tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trauma and severe proliferative retinopathy in diabetes mellitus.
Authors: W D Alexander, M Kearns, E M Kohner, C M Asplin
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Gamma-glutamyltransferase in ascitic fluid in patients with various liver diseases No of Enzyme activity (U/1) Diagnosis patients Mean ± SD Range Hepatocellular carcinoma 5 24 2 ±16 3 9-50 Alcoholic cirrhosis 22 581 ± 83 4 5 8-375 Miscellaneous 6 40 0±58 54-156 the high activity in ascitic fluid from these patients is not surprising.In fact, the activity in seven of the patients with alcoholic liver disease was higher than the highest activity in the hepatoma group, the highest being in one patient with portacaval shunt established one month previously.Nevertheless, our different findings do not seem to be accounted for solely by our alcoholic patients, since both studies comprised patients with inactive cirrhosis, chronic active hepatitis, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and metastatic liver disease.
Effect of cetirizine, levocetirizine, and dextrocetirizine on histamine‐induced nasal response in healthy adult volunteers
Authors: D.Y. Wang, F. Hanotte, C. De Vos, P. Clement
Journal: Allergy (2001)

Background: Cetirizine, an effective H 1 ‐receptor antagonist, is a racemate mixture of two enantiomers: levocetirizine ( R enantiomer) and dextrocetirizine ( S enantiomer). Methods: To investigate the pharmacologic activity of the two enantiomers of cetirizine, we conducted a randomized, double‐blind, four‐way, crossover study to assess the effect of treatment with 5 mg levocetirizine, 5 mg dextrocetirizine, and 10 mg cetirizine and matched placebo, on histamine‐induced changes in the nasal airways of 24 healthy volunteers. Four hours after a single oral intake, all subjects were challenged by nasal aerosol application with increasing doubling concentrations (from 0.25 to 32 mg/ml) of histamine in both nostrils. Nasal resistance was measured by passive anterior rhinomanometry (PAR), and changes in histamine threshold were calculated together with the absolute number of sneezes after each challenge. Results: Both levocetirizine and cetirizine significantly attenuated the histamine‐induced increase in nasal airway resistance by nearly 50% (from a median resistance of 2.51 Pa per cm 3 /s to 1.29 and 1.31 Pa per cm 3 /s, respectively) at the maximal concentration, and they concomitantly increased the histamine threshold by fourfold (from 8 to 32 mg/ml), compared with placebo. Sneezing was also attenuated by both levocetirizine and cetirizine. However, these antihistaminic effects were not seen with dextrocetirizine. Conclusions: This study shows a similar activity of levocetirizine and cetirizine on the inhibition of histamine‐induced increase in nasal resistance, indicating that the antihistaminic properties of cetirizine are probably attributable to levocetirizine.
Monitoring during and after antiviral therapy for hepatitis B
Authors: Karin L. Andersson, Raymond T. Chung
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract Recent studies suggest that long-term suppression of viral replication is critical to reducing the complications of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Monitoring for continued virological response during and after treatment is essential because current treatment options have limited success in achieving durable endpoints, and antiviral resistance may emerge during long-term therapy. Methods of monitoring treatment response include tests for serum aminotransferase levels, HBV DNA level, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody (anti-HBs), and liver histology. Virological suppression and loss of HBeAg or HBsAg with or without seroconversion play a prominent role in decision-making regarding the success and duration of antiviral therapy. Guidelines recommend that testing for serum markers be repeated every 12-24 weeks during antiviral therapy and every 6-12 months afterward. Recent data also suggest that serum HBV DNA levels should be assessed at weeks 12 and 24 of therapy, because early viral response may predict the likelihood of sustained response and antiviral resistance. The use of serum HBV DNA levels for this purpose requires an assay with a wide range of quantification, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, which have a 7-8 log 10 dynamic range. Newer, investigational methods for monitoring treatment response include quantitative measurement of HBsAg, HBeAg, and intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA. Conclusions: Better methods for defining durable treatment endpoints are needed. Other areas requiring further research include the optimal treatment duration and the establishment of the optimal use of early viral kinetics for decision-making during antiviral therapy. (Hepatology 2009;49:S166–S173.)
Spirometry values in stable lung transplant recipients.
Authors: J A Martinez, I L Paradis, J H Dauber, W Grgurich, T Richards, S A Yousem, P Ohori, P Williams, A T Iacono, D R Nunley, R J Keenan
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

