tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A one-handed method for obtaining arterial blood
Authors: E. L. Altschuler
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

Reporting a high rate of needle-stick injuries, Mr Elmiyeh and his colleagues (July 2004 JRSM1) offer no detail on the techniques. I would not be surprised if arterial puncture was overrepresented. Here I describe a one-handed method that might lessen the hazard.
Breast Disease for Gynecologists
Authors: Bernard A. Eskin
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<i>Breast Disease for Gynecologists</i>enters into a gray area between the gynecologist and surgeon. Since 1986, the Council on Resident Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology has required all obstetrics-gynecology residents to have training in the diagnosis and management of breast diseases. Previously, most gynecologists had accepted the principle that general or breast surgeons performed all invasive breast procedures, diagnostic and therapeutic. With radical surgical procedures being done by these specialists, it was considered less efficient to have the evaluations and follow-ups done by others. Recently, less radical breast surgery has become common, after many years of follow-up studies that show acceptable results using limited surgery with chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Some gynecologists have taken additional training to perform breast surgery, approved by both surgical and gynecologic departments. Thus, this book serves to provoke controversy that can be solved only by a reevaluation of the responsibilities of both specialties. Gynecologists assume
CHEMOTHERAPY OF ONCHOCERCIASIS: A CONTROLLED COMPARISON OF MEBENDAZOLE, LEVAMISOLE, AND DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE
Authors: A.R. Rivas-Alcalá, HughR. Taylor, A.M. Ruvalcaba-Macías, CharlesD. Mackenzie, BruceM. Greene, A. Domíguez-Vázquez, C. Lugo-Pfeiffer, F. Beltrán H
Journal: The Lancet (1981)
Drug Defaulting in a General Practice
Authors: A. M. W. Porter
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Different groups of patients in a general practice have been under close observation by defined methods to assess the extent of their adherence to drug schedules. Patients taking antibiotics, admitted to a short drug trial and prescribed long-term treatments, proved in most cases to be compliant. Antenatal patients taking a once-daily dosage of prophylactic iron were more co-operative than those taking divided dosages. Socially isolated patients and those of low social class were particularly likely to neglect their drugs.It is suggested that the significance and extent of the problem have been largely ignored and that all drug trials undertaken on outpatients should incorporate methods of detecting defaulters.
Protein heterogeneity in the human Ro/SSA ribonucleoproteins. The 52- and 60-kD Ro/SSA autoantigens are encoded by separate genes.
Authors: K Itoh, Y Itoh, M B Frank
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Two cDNA clones encoding the 52-kD form of a protein present in human Ro/SSA ribonucleoprotein complexes were cloned from a lambda gt11 human thymocyte cDNA library. These clones reacted with lupus patient sera which had anti-52-kD Ro/SSA antibodies, and with affinity-purified anti-52-kD Ro/SSA antibodies. Moreover, affinity-purified antibodies isolated from isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-induced proteins of these clones reacted only with the 52-kD protein of lymphocytes in Western blots and precipitated Ro/SSA hY RNAs, confirming that the clones encode a 52-kD Ro/SSA antigen. The cDNA contains a single open reading frame of 1,425 nucleotides and encodes a predicted 475-amino acid polypeptide with a molecular mass of 54,108 D. This protein appears unique in that both a zinc finger and leucine zipper motif are present on this protein. Surprisingly, no homology was found between the 52-kD Ro/SSA gene or protein and three published 60-kD Ro/SSA sequences. However, significant similarity of the 52-kD Ro/SSA was detected with human rfp and mouse rpt-1. These three proteins each contain similar zinc finger motifs in approximately their first 145 amino acid residues. The cDNA and the protein expressed therefrom are useful in the analysis of the structural and functional properties of this autoantigen.
Cooperation of the Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cytochrome P450 1A1 inMediating Lung Inflammation and Mutagenicity Induced by DieselExhaust Particles
Authors: Hongwen Zhao, Mark W. Barger, Joseph K.H. Ma, Vincent Castranova, Jane Y.C. Ma
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) have been shown to activate oxidant generation by alveolar macrophages (AMs), alter xenobiotic metabolic pathways, and modify the balance of pro-antiinflammatory cytokines. In this study we investigated the role of nitric oxide (NO) in DEP-mediated and DEP organic extract (DEPE)-mediated inflammatory responses and evaluated the interaction of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally (IT) instilled with saline, DEPs (35 mg/kg), or DEPEs (equivalent to 35 mg DEP/kg), with or without further treatment with an iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AG; 100 mg/kg), by intraperitoneal injection 30 min before and 3, 6, and 9 hr after IT exposure. At 1 day postexposure, both DEPs and DEPEs induced iNOS expression and NO production by AMs. AG significantly lowered DEP- and DEPE-induced iNOS activity but not the protein level while attenuating DEPE- but not DEP-mediated pulmonary inflammation, airway damage, and oxidant generation by AMs. DEP or DEPE exposure resulted in elevated secretion of both interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-10 by AMs. AG significantly reduced DEP- and DEPE-activated AMs in IL-12 production. In comparison, AG inhibited IL-10 production by DEPE-exposed AMs but markedly increased its production by DEP-exposed AMs, suggesting that NO differentially regulates the pro- and antiinflammatory cytokine balance in the lung. Both DEPs and DEPEs induced CYP1A1 expression. AG strongly inhibited CYP1A1 activity and lung S9 activity-dependent 2-aminoanthracene mutagenicity. These studies show that NO plays a major role in DEPE-induced lung inflammation and CYP-dependent mutagen activation but a lesser role in particulate-induced inflammatory damage.
Michael Alexander McDonald
Authors: Anne McDonald
Journal: BMJ (2007)

