tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Internet Availability of Prescription Pharmaceuticals to the Public
Authors: Bernard S. Bloom, Ronald C. Iannacone
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

The Internet holds great but uncertain promise for increased access and cost control in health care.To determine access to and cost of prescription pharmaceuticals over the Internet.An Internet search conducted during February and March 1999.The Philadelphia region.Data were collected on availability and cost of medications and physician Internet visits, requirements for physician prescriptions, and geographic location of Web-based companies and consulting physicians. Costs of comparable physician visits were obtained from Medicare and managed care organizations in the Philadelphia region. Costs of medications came from five Philadelphia community pharmacies.Forty-six Web sites were identified. Thirty-seven sites (33 based in the United States and 4 based outside the United States) required a prescription from a personal physician or from an Internet physician consultation. Nine sites based outside of the United States did not require a prescription or physician consultation. The median cost of an Internet physician visit was $70 (range, $20 to $90), more than 15% higher than that for a general practice visit in the Philadelphia region. Quality of physician consultation, physician qualifications and specialty, and geographic location were unknown. Median price per pill of the two most commonly offered medications was 10% higher on the Internet (before shipping charges) than at Philadelphia pharmacies ($5.49 and $4.50 for sildenafil; $1.94 and $1.83 for finasteride).The Internet may expand patient access to health-related services but at overall increased cost. In addition, the quality of physician Internet care is uncertain, and potential for serious abuse exists. Patients can easily provide incorrect or false information to obtain medications. Furthermore, conflict of interest exists for Web-based firms because they profit from selling medications and physician consultations.
Rectal suppositories of 8-methoxsalen produce fewer gastrointestinal side effects than the oral formulation
Authors: Jean L Bolognia, Lillian Freije, Louis Amici, John Dellostritto, Francis P Gasparro
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1996)

Gastrointestinal side effects are associated with the oral ingestion of 8-methoxsalen (8-MOP), including the liquid and crystalline formulations.The objective of this study was to determine whether the gastrointestinal symptoms associated with 8-MOP could be decreased by altering the route of administration.In an open pilot study, 8-MOP rectal suppositories were given to six patients with psoriasis vulgaris who had significant nausea or abdominal pain with the oral liquid form of the drug.On a scale of 0 to 5, this group of patients reported a mean score of 4.4 for nausea, 0.3 for vomiting, 2.1 for abdominal pain, and 1.3 for headaches with oral 8-MOP. With the suppository form, the mean scores were 0 for nausea, 0 for vomiting, 0 for abdominal pain, and 0 for headaches. These latter values represent scores for the entire treatment period. Clinical severity scores of psoriasis improved from a mean of 6.5 (maximum possible score = 9) at the start of the trial to a mean of 1 at its conclusion. Plasma 8-MOP levels of more than 100 ng/ml were observed in all patients who received the suppositories; in only one patient were the 8-MOP plasma levels significantly higher with the oral form than with the rectal form.Rectal suppositories of 8-MOP were associated with significantly fewer gastrointestinal side effects than the oral form of the drug; this was accomplished without compromising clinical efficacy.
The Needs and Wishes of Outpatients Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: P. Burtin, O. Ruget, P. Calès, J. Charneau, J. Boyer
Journal: Endoscopy (1992)

See also: Information Requirements and Sedation Preferences of Patients Undergoing Endoscopy of the Upper Gastrointestinal TractEndoscopy 1991; 23(04): 218-219DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1010661
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptors: Characterization, Physiological Regulation, and Relationship to Reproductive Function
Authors: RICHARD N. CLAYTON, KEVIN J. CATT
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1981)

THE TONIC and cyclic secretion of gonadotropins is mediated by the hypothalamic production of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). The direct assessment of hypothalamic function has been hampered by the absence of reliable methods for the measurement of GnRH production and secretion. Endogenous hypothalamic GnRH probably never reaches the general circulation in sufficiently high concentration to be measured by RIA (1–5), since the pituitary gland has the capacity to metabolize the majority of the peptide secreted into the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal circulation (6–10). Attempts to determine the rate and amplitude of GnRH secretion have shown that GnRH concentrations in hypophyseal stalk plasma fluctuate between 20 and 800 pM (11–14). Such studies have revealed that GnRH is released in a pulsatile fashion, although rapid changes in secretion rate cannot be detected during the long period required for sample collection. In addition to modulating the concentration of GnRH in hypophyseal portal plasma (14–16), the sex-steroid milieu of the animal may also regulate the frequency of GnRH pulses.
β-Sitosterolemia and Xanthomatosis
Authors: Richard S. Shulman, Ashim K. Bhattacharyya, William E. Connor, Donald S. Fredrickson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

