tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Protective effect of hepatocyte growth factor on interferon-gamma—induced cytotoxicity in mouse hepatocytes
Authors: Masahiko Morita, Yoshifumi Watanabe, Toshihiro Akaike
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

We examined the interactive effect of several cytokines (interleukin-1 beta [IL-1 beta], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interferon gamma [IFN-gamma], IL-6, IFN-alpha/beta, and hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]) presumably involved in hepatitis, on primary cultured murine hepatocytes. Among these cytokines, only IFN-gamma induced LDH release from hepatocytes in both time- and dose-dependent fashions. The cytotoxic effect was inhibited by antiserum-containing anti-mouse IFN-gamma monoclonal antibodies (R4-6A2). Moreover, intriguingly, IFN-gamma induced DNA fragmentation in the hepatocytes in a time- and dose-dependent fashion according to the gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA and flow cytometry analysis. These results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of IFN-gamma on hepatocytes was caused by inductive apoptosis. The LDH release and DNA fragmentation induced by IFN-gamma were inhibited by HGF in a dose-dependent manner, whereas they seemed to be accelerated by TNF-alpha. Flow cytometry analysis of the nuclei of treated hepatocytes confirmed the interactions in DNA degradation. The DNA synthesis of cultured hepatocytes was also reduced by IFN-gamma but recovered by hepatocyte growth factor. Taken together, IFN-gamma is presumed to be a critical cytokine in hepatic damage, and the network composed of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and HGF may play an important role in the regulation of liver injury.
35 LOSS OF CASPASE-8 IN HEPATOCYTES ACCELERATES THE ONSET OF LIVER REGENERATION IN MICE THROUGH PREMATURE NF-κB ACTIVATION
Authors: J. Freimuth, J.-M. Bangen, R. Sonntag, W. Hu, Y. Nevzorova, D. Lambertz, N. Gassler, D. Riethmacher, C. Trautwein, C. Liedtke
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Decreased respiratory quotient in relation to resting energy expenditure in HIV-infected and noninfected subjects
Authors: Kathleen V. Fitch, Lauren M. Guggina, Hester M. Keough, Sara E. Dolan Looby, Colleen Hadigan, Ellen J. Anderson, Jane Hubbard, James G. Liebau, Stine Johnsen, Jeffery Wei, Hideo Makimura, Takara L. Stanley, Janet Lo, Steven K. Grinspoon
Journal: Metabolism (2009)
The IGHV1-69/IGHJ3 recombinations of unmutated CLL are distinct from those of normal B cells
Authors: Francesco Forconi, Kathleen N. Potter, Elisa Sozzi, Isla Henderson, Emanuele Cencini, Davide Rossi, Riccardo Bomben, Valter Gattei, Gianluca Gaidano, Graham Packham, Freda K. Stevenson
Journal: Blood (2012)
Nutritional Support of Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Luc Michel, Alfonso Serrano, Ronald A. Malt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

AS limits of nutritional-support programs are tested, the tendency is to simplify regimens for nutrition, to exhaust means of enterai and peripheral-vein supplementation before resorting to central parenteral nutrition, and to scrutinize the advocacy of some uses of total parenteral nutrition; these policies guide our practice. Our chief index for advising nutritional support sufficient to meet or exceed a patient's basal energy requirements is the common definition of caloric malnutrition: loss of 10 per cent of usual weight, coupled with inability to eat or absorb enough food to reverse the depleted state.Although otherwise normal patients might be expected to . . .
The social responsibility of scientists: moonshine and morals.
Authors: L. Wolpert
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Two historical cases are used to explore the nature of the scientist's obligations to society on technological issues. The physicist Leo Szilard is praised as a moral scientist and a moral citizen for contributing to the development of the atomic bomb in the Manhattan Project and then arguing against its testing when the danger that Germany might use the bomb against the United States subsided. On the other hand, the scientists, including physicians, who promoted the views of the eugenics movement in Nazi Germany were immoral in not considering the social implications of their scientific conclusions. Wolpert maintains that, while there are no areas that should not be subject to research, the scientist's obligations are to make the reliability of the research clear and to inform the public about its possible ramifications.
Management of Urinary-Vaginal Fistula
Authors: Joseph S. Massee, John S. Welch, Joseph H. Pratt, Richard E. Symmonds
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Two hundred sixty-two patients with urinary-vaginal fistulas were operated on at the Mayo Clinic during 1951 through 1960. A review of these cases indicates that complete investigation of the urinary tract should precede repair, since these abnormal communications appear in many varieties and may be multiple. Anatomic as well as etiologic considerations are important in diagnosis. The abdominal hysterectomy immediately preceded formation of fistula in 153 cases. Preventive measures are discussed. After complete preoperative evaluation of the patient, repair may be effected utilizing two major principles: (1) preservation of blood supply and (2) accurate tissue approximation. Unobstructed postoperative urinary catheter drainage is of primary importance. In the present series, successful surgical correction of vaginal-urinary fistula was affected at first attempt in 88.2% of cases; after reoperations on some, the eventual success was 95.0%.
The Rate of Adaptive Evolution in Enteric Bacteria
Authors: J. Charlesworth
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

