tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Trends of Antibiotic Use In the United States
Authors: Fred E. Hahn
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  Simmons and Stolley refer to  shift of the bacterial ecological equilibrium to selectively ecovor the Gram-negative organisms. But the commentary en bloc does not emphasize and analyze the microbiological basis of the Gram-negative bacterial disease problem. This omission is regrettable because the problem, once generated, may not readily disappear in response to legislative or committee actions.  A large part of the problem is multiple chemotherapeutic drug resistance of Gram-negative bacteria. During the first two decades of the sulfonamide-antibiotic era, bacterial resistance to single chemotherapeutic drugs was seen as the result of selective breeding of spontaneous chromosomal bacterial mutants under drug pressure. This entailed cross-resistance only to drugs that were closely related in chemical structure and mechanism of action. The last decade, however, has witnessed a worldwide emergence of multiresistance of Gram-negative bacteria caused by extrachromosomal elements of bacterial heredity, the R-factors. Under pressure of one drug,
Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism and Insulin Levels in a Biethnic Population
Authors: Rodolfo Valdez, Barbara V Howard, Michael P Stern, Steven M Haffner
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To study the association of apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism with important cardiovascular risk factors other than cholesterol levels, such as insulinemia and insulin resistance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In this report, we study the association of three major apoE phenotypes (apoE 3/2, apoE 3/3, and apoE 4/3) with indicators of insulin resistance such as fasting insulin, glucose, and lipid levels in 320 nondiabetic Mexican-Americans and non-Hispanic whites from San Antonio, TX. RESULTS The two ethnic groups differed in the frequencies of the three major apoE phenotypes. However, the associations of these phenotypes with lipid and insulin levels were similar in both ethnic groups and in both sexes. Compared with the other two major apoE phenotypes, the apoE 3/2 phenotype was associated with lower levels of total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower levels of fasting and 2-h postload insulin. CONCLUSIONS In addition to the association with cholesterol levels, the variability at the apoE locus may be associated with a much broader set of metabolic factors that relate to insulin resistance.
Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Wayne Callaway
Journal: JAMA (1972)

If one acknowledges its limitations,<i>The Merck Manual</i>can provide an interesting reading experience. Certainly, few medical volumes contain so much information, so concisely stated, and at such a modest price. A distinguished editorial board conveys authority for what is said.<i>The Manual</i>probably comes as close as any available text in describing what is accepted medical practice in the United States today. Newer ideas receive mention, but the bulk of the text deals with long-established principles of diagnosis and therapy. The<i>Manual's</i>limitations are inherent in its design: brevity necessitates arbitrary statements, with opposing views given little or no discussion. References are almost nonexistent. Less common problems are listed, but not discussed. The scant pathophysiological information that is included does not encourage the student to "think through" the problems being considered. As a consequence, the<i>Manual</i>can be recommended as a review for students, residents, and practicing physicians, but
Corrigendum to: “Analysis of T1c Prostate Cancers Treated at Very Low Prostate-Specific Antigen Levels” [Eur Urol 2009;55:610–6]
Authors: Andrew J. Stephenson, J. Stephen Jones, Adrian V. Hernandez, Jay P. Ciezki, Michael C. Gong, Eric A. Klein
Journal: European Urology (2009)
Long-term effects of a blood pressure survey on patient treatment in a community.
Authors: R H Grimm, R V Luepker, H Taylor, H Blackburn
Journal: Circulation (1982)

