tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENZA EPIDEMIC OF 1918: III
Authors: EDWIN O. JORDAN
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Following the analogies suggested by the successful use of prophylactic inoculation against typhoid and some other infections, a similar method was employed to some extent against influenza. The swift onrush of the pandemic, however, left little time for the preparation and development of methods. In some instances the height of the outbreak had passed before prophylactic inoculation was completed or even initiated. In certain localities pure culture vaccines were used; in others, mixed cultures of several bacterial species. For these and other reasons comparable data, indeed valid data, are not abundant. The primary uncertainty as to the nature of the true causal agent was and is a decisive factor. It seems desirable to discuss some of the conditions that determine the reasonableness of conclusions drawn from attempts at protective inoculation (cf., also, McCoy 1919). Other parts of this summary contain many examples of factors that affect the attack rate
Systemic Candidiasis and Endocarditis Due to C. Tropicalis
Authors: N. K. Conn, G. P. Crean, A. F. Maccabe, N. Maclean
Journal: BMJ (1959)

Mucocutaneous candidiasis is a well-recognized com- plication of severe debilitating illness, and has become more common since the widespread use of antibiotics.It may precede systemic candidiasis, which sometimes manifests itself as a septicaemic illness with endocarditis.The following case is reported to emphasize the gravity of this complication and to record an endocardial lesion of unusual nature.Case Report Clinical HistoryThe patient was a woman of 61 who had suffered from dyspepsia for 20 years.Symptoms had been severe for the last 12 months, and on admission to hospital she was grossly undernourished, weighing only 91 lb. (41.277 kg.), and had marked epigastric tenderness.Chronic rheumatoid arthritis affected the fingers, wrists, elbows, shoulders, and knees.A barium-meal examination showed scarring of the duodenal cap and a large gastric ulcer.Urine analysis was normal.Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (E.S.R.) 50 mm.in the first hour (Westergren); erythrocytes 4,400.000per c.mm.; haemoglobin 9.6 g. per 100 ml.; P.C.V. 31%; total and differential white counts normal; plasma albumin 2.3 g. and globulin 2.9 g. per 100 ml.; blood urea nitrogen 11 mg.per 100 ml.A modified Schoemaker type Billroth gastrectomy was performed on June 6, 1957, for a simple gastric ulcer.Fifteen days later she was discharged well, weighing 90 lb.(40.82 kg.) Within two days fever with rigors and vomiting developed, and she was readmitted on July 11.She weighed 85 lb.(38.56 kg.) and looked ill, but no new abnormality was found.Urine analysis on four occasions was normal.W.B.C. 4,600 per c.mm. (neutrophils 57.5%, lymphocytes 33%, monocytes 7.5%, eosinophils 2.0%); E.S.R. 20 mm. in one hour; haemoglobin 13 g.per 100 ml.Radiographs of chest and infradiaphragmatic areas were normal.The fever persisted until July 13 (see Chart).She left hospital against advice on July 15, but had to be readmitted on the 19th because the rigors and vomiting recurred.She looked ill, her temperature was 103°F. (39.4'C.), and her urine contained numerous pus cells.W.B.C. 12,000 per c.mm., E.S.R. 42 mm. in one hour, haemoglobin 15 g. per 100 ml., P.C.V:: 480% ; serum electrolytes normal; blood urea nitrogen 17 mg.per 100 ml.Rehydrating intravenous infusion was maintained for 72 hours, and 1 g.streptomycin and 1 mega unit of penicillin per day were administered for seven days.The fever resolved and her general condition improved.Vomiting persisted, however, for the following four weeks, and a laparotomy was performed on August 16.The stoma was found to be narrowed by a plaque of fibrous tissue projecting into the lumen, and the obstruction was success- fully relieved.There was no evidence of intra-abdominal sepsis.Throughout the time from her admission on July 19 until her death 57 days later pus cells were constantly found in BRiTIS
