tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hodgkin's disease — the role of radiation therapy in advanced disease
Authors: R.T. Hoppe
Journal: Annals of Oncology (1996)

The success of radiation therapy (XRT) in the management of early-stage Hodgkin's disease (HD) has led to its use in a variety of programs for the management of advanced disease.This article includes discussion of these roles of radiation in advanced disease: 1) use of XRT as an adjuvant after chemotherapy; 2) use of XRT to convert patients who are 'partial responders' (PRs) after chemotherapy to 'complete responders' (CRs); 3) use of XRT as an integrated component of combined modality therapy; 4) use of XRT as a 'salvage' treatment after failure of primary chemotherapy; and 5) incorporation of XRT into programs of high-dose therapy with autologous stem cell (or marrow) rescue.1) Randomized trials of adjuvant XRT after completion of chemotherapy in advanced disease have been conducted by the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG), German HD Study Group, and the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer/Group Pierre Marie Curie (EORTC/ GPMC).The SWOG study shows improvements in diseasefree survival, but not overall survival with the addition of XRT.The German Study Group trial was negative, but the number of patients reported in the abstract of the trial was too small to be conclusive.The EORTC/GPMC study has not been reported.2) Both the SWOG and EORTC/GPMC trials treated TRs' with XRT.Results in both show conversion to CR in > 80% of patients.Conversion to CR was most likely for patients with just minimal residual disease after chemotherapy.3) Planned XRT in advanced disease (especially bulky sites) may permit reduction in chemotherapy doses (e.g., the Stanford V chemotherapy program) and maintain excellent outcome (freedom-from-progression >80%).Reduction in total doses of chemotherapy as well as dose and extent of radiation should limit potential long-term toxicity.4) Very selected patients with asymptomatic limited nodal relapse may be 'salvaged' with XRT, but published reports include only a small number of patients and this should not be considered a standard approach.5) XRT may be used as total body, total lymphoid, or local field in highdose therapy programs.Since HD at relapse is still often a local-regional problem, local field irradiation is probably the most rational approach to use in this setting.Recent Stanford data show an improvement in outcome with the inclusion of local field treatment in these patients.
INTERMITTENT TAKE-UP OF FLUID FROM THE CUTANEOUS TISSUE
Authors: Philip D. McMaster
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1941)

Methods have been devised to bring microscopic amounts of fluid into contact with cutaneous connective tissue, under pressure or without pressure, in such a manner that it enters neither blood capillaries nor lymphatics directly. The take-up of fluid brought into contact with the tissues in this way has been measured and its characteristics studied. Elaborate control tests, here described and discussed, have indicated the possible errors in the employment of these methods. Locke's or Tyrode's solutions brought into contact with the cutaneous tissues, by the method described and at atmospheric pressure, pass into the tissue intermittently. Forced into the skin by pressures of 1.0 to 2.0 cm. of water the take-up is still intermittent in character. From this it follows that either the absorption of interstitial fluid from localized regions is periodic or the movements of interstitial fluid are influenced by intermittent physiological changes.
Prevention of Thromboembolism after Spinal Cord Injury Using Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin
Authors: David Green
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Objective: To examine the safety and effectiveness of a low-molecular-weight heparin in the prevention of thromboembolism in patients with recent spinal cord injury and complete motor paralysis. Design: Randomized evaluation of two heparin regimens in 41 consecutive patients meeting eligibility requirements for anticoagulant prophylaxis. Daily bedside examinations were supplemented by serial venous flow studies; suspicious or positive tests were confirmed by venography. Intervention: Standard heparin, 5000 units subcutaneously three times a day; low-molecular-weight heparin 3500 anti-Xa units subcutaneously once daily. Measurements and Main Results: Five patients in the standard heparin group had thrombotic events, including two patients with fatal pulmonary embolism; two other patients had bleeding severe enough to necessitate withdrawing the heparin. The cumulative event rate was 34.7% (95% CI, 13.7% to 55.2%). None of the patients treated with low-molecular-weight heparin had thrombosis or bleeding (CI, 0% to 14%). The difference between the two groups was significant (P = 0.006, log-rank test). Conclusions: Low-molecular-weight heparin is safe and effective in the prevention of thromboembolism in selected patients with spinal cord injury and complete motor paralysis, and is superior to standard heparin in fixed doses of 5000 units three times a day.
Immunoglobulin G is a platelet alpha granule-secreted protein.
Authors: J N George, S Saucerman, S P Levine, L K Knieriem, D F Bainton
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

