tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
US Global AIDS Effort Criticized
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
The Retinal Vessels: Comparative Ophthalmoscopic and Histologic Studies on Healthy and Diseased Eyes
Authors: David Shoch
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Almost immediately after the development of the ophthalmoscope by by Helmholtz in 1851, atlases of the fundus of the eye began to appear. Great excitement reigned because one could at last see arteries and arterioles without the distortions of fixation and staining. It was quickly apparent that these vessels and their accompanying venules varied from patient to patient and that the site of crossing of an arteriole and a venule was particularly prone to alteration in patients with vascular disease. These "crossing phenomena" became the basis for many classifications of vascular disease and indeed even for the definitive diagnosis of specific illnesses. Gradually it became evident that the variety of responses that the retina could make to disease processes was limited and retinal vascular patterns became more a prognostic than a diagnostic tool. Alas, even this illusion has now been taken from us. Our dearest ophthalmoscopic landmark, the A-V crossing,
Postoperative hypoxia in a woman with Down's syndrome: case outcome
Authors: A K Siotia, A Chaudhuri, S I Muzulu, D Harling, R Muthusamy
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Five weeks ago (9 April, p 834) we presented the case of Miss Webb, a 24 year old woman with Down's syndrome, who developed postoperative hypoxia after a hysterectomy for menorrhagia. She was subsequently found to have a pericardial effusion.

A full blood count done on her second admission showed a high mean corpuscular volume of 109.8 (normal range 80-100) fl. Her liver function results and vitamin B12 and folate concentrations were normal. Thyroid function tests showed a thyroid stimulating hormone concentration of 63.7 (0.5-4.1) mIU/l and free T4 of 2.57 (10.3-25.3) pmol/l. Severe hypothyroidism with multiple …
Immunologically Mediated Glomerular, Tubular and Interstitial Renal Disease
Authors: Philip R. Steinmetz, Christine Balko, Robert T. MCCluskey, John Klassen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

IT is now widely believed that many, if not most, forms of glomerular disease classified as glomerulonephritis are mediated by immunologic mechanisms. In contrast, the possibility that other parts of the kidney can be directly damaged by immunologic reactions has been given relatively little attention. There are clear indications, however, both from observations in experimental models and in human diseases, that such damage occurs.Glomerular Diseases Assumed or Known to Result from Immunologic MechanismsTwo major forms of immunologically mediated glomerular diseases are recognized from experimental studies: immune-complex glomerulonephritis and antiglomerular-basement-membrane-antibody (anti-GBM) disease1 , 2 (Table 1).Immune-Complex GlomerulonephritisImmune-complex glomerulonephritis can . . .
A phase 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of tremelimumab for second and third line treatment in patients with unresectable pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma
Authors: Lee Krug, Alessandra di Pietro, Rajesh Narwal, Paul Robbins, Dongyue Fu, Aiman Shalabi, Ramy Ibrahim, Luana Calabro, Hedy Kindler
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an uncommon cancer, caused principally by asbestos exposure. No treatments after first-line platinum-pemetrexed [[1][1]] have shown survival benefit [[2][2]], thus novel approaches are needed. Asbestos exposure induces immunosuppression and immune
SPONTANEOUS ELIMINATION OF A LIPOMA FROM THE SIGMOID FLEXURE
Authors: Sylvan D. Manheim
Journal: JAMA (1942)