Nitric oxide production in arterial vessels of cirrhotic rats
Authors: Josefa Ros, Wladimiro Jiménez, Santiago Lamas, Joan Clària, Vicente Arroyo, Francisca Rivera, Joan Rodés
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Indirect evidence exists implicating vascular nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of arterial vasodilation in cirrhosis. In the current study, a coincubation assay to estimate the vascular nitric oxide production was developed and the nitric oxide production by arterial segments of cirrhotic and control rats was assessed. In the assay, measurement of reporter monolayer cell-associated cGMP levels allows the influence of nitric oxide released by arterial segments to be determined. RFL-6 cells served as reporter cells. Nitric oxide production was determined in thoracic aorta and mesenteric arteries of 22 control rats, 10 cirrhotic rats without ascites, and 12 cirrhotic rats with ascites. Basal and bradykinin-stimulated (10(-6) mol/L) intracellular content of nitric oxide-dependent cGMP was significantly higher in RFL-6 cells coincubated with aortic segments of cirrhotic rats with (21.3 +/- 3.6 pmol/10(5) cells, P < .05 and 44.7 +/- 7.0 pmol/10(5) cells, P < .025) and without ascites (15.3 +/- 3.0 pmol/10(5) cells, P < .05 and 43.2 +/- 7.6 pmol/10(5) cells, P < .05) than in those incubated with aortic segments of control rats (9.7 +/- 1.3 and 19.5 +/- 2.5 pmol/10(5) cells). RFL-6 cells exposed to bradykinin-stimulated mesenteric arterial segments of cirrhotic rats also showed increased cGMP content (ascitic: 2.73 +/- 0.31 pmol/10(5) cells, P < .005; nonascitic: 2.58 +/- 0.51 pmol/10(5) cells, P < .025) compared with cells exposed to control mesenteric arterial segments (1.28 +/- 0.15 pmol/10(5) cells). No differences between cirrhotic and control vessels were observed after endothelium denudation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transvenous Mitral Valve Replacement After Failure of Surgical Ring Annuloplasty
Authors: Dominique Himbert, Fleur Descoutures, Eric Brochet, Bernard Iung, Delphine Détaint, David Messika-Zeitoun, Soleiman Alkhoder, Lea Mimoun, Martina Sordi, Jean-Pol Depoix, Gregory Ducrocq, Patrick Nataf, Alec Vahanian
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
What is the point? Concepts, description, and rigid designation
Authors: Bradley Franks, Nick Braisby
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Millikan's nondescriptionist approach applies an account of meaning to concepts in terms of designation. The essentialism that provides the principal grounds for rigid designation, however, receives no empirical support from concepts. Whatever the grounding, this view not only faces the problems of rigid designation in theories of meaning, it also calls for a role for pragmatics more consonant with descriptionist theories of concepts.
Tighter control on GPs to follow doctor's murder convictions
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Tighter controls on the way that GPs practise are certain to follow the conviction this week of Dr Harold Shipman, the most prolific serial killer in British criminal history. The health secretary, Alan Milburn, announced an inquiry into failures in the system that allowed the 54 year old doctor to murder his patients at will.

