tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Critical role for thyroid hormone receptor β2 in the regulation of paraventricular thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons
Authors: E. Dale Abel, Rexford S. Ahima, Mary-Ellen Boers, Joel K. Elmquist, Fredric E. Wondisford
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

Thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3) production is regulated by feedback inhibition of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) synthesis in the pituitary and hypothalamus when T3 binds to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) interacting with the promoters of the genes for the TSH subunit and TRH. All of the TR isoforms likely participate in the negative regulation of TSH production in vivo, but the identity of the specific TR isoforms that negatively regulate TRH production are less clear. To clarify the role of the TR-β2 isoform in the regulation of TRH gene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, we examined preprothyrotropin-releasing hormone (prepro-TRH) expression in mice lacking the TR-β2 isoform under basal conditions, after the induction of hypothyroidism with propylthiouracil, and in response to T3 administration. Prepro-TRH expression was increased in hypothyroid wild-type mice and markedly suppressed after T3 administration. In contrast, basal TRH expression was increased in TR-β2–null mice to levels seen in hypothyroid wild-type mice and did not change significantly in response to induction of hypothyroidism or T3 treatment. However, the suppression of TRH mRNA expression in response to leptin reduction during fasting was preserved in TR-β2–null mice. Thus TR-β2 is the key TR isoform responsible for T3-mediated negative-feedback regulation by hypophysiotropic TRH neurons.
Comparative trial of endocrine versus cytotoxic treatment in advanced breast cancer.
Authors: T Priestman, M Baum, V Jones, J Forbes
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Ninety-two women with advanced breast cancer were allocated at random to receive either cytotoxic or endocrine treatment. Out of 45 women included in the cytotoxic treatment group, 22 (49%) achieved complete or partial remission of their disease, whereas of the 47 included in the endocrine treatment group, only 10 (21%) achieved such remission. Significantly longer survival times in the cytotoxic treatment group were most apparent among premenopausal women, 75% of such patients responding to cytotoxic drugs (median survival 46 weeks) compared with only 11% benefiting from ovarian ablation (median survival 12 weeks). In postmenopausal women with predominantly soft-tissue disease, however, additive hormonal treatment with tamoxifen produced remission rates and survival times equivalent to those produced by cytotoxic drugs.
Minimal chronic hyperglycemia is a critical determinant of impaired insulin secretion after an incomplete pancreatectomy.
Authors: J L Leahy, S Bonner-Weir, G C Weir
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

We now describe experiments that allow one to determine the consequences of B cell reduction alone vs. those that result from superimposed mild hyperglycemia. Male CD rats underwent a 60% pancreatectomy (Px); controls were sham operated. 1 wk later, either 10% sucrose (SUC) was substituted as fluid supply or tap water was continued (WAT). Plasma glucose and insulin values in Px-WAT remained equal to the sham groups; in Px-SUC the values were euglycemic for 25 d, but then nonfasting plasma glucose rose 15 mg/dl. After 6 wk, B cell mass in Px-WAT was reduced by 45% and non-B cell mass by 57%. In contrast, in Px-SUC both masses were comparable to the sham groups. The insulin response to 27.7 mM glucose was measured using the in vitro perfused pancreas. The responses were reduced in Px-WAT but in proportion to their reduced B cell mass; in contrast, it was 75% less than expected in Px-SUC. Also, the response to arginine given at 16.7 mM glucose was reduced only in Px-SUC. These results show that a lowering of B cell mass that does not result in hyperglycemia has no adverse effect on the remaining B cells. On the other hand, if even mild hyperglycemia develops, B cell function becomes impaired and results in inappropriately reduced insulin stores and insulin responses to marked stimuli.
79 Induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies is associated with viral clearance in a single-source outbreak of hepatitis C
Authors: M.B. Zeisel, J.M. Pestka, P. Schürmann, B. Bartosch, F.L. Cosset, A. Patel, H. Meisel, K. Rispeter, H.E. Blum, M. Roggendorf, T.F. Baumert
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Mitigation of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>‐Mediated Surgical Site Infections with IR Photoactivated TiO<sub>2</sub> coatings on Ti Implants
Authors: Asem Aboelzahab, Abdul‐Majeed Azad, Shawn Dolan, Vijay Goel
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