It has been known for 27 yr that blood platelets contain IgG, yet its subcellular location and significance have never been clearly determined. In these studies, the location of IgG within human platelets was investigated by immunocytochemical techniques and by the response of platelet IgG to agents that cause platelet secretion. Using frozen thin-sections of platelets and an immunogold probe, IgG was located within the alpha-granules. Thrombin stimulation caused parallel secretion of platelet IgG and two known alpha-granule proteins, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin, beginning at 0.02 U/ml and reaching 100% at 0.5 U/ml. Thrombin-induced secretion of all three proteins was inhibited by prostaglandin E1 and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP. Calcium ionophore A23187 also caused parallel secretion of all three proteins, whereas ADP caused virtually no secretion of any of the three. From these data and a review of the literature, we hypothesize that plasma IgG is taken up by megakaryocytes and delivered to the alpha-granules, where it is stored for later secretion by mature platelets.
Ankle–Brachial Index for Assessment of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: S Marlene Grenon, Joel Gagnon, York Hsiang
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Peripheral arterial disease affects more than 10 million people in the United States. In advanced stages, it may cause claudication and critical leg ischemia, defined as the presence of pain at rest in the leg or foot, ischemic ulcers, or gangrene. The presence of peripheral arterial disease leads to substantial morbidity in individual patients and results in early mortality. It also incurs high costs for the health care system. Because of its critical impact on health, accurate diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease is important. . . .
Endothelin-induced increases in vascular smooth muscle Ca2+ do not depend on dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels.
Authors: T Mitsuhashi, R C Morris, H E Ives
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Endothelin is a potent mammalian vasoconstrictive peptide with structural homology to cation channel-binding insect toxins. We tested the proposal that this peptide directly activates dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels in cultured vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells. First, we found that cell Ca2+ can be altered in VSM by activation of voltage-operated Ca2+ channels. KCl-induced depolarization and the dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel agonist (-) Bay K 8644 (10 microM) both raised cell Ca2+ more than twofold; the effect of KCl was blocked by the inhibitory enantiomer, (+) Bay K 8644 (40 microM). Similar responses were observed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Synthetic endothelin (4 x 10(-8) M) raised Ca2+ in VSM but not CHO cells from 100 +/- 17 to 561 +/- 34 nM within 12 s. Ca2+ subsequently fell to basal levels after 30 min. Half maximal Ca2+ response was at 4 x 10(-9) M endothelin. Unlike endothelin, thrombin raised Ca2+ in both VSM and CHO cells. The Ca2+ responses to endothelin and thrombin were not affected by nicardipine (1 microM), (+) Bay K 8644, or Ca2+-free solutions. Lastly, both hormones caused release of inositol phosphates in VSM cells. However, the response to thrombin was more than 10-fold larger and was more rapid than the response to endothelin; the thrombin response was sensitive to pertussis toxin, while the response to endothelin was not. Thus endothelin, like thrombin, raises cell Ca2+ in VSM by mobilization of intracellular stores and not by activation of dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ channels. However, their receptors are distinct and they exhibit important differences in signal transduction.
High efficiency covalent radiolabeling of the human androgen receptor. Studies in cultured fibroblasts using dihydrotestosterone 17 beta-bromoacetate.
Authors: W J Kovacs, M K Turney
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Analysis of mutations affecting the androgen receptor protein in human cells has been limited because of the low abundance and lability of these proteins in target tissues. All methods used to date have been based on the noncovalent interaction of radiolabeled androgens with the receptor's ligand binding site. We report here synthesis and use of the electrophilic affinity label dihydrotestosterone 17 beta-bromoacetate. This ligand, prepared as a radioactive compound of high specific activity, rapidly and covalently binds to a protein of 58,000 daltons in cytosol from normal genital skin fibroblasts. This protein is a high affinity, saturable specific binding site for the ligand and was not detectable in cultured cells from a subject with androgen resistance or in receptor-negative nongenital fibroblasts. The efficiency of incorporation of the covalent radiolabel into the 58-kD protein is greater than 80% based on estimates of receptor content using noncovalent ligands in intact cell assays. These studies demonstrate that dihydrotestosterone 17 beta-bromoacetate is useful for high efficiency covalent labeling of the human androgen receptor in crude cytosolic extracts from cultured cells.
Post-Traumatic Chylous Ascites in Infancy
Authors: Rudolph W. Vollman, William J. Keenan, Angelo J. Eraklis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

