tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Carriage of<i>Escherichia coli</i>Resistant to Antimicrobial Agents by Healthy Children in Boston, in Caracas, Venezuela, and in Qin Pu, China
Authors: Susan C. Lester, Maria del Pilar Pla, Fu Wang, Irene Perez Schael, Hua Jiang, Thomas F. O'Brien
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

The healthy members of a community represent its largest reservoir of bacteria resistant to antimicrobial agents. We compared the resistance to eight agents of Escherichia coli in stool samples from untreated, healthy children in cities on three continents.When screened by a selective method that detected 1 resistant colony in 10,000 colonies, nearly half the children in Boston (18 of 39) had no resistant colonies--a finding consistent with the findings of other surveys performed in developed countries. However, all but 1 of 41 children screened in Caracas, Venezuela, and all but 2 of 53 in Qin Pu, China, carried resistant strains. Only 1 child in Boston but 25 in Caracas and 34 in Qin Pu carried strains resistant to trimethoprim. None of the children in Boston or Caracas but 17 in Qin Pu carried strains resistant to gentamicin. Among 10 colonies selected randomly from each stool sample, the average frequency of resistance in Caracas was 3.6 times greater than in Boston, and that in Qin Pu was 5.3 times greater. There was resistance to five or more antimicrobial agents in 20 percent of the Qin Pu strains and in 6 percent of the Caracas strains but in none of the Boston strains.In addition to clinical isolates, as reported previously, the bacteria that colonize health children in the community may be resistant far more often in some regions than in others. A low rate of carriage of antimicrobial resistance in the community should become a public health goal.
Newer Antibiotics in the Treatment of Anthrax
Authors: Herman Gold, William P. Boger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

WE RECENTLY reported on the use of aureomycin in the treatment of two cases of anthrax.1 We now wish to record our experience with eight additional cases that were successfully treated with the newer antibiotics. Two patients received aureomycin; four, Chloromycetin and two, terramycin.All but one case occurred in various departments of a factory that manufactures coat interlinings. The exception was an employee of a subsidiary plant. The source of infection was goat hair imported from India and North Africa. In all cases, the diagnosis of anthrax made by one of us (H. G.) was confirmed by smear and . . .
Consciousness, cortical function, and pain perception in nonverbal humans
Authors: K. J. S. Anand
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Postulating the subcortical organization of human consciousness provides a critical link for the construal of pain in patients with impaired cortical function or cortical immaturity during early development. Practical implications of the centrencephalic proposal include the redefinition of pain, improved pain assessment in nonverbal humans, and benefits of adequate analgesia/anesthesia for these patients, which certainly justify the rigorous scientific efforts required.
Interviews for Prospective Students
Authors: T. C. Dann
Journal: BMJ (1972)

all miners die.The only relevant issue is whether there are many miners in the area with pneumoconiosis who are not known to the Pneumoconiosis Medi- cal Panel."We accept that the Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel will be aware of the majority of miners with pneumoconiosis, but this is not the only relevant issue.The authors seem still not to appreciate that cases included in an unselected postmortem series are sampled from the general population at rates proportional to their risks of dying.If disability in life increases the risk of
Hereditary iron overload: Update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment
Authors: Massimo Franchini
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