Abstract Surgical site infections caused by methicillin‐resistant and methicillin‐susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, MSSA) lead to patient hospitalization for an extended period coupled with concomitant hospitalization resources and cost. The detrimental effect resulting from the onset of these infections poses great health risks, leading to death in some instances. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) is endowed with the unique capability of photoactivity which has been extensively exploited in antibacterial activities. It has been shown to be very effective in its bactericidal efficacy against infection‐causing bacterial strains, namely, E. coli and S. aureus . In this study, the use of IR‐photoactivated TiO 2 nanocoatings on titanium implants to mitigate the onset of surgical site infections is described. TiO 2 coatings were created on implantable materials by way of an aqueous plasma electrodeposition technique and were used to mitigate the harmful bacterial growth upon brief activation by an infrared (IR) laser source. The necrosis of S. aureus cells was found to exceed 90% within 30 min. following a 30s exposure of the titania‐coated model implants (Ti mesh and plate). Promising potential of antibacterial coatings in mitigating surgical site infections has been shown.
Basal-like Cells Constitute the Proliferating Cell Population in Cystic Fibrosis Airways
Authors: Judith A. Voynow, Bernard M. Fischer, Bruce C. Roberts, Alan D. Proia
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2005)

Cystic fibrosis airways are recurrently exposed to noxious stimuli, leading to epithelial injury. Previous reports suggest that cystic fibrosis airway epithelia may respond to injury by increasing proliferation.We sought to determine the characteristics of the proliferating cell population in cystic fibrosis airways.Six cystic fibrosis and six normal lung sections from lung transplant recipients or lung surgery were obtained from the Duke Hospital pathology archives. Sections containing bronchi were evaluated for epithelial cell proliferation using immunohistochemistry for a nuclear proliferation antigen, Ki-67, and image analysis; immunohistochemistry for basal cells using a cytokeratin 5/14 antibody; and immunohistochemistry for the epidermal growth factor receptor and ErbB2, two receptor tyrosine kinases implicated in epithelial proliferation and differentiation.Overall, cystic fibrosis sections had a greater proliferation index than control sections with 25.1 +/- 2.1% positively staining nuclei/total nuclei compared with control sections, 4.6 +/- 0.9% (p = 0.002). In cystic fibrosis sections only, there were areas of hyperplastic cuboidal cells adjacent to normal pseudostratified columnar epithelial sections; in these areas of epithelial hyperplasia, there was uniform Ki-67 staining, indicating a zone of proliferating cells. The proliferating cell population also expressed the basal cell cytokeratins 5/14 and epidermal growth factor receptor. Expression of ErbB2 was diminished in the proliferating cells.Our results suggest that basal-like cells, expressing the epidermal growth factor receptor, constitute the proliferating cell population in cystic fibrosis airways.
Do health improvement programmes fit with MRC guidance on evaluating complex interventions?
Authors: M. Mackenzie, C. O'Donnell, E. Halliday, S. Sridharan, S. Platt
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Although planning of new health policy could be improved to enable more robust evaluation, <b>Mhairi Mackenzie and colleagues</b> argue that randomised controlled trials are not always suitable or practical
Erosive pustular dermatosis of the leg: report of three cases
Authors: M.C. Brouard, C. Prins, P. Chavaz, J-H. Saurat, L. Borradori
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2002)

Journal Article Erosive pustular dermatosis of the leg: report of three cases Get access M.C. Brouard, M.C. Brouard Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, CH‐1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. Prins, C. Prins Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, CH‐1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. Chavaz, P. Chavaz Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, CH‐1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J‐H. Saurat, J‐H. Saurat Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, CH‐1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. Borradori L. Borradori Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, CH‐1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland Luca Borradori. E‐mail: Luca.Borradori@hcuge.ch Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 147, Issue 4, 1 October 2002, Pages 765–769, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04878.x Published: 01 October 2002 Article history Accepted: 31 January 2002 Published: 01 October 2002
Chemically induced leukemia in humans.
Authors: R H Adamson, S M Seiber
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1981)