To clarify the usefulness of spirometry to assess the function of the lung allograft post-transplant, we retrospectively reviewed 351 sequential spirometry measurements performed by 65 healthy recipients after the 80th postoperative day when the clinical evaluation and fiberoptic bronchoscopy with transbronchial biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage excluded significant rejection or infection in the allograft. The mean coefficients of variation (CV) and significant values for change (SC) for the FVC, FEV1, and FEF25-75% were calculated according to the type of transplant procedure (heart-lung and double-lung [HL-DL] versus single-lung [SL]), and to the time after transplant when the spirometry measurements were obtained < or = 1 yr versus > 1 yr). The SC for the FVC decreased with time after transplantation for both HL-DL (< or = 1 yr: 17% versus > 1 yr: 7%) and SL recipients (< or = 1 yr: 13% versus > 1 yr: 8%). The higher degree of variability within the first year was primarily due to increasing values especially in the HL-DL recipients. The SC for the FEV1 also decreased over time for HL-DL recipients (< or = 1 yr: 18% versus > 1 yr: 9%) but was similar for SL recipients at both intervals (13%). Our results suggest that decreases of > or = 11% in FVC or 12% in FEV1 in HL-DL recipients and > or = 12% in FVC or 13% in FEV1 for SL recipients indicate a significant decrease in allograft function that may be due to infection or rejection.
Effect of heparin bonding on catheter-induced fibrin formation and platelet activation.
Authors: A B Nichols, J Owen, B A Grossman, J J Marcella, L N Fleisher, M M Lee
Journal: Circulation (1984)

