tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE MULTIPLICATION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS IN THE MOUSE LUNG
Authors: Harold S. Ginsberg, Frank L. Horsfall
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1952)

Influenza A virus, PR8 strain, increases in amount in the infected mouse lung at a relatively constant rate. When more than 25 M.S.50 doses of virus is inoculated, the rate of multiplication appears to be independent of the amount of virus introduced; has a value of 1,100-fold increase per day. The rate of increase in the pulmonary lesions induced by infection of the mouse lung with PR8 also appears to be relatively constant and independent of the amount of virus inoculated; has a value of 8.5-fold increase per day. The essential variables in the PR8-mouse lung system appear to be equated satisfactorily by functions which were derived previously (4) during a similar quantitative investigation on pneumonia virus of mice (PVM). Evidence in support of the hypothesis that the processes of multiplication of PR8 and PVM are different in the mouse lung is presented.
Findings of meta-analysis cannot be relied on
Authors: G. Gyte, M. Dodwell, M. Newburn, J. Sandall, A. Macfarlane, S. Bewley
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Mayor reports that a meta-analysis has linked planned home births with a twofold higher rate of neonatal mortality compared with hospital births.1 2 Closer inspection calls this finding into question.

The quality of studies in any meta-analysis is critical, but no assessment was reported. Studies were observational with many not matched adequately for confounders.

Neonatal …
Reduced systemic bicyclo‐prostaglandin‐E<sub>2</sub> and cyclooxygenase‐2 gene expression are associated with inefficient erythropoiesis and enhanced uptake of monocytic hemozoin in children with severe malarial anemia
Authors: Samuel B. Anyona, Prakasha Kempaiah, Evans Raballah, Gregory C. Davenport, Tom Were, Stephen N. Konah, John M. Vulule, James B. Hittner, Charity W. Gichuki, John M. Ong'echa, Douglas J. Perkins
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

In holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission areas, severe malaria primarily occurs in children aged <48 months and manifests as severe malarial anemia [SMA; hemoglobin (Hb) < 6.0 g/dL]. Induction of high levels of prostaglandin-E(2) (PGE(2)) through inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an important host-defense mechanism against invading pathogens. We have previously shown that COX-2-derived PGE(2) levels are reduced in children residing in hyperendemic transmission regions with cerebral malaria and in those with mixed sequelae of anemia and hyperparasitemia. Our in vitro studies further demonstrated that reduced PGE(2) was due to downregulation of COX-2 gene products following phagocytosis of malarial pigment (hemozoin, PfHz). However, as COX-2-PGE(2) pathways and the impact of naturally acquired PfHz on erythropoietic responses have not been determined in children with SMA, plasma and urinary bicyclo-PGE(2)/creatinine and leukocytic COX-2 transcripts were determined in parasitized children (<36 months) stratified into SMA (n = 36) and non-SMA (Hb ≥ 6.0 g/dL; n = 38). Children with SMA had significantly reduced plasma (P = 0.001) and urinary (P < 0.001) bicyclo-PGE(2)/creatinine and COX-2 transcripts (P = 0.007). There was a significant positive association between Hb and both plasma (r = 0.363, P = 0.002) and urinary (r = 0.500, P = 0.001)] bicyclo-PGE(2)/creatinine. Furthermore, decreased systemic bicyclo-PGE(2)/creatinine was associated with inefficient erythropoiesis (i.e., reticulocyte production index; RPI < 2.0, P = 0.026). Additional analyses demonstrated that plasma (P = 0.031) and urinary (P = 0.070) bicyclo-PGE(2)/creatinine and COX-2 transcripts (P = 0.026) progressively declined with increasing concentrations of naturally acquired PfHz by monocytes. Results presented here support a model in which reduced COX-2-derived PGE(2), driven in part by naturally acquired PfHz by monocytes, promotes decreased erythropoietic responses in children with SMA.
Cloning and characterization of a second complementary DNA for human tryptase.
Authors: J S Miller, G Moxley, L B Schwartz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