The influence of a systematic survey and follow-up of blood pressure in a population sample was assessed by a subsequent survey performed an average of 40 months later. A subsample of 764 men, originally ages 35-57 years, was randomly selected for telephone follow-up, while blood pressure was remeasured in 133 (17% of the subsample). These were drawn from 6779 men who had a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg, the average of the second two measurements of three at the initial survey. Ninety percent of the men in the telephone survey reported they had visited their physician or medical-care source. Of these visits, 70% were for consideration of blood pressure, and in 36% this visit was directly attributed to the screen. At follow-up, 52.8% were taking antihypertensive medication and in 61% of this group the medication was started after the initial screen. Follow-up revealed DBP reduced by 8.7% in the group not treated with antihypertensive agents either before or after the initial survey, by 13.4% in the group on treatment before the survey and by 17.7% in the group started on therapy after the survey. Although lack of a suitable comparison group is a limitation, these findings in a population-based cohort strongly suggest that systematic blood pressure screening, combined with effective immediate referral, may be associated with an important effect on blood pressure control in the community.
Endotoxin-induced cytokine gene expression and excretion in the liver
Authors: Michael I. Luster, Dori R. Germolec, Takahiko Yoshida, Fujio Kayama, Morrow Thompson
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Peptide mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 1 and interleukin-6, are associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases and septic shock. As such, considerable information has been collected by means of study of cytokine secretion from isolated cells or plasma cytokines during septic shock or inflammatory disorders. In this investigation, we used semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and a recently developed liver slice model to examine the characteristics of cytokine profiles that occur in the liver, the main organ involved in endotoxemia, after lipopolysaccharide challenge. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-6 were rapidly secreted after in vivo LPS exposure or when added in vitro to rodent or human liver slice samples. This increase was associated with increased cytokine-specific mRNA transcripts. Kinetic analysis revealed that most tumor necrosis factor-alpha is released from the liver within 1 hr of lipopolysaccharide challenge, whereas interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-6 continued to be produced for the entire culture period. Addition of monoclonal antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1 alpha to the culture partly inhibited interleukin-6 secretion, indicating that interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha help mediate and sustain interleukin-6 synthesis. Depletion of hepatic sinusoidal macrophages (Kupffer cells) by a liposome-mediated macrophage "suicide" technique indicated that almost all of the secreted interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha originate from these cells, whereas interleukin-6 secretion might also include other cell types. This study supports and extends previous findings and allows for a more rational approach to developing effective therapies against chronic inflammatory diseases and septic shock.
Clostridia: An Alternative Cause of 'Ethylene Dibromide' Fatalities
Authors: Michael R. Reesal
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent report by Letz et al<sup>1</sup>on two fatalities after acute occupational exposure to ethylene dibromide (EDB) deserves some comment. The authors' case report implies that two workers died from exposure to EDB, which was identified in the environment and in tissues obtained at autopsy. While EDB is a toxic compound, probably lethal to humans in an ingested dose of 5 to 10 mL, there is insufficient evidence to link the death of these workers specifically to EDB poisoning. The report describes an accident in which two men died after working in a large chamber that had been disturbed by vigorous water spraying. The story, as we understand it, is that the chamber, after several months of being closed, was opened on the day that internal tank scrubbing was undertaken, but like some other details of this accident, the time of opening has been disputed.
Valsartan Improves β-Cell Function and Insulin Sensitivity in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Nynke J. van der Zijl, Chantalle C.M. Moors, Gijs H. Goossens, Marc M.H. Hermans, Ellen E. Blaak, Michaela Diamant
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

Recently, the Nateglinide and Valsartan in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Outcomes Research Trial demonstrated that treatment with the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) valsartan for 5 years resulted in a relative reduction of 14% in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM). We investigated whether improvements in β-cell function and/or insulin sensitivity underlie these preventive effects of the ARB valsartan in the onset of type 2 diabetes.In this randomized controlled, double-blind, two-center study, the effects of 26 weeks of valsartan (320 mg daily; n = 40) or placebo (n = 39) on β-cell function and insulin sensitivity were assessed in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance, using a combined hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic and hyperglycemic clamp with subsequent arginine stimulation and a 2-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Treatment effects were analyzed using ANCOVA, adjusting for center, glucometabolic status, and sex.Valsartan increased first-phase (P = 0.028) and second-phase (P = 0.002) glucose-stimulated insulin secretion compared with placebo, whereas the enhanced arginine-stimulated insulin secretion was comparable between groups (P = 0.25). In addition, valsartan increased the OGTT-derived insulinogenic index (representing first-phase insulin secretion after an oral glucose load; P = 0.027). Clamp-derived insulin sensitivity was significantly increased with valsartan compared with placebo (P = 0.049). Valsartan treatment significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure compared with placebo (P < 0.001). BMI remained unchanged in both treatment groups (P = 0.89).Twenty-six weeks of valsartan treatment increased glucose-stimulated insulin release and insulin sensitivity in normotensive subjects with IGM. These findings may partly explain the beneficial effects of valsartan in the reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes.
Generalisation and extrapolation
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A randomised, cluster, controlled trial investigated whether a comprehensive warm up programme prevented injuries in football players. Control treatment was the standard warm up programme. Football clubs were randomised to the intervention or control group. At each club, young female players aged 13 to 17 years followed the club’s allocated programme for one season. 

The number of overall injuries was statistically significantly reduced by the comprehensive warm up programme when compared with standard warm up. However, there was no difference between treatment groups in the number of injuries to the lower extremities (foot, ankle, lower …
Effects of the Maze Operation on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Stefan Lönnerholm, P. Blomström, L. Nilsson, S. Oxelbark, L. Jideus, C. Blomström-Lundqvist
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Maze surgery for atrial fibrillation (AF) is a curative therapy, but its effect on health-related quality of life has not been studied. Methods and Results —Maze operations were performed in 48 patients with drug-refractory AF. The majority of patients (80%) had lone AF, and the primary indication for surgery in all patients was AF. The SF-36 Health Survey was used to assess quality of life before operation and at 6 months and 1 year after surgery. Twenty-five patients were available for the 1-year follow-up and completed all questionnaires. Before maze surgery, the SF-36 scores were significantly lower than in the general Swedish population, reflecting significant impairment in well-being, physical and social functioning, and mental health. After maze surgery, the quality of life was significantly improved at 6 months and at 1 year on all scales except for bodily pain, which, however, was not significantly decreased before surgery. At both 6 months and 1 year after maze surgery, quality of life, measured by the SF-36, reached the levels of the general Swedish population. Conclusions —The maze operation can significantly improve the health-related quality of life in selected groups of patients with both paroxysmal and chronic AF refractory to antiarrhythmic therapy.
Antinuclear factor in patients on prazosin.
Authors: J D Wilson, R J Booth, J Y Bullock
Journal: BMJ (1979)