Pathologic and experimental evidence indicates that platelet activation and fibrin formation contribute to the pathogenesis of angina pectoris, coronary vasospasm and myocardial infarction. Detection of localized intravascular platelet activation and fibrin formation in vivo by selective blood sampling requires catheters that do not induce coagulation ex vivo. We studied the effect of heparin bonding of catheter surfaces on activation of the coagulation system by cardiovascular catheters. Woven Dacron, polyvinylchloride, and polyurethane catheters were tested and compared with identical catheters with heparin-bonded surfaces in 47 patients undergoing percutaneous cardiac catheterization. Platelet activation was measured by radioimmunoassay of plasma platelet factor 4 (PF4), beta-thromboglobulin (BTG), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in blood samples withdrawn through catheters, and fibrin formation was assessed by determination of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) levels. In blood samples collected through conventional catheters, FPA, PF4, BTG, and TXB2 levels were markedly elevated; blood sampling through heparin-bonded catheters had no significant effect on FPA, PF4, BTG, or TXB2 levels. Scanning electron microscopy disclosed extensive platelet aggregates and fibrin strands adherent to the surface of conventional catheters but not to heparin-bonded catheter surfaces. This study demonstrates that (1) collection of blood samples through cardiovascular catheters causes artifactual elevation of FPA, PF4, BTG, and TXB2 levels, and (2) heparin-bonded catheter surfaces effectively prevent catheter-induced platelet alpha-granule release and fibrin formation on catheter surfaces. Heparin-bonded catheters will facilitate investigation of the role of intravascular coagulation in coronary artery disease by eliminating catheter-induced fibrin formation and platelet activation.
Abstract 2613: Assessment of pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics and antitumor activities of hydroxamate- and mercaptoacetamide-based histone deacetylase inhibitors
Authors: Zacharoula Konsoula, Alfredo Velena, Hong Cao, Mira Oh Jung
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Structurally diverse histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) have emerged as chemotherapeutic agents and have shown to cause differentiation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. As an initial step in identifying a clinically applicable HDACI, we evaluated the in vitro and the in vivo properties of two mercaptoacetamide (6MAQH and 5MABMA) and a hydroxamate (H6CAHA)-based HDACIs: 1) The growth inhibitory activities of these inhibitors were evaluated and compared against a subset of prostate cancer and non-malignant epithelial cell lines. 2) The in vitro permeability, solubility and lipophilicity properties of the HDACIs were assessed. 3) In vivo, the antitumor activities were determined following i.p. administration of the inhibitors (0.4 mg/Kg) using mice bearing PC3 tumor xenografts (n = 10). 4) The plasma pharmacokinetics of the HDACIs and their effect on the acetylation of histone H4 in tissues were determined in nude mice. The data demonstrated that mercaptoacetamides preferentially inhibited the growth of cancer than nonmalignant cells, whereas the hydroxamate showed toxicity at higher concentrations in both cancer and normal cells. The mercaptoacetamides also conferred higher solubility under the acidic environment of the stomach (pH 1.2) and lower under the neutral of the small intestine (pH 7.4) than the hydroxamate. All the HDACIs exhibited high permeability as well as lipophilicity values. In vivo, HDACIs treatment led to tumor growth inhibition (p &amp;lt; 0.001), which was sustained for at least 60 days. Plasma pharmacokinetics revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) was 8.08 ± 0.91 μM x h for H6CAHA, 4.97 ± 0.6 μM x h for 6MAQH μM x h, and 4.23 ± 0.43 μM x h for 5MABMA. The plasma half- lives for H6CAHA, 6MAQH and 5MABMA were 11.17 ± 0.87, 2.2 ± 0.33 and 1.98 ± 0.21 h, respectively. Taken together, these results provide support that the HDACIs target prostate cancer cells effectively, as evidenced by growth suppression in vitro and tumor growth inhibition in vivo. The mercaptoacetamide HDACIs preferentially inhibit the growth of cancer cells while exert limited effect on nonmalignant cells. However, the hydroxamate based HDACI exhibited superior in vivo pharmacological properties. Furthermore, the physicochemical and pharmacological characteristics of HDACIs provide a rationale for their further investigation as potent anticancer agents. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2613.
A CASE OF ECTOPIC PREGNANCY AT TERM WITH LIVING CHILD
Authors: B. J. O'Neill
Journal: JAMA (1923)

<h3>History.</h3> —Mrs. B., aged 39, born in Denmark, who had been married thirteen years and had never before been pregnant, was seen, April 4, 1922, when suffering from influenza. <h3>Examinations.</h3> —Routine examination revealed a pregnancy of about six months. The patient gave a history of regular menstruation up to about six months before, and thought the cessation was due to change of life. She had not noticed any increase in size of the abdomen, and gave no history of nausea or of quickening. June 6, she was again seen, and a diagnosis of pregnancy of about seven months was made. The heart and lungs were normal; the pelvic measurements were adequate, and the fetal heart tones were clear and distinct to the left of the umbilicus. The urine showed a small ring of albumin and a few casts. The blood pressure was: systolic, 140; diastolic, 90; and there was some
Michael John Grayson
Authors: Ian Stewart
Journal: BMJ (2005)

​FormerFormer consultant physician Plymouth hospitals (b 1929; q Edinburgh 1952; MD, FRCP), died from lung cancer on 12 May 2005.




