tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive ventilation for the treatment of hypercapnic respiratory failure in cystic fibrosis
Authors: P. G Noone
Journal: Thorax (2007)

Median survival for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) has improved steadily over the past several decades as a result of a multifaceted treatment approach to the disease.1 Despite this aggressive care, many patients with classic disease eventually develop respiratory failure from progressive airways obstruction and bronchiectasis.2 At this stage, treatment strategies may focus on alleviating both the symptomatic and physiological effects of respiratory failure. Initially respiratory failure may be mainly hypoxic (type 1: arterial oxygen pressure (Pao2)  6 kPa (or 45 mm Hg)). Such patients with chronic respiratory failure usually have obvious clinical signs and symptoms, and blood gas analysis demonstrates a compensated respiratory acidosis.3 Thus it is important to periodically measure arterial blood gases in all patients with severe CF lung disease, to monitor for this serious complication of the disease.

When CF patients develop chronic respiratory failure, symptoms include the usual clinical sequelae of hypoxia and hypercapnia, as well as worsening dyspnoea associated with the increased work of breathing, sleep fragmentation and daytime fatigue, and reduced activities of daily living. Hypoxia with hypercapnia, and an elevation in serum bicarbonate, can support the need for adjunctive treatments. If oxygen treatment alone is judged insufficient, non-invasive ventilation (NIV) may be considered.3 Patients with CF may suffer acute respiratory failure during an exacerbation of moderate to severe disease, or indeed without any identified specific acute insult. A 2002 British Thoracic Society Standards of Care document listed the criteria for the use of NIV in acute respiratory failure.3 Of note, this document states that NIV …
Private hospitals to provide operations for 25 000 NHS patients
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Current UK health policy promotes enabling people to die in a place they choose, which for most is home. Despite this, patients with haematological malignancies (leukaemias, lymphomas and myeloma) are more likely to die in hospital than those with other cancers, and this is often considered a reflection of poor quality end-of-life care. This study aimed to explore the experiences of clinicians and relatives to determine why hospital deaths predominate in these diseases. <h3>Methods</h3> The study was set within the Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN—www.hmrn.org), an ongoing population-based cohort that provides infrastructure for evidence-based research. Qualitative interviews were conducted with clinical staff in haematology, palliative care and general practice (n=45) and relatives of deceased HMRN patients (n=10). Data were analysed for thematic content and coding and classification was inductive. Interpretation involved seeking meaning, salience and connections within the data. <h3>Results</h3> Five themes were identified relating to: the characteristics and trajectory of haematological cancers, a mismatch between the expectations and reality of home death, preference for hospital death, barriers to home/hospice death and suggested changes to practice to support non-hospital death, when preferred. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Hospital deaths were largely determined by the characteristics of haematological malignancies, which included uncertain trajectories, indistinct transitions and difficulties predicting prognosis and identifying if or when to withdraw treatment. Advance planning (where possible) and better communication between primary and secondary care may facilitate non-hospital death.
Serotonin in nasal secretion
Authors: P. Tønnesen, I. Hindberg
Journal: Allergy (1988)

The aim of this study was to investigate the serotonin content in nasal secretion. Histamine- and methacholine-induced nasal secretions were collected during a 5-min period after challenge in 33 normal subjects. Serotonin was determined radioenzymatically and was found in 66% of pure, blown secretions. The median concentration of serotonin in histamine- and methacholine-induced secretions was 6.3 nmol/l (range less than 1.6-52.0) and 2.3 nmol/l (range 1.6-140.0) (NS), respectively. The serotonin concentration in allergen-induced nasal secretions in 7 rhinitis patients was 0.8 to 159 nmol/l, median 10.4 nmol/l which did not differ from the serotonin levels in the normal subjects. The serotonin concentration in nasal lavage fluids in 5 subjects was low (below the detection limit in 78% of the samples). Further studies of serotonin in patients with nasal hypersecretion are indicated.
Effect of Tachypnea on the Estimation of Body Temperature by an Oral Thermometer
Authors: Dan Tandberg, David Sklar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

Hermann BOERHAAVE introduced clinical thermometry into the practice of medicine in 1709, and since that time a measurement of body temperature has been included in the early evaluation of most sick patients.1 This is because useful clues about the nature and severity of a patient's illness can often be derived from the pattern and magnitude of the temperature elevation.2 , 3 There is some controversy about the best site for measuring body temperature in adult outpatients: The rectal temperature measurement is commonly believed to be more reliable than the oral or axillary because the rectum is more protected from the effects of . . .
Chronic, low-dose rotenone reproduces Lewy neurites found in early stages of Parkinson's disease, reduces mitochondrial movement and slowly kills differentiated SH-SY5Y neural cells
Authors: M Kathleen Borland, Patricia A Trimmer, Jeremy D Rubinstein, Paula M Keeney, KP Mohanakumar, Lei Liu, James P Bennett
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2008)

