tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Improvements in survival from childhood cancer: results of a population based survey over 30 years
Authors: J M Birch, H B Marsden, P H M. Jones, D Pearson, V Blair
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Survival from cancer of children whose cancer was diagnosed during the 30 years 1954-83 was analysed. The study was population based with nearly 3000 cases covering about 30 million child years at risk. When survival during the three decades 1954-63, 1964-73, and 1974-83 was compared striking improvements were observed. For all childhood cancer five year survival increased from 21% in the first decade to 49% in the third decade. During the first and third decades five year survival rates for acute lymphocytic leukaemia increased from 2% to 47%, Hodgkin9s disease from 44% to 91%, non-Hodgkin9s lymphoma from 18% to 45%, Wilms9s tumour from 31% to 85%, and germ cell tumours from 10% to 64%. Twenty patients developed second primary tumours, but otherwise there were few late deaths. Less than 1% of children who survived without a relapse for 10 years subsequently died of their initial cancer. Survival from childhood cancer is no longer rare, and people who have been cured of cancer during childhood should be accepted as normal members of society.
Health Literacy and Cancer Communication
Authors: T. C. Davis, M. V. Williams, E. Marin, R. M. Parker, J. Glass
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2002)

Health literacy is increasingly recognized as a critical factor affecting communication across the continuum of cancer care. We reviewed research on health literacy and examined its impact on cancer outcomes and communication. According to the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), considered the most accurate portrait of literacy in our society, about one in five American adults may lack the necessary literacy skills to function adequately in our society. As patients, such individuals are at a disadvantage in their capacity to obtain, process, and understand cancer information and services needed to make appropriate health care decisions. Patients with poor health literacy have a complex array of difficulties with written and oral communication that may limit their understanding of cancer screening and of symptoms of cancer, adversely affecting their stage at diagnosis. In addition, these barriers impair communication and discussion about risks and benefits of treatment options, and patient understanding of informed consent for routine procedures and clinical trials. More research is needed to identify successful methods for educating and communicating with patients who have limited health literacy. Based on our own experience, we offer practical communication aids that can help bridge the cancer communication gap.
Study links vasectomy to small raised risk of aggressive prostate cancer
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Vasectomy is associated with a modest increased incidence of lethal prostate cancer, a 24 year follow-up study has found.1

Findings from other cohort and case-control studies have been mixed, but the report in the Journal of Clinical Oncology is from the largest cohort study with the longest follow-up period to date looking at the relation, the researchers said.

They followed 49 405 US men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who were aged 40 to …
Inhibition of brain angiotensin III attenuates sympathetic hyperactivity and cardiac dysfunction in rats post-myocardial infarction
Authors: Bing S. Huang, Monir Ahmad, Roselyn A. White, Yannick Marc, Catherine Llorens-Cortes, Frans H.H. Leenen
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

In rats post-myocardial infarction (MI), activation of angiotensinergic pathways in the brain contributes to sympathetic hyperactivity and progressive left ventricle (LV) dysfunction. The present study examined whether angiotensin III (Ang III) is one of the main effector peptides of the brain renin–angiotensin system controlling these effects. After coronary artery ligation, Wistar rats were infused intracerebroventricularly for 4 weeks via minipumps with vehicle, the aminopeptidase A (APA) inhibitor RB150 (0.3 mg/day), which blocks the formation of brain Ang III, or losartan (0.25 mg/day). Blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity in response to air stress and acute changes in BP were measured, and LV function was evaluated by echocardiography and Millar catheter. At 4 weeks post-MI, brain APA activity was increased, sympatho-excitatory and pressor responses to air stress enhanced, and arterial baroreflex function impaired. LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was increased and ejection fraction (EF) and maximal first derivative of change in pressure over time (dP/dtmax) were decreased. Central infusion of RB150 during 4 weeks post-MI normalized brain APA activity and responses to stress and baroreflex function, and improved LVEDP, EF, and dP/dtmax. Central infusion of losartan had similar effects but was somewhat less effective, and had no effect on brain APA activity. These results indicate that brain APA and Ang III appear to play a pivotal role in the sympathetic hyperactivity and LV dysfunction in rats post-MI. RB150 may be a potential candidate for central nervous system-targeted therapy post-MI.
Association of a Woman's Own Birth Weight With Subsequent Risk for Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Kim E. Innes
Journal: JAMA (2002)