Here we estimate the rate of adaptive substitution in a set of 410 genes that are present in 6 Escherichia coli and 6 Salmonella enterica genomes. We estimate that more than 50% of amino acid substitutions in this set of genes have been fixed by positive selection between the E. coli and S. enterica lineages. We also show that the proportion of adaptive substitutions is uncorrelated with the rate of amino acid substitution or gene function but that it may be correlated with levels of synonymous codon usage bias.
Relationships of lead in breast milk to lead in blood, urine, and diet of the infant and mother.
Authors: B L Gulson, C W Jameson, K R Mahaffey, K J Mizon, N Patison, A J Law, M J Korsch, M A Salter
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

We have obtained stable lead isotope and lead concentration data from a longitudinal study of mobilization of lead from the maternal skeleton during pregnancy and lactation and in which the newly born infants were monitored for 6 months postpartum to evaluate the effects of the local environment on lead body burden of the infant. Samples of maternal and infant blood, urine, and diet and especially breast milk were measured for 21 mothers and 24 infants. Blood lead concentrations were less than 5 microg/dl in all except one subject. The mean lead concentration in breast milk +/- standard deviation was 0.73 +/- 0.70 microg/kg. In seven subjects for whom serial breast milk sampling was possible, the lead concentration varied by factors of from 2 to 4, and for three subjects there was an increase at or after 90 days postpartum. For the first 60-90 days postpartum, the contribution from breast milk to blood lead in the infants varied from 36 to 80%. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated statistically significant relationships for some of the variables of isotope ratios and lead concentrations between breast milk, blood, urine, and diet for infants and mothers. For example, the analyses revealed that both a mother's breast milk 207Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/204Pb ratios and lead concentration provide information to predict her infant's blood 207Pb/206Pb and 206Pb/204Pb ratios. The major sources of lead in breast milk are from the maternal bone and diet. An evaluation of breast milk lead concentrations published over the last 15 years indicates that studies in which the ratio of lead concentrations in breast milk to lead concentrations in whole maternal blood (Multiple>100) were greater than 15 should be viewed with caution because of potential contamination during sampling and/or laboratory analyses. Selected studies also appear to show a linear relationship between breast milk and maternal whole blood, with the percentage of lead in breast milk compared with whole blood of <3% in subjects with blood lead levels ranging from 2 to 34 microgram/dl. The levels of lead in breast milk are thus similar to those in plasma. Breast-fed infants are only at risk if the mother is exposed to high concentrations of contaminants either from endogenous sources such as the skeleton or exogenous sources.
Association Between Undervaccination With Diphtheria, Tetanus Toxoids, and Acellular Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine and Risk of Pertussis Infection in Children 3 to 36 Months of Age
Authors: Jason M. Glanz, Komal J. Narwaney, Sophia R. Newcomer, Matthew F. Daley, Simon J. Hambidge, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, Grace M. Lee, Jennifer C. Nelson, Allison L. Naleway, James D. Nordin, Marlene M. Lugg, Eric S. Weintraub
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

