tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Role of alveolar macrophages in asbestosis: modulation of neutrophil migration to the lung after acute asbestos exposure.
Authors: C I Schoenberger, G W Hunninghake, O Kawanami, V J Ferrans, R G Crystal
Journal: Thorax (1982)

After intratracheal injection of short chrysotile asbestos fibres in guinea-pigs an intense neutrophil alveolitis was observed within three days. Evaluation by bronchoalveolar lavage of the inflammatory and immune effector cells producing the alveolitis by three days showed an increased proportion of polymorphonuclear leucocytes, which comprised 21% +/- 3% of the total leucocytes compared with 9% +/- 2% for the controls (p less than 0.05), persisting for at least six weeks (after which time the polymorphonuclear leucocytes comprised 28% +/- 2% compared with 7% +/- 1% for the controls: p less than 0.05). One mechanism by which asbestos fibres may cause polymorphonuclear leucocytes to be attracted to the alveolar structures is by induced release of neutrophil chemotactic factor by alveolar macrophages. When exposed in vitro to short or intermediate chrysotile fibres or amosite or crocidolite fibres guinea-pig alveolar macrophages released appreciable amounts of neutrophil chemotactic factor. The release of this chemotactic factor was augmented when the asbestos fibres had been previously exposed to normal serum. The chemotactic factor was lipid soluble, and was similar to the neutrophil chemotactic factor spontaneously released by alveolar macrophages recovered from guinea-pigs exposed in vivo to short chrysotile fibres. These observations suggest that alveolar macrophages may play an important part in the early stages of asbestosis by modulating the migration of neutrophils to the lung.
Psychosis, Psychiatry, And Homicide
Authors: Myron H. Marshall
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I must compliment Drs. Reich and Hepps for their excellent description of the literature on lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). The fact, however, that the act was committed while a patient was under the influence of an intoxigent, be it an alcoholic or a psychoactive chemical, does not of itself establish a cause and effect relationship. We have seen cases where serious social and legal problems have occurred during drug intoxication. As the author so adequately points out, these "have become relatively common medical emergencies." My purpose is to indicate that it is unscientific, I think, and rather subjective to relate an incident which occurs during a cycle of a person's life, such as marital situation or job situation, to the particular drug that is involved. I do compliment the authors for their final paragraph. The need for prompt and adequate treatment of adverse reactions "to any deleterious
Cell Culture in Inherited Disease— With Some Notes on Genetic Heterogeneity
Authors: Alexander G. Bearn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

THE routine culture of human diploid cells has introduced a new and successful note into the investigation of genetically determined disease. Cultivation of living tissues in vitro first entered the scientific scene more than 60 years ago when Ross G. Harrison, the distinguished American embryologist, demonstrated the outgrowth of nerve axons from the embryonic spinal cord of the frog.1 This observation provided the coup de grace to those who were still stubbornly holding to the view that the nerve axon and the nerve cell were separate and unconnected bodies, and at the same time established the usefulness of cell culture . . .
Health Online: How to Go Online to Find Health Information, Support Forums, and Self-Help Communities in Cyberspace
Authors: Hannah Hedrick
Journal: JAMA (1996)

As a physician, you would like to identify resources to help your patients and their families comply with your treatment regimen and cope with their problems. Your local community does not offer readily accessible, comprehensive sources of consumer information or peer support for conditions such as chronic fatigue syndrome, hearing loss or deafness, Sjögren's syndrome, rare genetic disorders, or loss of a loved one. How can you find other people in your town or city who can help your patients with such conditions maintain a high quality of life? How can you ascertain which resources promote cooperation with medical professionals? <i>Health Online</i>provides information on how to get answers to those questions. The book reflects the author's decades of experience as a leading advocate of self care and peer support. Dr Ferguson's ambitious goal is to enable readers to take a giant step toward creating a "new health care system"
A4-07: Prognostic factors for survival of stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients: a population-based analysis of 19,702 stage I patients in the California Cancer Registry (CCR) from 1989 to 2003
Authors: Sai-Hong I. Ou, Jason A. Zell, Argyrios Ziogas, Hoda Anton-Culver
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
<i>pepgrep</i>: A Tool for Peptide MS/MS Pattern Matching
Authors: Igor Chernukhin
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2013)