Parkinson's disease, the most common adult neurodegenerative movement disorder, demonstrates a brain-wide pathology that begins pre-clinically with alpha-synuclein aggregates ("Lewy neurites") in processes of gut enteric and vagal motor neurons. Rostral progression into substantia nigra with death of dopamine neurons produces the motor impairment phenotype that yields a clinical diagnosis. The vast majority of Parkinson's disease occurs sporadically, and current models of sporadic Parkinson's disease (sPD) can utilize directly infused or systemic neurotoxins.We developed a differentiation protocol for human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma that yielded non-dividing dopaminergic neural cells with long processes that we then exposed to 50 nM rotenone, a complex I inhibitor used in Parkinson's disease models. After 21 days of rotenone, ~60% of cells died. Their processes retracted and accumulated ASYN-(+) and UB-(+) aggregates that blocked organelle transport. Mitochondrial movement velocities were reduced by 8 days of rotenone and continued to decline over time. No cytoplasmic inclusions resembling Lewy bodies were observed. Gene microarray analyses showed that the majority of genes were under-expressed. qPCR analyses of 11 mtDNA-encoded and 10 nDNA-encoded mitochondrial electron transport chain RNAs' relative expressions revealed small increases in mtDNA-encoded genes and lesser regulation of nDNA-encoded ETC genes.Subacute rotenone treatment of differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells causes process retraction and partial death over several weeks, slowed mitochondrial movement in processes and appears to reproduce the Lewy neuritic changes of early Parkinson's disease pathology but does not cause Lewy body inclusions. The overall pattern of transcriptional regulation is gene under-expression with minimal regulation of ETC genes in spite of rotenone's being a complex I toxin. This rotenone-SH-SY5Y model in a differentiated human neural cell mimics changes of early Parkinson's disease and may be useful for screening therapeutics for neuroprotection in that disease stage.
Epidemiological studies for regulatory agencies.
Authors: V R Hunt
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1981)

In regulation of exposures to hazardous environmental agents, epidemiologic evidence is especially important in defining human risk estimates. The process of developing appropriate regulations is complex, however, and depends on many considerations beyond those established to a high degree of scientific certainty. Thus the needs of regulatory agencies are involved in the way epidemiologic data are developed and presented. To coordinate and review common problems associated with preventive and regulatory activities among the federal agencies concerned with regulation, an Interagency Regulatory Liaison Group (IRLG) was established in 1977. Because of difficulties encountered by these agencies or Congressional committees in evaluating epidemiologic evidence, a subcommittee of the IRLG has developed in draft form guidelines for human population studies to be used in public health decision-making. Although these guidelines have attracted much controversy, their aim is to present criteria for design and documentation of epidemiologic studies, without interfering with the initiative of investigators. Some aspects of the IRLG guidelines are discussed. The need for epidemiologic research in providing evidence for regulatory purposes is increasing, but such studies must be well done if they are to be useful.
Body surface late potentials: effects of endocardial resection in patients with ventricular tachycardia.
Authors: N H Marcus, R A Falcone, A H Harken, M E Josephson, M B Simson
Journal: Circulation (1984)

