tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
50 Years of Research and Discovery in Chronic Kidney Disease and Mineral &amp; Bone Disorder: The Central Role of Phosphate
Authors: Eduardo Slatopolsky, Sharon Moe
Journal: Kidney International (2011)

Eduardo Slatopolsky, MD, FACP, Joseph Friedman Professor of Renal Diseases in Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA Sharon Moe, MD, Professor of Medicine and Vice-Chair for Research, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA Roger Bouillon, MD, Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium David Bushinsky, MD, Professor and Associate Chair of Medicine, Nephrology Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA Cyrille Confavreux, MD, Service de Rhumatologie, Université de Lyon-Sud, France Tilman Drueke, MD, INSERM Unité 845 and Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Necker, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, and Faculté de Médecine René Descartes, Paris, France Keith Hruska, MD, Director of Pediatric Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA Harald Jüppner, MD, Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Makoto Kuro-o, MD, Associate Professor of Pathology and Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA Martin Pollak, MD, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Department of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Mariano Rodriguez, MD, Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitaria de Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain Ezequiel Bellorin-Font, MD, Venezuela Jorge Cannata-Andía, MD, Spain Maria Eugenia Canziani, MD, Brazil Aluizio Carvalho, MD, Brazil Ricardo Correa-Rotter, MD, Mexico John Cunningham, MD, UK Masafumi Fukugawa, MD, Japan Vanda Jorgetti, MD, Brazil Tobias Larsson, MD, Sweden Klaus Olgaard, MD, Denmark Anthony Portale, MD, USA Isidro B. Salusky, MD, USA José-Vicente Torregrosa, MD, Spain Myles Wolf, MD, USA
Liberal Democrats' health policy merited more detail
Authors: S. Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—I am writing about the BMJ's coverage of the health policies that the two opposition parties launched at their annual conferences.1 Although I announced several concrete and worthy policies at the Liberal Democrats' conference, John Warden chose to mention only our £350m extra from tax perks and gave many more details of the Labour party's policy than of ours, which seems perverse, given the respective detail of our two policies.

I would like to remind readers that the Liberal Democrats are also committed …
Universal Grammar and critical periods: A most amusing paradox
Authors: Philip Lieberman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Abstract Epstein et al. take as given that, (1) a hypothetical Universal Grammar (UG) exists that allows children effortlessly to acquire their first language; they then argue (2) that critical or sensitive periods do not block the UG from second language acquisition. Therefore, why can't we all effortlessly “acquire” Tibetan in six months or so? Data concerning the neural bases of language are also noted.
Spontaneous Passage of a Dislocated Esophageal Metal Stent: Report of Two Cases
Authors: F. Di Fiore, S. Lecleire, M. Antonietti, G. Savoye, C. Savoye-Collet, S. Hervé, I. Roque, P. Hochain, E. Ben Soussan
Journal: Endoscopy (2003)

Delayed transpyloric impaction is a very rare complication of esophageal metallic stent placement. Authors report different endoscopic removal techniques, but none of these has been validated yet because of their variable success, time-consuming nature, and risk of perforation and hemorrhage. We report that a "wait-and-see" approach is a safe and effective policy in patients with permeable transpyloric impacted esophageal stents.
Screening for small for dates fetuses.
Authors: I Kennedy
Journal: BMJ (1985)

terms the amount needed-,C30-C40m a year at most-is trivial; fortunately, chronic renal failure is rather rare.There is no margin of inefficiency in the performance of dialysis which contractual dialysis can exploit; it comes down simply to the fact that until and unless the United Kingdom health service spends more on services for renal failure then some of those who should benefit from the treatment will die, and tinkering with the available budget in politically fashionable ways will not help them.Finally, despite twofold variations in rates of treatment throughout the United Kingdom for terminal renal failure,4 few renal physicians actually "turn down" more than a handful of patients each year.Of course, there remains great variation in patients considered "suitable" in different parts of the country, and Mrs Ward is right to attack this, but a crucial point in the undertreatment of renal failure in the United Kingdom is underreferral.5Why do many physicians and general practitioners not refer patients whom the dialysis units would regard as entirely treatable ?There appears to be a subtle feedback from the attitudes of the local dialysis unit to the local physicians and practitioners, perhaps relating to events in the distant past, when treatment was much more experimental than it is today.This particularly applies to older patients-even in our own region (South West and South East Thames), where intake now approaches 50/million/year (over 300 patients/year), we are still referred few patients over 70 years of age, and almost none over 80.
Jerry Morris: pathfinder for health through an active and fit way of life
Authors: Ralph S Paffenbarger
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2000)