Recently, Bhattacharyya and Connor described in two sisters a lipid-storage disease, β-sitosterolemia and xanthomatosis,1 with tendon and tuberous xanthomas appearing at an early age despite normal plasma cholesterol levels. High concentrations of plant sterols, especially β-sitosterol and campesterol, were found in the plasma, red blood cells, xanthomas, adipose tissue and skin. In the following case the same disorder occurred in a patient unrelated to the two sisters originally identified.Case ReportA 31-year-old woman was referred to the National Institutes of Health Lipid Clinic five years ago because of xanthomatosis and mild hypercholesterolemia. Xanthomas, which first appeared at the age . . .
P2-009: Influence of the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) polymorphisms on irinotecan-pharmacokinetics and clinical outcome of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Ji-Youn Han, Hyeong-Seok Lim, Sung Young Lee, Heung Tae Kim, Jin Soo Lee
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Admissions and Readmissions from District to the Special Baby-care Unit of a Maternity Hospital
Authors: W. S. Craig
Journal: BMJ (1962)

More than one finding was present in 39 babies.t Of birth weight 5X lb. (2-5kg.) or less.Readmissions numbered 55, of which 39 were for repeat-transfusions in the treatment of haemolytic disease (33) and of the anaemia of prematurity (6).Seven infants were readmitted with feeding difficulties, including three for the establishment of breast-feeding.Symptom-s necessitating readmission were attributable 5313
P436Role of myocardial proteostasis in hypoxic tolerance: effect of chemical chaperones and er stress inducers
Authors: K Jain, L Ganju, G Suryakumar
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Purpose: Extensive studies in the last decade have shown that ER stress and cardiovascular pathophysiology are intimately intertwined. Recent evidence sheds light on the role of protein homoeostasis in the high altitude related disorders including pulmonary hypertension. Although individuals vary in their ability to cope with the harsh environmental conditions, oxidative modifications to the myocardial proteins, may contribute significantly to the hypoxic vulnerability. Assessing the hitherto unexplored significance of proteostasis in the differential response to hypoxic stress forms the crux of the present study. The study evaluates the potential of ER stress modulators as therapeutic agents in enhancing hypoxic tolerance. Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to simulated hypoxia equivalent to 223 mm Hg pressure, screened on the basis of gasping time and categorized as susceptible (<10 min), normal (10-25 min) or tolerant (>25 min). Animals were administered either ER stress inducer tunicamycin (0.3mg/kg BW) or chemical chaperone, 4-phenylbutyric acid (200mg/kg BW) to assess the role of protein folding homeostasis. Biochemical assays were performed to identify protein modifications, proteolytic and apoptotic activities in the myocardial tissue extracts. Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and ELISA based expression analysis was done to elucidate expression of ER stress markers in the heart tissue. Results: Animals administered Tm showed a significant decrease in gasping time, along with greater protein oxidation and expression of UPR markers, including GRP78 and PERK highlighting the role of ER stress activation in enhancing hypoxic susceptibility. Conversely, 4-PBA significantly elevated the hypoxic tolerance as evident by the increase in gasping time and reduced levels of oxidative protein modifications. There was an appreciable increase in heat shock protein expression, as well as enhanced nitric oxide synthesis. This may be mediated in part by the induction of pro-survival signalling cascade including PI3K/Akt/mTOR/S6Kinase pathway and inhibition of apoptosis. Conclusion: 4-PBA thus increases stress tolerance through the attenuation of hypoxia induced protein misfolding. With recent research suggesting the occurrence of ER stress in high altitude related disorders like pulmonary hypertension, administration of chemical chaperones may form a novel therapeutic agent in increasing tolerance to environmental stress.
Prohibition of Traditional Addicting Drugs: Social Repercussions
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Passage of a law that defies intrenched local custom evokes the threat of adverse social repercussions. That statement is amply supported by a study Westermeyer 1 conducted between 1965 and 1975 in three Asian countries where anti-opium laws were enacted or enforced despite the fact that opium use had been traditional.  In their colony of Hong Kong, the British abandoned a laissez-faire policy and began enforcing narcotic laws after World War II. Before that time, opium addiction had been the only form of narcotic addiction known in the colony. By the 1960s, heroin became the favored drug among new narcotic users, and many persons formerly addicted only to opium had switched to heroin. The trend continued; a decade later, opium addiction continued to wane while heroin addiction was still increasing.  In Thailand, pressures from international organizations caused passage of a law whereby government physicians became obligated in 1959 to treat
Primary stenting with abciximab in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (the ADMIRAL trial)
Authors: Gilles Montalescot, Paul Barragan, Olivier Wittenberg, Simon Elhadad, Thierry Lefèvre, Christophe Loubeyre, Antoine Lafont, Michel Zupan, Franck Paganelli, Philippe Pinton
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Contact allergy to gold after systemic administration of gold for rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: I P Wicks, D Wong, R B McCullagh, A Fleming
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

