tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Effects of n-3 Fatty Acids From Linseed Oil and Fish Oil in Well-Controlled Type II Diabetes
Authors: Ruth M McManus, Jacqueline Jumpson, Diane T Finegood, M Thomas Clandinin, Edmond A Ryan
Journal: Diabetes Care (1996)

OBJECTIVE Supplementation of type II diabetic diets with n-3 fatty acids (FAs) from fish oil (FO) has been associated with lowered triglyceride and VLDL levels, although reports of impaired glycemic control have limited their use. Effects of n-3FAs from nonmarine sources are less well documented. Therefore, an investigation comparing the effects of linseed oil (LO) with FO supplementation was undertaken in subjects with type II diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Eleven subjects with type II diabetes were given supplements with LO and FO for 3 months each in a randomized double-blind crossover fashion after 3 months of olive oil placebo. Oils were given as 35 mg FA · kg body wt−1 · day−1. After each 3-month period, fasting glucose and insulin levels, HbA1c, lipid profiles, insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (SG), and acute insulin response to glucose (AIRG) were evaluated. RESULTS HbA1c and lipid values were within the normal range at randomization. Repeated measures analysis of variance testing found no significant differences in weight; fasting glucose and insulin levels; HbA1c; total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels; SI; SG; or AIRG with either active oil. FO was associated with significant reductions in triglycerides and a trend toward decreased SI. CONCLUSIONS In a population with well-controlled type II diabetes, 3 months of FO but not LO resulted in lowered triglyceride levels. Neither LO nor FO significantly affected glycemic control, cholesterol values, SG, or insulin secretion, while a nonsignificant trend toward decreased insulin sensitivity was found with FO.
Oral rehydration formula containing alanine and glucose for treatment of diarrhoea: a controlled trial.
Authors: F. C. Patra, D. A. Sack, A. Islam, A. N. Alam, R. N. Mazumder
Journal: BMJ (1989)

To determine whether adding L-alanine to the glucose based oral rehydration solution recommended by the World Health Organisation would improve its efficacy in treating acute diarrhoea.Randomised double blind controlled trial of oral rehydration solution containing L-alanine and glucose.Inpatient service of a hospital treating diarrhoea.97 Male patients aged 6-59 years admitted to the hospital with acute and severe dehydration due to diarrhoea associated with Vibrio cholerae or enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Forty nine received the standard glucose based oral rehydration solution (control group) and 48 this solution with alanine added (study group).All of the patients received rapid intravenous acetate solution for the initial four hours after admission, which fully corrected the signs of dehydration. They were then admitted to the study and randomised. Immediately after the intravenous treatment oral rehydration treatment was started. All of the patients received oral tetracycline for 48 hours, starting 24 hours after start of the study. If signs of dehydration reappeared during oral treatment patients were given rapid intravenous acetate solution until they were fully corrected and then continued to take the assigned oral rehydration solution.Passage of the last watery stool.The median stool output/kg body weight during the initial 24 hours of oral rehydration treatment and until diarrhoea stopped was reduced in the study group compared with the control group from 309 ml to 196 ml and from 393 ml to 236 ml respectively. Intake of oral rehydration solution and intravenous acetate solution was reduced from 455 ml to 308 ml and from 616 ml to 425 ml respectively. Two patients in the study group compared with 18 patients in the control group required unscheduled rapid intravenous acetate solution to correct signs of dehydration during oral rehydration treatment.Oral rehydration solution containing L-alanine was considerably better than standard oral rehydration solution at reducing the severity of symptoms and the need for fluid of male patients with diarrhoea associated with V cholerae and enterotoxigenic E coli.
Angiotensin receptor blockers are linked to small rise in risk of cancer
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Researchers have called for further investigation of angiotensin receptor blockers after a large meta-analysis found an association with a “modest but significant” increase in the risk of cancer.

The researchers, from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine in Cleveland, Ohio, carried out a meta-analysis of all publicly available data from randomised trials of angiotensin receptor blockers, which are widely used to treat hypertension, heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. They analysed data on cancer incidence in five trials involving more than 60 000 patients and cancer mortality in eight trials involving more than 90 000 patients.

