tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hormonal Therapy of Breast Cancer: New Approaches and Concepts
Authors: SEWA S. LEGHA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

The most useful new hormonal therapy against estrogen receptor-containing metastatic breast cancer is the development of antiestrogenic agents such as nafoxidine and tamoxifen. Both of these drugs possess antitumor activity comparable to that of other additive hormonal agents, and they are better tolerated for lack of any serious toxicity. The clinical usefulness of antiprolactin drugs in breast cancer is at present limited. Adrenal suppression using aminoglutethimide has been shown to induce useful remissions. We discuss the implications of new treatment modalities for the future management of disseminated breast cancer.
A REMARKABLE CASE OF XANTHOMA TUBEROSUM MULTIPLEX
Authors: F. PARKES WEBER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1917)

Journal Article A REMARKABLE CASE OF XANTHOMA TUBEROSUM MULTIPLEX Get access F. PARKES WEBER, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. LOND. F. PARKES WEBER, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P. LOND. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 29, Issue 3, 1 July 1917, Pages 202–209, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1917.tb09668.x Published: 01 July 1917
Inhibition of Tumor Growth by RGD Peptide–Directed Delivery of Truncated Tissue Factor to the Tumor Vasculature
Authors: Torsten Kessler, Ralf Bieker, Teresa Padró, Christian Schwöppe, Thorsten Persigehl, Christoph Bremer, Michael Kreuter, Wolfgang E. Berdel, Rolf M. Mesters
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Selective activation of blood coagulation in tumor vessels with subsequent tumor infarction is a promising anticancer strategy. To this end, a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of tissue factor [truncated tissue factor (tTF)] was fused to the peptide GRGDSP selectively targeting αv-integrins on tumor endothelial cells. tTF-RGD retained its thrombogenic and integrin-binding activity in vitro. In vivo studies in mice bearing human adenocarcinomas (CCL185), melanoma (M21), and fibrosarcoma (HT1080) revealed that i.v. administration of tTF-RGD induced thrombotic occlusion of tumor vessels resulting in tumor growth retardation or regression in all three types of solid tumors. No apparent side effects, such as thrombosis, in other organs or other treatment-related toxicities were observed. Reduced tumor blood flow in tTF-RGD–treated animals as determined by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging underlines the proposed mechanism. In conclusion, we consider RGD peptide–directed delivery of tTF as alternative to previously used antibody fusion proteins. Small peptide-directed delivery of coaguligands does not cause immunologic side effects and those caused by accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system. This is the first report to describe the induction of selective thrombosis in tumor vessels by RGD peptide–directed delivery of tTF, which may be a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer.
Assisted conception on NHS.
Authors: M. Setchell, R. Howell
Journal: BMJ (1992)

EDITOR,-Nicholas J Wald and colleagues have provided valuable data concerning the intro- duction of maternal screening for Down's syn- drome using three serum markers.'The benefits of serum screening as an alternative to a diagnostic test in mothers over 40 is still debated, and some argue that this group should still be offered a diagnostic test, with the possible benefit of a first trimester diagnosis, if available.Wald and colleagues showed a false positive rate (number of mothers requiring amniocentesis) of 499% in women under 37 and 22% in those aged 37 or over.'This increase in the number of false positives obviously reflects the effect of maternal age on the incidence of Down's syndrome.A similar screening programme was introduced in Chester six months ago with a risk of 1 in 250 or greater denoting a positive result.A total of 1820 mothers have been screened to date, with an overall false positive rate of 4.8% (88/1817) after correction for gestational age.The false positive rate in women over 37 was 34% (21/61), and in women over 40 was 69% (9/13).Overall screening detected three chromosomal abnormalities; two in women over 37 and one in women over 40.The number of mothers screened in our popula- tion is small, which makes interpretation of the data difficult, but these results suggest that a diagnostic test may be more appropriate for women over 40.Further analysis of Wald and colleagues' data would be interesting for com- parison.
Review: Computed tomographic angiography is highly accurate for diagnosing cerebral aneurysms in symptomatic patients
Authors: Salvador Cruz-Flores
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