During the 1997 Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron World Junior Rowing Championships, anthropometric data on 383 male junior rowers were assessed.With 430 participating athletes, the sample represented 89% of the population.In addition to age, 27 dimensions were measured: body mass, six heights or lengths, four breadths, 10 girths, and six skinfolds.The elite male junior rowers were tall (187.4 (5.8) cm; mean (SD)) and heavy (82.2 (7.4) kg), with larger length, breadth, and girth dimensions than a nationally representative sample of Belgian boys of the same chronological age.A rowing specific anthropometric profile chart with norms was constructed.The stature of the junior rowers is similar to that of adult heavyweight elite rowers, except that the junior rowers are lighter.Compared with non-finalists, finalists are heavier (but still lighter than the adult heavyweight elite rower) and taller, with greater length, breadth (except for the bicristal diameter), and girth dimensions.
Detection of a unique ?-glutamyl transpeptidase messenger RNA species closely related to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in humans: A new candidate for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: M Tsutsumi, D Sakamuro, A Takada, S Zang, T Furukawa, N Taniguchi
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Many studies concerning gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have suggested that changes in hepatic GGTP expression may be closely related to the development of HCC. However, its mechanisms are not well known, and genomic analysis of the specific GGTP to HCC is also lacking. Recently, the human GGTP complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences from fetal liver, placenta, and HepG2 cells have been published. In the present study, we sought to clarify the distribution of the GGTP messenger RNA (mRNA) molecular species in human liver and determine whether alterations in GGTP mRNA expression occur upon the development of HCC. The specific primer sets for reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) corresponding to the 5'-noncoding human GGTP mRNA of fetal liver (type A), HepG2 cells (type B), and placenta (type C) were prepared. Oligonucleotide probes specific for each type of mRNA were also synthesized. Liver tissues were obtained from patients with or without HCC, and total RNA was extracted. Total RNA was also extracted from various organs obtained from one male patient upon autopsy. Types of GGTP mRNAs were analyzed using type-specific primer sets and oligonucleotide probes. The types of GGTP mRNA varied in different organs. In normal liver and diseased liver without HCC, the main type of GGTP mRNA was type A. The expression was monogenic in most cases but was polygenic in some cases. In the polygenic cases, type C was common, but type B was found occasionally. On the other hand, type B was predominant in cancerous tissues with HCC. In noncancerous tissues of livers with HCC, the main types were types A and B. The prevalence of type B was significantly higher in both cancerous and noncancerous tissues of livers with HCC than in livers without HCC. The prevalence of type A in cancerous tissue, but not in noncancerous tissue, was significantly lower than in livers without HCC. These results strongly suggested that the GGTP mRNA expression in human liver may shift from type A to type B during the development of HCC. The high prevalence of type B in noncancerous tissues suggested that the shift of the GGTP mRNA may occur from the preneoplastic stage of hepatocytes.
Interpretation of randomised trials is indeed open to debate
Authors: P. Conradi
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR–McCormack and Greenhalgh once argued that the interpretation of randomised controlled trials is open to debate.1 A recent BMJ news item featuring an overly favourable comment on the diabetes subtrial of the heart protection study illustrates this perfectly.2–4 We question the study's relevance to general practice …
Laparoscopic or minilaparotomy cholecystectomy?
Authors: J. N. Baxter, P. J. O'Dwyer
Journal: BMJ (1992)

