tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Neuroradiologists Find 'Gentler' Angiography Excellent for Diagnosis, Kinder to Patients
Authors: Teri Randall
Journal: JAMA (1990)

A SAFE, noninvasive method that images blood vessels in the head and neck has given neuroradiologists a powerful new look at the brain during the last few years. While most investigators agree that magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) will never completely obviate conventional invasive angiography, many believe it has the potential to dramatically alter the evaluation and follow-up of patients with brain tumors, aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, vascular stenoses and occlusions, and several other neurovascular pathologies. While physicists and computer scientists scramble to improve the hardware, researchers gathered recently at the American Society of Neuroradiology meeting in Los Angeles, Calif, discussed where MRA—first demonstrated only 8 years ago—belongs in clinical practice. Expressing both enthusiasm and reservation, Michael Mawad, MD, director of magnetic resonance imaging at Methodist Hospital, Houston, Tex, summarized his institution's MRA evaluations of 110 patients who presented with a wide range of neurovascular pathologies by saying, "MRA is a powerful
Care of asthma in general practice.
Authors: M. Levy
Journal: BMJ (1992)

quent on ozone depletion,5 I estimate that the dose received by British people over the next 20 years will be about 6% higher than if stratospheric ozone was to remain at current levels.However, simple sun protection measures can readily modify these estimates.For example, staying indoors for one hour around midday during the period May to August can more than offset the expected increase in ambient solar ultraviolet radiation.Wearing a wide brimmed hat every day ofa two week summer holiday, with no other changes to behaviour, can achieve the same reduction in exposure.Greater changes in behaviour, such as wearing a hat whenever outdoors at weekends during the summer, can lead to substantial reductions in cumulative exposure to the face and consequently in the risk of developing skin cancer.These calculations show that by encouraging people to adopt minor changes to behaviour it should be possible to maintain, or even reduce, exposure of body sites to those levels currently encountered despite the expected increase in ambient solar ultraviolet radiation.It is to be hoped that public awareness about potential environmental and health effects ofozone depletion will achieve these changes, which could lead to a reduction-rather than the anticipated increase- in skin cancer incidence.
Comparison of C-Reactive Protein and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels in the Prediction of First Cardiovascular Events
Authors: Paul M. Ridker, Nader Rifai, Lynda Rose, Julie E. Buring, Nancy R. Cook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Both C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels are elevated in persons at risk for cardiovascular events. However, population-based data directly comparing these two biologic markers are not available.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF BODY WATER AND ELECTROLYTES IN ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY 1
Authors: Harold E. Harrison, Daniel C. Darrow
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1938)

The mode of action of the hormone of the adrenal cortex necessary for life has been the subject of much discussion.Among the prominent hypotheses for explaining the symptoms of adrenal cortical insufficiency are loss of sodium and chloride with accompanying changes in the distribution of body water (1, 2, 3); toxic effects of potassium (4, 5, 6, 7); disturbance in the dis- tribution of body water not clearly related to loss of sodium or retention of potassium (8); and disturbances in metabolism or carbohydrate (9).Since it seems, at present, bootless to attempt to relate the anomalies in carbohydrate metabolism to the disturbances in metabolism of water and electrolyte, this aspect of the function of the adrenal cortex will not be discussed.The present investigation was undertaken to determine by tis- sue analyses the actual distribution of water and electrolyte in the tissues of adrenalectomized rats in relation to the toxic action of potassium and the therapeutic effect of sodium salts. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREHealthy male albino rats weighing approximately 200 grams were adrenalectomized under ether anesthesia via the usual lumbar route.The majority of the animals were fed a low potassium diet of the following composi- tion: lactalbumin 15 per cent, sucrose 25 per cent, dextrin 32 per cent, crisco 22 per cent, cod liver oil 1 per cent, yeast powder 2 per cent, bone ash 2 per cent and NaCl 1 per cent.One group of animals was fed a ration con- taining 1.5 grams of K,HPO, per 100 grams of the above diet.Diet 1 on analysis, was found to contain 0.03 per cent potassium whereas Diet 2 contained 0.7 per cent po- tassium.The animals were given distilled water, and the food and water intakes were measured daily.The adrenalectomized animals were divided into groups and treated as follows.The animals of the first group were sacrificed when symptoms of severe adrenal insufficiency were manifest.The time of onset of symptoms was exceedingly variable on Diet 1 so that the rats could not be sacrificed at stated intervals after operation if comparable results were to be obtained.The symp-
Commentaries on this month's Cardiovascular Controversy: the merits and demerits of animal experimentation From C Hollands
Authors: C. Hollands
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Journal Article Commentaries on this month's Cardiovascular Controversy: the merits and demerits of animal experimentation From C Hollands Get access Clive Hollands Clive Hollands Queensferry Chambers, 10 Queensferry Street, Edinburgh, UK. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 7, July 1994, Page 1110, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.7.1110 Published: 01 July 1994
Some Auscultatory and Phonocardiographic Findings Observed in Early Infancy
Authors: K. A. Hallidie-Smith
Journal: BMJ (1960)