Undervaccination is an increasing trend that potentially places children and their communities at an increased risk for serious infectious diseases.To examine the association between undervaccination and pertussis in children 3 to 36 months of age.Matched case-control study with conditional logistic regression analysis.Eight managed care organizations of the Vaccine Safety Datalink between 2004 and 2010.Each laboratory-confirmed case of pertussis (72 patients) was matched to 4 randomly selected controls (for a total of 288 controls). The case patients were matched to controls by managed care organization site, sex, and age at the index date. The index date was defined as the date of pertussis diagnosis for the case patients.Undervaccination for the diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine. Undervaccination was defined as the number of doses of DTaP vaccine that was either missing or delayed by the index date. Case patients and controls could be undervaccinated by 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 doses of DTaP vaccine. Children undervaccinated by 0 doses were considered age-appropriately vaccinated by the index date.Pertussis.Of the 72 case patients with pertussis, 12 (16.67%) were hospitalized, and 34 (47.22%) were undervaccinated for DTaP vaccine by the date of pertussis diagnosis. Of the 288 matched controls, 64 (22.22%) were undervaccinated for DTaP vaccine. Undervaccination was strongly associated with pertussis. Children undervaccinated for 3 or 4 doses of DTaP vaccine were 18.56 (95% CI, 4.92-69.95) and 28.38 (95% CI, 3.19-252.63) times more likely, respectively, to have received a diagnosis of pertussis than children who were age-appropriately vaccinated.Undervaccination with DTaP vaccine increases the risk of pertussis among children 3 to 36 months of age.
The effects of single premature stimuli on automatic and triggered rhythms in isolated canine Purkinje fibers.
Authors: K H Dangman, B F Hoffman
Journal: Circulation (1985)

We studied the effects of single premature stimuli on automatic and triggered rhythms occurring in preparations of isolated canine Purkinje fibers. Preparations were made from false tendons, the subendocardial right bundle branch, and infarct zone Purkinje fibers 24 hr after occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, and were studied by standard microelectrode techniques. Single premature impulses almost always produced reset of automatic rhythms, whether the pacemaker had a low (less than -60 mV), intermediate (-61 to -70 mV), or high (greater than -70 mV) maximum diastolic potential. In contrast, single premature impulses imposed on triggered rhythms sometimes were found to alter these rhythms; often, early premature impulses (i.e., during phase 3) resulted in either a shortened first return cycle or a short period of arrest of the rhythm. The results of this study indicate that it may be possible to design simple electrophysiologic tests using single premature stimuli to determine whether an arrhythmia is being caused by an automatic focus or by triggered activity.
PTU-178 Clinical Utility Of Endofaster® In Patients On Chronic Ppi Therapy Undergoing Upper Gi Endoscopy
Authors: R Cayado-Lopez, J Bornschein, S Zeki, M Udarbe, M Di Pietro
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Patients undergoing upper GI endoscopy (OGD) are often on chronic PPI therapy for dyspeptic symptoms or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Continued PPI therapy at the time of the endoscopy can influence the outcome of H. pylori testing via rapid urease test (CLO) or even histology. In addition, complete response to PPI in patient with GORD and/or Barrett’s oesophagus (BO) is often not fully predicted by the clinical history. We hypothesised that rapid testing of H. pylori status and gastric pH by Endofaster® could provide the physician with real-time information useful to influence patient management. <h3>Methods</h3> This pilot feasibility study included 135 consecutive patients at a single centre who underwent OGD for BO surveillance/endotherapy (n = 95), screening for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (n = 11) and evaluation of GORD/dyspepsia (n = 29). The pH and the H.pylori status were measured on 4 mL of gastric aspirate using the Endofaster®, which connects to the suction port of the gastroscope. If clinically indicated, CLO test or gastric biopsies were performed. Endofaster® results were matched with the history of PPI intake (PPI type and time of last dose) and results of CLO and gastric histology. <h3>Results</h3> Overall, 109 patients were on chronic PPI treatment and of these 74% presented with gastric hypochloridia (pH &gt;4) at Endofaster® analysis. Forty-nine patients reported PPI intake on the same day of the OGD and 15% of these (n = 7) had acid gastric pH (&lt;4). Fifty-nine patients had CLO test and 57 had gastric histology results available, while 26 patients had both. Only 1 patient was positive for H. pylori on histology, which was also positive at Endofaster®. Two patients had a positive CLO test, of which one was Endofaster® positive for H. pylori. Eleven patients were positive at the Endofaster® but not at CLO, of which 91% were on chronic PPI (n = 10). <h3>Conclusion</h3> This feasibility study shows that a significant proportion of patients on chronic PPI therapy still have acidic gastric pH suggesting sub-optimal response to PPI. Endofaster® may detect H.pylori infection in patients on chronic PPI therapy, which are often false negatives when tested by CLO and histology. A prospective study matching Endofaster® data with gold standard tests for H. pylori status and gastro-esophageal reflux are needed to conclude on the clinical implications of these findings. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Corrigendum to ‘Systolic pulmonary artery pressure and heart rate are main determinants of oxygen consumption in the right ventricular myocardium of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension’ [Eur J Heart Fail 2012;13:1290–1295]
Authors: Yeun Ying Wong, Nico Westerhof, Gerrina Ruiter, Mark Lubberink, Pieter Raijmakers, Paul Knaapen, J. Tim Marcus, Anco Boonstra, Adriaan A. Lammertsma, Willem J. van der Laarse, Anton Vonk‐Noordegraaf
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2012)
THE EFFECT OF RENAL DENERVATION ON THE LEVEL OF ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE AND RENAL FUNCTION IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Irvine H. Page, George J. Heuer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1935)