Hereditary hemochromatosis, a very common genetic defect in the Caucasian population, is characterized by progressive tissue iron overload which leads to irreversible organ damage if it is not treated timely.The elucidation of the molecular pathways of iron transport through cells and its control has led to the understanding of various genetic iron-loading conditions.Four types of inherited iron overload have been recognized: type 1, the most common form with an autosomal recessive inheritance, is associated with mutations in the HFE gene on chromosome 6; type 2 (juvenile hemochromatosis) is an autosomal recessive disorder with causative mutations identified in the HJV gene (subtype A) on chromosome 1 and the HAMP gene (subtype B) on chromosome 19; type 3 has also an autosomal recessive inheritance with mutations in the TfR2 gene on chromosome 3; type 4 is an autosomal dominant condition with heterozygous mutations in the ferroportin 1 gene on chromosome 2.In this review, the genetics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, clinical features, and management of these different types of hereditary hemochromatosis are briefly discussed.
Need for clarity in infant feeding instructions.
Authors: H. Simpson, J. O'Duffy
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Thyroid Cancer-Hainan and Roberts MEDBRITAOURNALIn Case 8 the improvement has so far continued for six months after decompression.In Case 9 the paraplegia recurred four years later but there are now-multiple metastases.TABLE III Case Outcome Length of No. Follow-up 1 Complete recovery 22 months 2 Death 4 Improvement following laminectomy for 2 years, when er metastases caused return of paraplegia, which was terminal 5 Death probably due to radiation myelitis and not metas- tases.Temporary and partial improvement 6 Complete recovery3 yes 7 Death due to terminal quadriplegia 8 Complete recovery 6 months 9Complete recovery, but later on signs of further cervical 4 years cord compression were developing This 4-week-old female infant was admitted to hospital in October 1966, with symptoms and clinical features identical to those in on 19 August
Selective increase of the permeability of polarized epithelial cell monolayers by Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin.
Authors: E Papini, B Satin, N Norais, M de Bernard, J L Telford, R Rappuoli, C Montecucco
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

The effects of the vacuolating toxin (VacA) released by pathogenic strains of Helicobacter pylori on several polarized epithelial monolayers were investigated. Trans-epithelial electric resistance (TER) of monolayers formed by canine kidney MDCK I, human gut T84, and murine mammary gland epH4, was lowered by acid-activated VacA. Independent of the cell type and of the starting TER value, VacA reduced it to a minimal value of 1,000-1,300 Omega x cm2. TER decrease was paralleled by a three- to fourfold increase of [14C]-mannitol (molecular weight 182.2) and a twofold increase of [14C]-sucrose (molecular weight 342.3) transmonolayer flux. On the contrary, transmembrane flux of the proinflammatory model tripeptide [14C]-N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (molecular weight 437.6), of [3H]-inuline (molecular weight 5,000) and of HRP (molecular weight 47,000) did not change. These data indicate that VacA increases paracellular epithelial permeability to molecules with molecular weight < 350-440. Accordingly, the epithelial permeability of Fe3+ and Ni2+ ions, essential for H. pylori survival in vivo, was also increased by VacA. High-resolution immunofluorescence and SDS-PAGE analysis failed to reveal alterations of junctional proteins ZO-1, occludin, cingulin, and E-cadherin. It is proposed that induction by VacA of a selective permeabilization of the epithelial paracellular route to low molecular weight molecules and ions may serve to supply nutrients, which favor H. pylori growth in vivo.
Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Congenital Mitral Stenosis and in Evaluation of the Results of Mitral Valvotomy
Authors: NILS-RUNE LUNDSTRÖM
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Seven patients with congenital mitral stenosis have been investigated with echocardiography using reflected ultrasound. In all cases the mitral stenosis was combined with other cardiovascular malformations. The results are compared with those obtained at clinical investigation, cardiac catheterization, and operation and/or autopsy. It is concluded that the method is of definite value in diagnosing congenital mitral stenosis, even when this is combined with other cardiovascular malformations. The method is also found to be of value in assessing the severity of mitral stenosis. Three patients have been investigated after mitral valvotomy. It is concluded that the findings at echocardiographic examination agree quite well with the clinical findings and with the results of postoperative cardiac catheterization in the evaluation of the result of mitral valvotomy.
Cytochromes P450 2A6, 2E1, and 3A and production of protein-aldehyde adducts in the liver of patients with alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver diseases
Authors: Onni Niemelä, Seppo Parkkila, Risto O Juvonen, Katja Viitala, Harry V Gelboin, Markku Pasanen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2000)
The Incidence of AIDS-Reply
Authors: Ann M. Hardy
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In Reply.—  As stated in our article, the number of single males aged 15 years or older from the 1980 census is not a true estimate of the homosexual or bisexual male population but was used as the best available source of denominator data to estimate the incidence of AIDS in homosexual or bisexual men. The 1980 census data provided the most recent population figures categorized by sex, marital status, age, and city of residence. Although there are inaccuracies in census figures, those inaccuracies are not likely to vary by geographic areas. Thus, comparisons of incidence rates in single men from different locations would be valid.  Within a given geographic area, more accurate denominator estimates for homosexual or bisexual men or other groups with an increased incidence of AIDS may be available, and HMOs may be one source of such information. Since different HMOs collect statistics about participants in different
Assessment of the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding tube as part of an integrated approach to enteral feeding.
Authors: C Wicks, A Gimson, P Vlavianos, M Lombard, M Panos, P Macmathuna, M Tudor, K Andrews, D Westaby
Journal: Gut (1992)