With recent advances in cardiac surgery, early recog nition and accurate diagnosis of congenital heart disease is increasingly important. In early infancy, tachycardia, rapid respirations, and crying make auscultation no easy matter. Distinction of the abnormal from the normal is difficult, and evaluation of adjustments between intra and extra-uterine life provides an additional problem. Auscultation is easier in children and the normal more clearly defined, but the assessment of systolic murmurs remains difficult.
The effects of discontinuing pioglitazone in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Glen Lutchman, Apurva Modi, David E. Kleiner, Kittichai Promrat, Theo Heller, Marc Ghany, Brian Borg, Rohit Loomba, T. Jake Liang, Ahalya Premkumar, Jay H. Hoofnagle
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

A pilot study of a 48-week course of pioglitazone demonstrated significant improvements in the biochemical and histological features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of the study was to assess the effects of stopping pioglitazone. Twenty-one patients with NASH were treated with pioglitazone (30 mg/day) for 48 weeks and underwent baseline and end-of-treatment evaluation including liver biopsy. Thirteen patients were followed for at least 48 weeks after stopping therapy and 9 underwent repeat liver biopsy. Statistical comparisons were made to evaluate whether discontinuation of pioglitazone resulted in a reversal of improvements seen on therapy. Stopping pioglitazone was associated with subsequent elevation in serum alanine aminotransferase levels (from 34 ± 13 to 70 ± 39 IU/l), decrease in adiponectin (from 9.7 ± 9.1 to 5.1 ± 4.5 μg/ml), worsening insulin sensitivity (HOMA Index: from 2.9 ± 1.8 to 5.5 ± 5.4), and increase in total hepatic fat (from 30% ± 32% to 71% ± 33%) despite no change in average body weight compared to the end of treatment. Repeat liver biopsy in 9 patients revealed significant worsening of parenchymal inflammation (from 1.2 ± 0.7 to 2.9 ± 1.1) and steatosis (from 0.9 ± 0.6 to 2.1 ± 1.3) but no change in fibrosis (from 1.1 ± 1.2 to 1.2 ± 1.3). NASH was again present on liver biopsy in 7 patients. Conclusion: These findings suggest that long-term therapy with pioglitazone may be necessary to maintain improvements in disease activity in patients with NASH, although weight gain during treatment may ultimately limit its beneficial effects. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
TOP2A mRNA expression in HER2 negative breast cancer.
Authors: A Gennari, M Sormani, U Pfeffer, L Morandi, G Mustacchi, R Danesi, V Mirisola, P Bruzzi
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #6036 Background Recent meta-analyses on the interaction between HER2 status and efficacy of adjuvant anthracyclines suggest that patients with HER2 negative tumors derive no added benefits from anthracycline administration. Since topoisomerase IIa is a known target of the anthracyclines, it's expression has been proposed as a more accurate and biologically related predictive factor of anthracycline responsiveness. Additional evidence suggests that TOP2A gene amplification occurs only in HER2 amplified tumors, whereas it is rare among HER2 negative patients. The aim of the present study was to address the regulation of TOP2A expression, at the level of mRNA, in HER2 negative disease. Methods We used two previously published Affymetrix gene expression datasets: GSE 1456 (159 patients) and GSE 2494 (249 patients). Microarray data preprocessing was carried out using Bioconductor software (gcrma procedure). Expression of HER2 and TOP2A were evaluated extracting the Affy probes “210930_s_at” and ”216836_s_at” (for HER2) and the Affy probe "201292_at” (for TOP2A); overexpressed samples were defined those with expression values over the 75th percentile of the whole sample of patients. The distribution of TOP2A mRNA overexpression according to molecular subtype was evaluated in the GSE 1456 dataset.&amp;#x2028; Results: Overall, 348 out of 408 patients were HER2 negative. TOP2A mRNA overexpression was detected in 65 out of 348 HER2 negative tumors (18,7%). In the GSE 1456 dataset TOP2A mRNA overexpression was detected in 48% of basal like tumors, 42% of Luminal B and 21% of Luminal A. Among HER2 positive tumors, TOP2A mRNA overexpression was detected in 40%. mRNA TOP2A overexpression was present in 27% of the ERBB2 and in 80% of the Luminal B (HER2 positive) molecular subtype.&amp;#x2028; Conclusions: TOP2A overexpression, at the level of mRNA, is present in the HER2 negative population and it is distributed in all molecular subtypes, especially among the Basal like and Luminal B subtypes. We are currently evaluating the interaction between TOP2A mRNA expression and efficacy of adjuvant anthracyclines in a retrospective analysis of data including 200 early breast cancer patients. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6036.
Substitution Urethroplasty of Complex and Long-Segment Urethral Strictures: A Rationale for Procedure Selection
Authors: Yue-Min Xu, Yong Qiao, Ying-Long Sa, Den-Long Wu, Xin-Ru Zhang, Jion Zhang, Bao-Jun Gu, San-Bao Jin
Journal: European Urology (2006)
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN ALLOGRAFT REJECTION AND CYCLOSPORIN NEPHROTOXICITY IN RENAL-TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS
Authors: D.H. Taube, D.Gwyn Williams, B. Hartley, C.J. Rudge, G.H. Neild, J.S. Cameron, C.S. Ogg, K.I. Welsh
Journal: The Lancet (1985)
Priming and alignment: Mechanism or consequence?
Authors: Sarah Brown-Schmidt, Michael K. Tanenhaus
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