Figure 1




Michael Grayson did house jobs in Edinburgh before his national service in the Royal Navy. He continued his medical training in Bristol, Cambridge, and the London area until his Plymouth appointment in 1966, retiring from the NHS in 1994. He was a generalist physician with a special interest in gastroenterology, developing particular expertise in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. He was at the forefront of the development of gastroenterological services in Plymouth. Michael became the occupational physician to Plymouth health services as well as consulting physician to the local psychiatric hospital. He became an expert in occupational vibration white finger, and solvent and other inhalation problems. He leaves a wife, Maggie; two sons; five grandchildren; two stepsons; and a step-granddaughter.
Multiple Coronary-Artery Aneurysms in a Child with Angina Pectoris
Authors: Daniel E. McMartin, Anthony J. Stone, Robert H. Franch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

ISOLATED coronary-artery aneurysm in infants and children is rarely reported ante mortem.1 In the following case multiple, isolated coronary-artery aneurysms were studied during life with selective coronary arteriography.Case ReportAn eight-year-old girl was well until five years of age, when she was treated with intramuscular penicillin for fever and sore throat. A macular rash developed in three days, followed by polyarthritis. Penicillin hypersensitivity reaction was suspected, and she was hospitalized. She did not improve on steroids and was referred on the 14th day of her illness. On admission she was febrile and normotensive and exhibited arthritis with effusions in . . .
The Phyletic Factor in Cancer.
Authors: William T. Belfield.
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Chicago, Jan. 4, 1907. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The zealous search for a parasite in cancer tends to obscure the obvious phyletic factor, illustrated in its distribution and clinical course. The oldest of the three embryonic layers (epiblast) produces the epithelium of the skin, the central nervous system, and later the anus. The second layer (hypoblast) produces the epithelium of the alimentary canal and associated glands. The last and intermediate layers (mesoblast) produce the connective-tissue structures and the reproductive organs. The mesoblastic tissues complete their development after puberty. The malignancy and frequency of cancer seem to vary directly with the phyletic age of the various organs, being least in the earliest, greatest in the latest organs. Thus carcinoma is notoriously frequent and malignant in the breast and uterus. The breast, a specialized skin gland, appears with the mammals; the completely fused uterus with specialized cervix appears in the apes—both therefore among
A Randomized Trial of Montelukast in Respiratory Syncytial Virus Postbronchiolitis
Authors: Hans Bisgaard
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Infants often develop reactive airway disease after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (cys-LT) are released during RSV infection and may contribute to the inflammation. We hypothesized that a cys-LT receptor antagonist would ameliorate reactive airway disease subsequent to RSV bronchiolitis. One hundred and thirty infants who were 3 to 36 months old, hospitalized with acute RSV bronchiolitis, were randomized into a double-blind, parallel comparison of 5-mg montelukast chewable tablets or matching placebo given for 28 days starting within 7 days of symptom debut. Infants with a suspected history of asthma were excluded. One hundred sixteen infants provided diary card data for the treatment period. Median age was 9 months. Infants on montelukast were free of any symptoms on 22% of the days and nights compared with 4% of the days and nights in infants on placebo (p = 0.015). Daytime cough was significantly reduced on active treatment (p = 0.04). Exacerbations were significantly delayed from montelukast compared with placebo (p < 0.05). In conclusion, cys-LT antagonist treatment reduces lung symptoms subsequent to RSV bronchiolitis.
IMPACT OF A NEW OPEN IRRIGATED CATHETER ON THE RISK OF FLUID OVERLOAD AFTER ABLATION OF LONG STANDING PERSISTENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION: RESULTS FROM A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED STUDY
Authors: Luigi Di Biase, Pasquale Santangeli, Rong Bai, Prasant Mohanty, Sanghamitra Mohanty, Chintan Trivedi, Justin Price, Rachel (Xue) Yan, Rodney Horton, Javier Sanchez, Joe Gallinghouse, Salwa Beheiry, Richard Hongo, Jason Zagrodzky, Robert Canby, Antonio Dello Russo, Michela Casella, Gaetano Fassini, Corrado Carbucicchio, Claudio Tondo, Andrea Natale
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Shortness of interval between two stings as risk factor for developing Hymenoptera venom allergy
Authors: S. Pucci, L. Antonicelli, M. B. Bilò, M. S. Garritani, F. Bonifazi
Journal: Allergy (1994)