patients was the thrombus confined to the calf.This is at variance with a large study,' in which thrombus was confined to the calf in 4900 of 493 legs containing thrombus.To say that "there was a general reluctance on the part of individual doctors to perform phlebography on patients with negative 99mTc-red-cell scans" merely emphasises the bias of investigation in favour of their own technique.Secondly, this technique apparently lacks the facility of radionuclide venography, its nearest rival in providing a simultaneous lung scan.Finally, the acid test of all new diagnostic procedures is whether they may be applied in the district general hospital as readily as the teaching hospital.Conventional phlebography fulfils this criterion.We remain unconvinced that this new technique can alter the situation in any way, being more demanding in time, expertise, skilled man- power, and expensive equipment.
Angiotensin II, adhesion, and cardiac fibrosis
Authors: Janet M. Schnee, Willa A. Hsueh
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Angiotensin II (AII) plays a critical role in cardiac remodeling. This peptide promotes cardiac myocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibroblast interstitial fibrotic changes associated with left ventricular hypertrophy, post myocardial infarction remodeling and congestive heart failure. AII mediates cardiac myocyte hypertrophy directly via induction of immediate early genes through a MAP kinase dependent pathway. In addition, it mediates cardiac hypertrophy indirectly by stimulating release of norepinephrine from cardiac nerve endings and endothelin from endothelial cells. AII also has multiple effects on cardiac fibroblasts: it induces cardiac fibroblast proliferation, synthesis and secretion of adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix proteins, and expression of integrin adhesion receptors. In addition it stimulates cardiac fibroblasts to adhere more vigorously to defined matrixes. This review will discuss the molecular pathways that have been implicated in these AII induced effects in the cardiac fibroblast.
Rest and Exercise in Hepatitis
Authors: Thomas C. Chalmers
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

The paper on the role of rest in the treatment of infectious hepatitis by Repsher and Freebern in this week's Journal confirms the conclusions of a previous study among military personnel,1 except that in comparing ad-lib rest with vigorous daily exercise, it starts where the earlier study left off. During the Korean conflict patients on strict bed rest were found to improve no faster than those allowed ad-lib rest. Because the latter treatment was so contrary to the current beliefs of experts in liver disease, the investigators hedged by requiring the experimental group to stay on the hospital ward and . . .
Benign form of atrophic papulosis developed at injection sites of pegylated-alpha-interferon: is there a pathophysiological link?
Authors: D. Zaharia, F. Truchot, S. Ronger-Savle, B. Balme, L. Thomas
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Journal Article Benign form of atrophic papulosis developed at injection sites of pegylated‐alpha‐interferon: is there a pathophysiological link? Get access D. Zaharia, D. Zaharia Department of Dermatology Lyon 1 University – Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud 69495 PIERRE BENITE Cedex France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar F. Truchot, F. Truchot Department of Dermatology Lyon 1 University – Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud 69495 PIERRE BENITE Cedex France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Ronger‐Savle, S. Ronger‐Savle Department of Dermatology Lyon 1 University – Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud 69495 PIERRE BENITE Cedex France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. Balme, B. Balme Department of Pathology Lyon 1 University – Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud 69495 PIERRE BENITE Cedex France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. Thomas L. Thomas Department of Dermatology Lyon 1 University – Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud 69495 PIERRE BENITE Cedex France E‐mail: luc.thomas@chu-lyon.fr Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 170, Issue 4, 1 April 2014, Pages 992–994, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12773 Published: 01 April 2014
Social factors associated with child mental health problems in Brazil: cross sectional survey
Authors: B. Fleitlich, R. Goodman
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The prevalence of child psychiatric disorder in the developed world is 10-20%, but in the developing world, where children and adolescents make up a higher proportion of the population, the prevalence may be higher.1 Relatively little is known about the extent to which social risk factors identified in the developed world also apply in the developing world.1 To guide healthcare planning we used three contrasting samples from the largest and most populous country in Latin America to examine the association between child mental health problems and social factors, such as poverty, family violence, and parental mental illness.