A second cDNA for human tryptase, called beta-tryptase, was cloned from a mast cell cDNA library in lambda ZAP. Its nucleotide sequence and corresponding amino acid sequence were determined and compared with those of a previously cloned tryptase cDNA, now called alpha-tryptase. The 1,142-base sequence of beta-tryptase encodes a 30-amino acid leader sequence of 3,089 D and a 245-amino acid catalytic region of 27,458 D. The amino acid sequence of beta-tryptase is 90% identical with that of alpha-tryptase, the first 20 amino acids of the catalytic portions being 100% identical. This identity, together with recognition of each recombinant protein by monoclonal antibodies directed against purified tryptase validate the tryptase identity of both alpha-tryptase and beta-tryptase cDNA molecules. Modest differences between the nucleic acid sequences of alpha- and beta-tryptase occurred throughout the cDNA molecules except in the 3' noncoding regions, which were identical. Although most highly conserved regions of amino acid sequence in the trypsin superfamily are conserved in both tryptase molecules, beta-tryptase has one carbohydrate binding site compared to two in alpha-tryptase, and one additional amino acid in the catalytic sequence. Regions of the substrate binding pocket in beta-tryptase (DSCQ, residues 218-221; SWG, residues 243-245) differ slightly from those in alpha-tryptase (DSCK, residues 217-220; SWD, residues 242-244). The presence of both alpha- and beta-tryptase sequences in each haploid genome was indicated by finding alpha- and beta-tryptase specific fragments after amplification by PCR of genomic DNA in 10 unrelated individuals. Localization of both alpha- and beta-tryptase sequences to human chromosome 16 was then performed by analysis of DNA preparations from 25 human/hamster somatic hybrids by PCR. It is now possible to assess the expression of each tryptase cDNA by mast cells and the relationship of each gene product to the active enzyme.
Recurrent spontaneous haemarthrosis of the knee associated with a synovial and juxta-articular haemangiohamartoma.
Authors: T Visuri
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

Several spontaneous episodes of haemarthroses of the knee in a young man led to repeated arthroscopic examinations and one arthrotomy of the affected joint until a juxta-articular haemangiohamartoma was indicated by angiogram. Excision of the malformation stopped the bleeding tendency.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PLASMA COLLOIDS ON THE GRADIENT OF CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY
Authors: Frederick Smith, Macdonald Dick
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1932)