We agree with Pickering & Garrod's (P&G's) proposal that dialogue is an important empirical and theoretical test bed for models of language processing. However, we offer two cautionary notes. First, the enterprise will require explicit computational models. Second, such models will need to incorporate both joint and separate speaker and hearer commitments in ways that go beyond priming and alignment.
Lymphocytes expressing type 3 complement receptors proliferate in response to interleukin 2 and are the precursors of lymphokine-activated killer cells.
Authors: J D Gray, D A Horwitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

In the absence of antigenic or mitogenic stimulation, certain peripheral blood lymphocytes exhibit proliferative and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activities when cultured with recombinant IL-2. Both activities were found to be an exclusive property of lymphocytes expressing type 3 complement receptors (CR3) identified by anti-CD11 monoclonal antibodies. CD11+ lymphocytes were then fractionated into three subsets by two-color flow cytometry. These included CD16+ cells, which display distinctive Fc receptors for IgG (CD16). Using anti-CD5, the CD11+ CD16- lymphocytes were separated into non-T cell and T cell subsets. The two non-T cell subsets (CD11+ CD16+ and CD11+ CD16- CD5-), but not the T cell subset (CD11+ CD16- CD5+), could proliferate in response to IL-2. Both CD11+ non-T cell subsets, but not the CD11+ T cell subset, had the capacity to mediate natural killer cell activity. However, all three CD11+ lymphocyte subsets were capable of generating LAK activity. These findings are consistent with the concept that two signals are required to stimulate T cells to proliferate. However, at least a small subset of blood T cells can be activated by IL-2 to become LAK cells.
Successful treatment of murine β-thalassemia using in vivo selection of genetically modified, drug-resistant hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Derek A. Persons, Esther R. Allay, Nobukuni Sawai, Phillip W. Hargrove, Thomas P. Brent, Hideki Hanawa, Arthur W. Nienhuis, Brian P. Sorrentino
Journal: Blood (2003)
Method for Cataract Extraction in Parkinsonism
Authors: C. H. Hagmeier
Journal: JAMA (1965)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I read with interest the communication in the Jan 25, 1965, issue (LETTERS,<i>JAMA</i><b>191</b>: 347), from John G. Bellows, MD, reporting a single case of cataract extraction in a patient with paralysis agitans. Dr. Bellows used fractional doses of hydroxyzine pamoate, diphenhydramine hydrochloride, meperidine, and scopolamine hydrobromide. He mentioned "retching, vomiting, and restlessness" as sequelae of general anesthesia and stated that "these exertions sometimes cause rupture of the wound and intraocular hemorrhage. In the 1962<i>Transactions of the Pacific Coast Oto-Ophthalmological Society</i>, I reported the results of the use of general anesthesia for cataract surgery in a series of 308 cases. As stated in the report, the records of 157 of these 308 cases were reviewed in detail. In these 157 patients, the postoperative complications of nausea and vomiting, nausea alone, coughing, or confusion, occurred in a total of 36 patients during the first 24 hours
NON-ABSORBENT GAUZETHE PROPER MATERIAL FOR TAMPONADES IN SURGICAL AND OBSTETRIC HEMORRHAGES; A PRELIMINARY PAPER.
Authors: RUDOLPH WIESER HOLMES
Journal: JAMA (1903)

