tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Interleukin 12, interferon gamma, and tumor necrosis factor alpha are the key cytokines of the generalized Shwartzman reaction.
Authors: L Ozmen, M Pericin, J Hakimi, R A Chizzonite, M Wysocka, G Trinchieri, M Gately, G Garotta
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

The Shwartzman reaction is elicited by two injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. The priming LPS injection is given in the footpad, whereas the lethal LPS challenge is given intravenously 24 h later. The injection of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) or interleukin 12 (IL-12) instead of the LPS priming injection induced the lethal reaction in mice further challenged with LPS. Antibodies against IFN-gamma when given together with the priming agent, prevented the lethal reaction in mice primed with either LPS, IL-12, or IFN-gamma. Antibodies against IL-12, when given together with the priming agent, prevented the lethal reaction in mice primed with either LPS or IL-12 but not with IFN-gamma. These results strongly suggest that LPS induces the release of IL-12, that IL-12 induces the production of IFN-gamma, and that IFN-gamma is the cytokine that primes macrophages and other cell types. Upon LPS challenge, the lethal Shwartzman reaction is induced by a massive production of inflammatory cytokines that act on the target sites already sensitized by IFN-gamma. If mixtures of TNF and IL-1 or mixtures of TNF and IFN-gamma are used to challenge mice previously primed with IFN-gamma or IL-12, mortality is induced. In the same conditions, the individual cytokines or a mixture of IL-1 and IFN-gamma do not replace the LPS challenge. When the mice are primed with LPS, the combination of TNF, IL-1, and IFN-gamma induced only a partial mortality incidence suggesting that the involvement of other LPS-induced factors.
Expression of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha in interfacial membranes retrieved at revision total hip arthroplasty
Authors: J.-W. Xu
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2000)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> The interfacial membrane between bone and implant has been shown to be a key tissue in the process of aseptic loosening of total hip arthroplasty. The cells within the interfacial membrane produce numerous inflammatory mediators which, through complex mechanisms, cause periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening. Both epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor α (TGFα) have similar biological functions. They have been found to stimulate bone resorption. <h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> To investigate the presence, cellular localisation, and extent of expression of EGF and TGFα in interfacial membrane retrieved from revision total hip arthroplasty and compare it with that in synovial membrane from primary total hip arthroplasty. <h3>METHODS</h3> Ten interfacial membranes and 10 synovial membranes were stained with avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex for EGF and TGFα. The staining process was done using the Lab Vision Autostainer. The results were measured by a semiautomatic VIDAS image analysis system. <h3>RESULTS</h3> Immunoreactivity for both EGF and TGFα was found in the endothelial cells of blood vessels, macrophages, and fibroblasts, both in interfacial membranes and synovial membranes. However, the number of EGF (980 (370)) and TGFα (1070 (360)) positive cells per mm<sup>2</sup> was greater in interfacial membranes than in the synovial membranes (220 (200), 270 (100); p&lt;0.01). <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> It is suggested that owing to their increased expression in interfacial membrane, EGF and TGFα may have an important pathogenetic role in stimulating periprosthetic bone resorption in aseptic loosening of total hip arthroplasty.
Clinical significance of prolonged sinoatrial conduction time.
Authors: R C Dhingra, F Amat-y-Leon, C Wyndham, P C Deedwania, D Wu, P Denes, K M Rosen
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Prolonged (greater than 152 msec) calculated sinoatrial conduction times (SACT) were found in 24 of 470 patients studied by the atrial extrastimulus technique, ranging from 155 to 220 msec (180+/-4.4; mean+/-SEM). There were 18 males and six females with ages of 29 to 85 (mean 65+/-2.6). Electrocardiographic monitoring revealed significant sinus or atrial dysrhythmias in 19 (79%) patients. Of these 19, 15 had persistent sinus bradycardia and/or sinoatrial block, three had sinus bradyarrhythmia with paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and one had isolated atrial tachycardia. Additional electrophysiological evidence of sinus node or atrial dysfunction was present in 11 patients. Four patients needed permanent pacing during follow-up (mean follow-up period of 427+/-39 days) because of symptomatic bradyarrhythmia. Three patients died, none suddenly. In conclusion, prolonged calculated SACT was associated with a high incidence of electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic abnormalities of sinus node and/or atrium. Despite this, bradyarrhythmic morbidity was relatively low, suggesting that prolonged sinoatrial conduction time in the absence of symptoms is not an indication for prophylactic pacing.
Kidney cortex cells derived from SV40 transgenic mice retain intrinsic properties of polarized proximal tubule cells
Authors: Cécile Chalumeau, Danièle Lamblin, Soline Bourgeois, Pascale Borensztein, Régine Chambrey, Patrick Bruneval, Jean Paul Duong Van Huyen, Marc Froissart, Juerg Biber, Michel Paillard, Odile Kellermann, Josiane Poggioli
Journal: Kidney International (1999)
Euglena: An Experimental Organism for Biochemical and Biophysical Studies
Authors: Warren E. C. Wacker
Journal: JAMA (1962)

