tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Venous Air Embolism and Lumbar Disk Surgery
Authors: Maurice S. Albin
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Concerning venous air embolism and the use of right atrial catheters in lumbar disk surgery as noted in recent letters and questions (238:253,1977; 239:496,1978; and 240:110, 1978), I would like to emphasize again that the critical precipitating factor relates to the negative gradient that exists between the right side of the heart and the incised capacitance vessel. Naturally, the large gradient found in the sitting position would tend to enhance greatly the entrance of air from an open venous channel, as likewise would the use of a negatively phased ventilator or a position favoring a negative caval pressure (as can occur with the Hastings frame).<sup>1</sup> It really does not matter what operative procedures are performed, whether they be head and neck surgery, gynecologic procedures in lithotomy, general surgery in steep Trendelenburg, or intracranial surgery in the supine, lateral, or prone position with the head elevated above
Drug Use in the United States in 1981
Authors: Carlene Baum
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This study provides national estimates of outpatient prescription drug use based on pharmaceutical marketing data. An analysis of total outpatient exposure from 1971 through 1981, generated from data on population and prescription size as well as total prescriptions, indicated that overall drug use is increasing. Overall use was also analyzed by patient age and sex, geographic region, and physician specialty. Data are presented for the most frequently used drug categories and therapeutic classes. Ranking drug chemicals across different products and therapeutic indications, which is a more precise measure of population exposure, indicated that nearly one of every ten prescriptions in 1981 contained either hydrochlorothiazide or codeine. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;251:1293-1297)
Production of Atrial Fibrillation in Dogs by Thyroid Administration and Acetylcholine Injection
Authors: PHILLIP E. LEVEQUE
Journal: Circulation Research (1956)

The observation of susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in the thyrotoxic patient suggests a method by which a similar condition may be produced in dogs. This has been accomplished by long-term thyroid extract feeding. Administration of acetylcholine to these dogs by intravenous injection has resulted in a high percentage (81 per cent) of atrial fibrillation.
Effect of addition of inulin and fenugreek on the survival of microencapsulated Enterococcus durans 39C in alginate-psyllium polymeric blends in simulated digestive system and yogurt
Authors: Babak Haghshenas, Yousef Nami, Minoo Haghshenas, Abolfazl Barzegari, Simin Sharifi, Dayang Radiah, Rozita Rosli, Norhafizah Abdullah
Journal: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (2015)

The use of biopolymers for probiotic microencapsulation has been investigated in this paper. The objectives are to enhance its survival rate, colonic release, and stability of these probiotic cultures in digestive condition during storage time. Nine types of biopolymers (alginate-psyllium) blend with different concentration of prebiotic; (inulin or fenugreek) were used as candidate for microencapsulation matrix. One strain of probiotic candidates, namely; Enterococcus durans 39C was used in this study. The microencapsulation of this strain with the respective polymer blend was performed by using a simple extrusion method. All blend of formulations have recorded high encapsulation efficiency at value >98%. The survival rate of viable probiotic cells under simulated digestive conditions was also high with value above 47% as compared to non-microencapsulated cells. These nine gel formulations also displayed the high survival rate of viable probiotic cells during storage time (28 d). Their release occurred after 2 h in colonic condition and sustained until 12th h of incubation period. An increase of prebiotic effect value added was observed in incorporated inulin and fenugreek formulations. In short, this study revealed that a new herbal-based psyllium and fenugreek polymers have suitable potential as a matrix for probiotic microencapsulation.