<b>Aims.</b> The CDX1 and CDX2 homeoproteins are intestine-specific transcription factors regulating homeostasis. We investigated their relevance in experimentally-induced intestinal inflammation. <b>Methods.</b> The response to intestinal inflammation induced by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) was compared in wild type, Cdx1-/- and Cdx2+/- mice. Intestinal permeability was determined in wild type and Cdx2+/- mice. Protein-protein interactions were investigated by co-immunoprecipitation and GST-pulldown, and their functional consequences were assessed using Luciferase reporter systems. <b>Results.</b> Heterozygous Cdx2+/- mice, but not Cdx1-/- mice, were hypersensitive to DSS-induced acute inflammation as all these mice showed blood in the stools at day 1 of DSS treatment. Hypersensitivity was associated to a 50% higher intestinal permeability. In Cdx2+/- mice, the colonic epithelium was repaired during the week after the end of DSS treatment, whereas two weeks were required for wild type animals. Subsequently, no colonic tumour was observed in Cdx2+/- mice subjected to 5 repeated cycles of DSS, in contrast to the 2.7 tumours found per wild type mouse. Based on the fact that Smad3+/- mice, like Cdx2+/- mice, better repair the damaged intestinal epithelium, we found that the CDX2 protein interacts with SMAD3, independently of SMAD4, resulting in a 5-fold stimulation of SMAD3 transcriptional activity. CDX1 also interacted with SMAD3 but it inhibited by 10-fold the SMAD3/SMAD4-dependent transcription. <b>Conclusion.</b> The Cdx1 and Cdx2 homeobox genes have distinct effects on the outcome of a pro-inflammatory challenge. This is mirrored by different functional interactions of the CDX1 and CDX2 proteins with SMAD3, a major element of the TGFβ signalling pathway.
Government's "agenda for discussion"
Authors: A J Merry
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Congress of the European Society of MagneticResonance in Medicine and Biology, Aberdeen 1986).In addition, the presence and extent of periventricular "lucency," representing a local increase in water content, is more clearly shown with magnetic resonance imaging.We think that cerebrospinal fluid volume measurements and ventricular:cortical sulcal ratios will provide a more rational basis for diagnosis and management.
SURGICAL WORK AT THE MILITARY HOSPITAL, CAIRO
Authors: J. C. Jefferson, O. H. Blacklay
Journal: BMJ (1915)