This excellent monograph summarizes the present knowledge concerning this most interesting organism,<i>Euglena gracilis</i>. In recent years,<i>Euglena</i>has been found to be an excellent tool for investigations of fundamental biology and even as an aid in clinical diagnosis since they are used to measure vitamin B<sub>12</sub>by bioassay. These simple, unicellular organisms make it possible to study such complex biological processes as photosynthesis, photoreception, phototaxic responses, and the relationship of molecular structure to the biological function of subcellular particles from a fundamental point of view. In addition,<i>Euglena</i>has proved to be a most satisfactory organism for nutritional studies. Dr. Wolken has written a very thorough review of all the aspects of this phytoflagellate, including a detailed resumé of his own contributions to the store of biological knowledge which he has gained at the hands of<i>Euglena</i>.
A6.2 Purified microbial capsular polysaccharide Galactoxylomannan (GalXM) inhibits the effector T lymphocyte arm and potentiates the regulatory counterpart in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Alessia Alunno, Eva Pericolini, Elena Gabrielli, Onelia Bistoni, Sara Caterbi, Elena Bartoloni, Riccardo Terenzi, Eleonora Valentini, Giuliana La Paglia, Siu-Kei Chow, Arturo Casadevall, Anna Vecchiarelli, Roberto Gerli
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background and Objectives</h3> We previously demonstrated that the purified microbial polysaccharide Galactoxylomannan (GalXM) from the opportunistic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is able to impair T-cell proliferation and to induce T lymphocyte apoptosis following the interaction with CD45 in normal subjects. Since T lymphocytes are crucially involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of GalXM on circulatingT-cell subsets in RA and provide the rationale for potential therapeutic application of this compound. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> Sixty RA patients and 40 healthy donors (HD) were included in the study. RA and HD magnetic sorted-CD3<sup>+</sup>, CD4<sup>+</sup> or CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>high</sup> T cells were cultured in presence or absence of GalXM (10 ng/ml), Dex (10nM), MTX (10ng/ml) or FLLL31 (5µM). Lymphocyte apoptosis was performed at different time-points evaluating propidium iodide staining and in selected experiments cleaved caspase 3 staining by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry was also employed for phenotypic analysis of T cell subsets (CD4, CD25, CD127, FoxP3, IL-17, IL-10, IL-17, TGF-β1) and for the analysis of cell proliferation evaluating CFSE dilution. Western blot was employed to assess phospho-STAT3, STAT3, FoxP3 and T-bet expression in cell lysates. Cytokine concentration in culture supernatants (IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-6, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-8, TGF-β1 and IL-10) was assessed with commercial ELISA kits. <h3>Results</h3> GalXM selectively reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis rate in RA Th1 and Th17 cells. GalXM was also able to reduce STAT3 phosphorilation eventually leading to decreased IL-17 production in surviving Th17 cells. To note, GalXM strongly up-regulated FoxP3 expression in CD4<sup>+</sup>T cells, increased the percentage of non-conventional CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>-</sup>FOXP3<sup>+</sup> Treg cells and enhanced suppressive activity of both CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>high</sup>FOXP3<sup>+</sup>and CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>-</sup>FOXP3<sup>+</sup>Treg cells. All these findings were further supported by a rebalance of effector/regulatory cytokines in culture supernatants. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Our results suggest that GalXM represents a powerful compound able to rebalance Treg/T-effector ratio in RA and therefore it is worth to be employed for therapeutic purposes in this disease.
The Newly Licensed Hepatitis B Vaccine
Authors: Saul Krugman
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The inactivated hepatitis B vaccine that was licensed in November 1981 will be distributed for general use later this year. Extensive studies have confirmed the safety, immunogenicity, and remarkable efficacy of this vaccine for the prevention of acute hepatitis B disease, asymptomatic infection, and the chronic hepatitis B carrier state. The vaccine is recommended for immunization of infants, children, and adults who are considered to be at increased risk of contracting hepatitis B infection. These population groups include medical, dental, laboratory, and other health care personnel, selected patients (eg, hemodialysis, thalassemia), clients and staff of institutions for the mentally disabled, homosexually active males, intimate contacts of carriers, users of illicit drugs, infants in high-risk areas, and other high-risk groups. The availability and appropriate use of the newly licensed hepatitis B vaccine should enable physicians to prevent a serious cause of acute and chronic liver disease.
Nurture of the Newborn
Authors: Peter Hahn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Delivery, among other things, entails a sudden cutoff of a steady flow of nutrients. The newborn has now to fend for itself until an adequate food supply is once again established. The sequence of events envisaged at present is as follows: a decrease in blood glucose concentration; an increase in the rate of glucagon release; an activation of liver and fat adenylcyclase; activation of glycogenolysis and lipolysis and, perhaps, gluconeogenesis followed by induction of key gluconeogenic enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvatecarboxykinase (PEPK), glucose-6-phosphatase and some transaminases, particularly tyrosine transaminase (TAT). In the rat, it seems that gluconeogenesis increases before glycogen breakdown.1 No data . . .
Local Infiltration of Ornithine 8-Vasopressin (POR 8) as a Vasoconstrictive Agent in Surgical Pelviscopy (Applied to Myoma Enucleation, Salpingotomy in Cases of Tubal Pregnancy and Peripheral Salpingostomy)
Authors: K. Semm, L. Mettler
Journal: Endoscopy (1988)