The Greater Manchester family doctor will die in prison after receiving 15 life sentences for murdering 15 of his middle aged and elderly women patients by lethal injections of diamorphine. …
THE NECESSITY OF FIXED CRITERIA IN THE STUDY OF THE THERAPEUTICS OF TUBERCULOSIS.
Authors: LOUIS FAUGÈRES BISHOP
Journal: JAMA (1897)

There is nothing more trying in the search after truth in therapeutics than the absence of fixed criteria. Much as this is felt in every department of medicine, in the field of tuberculosis it becomes fairly disheartening. The therapeutics of tuberculosis has been so widely extended with really so few points at which it has been advanced, that we need above all things at the present time to study it in general, apart from its application to single cases. In other departments of human knowledge there are works that take up a subject itself apart from its relations. There is a grammar of grammars. There is a chemic philosophy. There are books on pure mathematics. Some one is needed who, abstracting himself from the advocacy of any particular method, will lay down a standard to which all methods can be brought for measurement. It is not intended at the present
Hernia Repair Without Disability
Authors: Douglas A. Farmer
Journal: JAMA (1971)

Dr. Lichtenstein's monograph on hernia repair is a valuable contribution not only for the practicing surgeon but also for the student and surgical house staff. The text is succinct, brief, readily understandable, and well-illustrated both with original drawing and with numerous well-selected redrawings adapted from the work of other authorities. He emphasizes the value of local anesthesia and its lack of complications, and he presents a very clear step-by-step description of his own technique of field block. In describing the classical types of operative treatment, he discusses many important key principles in hernia repair. The method of repair he advocates for inguinal hernia, direct or indirect, is essentially the Halstead technique in which he approximates the transversus abdominis aponeurosis to the iliopubic tract and the shelving portion of the inguinal ligament with strong nonabsorbable sutures and closes external oblique fascia beneath the cord. A controversial point in Dr. Lichtenstein's technique
The Electrophysiologic Effects of Lidocaine in Patients with Intraventricular Conduction Defects
Authors: F. KUNKEL, M. ROWLAND, M. M. SCHEINMAN
Journal: Circulation (1974)

A 6 mg/kg lidocaine infusion was administered (over 22 min) to 10 patients with the electrocardiographic findings of bundle branch block. His bundle electrograms, heart rate, blood pressure, and plasma lidocaine levels were obtained before, every 5 min during, and for 20 min after the infusion was terminated. Control atrioventricular nodal conduction time (AH) was prolonged in two patients (130-175 msec) and infranodal conduction time was abnormally prolonged in four (60-100 msec). Therapeutic lidocaine levels were achieved in all patients and peak levels ranged from 3.3-11.0 µg/ml. No significant changes in mean heart rate, blood pressure, AH, His-Purkinje conduction time, or QRS duration were noted between control values and during or after the lidocaine infusion. Toxic central nervous system side effects including somnolence, dysarthria, and euphoria were noted in five subjects. Therapeutic levels of lidocaine were effective in the eradication of premature ventricular beats and safe in the sense that no higher degrees of atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction block were found; however, mild symptoms of central nervous system toxicity were commonly observed.
Geriatrics in isolation.
Authors: N K Chakravorty
Journal: BMJ (1977)

ceptives, usually condoms and spermicides, are provided with these free of charge.If we could avoid the need to use two forms of contraception at the same time this would result in a considerable saving of money to the NHS, but above all it would relieve couples from the nuisance and inconvenience of having to use mechanical contraceptives, which so many of them dislike.
Self-inflicted injury: a follow-up study of 43 patients.
Authors: I Sneddon, J Sneddon
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Forty-three patients, 38 women and 5 men, with self-inflicted skin lesions were studied. Thirty-three were followed up for up to 22 years. In most cases dermatitis artefacta was only one incident in a long history of psychogenic illness. Of the 43 patients, 13 (30%), 12 women and one man, continued to produce lesions or were disabled with other psychiatric disorders more than 12 years after the onset of symptoms. Prognosis was difficult but recovery seemed to occur when the patient9s life circumstances changed rather than as a result of treatment.
P2-093: The quantification of the catalytic subunit of telomerase in plasma is a prognostic factor in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients
Authors: Rafael Sirera, Carlos Camps, Mireia Muñoz-Navarro, Ana Blasco, María José Safont, Vega Iranzo, Cristina Baballero, Ramón de las Peñas, Miquel Tarón, Rafael Rosell
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
repp86 Expression and Outcome in Patients With Neuroblastoma
Authors: Matthias Krams, Hans-Juergen Heidebrecht, Barbara Hero, Frank Berthold, Dieter Harms, Reza Parwaresch, Pierre Rudolph
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

Given the well-known challenges of neuroblastoma prognosis, we investigated whether the expression of restrictedly expressed proliferation-associated protein of 86 kDa theoretical molecular mass (repp86), a proliferation-associated protein expressed in S, G2, and M phases of the cell cycle, correlates with the clinical outcome in patients with neuroblastoma.161 children with different stages of neuroblastoma were studied; the median follow-up time was 72.8 months. The patients were staged according to the International Neuroblastoma Staging System, and histologic grading of the tumors was performed according to the criteria of Hughes and those of the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification. The MYCN gene copy number was determined by Southern blot analysis or fluorescence in situ-hybridization, and repp86 expression was assessed immunohistochemically by means of monoclonal antibody Ki-S2 on paraffin sections from archival tumor samples.A repp86 labeling index (RI) of more than 10% positive tumor cells significantly predicted a shortened disease-free interval and an increased tumor mortality (both P <.0001). Moreover, the RI allowed the identification of patients with favorable and adverse prognosis in subsets defined by stage, grade, age, and MYCN status. In a multivariate analysis, the RI emerged as the most important predictor of event-free and disease-specific survival with hazard ratios of 11.7 and 10.5, respectively (both P <.0001).It seems that repp86 expression is closely associated with the biologic behavior of neuroblastoma. Assessment of the RI might, therefore, considerably refine prognostic models.
Usefulness of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in the management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Groupe de Recherche et d'Etude du Syndrome de Zollinger-Ellison (GRESZE).
Authors: G Cadiot, G Bonnaud, R Lebtahi, L Sarda, P Ruszniewski, D Le Guludec, M Mignon
Journal: Gut (1997)

