tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Birth Weight and Adult Hypertension, Diabetes Mellitus, and Obesity in US Men
Authors: Gary C. Curhan, Walter C. Willett, Eric B. Rimm, Donna Spiegelman, Alberto L. Ascherio, Meir J. Stampfer
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Low birth weight has been associated with several chronic diseases in adults, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Further study of these diseases in a large cohort with information on a wide variety of risk factors is essential to determine more precisely the risks associated with birth weight. Methods and Results We examined the relation between birth weight and cumulative incidence of adult hypertension, incidence of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and prevalence of obesity in a cohort of 22 846 US men (Health Professionals Follow-up Study). Birth weights, medical histories, family histories, and other factors were collected by biennial mailed questionnaires. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between birth weight and these chronic adult diseases. Low birth weight was associated with an increased risk of hypertension and diabetes; high birth weight was associated with an increased risk of obesity. Compared with men in the referent birth weight category (7.0 to 8.4 lb), men who weighed &lt;5.5 lb had an age-adjusted odds ratio for hypertension of 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 1.44) and for diabetes mellitus of 1.75 (95% CI, 1.21 to 2.54). There was no material change after controlling for adult body mass index and parental histories of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Compared with men in the referent group, the age-adjusted odds ratio of being in the highest versus the lowest quintile of adult body mass index for men with birth weight ≥10.0 lb was 2.08 (95% CI, 1.73 to 2.50). Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that early life exposures, for which birth weight is a marker, are associated with several chronic diseases in adulthood.
THE PEDIATRIC HEART NETWORK FONTAN FOLLOW-UP STUDY: SURVIVAL DATA AND PREDICTORS OF FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME 7 YEARS LATER
Authors: Andrew M. Atz, Victor Zak, Lynn Mahony, Karen Uzark, Peter Shrader, Diane Gallagher, Stephen Paridon, Richard Williams, Roger Breitbart, Steven Colan, Jonathan Kaltman, Renee Margossian, Sara Pasquali, Kerstin Allen, Wyman Lai, Rosalind Korsin, Bradley Marino, Nicole Mirarchi, Brian McCrindle
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Effects of Mithramycin on Paget's Disease of Bone
Authors: WILL G. RYAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Administration of mithramycin (25 µg/kg/day for 10 days) to two patients with advanced Paget's disease of bone resulted in clearcut beneficial effects. The patients' symptoms were ameliorated. Serum calcium and phosphate levels were lowered during therapy but promptly returned to normal afterward. Markedly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels were reduced considerably and have remained relativly low after therapy. Urinary calcium and phosphate levels were also markedly reduced during therapy, and negative calcium and phosphate balances became positive. Markedly elevated urinary hydroxyproline levels were reduced to less than one fourth of control values. Bone accretion rates were significantly decreased. These observations suggest that mithramycin administration diminished the elevated osteoclastic and compensatory osteoblastic activity characteristic of Paget's disease, and this agent may have therapeutic value in patients in whom there is wide dissemination of the pathologic process.
Contamination of probiotic preparations with milk allergens can cause anaphylaxis in children with cow's milk allergy
Authors: Tzu-Tai Tiger Lee, Martine Morisset, Catherine Astier, Denise-Anne Moneret-Vautrin, Vanina Cordebar, Etienne Beaudouin, Fanny Codreanu, Bernard E. Bihain, Gisèle Kanny
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Opposing Roles of p47 <sup>phox</sup> in Basal Versus Angiotensin II–Stimulated Alterations in Vascular O <sub>2</sub> <sup>−</sup> Production, Vascular Tone, and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation
Authors: Jian-Mei Li, Stephen Wheatcroft, Lampson M. Fan, Mark T. Kearney, Ajay M. Shah
Journal: Circulation (2004)