ACP Journal Club20 September 2011Review: Computed tomographic angiography is highly accurate for diagnosing cerebral aneurysms in symptomatic patientsSalvador Cruz-Flores, MD, MPHSalvador Cruz-Flores, MD, MPHSaint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA (S.C.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-6-201109200-02010 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationMenke J, Larsen J, Kallenberg K. Diagnosing cerebral aneurysms by computed tomographic angiography: meta-analysis. Ann Neurol. 2011;69:646-54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21391230Clinical Impact RatingsNeurology: Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Salvador Cruz-Flores, MD, MPHAffiliations: Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA (S.C.)This article was published at Annals.org on 6 September 2011. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 20 September 2011Volume 155, Issue 6Page: JC3-10KeywordsAneurysmsAngiographyComputed axial tomographyNervesNeurologyParalysisPopulation statisticsResearch designSpecificitySubarachnoid hemorrhage ePublished: 20 September 2011 Issue Published: 20 September 2011 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2011 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Health and Health Services in Central America
Authors: Richard M. Garfield
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Despite rapid economic growth since World War II, health conditions improved only slowly in most of Central America. This is a result of poor medical, social, and economic infrastructure, income maldistribution, and the poor utilization of health investments. The economic crisis of the 1980s and civil strife have further endangered health in the region. Life expectancy has fallen among men in El Salvador and civil strife has become the most common cause of death in Guatemala, Nicaragua, and El Salvador. Large-scale US assistance has done little to improve conditions, and refugees continue to pour into North America. It is estimated that there are more than a million refugees within Central America, while a million have fled to the United States. Costa Rica and Nicaragua are partial exceptions to this dismal health picture. An effective approach to the many health problems in Central America will require joint planning and cooperation among all countries in the region.
Activation of Tumor-specific CD4+ T Lymphocytes by Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Tumor Cell Vaccines
Authors: Samudra K. Dissanayake, James A. Thompson, Jacobus J. Bosch, Virginia K. Clements, Peter W. Chen, Bruce R. Ksander, Suzanne Ostrand-Rosenberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Mouse tumor cells transfected with syngeneic MHC class II and costimulatory molecule genes are therapeutic vaccines in mice, provided they do not coexpress the class II-associated invariant chain (Ii). We demonstrated previously that the vaccine cells present tumor peptides via the endogenous antigen presentation pathway to activate CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Because of their efficacy in mice, we are translating this vaccine strategy for clinical use. To obtain MHC class II+CD80+Ii− human tumor cells, we developed retroviruses encoding HLA-DR and CD80. The HLA-DR virus encodes the DRα and DRβ0101 chains using an internal ribosomal entry site to coordinate expression. SUM159PT mammary carcinoma and Mel 202 ocular melanoma cells transduced with the retroviruses DRB1/CD80 express high levels of DRB0101 and CD80 on the cell surface in the absence of Ii. Irradiated SUM159PT/DR1/CD80 vaccines stimulate proliferation of non-HLA-DRB0101 peripheral blood mononuclear cells and present an exogenous DR1-restricted tetanus toxoid (TT) peptide, indicating that the transduced DRB0101 is functional. SUM159PT/DR1/CD80 vaccines were further transduced with a retrovirus encoding the TT fragment C gene, as a model tumor antigen. These cells stimulate IFN-γ release from TT-primed human DRB0101 peripheral blood mononuclear cells, demonstrating their ability to present “endogenous” tumor antigen. Depletion and antibody blocking experiments confirm that MHC class II-restricted, endogenously synthesized epitopes are presented to CD4+ T cells. Therefore, the MHC class II vaccines are efficient antigen-presenting cells that activate tumor-specific MHC class II-restricted, CD4+ T lymphocytes, and they are a novel and potential immunotherapeutic for metastatic cancers.
Adrenal Gland Obtained at Percutaneous Renal Biopsy
Authors: Robert E. Wolf
Journal: JAMA (1966)

To the Editor:—  Many complications of percutaneous renal biopsy have been reported since Inversen and Brun 1 established its clinical application and relative safety in 1951. These include perirenal hematomata, ureteral colic, renal arteriovenous fistula, intercostal arteriovenous fistula, infection, and laceration of a massively enlarged spleen, Brun and Raaschou 2 reported the case of a patient who died following renal biopsy in whom a 1-cm hematoma was found at necropsy in the wall of the gallbladder. Kerr 3 reported a fragment of duodenum along with a renal-biopsy specimen. Some of these complications have lead to shock, anuria, and death. Only one previous report of an adrenal-gland biopsy occurring as a complication of an attempted percutaneous renal biopsy could be found. This was by Kologlu 4 in 1961 from the University of Ankara, Turkey. The zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland was demonstrated by microscopic examination in his case.  The present
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF DECUSSATION OF NERVES; A ONE SIDED BODY MEANS A ONE SIDED BRAIN.
Authors: GEO. M. KELLOGG
Journal: JAMA (1896)

The brain hemispheres are paired, and are as organically distinct as the two hands or eyes. From all parts of the body surface pass in each lateral half of the spinal cord and in the cranial nerves the afferent or sensory nerves pass into each brain. The motor or efferent nerves reversing this, pass from each brain to every muscle of the body. These nerves are so many living conductors whereby that complex organism a living man or animal is made a unity. To and from the spinal cord, also duplex, enter and emerge the nerves at each vertebral division. The posterior relay ganglia mark the entrance of the sensory nerves, while the motor nerves emanate from the anterior portion of the cord on each side. In each lateral half of the spinal cord these nerves pass up and down to join the medulla oblongata which also receives and gives
Embryonic Endothelial Cells Transdifferentiate Into Mesenchymal Cells Expressing Smooth Muscle Actins In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: M.C. DeRuiter, R.E. Poelmann, J.C. VanMunsteren, V. Mironov, R.R. Markwald, A.C. Gittenberger-de Groot
Journal: Circulation Research (1997)