Their results, published in Lancet Oncology (doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70106-6), show that the likelihood of a new diagnosis of cancer was higher in patients taking angiotensin receptor blockers than in patients in control groups (7.2% versus 6%; risk ratio 1.1 (95% confidence interval 1 to 1.2)). No significant excess in cancer mortality was found, although the authors point out that tumour growth followed by treatment failure and death is a slow process and would …
BDNF blended chitosan scaffolds for human umbilical cord MSC transplants in traumatic brain injury therapy
Authors: Wei Shi, Dekang Nie, Guohua Jin, Weiwei Chen, Liang Xia, Xiujie Wu, Xing Su, Xide Xu, Lanchun Ni, Xianan Zhang, Xinhua Zhang, Jian Chen
Journal: Biomaterials (2012)
Update on herpesvirus amplicon vectors
Authors: Angelika Oehmig, Cornel Fraefel, Xandra O. Breakefield
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2004)

Herpesviruses come in a vast variety; more than 120 different viruses are known and still more are being identified. All herpesviruses have a large genome of linear, double-stranded DNA (120-250 kb) and share the ability to replicate as infectious defective particles, the basis of amplicon vectors. The potential of herpesviruses to infect a broad range of host cells and to either induce or avert immune reactions makes them important entities to exploit in the context of development of both new vaccines and vectors for gene therapy. The development of HSV-1-based vectors has been stimulated by the desire to deliver therapeutic genes into cells of the nervous system, but many other tissues, including muscle, liver, and dendritic, are targets as well. The most attractive feature of herpesvirus-based amplicon vector is their large transgene capacity, which allows the insertion of multiple expression cassettes as well as entire genomic loci. Moreover, a variety of genomic elements, including transcriptional regulatory sequences for cell-type-specific or induced expression, and genetic elements from other viruses can be incorporated in a modular fashion to control the fate of transgenes. Further, the virion envelope can be readily modified for targeting infection to specific cell types, and functional proteins can be carried into cells during infection through fusion to tegument proteins. Since their development more than 20 years ago, HSV-1 amplicon vectors have been extensively modified to increase: (i) their safety profile, (ii) the efficiency of infection, and (iii) the stability of transgene expression. Some of these modifications involved preparation of vector stocks, such as the development of helper virus-free packaging systems, the inclusion of foreign polypeptides in the virus particle to target specific cells, and optimization of vector purification. Other modifications have involved the amplicon vector itself, for example, the inclusion of genetic elements from other viruses to create hybrid and even tribrid vectors, which opens the possibility to change the biological properties of the vector DNA in a very specific, customized manner. Future developments to optimize vector production will be crucial to allow the transition of amplicon vector from experimental to clinical gene therapy protocols.
HIV infections in the US pass one million
Authors: Bob Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2005)

We conducted a prospective randomised controlled trial of 137 patients with massive peptic ulcer haemorrhage over a period of 12 months to compare the haemostatic effects of endoscopic heat probe thermocoagulation and pure alcohol injection. Seventy eight patients (56.9%) were in shock at the time of randomisation to the trial. The age, sex, number of patients in shock, haemoglobin value at the time of entry to the trial, number of patients with severe medical illness, location of bleeders, and stigmata of recent haemorrhage were comparable among the heat probe, pure alcohol, and control groups. The initial haemostatic effect of the heat probe was better than that of the pure alcohol injection (44 of 45 v 31 of 46, p = 0.0004). The ultimate haemostasis achieved by the heat probe group (41 of 45) was better than that of the pure alcohol group (31 of 46, p = 0.012) and of controls (24 of 46, p = 0.0001). The duration of hospital stay was shorter for patients in the heat probe group than for the control group (6.2 days v 13.8 days, p less than 0.05). The incidence of emergency surgery was less for the heat probe than the control group (three of 45 v 12 of 46, p = 0.027). The mortality rate was less in the heat probe than in the control group (one of 45 v seven of 46, p = 0.031). We suggest that heat probe thermocoagulation should be the first treatment of choice for arrest of massive peptic ulcer haemorrhage.
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States 1880-2000
Authors: J. A. Paulson
Journal: JAMA (2003)