NADPH oxidase is a major source of vascular superoxide (O2-) production and is implicated in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced oxidant stress. The p47phox subunit plays an important role in Ang II-induced oxidase activation, but its role in basal oxidase activity and vascular function is unclear.Aortae from p47phox-/- and matched wild-type (WT) mice (n=9/group) were incubated ex vivo with or without Ang II (200 nmol/L, 30 minutes) and then examined for (1) NADPH-dependent O2- production, (2) endothelium-dependent and -independent vascular relaxation, and (3) activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). In the absence of Ang II, p47phox-/- vessels had slightly but significantly higher (1.3+/-0.1-fold; P<0.05) NADPH-dependent O2- production than WT; impaired relaxation to acetylcholine (maximum 54+/-4% versus 80+/-3%; P<0.05), which was normalized to WT levels by the O2- scavenger tiron or by Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin pentachloride, and increased basal phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and JNK compared with WT. In WT aortae, Ang II increased NADPH-dependent O2- production (2.5+/-0.5-fold; P<0.05), impaired relaxation to acetylcholine (maximum 60+/-6% versus 80+/-3%; P<0.05), and increased ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and JNK phosphorylation (P<0.05). In contrast, Ang II failed to increase O2- production, impair acetylcholine responses, or increase MAPK activation in p47phox-/- aortae.p47phox plays a complex dual role in the vasculature. It inhibits basal NADPH oxidase activity but is critical for Ang II-induced vascular dysfunction via activation of NADPH oxidase.
Signalling between microvascular endothelium and cardiomyocytes through neuregulin
Authors: Emily M. Parodi, Bernhard Kuhn
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Heterocellular communication in the heart is an important mechanism for matching circulatory demands with cardiac structure and function, and neuregulins (Nrgs) play an important role in transducing this signal between the hearts' vasculature and musculature. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding Nrgs, explaining their roles in transducing signals between the heart's microvasculature and cardiomyocytes. We highlight intriguing areas being investigated for developing new, Nrg-mediated strategies to heal the heart in acquired and congenital heart diseases, and note avenues for future research.
Breast cancer trial stopped early
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (1998)

American investigators have halted the breast cancer prevention trial 14 months earlier than expected after they found a 45% reduction in the incidence of breast cancer among women who took tamoxifen, compared with those who took a placebo.

The double blind trial included 13388 healthy women at high risk of developing breast cancer. In the group randomised to take 20 mg a day of tamoxifen there were 85 cases of invasive breast cancer, compared with 154 cases in the women assigned to the placebo group. The women were followed on average for four years. The results have yet to be published in any journal.

An independent safety monitoring committee, after reviewing the data at its regularly scheduled meeting on 24 March, recommended that the trial should be unblinded and the women in the placebo group given the opportunity to switch to tamoxifen. The women will continue to be monitored by the investigators.

Dr …
Comparative diagnostic value of dipyridamole and adenosine-triphosphate stress first-pass myocardial perfusion magnetic resonance imaging for detection of coronary artery disease
Authors: Bonpei Takase, Hosaka Haruhiko, Teruyoshi Kihara, Akira Kameyama, Masayoshi Nagata, Fumitaka Ohsuzu, Akira Kurita
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Large-scale societal changes and intentionality – an uneasy marriage
Authors: Péter Bodor, Nikos Fokas
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract Our commentary focuses on juxtaposing the proposed science of intentional change with facts and concepts pertaining to the level of large populations or changes on a worldwide scale . Although we find a unified evolutionary theory promising, we think that long-term and large-scale, scientifically guided – that is, intentional – social change is not only impossible, but also undesirable.
Hundreds of deaths of detainees with mental health conditions were avoidable, inquiry says
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2015)

An inquiry has revealed serious flaws in the system of care for people with mental health conditions detained in psychiatric hospitals, prisons, and police cells in England and Wales.