Management of patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES) depends on the presence of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) or liver metastases, or both. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) detects previously unknown endocrine tumours.To evaluate SRS findings susceptible to modifying the management of patients with ZES-that is, relevant findings, and the specificity of these findings. The latter were defined according to our current therapeutic strategy in three subgroups of patients (sporadic, MEN 1, and liver metastases).85 consecutive patients without known extra-abdominal metastases were studied between September 1991 and March 1996.Relevant findings were found in 41% of 49 patients with sporadic disease but without liver metastases, in 22% of 18 patients with MEN 1 but without liver metastases, and in 17% of 18 patients with liver metastases. Follow up was available for 20 (74%) of 27 patients who had 23 relevant findings. Nineteen relevant findings (83%) were confirmed at a median of three (range 0.25-45) months of follow up; four (17%) were not confirmed at 30 (range 12-52) months (p = 0.025). Findings located in the duodenopancreatic area (90%), chest (100%), bone (100%), and liver (60%) were confirmed. Most findings for patients with MEN 1 involved the chest.SRS detects many anomalies susceptible to modifying management of patients with ZES, especially in those with sporadic disease. The specificity of hot spots located outside the liver seems very high. By contrast, the specificity of hot spots located in the liver remains to be evaluated when conventional imaging is negative.
Erlotinib at a Dose of 25 mg Daily for Non-small Cell Lung Cancers with EGFR Mutations
Authors: Wee-Lee Yeo, Gregory J. Riely, Beow Y. Yeap, Michelle W. Lau, Jeremy L. Warner, Kelly Bodio, Mark S. Huberman, Mark G. Kris, Daniel G. Tenen, William Pao, Susumu Kobayashi, Daniel B. Costa
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Talampicillin: a new derivative of ampicillin.
Authors: D A Leigh, D S Reeves, K Simmons, A L Thomas, P J Wilkinson
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Talampicillin is a thiazolide carboxylic ester of ampicillin and is hydrolysed in the intestinal mucosa to release free ampicillin. The mean peak serum concentration of ampicillin occurred one hour after a dose of talampicillin and was about twice that attained by an equivalent dose of ampicillin. The presence of food in the stomach reduced and delayed the peak blood levels but did not affect the total amount of antibiotic absorbed or the urinary recovery. Talampicillin had less effect on the faecal flora in volunteers than ampicillin, and no overgrowth with Candida spp or Staphylococcus aureus was seen. Thirty-eight out of 47 urinary infections were eradicated by a seven-day course of talampicillin.
CLINICAL IMPACT OF SECOND-GENERATION EVEROLIMUS-ELUTING STENTS COMPARED WITH FIRST-GENERATION DRUG-ELUTING STENTS IN DIABETIC PATIENTS UNDERGOING MULTIVESSEL PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
Authors: Lakshmana Pendyala, Joshua Loh, Rebecca Torguson, Lowell Satler, Sa'ar Minha, Nevin Baker, Ricardo Escarcega Alarcon, Hideaki Ota, Augusto Pichard, Ron Waksman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
The California Physicians' Assistants Law
Authors: William J. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

IN September of this year, Governor Reagan of California signed into law the nation's most complete and most comprehensive "physicians' assistants" law.1 It goes considerably beyond any other state statute in this new and growing field in providing a firm legal foundation for the development of such programs. It also provides protection to the public by assuring that a responsible state agency is overseeing the program and regulating the entry of qualified, well trained "assistants" into practice.It was indicated at a recent public legislative hearing in New York that there are currently over 200 training programs in this country . . .
Trends in the prevalence of asthma in Scottish and English primary school children 1982-92.
Authors: R J Rona, S Chinn, P G Burney
Journal: Thorax (1995)