In presenting the subject of non-absorbent gauze for your consideration I am not offering a new topic for discussion; non-absorbent gauze takes its origin contemporaneously with the antiseptic dressings of Lister. Lister's<sup>1</sup>earlier dressings were distinctly non-absorbent; the manner of their production secured it, for muslin was soaked in a heated mixture of paraffin 16 parts, resin 4 parts and carbolic acid crystal 1 part; while still warm the excess of the compound was wrung out. Lister<sup>2</sup>shortly thereafter even suggested an 8 per cent. carbolic gauze made in the same manner. The paraffin counteracted the adhesiveness of the resin, and together they precluded a capillarity in gauzes thus treated. The faults of this carbolized gauze were early recognized and were its non-absorbence and its tendency to cake into a solid mass. In turn, Lister<sup>2</sup>experimented with corrosive sublimate and cyanid of mercury; the former, he found, combined
A functional polymorphism in theIL-10 promoter influences the response after vaccination with HBsAg and hepatitis A
Authors: Thomas Höhler, Esther Reuss, Christine M. Freitag, Peter M. Schneider
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Abstract The immune response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is mostly genetically determined. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a central immunoregulatory cytokine with important effects on B-cells. We have studied the influence of IL - 10 promoter polymorphisms on the immune response to HBsAg and hepatitis A vaccination. We vaccinated 202 twin pairs in an open prospective study with a combined recombinant HBsAg/inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. IL - 10 promoter polymorphisms were investigated in all individuals and their influence on anti-HBs, and anti-HAV responsiveness was studied. In the multiple regression analysis accounting for smoking, gender, body mass index and age, the ACC haplotype (− 1082 , − 819 and − 592 ) had a strong influence on anti-HBs production. Individuals carrying the ACC haplotype had anti-HBs titres almost twice as high as individuals without this haplotype. In contrast, anti-HAV production was suppressed by the presence of the −1082A allele in comparison with individuals homozygous for the −1082G allele. The contribution of the shared IL - 10 promoter haplotype accounted for 27% of the genetic influence on anti-HBs antibody response. In conclusion , genetic variability in the IL - 10 promoter is an important modulator of the immune response against hepatitis viral antigens. (Hepatology 2005.)
Clinton proposes coverage of prescription drugs by Medicare
Authors: F. Charatan
Journal: BMJ (1999)

President Clinton is proposing to offer prescription drug coverage to all Medicare beneficiaries. Medicare, the healthcare programme for Americans aged over 65 years, covers hospital and doctors' costs, but does not pay for prescription drugs given outside a hospital.

Each Medicare beneficiary now pays a monthly premium of $45.50 (£28) to cover treatment. President Clinton is proposing that each person would pay an additional …
Cleared GP asks police to investigate patient for perverting course of justice
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A GP who was cleared of sexual misconduct by the Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service after a three year saga during which he was prevented from working has asked police to investigate the patient who filed the complaint for perverting the course of justice.