At some point in medical school or residency, most physicians have been told something to the effect of, "Half of what you learn today will be wrong in 15 years." By the time most physicians have been in practice for 10 years, they have personal experience with the truth of that statement.
PREVALENCE OF DIABETES AND IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN RURAL TANZANIA
Authors: D.G. Mclarty, H.M. Kitange, B.L. Mtinangi, W.J. Makene, A.B.M. Swai, G. Masuki, P.M. Kilima, L.M. Chuwa, K.G.M.M. Alberti
Journal: The Lancet (1989)
Abstract 400: Coordinated loss of CD9 and IGSF8 expression on the prostate cancer cell surface contributes to metastasis and hormone responsiveness.
Authors: Na Li, Ladan Fazli, Estelle Li, Ralph Buttyan
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The tetraspanin web is a complex multi-molecular cell structure that tethers cell surface signalling proteins (i.e. integrins) to their intermediate intracellular signalling partners (i.e. small GTPases) and anchors actin filaments. Loss of certain components of the web (CD9, CD82 or CD316) are associated with increased invasive and metastatic behaviors of prostate cancer (PCa) cells and here we demonstrate that two of these tetraspanin web components, CD9 and CD316, also play a role in regulating androgen signaling in PCa cells. Additionally, we utilized human prostate cancer tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing 261 prostate/PCa specimens of differing stages, grades and states of progression (including 60 castration resistant tumors [CRPCs]) to study the relationship between CD9 and CD316 expressions and progression to CRPC. Using androgen-dependent LNCaP cells as a model, we found that androgen deprivation (AD) suppressed expression of CD9 protein and mRNA without affecting CD316 expression. FACS analysis showed that the presence of CD9 on the cell surface was coordinately reduced by AD as was cell surface CD316 which was relocalized to the cytoplasm. This effect was reversed by addition of R1881. Knockdown of CD9 or CD316 in LNCaP cells using siRNA reduced expression of androgen receptor (AR) mRNA but increased expression of PSA, an AR target gene. CD9 or CD316 knockdown also increased LNCaP growth in fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing medium but not in charcoal-stripped FBS (CS-FBS) whereas dual-knockdown further increased growth in FBS as well as in CS-FBS. TMAs immunostained for CD9 or CD316 were assessed for correlation to clinicopathological parameters. For untreated, primary tumors, CD9 and CD316 expression were inversely correlated with Gleason scores (R2=0.9612). CD9 expression was diminished during progression to metastatic (p&amp;lt;0.0038, compared to non-metastatic) and further in CRPC (p&amp;lt;0.040, compared to metastatic non-treated) disease. Conversely, CD316 expression was increased in primary (non-metastatic) as well as in metastatic untreated disease but then reduced (p&amp;lt;0.046) during progression to metastatic CRPC. We propose that androgen deprivation (first line therapy for advanced PCa) may potentially trigger loss of both CD9 and IGSF8 expression on the cell surface that contributes to metastatic behaviors as well as to responsiveness to androgen ablation therapies. This work is supported by the Cancer Research Society (Canada). Citation Format: Na Li, Ladan Fazli, Estelle Li, Ralph Buttyan. Coordinated loss of CD9 and IGSF8 expression on the prostate cancer cell surface contributes to metastasis and hormone responsiveness. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 400. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-400
Importance of amino acids on vasopressin-stimulated water flow.
Authors: C P Carvounis, G Carvounis, B J Wilk
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