ContextSeveral studies have reported links between reduced fetal growth and subsequent risk for type 2 diabetes among older adults, but the association between indices of fetal growth and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a major complication of pregnancy and a strong predictor of type 2 diabetes, remains little explored.ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that a woman's own fetal growth is inversely related to her later risk for GDM.Design and SettingCase-control study of linked hospital discharge and vital record data from the New York State Department of Health.PopulationHealthy women who completed their first pregnancies in New York State between 1994 and 1998 and who were also born in New York State. Records from each woman's first pregnancy were linked to those from her own birth (1970-1985). Cases were 440 women with a record of GDM. Controls were 22 955 remaining women with no indication of GDM.Main Outcome MeasureA woman's own birth weight, alone and adjusted for gestational age.ResultsBirth weight showed a U-shaped relationship to a woman's risk of GDM in her first pregnancy, with the highest risks associated with low and high birth weights. Odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for gestational age were 2.16 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-4.50) for birth weight of less than 2000 g and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.03-2.27) for a birth weight of 4000 g or more. Adjustment for potential confounding factors, particularly prepregnancy body mass index and maternal diabetes, increased the OR for low birth weight to 4.23 (95% CI, 1.55-11.51), but reduced the OR for high birth weight to 0.92 (95% CI, 0.54-1.57), leaving a strong inverse dose-response relationship between birth weight and risk of GDM (adjusted P for trend &lt;.001).ConclusionsIn this large population-based study, a woman's own birth weight was strongly and inversely related to her risk of GDM, suggesting that early life factors may be important in the etiology of this disorder.
Murine natural killer immunoreceptors use distinct proximal signaling complexes to direct cell function
Authors: Rebecca M. May, Mariko Okumura, Chin-Jung Hsu, Hamid Bassiri, Enjun Yang, Gregory Rak, Emily M. Mace, Naomi H. Philip, Weiguo Zhang, Tobias Baumgart, Jordan S. Orange, Kim E. Nichols, Taku Kambayashi
Journal: Blood (2013)
Letermovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis in Hematopoietic-Cell Transplantation
Authors: Roy F. Chemaly, Andrew J. Ullmann, Susanne Stoelben, Marie Paule Richard, Martin Bornhäuser, Christoph Groth, Hermann Einsele, Margarida Silverman, Kathleen M. Mullane, Janice Brown, Horst Nowak, Katrin Kölling, Hans P. Stobernack, Peter Lischka, Holger Zimmermann, Helga Rübsamen-Schaeff, Richard E. Champlin, Gerhard Ehninger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a leading cause of illness and death in patients who have undergone allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplantation. Available treatments are restricted by clinically significant toxic effects and drug resistance.In this phase 2 study, we evaluated the effect of letermovir (also known as AIC246), a new anti-CMV drug with a novel mechanism of action, on the incidence and time to onset of prophylaxis failure in CMV-seropositive recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplants from matched related or unrelated donors. From March 2010 through October 2011, we randomly assigned 131 transplant recipients in a 3:1 ratio to three sequential study cohorts according to a double-blind design. Patients received oral letermovir (at a dose of 60, 120, or 240 mg per day, or matching placebo) for 12 weeks after engraftment. The primary end point was all-cause prophylaxis failure, defined as discontinuation of the study drug because of CMV antigen or DNA detection, end-organ disease, or any other cause. Patients underwent weekly surveillance for CMV infection.The reduction in the incidence of all-cause prophylaxis failure was dose-dependent. The incidence of prophylaxis failure with letermovir, as compared with placebo, was 48% versus 64% at a daily letermovir dose of 60 mg (P=0.32), 32% at a dose of 120 mg (P=0.01), and 29% at a dose of 240 mg (P=0.007). Kaplan-Meier time-to-onset profiles for prophylaxis failure showed a significant difference in the comparison of letermovir at a dose of 240 mg per day with placebo (P=0.002). The safety profile of letermovir was similar to placebo, with no indication of hematologic toxicity or nephrotoxicity.Letermovir, as compared with placebo, was effective in reducing the incidence of CMV infection in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic-cell transplants. The highest dose (240 mg per day) had the greatest anti-CMV activity, with an acceptable safety profile. (Funded by AiCuris; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01063829.).
The Q-switched neodymium: YAG laser and tattoos: a microscopic analysis of laser-tattoo interactions
Authors: J.E. FERGUSON, S.M. ANDREW, C.J.P. JONES, P.J. AUGUST
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1997)

