tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of coronary heart disease
Authors: Tom Marshall
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Editor—Correspondents responding to my article on bmj.com raise several interesting issues.1 Nevertheless no correspondent disputes either the approach (incremental cost effectiveness analysis) or the fundamental findings: that aspirin and antihypertensive treatment with bendrofluazide and atenolol are markedly more cost effective than statins and clopidogrel.

Conradi et al and O'Donnell indicate that statins may have more side effects than is generally appreciated. Mann doubts the effectiveness of clopidogrel in primary prevention.1 Both points strengthen the paper's conclusions. I agree with Mann's suggestion that individuals need information on the risk reduction with treatment in order to decide if it is worth while.

Cooke says that the development of further drugs to prevent coronary heart disease may not be cost effective. It is very efficient to prevent coronary disease by using existing, low cost treatments.

If, as Jacobs says, treatment effects are not independent, second and third treatments may be even less cost effective than the analysis shows.1 Under current criteria, 80% of those eligible for one preventive treatment are eligible for at least two and 53% are eligible for all three.

Das and Vos suggest oily fish as an intervention.1 Wide confidence intervals around the estimated effectiveness of dietary oily fish meant it was excluded from the published paper, however it is probably more cost effective than a statin.

Mihaylova et al suggest further refinements to the model including cost savings from heart disease prevented. They acknowledge that these refinements are unlikely to affect the rankings or overall message.1 As the purpose of economic evaluation is to improve decision making it is not clear how further complexity can be justified in terms of better decisions. My analysis includes sufficient information to improve decision making dramatically within preventive cardiology. Complex analysis is not always well understood.2

Several correspondents refer to an imminent fall in the price of simvastatin. At £4.45 a pack (containing 28 tablets), simvastatin becomes the third most cost effective intervention. Under these circumstances a rational policy would offer aspirin at 5% coronary risk, bendrofluazide and atenolol at 7.5%, and simvastatin at 15%. A third antihypertensive drug would never be offered, obviating the need to “treat to target” (table) The onus is now on pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide simvastatin at this cost.



Table 1

Cost effectiveness of preventive treatments (£) in patients at different degrees of risk if price of simvastatin falls by 85%
Postnatal growth and function of the pre-acinar airways
Authors: A. Hislop, D. C. F. Muir, M. Jacobsen, G. Simon, L. Reid
Journal: Thorax (1972)

The postnatal growth of the pre-acinar or conducting airways of the lung was examined by measuring the dimensions of selected axial pathways in lungs at different stages of development. The material included both formalin-fixed specimens and bronchograms. A method of comparing the relative sizes of each part of the pathways was developed which allowed for differences between the number of branches or generations measured in each specimen. The results indicate that the pre-acinar airways of the infant may be regarded as a miniature version of those in the adult and that this relationship persists during postnatal growth. Each individual branch grows in a symmetrical fashion both in length and in diameter and bears a constant relation to the whole. The physiological function of the conducting airways during growth was investigated using published data on the breathing pattern of infants. Particular attention was given to the conditions of airflow, to the warming and humidification of inhaled air, and to the filtration of airborne dust.
Comparison of oestradiol and prostaglandin E2 vaginal gel for ripening the unfavourable cervix
Authors: S Pedersen, J. Moller-Petersen, J. Aegidius
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Mr. P.M. Tromans and others (February 28 p. 679) found that estradiol applied vaginally was a safe and effective method for ripening the unfavorable cervix prior to induction of labor.  Before estradiol is used generally for this purpose we would like to call attention to a possible side effect of estradiol that we have observed in the babies--namely neonatal hyperbilirubinemia during the 1st week of life.  In a double-blind prospective study of 50 primiparous women with a Bishop score below 5 we investigated the effect of estradiol on induction of labor and cervical ripening.  In 25 women 115 mg 17beta-estradiol was instilled into the extraamniotic space (estradiol group) through a Foley catheter with 40 ml water in the balloon.  The catheter was left in utero after the instillation.  In the remaining 25 women a sterile 0.9% saline solution was instilled (saline group).  Otherwise the procedure was the same.  After the instillation all women took oxytocin tablets every 30 minutes for 5 hours.  18 hours after instillation (next morning) delivery was completed in 15 women in the estradiol group and 17 women in the saline group; in the rest of the women the median Bishop score was 7.5 in both groups.  A significant rise in the serum concentration of estradiol was seen in the women in the estradiol group and during the hours after the instillation the serum concentrations of estradiol were significantly higher in the estradiol group than in the saline group.  Serum concentrations of estradiol in the umbilical veins at the time of birth were the same in the 2 groups.  Phototherapy was given to 13 infants in the estradiol group and 4 infants in the saline group because of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (serum bilirubin >200 mcmol/l (11.7 mg/100 ml) during the 1st week of life).  The observed difference between the groups may be due to random variation but the possibility of that is less than 0.02 (Fishers exact test 2-tailed).  We therefore think that this possible connection between estradiol and neonatal hyperbilirubinemia should be investigated further in controlled clinical trials before estradiol is suggested as a safe drug for cervical ripening.  (Authors modified)
Special Book Review
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1970)