All blood vessels are lined by endothelium and, except for the capillaries, surrounded by one or more layers of smooth muscle cells. The origin of the embryonic vascular smooth muscle cell has until now been described from neural crest and locally differentiating mesenchyme. In this study, we have substantial evidence that quail embryonic endothelial cells are competent in the dorsal aorta of the embryo to transdifferentiate into subendothelial mesenchymal cells expressing smooth muscle actins in vivo. At the onset of smooth muscle cell differentiation, QH1-positive endothelial cells were experimentally labeled with a wheat germ agglutinin-colloidal gold marker (WGA-Au). No labeled subendothelial cells were observed at this time. However, 19 hours after the endothelial cells had endocytosed, the WGA-Au-labeled subendothelial mesenchymal cells were observed in the aortic wall. Similarly, during the same time period, subendothelial cells that coexpressed the QH1 endothelial marker and a mesenchymal marker, alpha-smooth muscle actin, were present. In such cells, QH1 expression was reduced to a cell membrane localization. A similar antigen switch was also observed during endocardial-mesenchymal transformation in vitro. Our results are the first direct in vivo evidence that embryonic endothelial cells may transdifferentiate into candidate vascular smooth muscle cells. These data arouse new interpretations of the origin and differentiation of the cells of the vascular wall in normal and diseased vessels.
Standard Nomenclature for Primary Hepatic Tumors
Authors: David Y. Graham
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Mays' timely COMMENTARY on the standard nomenclature for primary hepatic tumors contained several important inaccuracies. He suggested that our recent article<sup>1</sup>is, in part, responsible for the confusion surrounding this subject. In fact, our article included a review of the clinical and histological features of the reported cases of benign hepatic tumors in adults and discussed the histological classification of these tumors. We did not limit our review to those women known to be taking oral contraceptives, but summarized the data reported up to March 1975 (the date of submission) with regard to the type of contraceptive taken and types of tumors observed. Dr Mays also greatly misrepresented Edmondson's excellent and workable classification system.<sup>2</sup>The gross and microscopic features useful for differentiating benign hepatic adenomas, focal nodular hyperplasia, and mesenchymal hamartomas have been summarized.<sup>1</sup>Unfortunately, Edmondson's classification system has not always been used,
Taiwan's Potential to Assist Developing Countries to Combat Infectious Diseases
Authors: Govindasamy Agoramoorthy, Minna J Hsu
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

I am a disease monger.I teach primary care doctors how to identify bipolar disorder.Worse yet, I take money from pharmaceutical companies for doing so.I use it to subsidize my practice so that I can treat patients with no insurance, or little money, who now account for over a third of my patients-in part because the pharmaceutical companies have drained so much money out of the health-care system.Ironic, isn't it?My Web site PsychEducation.org(http:⁄⁄www.psycheducation.org) is number one on Google for searches on "bipolar II."See if you think it looks like disease mongering.Hundreds of people have written thanking me for explaining bipolar II and the concept of a bipolar spectrum, indicating that this new perspective really helps them understand their long-standing symptoms.To my immediate recall, none have complained about being led astray by an overbroad interpretation of bipolarity.Notice that, just like Mr. Moynihan, one of the guest editors of your April 2006 series of articles on disease mongering [1], I could be mongering even now, as I too have a new book.At least I'm not trying to attract attendees to my conference.Tricky, isn't it.Has there been an oversimplifi cation in this analysis?(PsychEducation.org
Inherited predisposition to colorectal adenomas caused by multiple rare alleles of MUTYH but not OGG1, NUDT1, NTH1 or NEIL 1, 2 or 3
Authors: A R Dallosso, S Dolwani, N Jones, S Jones, J Colley, J Maynard, S Idziaszczyk, V Humphreys, J Arnold, A Donaldson, D Eccles, A Ellis, D G Evans, I M Frayling, F J Hes, R S Houlston, E R Maher, M Nielsen, S Parry, E Tyler, V Moskvina, J P Cheadle, J R Sampson
Journal: Gut (2008)