THIE followina is an account of the miiost important of the su:rgical work done amnongst the men of tlie East Lancaslhire Division (T.F.) at-the Militarv Hospitai Citadel, Cairo, dturing the five monthis froiml the beginning of
Compensation for needlestick injury is profoundly mistaken
Authors: S. F Hayes
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Guideline for primary care management of dementia Such guidelines should consider all relevant effective treatmentsEditor-Evidence based guidelines have a responsibility to consider all the relevant effective treatments and not to concentrate only on those with which clinicians are familiar.I was surprised by a serious omission from the North of England evidence based guidelines for the primary care management of dementia 1 -of category I evidence for the effectiveness of Ginkgo biloba extract in dementia, from a large randomised controlled trial. 2 The number needed to treat for a 4 point improvement in the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's disease assessment scale at one year of follow up has been calculated as 7.9 (95% confidence interval 4.2 to 67); for a significant improvement in the geriatric assessment by relative's rating instrument (a daily living and social behaviour score assessed by family members) it was 7.0 (3.3 to 97).The dose of G biloba extract was 120 mg a day. 3 G biloba extract is available over the counter, and the cost of a year's treatment (from one major supermarket) is £85.A year's treatment with donepezil, by contrast, costs £891 for 5 mg and £1248 for 10 mg.
Orchitis in the Course of Severe Chicken Pox with Pneumonitis, Followed by Testicular Atrophy
Authors: Conrad Wesselhoeft, C. M. Pearson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

CHICKEN pox usually runs a simple and uneventful course. Although the virus apparently is widely diffused through the body, injury to the remote organs is rare. Nevertheless, this virus disease is capable of producing formidable manifestations not only in the skin but also in other parts of the body, giving rise to a miliary type of pneumonia, several forms of encephalitis and nephritis. In a search through the literature we have found only 1 case of orchitis and epididymitis in the course of chicken pox.1 In the following case a unilateral orchitis and epididymitis occurred in conjunction with miliary pneumonia; . . .
Long-term tolerance after allergen immunotherapy is accompanied by selective persistence of blocking antibodies
Authors: Louisa K. James, Mohamed H. Shamji, Samantha M. Walker, Duncan R. Wilson, Petra A. Wachholz, James N. Francis, Mikila R. Jacobson, Ian Kimber, Stephen J. Till, Stephen R. Durham
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Iron deficiency accelerates Helicobacter pylori–induced carcinogenesis in rodents and humans
Authors: Jennifer M. Noto, Jennifer A. Gaddy, Josephine Y. Lee, M. Blanca Piazuelo, David B. Friedman, Daniel C. Colvin, Judith Romero-Gallo, Giovanni Suarez, John Loh, James C. Slaughter, Shumin Tan, Douglas R. Morgan, Keith T. Wilson, Luis E. Bravo, Pelayo Correa, Timothy L. Cover, Manuel R. Amieva, Richard M. Peek
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Gastric adenocarcinoma is strongly associated with Helicobacter pylori infection; however, most infected persons never develop this malignancy. H. pylori strains harboring the cag pathogenicity island (cag+), which encodes CagA and a type IV secretion system (T4SS), induce more severe disease outcomes. H. pylori infection is also associated with iron deficiency, which similarly augments gastric cancer risk. To define the influence of iron deficiency on microbial virulence in gastric carcinogenesis, Mongolian gerbils were maintained on iron-depleted diets and infected with an oncogenic H. pyloricag+ strain. Iron depletion accelerated the development of H. pylori–induced premalignant and malignant lesions in a cagA-dependent manner. H. pylori strains harvested from iron-depleted gerbils or grown under iron-limiting conditions exhibited enhanced virulence and induction of inflammatory factors. Further, in a human population at high risk for gastric cancer, H. pylori strains isolated from patients with the lowest ferritin levels induced more robust proinflammatory responses compared with strains isolated from patients with the highest ferritin levels, irrespective of histologic status. These data demonstrate that iron deficiency enhances H. pylori virulence and represents a measurable biomarker to identify populations of infected persons at high risk for gastric cancer.
Effects of Nonlipid Risk Factors on Atherosclerosis in Youth With a Favorable Lipoprotein Profile
Authors: Henry C. McGill, C. Alex McMahan, Arthur W. Zieske, Gray T. Malcom, Richard E. Tracy, Jack P. Strong
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —The strong association between coronary heart disease and dyslipoproteinemia has often overshadowed the effects of the nonlipid risk factors–smoking, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance–and even led to questioning the importance of these risk factors in the presence of a favorable lipoprotein profile. Methods and Results —A cooperative multicenter study, the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY), examined the relation of the nonlipid risk factors to atherosclerosis in 629 men and 227 women 15 to 34 years of age who died of external causes and who had a favorable lipoprotein profile (non-HDL cholesterol &lt;4.14 mmol/L [&lt;160 mg/dL] and HDL cholesterol ≥0.91 mmol/L [≥35 mg/dL]). In the abdominal aorta, smokers had more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions than nonsmokers, and hypertensive blacks had more raised lesions than normotensive blacks. In the right coronary artery, hypertensive blacks had more raised lesions than normotensive blacks, obese men (body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 ) had more extensive fatty streaks and raised lesions than nonobese men, and individuals with impaired glucose intolerance had more extensive fatty streaks. Obese men had more severe lesions (American Heart Association grade 2 through 5) of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Conclusions —These substantial effects of the nonlipid risk factors on the extent and severity of coronary and aortic atherosclerosis, even in the presence of a favorable lipoprotein profile, support the need to control all cardiovascular risk factors.
WHO cannot reach displaced people in Lebanon and Gaza
Authors: Owen Dyer, John Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Civilians, hospitals, and infrastructure vital to public health have not been spared by any of the parties to the escalating conflict in the Middle East, according to reports from international aid agencies.