<i>PLA2G7</i> Genotype, Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A <sub>2</sub> Activity, and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in 10 494 Cases and 15 624 Controls of European Ancestry
Authors: Juan P. Casas, Ewa Ninio, Andrie Panayiotou, Jutta Palmen, Jackie A. Cooper, Sally L. Ricketts, Reecha Sofat, Andrew N. Nicolaides, James P. Corsetti, F. Gerry R. Fowkes, Ioanna Tzoulaki, Meena Kumari, Eric J. Brunner, Mika Kivimaki, Michael G. Marmot, Michael M. Hoffmann, Karl Winkler, Winfred März, Shu Ye, Heide A. Stirnadel, Kay-Tee Khaw, Steve E. Humphries, Manjinder S. Sandhu, Aroon D. Hingorani, Philippa J. Talmud
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— Higher lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA2) activity is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), making Lp-PLA2 a potential therapeutic target. PLA2G7 variants associated with Lp-PLA2 activity could evaluate whether this relationship is causal. Methods and Results— A meta-analysis including a total of 12 studies (5 prospective, 4 case-control, 1 case-only, and 2 cross-sectional studies; n=26 118) was undertaken to examine the association of the following: (1) Lp-PLA2 activity versus cardiovascular biomarkers and risk factors and CHD events (2 prospective studies; n=4884); (2) PLA2G7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and Lp-PLA2 activity (3 prospective, 2 case-control, 2 cross-sectional studies; up to n=6094); and (3) PLA2G7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and angiographic coronary artery disease (2 case-control, 1 case-only study; n=4971 cases) and CHD events (5 prospective, 2 case-control studies; n=5523). Lp-PLA2 activity correlated with several CHD risk markers. Hazard ratios for CHD events for the top versus bottom quartile of Lp-PLA2 activity were 1.61 (95% confidence interval, 1.31 to 1.99) and 1.17 (95% confidence interval, 0.91 to 1.51) after adjustment for baseline traits. Of 7 single-nucleotide polymorphisms, rs1051931 (A379V) showed the strongest association with Lp-PLA2 activity, with VV subjects having 7.2% higher activity than AAs. Genotype was not associated with risk markers, angiographic coronary disease (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 0.80 to 1.32), or CHD events (odds ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.82 to 1.17). Conclusions— Unlike Lp-PLA2 activity, PLA2G7 variants associated with modest effects on Lp-PLA2 activity were not associated with cardiovascular risk markers, coronary atheroma, or CHD. Larger association studies, identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with larger effects, or randomized trials of specific Lp-PLA2 inhibitors are needed to confirm or refute a contributory role for Lp-PLA2 in CHD.
Cystinuria type I: Identification of eight new mutations in SLC3A1
Authors: Luigi Bisceglia, Jesús Purroy, Maite Jiménez-Vidal, Adamo P. D'Adamo, Ferran Rousaud, Ercole Beccia, Rosa Penza, Gianfranco Rizzoni, Michele Gallucci, Manuel Palacín, Paolo Gasparini, Virginia Nunes, Leopoldo Zelante
Journal: Kidney International (2001)
Medicine and Health Care in South Africa — Five Years Later
Authors: Solomon R. Benatar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

THE pace of political and social change in South Africa has quickened dramatically since my previous review1 of medicine and health care, and there has been a resurgence of hope that at last real progress may be made toward a legitimate society capable of contributing to peace, stability, economic growth, and health in Southern Africa. Despite the instability and violence that have followed the dramatic changes initiated by President F.W. de Klerk in February 1990 and the many ambiguities associated with subsequent negotiations, optimism runs high for the future of the Southern African subcontinent. Profiles of Disease and Health Previously . . .
REPORT XCII. ON THE ORIGIN AND LIFE-HISTORY OF THE INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF THE OVARY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: J. E. Lane-Claypon
Journal: BMJ (1905)

CELLS OF OVARY IN RABBIT.MJULY I, t9 g for the calculation when sulphuric acid, or potassium or sodium hydrate are employed.In this formula E represents the potential difference of the element, which is measured by Poggendorif's compensation method; a is the original con- centration of the acid or alkaline solution employed; b the concentration at the close of the experiment of the solution in which the (still living) paramoecia are contained.Without entering into further details of the method employed and the many precautions necessary to ensure accurate observations, which aregivenatlength elsewhere, some of the resultsobtained maybehereconsidered.These, which are given in Table III, TABLE II1.-Amount of Acid and Alkali Disappearing from Solution in Per Cent. of the Weight of the Paramoecia Employed.Concentration &mount of Acid or Alkali With-Employed.drawn by ioo Parts of Protoplasm.Hydrochloric acid o.coco67n 0.30 HCl o.oooo67n 0.13 Sulphuric acid... .