The Nd:YAG laser effectively removes or lightens amateur and professional tattoos. The biomechanics of the removal of tattoo particles at the cellular level are incompletely understood. We examined biopsies obtained from 35 amateur and professional tattoos (including coloured tattoos), treated on three or more occasions with the Nd:YAG laser. Biopsies taken immediately after laser treatment showed vacuolation with complete clearance of tattoo particles in the most superficial layers of the dermis, as assessed by light and electron microscopy. We propose that the 'disappearance' of the tattoo particle arises from the formation of atomic species and gaseous products, which are rapidly dissolved in the extracellular fluid. Residual fragmented particles that are commonly found in the mid- and lower dermis are rephagocytosed. The interaction between the Nd:YAG laser and black tattoo particles at 1064 nm, and red tattoo particles at 532 nm, appears to be specific, as there was little evidence of thermal damage to adjacent cells or stromal collagen.
A CASE OF STRANGULATED HERNIA WITH VOLVULUS
Authors: B. Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1919)

THU BUITE 527 respiratory passages are rendered acid a medium is formed which is inimicable to microbial growth.Note on Inmmunity from Second Atack.Navy.-Of 324 cases in patrol in the July epidemic, 2 had return attacks in the October-November ePidemie.Army.-A company of Royal Garrison Artillery had 25 cases in July.None of these were attaeked in the October-November epidemic.In a battalion: Of 21 cases of the July epidemic traced none were attaoked EI that of Oetober-November.N.E.Worke.-FromJuly 10th to 23rd, 73 males and 59 females were attacked; from October 16th to 29th, 29 males and 61 females.Two males an# four females were attacked in both epidemics.
HYSTERICAL INSUFFICIENCY OF CONVERGENCE.
Authors: H. GRADLE
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The object of the present paper is not to put on record a few occasional cases of hysterical affections of ocular muscles, but to present what I believe to be a not uncommon type of functional disease, viz., asthenopia with insufficiency of convergence as a hysterical manifestation. In speaking of insufficient convergence, I do not wish this anomaly to be identified with exophoria. The former condition can exist, as some of my cases show, without any tendency to divergence of the eyes for distance, while exophoria itself can sometimes occur without much reduction of convergence. But for obvious reasons the two anomalies are often associated. The converging power can be called insufficient only, if the eyes can not converge up to the normal limit in the absence of either paralysis or strabismic shortening of any of the eye muscles. The simplest and only direct way of measuring the amplitude of
SYPHILIS IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES, ESPECIALLY AT PARIS.*
Authors: CHARLES GREENE CUMSTON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1923)