Abstract Typically, detection of protein sequences in collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem MS (MS2) dataset is performed by mapping identified peptide ions back to protein sequence by using the protein database search (PDS) engine. Finding a particular peptide sequence of interest in CID MS2 records very often requires manual evaluation of the spectrum, regardless of whether the peptide-associated MS2 scan is identified by PDS algorithm or not. We have developed a compact cross-platform database-free command-line utility, pepgrep, which helps to find an MS2 fingerprint for a selected peptide sequence by pattern-matching of modelled MS2 data using Peptide-to-MS2 scoring algorithm. pepgrep can incorporate dozens of mass offsets corresponding to a variety of post-translational modifications (PTMs) into the algorithm. Decoy peptide sequences are used with the tested peptide sequence to reduce false-positive results. The engine is capable of screening an MS2 data file at a high rate when using a cluster computing environment. The matched MS2 spectrum can be displayed by using built-in graphical application programming interface (API) or optionally recorded to file. Using this algorithm, we were able to find extra peptide sequences in studied CID spectra that were missed by PDS identification. Also we found pepgrep especially useful for examining a CID of small fractions of peptides resulting from, for example, affinity purification techniques. The peptide sequences in such samples are less likely to be positively identified by using routine protein-centric algorithm implemented in PDS. The software is freely available at http://bsproteomics.essex.ac.uk:8080/data/download/pepgrep-1.4.tgz.
Microvascular destruction identifies murine allografts that cannot be rescued from airway fibrosis
Authors: Ashok N. Babu, Tomohiro Murakawa, Joshua M. Thurman, Edmund J. Miller, Peter M. Henson, Martin R. Zamora, Norbert F. Voelkel, Mark R. Nicolls
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

Small airway fibrosis (bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome) is the primary obstacle to long-term survival following lung transplantation. Here, we show the importance of functional microvasculature in the prevention of epithelial loss and fibrosis due to rejection and for the first time, relate allograft microvascular injury and loss of tissue perfusion to immunotherapy-resistant rejection. To explore the role of alloimmune rejection and airway ischemia in the development of fibroproliferation, we used a murine orthotopic tracheal transplant model. We determined that transplants were reperfused by connection of recipient vessels to donor vessels at the surgical anastomosis site. Microcirculation through the newly formed vascular anastomoses appeared partially dependent on VEGFR2 and CXCR2 pathways. In the absence of immunosuppression, the microvasculature in rejecting allografts exhibited vascular complement deposition, diminished endothelial CD31 expression, and absent perfusion prior to the onset of fibroproliferation. Rejecting grafts with extensive endothelial cell injury were refractory to immunotherapy. After early microvascular loss, neovascularization was eventually observed in the membranous trachea, indicating a reestablishment of graft perfusion in established fibrosis. One implication of this study is that bronchial artery revascularization at the time of lung transplantation may decrease the risk of subsequent airway fibrosis.
TCT-677 Efficacy and safety of Refined Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Inoperable Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Masayasu Arihara, Hiromi Matsubara, Hiroto Shimokawahara, Yoshio Kohno, Takahisa Sawada, Takatomo Shima, Masayuki Hyogo, Jyun Shiraishi, Akihiro Matsui, Hirokazu Yokoi, Masayoshi Kimura, Daisuke Ito, Syo Hoshimoto, Taashi Yanagiuchi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Human Experimentation in Infectious Diseases
Authors: Harry F. Dowling
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Rarely are investigators so bold as to produce disease in man, but in the field of infectious diseases they have done so repeatedly. Often these diseases were mild, usually they were self-limited, and sometimes they could be cured with drugs; yet the subject of the experiment always ran some risk of disability or death. Since exposing men to such hazards contrasts sharply with the concepts of human dignity embodied in Judeo-Christian ethics, it is interesting to see how these concepts affected the evolution of human experimentation. The surge of scientific discovery during the Renaissance and early modern period involved mostly inanimate objects at first and later animals. The thread of experimentation on humans can be picked up easily in 1721 when a smallpox epidemic was raging in London. George I, loath to have his grandchildren inoculated as recommended by Lady Mary Montagu, ordered the virus given first to six condemned
Comparison of various treatments for irritable bowel syndrome.
Authors: J A Ritchie, S C Truelove
Journal: BMJ (1980)