attend school with non-institutionalised children, has also gained ground recently.PREVENTING LONG TERM INSTITUTIONALISATION It is also necessary to restructure and modernise available community support services for families with children.Efforts are under way to upgrade home visiting nursing services for families with newborn infants.Low cost or free child care for working mothers using the creche system is an option thought to have practical merit, although the costs ofexpanding cr&che care would be high.Regular schools and kindergartens might develop special education pro- grammes for handicapped and retarded children living in the community.A management information system will become increasingly important as plans to deinstitutionalise children become reality."Tracking" information should be able to tell managers how many new admissions to institutions there are every year, how many readmissions there are and for what reasons, who is in foster care, where they are going to school, how many finish school, and where the trouble spots are in the system -the districts or municipalities where local personnel seem to be having difficulty getting and keeping children out of institutions.1 Unicef.Report of a Unicef mission to develop emergency assistance programme for institutionalized children in Romania.New York: Unicef, 1990.
Fibreoptic endoscopic palliative intubation of inoperable oesophagogastric neoplasms.
Authors: M Atkinson, R Ferguson
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Palliative intubation for inoperable malignant strictures at the cardia was done on 16 occasions in 13 patients using fiberoptic endoscopy. Preliminary dilatation was performed, and the Celestin tube was mounted on an introducer and passed over a guide wire inserted with a fiberoptic endoscope. Only one death resulted from the procedure and all the 12 patients who left hospital were swallowing satisfactorily on discharge. The method provided a simple and relatively safe means of relieving dysphagia and improving nutrition.
Cultural evolution is more than neurological evolution
Authors: Thorbjørn Knudsen, Geoffrey M. Hodgson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

Advancing a general Darwinian framework to explain culture is an exciting endeavor. It requires that we face up to the challenge of identifying the specific components that are effective in replication processes in culture. This challenge includes the unsolved problem of explaining cultural inheritance, both at the level of individuals and at the level of social organizations and institutions.
Endoscopic Sclerosis in Bleeding Ulcers Can Results be Improved?
Authors: J. Panés, J. Viver
Journal: Endoscopy (1989)

See also: Endoscopic Hemostasis by Local Injection of Epinephrine and Polidocanol in Bleeding Ulcer. A Prospective Randomized TrialEndoscopy 1988; 20(06): 289-291DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1013023
Sodium channel traffic on the cardiac microtubule highway
Authors: P. J. Mohler
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Voltage-gated sodium channels are responsible for excitable cell action potential initiation. In cardiomyocytes, SCN5A -encoded Nav1.5 is the primary voltage-gated sodium channel α subunit, although other Nav channel α subunits may secondarily modulate specific I Na properties. In addition to the pore-forming Nav1.5 α subunits, four accessory Nav β subunits (β1–β4) are expressed in the human heart. These β subunits have been hypothesized to affect anterograde membrane trafficking of Nav channel α subunits. The critical role of Nav1.5 for normal cardiac function is clearly demonstrated by cardiac defects in mice lacking Nav1.51 as well as by severe ventricular, atrial, and sinoatrial node arrhythmia phenotypes in patients harbouring gain- or loss-of-function mutations in SCN5A or in Nav channel β subunits (β1–β4).2

Over the past decade, work from a number of laboratories has defined the fundamental biophysical properties of Nav1.5 both in heterologous cells and in vivo .3 Additionally, high-resolution analyses of key Nav1.5 structural domains have provided exciting new insights into the mechanisms underlying Nav1.5 regulation.4 However, only recently has the field focused on investigating the cellular pathways required for the local expression and regulation … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +1 319 335 9691; fax +1 319 353 5552, Email: peter-mohler{at}uiowa.edu
Scarlet Fever
Authors: A. Daniel Rubenstein, George E. Foley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