A patient with seropositive, nodular rheumatoid arthritis (RA) developed contact allergy to gold jewellery following a severe skin rash which occurred after 13 weeks of treatment with sodium aurothiomalate. Patch testing confirmed that the contact allergy was due to gold. This is the first proved case of contact allergy to gold or any other compound initiated by systemic administration of the allergen.
P619Role of Toll-like receptor 5 in the development of post-myocardial infarction inflammation
Authors: R Parapanov, J Lugrin, N Rosenblatt-Velin, B Waeber, F Feihl, L Liaudet
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Background: Inflammatory processes play a key role in the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction (MI). Genetic deletion of toll-like recpetors (TLRs), especially TLR2 and TLR4 have shown protective role in murine models of MI. The role of other TLRs remains unknown. We have previously shown that cardiomyocytes express TLR5 and that the ligand of TLR5, flagellin, activates the NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways in cardiomyocytes. We also have shown that injection of flagellin induces acute systolic dysfunction in vivo in mice.
Public acceptance of mumps immunization. Report of one year's experience offering live mumps vaccine in a public health clinic and school immunization program
Authors: P. H. Jones
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Live mumps vaccine was added to clinic and school immunization programs in 1968. Requests for clinic immunization were highest among children under 10 years of age and lowest among adults. In the school program, 13% of the fourth grade enrollment (37% of estimated susceptibles) requested vaccine while only 2% of 12th grade enrollment (10% of estimated susceptibles) requested vaccine. Motivation of adults and older teen-agers to seek immunization for themselves is probably so low that this approach will not significantly reduce the incidence of adult mumps. Immunization of children under 10 years is very acceptable to the public. Since over three fourths of all mumps cases occur in children under age 10, their protection through immunization should bring the added benefit of reducing the incidence of mumps in adults by reducing exposure of adults to children with mumps.
Mirror Therapy for Phantom Limb Pain
Authors: Brenda L. Chan, Richard Witt, Alexandra P. Charrow, Amanda Magee, Robin Howard, Paul F. Pasquina, Kenneth M. Heilman, Jack W. Tsao
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

of more than 100 to less than 120 mm Hg.Thus, it seems fair to call it normotensive.Nevertheless, in an older patient, a blood pressure under 120/80 mm Hg is often below its usual level and should be compared with previous readings.My concern with the definition of "acute kidney injury" is that it does not yet specify which causes of renal failure are included.For example, Zhou et al. do not include cases due to acute glomerulonephritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. 3 Although Bellomo et al. state that urinalysis lacks diagnostic value for renal failure due to sepsis, the report they cite 4 actually concluded that there were few data on this question and that good studies are needed.My experience is that urinalysis usually correlates well with the clinical picture.The finding of both high and low renal blood flows in studies of experimental septic acute renal failure 5 calls into question but does not rule out the role of ischemia in the pathogenesis of this condition.
The effects on diet, anastomotic type, and loxiglumide on gastric emptying following gastrojejunostomy
Authors: Tayfun Yucel, Dogan Gonullu, Ahmet Orhan Gurer, Ruhan Duzman, Ferda Nihat Koksoy, Necati Yilmaz, Mustafa Sit
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2009)
865. Focus on Specificity: Creating Efficient CML-Specific Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral (AAV) Vectors Using a Random Peptide Library
Authors: Marius Stiefelhagen, Marlon R. Veldwijk, Stephanie Laufs, Jurgen A. Kleinschmidt, Frederik Wenz, W. Jens Zeller, Stefan Fruehauf
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Introduction: Most of the viral vectors applied in current gene therapeutic studies exhibit a broad tropism. In line with this, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have been used to transduce a variety of cell and tissue types. However, standard rAAV-2-based vectors lack the specificity and selectivity required for transduction of cells in vivo, as necessary for gene therapeutic approaches for diseases like chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The recently published method of a random AAV peptide library (Muller et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 2003) now allows the generation of target cell-specific rAAV capsid-mutants. To obtain a highly specific and efficient rAAV vector for the transduction of CML cells, we performed a CML-specific in vitro selection on the CML cell line K562 using this random AAV peptide library.
Homoharringtonine mediates myeloid cell apoptosis via upregulation of pro‐apoptotic bax and inducing caspase‐3‐mediated cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP)
Authors: Lou Yinjun, Jin Jie, Xu Weilai, Tong Xiangming
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