A previous therapeutic trial of factorial design showed that a combination of a psychotropic drug, a smooth-muscle relaxant, and a bulk former (lorazepam, hyoscine hydrobromide, and ispaghula husk) relieved symptoms of the irritable bowel syndrome more effectively than the same agents given singly. Another trial of similar design was undertaken to compare each of these three agents with another having the equivalent clinical actions--namely, Motival (fluphenazine/nortriptylene mixture), mebeverine, and bran. Ninety-six patients took part; all received three agents, one from each of the three pairs being compared, and no placebos were used. Fifty-six patients reported a sustained symptomatic improvement, which was a significantly higher incidence than in the previous trial, when placebos were used. Ispaghula was significantly more effective than bran. The combination of ispaghula, Motival, and mebeverine improved 11 out of 12 patients--significantly more than bran, Motival, and hyoscine (five improved), or bran, lorazepam, and mebeverine (four improved). Mebeverine was significantly more effective when combined with Motival (18 out of 24 improved) than with lorazepam (10 improved). These results confirm the value of a combined therapeutic approach to the relief of the irritable bowel syndrome and suggest the possibility of synergism between agents.
Frequency of sensitization to antimicrobials in patients with atopic eczema compared with nonatopic individuals: analysis of multicentre surveillance data, 1995-1999
Authors: U. Jappe, A. Schnuch, W. Uter
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Summary Background Atopic eczema, a multifactorial disease, is influenced by bacterial factors, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. Consequently, treatment includes therapy with antibiotics and nonantibiotic antimicrobials. Objectives In our study the sensitizing potential of some topical antimicrobials was investigated by comparing proportions sensitized to various antibiotics and antiseptics between patients with current or past atopic eczema, and patients who had never had atopic eczema. Methods Data of all patients patch tested in the Departments of Dermatology participating in the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) between 1995 and 1999 were analysed. Patients with a current leg ulcer or stasis dermatitis that might cause a confounding effect were excluded. Results Controlling for the additional confounding effect of sex and particularly age, we did not find that patients with atopic eczema had a generally higher risk compared with nonatopic individuals. Conclusions While the risk of sensitization should always be considered when applying topical therapy, our data—within the methodological limitations of this type of study—would not support a very restrictive use of these agents in the management of atopic eczema.
New funding to make UK “a world class environment for medical research”
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Next year's pay rises for doctors should be 2% or less 116, 218Pay rises for doctors and other healthcare staff in Britain should not be above 2% next year, the government said last week.The chancellor of the exchequer, Gordon Brown, used his pre-budget report to urge restraint on pay increases so that inflation stays around 2%.Mr Brown said that the health secretary, Patricia Hewitt, would be asking for a 2% rise in her evidence to the various pay review bodies for NHS staff.Ms Hewitt is due to give oral evidence to the Review Body on Doctors' and Dentists' Remuneration next week in line with Mr Brown's wishes.Mr Brown, in his pre-budget report this week, described the current year as "the toughest and most challenging year for the economy" but was confident that inflation was on course to meet its 2% target this year, next year, and the year after that.The BMA, however, is seeking a 4.5% increase in doctors' pay for next year.
Coronary Flow Reserve Is Impaired in Young Men With Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Olli-Pekka Pitkänen, Olli T. Raitakari, Harri Niinikoski, Pirjo Nuutila, Hidehiro Iida, Liisa-Maria Voipio-Pulkki, Risto Härkönen, Uno Wegelius, Tapani Rönnemaa, Jorma Viikari, Juhani Knuuti
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Roles of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III in acute leukemia
Authors: Ashish Dixit, Meganathan Kannan, M. Mahapatra, Ved P. Choudhry, Renu Saxena
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

Protein C, protein S, and antithrombin III were measured in 35 patients with acute leukemia (13 with AML and 22 with ALL). Low levels of proteins C and S were present in 15 (42.9%) and 20 (57.1%) patients, respectively, and 6 patients had low levels of antithrombin (ATIII). Seven patients also had DIC at presentation. There were no significant differences in the levels of protein C, protein S, and ATIII in patients with or without DIC. Twenty patients were available for re-evaluation at the end of induction therapy. The low levels of protein C and ATIII found at diagnosis had risen to normal levels at the end of the induction therapy, while low =levels of protein S remained in 75% of the patients. One patient with low protein C at presentation developed myocardial infarction on day 15, and another patient died of progressive neuropathy. No other thrombotic manifestations were seen. Whether the low protein C, protein S, or antithrombin levels predispose patients with acute leukemia to thrombosis in the absence of DIC is not known. Am. J. Hematol. 81:171–174, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Licenses to Practice.
Authors: William T. Slayton
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Hyde Park, Vt., April 23, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In your issue of the 9th inst. I notice a correction sent in by Dr. Mailhouse calling your attention to the fact that Connecticut now requires an examination for license to practice medicine. I give below a complete list of States now requiring an examination for admission to practice, having obtained the same at considerable trouble and expense for my work on medical education and registration. They are as follows: Alabama, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Cherokee Nation Indian Territory, (Iowa after Jan. 1, 1899), Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, (Texas in dispute), Utah, Virginia, Washington and West Virginia. Idaho had a very good law passed a year ago which has since been declared unconstitutional owing to some irregularity in the
A PHYSICIAN'S FINANCES
Authors: John Linn Irwin
Journal: JAMA (1918)

nations, but does any one dream of speaking of these workers as the hospital roentgenologist or the attending pathologist?They are employed as technicians.The nurse who admin- isters an anesthetic is an anesthetic technician.She can never be more without a medical degree, for in order to understand the language of anesthesia one must have inti- mate acquaintance with anatomy, physiology, medicine, sur¬ gery, diagnosis, psychology and special branches.
Bird flu poses no immediate threat to Europe, leading virologist claims
Authors: Tony Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Albert Osterhaus, the chairman of the European scientific working group on influenza, said this week that isolated outbreaks of avian influenza in western Europe did not “substantially increase the risk of a flu pandemic.”

