tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Extracts from "Clinical Evidence": Athlete's foot and fungally infected toenails
Authors: F. Crawford
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Background</h3> <b>Definition</b> Athlete9s foot is a cutaneous fungal infection that causes the skin to itch, flake, and fissure. Nail involvement is characterised by ungual thickening and discoloration. <b>Incidence/prevalence:</b> In the United Kingdom, athlete9s foot is present in about 15% of the general population,1 and 1.2 million people have fungally infected toenails.2 <b>Aetiology/risk factors:</b> Swimming pool users and industrial workers may have increased risk of fungal foot infection. However, one survey found fungal foot infection in only 8.5% of swimmers, with the highest incidence (20%) in men aged 16 years and over.1 <b>Prognosis:</b> Fungal infections of the foot are not life threatening in people with normal immunity, but in some people they cause persistent symptoms. Other people seem to be oblivious of persistent infection. The infection can spread to other parts of the body and to other people. <b>Aims:</b> To control symptoms and prevent recurrence, with minimal adverse effects. <b>Outcomes:</b> Rates of fungal eradication, shown by negative microscopy and culture, and resolution of clinical signs and symptoms at follow up.
Psychiatrists' perspective is insufficient to root out racism
Authors: A. Chakraborty
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—Minnis et al in their vignette based report claim that racial stereotyping that occurs at the first psychiatric interview is insufficient to account for the inequalities in diagnosis of schizophrenia between black and white men in the United Kingdom.1 Their findings are not surprising. What people say and what they do are often two quite separate things. Respondents may have consciously or subconsciously overcompensated for their prejudices in the current climate of sensitivity to racial issues and …
Garlic for Treating Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Clare Stevinson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

To investigate the effect of garlic on total cholesterol level in persons with elevated levels by conducting a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.Systematic literature searches were conducted on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, Cochrane Library, AMED, and CISCOM databases. Manufacturers of commercial garlic preparations and experts in the field were asked about published or unpublished trials.Selected trials were required to state that they were randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled; use garlic monopreparations; include persons with mean total cholesterol levels of at least 5.17 mmol/L (200 mg/dL); and report total cholesterol level as an end point. There were no language restrictions.Two reviewers, blinded to key identifiers of each paper, independently extracted data in a standardized manner and assessed methodologic quality by using the Jadad scale. Discrepancies were settled through discussion.In the 13 trials included in the meta-analysis, garlic reduced total cholesterol level from baseline significantly more than placebo (P < 0.01); the weighted mean difference was -0.41 mmol/L (95% CI, -0.66 to -0.15 mmol/L) (-15.7 mg/dL [CI, -25.6 to -5. 7 mg/dL]). Six diet-controlled trials with the highest scores for methodologic quality revealed a nonsignificant difference between garlic and placebo groups; the weighted mean difference was -0.11 mmol/L (CI, -0.30 to 0.08 mmol/L) (-4.3 mg/dL [CI, -11.7 to 3.1 mg/dL]).The available data suggest that garlic is superior to placebo in reducing total cholesterol levels. However, the size of the effect is modest, and the robustness of the effect is debatable. The use of garlic for hypercholesterolemia is therefore of questionable value.
Junior doctors' pay rates for additional duty hours have not been increased
Authors: P. Bennie
Journal: BMJ (1996)

used internationally for comparative purposes and, with full histopathological examination (as in our paediatric and adult studies), provide information significantly superior to clinical data alone.3We acknowledge that necropsies underestimate bacteraemia and enteritis.24Pyogenic pneumonia (diagnosed on the basis of large zones of lungs with polymorphs in alveoli) was the prime cause of death in 32% (49/155) of the children and was found in 37% (57/155); the corresponding proportions in the adults infected with HIV were 8% and 30%, respectively.2With regard to differences between adults and children, the common diseases in childhood in Africa (acute respiratory infection, malnutrition, meningitis, etc) were found frequently in both HIV positive and HIV negative children.Clinical syndromes are similar in the two groups, and symptoms and signs are poorly predictive of HIV status.'With the exception of Pneumocystis carinji infection, individual AIDS defining infections were uncommon in HIV positive children.In contrast, the range of disease in HIV positive adults in Abidjan is quite different from that in HIV negative adults,2 as is the case in Nairobi.The, rarity of tuberculosis in the young children in whom necropsy was carried out is consistent with the annual risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa-about 2%.We predict that, with a median age at death of <2 years, most African children with HIV infection die without having encountered this mycobacterium.We were not reluctant to emphasise this but believed that the implications were evident.Finally, the 1991 article by Chin that we referenced emphasises the prevalence of HIV infection in Africa.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE AMOUNT OF GLUCOSE IN DIABETIC URINE AND OTHER LIQUIDS
Authors: A. F. Dimmock
Journal: BMJ (1914)