The inquiry, by the Equality and Human Rights Commission, concluded that hundreds of deaths of people with mental health conditions could have been avoided. The inquiry covered 2010-13, during which 367 adults with mental health conditions died of non-natural causes in psychiatric wards and police cells and another 295 adults died in prison, many of whom had mental health …
The Physician and the Jury
Authors: Neil L. Chayet
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE medical profession encounters the jury primarily in three situations. The physician may come before the jury as the defendant in a malpractice case. He may be summoned before the jury as an ordinary witness, a capacity in which he is required to testify about his medical findings, diagnosis and treatment regarding a patient under his care. Thirdly, he may come before the jury as an expert witness to answer questions which most frequently revolve around the cause of an injury.It has been estimated that 70 per cent of all noncriminal cases involve medical testimony, and, thus, an understanding . . .
Myocardial Regeneration Therapy for Heart Failure
Authors: Shigeru Miyagawa, Yoshiki Sawa, Satoshi Taketani, Naomasa Kawaguchi, Toshikazu Nakamura, Nariaki Matsuura, Hikaru Matsuda
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — We hypothesized that transfection of the gene for human hepatocyte growth factor (hHGF) combined with cellular cardiomyoplasty might regenerate the impaired myocardium. Methods and Results — We used a ligation model of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) of Lewis rats. Two weeks after LAD ligation, 3 different treatments were conducted: (1) neonatal rat cardiomyocytes group (10 6 cells, T group, n=11), (2) HVJ-liposomes bearing the hHGF gene group (H group, n=10), and (3) combined (T-H group, n=10). The injection site was the scar area of myocardial infarction. For control, culture medium was injected (C group, n=13). Echocardiography demonstrated that cardiac performance was significantly ameliorated in the T-H group 4 and 8 weeks after injection. Contrast echocardiography also showed a marked increase in myocardial perfusion in the T-H group but not in the other groups. In the T-H group, neovascularization and a marked reduction of fibrosis were observed histologically. In an immunohistochemical study, strong staining for β 1 -integrin, α-, and β-dystroglycan were found principally in the basement membrane of myocytes in the T-H group 8 weeks after transplantation, although there was weak immunoreactivity in the T group. Conclusions — hHGF gene transfection enhanced the cellular cardiomyoplasty possibly by stimulating angiogenesis, restoring the impaired ECM, and promoting the integration of the dissociated grafted myocytes. The combined effects might have lead to the improved cardiac performance. Thus, combined therapy may be a promising strategy for the treatment of heart failure caused by myocardial infarction.
Sentinel Symptoms of Climate Change: Indicators for Related Health Effects
Authors: Bob Weinhold
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Greenhouse gas emissions are widely acknowledged to be contributing to climate change-related health effects that vary by location, and are expected to continue doing so for many years, even if substantial emission cuts occur.A workgroup of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists has identified a set of indicators that it says will allow national and local officials in the United States to better predict any such changes and consequences and to take appropriate action as it becomes warranted [EHP 117:1673-1681; English et al.].The team also identified the data needed for tracking these indicators and ascertained whether the data exist, must be improved, or must be generated.They say this is the first effort to synthesize and evaluate related information published by many sources.The team determined the best indicators of environmental changes due to climate change are quantity of greenhouse gas emissions, air quality (in particular ozone), air mass stagnation events (such as those caused by temperature inversions), temperature and humidity, pollen loads, ragweed occurrence, drought incidence, drinking water scarcity, and occurrence of wildfires and harmful algal blooms.Data for some of these indicators are strong and/or expected to improve soon, as in the case of greenhouse gases, temperature, air mass stagnation events, and drought.Data on other indicators, such as pollen, harmful algal blooms, and ozone, require substantial improvement.For indicators of human death and illness, the authors recommend tracking
Prevalence and Incidence of HTLV-III Infection in a Prison
Authors: Patrick W. Kelley, Robert R. Redfield, David L. Ward, Donald S. Burke, Richard N. Miller
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Although acquired immunodeficiency syndrome has been reported in prisons, the magnitude of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection in inmates is not well defined.<sup>1</sup>The potential for intraprison transmission clearly exists if a reservoir of infection is present. A history of intravenous drug abuse has been documented by over 30% of inmates at several prisons.<sup>2,3</sup>Among a sample of federal penitentiary inmates, 30% admitted to adult homosexual activity in a prison.<sup>4</sup>We undertook to document the prevalence and incidence of HTLV-III infection in a maximum-security military prison.
Our Children's Toxic Legacy: How Science and Law Fail to Protect Us From Pesticides
Authors: Robert Hunt Sprinkle
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Pesticides are highly toxic substances whose typical intended use requires concentrated uncontained environmental release. They are sprayed into the air, poured into water, applied to soils, plants, animals, and foodstuffs, and incorporated into household and workplace materials. All pesticides harm nontargeted species and strains. Most persist longer than desired. Many accumulate along the food chain or concentrate in food processing. Some are degraded or metabolized into substances of enhanced toxicity. Any pesticide may to some degree mix with other pesticides, with or without transformation, and their combinations may then have new effects, additive or synergistic, unwanted or unrecognized, or both. More than a century into the history of pesticide use and decades into the era of pesticide-use acceleration, greater than a third of yearly food and fiber production worldwide is still lost to pests. For some heavily embattled crops, the rate of loss and the rate of pesticide treatment have
64 SAFETY OF THE HCV PROTEASE INHIBITOR TMC435350 IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AND SAFETY AND ACTIVITY IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C INFECTED INDIVIDUALS: A PHASE I STUDY
Authors: H. Reesink, R. Verloes, K. Abou Farha, A. Van Vliet, C. Weegink, G. van 't Klooster, F. Aharchi, K. Marien, P. Van Remoortere, H. de Kock, F. Broeckaert, G. Fanning, P. Meyvisch, E. Van Beirendonck, K. Simmen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
The shuttle walking test: a reproducible method for evaluating the impact of shortness of breath on functional capacity in patients with advanced cancer
Authors: S Booth
Journal: Thorax (2001)