THE serologic classification of the hemolytic streptococcus has often been applied to the study of more or less circumscribed outbreaks of scarlet fever and other streptococcal infections1 2 3 4 and to the investigation of samples of endemic cases occurring during the so-called "streptococcus season" in a given community.5 6 7 8 There are, however, relatively few reports in which all or nearly all the endemic cases of scarlet fever occurring in a community have been studied bacteriologically as well as epidemiologically.Perhaps the most complete information on the scarlet fever occurring in individual communities during a stated period is contained in the report of Schwentker, . . .
Antigenic modulation limits the effector cell mechanisms employed by type I anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Thomas R. W. Tipton, Ali Roghanian, Robert J. Oldham, Matthew J. Carter, Kerry L. Cox, C. Ian Mockridge, Ruth R. French, Lekh N. Dahal, Patrick J. Duriez, Philip G. Hargreaves, Mark S. Cragg, Stephen A. Beers
Journal: Blood (2015)

Following the success of rituximab, 2 other anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), ofatumumab and obinutuzumab, have entered clinical use. Ofatumumab has enhanced capacity for complement-dependent cytotoxicity, whereas obinutuzumab, a type II mAb, lacks the ability to redistribute into lipid rafts and is glycoengineered for augmented antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). We previously showed that type I mAbs such as rituximab have a propensity to undergo enhanced antigenic modulation compared with type II. Here we assessed the key effector mechanisms affected, comparing type I and II antibodies of various isotypes in ADCC and antibody-dependent cellular-phagocytosis (ADCP) assays. Rituximab and ofatumumab depleted both normal and leukemic human CD20-expressing B cells in the mouse less effectively than glycoengineered and wild-type forms of obinutuzumab, particularly when human immunoglobulin G1 (hIgG1) mAbs were compared. In contrast to mouse IgG2a, hIgG1 mAbs were ineffective in ADCC assays with murine natural killer cells as effectors, whereas ADCP was equivalent for mouse IgG2a and hIgG1. However, rituximab's ability to elicit both ADCC and ADCP was reduced by antigenic modulation, whereas type II antibodies remained unaffected. These data demonstrate that ADCP and ADCC are impaired by antigenic modulation and that ADCP is the main effector function employed in vivo.
Increased atherosclerosis in P2Y13/apolipoprotein E double-knockout mice: contribution of P2Y13 to reverse cholesterol transport
Authors: Laeticia Lichtenstein, Nizar Serhan, Sara Espinosa-Delgado, Aurélie Fabre, Wijtske Annema, Uwe J.F. Tietge, Bernard Robaye, Jean-Marie Boeynaems, Muriel Laffargue, Bertrand Perret, Laurent O. Martinez
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2015)

High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) protect against atherosclerosis mainly due to their function in hepatobiliary reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). This is a process whereby excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues is transported by HDL particles to the liver for further metabolism and biliary excretion. Hepatic uptake of HDL holoparticles involves the P2Y13 receptor, independently of the selective cholesteryl ester uptake mediated by scavenger receptor class B, type I (SR-BI). Accordingly, P2Y13-deficient mice (P2Y13−/−) have impaired RCT. This study assessed whether P2Y13 deficiency would affect atherosclerotic development. P2Y13−/− mice were crossbred with atherosclerosis-prone apoE−/− mice. When 15 weeks old, P2Y13−/−/apoE−/− mice had more aortic sinus lesions than apoE−/− mice. Bone marrow transplantation showed that the absence of the P2Y13 receptor in blood cells did not lead to significantly greater atherosclerotic plaque size formation compared with control apoE−/− reconstituted animals. Conversely, the absence of the P2Y13 receptor, except in blood cells, resulted in lesion sizes similar to that in P2Y13−/−/apoE−/− reconstituted mice, pointing to a role for non-haematopoietic-derived P2Y13. Unexpectedly, P2Y13−/−/apoE−/− mice displayed a lower HDL-cholesterol level than apoE−/− mice, which might be due to greater SR-BI expression in the liver. However, P2Y13 deficiency in apoE−/− mice was translated into reduced biliary and faecal sterol excretion and impaired RCT from macrophage to faeces, suggesting that an alteration in hepatobiliary RCT could be solely responsible for the greater atherosclerosis observed. The P2Y13 receptor protects against atherosclerosis, primarily through its role in hepatobiliary RCT.
Anaphylactic Reaction To Chymotrypsin
Authors: Ira L. Howell
Journal: JAMA (1961)