The presence of several naturally occurring amino acids in the serosal bath of toad urinary bladder significantly alters the hydrosmotic response of this tissue to vasopressin. We found that histidine, glutamate, and lysine increase vasopressin-stimulated water flow by 75%, 60%, and 43%, respectively. In contrast, alanine did not alter vasopressin-stimulated water flow, whereas glutamine decreased it by 25%. The effect of each amino acid represents intracellular events because their effects on theophylline-stimulated water flow were similar to those found with vasopressin. However, the site of action of amino acids varied, with some operating at steps before and others at steps after cyclic AMP generation. The fact that the metabolically inactive D-histidine and D-glutamate are as effective as their metabolically active L-counterparts suggests that the action of amino acids depends upon some physicochemical properties of their molecules. The ability of amino acids to influence the hydrosmotic effects of vasopressin was shown to be independent of prostaglandin generation, ionic composition, and molecular charge. In the case of histidine, we were able to obtain some understanding of the mechanism responsible for its action. We first showed that the effect of histidine does not depend upon its metabolism. In addition to D-histidine being as effective as the metabolically active L-histidine, we also showed that histidine is effective when its metabolism is abolished by low ambient temperature and also when its incorporation into proteins was prevented by cycloheximide. These findings suggest that histidine operates through some physicochemical property localized on its molecule. We were able to show that this property resides on the imidazole part of histidine. Imidazole, similar to histidine, increases vasopressin-stimulated water flow. Methylation of histidine on the imidazole ring completely abolished its effectiveness in increasing vasopressin-stimulated water flow. In contrast, methylation of histidine at the side chain increased vasopressin action similar to that found for histidine. We provide evidence that the physicochemical property of the imidazole ring of histidine is that of chelating Zn++ intracellularly, and that the intracellular site of action of histidine is closely linked to microtubules formation and/or action.
Tackling knife violence
Authors: J. Shepherd, I. Brennan
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Every emergency department should contribute to local crime reduction partnerships

A spate of knife killings in the United Kingdom, largely of young Londoners, has prompted outrage in the media, fear on the part of citizens, and new policy proposals from government. According to the authoritative British crime survey, weapons were used in around a quarter of violent incidents in England and Wales in 2006-7, although the survey does not take account of crime affecting people under 16 years.1 According to this source, the annual prevalence of knife use has remained constant at around 7% of all violent incidents since 2000. Hospital episode statistics show that rates of hospital admission in England after violence of all types increased (from 82.7/100 000 population in 2000-1 to 114.4/100 000 in 2006-7) at almost exactly the same rate as admissions after knife violence (from 8.5/100 000 to 11.3/100 000). In contrast, rates of treatment in emergency departments after violence of all types decreased from about 850 to 620 per 100 000 over the same time2; no national emergency department data are available on knife violence specifically. In summary, since 2000, violence in England and …
The significance of FSH elevation in young women with disorders of ovulation.
Authors: C O'Herlihy, R J Pepperell, J H Evans
Journal: BMJ (1980)

High serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) values are consistent with ovarian failure. We studied the progress of 67 women aged under 35 years with oligomenorrhoea or secondary amenorrhoea in whom the serum FSH value was greater than 20 U/1. Twenty-four patients remained amenorrhoeic, but 17 ovulated and six conceived, two on two occasions. Coincident mean serum luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations were significantly lower and mean total urinary oestrogen concentrations were significantly higher in patients who subsequently ovulated, but the degree of increase in FSH did not correlate well with later ovarian function. Treatment with oestrogens, clomiphene citrate, human pituitary gonadotrophin, and bromocriptine was of no benefit in inducing an ovarian response while FSH concentrations remained raised. Our results suggest that a considerable proportion of younger women with ovulatory disorders associated with FSH values in the menopausal range will spontaneously resume ovulation and some will conceive.
<i>PTPN22</i> 620W allele is not associated with aplastic anemia
Authors: Solomon A. Graf, Rodrigo T. Calado, Neal S. Young
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

The 1858C/T variant in PTPN22 imparts a gain of function mutation dysregulating T-cell stimulation and is associated with an array of autoimmune diseases. Using a case-control design, we compared the frequency of this polymorphism in 91 patients with acquired aplastic anemia to 132 ethnically matched controls. Representation of the PTPN22 variant was not significantly different between the two populations, suggesting that this gene polymorphism does not contribute to the etiology of aplastic anemia. Aplastic anemia thus joins a list of autoimmune diseases that commonly lack a major humoral disease component and do not associate with the PTPN22 variant.
The New Male Sexuality
Authors: Domeena C. Renshaw
Journal: JAMA (1993)