CHYLOUS ascites during infancy is a well recognized clinical entity. A total of 54 cases in children under the age of two and one-half years have been reported since the first description by Ruhräh1 in 1934.The cause of the ascites was unknown in more than 75 per cent of the cases reported. A few infants were found to have congenital anomalies such as chylous cysts of the small-bowel mesentery,2 congenital bands constricting the root of the mesentery and atresia of the thoracic duct.3 , 4 In others an operative procedure,5 , 6 with injury to the lymphatics, or blunt trauma to the abdomen . . .
Tumour-specific Antibodies in Human Malignant Melanoma and their Relationship to the Extent of the Disease
Authors: M. G. Lewis, R. L. Ikonopisov, R. C. Nairn, T. M. Phillips, G. H. Fairley, D. C. Bodenham, P. Alexander
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Biopsy specimens and sera were obtained from 103 melanoma patients. Autoantibodies were demonstrated by (1) complement-dependent cytotoxicity of autologous melanoma cells in short-term culture; (2) complement-dependent inhibition of ribonucleic acid synthesis; (3) immunofluorescent staining of the cytoplasm of killed melanoma cells and of the surface membrane of viable melanoma cells. Over one-third of the sera studied had antibodies to autologous melanoma cells. Although for technical reasons all three tests could not be performed with the cells from every melanoma, whenever multiple testing was possible there was complete concordance. The autoantibodies were virtually confined to patients in whom the disease was not widely disseminated, and over 80% of such patients had positive sera. In a limited number of patients who have been followed autoantibodies disappeared as the disease progressed to become widely disseminated. Two patients with generalized disease developed autoantibodies following inoculation by their own irradiated tumour cells. Two types of autoantibodies were recognized: one, active against antigen(s) in the cell surface membrane, was specific for each tumour—that is, only the autologous serum reacted—and was concerned in the cytotoxic activity; the other reacted with cytoplasmic antigens which appeared to be present in most or all melanoma cells.
A Multicenter Phase II Study of Mogamulizumab (KW-0761) in Patients with Relapsed Peripheral or Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: K. Hatake, M. Ogura, T. Ishida, M. Taniwaki, K. Ando, K. Tobinai, K. Yamamoto, K. Tsukasaki, M. Tomonaga, R. Ueda
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Induction and maintenance of allergen-specific FOXP3+ Treg cells in human tonsils as potential first-line organs of oral tolerance
Authors: Oscar Palomares, Beate Rückert, Tuomas Jartti, Umut Can Kücüksezer, Tuomo Puhakka, Enrique Gomez, Heinz B. Fahrner, Andreas Speiser, Andreas Jung, William W. Kwok, Livije Kalogjera, Mübeccel Akdis, Cezmi A. Akdis
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Bone Loss With Exemestane: Is the Jury Still Out?
Authors: Angela M. Cheung, George Tomlinson, Paul E. Goss
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

not greater than 2.14% per year (5% confidence on values above 2.14, 90% on values between 0.34 and 2.14, and 5% on values below 0.34) or 4.28% over two years (changes that are not considered clinically meaningful).Thus, our conclusion, based on the Lønning data, is that the jury is still out on whether exemestane causes bone loss.This important issue may be clarified by ongoing trials, such as the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group MA 27 clinical trial, which has a specific bone substudy to compare the bone effects of exemestane to those of anastrozole in women with early stage breast cancer.
Die elektrische Lithotripsie von Steinen der Harnwege unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der transvesikalen Uretersteinzertrümmerung
Authors: A. Fabiano
Journal: Endoscopy (1970)

