction of bronchial epithelial cells need to express normal CFTR mRNA transcripts with exon 9 to perform the function of CFTR sufficient to maintain a normal phenotype in vivo.
Effect of molecular charge on para- and transcellular access of horseradish peroxidase into rat bile
Authors: William G. M. Hardison, Philip J. Lowe, Miya Shanahan
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

The permeability pathway into the biliary tree for small inert molecules exhibits a charge selectivity. Using a method which distinguishes trans- from paracellular access, we have examined the charge selectivity of biliary access pathways for the 40-kD protein horseradish peroxidase (pI 7.5), which was derivatized to strongly anionic (pI &lt; 3.5) and strongly cationic (pI &gt; 9.5) isoenzymes. Each isoenzyme was injected as a bolus into the perfusate of an isolated rat liver perfused in situ with a nonrecirculating Krebs-Ringer buffer. Bile was collected at intervals and horseradish peroxidase activity was measured. Its appearance allowed differentiation of paracellular from transcellular access, and the amount entering via each pathway was quantified. The species of enzyme entering bile was the same as that injected as determined by cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography of biliary horseradish peroxidase. Paracellular biliary access of anionic horseradish peroxidase was less than 50% that of neutral and cationic horseradish peroxidase both in the control state and when paracellular entry was augmented with 10 −10 M vasopressin. Transcellular access of anionic horseradish peroxidase was similarly restricted. To determine whether this restriction of anionic transcellular access was brought about by diminished hepatocellular uptake or augmented catabolism, we studied these parameters in 4-hr primary hepatocyte cultures. The uptake rates of all species were similar. Little or no degradation or efflux of any horseradish peroxidase species occurred over 30 min in the cultured cells. We conclude that access is charge selective for macromolecules and that this selectivity holds for trans- as well as for paracellular pathways. The selectivity of transcellular access may occur at the stage of intracellular sorting for biliary excretion.
The seven ages of my BMJ
Authors: W. H Isbister
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Background: Imaging-based total kidney and liver volumes (TKV, TLV) are major prognostic factors in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and endpoints for clinical trials. However, volumetry is time-consuming and reader-dependent in clinical practice. Our aim was to develop a fully automated method for joint kidney and liver segmentation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to evaluate its performance in a multi-sequence, multicenter setting. Methods: Convolutional neural network was trained on a large multicenter dataset consisting of 992 MRI scans of 327 patients. Manual segmentation delivered ground-truth labels. The model9s performance was evaluated in a separate test dataset of 93 patients (350 MRI scans), as well as a heterogeneous external dataset of 831 MRI scans from 323 patients. Results: The segmentation model yielded excellent performance, achieving a median per-study Dice coefficient of 0.92-0.97 for the kidneys and 0.96 for the liver. Automatically computed TKV correlated highly with manual measurements (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.996-0.999) with low bias and high precision (-0.2%±4.3% for axial and 0.5%±3.5% for coronal images). TLV estimation showed an ICC of 0.999 and bias/precision of -0.5%±3.3%. For the external dataset, the automated TKV demonstrated bias and precision of -1.3±7.4%. Conclusions: Our deep learning model enabled accurate segmentation of kidneys and liver and objective assessment of TKV and TLV. Importantly, this approach was validated with axial and coronal MRI scans from 40 different scanners, making implementation in clinical routine care feasible.