Receptor-mediated Modulation of Human Monocyte, Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, and Platelet Function by Phorbol Diesters
Authors: Bonnie J. Goodwin, J. Brice Weinberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

The tumor promoting phorbol diesters elicit a variety of responses from normal and leukemic blood cells in vitro by apparently interacting with cellular receptors. The biologically active ligand [20-(3)H] phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate ([(3)H]PDBu) bound specifically to intact human lymphocytes, monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), and platelets, but not to erythrocytes. Binding, which was comparable for all four blood cell types, occurred rapidly at 23 degrees and 37 degrees C, reaching a maximum by 20-30 min usually followed by a 30-40% decrease in cell associated radioactivity over the next 30-60 min. The time course for binding was temperature dependent with equilibrium binding occurring after 120-150 min at 4 degrees C, with no subsequent loss of cell-associated radioactivity at this temperature. Bound [(3)H]PDBu could be eluted by addition of unlabeled PDBu. Scatchard analysis of data from 4 degrees C binding studies revealed linear plots with high affinity receptors in these cell types with dissociation constants and receptors per cell of 60 nM and 7.8 x 10(5)/cell for lymphocytes, 51 nM and 15.5 x 10(5)/cell for monocytes, 38 nM and 4.0 x 10(5)/cell for PMN, and 19 nM and 2.9 x 10(4)/cell for platelets. Structure-activity studies using unlabeled phorbol-related compounds demonstrated a close correlation between their abilities to inhibit binding of [(3)H]PDBu to cells and their abilities to induce cellular responses (monocyte and PMN H(2)O(2) secretion, lymphocyte (3)HTdR incorporation, and platelet tritiated serotonin release); phorbol and 4-alpha phorbol were inactive while phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), PDBu, mezerein, and phorbol 12,13-diacetate (in decreasing order of potency) inhibited [(3)H]PDBu binding and elicited the various responses. Thus, these high affinity, specific receptors for the phorbol diesters, present on monocytes, lymphocytes, PMN, and platelets, mediate the pleiotypic effects induced by these ligands.
Resiquimod inhibits eosinophilic airway infiltration and Th2-cytokine production in a murine model of allergen-induced airway inflammation
Authors: David Quarcoo, Silke Weixler, Philippe Stock, Kerstin Gerhold, S Hader, B Benninghoff, Eckard Hamelmann
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Thoracolumbar Neural Arch Fractures
Authors: Bernard M. Casey
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Twenty-eight patients with trauma involving the thoracic lumbar spine were examined by both conventional roentgenography and hypocycloidal tomography. The latter technique demonstrated 12 neural arch fractures of which only two were identified on the initial interpretation of the conventional roentgenograms. When these were reexamined, the fractures were correctly identified in eight instances, but there were five false-positive interpretations as well. In each case, exact delineation of the injury was best achieved by hypocycloidal tomography.
Prenatal Corticosteroids — Early Gain, Long-Term Questions
Authors: Alan D. Stiles
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

A single course of prenatal corticosteroid therapy has been shown to accelerate fetal lung maturation when premature delivery is imminent.13 This therapy reduces morbidity and mortality in premature newborns by reducing the incidence of respiratory disease and dependence on mechanical respiratory support. Longer-term follow-up has revealed no adverse effects on neurodevelopmental outcomes or growth, and this treatment is routinely recommended for women at risk for premature delivery between 24 weeks and 33 weeks of gestation.2,3 Prenatal corticosteroid therapy accelerates fetal lung maturation through a complex interaction of hormonal and intercellular signaling that leads to differentiation of the surfactant . . .