Benign tumors of the gastrointestinal tract are not frequent, and lipomas constitute but a small portion of those which do occur. Staemmler,<sup>1</sup>in a series of 17,000 consecutive postmortem examinations, found only 9 lipomas, an incidence of 0.05 per cent. In a series of 3,924 consecutive autopsies at the Mayo Clinic, Comfort<sup>2</sup>found 20 intestinal lipomas, an incidence of 0.5 per cent. The discrepancy in these two series may have been due to the difference in size of the series or to the degree of care in searching for lipomas. From time to time there have been reports in the literature of spontaneous elimination of gastrointestinal lipomas. In the sixty-five years from 1870 to 1935, 15 cases have been reported, 1 reported by Ninaus<sup>3</sup>might not be properly included because an invagination of the intestine occurred and the tumor was expelled, together with the involved portion of
T-Type Calcium Channel Blockers That Attenuate Thalamic Burst Firing and Suppress Absence Seizures
Authors: Elizabeth Tringham, Kim L. Powell, Stuart M. Cain, Kristy Kuplast, Janette Mezeyova, Manjula Weerapura, Cyrus Eduljee, Xinpo Jiang, Paula Smith, Jerrie-Lynn Morrison, Nigel C. Jones, Emma Braine, Gil Rind, Molly Fee-Maki, David Parker, Hassan Pajouhesh, Manjeet Parmar, Terence J. O’Brien, Terrance P. Snutch
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2012)

Absence seizures are a common seizure type in children with genetic generalized epilepsy and are characterized by a temporary loss of awareness, arrest of physical activity, and accompanying spike-and-wave discharges on an electroencephalogram. They arise from abnormal, hypersynchronous neuronal firing in brain thalamocortical circuits. Currently available therapeutic agents are only partially effective and act on multiple molecular targets, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transaminase, sodium channels, and calcium (Ca(2+)) channels. We sought to develop high-affinity T-type specific Ca(2+) channel antagonists and to assess their efficacy against absence seizures in the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) model. Using a rational drug design strategy that used knowledge from a previous N-type Ca(2+) channel pharmacophore and a high-throughput fluorometric Ca(2+) influx assay, we identified the T-type Ca(2+) channel blockers Z941 and Z944 as candidate agents and showed in thalamic slices that they attenuated burst firing of thalamic reticular nucleus neurons in GAERS. Upon administration to GAERS animals, Z941 and Z944 potently suppressed absence seizures by 85 to 90% via a mechanism distinct from the effects of ethosuximide and valproate, two first-line clinical drugs for absence seizures. The ability of the T-type Ca(2+) channel antagonists to inhibit absence seizures and to reduce the duration and cycle frequency of spike-and-wave discharges suggests that these agents have a unique mechanism of action on pathological thalamocortical oscillatory activity distinct from current drugs used in clinical practice.
Unusually indolent T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia associated with a complex karyotype: Is this T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia?
Authors: Lorinda Soma, Dennis B. Cornfield, David Prager, Peter Nowell, Adam Bagg
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T‐PLL) is typically associated with an aggressive clinical course, with a median survival of less than 1 year. We report a case of T‐PLL that displays multiple cytogenetic abnormalities, with the most complex subclone having the following karyotype: 47, Y, −X, +8, inv (10) (p12q26), del (11) (p13p15) +marker. However, despite this genetic complexity, the leukemia has behaved in a remarkably indolent manner, with the patient remaining asymptomatic, without therapeutic intervention, for more than 7 years. The unusually benign behavior of this disease calls into question the validity of grouping such cases under the umbrella of T‐PLL and warrants a reconsideration of T‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (no longer recognized as a distinct disease) as a bona fide diagnostic entity. Am. J. Hematol. 71:224–226, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
North America interview board
Authors: R. H. Barrett
Journal: BMJ (1967)

MICOURNA 555 of 0.02 mg./kg./day.This is equivalent to the daily consumption by 60-kg.humans of 1 kg. of foodstuff containing 1.2 p.p.m. dimethoate residue.It bears a safety factor of at least 10 before the slightest effect on blood ChE activity would occur, and (from animal studies) a safety factor of about 400 before the first signs of clinical toxicity would arise.The full details of this study will be reported elsewhere.It is hoped that the findings may extend the permissible usage of an important and safe insecticide.
Hopeful newspaper article was justified
Authors: N Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - John R Petrie argues that an article by me in the Times drawing attention to a new cancer drug that is undergoing phase III trials in 26 centres in Britain and elsewhere in Europe is an example of “sensational reporting by poorly informed journalists.”1 Petrie is from Scotland; it is unfortunate that before writing his article he did not consult colleagues at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, and Ninewells Hospital in Dundee, all of which hospitals are participating in the phase III study of lithium gammalinolenate in pancreatic cancer.