For better hemostasis in cases of operative pelviscopy in 60 patients Ornithine-8 Pitressin (POR 8) was applied locally as a vasoconstrictive agent in quantities of up to 50 ml at a concentration of 0.05 IU/ml. From the broad spectrum of indications for operative pelviscopy, the following procedures employing local application of a 5 % POR 8 solution to produce intraoperative ischemia are described:
Judge tries to broker treatment deal for patients with macular degeneration in funding row
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The judge presiding over a legal challenge to a primary care trust’s refusal to fund sight saving drugs on the NHS has adjourned the case in an attempt to broker a deal.

Mr Justice Forbes, sitting at the High Court in London, called on Novartis, manufacturer of ranibizumab (Lucentis), to try to work out an agreement with Warwickshire Primary Care Trust (PCT) so that the three patients who have brought the case to court can get the drug before their sight deteriorates further.

The …
Drug misuse causes major problems for women in India
Authors: S. Kumar
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Women in India face greater problems from drug misuse than men do, although these sex differences do not show up clearly in official statistics, says a new study.

The study, released last week by the United Nations International Drug Control Programme and India's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, says that misuse of drugs has a serious impact on women as mothers, wives, and sisters of misusers, but this aspect has not been adequately addressed.

“Such an impact becomes even more serious in a developing country like India where women are already disadvantaged,” says the report. The consequences include domestic …
Viruses and human brain tumors: cytomegalovirus enters the fray
Authors: Cynthia Hawkins, Sidney Croul
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Overall survival rates have improved in recent years as a result of risk-stratified treatment regimens. However, medulloblastoma remains associated with substantial mortality, and survivors often experience debilitating neurological, endocrinological, and social sequelae as a result of treatment. Targeted and less toxic therapeutic strategies are therefore needed. In this issue of the JCI, Baryawno et al. report their findings that a large percentage of primary medulloblastomas and medulloblastoma cell lines are infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and suggest that targeting this virus could provide a new way to treat individuals with medulloblastoma.
Gene expression deconvolution in clinical samples
Authors: Yingdong Zhao, Richard Simon
Journal: Genome Medicine (2010)

Cell type heterogeneity may have a substantial effect on gene expression profiling of human tissue. Several in silico methods for deconvoluting a gene expression profile into cell-type-specific subprofiles have been published but not widely used. Here, we consider recent methods and the experimental validations available for them. Shen-Orr et al. recently developed an approach called cell-type-specific significance analysis of microarray for deconvoluting gene expression. This method requires the measurement of the proportion of each cell type in each sample and the expression profiles of the heterogeneous samples. It determines how gene expression varies among pre-defined phenotypes for each cell type. Gene expression can vary substantially among cell types and sample heterogeneity can mask the identification of biologically important phenotypic correlations. Consequently, the deconvolution approach can be useful in the analysis of mixtures of cell populations in clinical samples.