The new<i>American Heritage Dictionary</i>will probably satisfy more needs than any other one-volume dictionary in English. We cannot, of course, call it the "best," for such a term is entirely relative. Best for what? Under what circumstances? In any comparison we must first ask, What needs must be met, what values and criteria employed? As these vary, so too will our view of the "best." If we ask, What needs must a dictionary fulfil? we immediately find contradictions. Some persons want above all a handy volume, compact and easily consulted, but others want completeness, with listing of all or almost all English words. Quite obviously, a dictionary, if complete, must be bulky. Fine print can reduce the bulk somewhat but only at the cost of other values. Hence, we must decide how much compromise we want —how much completeness we will give up for the sake of handiness. Then,
Green Tea Consumption and Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Causes in Japan
Authors: Shinichi Kuriyama, Taichi Shimazu, Kaori Ohmori, Nobutaka Kikuchi, Naoki Nakaya, Yoshikazu Nishino, Yoshitaka Tsubono, Ichiro Tsuji
Journal: JAMA (2006)

EA IS THE MOST CONSUMED BEVerage in the world aside from water.Three billion kilograms of tea are produced each year worldwide. 1Because of the high rates of tea consumption in the global population, even small effects in humans could have large implications for public health. 2Tea is generally consumed in the forms of green, oolong, and black tea, all of which originate from the leaves of the plant Camellia sinensis.4][5][6] Although substantial evidence from in vitro and animal studies indicates that green tea preparations inhibit CVD and carcinogenic processes, the possible protective role of green tea consumption against these diseases in humans remains unclear.If green tea does protect humans against CVD or cancer, it is expected that consumption of this beverage would substantially contribute to the prolonging of life expectancy, given that CVD and cancer are the 2 leading causes of death worldwide. 7To date, 4 studies [8][9][10][11] have examined the association between green tea consumption and mor-
Predictors of Success of Methotrexate Treatment in Women with Tubal Ectopic Pregnancies
Authors: Gary H. Lipscomb, Marian L. McCord, Thomas G. Stovall, Genelle Huff, S. Greg Portera, Frank W. Ling
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