The human population may be exposed to potentially leukemogenic agents, either in the form of drugs and food additives or as environmental contaminants and pollutants. However, in spite of the large number and diversity of these chemicals, only a few have been implicated as human leukemogens. One such agent is benzene, a known bone marrow depressant. A number of case reports have associated chronic exposure to this agent with the development of acute leukemia, as have several epidemiologic surveys. Treatment with various antitumor agents, including procarbazine, melphalan, thio-TEPA, chlorambucil, and cyclophosphamide, has also been associated with the development of acute leukemia. In addition, chloramphenicol and phenylbutazone have been implicated as human leukemogens, but the association between exposure to these two agents and acute leukemia appears at present to be weaker than it is for benzene and antitumor agent exposure. Despite such associations between exposure to chemicals and acute leukemia, several important problems exist with regard to implicating specific agents in the development of this neoplasm in man, including the paucity of animal models for chemically induced leukemia, and the frequent necessity to rely on single case reports or clusters of cases in which chemical exposures are associated with acute leukemia. Future efforts should be directed at performing properly designed and well executed epidemiologic studies, and at developing new in vitro and in vivo models for the study of this neoplasm.
Burns after photodynamic therapy: manufacturer's response to second authors' reply
Authors: R. J Dow
Journal: BMJ (2000)

EDITOR—Scotia Holdings notes the publication of a response on bmj.com by two of the authors of a drug point headed “Burns after photodynamic therapy,”1 originally published in the BMJ of 6 May.2 [This response was also published as a letter in last week's journal.3] …
Blunt Chest Trauma: General Principles of Management
Authors: Alan T. Marty
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Lap and shoulder safety belts have changed the anatomic distribution of motor vehicle injuries. Head injuries have declined, while blunt chest trauma now appears more commonly. Unfortunately, and "especially when enmeshed in the web of other more obvious internal and external insults," physicians may discover too late that the diagnosis of certain closed-chest injuries has eluded them. Accordingly, this monograph focuses our attention on blunt thoracic trauma. The best and truly unique chapters cover unusual lesions: tracheobronchial disruption, esophageal injuries, traumatic asphyxia, diaphragmatic rupture, aortic transection, and blunt pericardial and cardiac trauma. Regarding these topics, nowhere else can one find so much original case material and so extensive a literature review. Throughout, the authors emphasize the mechanism of injury to facilitate the high index of suspicion often necessary for their diagnosis. New approaches discussed by the authors include (1) a preference for open-chest resuscitation in patients with combined blunt-chest trauma
The Physiological Basis of Hearing: A Review
Authors: Joseph Sataloff
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This is a unique book of outstanding importance to students, researchers, and, especially, otologists. It crystallizes electrophysiology from the cochlea to the cortex and provides a solid foundation for understanding the auditory system. The authors have put together and simplified complex concepts and research, including 1,269 references. The major chapters discuss the physiology of the inner ear, the physiology of the afferent auditory pathway, and slow evoked potentials. This last chapter is exceptionally important for practicing otolaryngologists and may provide ideas on which to base future research for new developments on tinnitus, nerve deafness, and other problems still confronting otologists. The numerous figures included are clear and illustrate the text most effectively. Anyone interested in the ear will benefit by repeated reading of this excellent textbook.
Using fasting plasma glucose concentrations to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus: prospective population based study
Authors: D. Perucchini, U. Fischer, G. A Spinas, R. Huch, A. Huch, R. Lehmann
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate whether measuring fasting plasma glucose concentration is an easier screening procedure for gestational diabetes mellitus than the 1 hour 50 g glucose challenge test. <b>Design:</b> Prospective population based study. <b>Setting:</b> Outpatient clinic in a university hospital. <b>Participants:</b> 520 pregnant women (328 (63%) white, 99 (19%) Asian, 31 (6%) African, 62 (12%) others) with mean age 28.4 (SD 0.2; range 17-45) years. All underwent a glucose challenge test between the 24th and 28th gestational week, followed by a diagnostic 3 hour 100 g oral glucose tolerance test within one week. This was done irrespective of the result of the challenge test. <b>Main outcome measure:</b> Receiver operating curves were used to determine the best cut off values for screening with fasting plasma glucose concentrations. <b>Results:</b> Fasting plasma glucose concentration at a threshold value of 4.8 mmol/l and the glucose challenge test with a threshold value of 7.8 mmol/l yielded sensitivities of 81% and 59% respectively and specificities of 76% and 91% respectively. Measuring fasting plasma glucose concentration as a screening procedure required a diagnostic test in 30%, compared with 14% when the challenge test was used. <b>Conclusions:</b> Measuring fasting plasma glucose concentrations using a cut off value of ≥4.8 mmol/l is an easier screening procedure for gestational diabetes than the 50 g glucose challenge test and allows 70% of women to avoid the challenge test. <h3>Key messages</h3> Identifying women susceptible to gestational diabetes is particularly important not only to prevent perinatal morbidity but also to improve long term outcomes for the mother and her child Measuring fasting plasma glucose concentration is an easier screening procedure for gestational diabetes than the 1 hour 50 g glucose challenge test With a threshold value of 4.8 mmol/l it yields a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 76% Measuring fasting plasma glucose concentration allows 70% of women to avoid a glucose challenge test
Surgery Annual, 1971
Authors: Alvin M. Cotlar
Journal: JAMA (1972)