We studied 37 patients undergoing endocardial resection for medically refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT). Each was studied before and after surgery by programmed ventricular stimulation and signal-averaged electrocardiography. Low-amplitude late potentials were identified preoperatively in 76% of patients. In the 24 patients without postoperative VT the effect of surgery was to shorten the filtered QRS duration (137 +/- 27 to 121 +/- 26 msec; p = .003), increase the voltage in the last 40 msec of the filtered QRS (16.5 +/- 16.1 to 39.0 +/- 29.4 microV; p = .003), and decrease the incidence of late potentials (71% to 33%; p = .03). The filtered QRS complex was unchanged in 13 patients whose VT persisted after surgery. No preoperative variable predicted which patients would not have inducible VT after surgery. However, loss of a late potential after surgery in nine of 10 patients was associated with absence of inducible VT (p less than .02). Loss of a late potential was not necessary for surgical success. Eight of 18 patients with a persistent late potential did not have inducible VT. The signal-averaged electrocardiogram predicted a successful outcome after endocardial resection if the late potential was no longer present.
Surface roughness of zirconia for full-contour crowns after clinically simulated grinding and polishing
Authors: Rim Hmaidouch, Wolf-Dieter Müller, Hans-Christoph Lauer, Paul Weigl
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2014)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of controlled intraoral grinding and polishing on the roughness of full-contour zirconia compared to classical veneered zirconia. Thirty bar-shaped zirconia specimens were fabricated and divided into two groups (n=15). Fifteen specimens (group 1) were glazed and 15 specimens (group 2) were veneered with feldspathic ceramic and then glazed. Prior to grinding, maximum roughness depth (Rmax) values were measured using a profilometer, 5 times per specimen. Simulated clinical grinding and polishing were performed on the specimens under water coolant for 15 s and 2 N pressure. For grinding, NTI diamonds burs with grain sizes of 20 µm, 10 µm, and 7.5 µm were used sequentially. The ground surfaces were polished using NTI kits with coarse, medium and fine polishers. After each step, Rmax values were determined. Differences between groups were examined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The roughness of group 1 was significantly lower than that of group 2. The roughness increased significantly after coarse grinding in both groups. The results after glazing were similar to those obtained after fine grinding for non-veneered zirconia. However, fine-ground veneered zirconia had significantly higher roughness than venerred, glazed zirconia. No significant difference was found between fine-polished and glazed zirconia, but after the fine polishing of veneered zirconia, the roughness was significantly higher than after glazing. It can be concluded that for full-contour zirconia, fewer defects and lower roughness values resulted after grinding and polishing compared to veneered zirconia. After polishing zirconia, lower roughness values were achieved compared to glazing; more interesting was that the grinding of glazed zirconia using the NTI three-step system could deliver smooth surfaces comparable to untreated glazed zirconia surfaces. Non-veneered zirconia crowns respond well to clinical polishing leaving a smooth finish to help combat decay, research from Germany states. Zirconia (zirconium oxide) is a high-strength material commonly used for all-ceramic tooth restoration. Zirconia crowns are often veneered with dental porcelain but the veneer is prone to chipping, particularly during the clinical polishing and grinding carried out after dental restoration procedures. The resulting rough surfaces can wear down opposing teeth and attract plaque. Rim Hmaidouch and co-workers at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt tested the effect of polishing and grinding on zirconia crowns with and without veneers, aiming to find the best quality finish. They found that, after grinding and polishing procedures, glazed zirconia with no porcelain veneer had fewer defects and less surface roughness than veneered zirconia.
Multidisciplinary medical identification of a French king's head (Henri IV)
Authors: P. Charlier, I. Huynh-Charlier, J. Poupon, C. Keyser, E. Lancelot, D. Favier, J.-N. Vignal, P. Sorel, P. F. Chaillot, R. Boano, R. Grilletto, S. Delacourte, J.-M. Duriez, Y. Loublier, P. Campos, E. Willerslev, M. T. P. Gilbert, L. Eisenberg, B. Ludes, G. L. d. l. Grandmaison
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<b>Philippe Charlier</b> and a multidisciplinary team explain how they confirmed an embalmed head to be that of the French king Henry IV using a combination of anthropological, paleopathological, radiological, forensic, and genetic techniques
Massive Retroperitoneal Hemorrhage With Unusual Presentation
Authors: Philip E. Palmer
Journal: JAMA (1974)