Hypertension is one of the most frequent com- plications of renal disease, both acute and chronic.The fact that in nephritis renal influences, nervous or other, apparently produce hypertension sug- gests the possibility that the unknown cause of essential hypertension may lie in nervous im- pulses from the kidney, even though the kidneys themselves appear to be entirely normal at the onset of the hypertension.We have accordingly performed bilateral renal denervation on a patient with essential hyper- tension uncomplicated by detectable renal involve- ment, and with but slight evidence of anatomical changes in the circulatory system.Because the hypertension was still in its initial stage, without organic damage, it appeared possible that thera- peutic lowering of the blood pressure might occur.
Molecular prognostication of liver cancer: End of the beginning
Authors: Snorri S. Thorgeirsson, Ju-Seog Lee, Joe W. Grisham
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)

New technological developments have frequently preceded major advances in biomedical research and medicine [1]. For example, the development of fluorescent DNA sequencing techniques made it possible to establish the large-scale high-throughput technology needed for human genome sequencing. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fluorescent DNA sequencing, and other techniques have enabled the discovery of about 1700 mendelian disease genes [2]. The advent of the DNA microarray based technologies has now made it possible to measure simultaneously the expression of tens of thousands of genes in different tissues under a variety of conditions.
Outpatient Needle Localization and Biopsy for Nonpalpable Breast Lesions
Authors: Marc J. Homer
Journal: JAMA (1984)

We reviewed 101 consecutive biopsy specimens of nonpalpable breast lesions obtained by needle localization. Forty-six biopsies were done on outpatients under local anesthesia and 16 more on inpatients under local anesthesia. The remaining 39 biopsies were performed on inpatients under general anesthesia. The complications and accuracy of the outpatient procedure were acceptable and comparable to those of the inpatient procedure. In our institution, there is almost a fivefold cost increase for the performance of this procedure under general anesthesia as an inpatient. We recommend that surgeons and radiologists work together to perfect preoperative localization techniques, and we strongly support the concept that this procedure should be performed on outpatients under local anesthesia for the majority of patients with nonpalpable mammographic abnormalities. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;252:2452-2454)
Insurers object to surgeon avoiding GMC hearing
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A body that represents private health insurers in the United Kingdom has accused the General Medical Council of failing in its duty to regulate doctors after it allowed a breast surgeon to avoid a public hearing by voluntarily removing himself from the medical register.

Simon Peck, who chairs the Health Insurance Counter Fraud Group, an initiative of 10 health insurance companies, said he was “appalled” by the decision to let Jerry Gilmore, founder of the London Breast Clinic in London’s Harley Street, opt for voluntary erasure on the grounds of retirement and ill health.