Journal Article SYPHILIS IN THE FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH CENTURIES, ESPECIALLY AT PARIS. Get access CHARLES GREENE CUMSTON, M.D. CHARLES GREENE CUMSTON, M.D. Lecturer on the History of Medicine and Medical Philosophy in the University of Geneva Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 35, Issue 10, 1 October 1923, Pages 351–363, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1923.tb09062.x Published: 01 October 1923
Premenstrual syndromes, depression linked
Authors: Elaine Blume
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Researchers studying premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, have uncovered intriguing connections between the menstrual cycle and a variety of psychiatric illnesses, especially major depressions. Such connections were one focus of a recent workshop on PMS held under National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) auspices in Rockville, Md. Uriel Halbreich, MD, director, Division of Behavioral Endocrinology, Department of Psychiatry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, reported that about two thirds of reproductive-aged women with a history of major affective disorder are subject to significant premenstrual dysphoria (<i>Psychosom Med</i>1981;43:519-529). Conversely, most women with marked premenstrual depression have a history of psychiatric illness, and two 1975 studies showed that premenstrual dysphoria is associated with increased risk of future major depressive disorder. Because premenstrual depressive symptoms are usually not those typical of classic endogenous depression (eg, psychomotor retardation, early morning awakening, loss of appetite and weight), some investigators have concluded that PMS
1156 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) results in a consistent and significant improvement in liver histology and virological status regardless of baseline knodell fibrosis score in patients with HBEAG- chronic hepatitis B
Authors: P MARCELLIN, S HADZIYANNIS, N TASSOPOULOS, E HEATHCOTE, T CHANG, G KITIS, M RIZZETTO, Z GOODMAN, S CHEN, M WULFSOHN
Journal: Hepatology (2003)
CONSISTENT DOSES OF LIFELONG PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ARE NOT ASSOCIATED WITH MYOCARDIAL FIBROSIS
Authors: Kyler William Barkley, Shuaib Abdullah, Paul Bhella, Jeffrey Hastings, Susan Matulevicius, Naoki Fujimoto, Shigeki Shibata, Graeme Carrick–Ranson, Dean Palmer, Nainesh Gandhi, Benjamin Levine
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Surgical closed pulmonary valvotomy for critical pulmonary stenosis: implications for the balloon valvuloplasty era.
Authors: A Smolinsky, R Arav, J Hegesh, A Lusky, D A Goor
Journal: Thorax (1992)

BACKGROUND: Closed pulmonary valvotomy for critical pulmonary stenosis has no apparent advantage over the percutaneous balloon technique, though it is used when balloon valvuloplasty fails. Experience of this technique at the Heart Institute, Tel Hashomer, since it was first used in 1973 has been reviewed. METHODS: Thirty eight infants up to 1 year old (25 of them neonates--that is, nil to 1 month old) with critical pulmonary stenosis were operated on from 1973 to 1989. All had a transventricular valvotomy, by a modification of the Brock method, and all underwent cardiac catheterisation before surgery. RESULTS: Five of the 25 neonates (20%) died, but none of the other infants, so that the total mortality (five out of 38) was 13%. Three of the 38 required an aortopulmonary shunt. All 38 survivors were followed up--from one month to 14 years (mean 7.5 years). All were symptom free at the last check up. Fifteen of the survivors had required further surgery; this was successful in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: For the balloon valvuloplasty era surgical pulmonary valvotomy provides a good back up for failed attempts at percutaneous valvuloplasty. Review of outcome provides data for comparison with balloon valvuloplasty in the future.
Effects of nicorandil and glyceryl trinitrate on infarct size, adenosine release, and neutrophil infiltration in the dog
Authors: T. Mizumura, K. Nithipatikom, G. J Gross
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