Some doubts exist as to whether the increase in the prevalence of asthma is real or an artefact. The 10 year trend of asthma up to 1993 in England and Scotland was therefore assessed.Information on asthma and bronchitis attacks, occasional wheeze, and persistent wheeze in the last 12 months, was obtained using a self administered questionnaire completed by the parents. Exactly the same questions were asked in 14 study areas in Scotland and 22 study areas in England in 1982 or 1983 and in 1992 or 1993 in 5-11 year old children.The numbers of children with data for all respiratory illness were 5556 (85.2%) and 5801 (87.1%) in England and 3748 (90.4%) and 3738 (90.4%) in Scotland in 1982 and 1992, respectively. There was a significant increase in asthma attacks (approximately three times more in 1992 than in 1982) and occasional wheeze (30-60% more in 1992 than in 1982) in both sexes in England and Scotland. Persistent wheeze also increased in both countries, but the increase was significant only in England (30-40% more in 1992 than in 1982).The study coincides with others that suggest that the increased prevalence of asthma may be due, in part, to changes in diagnostic behaviour. However, the continuing increase of persistent wheeze in the total sample suggests that part of the increase is real. There was no difference in the increase of persistent wheeze between Scotland and England, but the trend was only significant in England.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Russell L. Haden, Thomas G. Orr
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

A study of the non-protein nitrogen, urea nitrogen, uric acid, creatinine, amino-acid nitrogen, sugar, and chlorides of the blood and the CO(2)-combining power of the plasma in normal dogs, and in dogs after different types of intestinal obstruction, is reported. Following ligation of the duodenum, ligation of the duodenum with gastroenterostomy, and ligation of the upper half of the ileum, a fall in chlorides and a rise in the non-protein nitrogen and urea nitrogen of the blood and in the CO(2)-combining power of the plasma occur. The uric acid, creatinine, amino-acid nitrogen, and sugar show no significant changes. The fundamental change is a fall in chlorides followed by an alkalosis. The degree of alkalosis depends upon the rate of formation of carbonate, rate of excretion by the kidneys, and extent of neutralization of the carbonate by acid bodies formed during the intoxication. The fall in chlorides is probably due to a utilization of the chlorine ion in the course of the intoxication. It is suggested that this use of chlorine is a protective measure on the part of the body. There are indications that high intestinal obstruction should not be treated by the administration of alkalies. The urea nitrogen is a good index of the protein destruction. Ligation of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is followed by little increase in nitrogen and no change in the chlorides or CO(2)-combining power of the plasma. The close similarity of the blood findings in intestinal obstruction, acute lobar pneumonia, and serum disease suggests that these widely different conditions may have a common chemical basis.
Treatment of leukemia with large doses of methotrexate and folinic acid: clinical-biochemical correlates
Authors: William M. Hryniuk, Joseph R. Bertino
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

Patients with acute leukemia were given repeated cycles consisting of infusions of methotrexate followed by "rescue" with folinic acid. Peripheral blood leukemic cells were harvested from patients before cyclical treatment, and the rates of incorporation of thymidine and of deoxyuridine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were measuared in vitro. There was no relationship between the pretreatment incorporation of either deoxynucleoside into DNA and the clinical response to therapy. Methotrexate suppressed deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA by the leukemic blasts in vitro, but the patients whose cells were most sensitive to this effect did not necessarily go into remission when treated. Leukemic cells were sampled during methotrexate infusions and the deoxynucleoside incorporation rates were determined. Thymidine incorporation into DNA was variably affected. If, by the end of the first infusion, it remained elevated, remission rarely followed, whereas if it was below the pretreatment value, remission was much more likely. In all cases, deoxyuridine incorporation was suppressed during the infusion. The greatest suppression occurred in patients who went on to remission, but the suppression did not correlate with that expected from pretreatment in vitro tests unless due weight was given to the concomitant effects of the methotrexate therapy on thymidine incorporation. Leukemic blasts surviving successive cycles of therapy became progressively more resistant to the suppressing effects of methotrexate in vitro. This resistance became especially marked in the blasts of patients who did not go into remission. During methotrexate infusions, inhibition of leukemic cell dihydrofolate reductase activity was greatest in blasts of patients whose disease subsequently remitted.