Edouard Yaacoub told the BMJ that the General Medical Council had ruined his life by subjecting him to the fitness to practise ordeal, during which the woman gave eight different accounts of events.

Yaacoub, who worked as a salaried GP in London and for Westcall, an out of hours locum service in Reading, Berkshire, visited Patient A twice on 17 January 2010 after she phoned Westcall to say …
Giant-cell arteritis and hypothyroidism.
Authors: J How, P D Bewsher, W Walker
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Benign normolipoproteinaemic acanthocytosisAcanthocyes, or spiky red cells, in neurological disorders have been described in association with normal serum lipoproteins,24 hypobetalipoproteinaemia,4 and abetalipoproteinaemia.'These cells are morphologically indistinguishable from "burr" cells, or "spur" cells in American reports (acanthos, thorn).'The third family in the United Kingdom with normolipoproteinaemic acanthocytosis is described here.
Diseases of the Chest.
Authors: Sol Katz
Journal: JAMA (1963)

In recent years thoracic medicine has seen considerable progress, ranging from diagnostic techniques and pulmonary function testing to newly described entities and advances in therapy. This new edition of the well-known work of Drs. Hinshaw and Garland, published seven years after the first edition, beautifully reflects these advances.  Written for the nonspecialist in a clear style, supported by over 700 illustrations, mostly roentgenograms, this text should receive wide acceptance. The diseases are discussed from the standpoint of etiology, pathology, clinical manifestations, radiologic signs, differential diagnosis, complications, prognosis, and treatment. Any surgical implications are adequately considered. Mechanisms of disease are described whenever necessary for an understanding of pathogenesis, diagnosis, or therapy. The use of headings and subheadings makes reading easy. Pertinent annotated references are listed at the bottom of the page, while additional references at the end of each chapter make the bibliography particularly complete. Carefully selected roentgenograms, beautifully reproduced, greatly
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision in Kenya
Authors: Adrienne Carmack
Journal: JAMA (2014)

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Spontaneous hypokalaemia in a man with treated hypertension
Authors: S. H. Ahmed, D. L. Ewins, S. Nair, F. Joseph
Journal: BMJ (2015)

An 80 year old man with a history of hypertension, stage 3 chronic kidney disease, and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation presented feeling generally unwell and lethargic. He was taking amiodarone 200 mg, bisoprolol 10 mg, amlodipine 10 mg, and lisinopril 20 mg a day. He did not have a fever and he was haemodynamically stable. His blood pressure was controlled (132/84 mm Hg). Physical examination was unremarkable. Blood tests showed hypokalaemia (1.9 mmol/L, reference range 3.5-5.0), hypomagnesaemia (0.58 mmol/L, 0.6-1.2), and metabolic alkalosis (35 mmol/L, 20-32). His symptoms resolved after electrolyte replacement and he was discharged home.

When later reviewed in clinic, a focused history was taken and tests were organised to evaluate the causes of hypokalaemia and hypertension. He had no family history to explain this presentation, or a history of excess use of liquorice, carbenoxolone, or grapefruit juice. Cortisol after overnight dexamethasone (1 mg taken at midnight) suppression was 38 mmol/L (normal response <50). Renin and aldosterone were measured after substituting bisoprolol, lisinopril, and amlodipine with doxazosin. The results showed renin 0.2 ng/mL/h (reference ranges: supine 0.2-2.8, upright 1.8-5.1), aldosterone 977 pmol/L (supine 80-300, upright 140-800); calculated aldosterone:renin ratio 4885 (<590). Given the biochemical abnormality, he underwent computed tomography of the abdomen (figs 1⇓ and 2⇓).



Fig 1 Coronal computed tomogram of the abdomen





Fig 2 Cross sectional computed tomogram of the abdomen





### 1. What abnormality does the computed tomogram show?

#### Answer

A 19 mm nodule is seen the right adrenal gland.

#### Discussion

A 19 mm nodule is seen in the right adrenal gland (figs 3⇓ and 4⇓). The gland is homogeneously hypodense, with a rounded margin suggestive of an adenoma. …