First several physical tests are described by which the effect of electro-hydraulic shocks on the mucosa of the urinary tract is examined. They are based on the experience obtained from the electric lithotripsy of bladderstones with the Urat-1 apparatus. The tests served primarily as a preparation for the first endoscopical crushings of ureter stones. Two descriptions follow of ureterstones being crushed in a human. These procedures were carried out successfully without any complications during or after the operation, and without any ill after-effects. The first electric lithotripsy of a ureterstone was performed in July 1969. It was done without anesthesia and the patient was hospitalized for only one day.
Predicting Response to Bevacizumab in Ovarian Cancer: A Panel of Potential Biomarkers Informing Treatment Selection
Authors: Fiona Collinson, Michelle Hutchinson, Rachel A. Craven, David A. Cairns, Alexandre Zougman, Tobias C. Wind, Narinder Gahir, Michael P. Messenger, Sharon Jackson, Douglas Thompson, Cybil Adusei, Jonathan A. Ledermann, Geoffrey Hall, Gordon C. Jayson, Peter J. Selby, Rosamonde E. Banks
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

The aim of this study was to identify and validate novel predictive and/or prognostic serum proteomic biomarkers in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) treated as part of the phase III international ICON7 clinical trial.ICON7 was a phase III international trial in EOC which showed a modest but statistically significant benefit in progression-free survival (PFS) with the addition of bevacizumab to standard chemotherapy. Serum samples from 10 patients who received bevacizumab (five responders and five nonresponders) were analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify candidate biomarkers. Initial validation and exploration by immunoassay was undertaken in an independent cohort of 92 patients, followed by a second independent cohort of 115 patients (taken from across both arms of the trial).Three candidate biomarkers were identified: mesothelin, fms-like tyrosine kinase-4 (FLT4), and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP). Each showed evidence of independent prognostic potential when adjusting for high-risk status in initial (P < 0.02) and combined (P < 0.01) validation cohorts. In cohort I, individual biomarkers were not predictive of bevacizumab benefit; however, when combined with CA-125, a signature was developed that was predictive of bevacizumab response and discriminated benefit attributable to bevacizumab better than clinical characteristics. The signature showed weaker evidence of predictive ability in validation cohort II, but was still strongly predictive considering all samples (P = 0.001), with an improvement in median PFS of 5.5 months in signature-positive patients in the experimental arm compared with standard arm.This study shows a discriminatory signature comprising mesothelin, FLT4, AGP, and CA-125 as potentially identifying those patients with EOC more likely to benefit from bevacizumab. These results require validation in further patient cohorts.
Excess Adiposity Preceding Pediatric Psoriasis
Authors: Lauren Becker, Wynnis L. Tom, Karin Eshagh, Latanya T. Benjamin, Amy S. Paller
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

As for adult psoriasis, pediatric psoriasis has recently been associated with obesity, increased waist circumference percentiles and waist-to-height ratios, and metabolic laboratory abnormalities1-3 (Supplemental Table 1). Although obesity could theoretically result from the functional limitations and psychosocial impact of psoriasis, adult females self-reported that obesity developed before psoriasis4 and high BMI in adolescent girls preceded psoriasis hospitalization in adults5. Whether obesity precedes pediatric psoriasis or psoriasis leads to childhood obesity has not been addressed. In a pilot study with a new cohort, we addressed the temporal association of pediatric psoriasis and increased adiposity in 27 overweight and obese psoriatic children.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC VISUALIZATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF MITRAL VALVE CHORDAE TENDINEAE USING 3D TRANSESOPHAGEAL TRANSGASTRIC APPROACH
Authors: Kikuko Obase, Valluvan Jeevanandam, Karima Addetia, Kimberly Kesner, Aaron Barry, Joseph D. Roberts, Takeyoshi Ota, Husam Balkhy, Victor Mor-Avi, Roberto Lang
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
The Science and Fiction of Autism
Authors: Iain McClure
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A utism is thought to affect 60 in 10 000 children and is, in nearly all cases, a lifelong and incurable syndrome. It is, however, compatible with a normal life span, and modern interventions are generating ever increasing financial costs to families and society.