It is also a pity that …
Single compartment drug delivery
Authors: Michael J. Cima, Heejin Lee, Karen Daniel, Laura M. Tanenbaum, Aikaterini Mantzavinou, Kevin C. Spencer, Qunya Ong, Jay C. Sy, John Santini, Carl M. Schoellhammer, Daniel Blankschtein, Robert S. Langer
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2014)
Gaseous Air Pollutants and Hospitalization for Respiratory Disease in the Neonatal Period
Authors: Robert E. Dales, Sabit Cakmak, Marc Smith Doiron
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Current levels of ambient air pollution are associated with morbidity and mortality in the general population. To determine the influence of gaseous air pollutants on neonatal respiratory morbidity, we tested the association between daily respiratory hospitalizations and daily concentrations of ambient air pollution gases: ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide, in 11 large Canadian cities.Daily time-series analyses were employed and results were adjusted for day of the week, temperature, barometric pressure, and relative humidity.The percent increases in hospitalization associated with an increase in air pollution equivalent to its interquartile range were 3.35 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.73-4.77] for O3, 2.85 (95% CI, 1.68-4.02) for NO2, 1.66 (95% CI, 0.63-2.69) for SO2, and 1.75 (95% CI, 0.48-3.02) for CO. The independent effect of all pollutants combined was 9.61% (95% CI, 4.52-14.7%).Our results suggest that neonates are experiencing adverse effects of air pollution at current levels in Canada, and that accounts for a significant proportion of hospitalizations in this subgroup.
NERVOUS AND MENTAL EFFECTS OF THE SULFONAMIDES
Authors: SAM C. LITTLE
Journal: JAMA (1942)

Sulfanilamide was first synthesized in 1908 by Gelmo. From that time until 1932, when Domagk demonstrated that azosulfamide (prontosil) could protect mice against streptococci, the drug was relegated to a relatively unimportant niche among the azo dyes. After Domagk reported his results in 1935, however, this new antibacterial agent became generally known, and since then the story of sulfanilamide and the other sulfonamide derivatives has become common knowledge. At one time or another, one of the sulfonamide derivatives has probably been exhibited in every illness known to man. Newer and more effective derivatives are constantly being brought out, and disease after disease falls before the progress of the new chemotherapy. As with other dramatic new treatments, however, the toxic effects of these drugs are being neglected among a welter of favorable reports. The effects of this group of drugs on the nervous system has hardly been investigated, yet the nervous
A TLR 9 antagonist diminishes arthritis severity in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: S Herman, A Fischer, J Pfatschbacher, M Hoffmann, G Steiner
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Background</h3> There is evidence that release of endogenous nucleic acids may trigger autoimmune reactions crucially involved in the induction of systemic autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In recent years, endosomal toll-like receptors (TLRs – TLR3, TLR7, TLR8 and TLR9) have been implicated in autoimmune processes due to their ability to recognise these nucleic acids. <h3>Objective</h3> To study the role of TLR7 and TLR9 in the pathogenesis of erosive arthritis by antagonising them in the pristane-induced arthritis (PIA) model in DA rats. <h3>Methods</h3> Different immunoregulatory sequences (IRS) known to inhibit TLR7 and/or TLR9 activity were investigated in cultured rat splenocytes. Using the PIA model, these IRS were also tested for their efficiency in inhibiting arthritis development compared to placebo animals. The IRS9 were applied twice a week subcutaneously at the base of the tail. Weight changes were measured during the experiment and arthritis was assessed using an established scoring system. Expression of TLRs was analysed in paws, lymph nodes and spleen by Western blotting, reverse transcription-PCR and immunohistochemistry. <h3>Results</h3> IRS specific for TLR7, TLR9 or TLR7/9 inhibited in a dose-dependent manner production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in rat splenocytes preactivated by TLR specific stimulators. However, neither the TLR7 specific inhibitor nor the inhibitor targeting TLR7 and TLR9 showed an effect on incidence and severity of PIA. Remarkably however, antagonising TLR9 alone led to delayed disease onset and reduced arthritis severity, which was accompanied by diminished TLR9 protein expression levels in paws and lymph nodes compared to the phosphate-buffered saline treated control animals. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The authors9 first in vitro and in vivo results indicate a potential involvement of TLR9 in the initiation of inflammatory arthritis pointing to a possible new therapeutic option in the treatment of RA.
A TYPE OF DOUBLE-EDGED DISSECTING SCISSORS
Authors: J. F. Montague
Journal: JAMA (1923)