This multi-authored volume has particular interest for surgical residents at all levels of training, surgeons preparing for the American Board of Surgery examination, and any practicing surgeon who wants to update his knowledge of specific surgical problems. The book presents a detailed review of such time-honored subjects as pulmonary physiology, shock, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, and burn management. Newer topics, including progress in clinical organ transplantation, urodynamics, gastrointestinal telemetry, and cardiac pacing are equally well discussed. Valuable clinical considerations in the management of carcinoma of the breast are presented in light of the author's experience with the National Adjuvant Breast Project. Three important chapters deal with orthopedic topics. One discusses a potential breakthrough in reconstructive surgery of the hand by emphasizing control of the amount and physical properties of scar tissue. The other two discuss implants, prosthesis, and new approaches to the treatment of arthritis and certain fractures. Techniques for
PDLIM4 repression by hypermethylation as a potential biomarker for prostate cancer.
Authors: Donkena Krishna Vanaja, Karla V Ballman, Bruce W Morlan, John C Cheville, Roxann M Neumann, Michael M Lieber, Donald J Tindall, Charles Y F Young
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract PURPOSE: We analyzed the expression of genes to identify reliable molecular markers in the diagnosis and progression of prostate cancer. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Gene expression profiling was done using HG-U133 set microarrays in 32 prostate cancer and 8 benign tissues of patients with cancer. Expression levels of 11 genes were selected for quantitative real-time PCR evaluation in 52 prostate cancer and 20 benign tissues. Further, to assess transcriptional inactivation, we analyzed the promoter methylation of genes by quantitative methylation-specific PCR in 62 tumor and 36 benign tissues. RESULTS: Our results showed a significant down-regulation in the mRNA expression levels of PRIMA1, TU3A, PDLIM4, FLJ14084, SVIL, SORBS1, C21orf63, and KIAA1210 and up-regulation of FABP5, SOX4, and MLP in prostate cancer tissues by TaqMan real-time PCR. Quantitative methylation-specific PCR of PDLIM4, SVIL, PRIMA1, GSTP1, and PTGS2 detected prostate carcinoma with a sensitivity of 94.7%, 75.4%, 47.4%, 89.5%, and 87.7%, and a specificity of 90.5%, 75%, 54.2%, 95.8%, and 90.2%, respectively. Using this panel of methylation markers in combination, we were able to distinguish between prostate cancer and adjacent benign tissues with sensitivities and specificities of about 90% to 100%. Our data provide evidence of transcriptional repression of the putative tumor suppressor gene PDLIM4 by hypermethylation. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis revealed differential expression of eight down-regulated and three up-regulated genes, implicating their role in prostate cancer development and progression. We further showed that the hypermethylation of PDLIM4 gene could be used as a sensitive molecular tool in detection of prostate tumorigenesis.
Remarks ON ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY IN RELATION TO HOSPITAL TRAINING: Made in Opening the Annual Meeting of the British Orthopaedic Association in London on November 12th
Authors: R. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1920)