lndium-111 Labeled Leukocyte Images Demonstrating a Lung Abscess with Prominent Fluid Level
Authors: JAMES D. MASSIE, HELEN WINER-MURAM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

ln-111 labeled leukocyte images show an abscess cavity with a fluid level on 24-hour upright images. Fluid levels, frequently seen on radiographs, are uncommon on nuclear images. This finding demonstrates rapid migration of labeled leukocytes into purulent abscess fluid.
Abstract 2679: Gold nanoparticles enhance the radiation therapy of a murine squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: James F. Hainfeld, Avraham Dilmanian, Zhong Zhong, Daniel N. Slatkin, John A. Kalef-Ezra, Henry M. Smilowitz
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that gold nanoparticle (AuNP, nanogold)-enhanced radiation therapy (nanogold radiation therapy, NRT) is efficacious when treating the radiation resistant and highly aggressive mouse head and neck squamous cell carcinoma model, SCCVII, and to identify parameters influencing the efficacy of NRT. Subcutaneous (sc) SCCVII leg tumors in mice were irradiated with x-rays at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) with and without prior intravenous (iv) administration of AuNPs. Variables studied included radiation dose, beam energy, temporal fractionation and hyperthermia. AuNP-mediated NRT was shown to be effective for the sc SCCVII model. AuNPs were more effective at 42 Gy than at 30 Gy (both at 68 keV median beam energy) compared to controls without gold. Similarly, at 157 keV median beam energy, 50.6 Gy NRT was more effective than 44 Gy NRT. At the same radiation dose (∼42 Gy), 68 keV was more effective than 157 keV. Hyperthermia and radiation therapy (RT) were synergistic and AuNPs enhanced this synergy, thereby further reducing TCD50 s (tumor control dose 50%) and increasing long-term survivals. It is concluded that gold nanoparticles enhance the radiation therapy of a radioresistant mouse squamous cell carcinoma. The data show that radiation dose, energy and hyperthermia influence efficacy and better define the potential utility of gold nanoparticles for cancer x-ray therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2679. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2679
La salle de garde: bastion of the French lunch hour for junior doctors
Authors: B. D Prendergast
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The Parisian teaching hospitals are guardians of a number of proud traditions, including (predictably) catering arrangements for internes , or junior doctors, at lunchtime. La salle de garde , originally conceived in the mid-19th century to provide a convivial, mess-like facility for all doctors resident in the hospital, now functions as the junior doctors' dining room, where central funds finance a simple, sustaining midday meal. Originally a bachelors' preserve, each salle retained a refined ambience (albeit male oriented), being finely decorated in the style of la belle epoque (around 1900). Nowadays, despite the advent of sexual equality, the prevailing atmosphere is somewhat akin to that of a rugby club late on a Saturday night. Artistic frescos have been replaced by lurid, semipornographic murals, which are updated regularly by students at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris to depict current members in various states of undress. Nevertheless, despite the passage of time, certain original rituals remain. Daily rituals