The influence of osmotic conditions on the gradient of capillary permeability disclosed by the distribution into mammalian muscle of vital dyes has been tested experimentally. The percentage of circulating blood proteins was increased in rabbits by the injection of compatible plasma, or of compatible serum concentrate obtained by means of a new method of ultrafiltration which has proved both rapid and effective. It was found that when this had been done and the circulatory conditions had stabilized themselves, the gradient of capillary permeability still existed, though its effective extent was less than under normal circumstances. When the percentage of circulating blood proteins was reduced, on the other hand, by repeated bleedings with return of the cells, either as such or suspended in the protein-free fluid obtained by dialysis of serum, the extent of the gradient of capillary permeability was broadened and dye passed out into the tissue more readily than usual from the capillary as a whole. In contrast to these findings injection of a very hypertonic dextrose solution during the period when dye was escaping had no perceptible effect on the gradient of capillary permeability. The observed phenomena cannot be explained by a flow of dye-stained fluid into or out of the blood vessels. The gradient of capillary permeability exists independently of osmotic conditions, though its extent can be markedly influenced by altering the amount of circulating blood proteins. A considerable proportion of the dye used to study the gradient is adsorbed upon these proteins, as subsidiary experiments have shown. This happening provides a sufficient cause for the differences observed in the extent of the gradient when the percentage of proteins is increased or diminished. The evidence like that of previous papers indicates that the cause for the gradient is to be found in a structural differentiation along the capillary, such that the barrier offered by its wall progressively diminishes on the way to the venule. Most current estimates of the effective osmotic pressure of the blood proteins fail to take into account the existence of local differences in permeability along the capillary.
Acute Spontaneous Aorto-Vena Caval Fistula
Authors: George C. Morris
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE acute development of a spontaneous arteriovenous fistula between the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava produces a remarkable clinical picture. Most important among the clinical features of this condition is high output cardiac failure. In this connection it is well recognized that cardiac disturbances are more pronounced in cases with fistula of spontaneous origin than in those following trauma. This is because the onset in the spontaneous group is usually more rapid and the fistulous opening greater in size. In addition to the usual hemodynamic changes associated with systemic arteriovenous communications, abdominal aorto-vena caval fistulas of spontaneous origin present special clinical findings. The lower extremities may be enormously enlarged, cold, and cyanotic in association with suddenly increased venous pressure and decreased arterial perfusion. Oliguria and hepatomegaly with liver failure may result from increased venous pressure in visceral veins and decreased arterial perfusion. A loud toand-fro murmur is present
Sex Differences in Medical Care and Early Death After Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Hani Jneid, Gregg C. Fonarow, Christopher P. Cannon, Adrian F. Hernandez, Igor F. Palacios, Andrew O. Maree, Quinn Wells, Biykem Bozkurt, Kenneth A. LaBresh, Li Liang, Yuling Hong, L. Kristin Newby, Gerald Fletcher, Eric Peterson, Laura Wexler
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Women receive less evidence-based medical care than men and have higher rates of death after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is unclear whether efforts undertaken to improve AMI care have mitigated these sex disparities in the current era.Using the Get With the Guidelines-Coronary Artery Disease database, we examined sex differences in care processes and in-hospital death among 78 254 patients with AMI in 420 US hospitals from 2001 to 2006. Women were older, had more comorbidities, less often presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and had higher unadjusted in-hospital death (8.2% versus 5.7%; P<0.0001) than men. After multivariable adjustment, sex differences in in-hospital mortality rates were no longer observed in the overall AMI cohort (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=1.04; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.10) but persisted among STEMI patients (10.2% versus 5.5%; P<0.0001; adjusted OR=1.12; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.23). Compared with men, women were less likely to receive early aspirin treatment (adjusted OR=0.86; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.90), early beta-blocker treatment (adjusted OR=0.90; 95% CI, 0.86 to 0.93), reperfusion therapy (adjusted OR=0.75; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.80), or timely reperfusion (door-to-needle time </=30 minutes: adjusted OR=0.78; 95% CI, 0.65 to 0.92; door-to-balloon time </=90 minutes: adjusted OR=0.87; 95% CI, 0.79 to 0.95). Women also experienced lower use of cardiac catheterization and revascularization procedures after AMI.Overall, no sex differences in in-hospital mortality rates after AMI were observed after multivariable adjustment. However, women with STEMI had higher adjusted mortality rates than men. The underuse of evidence-based treatments and delayed reperfusion among women represent potential opportunities for reducing sex disparities in care and outcome after AMI.
Looking to rebuild Iraq's healthcare system
Authors: S. Rawaf, E. Dubois, A. Kubba, T. Al-Shawaf, A. Zoma, T. Al-Hadithi, S. Elhassani
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The British government has instigated a training scheme in the UK for Iraqi doctors,1 who for many years have worked under UN sanctions restricting access to all imported materials for continuing professional development, including the BMJ .2 Some of those …
A COMPARATIVE STATISTICAL STUDY OF MALE AND FEMALE DRUG ADDICTS
Authors: M. J. PESCOR
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1944)

1. A comparative statistical study of male and female addicts based on the clinical records of one hundred men and one hundred women admitted to the U. S. Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, Ky., is presented. 2. Statistically typical male and female addicts are described. 3. The male addict is a prisoner patient and has a more serious antisocial record than the female addict who, in contrast to the male, enters the hospital voluntarily. 4. The male addict begins the use of drugs through curiosity and association and is inclined to use more than one kind of narcotic drug, whereas, the female becomes addicted for the relief of some painful or distressing physical condition and generally confines herself to the use of morphine.
Viagra unlikely to be prescribed by GPs in Britain
Authors: J. Warden
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A Liberal Democrat MP has criticised the British government's contention that the impotence drug sildenafil (Viagra) should not be prescribed by GPs if it is licensed later this year.