A hearing into allegations of misconduct by Mr Gilmore was due to open before a GMC fitness to practise panel on Monday 1 November, and former patients …
Reduced water permeability and altered ultrastructure in thin descending limb of Henle in aquaporin-1 null mice
Authors: Chung-Lin Chou, Mark A. Knepper, Alfred N. van Hoek, Dennis Brown, Baoxue Yang, Tonghui Ma, A.S. Verkman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

It has been controversial whether high water permeability in the thin descending limb of Henle (TDLH) is required for formation of a concentrated urine by the kidney. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy (FFEM) of rat TDLH has shown an exceptionally high density of intramembrane particles (IMPs), which were proposed to consist of tetramers of aquaporin-1 (AQP1) water channels. In this study, transepithelial osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in isolated perfused segments (0.5–1 mm) of TDLH in wild-type (+/+), AQP1 heterozygous (+/–), and AQP1 null (–/–) mice. Pf was measured at 37°C using a 100 mM bath-to-lumen osmotic gradient of raffinose, and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)–dextran as the luminal volume marker. Pf was (in cm/s): 0.26 ± 0.02 ([+/+]; SE, n = 9 tubules), 0.21 ± 0.01 ([+/–]; n = 12), and 0.031 ± 0.007 ([–/–]; n = 6) (P < 0.02, [+/+] vs. [+/–]; P < 0.0001, [+/+] vs. [–/–]). FFEM of kidney medulla showed remarkably fewer IMPs in TDLH from (–/–) vs. (+/+) and (+/–) mice. IMP densities were (in μm–2, SD, 5–12 micrographs): 5,880 ± 238 (+/+); 5,780 ± 450 (+/–); and 877 ± 420 (–/–). IMP size distribution analysis revealed mean IMP diameters of 8.4 nm ([+/+] and [+/–]) and 5.2 nm ([–/–]). These results demonstrate that AQP1 is the principal water channel in TDLH and support the view that osmotic equilibration along TDLH by water transport plays a key role in the renal countercurrent concentrating mechanism. The similar Pf and AQP1 expression in TDLH of (+/+) and (+/–) mice was an unexpected finding that probably accounts for the unimpaired urinary concentrating ability in (+/–) mice.
INTRA-ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY FOR RECURRENT NEOPLASMS
Authors: Oscar Creech
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Continuous infusion of cancericidal drugs directly into an artery has been refined recently to permit treatment of cancer in most regions of the body. On the basis of reported experience with this form of regional chemotherapy, many physicians assume it to be useful in relieving symptoms and causing regression of cancer. Elsewhere in this issue ofThe Journal(p 913) Tindel reports experience with intra-arterial chemotherapy and challenges the validity of this assumption. He concludes that, although this type of treatment may be helpful occasionally, few patients are benefited significantly by it, and the complications and deaths associated with its use seriously limit its palliative value. I agree with this conclusion.  Since the cause or causes of cancer are not known, and the differences between normal and malignant cells not clearly understood, the search for and use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents are largely empiric. Although thousands of compounds have been
Insulin Insensitivity
Authors: Jack R. Leonards, F. I. R. Martin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1959)

THE present widespread interest in the phenomenon of clinical insulin resistance has been concerned mainly with endogenous substances that neutralize the action of insulin by "binding" or "inhibiting" it within the body.1 2 3 4 5 6 The present report describes a patient with moderate insulin resistance in whom a high concentration of insulinlike activity could be demonstrated in the peripheral blood.Case ReportM.E., a 70-year-old woman, manifested classic symptoms of acute diabetes mellitus in July, 1955, the mild acidosis rapidly responding to 480 units of crystalline insulin. For the next 2 years she was maintained in good control with 20 to 30 units . . .
NPM/ALK binds and phosphorylates the RNA/DNA-binding protein PSF in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma
Authors: Annamaria Galietta, Rosalind H. Gunby, Sara Redaelli, Paola Stano, Cristiana Carniti, Angela Bachi, Philip W. Tucker, Carmen J. Tartari, Ching-Jung Huang, Emanuela Colombo, Karen Pulford, Miriam Puttini, Rocco G. Piazza, Holger Ruchatz, Antonello Villa, Arianna Donella-Deana, Oriano Marin, Danilo Perrotti, Carlo Gambacorti-Passerini
Journal: Blood (2007)