In an attempt to remedy the mechanical shortcomings of the instruments usually used in operations involving undercutting or dissection, I have devised a special type of dissecting scissors which have given me very satisfactory results. They are essentially very thin bladed and blunt pointed scissors of which I use a flat and a curved-on-the-flat model. The features of this special type of scissors are: 1. They possess four cutting edges instead of two, as in any ordinary scissors. This is accomplished by giving the external edge of the scissors blade a "belly" like that of a bistoury, and at the same time a very keen edge. Thus, while ordinary scissors cut only during the process of closing, scissors of the type that I have devised cut during the process of opening as well as during that of closing. This adds very markedly to their efficiency, both from the standpoint of
Effect of pulmonary blood flow on the exchange between the circulating and marginating pool of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in dog lungs.
Authors: B A Martin, J L Wright, H Thommasen, J C Hogg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

The effect of pulmonary blood flow on the exchange between the circulating was marginating pool of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was examined in three sets of experiments. In the first we used the double indicator dilution technique with labeled PMN and erythrocytes (RBC) to calculate the percent extraction and percent recovery of PMN at different levels of cardiac output (CO). In the second group of experiments we took advantage of the wide range of blood flow in the lung to determine the effect of regional blood flow on regional PMN retention, and in the third set we measured total leukocyte (WBC) and PMN counts in simultaneous samples from the pulmonary artery and aorta over a wide range of cardiac output. The studies showed that 80-90% of the labeled PMN were removed in a single pass through the lung and that regional retention of labeled PMN and A-V differences for unlabeled PMN increased with decreasing blood flow. The data for regional retention of labeled PMN and the A-V differences observed for unlabeled cells both fit the equation Y = A + Be-cx (where A + B = 100), which showed that PMN accumulate in the lung as blood flow is reduced. We conclude that a dynamic equilibrium exists between the circulating and marginating pools of leukocytes in the lung and that blood flow primarily effects the reentry of cells into the circulating pool so that the marginating pool of PMN within the lung accumulates cells when blood flow is reduced below 7 ml/min per g.
Cryoanalgesia in the management of pain after thoracotomy.
Authors: C J Glynn, J W Lloyd, J D Barnard
Journal: Thorax (1980)

The demand for postoperative analgesia was compared between 29 patients treated with cryoanalgesia to the relevant intercostal nerves during thoracotomy and a control group who did not have cryoanalgesia. The cryoanalgesia group required significantly less (p &lt; 0.005) postoperative analgesia than did the control group.
HEART DISEASE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: SELIAN NEUHOF
Journal: JAMA (1922)