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Professor Albert Osterhaus said in 2003, “My suggestion to policy makers is: why don't you stockpile antivirals?' 

Credit: GEERT VANDEN WIJNGAERT/AP

It was important not to confuse the threat posed by highly pathogenic avian flu with …

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Sildenafil in the Treatment of Antipsychotic-Induced Erectile Dysfunction: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Flexible-Dose, Two-Way Crossover Trial
Authors: Rajesh Gopalakrishnan, K.S. Jacob, Anju Kuruvilla, B. Vasantharaj, Jacob K. John
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2006)

OBJECTIVE: Antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction is a significant clinical problem and is a common reason for poor medication compliance. This report studied the efficacy and tolerability of sildenafil citrate in patients with antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction. METHOD: The study design was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose, two-way crossover trial carried out at a tertiary referral center. Thirty-two married male outpatients with schizophrenia or delusional disorder and antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction were recruited for the trial. Sexual function was assessed from patient logs of sexual activity. RESULTS: Thirty-two subjects and their spouses, who agreed to take part in the study, were included in the crossover trial. Thirty-one (96.9%) completed the trial. There was no significant period effect or treatment-period interaction. Patients reported significant improvement while taking sildenafil in the number of adequate erections, satisfaction with sexual intercourse, and the duration of erections over 2 weeks. The odds ratios for adequate erections and for satisfactory sexual intercourse with sildenafil were 4.07 and 3.77, respectively. The effect of sildenafil remained significant even after adjustment for period and week effects and treatment-period interaction with Poisson regression analysis. There were no major side effects or adverse drug interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil citrate is safe and effective in the treatment of antipsychotic-induced erectile dysfunction. It is also well tolerated.
Does This Patient Have a Goiter?
Authors: Kerry Siminoski
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>CLINICAL SCENARIOS— HOW LARGE ARE THESE THYROID GLANDS?</h3> For each of the following patients, assessment of thyroid size is an important part of the clinical examination. In case 1, a 32-year-old woman presents with symptoms and findings consistent with hyperthyroidism, but she has no exophthalmos and has always been anxious. In case 2, a 55-year-old man has a diagnosis of Graves' disease, and the choice is made for radioactive iodine ablation therapy. In case 3, a 64-year-old man has a goiter that causes discomfort on swallowing, and thyroxine is to be administered in an attempt to shrink the thyroid gland. <h3>WHY ASSESS THE THYROID GLAND FOR SIZE?</h3> A goiter is simply an enlargement of the thyroid gland and may result from hormonal or immunological stimulation of gland growth or the presence of inflammatory, proliferative, infiltrative, or metabolic disorders (Table 1). A common error among those first learning about the thyroid
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Authors: R. Neil Schimke
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Three distinct syndromes of multiple endocrine neoplasia have been described.1 Type 1 is characterized by adenomas or diffuse hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands, the pituitary, and the endocrine pancreas. Thyroid lesions have also been described, but they are not uniformly present and may be coincidental. Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex occurs in a minority of patients; it is probably secondary to true Cushing's disease or to ectopic hormone secretion by neoplastic islet cells or by small-cell (carcinoid-like) tumors of the mediastinum. Patients with type 2 (or 2A) or 3 (or 2B) have medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma, and hyperparathyroidism develops . . .
Advanced rectal cancer.
Authors: J Alexander-Williams
Journal: BMJ (1990)

The management of the hypovolaemia and hypotension is based on giving colloid and the judicious use of pressor agents.Low dose dopamine infusions (2-3 [tg/kg/min) may be effective in maintaining the blood pressure but should be used with caution.Higher doses further decrease renal perfusion and have been associated with cardiotoxicity, including supraventricular tachycardias, ventricular ectopic beats, myocardial infarction, and cardiac arrest. 13One of the advantages of the treatment protocol of continuous infusion is that it gives scope for the infusion to be interrupted if the patient becomes hypotensive-which may be preferable to the use of pressor agents.Two other unusual side effects have been noted: bowel perforation and hypothyroidism.In at least some patients the perforation was at the site of an unresected tumour, and histological examination has shown tumour necrosis.14Most of the patients who became hypothyroid had pre-existing antithyroid antibodies.'5It may be that the activation of natural killer cells provides effector cells for antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity or that coexisting autoreactive T cells have also been activated.Despite this wide array of side effects in most patients they are predictable and may therefore be handled effectively.It is almost always possible for the patient to be treated in an ordinary hospital ward, and already reports have appeared of the successful use of interleukin 2 in outpatient departments.'Fear of the side effects of anticancer drugs inhibits their use and drives patients who could benefit from them into the arms of alternative practitioners.Oncologists should learn how to use new drugs -even if the side effects are strange -so that their patients are not deprived of effective treatment.