I941O I1r.JovHN rT 399 left-sided scrotal abscess anidI a good deal of oedema of botlh scrotum and penis developed.These were incised under local anaestliesia.The patient left the nursing home on June 16ti,
Methotrexate pneumonitis: case report and review of the literature
Authors: M. E. Whitcomb, M. I. Schwarz, D. C. Tormey
Journal: Thorax (1972)

Methotrexate has been recommended for long-term therapy of an increasing number of diseases including acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, psoriasis and other chronic dermatoses, Wegener9s granulomatosis, and multiple solid tumours. Acute pneumonitis is a known complication of methotrexate therapy. An additional case is reported and the clinical features of the 13 previous cases are summarized. Clinical and radiographic evidence of acute pneumonitis associated with eosinophilia and a rapid clearing with steroid treatment is the characteristic syndrome.
75 Allergen cross-reactivity between α-amylase (aspergillus oryzae), hemicellulase (A. niger) and amyloglycosidase (A. niger)
Authors: R WIEWRODT, K SPIX, U BILLER, K VIEL, J BARGON, W CASPARY, R BUHL
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1996)
Functional impairment in lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis and fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis: a comparison.
Authors: A U Wells, D M Hansell, M B Rubens, J B Cailes, C M Black, R M du Bois
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Lone cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis (CFA) is histologically identical to fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis (FASSc), but it has a much worse prognosis after matching for disease severity at presentation. Thin-section CT scanning (CT) provides a reproducible method of quantifying the morphologic extent of fibrosing alveolitis. The aim of this study was to gain insights into contrasting pathophysiologic mechanisms in the two diseases by comparing patterns of functional impairment after matching for extent of disease on CT, demographic factors, smoking history, and concurrent treatment. Patients with emphysema on CT (n = 16) and patients with FASSc with overt pulmonary hypertension (n = 5) were excluded; 111 patients were studied (CFA, n = 54; FASSc, n = 57). Patients with CFA were distinguished by more severe functional impairment and more extensive disease on CT (40.1 versus 22.1%, p < 0.00005). On multivariate analysis, patients with CFA had greater reduction in arterial P(O2) (p < 0.0005), wider AaP(O2) (p < 0.0005), greater oxygen desaturation on maximal exercise (p < 0.03), and higher dyspnea scores (p < 0.02) than did patients with FASSc after controlling for extent of disease on CT and other covariates. Measures of lung volume and gas transfer did not differ independently between CFA and FASSc. These findings persisted in subanalyses of patients with limited disease, extensive disease, histologic confirmation of fibrosing alveolitis, and with the reinclusion of patients with emphysema and pulmonary hypertension. The patterns of functional impairment were indicative of more severe ventilation-perfusion mismatch or anatomic shunting in CFA after adjustment for disease extent; we speculate that perfusion of poorly ventilated lung parenchyma in CFA occurs through new vessels formed in areas of intense inflammation. This mechanism may contribute to the greater mortality of patients with CFA than of patients with FASSc because of the deleterious effects of hypoxia on concurrent cardiac disease.
Review of William R. LaFleur, Gernot Bohme, and Susumu Shimazono, eds., <i>Dark Medicine: Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research</i>
Authors: Joanne Godley
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

As a society, we grant the medical profession guardianship over the care and treatment of our minds and bodies. We reveal our weaknesses and vulnerabilities, trusting that physicians will handle us...
Pericardial Disease-Reply
Authors: E. William Hancock
Journal: JAMA (1997)

I appreciate Dr Spodick's interesting comments. The areas of disagreement may be rather small, especially regarding the issues of low voltage and myocardial ischemia. These mechanisms continue to be debated in the absence of methods for definitive proof.  I hold out on the issue of paradoxical pulse. By definition, pericardial effusion is present in effusive-constrictive pericarditis. However, there are patients with constrictive pericarditis, usually of subacute nature, with no pericardial effusion in whom paradoxical pulse is a prominent feature. 1 I have termed this the elastic form of pericardial constriction. Echocardiograms sometimes report effusion in such cases, whereas surgical exploration reveals none; the thickened edematous pericardium may represent organization of a previously existing effusion.  I also hold out a little on arrhythmias. Could the common arrhythmias after cardiac surgery result from pericarditis? Indeed, a sterile postoperative pericarditis is now used as an experimental model of atrial flutter. 2   I am
Time to move forward
Authors: C R V Tomson, E J Lamb, K Griffith, D O'Donoghue, J Feehally
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Giles and Fitzmaurice's arguments are designed to persuade BMJ readers that reporting estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) has introduced a screening programme by the back door, will pressurise specialist services, and cause unnecessary anxiety and harm to patients in terms of getting life insurance and receiving inappropriate treatment.1

The marked increase in referrals of patients with …
Cut caffeine in pregnancy?
Authors: J. M Geleijnse
Journal: BMJ (2009)

From their prospective study of maternal caffeine intake and fetal growth restriction the CARE Study Group concluded that caffeine intake before conception and during pregnancy should be reduced.1 The UK Food Standards Agency immediately advised pregnant women to drink no more than two cups of coffee or four cups of tea a day.