Breathlessness leading to exercise limitation is common in patients with advanced cancer and is ineffectively treated. There are few research data to guide clinicians on best practice. The shuttle walking test has been validated for some conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease but not for advanced cancer. One of the well documented difficulties of doing clinical research in palliative care is the acceptability of assessment tests. This study examined the reproducibility of the shuttle walking test in patients with advanced cancer to help facilitate the systematic evaluation of interventions designed to improve breathlessness.Patients performed three shuttle walks on separate days with continuous monitoring of arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate; simple pulmonary function (FEV(1)) was also recorded. Data on quality of life, anxiety, and depression were collected throughout the study period using appropriate questionnaires. Breathlessness was measured before and after exercise using a visual analogue scale.Data from 22 patients were compared between visits 2 and 3. There were no significant differences between the FEV(1) (1.89 v 1.90, p=0.73), distance walked on each test (245 m v 256 m, p=0.14), end-exercise levels of heart rate (107/min v 108/min, p=0.11), oxygen saturation (93.4% v 93.2%, p=0.38), or breathlessness scores (p=0.62) on the two occasions. Indices of quality of life, anxiety, and depression were also not different between the two tests. The investigation was very acceptable to patients, families, and staff.The shuttle walking test is a reproducible test of functional capacity in ambulant patients with advanced cancer, WHO performance status 1 or 2. The data indicate that a practice session is needed. It is easy to carry out and acceptable for patients with advanced cancer.
24 HIGHER SUSTAINED VIROLOGIC RESPONSE AND HISTOLOGIC IMPROVEMENT IN RECURRENT HEPATITIS C AFTER PEGYLATED INTERFERON PLUS RIBAVIRIN THERAPY UNDER CYCLOSPORINE-BASED VERSUS TACROLIMUS-BASED IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE THERAPY
Authors: M. Navasa, T. Casanovas, M. Berenguer, I. Fernández, M. Salcedo, L. Castells, J. Pascasio, J. Fernández, I. Herrero, A. Otero, S. Tomé, M. de la Mata, R. Bárcena, I. Baños, M. Guilera
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Hospital Violence Reduction Among High-Risk Patients
Authors: David J. Drummond
Journal: JAMA (1989)