Dr Evan Harris, a former GP, argued that sildenafil was suitable for primary care prescribing and that GPs were capable of establishing who needed the treatment as opposed to demanding it. He said it would be ludicrous to clog up hospitals with …
DOES CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE, SEGMENTAL EXTENT OF ATHEROMA OR LUMINAL STENOSIS BEST PREDICT LONG TERM (8 YEAR) OUTCOME FOLLOWING 64-SLICE CORONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY?
Authors: Ronen Rubinshtein, Sagi Shprits, Tamar Gaspar, Basil Lewis, Nathan Peled, David Halon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
MATURATION OF RENAL FUNCTION IN CHILDHOOD: CLEARANCE STUDIES12
Authors: Mitchell I. Rubin, Erika Bruck, Milton Rapoport, Marjorie Snively, Helen McKay, Alverna Baumler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1949)

Evidence has been presented by several investi- gators that functional capacity of the kidney in the premature and young infant is lower than in older children and adults.Schoenthal (1) using urea clearance, McCance and Young (2) urea and inu- lin clearances, Barnett (3) inulin clearance, and Gordon, Harrison and McNamara (4) urea clear- ance, showed that the infant had a lower glomeru- lar function when compared to the adult on the basis of a unit of surface area.Recently West et al. ( 5) reported a study of renal function in infants during the first two years of life and Barnett et al. (6), a study in premature infants.This present study was begun in 1945 to deter- mine the rate of maturation of certain of the kid- ney functions from the newborn period through childhood.The following functions were esti- mated: glomerular filtration rate, maximal tubular excretory capacity for para-amino-hippurate, urea clearance, and effective renal plasma flow.3Sixty-three normal well children between the ages of two days and 12 years were studied.METHODS G.F. was determined as mannitol clearance by the single injection technique.A 20 minute period was allowed for 1 Presented before the Society for Pediatric Research,
Influence of travel patterns on mortality from injury among teenagers in England and Wales, 1985-95: trend analysis
Authors: C. DiGuiseppi, L. Li, I. Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Phantom pain (mostly mild) was reported by 29 patients.Fifty three of the remaining 64 patients reported non-painful sensations in the phantom limb.Mean scores on the anxiety and depression scale were 3.9 for anxiety and 2.9 for depression.Whereas 10 patients scored in the clinical range for anxiety, mainly about falling, only one patient scored in this range for depression.No patient gave a history of previous or concurrent psychiatric treatment.The patients were divided according to whether they experienced pain, and their anxiety and depression scores and time from amputation were compared with non-parametric statistics.The table shows that the time from amputation, and anxiety and depression scores did not differ between the two groups.Time from amputation was not strongly significantly associated with distress, so anxiety and depression do not seem to vary consistently over time.
The Biology of Fungous Infections of the Feet
Authors: Rudolf L. Baer
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Fungous infection of the feet is one of the most common dermatoses found in man and a disease which is usually recognized as readily by non-specialists as by specialists. The causal organisms of tinea pedis have been well known for many years, and the means to demonstrate and identify them are relatively simple and available. Fungous infections of the skin with some species of dermatophytes can be regularly produced in laboratory animals, and thus a laboratory model for the study of these infections has been available for many years. Relatively effective nonspecific forms of topical therapy have been in widespread use for several decades, and specific forms of systemic and local therapy for fungous infections of the feet have become available in recent years. It is the more remarkable how little is really known about the biology of fungous infections of the feet in man. There is no doubt that
Interacting molecule of AT1 receptor, ATRAP, is colocalized with AT1 receptor in the mouse renal tubules
Authors: Y. Tsurumi, K. Tamura, Y. Tanaka, Y. Koide, M. Sakai, M. Yabana, Y. Noda, T. Hashimoto, M. Kihara, N. Hirawa, Y. Toya, Y. Kiuchi, M. Iwai, M. Horiuchi, S. Umemura
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Acquired Mls-1a-like clonal deletion in Mls-1b mice.
Authors: M Papiernik, C Pontoux, S Gisselbrecht
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