When studying nutrient intakes in relation to pregnancy outcomes, many factors should be considered in the design and statistical analysis of the …
Hydrostatic Inflation for Low-Pressure Tracheal Cuffs
Authors: Richard R. Jackson
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Recently published data in dogs<sup>1</sup>demonstrated the superiority of low-pressure endotracheal tube cuffs over high-pressure conventional endotracheal cuffs. Low-pressure cuffs decrease the incidence of superficial mucosal ulceration, and eliminate necrosis of deep-lying tracheal structures, seen occasionally after prolonged intubation with high-pressure cuffs. A technical problem exists, however, in the clinical application of these cuffs: proper inflation is difficult to achieve. Too much air introduced into the cuff can defeat the purpose of the low-pressure design, ie, to have a cuff which seals with a minimal pressure on the tracheal mucosa. Too much air also can herniate elastic cuffs over the end of the tube causing airway obstruction. Cuff rupture can also occur. Because the cuffs are so compliant, it is difficult to determine an end point for inflation unless relatively complex pressure gauges, sensitive in the lowpressure range (10 to 30 cm H<sub>2</sub>O) are
Impaired cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition due to genetic variations in the main immunogenic region of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 NEF protein.
Authors: I Couillin, B Culmann-Penciolelli, E Gomard, J Choppin, J P Levy, J G Guillet, S Saragosti
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) induces strong responses from human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In a previous report we identified an immunodominant region (amino acids 73-144) in the NEF protein that was recognized by CD8+ class I-restricted CTL of most asymptomatic individuals. Analysis of the 73-144 region by peptide sensitization, experiments using overlapping peptides corresponding to the LAI isolate identified the peptide sequences located between residues 73 and 82 or 84 and 92 and the peptide sequence between residues 134 and 144 as cognate peptides for HLA-A11- and HLA-B18-restricted epitopes, respectively. This report describes the variable demonstrable reactivities of CTL obtained from HLA-A11 or HLA-B18 seropositive, asymptomatic patients who all had a response to the virus NEF protein, but who did not always recognize appropriate cognate peptides. The high mutation rate of HIV probably facilitates the selection of mutants that can avoid the cellular immune response. We therefore analyzed the variability of these epitopes restricted by HLA-A11 and HLA-B18. We sequenced several viral isolates from HLA-A11 and HLA-B18 donors who recognized certain HLA-peptide complexes and from those who did not. A CTL sensitization assay was used to show that some mutations led to a great reduction in CTL activity in vitro. This might be due to failure of the mutated epitope to bind major histocompatibility complex class I molecule. A simple assay was used to detect peptides that promoted the assembly of class I molecules. Some of these mutations at major anchor positions prevented HLA-A11/peptide binding, and consequently impaired recognition of the HLA-peptide complex by the T cell receptor.
Pesticides--how research has succeeded and failed to translate science into policy: endocrinological effects on wildlife.
Authors: T Colborn
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Toxicological research became institutionalized in the United States in response to society's concern about cancer and acute mortality. Driven by risk assessment, research focused on the need for data development and the standardization of testing for regulatory and management purposes in a reactive mode. Although the research community has provided evidence for over 40 years that a number of pesticides and industrial chemicals have disruptive effects on the endocrine system, little attention was given to the evidence when determining the health hazards of synthetic chemicals because of the fixation on cancer. However, recent findings concerning the effects of a number of widespread chemicals on the reproductive success and fertility of wildlife and humans has led to the call for a proactive approach using investigative research (forensic science). Suggestions are presented to modernize the research agenda of public health institutions to meet society's needs to address the problems of exposure to endocrine, nervous, and immune system disruptors.
Bellini Duct Carcinoma
Authors: Kathrin Marx, Jean Bauer, Louis Guillou, Angelika Bischof Delaloye, John Prior
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Renal collecting (Bellini) duct carcinoma is a rare variant of renal cell carcinoma associated with a highly aggressive course and poor prognosis, often metastatic at the time of diagnosis. The authors report a case of a 41-year-old woman with a diagnosis of Bellini duct carcinoma, who underwent postoperative staging with F-18-FDG PET/CT. The images revealed strong tracer uptake in multiple metastases distributed in bone, lymph nodes, and lung.
CD8+ T-cell–mediated killing of donor dendritic cells prevents alloreactive T helper type-2 responses in vivo
Authors: Sophie Laffont, Jérôme D. Coudert, Lucile Garidou, Laurent Delpy, Aurélie Wiedemann, Cécile Demur, Christiane Coureau, Jean-Charles Guéry
Journal: Blood (2006)
Mapping cis- and trans-regulatory effects across multiple tissues in twins
Authors: Elin Grundberg, Kerrin S Small, Åsa K Hedman, Alexandra C Nica, Alfonso Buil, Sarah Keildson, Jordana T Bell, Tsun-Po Yang, Eshwar Meduri, Amy Barrett, James Nisbett, Magdalena Sekowska, Alicja Wilk, So-Youn Shin, Daniel Glass, Mary Travers, Josine L Min, Sue Ring, Karen Ho, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Augustine Kong, Unnur Thorsteindottir, Chrysanthi Ainali, Antigone S Dimas, Neelam Hassanali, Catherine Ingle, David Knowles, Maria Krestyaninova, Christopher E Lowe, Paola Di Meglio, Stephen B Montgomery, Leopold Parts, Simon Potter, Gabriela Surdulescu, Loukia Tsaprouni, Sophia Tsoka, Veronique Bataille, Richard Durbin, Frank O Nestle, Stephen O'Rahilly, Nicole Soranzo, Cecilia M Lindgren, Krina T Zondervan, Kourosh R Ahmadi, Eric E Schadt, Kari Stefansson, George Davey Smith, Mark I McCarthy, Panos Deloukas, Emmanouil T Dermitzakis, Tim D Spector
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
fur gene expression as a discriminating marker for small cell and nonsmall cell lung carcinomas.
Authors: J A Schalken, A J Roebroek, P P Oomen, S S Wagenaar, F M Debruyne, H P Bloemers, W J Van de Ven
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