RETROPERITONEAL hemorrhage after blunt trauma, presenting uniquely as a strangulated inguinal hernia, has been reported.<sup>1</sup>A second case with similar presentation, but of nontraumatic origin, is described here. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 63-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room, complaining of acute pain in the left groin and of left-lower-quadrant "intestinal" pain. The pain, of sudden onset, was sharp, continuous, and without radiation. Also noted was an increasingly painful, tender mass in the left groin. The patient felt weak and dizzy, but he showed no other specific symptoms. He gave an eight-year history of treated hypertension (most recent blood pressure, 180/110 mm Hg), and of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction six months before his present admission. His recovery was satisfactory, but angina pectoris had appeared during the previous three months. On arrival, his blood pressure was 104/76 mm Hg. Shortly thereafter, a syncopal episode occurred, lasting 15
The Breast Cancer Screening Controversy Continues
Authors: Jonathan M. Ross
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters1 May 1993The Breast Cancer Screening Controversy ContinuesJonathan M. Ross, MD and Paul Gerber, MDJonathan M. Ross, MDSearch for more papers by this author and Paul Gerber, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-9-199305010-00020 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Two recent articles [1, 2] and your editorial in Annals help bring into focus a central issue in clinical care todaynamely, the balance between individual care and population-based care. Naylor and colleagues [1] note that the way that results of randomized, controlled trials are presented can affect clinicians' perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness. Presenting data in terms of relative risk reduction impressed clinicians more than using either absolute risk reduction or the number needed to be treated to avoid one adverse outcome. Coleman and colleagues [2] report that the use of mammography in older women increased dramatically in ...References1. Naylor CD, Chen E, Strauss B. Measured enthusiasm: does the method of reporting trial results alter perceptions of therapeutic effectiveness? Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:916-21. Google Scholar2. Coleman EA, Feuer EJ, The NCI Breast Cancer Screening Consortium. Breast cancer screening among women from 65 to 74 years of age in 1987-88 and 1991. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:991-6. Google Scholar3. Che KC, Smart CR, Tarone RE. Analysis of breast cancer mortality and stage distribution by age for the Health Insurance Plan clinical trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1988; 80:1125-32. Google Scholar4. Andersson I, Aspergren K, Janzon L, Lundberg T, Lindholm K, Linell F, et al. Mammographic screening and mortality from breasts cancer: the Malmo mammographic screening trial. BMJ. 1988; 297: 944-8. Google Scholar5. Seidman H, Mushinski MH, Gelb SK, Silverberg E. Probabilities of eventually developing or dying of cancerUnited States, 1985. CA. 1985; 35:36-56. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1993Volume 118, Issue 9Page: 746-749KeywordsAbsolute risk reductionBreast cancer screeningClinical trialsMammographyPopulation statisticsPreventive medicinePublic policyRelative riskResearch designRisk management ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 1 May 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Langerhans cells but not monocytes are capable of antigen presentation in vitro in corticosteroid contact hypersensitivity
Authors: A.I. LAUERMA, L. LRASANEN, T. REUNALA, S. REITAMO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1990)

Corticosteroids suppress delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions in vivo and impair lymphoid cell functions in vitro. In contact hypersensitivity (CHS) to corticosteroids, however, the corticosteroids are capable of inducing DTH responses in vivo. The present study examined the capacity of corticosteroids to induce in vitro proliferation of T lymphocytes from patients with CHS to corticosteroids. With peripheral blood mononuclear adherent cells as antigen-presenting cells (APC) and hydrocortisone-17-butyrate (H-17-B) as hapten, no proliferation responses were detected of T lymphocytes from patients with CHS to H-17-B. However, when epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) were used as APC, weak proliferation responses were observed.
Cholangiojejunostomy (Longmire Operation) for Relief of Biliary Obstruction Due to Carcinoma
Authors: William R. Waddell, Charles B. Burbank
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1952)

IN 1948 Longmire and Sanford1 described the technic of intrahepatic cholangiojejunostomy for relief of biliary-tract obstruction due to extensive destruction of the extrahepatic ducts. Since then they have reported 3 additional cases in which the procedure was successfully carried out,2 and the reports of others have brought the total number of cases in which the operation was performed up to 8.3 4 5 6 There have undoubtedly been other cases that have not been reported. The circumstances that warrant the operation rarely arise. Allen,7 Cattell,8 Lahey,9 Cole et al.,10 and Walters and his associates11 have shown that biliary drainage into the intestine can . . .
The randomised controlled trial in the evaluation of new technology: a case study.
Authors: S Challah, N B Mays
Journal: BMJ (1986)

This study was designed to compare different methods of treating renal calculi in order to establish which was the most cost effective and successful.Of 1052 patients with renal calculi, 350 underwent open surgery, 350 percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 328 extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), and 24 both percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ESWL.Treatment was defined as successful if stones were eliminated or reduced to less than 2 mm after three months.Success was achieved in 273 (78%) patients after open surgery, 289 (83%) after percutaneous nephrolithotomy, 301 (92%) after ESWL, and 15 (62%) after percutaneous nephrolithotomy and ESWL.Comparative total costs to the NHS were estimated as £3500 for open surgery, £1861 for percutaneous nephrolithotomy, £1789 for ESWL, and £3210 for both ESWL and nephrolithotomy.ESWL caused no blood loss and little morbidity and is the cheapest and quickest way of returning patients to normal life.
Swine-Influenza Infection in Civilians
Authors: Robert L. Thompson, Merle A. Sande, Richard P. Wenzel, Charles H. Hoke, Jack M. Gwaltney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

The recent outbreak of influenza due to A/New Jersey/8/76 (HswN1) in a number of recruits at Fort Dix, New Jersey,1 has aroused concern that a new influenza pandemic similar to that of 1918 may be imminent. Only persons living before 1923 have a high prevalence of hemagglutination-inhibition antibody to swine-influenza viruses.2 , 3 No large-scale outbreaks of swine-influenza infection in man have been recognized since 1920, although sporadic transmission of the virus from swine to man has been suspected. The HswN1, strain has remained prevalent among swine, with as many as 50 per cent . . .