A recent US government forecast predicts that in 10 years' time the annual cost associated with autism may be between $200bn …
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Assessment of Dyssynchrony and Myocardial Scar Predicts Function Class Improvement Following Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Kenneth C. Bilchick, Veronica Dimaano, Katherine C. Wu, Robert H. Helm, Robert G. Weiss, Joao A. Lima, Ronald D. Berger, Gordon F. Tomaselli, David A. Bluemke, Henry R. Halperin, Theodore Abraham, David A. Kass, Albert C. Lardo
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2008)
Reducing Medical Costs and Improving Quality via Self-Management Tools
Authors: Harold J DeMonaco, Eric von Hippel
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

In 2004, health-care providers in the United States consumed $US1.9 trillion, or about 16% of the gross domestic product. By 2010, the cost of health care is predicted to exceed 20% of the US gross domestic product [1]. The management of chronic diseases currently accounts for 70%–75% of health-care spending [2], and this proportion is likely to increase in the future. Unlike acute illness, chronic illness requires continuous and sometimes complex management over prolonged periods of time, with the goal of improving or stabilizing quality of life.

One of the proposals for reducing the costs and improving the quality of chronic care is for patients to become their own providers of medical care [2]. Empirical studies of a number of chronic diseases support the feasibility of such a proposal [3–5]. Such studies found that self-management produced higher quality outcomes at lower costs than conventional models of care.

Self-management is defined as: (1) engaging in activities that protect and promote health; (2) monitoring and managing symptoms and signs of illness; (3) managing the impacts of illness on function, emotions, and interpersonal relationships; and (4) adhering to treatment regimens [6]. In this Essay, we consider the advantages and limitations of self-management tools.
Hepatocarcinogenesis in woodchuck hepatitis virus/c-myc mice: Sustained cell proliferation and biphasic activation of insulin-like growth factor II
Authors: P Liu, O Terradillos, C A Renard, G Feldmann, M A Buendia, D Bernuau
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Transgenic mice carrying the c- myc oncogene under control of woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) DNA sequences invariably develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), despite a temporally limited expression of the transgene in the neonatal liver. To better characterize the different steps of the tumorigenic process, we analyzed the liver expression of the c- myc transgene and several growth-related genes by in situ hybridization and Northern blotting. In parallel studies, proliferated changes were investigated by detection of bromodeoxy-uridine-positive S-phase nuclei and apoptosis was evaluated by in situ nick end-labeling of DNA. During the neonatal period, high levels of c- myc messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were detected in all hepatocytes, and the expression of insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) was frequently enhanced, correlating with increased cell proliferation. Despite elevated expression of the p53 gene, no change in liver cell apoptosis was observed. After weaning, c- myc transgene expression decreased to undetectable levels in all hepatocytes, whereas proliferation decreased but remained notably higher than in age-matched controls. The expression of c- fos , c- jun , and c-H-ras was highly variable during the preneoplastic period and in the tumors, with no consistent increase compared with controls. Resurgence of c- myc transgene expression was evidenced in all cells from hyperplastic lesions and carcinomas, accompanied with frequent focal reactivation of IGF II. Thus the strong proliferative stimulus induced by the combined effects of c- myc and IGF II in the neonatal liver might initiate a process characterized by persistent, dysregulated hepatocyte proliferation, in turn greatly increasing the risk of hepatocellular transformation.
VENTRICULAR FUNCTION AT THE TIME OF SYSTEMIC ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVE REPLACEMENT IN CONGENITALLY CORRECTED TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES PREDICTS LONG-TERM VENTRICULAR FUNCTION
Authors: François-Pierre Mongeon, Heidi M. Connolly, Joseph A. Dearani, Zhuo Li, Carole A. Warnes
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Types of Bronchoscopic Tubes
Authors: Thomas Hubbard
Journal: JAMA (1910)

To the Editor:   ingenious and skillful operation reported by Dr. W. E. Casselberry, The Cutting in Two of a Large Steel Pin while Fixed in the Left Bronchus (The Journal, July 2, p. 9), offers opportunity for comment on the relative merits of the Killian and Ingals or Jackson types of bronchoscopic tubes.  beveled tubular spatula of Killian is peculiarly adapted to exploration of the bronchi through the lower route and especially in searching for a pin.  In a recent operation in a case similar to Dr. Casselberry's— a steel glass-headed pin 13/8 inches long in the left bronchus of an infant of 18 months—I was able to enter and bring into the field of vision the whole of the main bronchus without risk of touching the pin.  long beveled end turned to the left enables the operator to pass and straighten out the angle and examine