The recently discovered fur gene encodes a membrane-associated protein with a recognition function. To further characterize the gene, we studied its expression by Northern blot analysis using poly(A)-selected RNA from a variety of organs of African green monkey and rat. The fur gene appeared to be differentially expressed, relatively high levels of fur mRNA being present in specimens of liver and kidney, low levels in brain, spleen, and thymus, and very low levels in heart muscle, lung, and testis. mRNA levels in specimens of human lung tissue without neoplastic lesions were also very low. Similar analyses of primary human lung carcinomas of different histopathological types revealed a highly selective and strong elevation of fur expression in nonsmall cell lung carcinomas, but not in small cell lung carcinomas. These results indicate that fur expression can be used to discriminate between these two types of human lung cancer.
Ruptured Splenic Arterial Aneurysm during Parturition
Authors: N. A. Toes
Journal: BMJ (1956)

Ruptured Splenic Arterial Aneurysm during Parturition Berger, Forsee, and Furst (1953) state that only 152 cases of aneurysm of the splenic artery have been reported in the literature since Crisp's description in 1847.They also note that prior to rupture the surgical mortality rate is approx- imately 15%, whereas after rupture the mortality rate approximates 100%.Sheehan and Falkiner (1948) state that of the cases of splenic arterial aneurysm so far recorded in patients below
"Benign" Hematuria and Focal Glomerulonephritis in Adults.
Authors: E. D. Labovitz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1971"Benign" Hematuria and Focal Glomerulonephritis in Adults.E. D. Labovitz, M.D., S. R. Steinmuller, M.D., L. W. Henderson, M.D., F.A.C.P., M. Goldberg, M.D., F.A.C.P.E. D. Labovitz, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, S. R. Steinmuller, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, L. W. Henderson, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, M. Goldberg, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-74-5-831_5 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptPediatricians have reported benign hematuria in children with normal blood pressure and glomerular filtration rates (GFR) due to focal glomerulonephritis of unknown cause. Because a few reports have suggested a similar benign syndrome occurs in adults, we undertook a prospective and retrospective study of 21 patients, ages 14 to 41, who initially fulfilled the following criteria: recurrent or persistent gross or microscopic hematuria; normal blood pressure and GFR; 24-hr urine protein excretion not exceeding 1 g; absence of known causes of glomerulonephritis or nonglomerular causes of hematuria; and renal biopsy changes of focal, local, glomerular hypercellularity without diffuse basement membrane... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Philadelphia, Pa. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1971Volume 74, Issue 5Page: 831-832KeywordsBasement membraneBiopsyBlood pressureChildrenExcretionGlomerular filtration rateGlomerulonephritisMembrane proteinsRetrospective studiesUrine Issue Published: 1 May 1971 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Safety, efficacy and biological predictors of response to sequential azacitidine and lenalidomide for elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: D A Pollyea, H E Kohrt, L Gallegos, M E Figueroa, O Abdel-Wahab, B Zhang, S Bhattacharya, J Zehnder, M Liedtke, J R Gotlib, S Coutre, C Berube, A Melnick, R Levine, B S Mitchell, B C Medeiros
Journal: Leukemia (2011)