Objective: The major aim of this study was to determine if nicorandil, a potassium channel opener nitrate, produces a reduction in myocardial infarct size at a non-hypotensive dose in dogs and to determine if this effect is the result of an increase in adenosine release or reduction in neutrophil infiltration into the ischaemic area. Glyceryl trinitrate was used for purposes of comparison. Methods: Barbitone anaesthetised dogs were subjected to 60 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 3 h of reperfusion. Nicorandil (100 μg·kg−1 bolus followed by a 10 μg·kg−1·min−1 infusion; NC/pre group), glyceryl trinitrate (10 μg·kg−1 bolus followed by a 1 μg·kg−1·min−1 infusion; GTN/pre group), or an equivalent volume of saline (control group) were given intravenously 15 min before occlusion and continued to the time of reperfusion. In two other groups, nicorandil (NC/post group) or glyceryl trinitrate (GTN/post group) were given 10 min before reperfusion and continued until the end of the experiment. To measure the release of adenosine from the ischaemic region, coronary venous blood samples were collected before occlusion, during occlusion, and at various times following reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride and transmural myocardial blood flow by radioactive microspheres. Transmural myeloperoxidase activity, an index of neutrophil infiltration, was measured in biopsies obtained from the area at risk. Results: Pretreatment with nicorandil and glyceryl trinitrate caused a marked reduction in myocardial infarct size expressed as percent of the area at risk [NC/pre group, 7.8(SEM 1.6)%; GTN/pre group, 11.9(2.3)%; control group, 31.0(5.6)%]. When nicorandil and glyceryl trinitrate were given before reperfusion, both drugs still produced a significant reduction in infarct size [NC/post group, 13.8(2.0)%; GTN/post group, 18.9(4.3)%]. Coronary venous adenosine concentrations during reperfusion were significantly lower in both nicorandil and glyceryl trinitrate pretreated groups, but not in the post-treated groups. Transmural myeloperoxidase activity was significantly lower in both nicorandil treated groups. Conclusions: Pretreatment with a non-hypotensive dose of nicorandil or glyceryl trinitrate markedly reduces myocardial infarct size and adenosine release from the ischaemic-reperfused area. These agents were also effective, but to a lesser degree, when given just before reperfusion. The cardioprotective actions of nicorandil appear to be related not only to its potassium channel opening activity but also in part to its nitrate activity.
The Inner World of American Psychiatry, 1890-1940: Selected Correspondence
Authors: George H. Pollock
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The writing of a history of a particular field, eg, psychiatry, traditionally follows a standard form. The progression is chronological. The content makes use of the writings of specific pioneers whose contributions have been pivotal. The historian's specific orientation becomes clear as one reads on. Professor Gerald Grob, a historian from Rutgers University, has written a unique volume. His method in part appeared in his earlier works, eg,<i>Mental Illness and American Society, 1875-1940</i>. In this newest work, he again focuses on American psychiatry, over a crucial 50-year period when psychiatry began to move out of the mental hospital, with which it had been associated since its birth in the early 19th century (1820), into the community and into the office of the individual practitioner. Another unique feature of Grob's book is that it is based on private letters of leaders in the fields of psychiatry and mental health. The
A Norepinephrine-Secreting Glomic Tissue Tumor (Chemodectoma)
Authors: William M. Duke
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Norepinephrine production by tumors of glomic tissue has only recently been described. This study is a report of the fourth patient with such a tumor. Two of these four tumors have been chromaffin positive. Embryologic differentiation of glomic tissue from true chromaffin paraganglia on the basis of lack of catecholamine elaboration and chromaffinity no longer seems valid. Kohn's hypothesis of the neuroectodermal origin of glomic tissue finds support from the findings in these four patients. The fact that glomic tissue tumors can produce norepinephrine and can mimic pheochromocytomas should be realized by physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of both conditions.
THE CULTIVATION OF TISSUES FOR PROLONGED PERIODS IN SINGLE FLASKS
Authors: Raymond C. Parker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1936)

1. Fragments of breast muscle from a 12 day old chick embryo have been kept alive in single flasks for an entire year without being transferred. The nutrient materials were supplied by frequent applications of adult fowl serum diluted with Tyrode solution. 2. When fragments of fixed tissues are cultivated in serum, cell multiplication and cell death are both reduced to an extremely low level. 3. The presence of a plasma coagulum is not essential to the continued survival and further development of tissues cultivated inserum. 4. The fibrinogen, prothrombin, and fibrin of coagulated plasma are not essential to the development of connective tissue fibers in vitro.
Timely publication of all trial results may mean less overtreatment
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Thank you for your interest in spreading the word about The BMJ.NOTE: We only request your email address so that the person you are recommending the page to knows that you wanted them to see it, and that it is not junk mail. We do not capture any email address. Username * Your Email * Send To * You are going to email the following Timely publication of all trial results may mean less overtreatment Your Personal Message CAPTCHA This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.