IN JANUARY, 1960, Liebowitz and Ritter reported a case of anaphylactic reaction to chymotrypsin (Chymar) and stated that they were unable to find previous reference in the medical literature to similar reaction to this drug.<sup>1</sup>Untoward complications following the use of the drug are apparently quite rare, but because of the potential severity of consequences it seems wise to report another case. Of all the untoward reactions accompanying the introduction of drugs directly into the tissues or blood stream, anaphylactic and anaphylactoid shock are the most distressing. Anaphylaxis was first described by Portier and Richet in 1902<sup>2</sup>and occurs with the injection of material into an animal which has been previously sensitized to that material by injection; anaphylactoid shock produces the same symptoms but occurs without previous sensitization. Anaphylaxis in laboratory animals was first discovered as a result of hypodermic injection of protein materials to which the
Association of Dietary Intake of Fat and Fatty Acids With Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Michelle D. Holmes, David J. Hunter, Graham A. Colditz, Meir J. Stampfer, Susan E. Hankinson, Frank E. Speizer, Bernard Rosner, Walter C. Willett
Journal: JAMA (1999)

High intakes of fat and specific fatty acids, including total, animal, saturated, polyunsaturated, and trans-unsaturated fats, have been postulated to increase breast cancer risk.To determine whether intakes of fat and fatty acids are associated with breast cancer.Cohort study (Nurses' Health Study) conducted in the United States beginning in 1976.A total of 88795 women free of cancer in 1980 and followed up for 14 years.Relative risk (RR) of invasive breast cancer for an incremental increase of fat intake, ascertained by food frequency questionnaire in 1980, 1984, 1986, and 1990.A total of 2956 women were diagnosed as having breast cancer. Compared with women obtaining 30.1% to 35% of energy from fat, women consuming 20% or less had a multivariate RR of breast cancer of 1.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-1.80). In multivariate models, the RR (95% CI) for a 5%-of-energy increase was 0.97 (0.94-1.00) for total fat, 0.98 (0.96-1.01) for animal fat, 0.97 (0.93-1.02) for vegetable fat, 0.94 (0.88-1.01) for saturated fat, 0.91 (0.79-1.04) for polyunsaturated fat, and 0.94 (0.88-1.00) for monounsaturated fat. For a 1% increase in energy from trans-unsaturated fat, the values were 0.92 (0.86-0.98), and for a 0.1% increase in energy from omega-3 fat from fish, the values were 1.09 (1.03-1.16). In a model including fat, protein, and energy, the RR for a 5% increase in total fat, which can be interpreted as the risk of substituting this amount of fat for an equal amount of energy from carbohydrate, was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93-0.99). In similar models, no significant association of risk was evident with any major types of fat.We found no evidence that lower intake of total fat or specific major types of fat was associated with a decreased risk of breast cancer.
VALUE OF MUSCULAR EXERCISE IN THE TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Samuel Soskin
Journal: JAMA (1934)

As early as 1868, Trousseau<sup>1</sup>reported the observation that muscular exercise decreased the glycosuria of diabetic patients. Similar observations have been reported by Zimmer<sup>2</sup>and by Mering and Finkler.<sup>3</sup>Külz and Rumpf,<sup>4</sup>on the other hand, found that while in some diabetic patients the glycosuria decreased after physical exertion, in others it increased. The observations of von Noorden<sup>5</sup>(by whom the aforementioned references are quoted) agreed with those of Külz. Von Noorden concluded that while in mild diabetes muscular work may decrease the glycosuria, in severe diabetes it has the reverse effect. With the advent of practical methods for the determination of the blood sugar, Allen<sup>6</sup>reported that exercise caused a fall in the blood sugar level of diabetic patients. Since the discovery of insulin, Lawrence,<sup>7</sup>Burger and Kramer,<sup>8</sup>Gerl and Hoffman,<sup>9</sup>and Sendrail and Blancardi<sup>10</sup>have observed that muscular