Three contrasting neighbourhoods were selected from a single district in south east Brazil: a new favela (shanty town) of crowded makeshift dwellings, lacking sanitation, and built on illegally occupied land; a …
PITUITRIN IN POST-OPERATIVE INTESTINAL STASIS
Authors: N. Porritt
Journal: BMJ (1914)

Euterostomy witlhout search for the obstruction is only performed bv most surgeons in the very desperate cases, but it lhas been strongly advocated by Elsberg2 as a normal procedure under a large number of circumstances.His argument is this:Gangrene ocCeirs in 15 per cent. of all cases of acute obstruction.If cases of ilitussusception and volvulus, which are usually diagnosable before the abdomen is opened, are excluded, gangrene only occurs in 5 per cent.
Complete Sequence of pABTJ2, A Plasmid from <i>Acinetobacter Baumannii</i> MDR-TJ, Carrying Many Phage-Like Elements
Authors: He Huang, Yan Dong, Zhi-Liang Yang, Hao Luo, Xi Zhang, Feng Gao
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2014)

Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii is an important opportunistic pathogen in hospital, and the multidrug-resistant isolates of A. baumannii have been increasingly reported in recent years. A number of different mechanisms of resistance have been reported, some of which are associated with plasmid-mediated acquisition of genes. Therefore, studies on plasmids in A. baumannii have been a hot issue lately. We have performed complete genome sequencing of A. baumannii MDR-TJ, which is a multidrug-resistant isolate. Finalizing the remaining large scaffold of the previous assembly, we found a new plasmid pABTJ2, which carries many phage-like elements. The plasmid pABTJ2 is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule, which is 110,967 bp in length. We annotated 125 CDSs from pABTJ2 using IMG ER and ZCURVE_V, accounting for 88.28% of the whole plasmid sequence. Many phage-like elements and a tRNA-coding gene were detected in pABTJ2, which is rarely reported among A. baumannii. The tRNA gene is specific for asparagine codon GTT, which may be a small chromosomal sequence picked up through incorrect excision during plasmid formation. The phage-like elements may have been acquired during the integration process, as the GC content of the region carrying phage-like elements was higher than that of the adjacent regions. The finding of phage-like elements and tRNA-coding gene in pABTJ2 may provide a novel insight into the study of A. baumannii pan-plasmidome.
The Breast Cancer Controversy-Reply
Authors: Maurice M. Black
Journal: JAMA (1977)

In Reply. —  I thank Mr Decker for his comments regarding our report on the stage characteristics of breast cancers diagnosed at our institution before and after November 1974. The point at issue was the influence, if any, of the unusual public and professional concern on the stage at diagnosis. Associated with the increased concern was an increased use of mammography and an increased use of diagnostic biopsy. Our study made no attempt to assess the independent influence of mammography on the decision to operate. Our findings indicate that the increased concern was not rewarded by a more favorable stage distribution either in the first six months or subsequently.  Table 2 expands the period of study before and after November 1974. There is no substantial difference between the stage distribution in the different time periods. It is a disconcerting reality that, to date, attempts to control breast cancer by means
Effect of High Intensity Exercise Training on Central Hemodynamic Responses to Exercise in Men With Reduced Left Ventricular Function
Authors: Paul Dubach, Jonathan Myers, Gerald Dziekan, Ute Goebbels, Walter Reinhart, Peter Muller, Peter Buser, Peter Stulz, Paul Vogt, Reto Ratti
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
Delayed effects of accidental cutaneous radiation exposure: fifteen years of follow-up after the chernobyl accident
Authors: Marianna Steinert, Melanie Weiss, Petra Gottlöber, David Belyi, Oleg Gergel, Vladimir Bebeshko, Natalia Nadejina, Irina Galstian, Gerard Wagemaker, Theodor Max Fliedner, Ralf Uwe Peter
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2003)
Lipoproteins in Choline Deficiency
Authors: GEORGE F. WILGRAM, LENA A. LEWIS, J. BLUMENSTEIN
Journal: Circulation Research (1955)

Choline deficiency leads to lipomatous infiltration of the coronary arteries and to aortic sclerosis of the Moenckeberg type in young rats. In this form of experimental cardiovascular disease the total serum cholesterol and the triglyceride-bearing lipoproteins are decreased. The beta-lipoprotein classes are essentially within normal limits. The significance of these findings in particular and of serum lipid values in general as relating to different types of experimental cardiovascular disease is discussed.
Galactosylated cellulosic sponge for multi-well drug safety testing
Authors: Bramasta Nugraha, Xin Hong, Xuejun Mo, Looling Tan, Wenxia Zhang, Po-Mak Chan, Chiang Huen Kang, Yan Wang, Lu Thong Beng, Wanxin Sun, Deepak Choudhury, Jeffrey M. Robens, Michael McMillian, Jose Silva, Shannon Dallas, Choon-Hong Tan, Zhilian Yue, Hanry Yu
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)