We describe the success of one general hospital in reducing violent behavior among a group of repetitively disruptive patients. Following a pilot phase during which violent incidents at the medical center were characterized by location, type, and person responsible, a group of patients at high risk for repeated violence was identified (N = 48). Data were gathered for 1 year before and after the institution of a program designed to reduce violence, primarily in ambulatory care areas, among this group. Outcome assessment included comparison of the number of violent incidents and the number of visits to the medical center during the 12 months before and after the program was started. The number of incidents declined by 91.6%, and visits to the medical center for any reason decreased by 42.2%. The ratio of violent incidents to visits after the program was begun was less than one sixth the rate before the program. Components of the program are described, including staff resistance and management strategies.
Heterogeneity Is Not Always Noise
Authors: Frank Davidoff
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Rigorous experimental methods suppress differences among study participants (noise) to detect true intervention effects (signals). But suppressing participants' heterogeneity obscures an essential dimension of biological and clinical knowledge. Medicine is therefore ambivalent about the influence of heterogeneity on outcomes and struggles to find ways to take it properly into account in both clinical practice and research. This analysis explores the roots of that ambivalence. Drawing on the evaluation of 2 health care improvement initiatives, this article examines the unique features of improvement that help to understand heterogeneity's influence on study methods, and suggests a variety of ways to assess the effect of heterogeneity on study outcome measures.
Spontaneous Cure of Ovarian Tumour(?)
Authors: J. Fox
Journal: BMJ (1860)

TO DIPHTHERIITIC AFFECTIONS.THE following case will serve to illustrate one form of tempo- rary paralysis arisina from diphtheria.The subject has been several years before the profession, but not much known in this country.It appears to be of frequent occurrence in the hospitals of Paris.The journals at the end of last year con- tained many interesting cases.The following occurred to my- self in Novenmber 1859, showing a temporary form of this ma- lady, and of this I will give the main features.CASE IV.John P., aged 4:3, a brassfounder, a working me- chanic, of temperate habits, was attacked in November 1859, 'vith inflammation of the throat of a diphtheritic character.An abscess afterwards formed, from which he soon recovered; but during the progress of the throat affection, he experienced a loss of power in his right leg, so that he could with difficulty make any attempt to walk or stand.At first there were some slight erratic pains in the leg, which soon subsided, leaving
Clinical Remarks on the Symptoms and Conditions which Justify Nephrolithotomy, the Chief Conditions Simulating Renal Calculus, and Some Practical Points in the Operation of Nephrolithotomy
Authors: W. H. A. Jacobson
Journal: BMJ (1890)

IN explanation of the choice of my subject I am very strongly of opinion that nephrolithotomy is one of those advances in modern surgery in which the operation has outstripped the diagnosis.What with the pitch of excellence to which our aneesthetics, our instruments, and the aseptic precautions both during and after the operation have been brought, what with the comparative sim- plicity of the viscus which we attack, and its, as a rule, uncompli- cated surroundings, the operation of nephrolithotomy has been rapidly perfected, while the diagnosis, unbappily, often lags be- hind.To speak only from my own experience, I would say at once that, while I have seven times removed calculi by nephro- lithotomy, several of which are before you, I have on five occa- sions explorejl kidneys for stone both by multiple puncture and by incision without result.These five cases must be mentioned.The first was lithic acid in a hypochondriac, who greatly exag- gerated his symptoms and who, having heard of nephrolithotomy, asked for the operation.Both Dr. Pye-Smith, whose patient he was originally, and I were very doubtful about the existence of a calculus.After the operation his pain was lost with suspicious rapidity, and he remained well when seen last, seven months later.The second was a case of movable kidney, becoming painful after gonorrhoea, which perhaps set up slight pyelitis.The was a case of malignant disease around the last dorsal nerve.These cases are more fully alluded to later on.The fourth was a case of granular kidney.This was a patient, aged 61, with con- stant heematuria and left lumbar pain.As the specific gravity of exceed 1012, 1 contented myself with exploring kidney with a needle, after it had been exposed.Bronchitis, running bronchopneumonia, largely due to foggy days, carried patient on the fourth day.The kidneys were granular, especially so.I should have acted much more wisely if I this patient longer, but the hbematuria had baffled painstaking the part of the medical man who sent him me, and attached far too much importance to uric acid crystals urine.This occurred to me before the papers of Bowlby, to which reference is made later, had appeared.case was, I believe, in the light of a larger