The use of methotrexate for the treatment of women with tubal ectopic pregnancies is now common practice. However, the clinical and hormonal determinants of the success of this treatment are not known.
Abstract 3371: Targeting glioblastoma stem cell pathways through phage display screening
Authors: James K. C. Liu, Qiulian Wu, Jeremy N. Rich
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Glioblastomas are the most common and lethal primary brain tumor with conventional therapy offering only palliation. Their resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy has been hypothesized to be due in part to the therapeutic resistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs), a subpopulation of cancer cells functionally defined by the ability to self renew and propagate tumors. Development of effective and safe anti-CSC therapeutics will require a selective targeting of CSCs without disruption of normal stem cell maintenance. As phage display technology has been used in cancer to identify, target, and image tumor cells, we employed phage display technology to identify novel proteins specific to the functioning of brain tumor stem cells. A M13 bacteriophage peptide library consisting of 109 different combinations of 7 amino acid long peptide sequences was screened for binding to functionally validated CSCs in both in vitro and in vivo settings. In vitro screening was performed against CSCs isolated from human glioblastoma tumors grown in culture following negative selection on non-CSCs. In parallel, in vivo screening was also performed by injecting the random phage library into immunocompromised mice with either subcutaneous or intracranially xenografted glioblastoma cell lines. The xenografted tumors were resected and divided into stem and non-stem cells prospectively. Phage peptides bound to CSCs were collected in order to isolate peptide sequences that selectively target the CSC subpopulation. In silico analysis of the recovered peptide sequences from both screens using a protein BLAST search revealed several novel proteins that may play an important role in the maintenance and functioning of glioblastoma CSCs. Gene expression analysis showed that several of these genes are preferentially upregulated in glioma CSCs when compared to their non-stem counterparts, suggesting these genes may play a vital role in the unique functions of CSCs and be used to target and image CSCs. These studies validate phage display screening as a method to discover novel proteins and pathways that permit interrogation of CSCs. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3371. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3371
LINSEED OIL IN THE TREATMENT OF PLANTAR WARTS.
Authors: R. WORKMAN CARSLAW, J. NEILL, J. A. THOM
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1963)

Journal Article LINSEED OIL IN THE TREATMENT OF PLANTAR WARTS. Get access R. WORKMAN CARSLAW, V.R.D., Q.H.P., M.D., M.R.C.P.(Glasg.), R. WORKMAN CARSLAW, V.R.D., Q.H.P., M.D., M.R.C.P.(Glasg.) Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. NEILL, O.B.E., M.B., Ch.B., J. NEILL, O.B.E., M.B., Ch.B. Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. A. THOM, M.B., Ch.B. J. A. THOM, M.B., Ch.B. Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 75, Issue 7, 1 July 1963, Pages 280–284, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1963.tb15685.x Published: 01 July 1963
CANCER OF GALL BLADDER DUE TO IRRITATION OF GALL STONES: CHOLECYSTECTOMY AND PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY
Authors: J. Hutchinson
Journal: BMJ (1905)

Museum of the Royal -College of Surgeons.They were taken after death from a man 19 years of age, whose "kidney was hydronephrotic and the ureter narrowed."'The calculi in this case probably amount to 40,000.None exceeds X in. in diameter.In structure the concretions are crystalline at the centre and lamtnated towards the exterior; they are composed of nearly pure oxalate of lime.
Doctors, Drugs and Politicians
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE Minister of Health, Mr. Enoch Powell, continues to contribute a refreshing clarity of thought to some of the major problems of the National Health Service. In giving the British Medical Association's Winchester address he attempted to define the relation between doctors and politicians. He pointed out that in the National Health Service Act the politician was charged with providing the framework within which the doctor could pursue his professional duties of preventing, diagnosing and treating illness. He believed, however, that although such a division of function was vital, it was inevitably fuzzy and too austere to exist as a . . .
Older prisoners miss out on health care, says charity
Authors: J. Carlowe
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Radical changes are needed to improve health and social care for elderly prisoners, says the crime reduction charity Nacro, formerly the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders. The charity says that of the 7358 prisoners older than 50 in England and Wales, some 80% have chronic illnesses or disabilities but miss out on the most basic provision.