As the BMJ went to press, casualties stood at approximately 50 dead in the Gaza Strip, most of them reportedly Hamas militants. Israel had 24 dead, half of them civilians, and almost …
Methimazole and generation of oxygen radicals by monocytes: potential role in immunosuppression.
Authors: A P Weetman, M E Holt, A K Campbell, R Hall, A M McGregor
Journal: BMJ (1984)

A study was conducted investigating the possibility that the immunosuppressive action of methimazole (the active metabolite of the antithyroid drug carbimazole) might be due to an effect on the production of oxygen radicals by monocytes. Techniques comprised measurement of luminol dependent chemoluminescence in monocytes and a spectrophotometric assay for production of hydrogen peroxide. The results showed definite inhibition of formation of oxygen radicals by resting and stimulated monocytes, which may explain the immunosuppressive action of the drug in Graves9 disease. The findings also suggest that the formation of oxygen radicals and the initiation of the immune response may be closely related.
n of 1 trials
Authors: K B Saunders
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR,—I am not at all sure where you are trying to lead us. In the “editor's choice” in the issue of 22 October you say: “One sort of study that most doctors could undertake is an n of 1 trial in which treatments are allocated randomly and in double blind fashion to a single patient. … If you have a patient for whom you are not sure whether one drug will be better …
Photosensitivity Induced by Drugs
Authors: Rudolf L. Baer
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Drug-induced photosensitivity reactions are unique in that exposure to both light and the drug is required for the adverse cutaneous reaction to occur. Direct sunlight is the usual light source; however, sometimes diffuse daylight or artificial light will elicit a reaction. The photosensitizing drug may be administered topically, orally, or parenterally. Since the lesions are confined to the light-exposed areas, they commonly involve the face, backs of the hands, extensor and radial aspects of the forearms, V of the neck, and, in women, the anterior aspects of the lower legs. Those most frequently seen are sunburn-like and intensely erythematous, but often the lesions look like exaggerated sunburns with edema, vesiculation, and bullae. Less frequently, the lesions are eczematous (papulovesicular), lichen planus-like, morbilliform, or, very rarely, urticarial. Although the eruption usually disappears rapidly and uneventfully within a few days after the offending drug has been withdrawn, in rare instances it may
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF IMMUNE SERA AND PURIFIED ANTIBODY PREPARATIONS
Authors: Arne Tiselius, Elvin A. Kabat
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1939)