Treating negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Authors: T. Kendall
Journal: BMJ (2012)

<h3>Abstract</h3> SARS-CoV-2 variants accumulating immune escape mutations provide a significant risk to vaccine-induced protection. The novel variant of concern (VoC) Omicron (B.1.1.529) has the largest number of amino acid alterations in its Spike protein to date. Thus, it may efficiently escape recognition by neutralizing antibodies, allowing breakthrough infections in convalescent and vaccinated individuals. We analyzed neutralization activity of sera from individuals after vaccination with all mRNA-, vector- or heterologous immunization schemes currently available in Europe by <i>in vitro</i> neutralization assay at peak response towards SARS-CoV-2 B.1, Omicron, Beta and Delta pseudotypes and also provide longitudinal follow-up data from BNT162b2 vaccinees. All vaccines apart from Ad26.CoV2.S showed high levels of responder rates (93-100%) towards SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, but some reductions in neutralizing Beta and Delta VoC pseudotypes. The novel Omicron variant had the biggest impact, both in terms of response rates and neutralization titers. Only mRNA-1273 showed a 100% response rate to Omicron and induced the highest level of neutralizing antibody titers, followed by heterologous prime-boost approaches. Homologous BNT162b2 vaccination or vector-based AZD1222 or Ad26.CoV2.S performed less well with peak responder rates of 33%, 50% and 9%, respectively. However, Omicron responder rates in BNT162b2 recipients were maintained in our six month longitudinal follow-up indicating that individuals with cross-protection against Omicron maintain it over time. Overall, our data strongly argues for urgent booster doses in individuals who were previously vaccinated with BNT162b2, or a vector-based immunization scheme.
Inflammatory Markers and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Men and Women
Authors: Jennifer K. Pai, Tobias Pischon, Jing Ma, JoAnn E. Manson, Susan E. Hankinson, Kaumudi Joshipura, Gary C. Curhan, Nader Rifai, Carolyn C. Cannuscio, Meir J. Stampfer, Eric B. Rimm
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Few studies have simultaneously investigated the role of soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) receptors types 1 and 2 (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2), C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 as predictors of cardiovascular events. The value of these inflammatory markers as independent predictors remains controversial.We examined plasma levels of sTNF-R1, sTNF-R2, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein as markers of risk for coronary heart disease among women participating in the Nurses' Health Study and men participating in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study in nested case-control analyses. Among participants who provided a blood sample and who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, 239 women and 265 men had a nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal coronary heart disease during eight years and six years of follow-up, respectively. Using risk-set sampling, we selected controls in a 2:1 ratio with matching for age, smoking status, and date of blood sampling.After adjustment for matching factors, high levels of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein were significantly related to an increased risk of coronary heart disease in both sexes, whereas high levels of soluble TNF-alpha receptors were significant only among women. Further adjustment for lipid and nonlipid factors attenuated all associations; only C-reactive protein levels remained significant. The relative risk among all participants was 1.79 for those with C-reactive protein levels of at least 3.0 mg per liter, as compared with those with levels of less than 1.0 mg per liter (95 percent confidence interval, 1.27 to 2.51; P for trend <0.001). Additional adjustment for the presence or absence of diabetes and hypertension moderately attenuated the relative risk to 1.68 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.18 to 2.38; P for trend = 0.008).Elevated levels of inflammatory markers, particularly C-reactive protein, indicate an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Although plasma lipid levels were more strongly associated with an increased risk than were inflammatory markers, the level of C-reactive protein remained a significant contributor to the prediction of coronary heart disease.