The insertion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy has been well documented. The possible benefits for patient nutrition and nursing practice have, however, not been assessed. We report a study of enteral feeding by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in 30 patients, the majority with a persistent vegetative state. All patients had previously been fed through a nasogastric tube using manual administration and a dietitian assessed protein calorie intake. Based upon body mass index (weight/height2), midarm circumference and triceps skinfold thickness, 20 (67%) were malnourished, with 10 patients having a body mass index less than 17 (severe malnutrition); attributed to high rates of both tube displacement and feed regurgitation. Patients were observed over six to 12 months after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy insertion combined with overnight continuous pump feeding. All patients attained a body mass index greater than 17, and 17 (56%) of the total number achieved the normal range with no change in protein-calorie intake (pre: 2110 kcal, post: 1880 kcal). Complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in the study group included peritonitis (one), tube site infection (two) and displacement (two); all without serious sequelae. As part of an integrated approach percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy proved a safe and efficient method of enteral feeding and justifies wider consideration in the United Kingdom.
General Theory of Heart-Vector Projection
Authors: ERNEST FRANK
Journal: Circulation Research (1954)

A mathematical and physical basis for heart-vector projection concepts is presented and its significance for current practices in frontal-plane and spatial electrocardiography is discussed. Assumptions underlying the theory are stated and utilized to derive a general relationship between the heart dipole and the potentials it produces in the body. Specific equations are given for unipolar and bipolar leads and the Wilson central-terminal voltage. Coefficients determined experimentally for human torso models differ markedly from those that stem from Einthoven's hypothesis. Einthoven's equilateral triangle represents a special case of the general theory. Geometric interpretations are applied to a quantitative frontal-plane example, to the Wilson central-terminal voltage and extended to the concept of an image surface corresponding to the human body surface.
Induction of 16alpha-/2-hydroxyestrone metabolite ratios in MCF-7 cells by pesticides, carcinogens, and antiestrogens does not predict mammary carcinogens.
Authors: A McDougal, S Safe
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

The effects of several pesticides, mammary carcinogens, and antiestrogens on 17beta-estradiol (E2), 16alpha- and 2-hydroxylase activities, and 16alpha-/2-hydroxyestrone (OHE1) ratios were investigated in MCF-7 cells using a radiometric assay. The mammary carcinogens 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), respectively, increased and decreased 16alpha-/2-OHE1 ratios at some concentrations. The 16alpha-/2-OHE1 metabolite ratios for 10(-5) M kepone, atrazine, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT, and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane were 1.82 +/- 0.060, 0.71 +/- 0.027, 0.66 +/- 0.030, 1.56 +/- 0.089, 1.14 +/- 0.059, and 0.69 +/- 0.052 (mean +/- standard error), respectively, and did not show any specific trend. The effects of a series of direct and indirect acting antiestrogens on 16alpha-/2-OHE1 metabolite ratios were also investigated, and the results were compound specific. Indole-3-carbinol, tamoxifen, 4'-hydroxytamoxifen, and 9-cis,retinoic acid decreased the ratio; the effects of all trans-retinoic acid and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were concentration dependent; the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 increased the 16alpha-/2-OHE1 metabolite ratio. The results indicate that in MCF-7 cells treated with pesticides, mammary carcinogens, and antiestrogens, there were both increased and decreased 16alpha-/2-OHE1 metabolite ratios for each class of chemicals and the assay did not predict mammary carcinogens.
Sixty-Four and Out
Authors: Victor Knapp
Journal: JAMA (1963)