BALB/c mice (H-2d, Mls-1b) from one colony progressively modify their T cell repertoire during aging, by deleting T cells that express products of the V beta 6 and V beta 8.1 genes of the T cell receptor. Clonal deletion occurs only in 50% of mice between 27 and 43 wk of age, affecting thymus, spleen, and lymph node T cells. The phenomenon is progressive and seems to affect nearly all thymuses between 14 and 19 wk of age. CD4+CD8- mature T cells are more affected than CD4-CD8+ cells. In the thymus, deletion occurs at the stage of immature J11d+ cells expressing a high level of V beta 6, while J11d+V beta 6low-expressing cells are not modified. Clonal deletion is thus an early phenomenon that deletes cells of the immature generative compartment in the thymus. This Mls-1a-like clonal deletion is associated neither with the expression of an Mls-1a-like antigen that could be identified in mixed lymphocyte reaction in vitro, nor with the presence of Mtv-7, the endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral loci. Spleen cells, bone marrow cells, and total thymocytes injected into newborn thymuses cannot induce V beta 6+ cell deletion. However, newborn thymuses grafted into old BALB/c mice behave like their recipients, suggesting that a new antigen, present in these old BALB/c mice, is indeed able to induce an Mls-1a-like clonal deletion. As other BALB/c colonies tested do not behave in same way, the hypothesis of a new exogenous deleting factor rather than a genetic transmission is likely. This may suggest that acquired clonal deletion is a more common phenomenon than expected, and may be the spontaneous reaction of the immune system to the introduction of a new retrovirus or other superantigen.
Effects of Four Commonly-used Tranquillizers on Low-speed Driving Performance Tests
Authors: T. A. Betts, A. B. Clayton, G. M. Mackay
Journal: BMJ (1972)

A double-blind controlled comparison of four commonly-used tranquillizing drugs (haloperidol, amylobarbitone sodium, chlordiazepoxide, and trifluoperazine) against placebo was made in their effects on the performance of volunteers during three low speed vehicle-handling tests. The drugs (with the exception of haloperidol) significantly altered driving behaviour though they did not seem to interact significantly with alcohol. There is, therefore, a strong possibility that such drugs will similarly alter driving performance in patients taking them for therapeutic purposes. Since, as these experiments also show, those affected may be subjectively unaware of it, and routine clinical screening is not sensitive enough to detect them, physicians should warn patients of the probability that their driving performance will be affected by such drugs, particularly during the first few days that they are taken.
Pregnancy after cytotoxic chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumours.
Authors: G J Rustin, M Booth, J Dent, S Salt, F Rustin, K D Bagshawe
Journal: BMJ (1984)

To examine the possibility that cytotoxic drugs may cause sterility or congenital malformations in the offspring of women of childbearing age who are cured of cancer a study was conducted of the obstetric histories of 445 long term survivors treated in this unit with chemotherapy for gestational trophoblastic tumours between 1958 and 1978. After completing treatment 97% of those who wished for a pregnancy (49% of all women studied) conceived and 86% had at least one live birth. All these women had received methotrexate. Of the 47 women who wished to conceive and whose combination therapy included cyclophosphamide, 37 (79%) had a live birth. Women who received three or more drugs were less likely to have a live birth than those who received methotrexate alone or with only one other drug (p less than 0.001). There was no statistically significant excess of congenital malformations. These results are strong evidence that the cytotoxic drug regimens used in this unit for treating gestational trophoblastic tumours are compatible with the preservation of fertility in most women and not associated with any increase in congenital abnormalities.