The cover blurb reads, "The truth about men, sex and pleasure," but this is not a tabloid feature. It is an update of the author's bestselling 1978<i>Male Sexuality</i>. The new work, like the earlier one, is intended as public education. The author is a nonmedical professional specializing in sex therapy for now over 20 years, with large numbers of men in group therapy and individual counselling. His book is well written, with clinical examples that keep the reader's interest and clearly illustrate each point. It is estimated that there are over 10 million US men suffering from impotence, so few physicians escape this question during a busy afternoon: "May I ask a private question, doctor?" Young men, old men, fit or sick, single, divorced, or widowed have sexual questions, sexual insecurities, and sexual problems. It is appropriate that they turn to their physicians first. Few men, even in the
Reply to Dr Rosier's Letter to the Editor re: Michael Müntener, Brigitte Schurch, Björn Wefer and André Reitz. Systemic Nitric Oxide Augmentation Leads to a Rapid Decrease of the Bladder Outlet Resistance in Healthy Men. Eur Urol 2006;50:112–117; discussion 117–118.
Authors: Michael Müntener, Brigitte Schurch, André Reitz
Journal: European Urology (2006)
Molecular Basis of Autosomal Dominant Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Anouk van der Graaf, Hans J. Avis, D. Meeike Kusters, Maud N. Vissers, Barbara A. Hutten, Joep C. Defesche, Roeland Huijgen, Sigrid W. Fouchier, Frits A. Wijburg, John J.P. Kastelein, Albert Wiegman
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia (ADH) is characterized by elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and premature cardiovascular disease. Mutations in the genes encoding for low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), apolipoprotein B (APOB), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) underlie ADH. Nevertheless, a proportion of individuals who exhibit the ADH phenotype do not carry mutations in any of these 3 genes. Estimates of the percentage of such cases among the ADH phenotype vary widely. We therefore investigated a large pediatric population with an unequivocal ADH phenotype to assess the molecular basis of hereditary hypercholesterolemia and to define the percentage of individuals with unexplained dyslipidemia.We enrolled individuals with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels above the 95th percentile for age and gender and an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern of hypercholesterolemia from a large referred pediatric cohort of 1430 children. We excluded children with thyroid dysfunction, nephrotic syndrome, autoimmune disease, liver disease, primary biliary cirrhosis, and obesity (body mass index >75th percentile for age and gender), as well as children referred via a cascade screening program and those from families with a known molecular diagnosis. Of the 269 children who remained after the exclusion criteria were applied, 255 (95%) carried a functional mutation (LDLR, 95%; APOB, 5%).In the vast majority of children with an ADH phenotype, a causative mutation can be identified, strongly suggesting that most of the large-effect genes underlying ADH are known to date.
Vitamin D analogues, marrow fibrosis and psoriasis
Authors: W.S. Douglas, E.J. Fitzsimons
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Journal Article Vitamin D analogues, marrow fibrosis and psoriasis Get access W.S. Douglas, W.S. Douglas Department of Dermatology, Monklands District General Hospital, Airdrie ML6 OJS, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E.J. Fitzsimons E.J. Fitzsimons Department of Haematology, Monklands District General Hospital, Airdrie ML6 OJS, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 128, Issue 3, 1 March 1993, Page 359, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb00188.x Published: 01 March 1993
Effects of Hypermetabolism on Ventilation and Chemosensitivity
Authors: Clifford W. Zwillich, Steven A. Sahn, John V. Weil
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

Muscular exercise is associated with hypermetabolism and increased hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR). In order to dissociate mechanical and metabolic factors, the effect of hypermetabolism on hypoxic ventilatory response was evaluated at rest. Carbohydrate and protein feeding increases metabolic rate, and their effects on chemosensitivity, ventilation, and blood pH were evaluated in six normal subjects 2 h and 3 h after calorically equal test meals (1,000 cal).