Abstract Homoharringtonine (HHT) is a plant alkaloid with antileukemia activity that is currently being used for treatment of acute, chronic leukemias and MDS. In this study, we show that HHT can induce apoptosis in a variety of human myeloid leukemia cell lines (U937, HL‐60, HEL, THP, and K562). U937 and HL60 cells undergo rapid apoptosis on treatment with HHT, as indicated by increased annexin V binding capacity, caspase‐3 activation, and cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). In addition, the expression of bax is upregulated during HHT‐induced cell death, whereas the expression of bcl‐2 is only slightly decreased. Importantly, treatment of primary leukemic cells, obtained from acute myeloid leukemia patients, resulted in rapid apoptosis. Thus, our data provide the mechanism of HHT and justify the use of HHT in the treatment of human myeloid leukemia. Am. J. Hematol. 76:199–204, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of Relationships between Urinary Biomarkers of Phytoestrogens, Phthalates, and Phenols and Pubertal Stages in Girls
Authors: Mary S. Wolff, Susan L. Teitelbaum, Susan M. Pinney, Gayle Windham, Laura Liao, Frank Biro, Lawrence H. Kushi, Chris Erdmann, Robert A. Hiatt, Michael E. Rybak, Antonia M. Calafat
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

BackgroundHormonally active environmental agents may alter the course of pubertal development in girls, which is controlled by steroids and gonadotropins.ObjectivesWe investigated associations of concurrent exposures from three chemical classes (phenols, phthalates, and phytoestrogens) with pubertal stages in a multiethnic longitudinal study of 1,151 girls from New York City, New York, greater Cincinnati, Ohio, and northern California who were 6–8 years of age at enrollment (2004–2007).MethodsWe measured urinary exposure biomarkers at visit 1 and examined associations with breast and pubic hair development (present or absent, assessed 1 year later) using multivariate adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Modification of biomarker associations by age-specific body mass index percentile (BMI%) was investigated, because adipose tissue is a source of peripubertal hormones.ResultsBreast development was present in 30% of girls, and 22% had pubic hair. High-molecular-weight phthalate (high MWP) metabolites were weakly associated with pubic hair development [adjusted PR, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.88–1.00), fifth vs. first quintile]. Small inverse associations were seen for daidzein with breast stage and for triclosan and high MWP with pubic hair stage; a positive trend was observed for low-molecular-weight phthalate biomarkers with breast and pubic hair development. Enterolactone attenuated BMI associations with breast development. In the first enterolactone quintile, for the association of high BMI with any development, the PR was 1.34 (95% CI, 1.23–1.45 vs. low BMI). There was no BMI association in the fifth, highest quintile of enterolactone.ConclusionsWeak hormonally active xenobiotic agents investigated in this study had small associations with pubertal development, mainly among those agents detected at highest concentrations.
Blood supplies to be treated to reduce CJD risk
Authors: J. Warden
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Donated blood supplies in Britain are to be treated to reduce the risk of patients being infected with new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) because of a theoretical risk that it could be transmitted via the white blood cells.

The Department of Health is acting on the advice of its scientific advisers on the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (SEAC). As a precautionary measure, blood will go through a process of leucodepletion, which removes up to 95% of white blood cells. The process, which will cost £70m ($110m) …
Bronchial Lavage in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Gus Cezeaux
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The relative benefits and hazards of bronchial lavage with 10% acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) compared to sodium chloride solution was studied in 14 patients with cystic fibrosis who were treated on 16 occasions. Lavage with acetylcysteine produced a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension (Paco<sub>2</sub>) and a decrease in arterial oxygen tension (Pao<sub>2</sub>) immediately after lavage. Lavage with sodium chloride solution produced a decrease in Paco and an increase in `Pao<sub>2</sub>. Regardless of lavage agent, pulmonary function was impaired for 48 to 72 hours after lavage, and three patients developed pneumonia within three days after lavage. When bronchial lavage was used as one part of a complete therapeutic program, some improvement in pulmonary function could be demonstrated two to six weeks after therapy.
Detection of colorectal polyps behind the folds: a transparent hood or the Third Eye Retroscope?
Authors: M. Matsushita, T. Wakamatsu, N. Danbara, S. Kawamata, M. Omiya, K. Okazaki
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

We read with interest the article by Triadafilopoulos and Li [1] on the safety and efficacy of a new retrograde-viewing auxiliary imaging device, the Third Eye Retroscope, in improving colorectal diagnostic yield. The device was inserted through the instrument channel of a colonoscope and extended beyond the tip of the colonoscope, providing a continuous retrograde view and visualizing the proximal side of the folds, flexures, and ileocecal and rectal valves. When a polyp was detected, the device was temporarily removed from the instrument channel to allow insertion of a snare or forceps. Among 38 polyps detected, 4 polyps (11 %) behind folds were detected only with the retrograde-viewing device. We believe that a simple technique can detect polyps behind folds.