Internes arrive from half past 12 onwards, and after ceremonially greeting everyone present with a tap on the shoulder take their place at table in …
Left heart volume characteristics following ventricular septal defect closure in infancy.
Authors: D Cordell, T P Graham, G F Atwood, R C Boerth, R J Boucek, H W Bender
Journal: Circulation (1976)

Left ventricular and left atrial volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular muscle mass were determined preoperatively and postoperatively in 13 patients who underwent surgical closure of ventricular septal defects in the first two years of life. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume and systolic output averaged 255 +/- 19% (+/- SEM) and 240 +/- 19% of normal, respectively, before operation but fell to within normal limits postoperatively. Left ventricular ejection fraction was normal preoperatively (100 +/- 4% of normal) and remained so after correction (106 +/- 3%, NS). Left ventricular mass was mildly elevated at the preoperative catheterization (271 +/- 21%) and decreased significantly following repair (P less than 0.001). However, the postoperative left atrial volume (147 +/- 14%) remained abnormal (P greater than 0.05). These data suggest that when early surgical closure of a ventricular septal defect is necessary because of failure of medical management, good results with regard to postoperative left ventricular size and function can be expected.
Loss of Office for National Statistics data will increase health inequalities
Authors: Rahul Tony Rao
Journal: BMJ (2013)

I have spent the past 15 years using data from the Office for National Statistics to inform policy and improve service delivery in relation to the growing trend of alcohol misuse in older people (www.alcoholandolderhealth.co.uk).1 These data have led to the publication of a landmark report and series of articles that include epidemiological and demographic aspects …
Periodic Physician Recredentialing
Authors: Todd J. Cohen
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor. —  Gellhorn's article 1 points out that physicians who have received board certification prior to time-limited certificates will be exempt from recredentialing. These physicians may have been removed from training for the longest period and would surely benefit from the necessity to keep abreast of changes in their medical specialty. I am all for periodic recredentialing but feel that this process should apply to all physicians.
Antibodies to T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus can induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against human T cells.
Authors: S Kumagai, A D Steinberg, I Green
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often have circulating antibodies to T cells. These patients also often have leukopenia and diminished numbers of T lymphocytes. In addition, certain T lymphocyte functions are frequently impaired in patients with SLE. It has been previously considered that a complement-dependent cytotoxic mechanism was responsible for the above observations. We now demonstrate that antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), a cytotoxic reaction mediated by antibody and effector cells in the absence of complement, can also kill T cells from normal individuals as well as from patients with SLE. Moreover, this ADCC could be observed using the plasma, effector cells, and target cells all obtained from the same individual with SLE. Plasma of those patients with active SLE, and in whom anti-T cell antibodies could be demonstrated by the more classical complement-dependent cytotoxicity, was most often able to mediate such an ADCC reaction. The IgG fraction of the plasma was responsible for inducing ADCC, and aggregated IgG could block the reaction. The fact that the IgG fraction was often more effective than the unfractionated plasma suggested that immune complexes present in SLE plasma might partially block the expression of ADCC. Because a single SLE plasma could induce ADCC in T cells from several different unrelated individuals, it is unlikely that antibodies directed against particular human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or blood group antigens are involved.