1. Antibody produced in the horse migrates as a new serum component between the beta and gamma components, whereas rabbit antibody is electrophoretically identical with the gamma globulin component of the serum. 2. In rabbit and monkey antisera the percentage of antibody in the serum and in the gamma globulin fraction can be determined by integration of the electrophoresis diagrams of unabsorbed and absorbed sera. Antibody solutions of high purity can be obtained by electrophoretic isolation of the gamma globulin of rabbit antisera in which the percentage of antibody to total gamma globulin is high. 3. The isoelectric points of pig, cow, horse, and rabbit antibodies have been determined. 4. In horse sera prolonged immunization is accompanied by the formation of another antibody component of lower mobility.
John Bishop Borthwick
Authors: G. Mooney, T B Anthony
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Grant Mooney writes:

John Bishop Borthwick, or “Jake,” as he was affectionately known to patients and colleagues, achieved a remarkable, if not unique, “double” in 1938. He passed his MRCP and played on the winning side for Scotland against Wales and Ireland at rugby, but a shoulder injury resulted in him calling off against England, when Scotland again won, with the redoubtable captain Wilson Shaw leading the famous Triple Crown victory. Sadly in this year of triumph, Jake’s father, having witnessed his son’s successes, complained of failing vision. Jake diagnosed malignant hypertension with the awareness that his father had but a few months to live with what was then …
Frequent somatic mutations and homozygous deletions of the p16 (MTS1) gene in pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Carlos Caldas, Stephan A. Hahn, Luis T. da Costa, Mark S. Redston, Mieke Schutte, Albert B. Seymour, Craig L. Weinstein, Ralph H. Hruban, Charles J. Yeo, Scott E. Kern
Journal: Nature Genetics (1994)
WHAT HAPPENS TO PATIENTS WHO ARE HOSPITALIZED FOR THE FIRST TIME WHEN OVER SIXTY-FIVE YEARS OF AGE
Authors: OSWALDO CAMARGO, GEORGE H. PRESTON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1945)

Studying all first admissions of patients over 65 years old to the state mental hospitals in Maryland, during 1938, 1939 and 1940, we found: (A) The group 65-69 years old was larger than the other groups; 65-69, 30%; 70-74, 26%, 75-79, 21%; 8o up, 23%. (B) There were 12% more males than females. No significant difference was noted in regard to race. The percentage of negroes (18% for negro against 82% for white) corresponds to the proportion of negro population in the state. There is some difference regarding sex among the colored patients [See Table 6 in Source PDF] (65% colored male against 33% colored female). (C) Regarding marital status, there were many more married (34%) and widowed (46%) than single (16%) and divorced (4%). Among the married, there were more male (73%) than female (27%); the same was observed among divorced (male 80% and female 20%). More than one-half of the patients over 75 years of age were widowed. (D) Eighty-five percent of our patients over 65 years of age were diagnosed either as psychotics with cerebral arteriosclerosis (37%) or senile psychotics (48%). Following up all patients for three years after admission, we found: (1) In the first year 47% died and 8% were discharged as improved or unimproved. During the second year, 11% more died and 1% were discharged. In the third year, 8% died and only 0.6% were discharged. In three years there were 66% dead, 10% discharged and 24% remained under care in the hospital. Deaths occur soon after admission. Approximately 16% of all patients die during the first month, and 46% by the end of the first year. The death rate was higher for male patients (73% in three years), than for female (59% in three years). (2) The great majority of discharges occurred in the first year following admission (82% of all discharged). (3) In relation to diagnoses, 66% of the patients classified as psychosis with cerebral arteriosclerosis died as against 70.7% of the senile psychotics. (4) Following up for five to six years the group of patients over 65 years of age admitted in 1938, we found that 77.8% died, 10.4% were discharged and only 11.7% remained under hospital care. (5) The duration of life of our patients over 65 years of age was shorter than the average duration expected for the general population. For the first year after admission, the mortality rates were very high, ranging from 24 to 11½ times the mortality rates expected for the general population.