FIRST of all I wish to congratulate the British Ortho- paedic Association on its ever-increasing vitality.Whlen the association was founded, on the initiative of our good friend Dr. Osgood, we wqre in the midst of war, with but little time to spare on outside objects, and we displaved, I fear, a timidity as to the future of the association wlhich time has proved to have been quite uncalled for.We now know that its potentialities are unlimited, aud that they depend very largely, if not entirely, on the entlhusiasm, the work, and the enterprise of its younger members.We depend on tlhem for liglht and leading, and to carry the torel into dark places.We of the old brigade slhould encourage, and even endeavour to
Tacrine for Treating Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Gary W. Small
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine, THA) was first available in Australia in the mid 1940s when it was used with morphine to lessen respiratory depression without affecting analgesia.<sup>1</sup>Its anticholinesterase activity eventually led to clinical trials in patients with presumptive Alzheimer's disease (AD), but these pilot studies demonstrated only modest efficacy using tacrine alone<sup>2</sup>or in combination with lecithin.<sup>3</sup>Consistent findings of a cholinergic deficit in AD make such cholinergic manipulation a theoretically attractive palliative treatment. Trials of other cholinomimetics, however, had shown at best modest results and often practical limitations—eg, choline causes a fishy skin odor and the 30-minute half-life of physostigmine is too brief for lasting clinical effects. See also p 2523. Scientific and public interest, as well as controversy, exploded in 1986 when Summers and colleagues<sup>4</sup>reported dramatic results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tacrine in 17 patients with apparent clinical diagnoses of AD. One
Reply from Authors re: Stacy Loeb. Use of Baseline Prostate-Specific Antigen Measurements to Personalize Prostate Cancer Screening. Eur Urol 2012;61:875–6
Authors: David D. Ørsted, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Gorm B. Jensen, Peter Schnohr, Stig E. Bojesen
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Pain in the neck
Authors: Ami Schattner
Journal: The Lancet (1996)

Physicians confronted by a patient with acute posterior neck pain rarely considered serious life-threatening conditions in the differential diagnosis, unless alarming symptoms and signs such as fever, nuchal rigidity, neurological deficit, severe headache, or a history of trauma are also present. 1 Wiener SL Posterior neck pain. in: Wiener SL Differential diagnosis of acute pain by body region. McGraw-Hill, New York1995: 135-150 Google Scholar However, we report two cases demonstrating that, in young and elderly patients alike, isolated posterior neck pain can herald a grave central nervous system pathology.
Review: Replacing dietary saturated fatty acids with n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids does not reduce mortality
Authors: Kathleen Fairfield
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Source Citation Ramsden CE, Zamora D, Leelarthaepin B, et al. Use of dietary linoleic acid for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease and death: evaluation of recovered data from the Sydney Diet Heart Study and updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346:e8707. 23386268
ABC of emergency radiology. Thoracic and lumbar spine.
Authors: P A Driscoll, D A Nicholson, R Ross
Journal: BMJ (1993)

This chapter describes a system by which non-radiologists can analyse the betreatedasiunstablfte unrteilapcolun shouldi common radiographs taken ofthe thoracic and lumbar spine and the otherwise.sacrolumbar junction.The system requires knowledge ofthe basic anatomy ofthe vertebral column and an understanding ofhow it can be injured. Important anatomical considerationsFIG i-Left: Line diagram showing lateral view of the thoracic vertebral column.Right: Line diagram showing anteroposterior view of the thoracic vertebral column.