Hypophysectomy for the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: O. H. Pearson, B. S. Ray, J. M. McLean, W. L. Peretz, E. Greenberg, A. Pazianos
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Surgical hypophysectomy was carried out for therapeutic purposes on 14 patients with advanced diabetic retinopathy. Eight of the 14 patients showed objective improvement for periods lasting from 2 1/2 to more than 6 years. Improvement consisted of maintenance or improvement in visual acuity and regression of neovascularization as evidenced by microaneurysms and macroaneurysms, new blood vessels, and hemorrhages diminishing or disappearing. More advanced changes in the retina and vitreous such as fibrosis, gliosis, and retinal separation remained static or progressed. The mechanism by which hypophysectomy induces improvement in diabetic vascular disease is unknown, but may be related to the amelioration of the metabolic defect as evidenced by the reduced requirement for insulin after surgery. Hypophysectomy should be considered in those patients whose diabetic retinopathy is progressive and threatens blindness. transfrontal craniotomy.<sup>12</sup>Trimethaphan (Arfonad) camphorsulfonate-induced hypotension was not employed in diabetic patients except for the first patient operated on. Insulin was omitted on the morning of surgery in the adult-type patient. In the juvenile-type diabetic patient, about one third the customary insulin dosage was given on the morning of surgery. In the first few postoperative days, regular insulin was administered at intervals as required. Insulin requirement in the immediate postoperative period was always considerably less
500 THE BIOLOGICAL RESPONSE MODIFIER AM3 ATTENUATES THE LIVER AND PERIPHERAL BLOOD INFLAMMATORY IMMUNE SYSTEM ACTIVATION AND REDUCES HEPATIC FIBROSIS IN RATS WITH BILIARY CIRRHOSIS
Authors: A. Albillos, M. Nieto, M. Úbeda, L. Muñnoz, B. Fraile, E. Reyes, L. Lledó, I. Blanco, C. Salas, M. Lario, J. Monserrat, R. Bataller, M. Alvarez-Mon
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
The Medical School of the Future and Its Role in the Community
Authors: George James
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The dean of a developing medical school must plan now to train young men and women who will not have completed their residencies until a full decade has elapsed. Anyone who ponders the amazing developments in both biological science and social change during the past five years must share the dismay and humility we face as we accept the challenge of predicting the next ten. The possibility of major breakthroughs in our understanding and ability to cope with problems in cancer, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, to mention but a few, is matched by major changes in automation and computers and the possibility of equally dramatic revolutions in the social aspects of medicine. The last Congress passed five specific measures, namely, Titles XVIIIA, XVIIIB, and XIX of Medicare, the Regional Medical Programs and Comprehensive Health Planning, each of which suggests a specific set of philosophies and goals toward the improvement of
Rationale and Design of a Large Study to Evaluate the Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of an ACE Inhibitor and Vitamin E in High-Risk Patients With Diabetes: The MICRO-HOPE Study
Authors: Hertzel C Gerstein, Jackie Bosch, Janice Pogue, D Wayne Taylor, Bernard Zinman, Salim Yusuf
Journal: Diabetes Care (1996)

OBJECTIVE To describe the rationale and design of a large international study (microalbuminuria, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes [MICRO] in the HOPE [Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation] study) of an ACE inhibitor and vitamin E for the prevention of diabetic nephropathy (DN) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria (MA). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 3,657 diabetic subjects, including 1,129 with MA, are randomly allocated to receive the ACE inhibitor ramipril (or placebo) and vitamin E (or placebo) for 4 years in a two-by-two factorial design. Diabetic subjects are a subset of the 9,541 subjects enrolled in the HOPE study. RESULTS The development of DN in microalbuminuric diabetic subjects and the development of MA in normoalbuminuric subjects, as well as cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and storke, are the main outcomes. The correlation of changes in albuminuria with changes in carotid atherosclerosis documented in a subset of subjects will also be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The effect of both an ACE inhibitor and vitamin E on the progression of renal and CVD in patients with diabetes is being assessed in the MICRO-HOPE study.
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide — A Biomarker for All Seasons?
Authors: Daniel B. Mark, G. Michael Felker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Despite more than two decades of research that has shown the value and cost effectiveness of information from the medical history and physical examination for management decisions, physicians are increasingly reluctant to rely on these subjective data alone. The use of new biomarkers that promise to simplify clinical decision making is often adopted enthusiastically by practitioners. In the emergency department, for example, routine measurement of cardiac troponins reduces the need for busy doctors to struggle with difficult medical histories and atypical presentations of acute coronary disease when making triage decisions. When such biomarkers are used outside the context of good . . .