The aim of the study was to determine whether a short interval (< 2 months) between two consecutive stings influences the development of Hymenoptera venom allergy. The study compared the sting-interval distribution in 120 allergic patients who experienced a first-time systemic reaction to a Hymenoptera sting, and in 100 healthy controls. A significant difference in sting-interval distribution between the two groups was found (P = 0.0001). In 71 of 120 allergic patients, the sting that provoked the systemic reaction had been preceded by another, completely tolerated sting not more than 2 months before. However, in the control group only four subjects out of 100 had received two consecutive stings within less than 2 months. In conclusion, a short interval between two consecutive stings seems to be a risk factor for the onset of Hymenoptera venom allergy.
Patients need safer hospitals, every day of the week
Authors: K. Dharmarajan, N. Kim, H. M. Krumholz
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Hospital acquired conditions must be reduced throughout the week, not just at weekends 

In the United States, efforts to improve patient safety have focused, in part, on reducing hospital acquired conditions, or HACs. Hospital acquired conditions include healthcare associated infections, iatrogenic complications, and other adverse events occurring during treatment for another condition. Historically, the additional costs incurred by these adverse events led to greater payments by the government.1 To encourage a reduction in these potentially preventable conditions, the US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in 2008 decided not to pay for the higher costs of care resulting from 14 specific hospital acquired conditions.2 Starting this year, the CMS’s HAC Reduction Program will levy considerable financial penalties on hospitals scoring poorly on a composite measure of performance regarding hospital acquired conditions, which is derived from a review of administrative claims and medical record data.3 4

In a linked paper, Attenello and colleagues (doi:10.1136/bmj.h1460) determined whether weekend admission is associated with a greater likelihood of developing these adverse events,5 as weekend admission has been associated with worse outcomes for a large number of life threatening conditions, such as myocardial infarction,6 pulmonary embolism,7 and intracerebral haemorrhage.8 …
Ascitic Fluid Analysis in the Differentiation of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis from Gastrointestinal Tract Perforation into Ascitic Fluid
Authors: Bruce A. Runyon, John C. Hoefs
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

A review of patients with bacterial peritonitis and ascites revealed six patients with gastrointestinal tract perforation into their ascitic fluid and 33 episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 32 patients. Signs and symptoms were not helpful in differentiating the two groups; however, ascitic fluid analysis was found to be useful. All patients with perforation peritonitis fulfilled at least two of the following criteria: ascitic fluid total protein greater than 1 gm per dl, glucose less than 50 mg per dl and lactate dehydrogenase greater than 225 mU per ml. In only two episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis were two of the criteria fulfilled.
Role of the Kidney in the Pathogenesis of Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: A. CLIFFORD BARGER, FRANCIS P. MULDOWNEY, MARTIN R. LIEBOWITZ
Journal: Circulation (1959)

The pathogenesis of sodium retention in congestive heart failure has been a difficult problem to elucidate. The production in dogs of cardiac valvular lesions of increasing severity has enabled investigators to study the sequential alterations in salt and water balance in the same animal from the normal state through the progressive stages of cardiac impairment until frank failure is present. The findings in dogs suggest that: 1. Abnormalities in sodium metabolism are detectable in mild heart disease long before overt failure is present. 2. Total exchangeable sodium may be increased in animals with mild valvular damage. These animals have normal exercise tolerance and normal basal glomerular filtration rates. 3. Increased sympatho-adrenal (adrenergie) activity is responsible, in large measure, for the decreased sodium and water excretion in dogs with cardiac impairment. 4. Preliminary experiments suggest that the carotid sinus may be the receptor organ initiating the reflex increase in sympatho-adrenal tone, and may be the elusive "volume receptor" for which investigators have been searching. 5. Evidence is also available that the carotid sinus may play a major role in the regulation of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex, the site of aldosterone production.
The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Clinical Psychiatry
Authors: A. Matthews
Journal: JAMA (2003)

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