<h3>Background:</h3> <i>MUTYH</i>-associated polyposis (MAP) is a recessive trait characterised by multiple colorectal adenomas and a high risk of colorectal cancer. <i>MUTYH</i> functions in the DNA base excision repair pathway and has a key role in the repair of oxidative DNA damage. <h3>Objectives:</h3> To assess the contribution of inherited variants in genes involved in base excision repair and oxidative DNA damage including <i>MUTYH</i>, <i>OGG1</i>, <i>NEIL1</i>, <i>NEIL2</i>, <i>NEIL3</i>, <i>NUDT1</i> and <i>NTH1</i> to the multiple colorectal adenoma phenotype. <h3>Methods:</h3> Inherited variants of <i>MUTYH</i>, <i>OGG1</i>, <i>NEIL1</i>, <i>NEIL2</i>, <i>NEIL3</i>, <i>NUDT1</i> and <i>NTH1</i> were sought in 167 unrelated patients with multiple colorectal adenomas whose family histories were consistent with recessive inheritance. These variants were also characterised in ∼300 population controls. <h3>Results:</h3> Thirty-three patients (20%) and no controls were <i>MUTYH</i> homozygotes or compound heterozygotes (ie, carried two mutations) and therefore had MAP. Eight different pathogenic <i>MUTYH</i> mutations were identified, of which four were novel. MAP cases had significantly more adenomas than non-MAP cases (p = 0.0009; exact test for trends in proportions) and presented earlier (p = 0.013; analysis of variance). Twenty-four protein-altering variants were identified upon screening of <i>OGG1</i>, <i>NEIL1</i>, <i>NEIL2</i>, <i>NEIL3</i>, <i>NUDT1</i> and <i>NTH1</i>. However, all combinations of two (or more) variants that were identified at an individual locus in patients were also seen in controls, and no variants were significantly over-represented (or under-represented) in cases. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> Multiple rare alleles of <i>MUTYH</i> are associated with autosomal recessive MAP, while <i>OGG1</i>, <i>NEIL1</i>, <i>NEIL2</i>, <i>NEIL3</i>, <i>NUDT1</i> and <i>NTH1</i> do not contribute significantly to autosomal recessive polyposis.
Identification of p18INK4c as a Tumor Suppressor Gene in Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: David A. Solomon, Jung-Sik Kim, Sultan Jenkins, Habtom Ressom, Michael Huang, Nicholas Coppa, Lauren Mabanta, Darell Bigner, Hai Yan, Walter Jean, Todd Waldman
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Genomic alterations leading to aberrant activation of cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) complexes drive the pathogenesis of many common human tumor types. In the case of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), these alterations are most commonly due to homozygous deletion of p16INK4a and less commonly due to genomic amplifications of individual genes encoding cyclins or cdks. Here, we describe deletion of the p18INK4c cdk inhibitor as a novel genetic alteration driving the pathogenesis of GBM. Deletions of p18INK4c often occurred in tumors also harboring homozygous deletions of p16INK4a. Expression of p18INK4c was completely absent in 43% of GBM primary tumors studied by immunohistochemistry. Lentiviral reconstitution of p18INK4c expression at physiologic levels in p18INK4c-deficient but not p18INK4c-proficient GBM cells led to senescence-like G1 cell cycle arrest. These studies identify p18INK4c as a GBM tumor suppressor gene, revealing an additional mechanism leading to aberrant activation of cyclin/cdk complexes in this terrible malignancy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(8):2564–9]
Dietary estrogens stimulate human breast cells to enter the cell cycle.
Authors: C Dees, J S Foster, S Ahamed, J Wimalasena
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

It has been suggested that dietary estrogens neutralize the effect of synthetic chemicals that mimic the effects of estrogen (i.e., xenoestrogens, environmental estrogens). Genistein, a dietary estrogen, inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells at high doses but additional studies have suggested that at low doses, genistein stimulates proliferation of breast cancer cells. Therefore, if dietary estrogens are estrogenic at low doses, one would predict that they stimulate estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer cells to enter the cell cycle. Genistein and the fungal toxin zearalenone were found to increase the activity of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) and cyclin D1 synthesis and stimulate the hyperphosphorylation of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product pRb105 in MCF-7 cells. The steroidal antiestrogen ICI 182,780 suppressed dietary estrogen-mediated activation of Cdk2. Dietary estrogens not only failed to suppress DDT-induced Cdk2 activity, but were found to slightly increase enzyme activity. Both zearalenone and genistein were found to stimulate the expression of a luciferase reporter gene under the control of an estrogen response element in MVLN cells. Our findings are consistent with a conclusion that dietary estrogens at low concentrations do not act as antiestrogens, but act like DDT and estradiol to stimulate human breast cancer cells to enter the cell cycle.
DISCOORDINATION INDICES BY SPECKLE STRAIN IMAGING CAN PREDICT RESPONSE TO CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY
Authors: Chun-Li Wang, Chinami Miyazaki, Margaret M. Redfield, Nowell M. Fine, Benjamin F. Wong, Brian D. Powell, Grace Lin, Raul E. Espinosa, Jae K. Oh
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)