Sally Wentworth James, senior policy adviser at Nacro, said that a Social Exclusion Unit report published in 2002 ( Reducing Re-offending by Ex-prisoners ) states that prisoners age up to 10 …
The Male Climacteric: Is It an Entity?
Authors: A. W. Spence
Journal: BMJ (1954)

It has been shown that sodium penicillin is as effective as either oily or aqueous procaine penicillin in the treatment of an experimental staphylococcal infection in mice.It is concluded that the curative effects of penicillin depend not so much on the aggregate time that an effective level of penicillin is present in the blood as on other factors, of which the most important is the co-operation of the defence mechanisms of the host.The application of these findings to the treatment of human infections is discussed.
Lymphocyte transformation in halothane-related hepatitis.
Authors: P J Moult, A B Adjukiewicz, P M Gaylarde, I Sarkany, S Sherlock
Journal: BMJ (1975)

picture.It seems more likely to have been related to a minimal change glomerulonephritis caused by practolol.This has not pre- viously been described.The long-standing vitiligo may have been a predisposing factor.No election microscopic studies were made and the patient was not skin tested or rechallenged with practolol.
Surgical Ventricular Reconstruction for Heart Failure
Authors: Howard J. Eisen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Congestive heart failure is one of the leading causes of death and complications in the developed world, and coronary artery disease is the major cause of heart failure. Efforts to improve ventricular function, symptoms, and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure have included neurohormonal inhibition with angiotensin-converting–enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin-receptor blockers, beta-blockers, and aldosterone antagonists, as well as cardiac resynchronization therapy. All these therapies have been shown in randomized clinical trials to be beneficial.1 However, none of them specifically address the coronary disease responsible for ischemic cardiomyopathy and myocardial infarction.Coronary-artery bypass grafting (CABG), which was first used to ameliorate . . .
Human Lung Immunity against<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
Authors: Stephan Schwander, Keertan Dheda
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2010)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<TUBERCULOSIS LUNG IMMUNIT...TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS AND...INSIGHTS INTO PULMONARY I...INNATE IMMUNITYADVANCES IN OUR UNDERSTAN...THE SEARCH FOR BIOMARKERS...IMMUNE ESCAPE MECHANISMS ...IMPLICATIONS FOR TB VACCI...IMMUNE-BASED DIAGNOSIS OF...CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DI...ReferencesCITING ARTICLES
ACUTE POISONING BY FIVE GRAINS OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID—"ASPIRIN"
Authors: Edmund P. Shelby
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The following report shows that some persons are peculiarly susceptible to the effect of acetylsalicylic acid — aspirin:  Miss A., a strong, vigorous woman, aged 32, weighing 140 pounds, consulted me about indefinite pains in the back and chest which followed a slight sore throat. I prescribed aspirin in 5-grain capsules. The first capsule, of the Bayer brand of acetylsalicylic acid, was taken at 12:15. Forty-five minutes later the patient felt an itching of the scalp, swelling of the hands, and white blotches appeared over the face and body. In a few minutes the eyes were swollen and closed and violent irritation of the larynx set in.  I was hastily summoned and found the patient unable to speak and with marked interference with breathing. The face was hardly recognizable, and the obstruction of the larynx was very alarming. The pulse was rapid and the breathing spasmodic. The question of tracheotomy
Population registries and other record resources for epidemiologic cancer research in the United States and Japan.
Authors: T Hirohata
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

On the basis of the author's experience in epidemiologic studies on cancer in both the United States and Japan for the last 15 years, advantages and disadvantages of various record systems that can be utilized for epidemiologic cancer studies in these two countries are compared. Both countries are equally well provided with vital statistics and census records. Descriptive studies can be conducted without difficulties in both countries. For analytic studies, the Koseki record or family registration system in Japan provides an excellent tool in tracing subjects. However, Japanese record systems have problems as to management of hospital records, preservation of death certificates, etc. On the whole, restrospective cohort studies, particularly studies on patients, are more difficult in Japan than in the United States. There appear to be no material differences between these two countires as to case-control studies.
Sensation magnitude judgments are based upon estimates of physical magnitudes
Authors: Richard M. Warren
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1981)