To the Editor:—  Some time ago there was an editorial inThe Journalabout the unfairness of forced retirement of men in industry at a stated age. At that time I suggested that a comparable editorial be written about the equal unfairness of a statutory retirement age for hospital staff physicians.  Of late much has been written on the subject of continuing education of physicians and the establishment and implementation of educational programs for interns and residents. No one can object. But who is to carry on these programs? The young men, exclusively? Does the wisdom of older men and the restraining hand of experience count for naught? Is the patient served well when young enthusiasm is allowed free rein? Are the young men served well when they are denied the counsel of their elders? To be sure, we want and need the enthusiasm of young men, but often it
Proceedings: Evidence of impaired cell mediated immunity in the seronegative arthritides.
Authors: R D Sturrock, K Froebel, R N MacSween, W C Dick
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1975)

Heberden Society 203 products' in ankylosing spondylitis denotes complement consumption and may represent an altered immune response to a persistent antigen in this disease.
Anaesthetics training in the United States
Authors: G. N Morris
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Effects on aspects of trainees' lives of shifts compatible with new deal.Figures are numbers (percentages) of respondents (n=758) Aspect oflife Better Worse Multinomial confidence interval for difference in proportions Teaching opportunities 50 (6 6) 503 (66.4) -0-64 to -055* Research opportunities 137 (18-1) 295 (38 9) -0-25 to -0.16* Study time for examinations 339 (44 7) 173 (22-8) 0-16 to 0-27* Fatigue while on call 472 (62 7) 96 (12-7) 0 44 to 0.54* Social and family life 198 (26-1) 397 (52-4) -0-32 to -0 30* Overall quality of life 220 (29.0) 309 (40 8) -0-16 to 0.05
Things are what they seem
Authors: Shimon Edelman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

The learnability of features and their dependence on task and context do not rule out the possibility that primitives used for constructing new features are as small as pixels, nor that they are as large as object parts, or even entire objects. In fact, the simplest approach to feature acquisition may be to treat objects not as if they are composed of unknown primitives according to unknown rules, but rather as if they are what they seem: patterns of atomic features, standing in various similarity relationships to other objects, which serve as holistic features.
EVACUATION AND CARE OF CASUALTIES IN AIRCRAFT
Authors: M. S. White
Journal: JAMA (1953)

The most pressing problem facing the nation today is the maintenance of adequate defense forces for security within the national economy. In order to reach this goal, we must examine the usefulness of new ideas from all fields of activity. Throughout the ages, we have seen that both the strategy of warfare and the progress of civilization in peacetime are directly dependent on changes in transportation. With the growth of air transportation, we must orient ourselves to the impact this latest advance will have on the nation's medical problems in peace and war.  One of the most challenging developments in air transportation has been rotary wing aircraft, the helicopters. These aircraft, in addition to having some of the qualities of fixed wing aircraft, have the unique capability of taking off or landing from virtually any surface. Our vision must not be so limited, however, that we speak only of the
ON THE CLOSURE OF TRAUMATIC DEFECTS OF THE SKULL
Authors: C. Leedham-Green
Journal: BMJ (1905)