The subject of marriage in girls, and pregnancy, in women with cardiac disease is naturally of vital interest from the standpoint of the obstetrician, the general practitioner and the cardiologist. With reference to marriage in girls with valvular disease, views vary from the extremely narrow one of absolute interdiction in those with any type of heart trouble to the physician's consent to marriage in those with even advanced heart disease. Marriage (without pregnancy) has as its chief dangers the excitement and heart strain incidental to coitus. That this can be a real danger is shown by occasional instances of hemoptysis immediately following coitus in those with mitral stenosis. In those with a tendency to or with actual tachycardia without decompensation, the sexual act may induce or continue a cardiac neurosis superadded on an actual organic lesion. While there is no invariable rule, marriage should not be advised in those who
Measurement of H2O2 within Living Drosophila during Aging Using a Ratiometric Mass Spectrometry Probe Targeted to the Mitochondrial Matrix
Authors: Helena M. Cochemé, Caroline Quin, Stephen J. McQuaker, Filipe Cabreiro, Angela Logan, Tracy A. Prime, Irina Abakumova, Jigna V. Patel, Ian M. Fearnley, Andrew M. James, Carolyn M. Porteous, Robin A.J. Smith, Saima Saeed, Jane E. Carré, Mervyn Singer, David Gems, Richard C. Hartley, Linda Partridge, Michael P. Murphy
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2011)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is central to mitochondrial oxidative damage and redox signaling, but its roles are poorly understood due to the difficulty of measuring mitochondrial H2O2 in vivo. Here we report a ratiometric mass spectrometry probe approach to assess mitochondrial matrix H2O2 levels in vivo. The probe, MitoB, comprises a triphenylphosphonium (TPP) cation driving its accumulation within mitochondria, conjugated to an arylboronic acid that reacts with H2O2 to form a phenol, MitoP. Quantifying the MitoP/MitoB ratio by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry enabled measurement of a weighted average of mitochondrial H2O2 that predominantly reports on thoracic muscle mitochondria within living flies. There was an increase in mitochondrial H2O2 with age in flies, which was not coordinately altered by interventions that modulated life span. Our findings provide approaches to investigate mitochondrial ROS in vivo and suggest that while an increase in overall mitochondrial H2O2 correlates with aging, it may not be causative.
Signet‐ring plasma cell myeloma
Authors: David D. Grier, Katherine Robbins
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

A 26-year-old man presented with right upper hip pain. A CT scan showed a 6.0 × 6.0 × 7.0 cm3 lytic lesion in the right iliac wing with significant soft tissue involvement. A fine-needle aspiration of the lesion revealed numerous atypical plasma cells consistent with a plasmacytoma. Flow cytometry confirmed the diagnosis. A radiological bone survey revealed a single 7-mm well-defined lucent focus at the front aspect of the lateral skull. By serum protein electrophoresis and immunofixation, the patient had an IgG kappa M-spike estimated at 2.76 g/dl. A bone marrow biopsy demonstrated an increased number of plasma cells by CD138 immunohistochemistry (approximately 10–15% of the total marrow space). On the aspirate smears and touch preparations, the plasma cells were remarkable for large basophilic globules that markedly compressed the nuclei (Image 1). Bone marrow core biopsy sectionsrevealed numerous refractile globular structures (Image 2). High power view of the bone marrow aspirate with signet-ring plasma cells. Note the nuclear compression and displacement by a single, large immunoglobulin droplet in the upper right (1000× magnification). The bone marrow core biopsy with signet ring plasma cells. The patient's bone marrow findings, imaging, and laboratory findings are consistent with the diagnosis of a plasma cell myeloma. The morphologic presentation of plasma cell myeloma varies from benign appearing mature plasma cells to anaplastic variants. The unusual plasma cell morphology seen in this biopsy, with large immunoglobulin inclusions, has been referred to in the literature as “signet-ring” or “clear cell” plasma cell myeloma. Signet-ring myeloma is exceptionally rare with only a handful of reported cases in the literature [1-6]. The accumulation of intracellular immunoglobulin is most likely from defective immunoglobulin assemblage. In one case of plasmacytoma with signet ring features, the inclusions were amyloid [1]. Awareness of this morphologic variant is crucial to avoid the misdiagnosis of other neoplasms with signet ring features, such as metastatic adenocarcinoma, liposarcoma [3], or B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma [7]. It should be noted that adenocarcinomas can express CD138, therefore this immunohistochemical stain cannot be used solely to rule out metastatic carcinomas [8].
Neuropeptides influence expression of and capacity to form social bonds
Authors: C. S. Carter, K. L. Bales, S. W. Porges
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

in the present commentary we expand on two concepts relevant to understanding affliliative bonding. differences and similarities between the functions and actions of oxytocin and vasopressin are difficult to study but may be critical to an understanding of mechanisms for social bonding. what is termed here a "trait of affiliation" may reflect in part the capacity of these same peptides to program the developing nervous system.