After writing my response to the commentaries, I sat back and reflected on the fascination and frustration of work on this topic. There is the ancient fascination of trying to understand the nature of the sensory bridge linking us to the external world. Also, discussing the measurability of sensation brings to the surface concepts we use and take for granted when we are working in other areas of psychology; and it holds them before us for critical examination. The frustration lies chiefly in the difficulty of formulating concepts clearly, in a way understood by all. At least when constructing the original Tower of Babel, workers hearing strange words knew that communication was not occurring. The psychophysical Tower of Babel sometimes has workers using the same words, but with different meanings. Much of my response is based on attempts to clarify concepts and clear up confusions.
Second-Generation Drug-Eluting Coronary Stents
Authors: Richard A. Lange, L. David Hillis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is usually performed with drug-eluting stents; since the introduction of these stents in 2002, more than 2 million have been implanted worldwide. Drug-eluting stents are metal stents that are coated with a polymer containing an antiproliferative agent, which is released gradually over the course of weeks to months after the stent is inserted, thereby providing sustained inhibition of the neointimal proliferation (the process that is responsible for restenosis) that occurs as a result of vascular injury. First-generation drug-eluting stents, which released sirolimus or paclitaxel, were shown to be superior to bare-metal stents and to balloon angioplasty . . .
Successful antibiotic treatment of Borreliosis associated pseudolymphomatous systemic infiltrates
Authors: A. Aigelsreiter, A. Pump, W. Buchhäusl, M. Schönfelder, C. Beham-Schmid, L. Cerroni, G. Bertha, H.P. Dimai, E. Stelzl, E. Daghofer, C. Wenisch
Journal: Journal of Infection (2005)
Location of Hip Pain
Authors: Ernest W. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  In the QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS section (241:2314, 1979) there appeared the question titled Periodic Disabling Hip Pain in a Woman: Differential Diagnosis. Neither the consultant nor the questioner described the location of the pain. It is most important to point out that   is an ambiguous statement.  The proper procedure would be to indicate pain in the buttocks, in the groin, or in the lateral aspect of the hip. The anatomic distribution of the sensory supply to the hip joint is approximately 65% from the obturator nerve; therefore, pain in this area will refer to the groin and the medial aspect of the thigh and, indeed, the medial aspect of the knee. Approximately 30% is represented from the femoral nerve, and that would refer to the anterior portion of the thigh. Approximately only 5% of the sensory innervation of the hip joint itself is by a branch
The Splitting of the Second Heart Sound in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: MAURICE M. AYGEN, EUGENE BRAUNWALD
Journal: Circulation (1962)

The characteristics of the second heart sound were analyzed in 350 phonocardiograms recorded from patients in all of whom the diagnosis was proved either at operation or by detailed catheterization studies. A 2 -P 2 during expiration averaged 10.6 msec. in normal subjects. Q-A 2 changed little during inspiration, with an average decrease of only 5.2 msec., while Q-P 2 increased by an average of 32.6 msec. The average increase of A 2 -P 2 during inspiration was therefore 37.8 msec. In patients with ASD, A 2 -P 2 during expiration averaged 50.2 msec. and the inspiratory change in Q-P 2 averaged only 4.6 msec. In 115 of 118 patients with ASD the inspiratory increase of A 2 -P 2 ranged from 0 to 10 msec. Following successful surgical closure 29 patients with ASD developed the normal inspiratory augmentation of A 2 -P 2 ; in the two patients in whom the defect was not completely closed the relatively constant A 2 -P 2 noted preoperatively persisted. Release of the Valsalva maneuver exaggerated the inspiratory increase of A 2 -P 2 observed in normal subjects but did not modify this interval in patients with ASD. Analysis of the effect of release of the Valsalva maneuver on A 2 -P 2 was helpful in separating patients with ASD from normal subjects. Evidence was presented that the relative constancy of the splitting of the second heart sound in patients with ASD is due to reciprocal changes in the magnitude of the left-to-right shunt and the systemic venous inflow into the right ventricle during respiration. In patients with moderate or severe pulmonary stenosis, A 2 -P 2 during expiration was longer than in normal subjects and in the same range as in patients with ASD. However, patients with PS showed a normal augmentation of A 2 -P 2 during expiration. In patients with congenital AS, and those with PDA, left ventricular ejection tended to be prolonged with reversal of the normal sequence of semilunar valve closure or simultaneous closure of these valves during expiration.