SKULL t i 81 to suffer, but also lose energy, strength, and colour.Such results, however, may often be moderated, if not obviated, by a concurrent increase of physical exercise, whereby the rate of combustion is maintained.Restriction of Carbohydrates.But if, as argued in this article, many of the various clinical conditions embraced in the term biliousness dlepend upon ultra-physiological distension of the liver by glycogen, then obviously the most rational, because the most direct, method of treatment will consist in restriction of the supply of glycogenforming material.Glycogen is formed mainly from the carbohydrates, and by cutting down the carbo- hydrates in a mixed diet we shall relieve glycogenic disten- sion.Conformably this plan has given in bilious attacks and biliousness generally results which are unmistakable.In many cases the change of diet is followed by an almost imme- diate cessation of recurrent bilious attacks, which r'emain absent so long as the new r6gime i's maintained.Equally
Breast Implants and Connective-Tissue Disease
Authors: Thomas J. Romano
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Although the findings of Dr Hennekens and colleagues<sup>1</sup>are indeed interesting and thought-provoking, there are other latent connective-tissue problems that may occur among recipients of silicone breast implants. Soft-tissue rheumatic problems may explain many of the symptoms of silicone breast implant recipients. In the United States, an estimated 10% to 25% of patients referred to rheumatologists have fibromyalgia.<sup>2</sup>Many of the major studies being quoted regarding the silicone breast implant controversy do not consider soft-tissue rheumatic conditions as sequelae of silicone breast implants in some patients. This is understandable because many large studies are retrospective. If the patient had not been evaluated for fibromyalgia previously, there would be no way to know whether or not the patient in question had that disorder; it simply would not be found in a chart review. In my rheumatology practice I recently evaluated 272 women with a history of silicone breast implants
Controlled Trial of Vasopressin and Balloon Tamponade in Bleeding Esophageal Varices
Authors: J. Pinto Correia, M. Martins Alves, P. Alexandrino, J. Silveira
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

In a randomized controlled trial, the effect of continuous intravenous administration of vasopressin was compared with Sengstaken-Blakemore balloon tamponade in 37 episodes of bleeding esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis. The majority were Group A and B of Child's classification. Bleeding was controlled in 11 of 17 (65%) patients on vasopressin and in 14 of 20 (70%) patients on tamponade. The patients who failed to respond initially (6 episodes on vasopressin and 5 on tamponade) were treated successfully with the alternative method. Overall mortality was similar in both groups: 3 patients in the vasopressin group and 4 in the tamponade group died. Only one patient died of uncontrolled bleeding; 4 patients probably died of complications of treatment, 2 of cardiac ischemia after vasopressin and 2 of pulmonary infection after tamponade. The vasopressin group required significantly fewer blood transfusions than did the tamponade group.
Effect of chronic rapid ventricular pacing on total vascular capacitance.
Authors: R I Ogilvie, D Zborowska-Sluis
Journal: Circulation (1992)

Rapid right ventricular pacing (RRVP) at 250 bpm for 3-6 weeks produces chronic heart failure manifested by a reduction in cardiac output and increases in right atrial, pulmonary artery, and capillary wedge pressures.One week after splenectomy and pacemaker placement, vascular capacitance, unstressed volume, and compliance were determined in 19 anesthetized dogs from pressure-volume curves using transient circulatory arrests induced by acetylcholine. Nine dogs were restudied 31 +/- 1 days later without RRVP, and 10 dogs underwent RRVP at 250 bpm and were restudied at 23 +/- 8 and 38 +/- 8 days in cardiac failure and after 1 and 2 weeks of postpacing recovery. Control animals had no changes in vascular capacitance or compliance. Dogs undergoing RRVP exhibited a marked increase in mean circulatory filling pressure (5.4 +/- 0.4 to 10.5 +/- 1.5 mm Hg) during the development of cardiac failure with a reduction in unstressed volume (81.9 +/- 5.7 to 43.9 +/- 8.1 ml.kg-1) without changing total vascular compliance. Total blood volume decreased (95.4 +/- 6.2 to 66.7 +/- 6.5 ml.kg-1) primarily due to a reduction in packed cell volume. The pressure gradient for venous return and overall venous resistance was unaltered. Central blood volume as a proportion of total blood volume increased (9.3 +/- 1.7% to 16.0 +/- 2.7%). Arterial compliance and capacity and pulmonary vascular compliance were reduced. In the 2-week postpacing period, except for a reduced cardiac response to a volume load, all of these parameters returned to baseline values.Chronic RRVP induced cardiac failure with a marked reduction in total vascular capacitance due to a reduction in unstressed volume without altering compliance. The rise in mean circulatory filling pressure was limited by a reduction in total blood volume.
905 METABOLIC SYNDROME AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: A DESCRIPTIVE SYUDY ON PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL FEATURES
Authors: R.C.M.A. da Silva, F.R.G. de Oliveira, P.C. Arroyo, W.J. Duca, M. Fumie, H.C.C. Felicio, R.F. da Silva
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)