tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Identification of an IFN-γ/mast cell axis in a mouse model of chronic asthma
Authors: Mang Yu, Michael R. Eckart, Alexander A. Morgan, Kaori Mukai, Atul J. Butte, Mindy Tsai, Stephen J. Galli
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Asthma is considered a Th2 cell–associated disorder. Despite this, both the Th1 cell–associated cytokine IFN-γ and airway neutrophilia have been implicated in severe asthma. To investigate the relative contributions of different immune system components to the pathogenesis of asthma, we previously developed a model that exhibits several features of severe asthma in humans, including airway neutrophilia and increased lung IFN-γ. In the present studies, we tested the hypothesis that IFN-γ regulates mast cell function in our model of chronic asthma. Engraftment of mast cell–deficient KitW(-sh/W-sh) mice, which develop markedly attenuated features of disease, with wild-type mast cells restored disease pathology in this model of chronic asthma. However, disease pathology was not fully restored by engraftment with either IFN-γ receptor 1–null (Ifngr1–/–) or Fcε receptor 1γ–null (Fcer1g–/–) mast cells. Additional analysis, including gene array studies, showed that mast cell expression of IFN-γR contributed to the development of many FcεRIγ-dependent and some FcεRIγ-independent features of disease in our model, including airway hyperresponsiveness, neutrophilic and eosinophilic inflammation, airway remodeling, and lung expression of several cytokines, chemokines, and markers of an alternatively activated macrophage response. These findings identify a previously unsuspected IFN-γ/mast cell axis in the pathology of chronic allergic inflammation of the airways in mice.
Hemoperfusion to Treat Intoxications
Authors: JONATHAN A. LORCH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

Hemoperfusion is being increasingly proposed and used for the treatment of a large variety of exogenous intoxications. This procedure has been shown to achieve high clearance rates of most common intoxicants, and case reports have claimed that its application has been, on occasion, life-saving. We tabulated our experience in the treatment of 94 consecutive patients with severe intoxications who were treated with supportive management only; this group constituted 25% of all patients admitted with a diagnosis of drug overdose. Of the 94 patients only one died; all others were discharged without sequelae resulting from the intoxication or its complications; only 21% required more than a 48-hour stay in the intensive care unit. We propose that supportive management must remain the mainstay of therapy even in severely intoxicated patients; with few exceptions, hemoperfusion must be considered an as yet unproven form of therapy; further controlled studies are necessary to establish its range of indications, potential benefits, and cost effectiveness.
Abnormal Tc-99m MDP Skeletal Muscle Tomoscintigraphic Images Characterizing a Case of Severe Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: J F BOUVIER, C AUBOYER, P CHAUVOT, J VARENNES, P REBATTU, R JOSPE, B E LAHNECHE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1985)

Abnormal Tc-99m MDP skeletal muscular images were obtained from a 39-year-old alcoholic sailor who was suffering from acute renal failure with hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. Severe rhabdomyolysis was proved by increases of creatine phosphokinase, other muscle enzymes, and myoglobinemia serum level. Whole body tomoscintigraphy was requested to detect a possible bone abscess. Images suggested the diagnosis because they corresponded to muscular groups and were large and symmetrical. Post mortem examination after esopheal varix bursting confirmed the rhabdomyolysis and the alcoholic cirrhosis of the liver, which was atrophied. Hypocalcemia could be attributed to calcium deposits in the involved muscles.
THE MENACE OF "SILENT" OVARIAN CARCINOMA
Authors: H. S. CROSSEN
Journal: JAMA (1942)

By silent I mean without symptoms—without any indication to the patient that a serious process is present. Patient after patient is seen with an extensive growth of long duration but with only a short period of local symptoms. The first visit to the physician shows a large growth or ascitic fluid from peritoneal carcinosis. The advancing carcinoma causes only such minor disturbances that the patient hardly notices them. Thinking back, when questioned, she recalls that the abdomen has been a little larger for a year or so or that there was bloating or some frequency of urination, but only in the last few weeks was there enough disturbance to make her feel that perhaps an examination was advisable. Some examples from my experience will serve to illustrate the point.  REPORT OF CASES  Mrs. S., aged 56, had a gradual loss of weight for two years but no local symptoms till
SOME CLINICAL ASPECTS OF TUBERCULAR PERITONITIS.
Authors: JOSEPH EICHBERG
Journal: JAMA (1903)

Among the many startling results that have followed the introduction of laparotomy, exploratory or curative, none shows a more decided departure from beliefs of a former generation than the present attitude of the profession with regard to tubercular peritonitis. The surprising clinical fact, recorded by Sir Spencer Wells, that a case of tubercular peritonitis, accidentally opened under a mistaken diagnosis of ovarian tumor, should not only recover from the immediate effect of the operation, but promptly go on to apparent recovery, and end in perfect restoration to health was so anomalous a history that it savored of the miraculous. This was before the days of bacteriology, and while the battle as to the single or dual nature of tuberculosis was a great pathologic issue. With the knowledge of the bacillus as the one essential feature in causation, and with the great advance in surgical technic, the pathologic
Expression of <i>ΔDNMT3B</i> Variants and Its Association with Promoter Methylation of <i>p16</i> and <i>RASSF1A</i> in Primary Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Jie Wang, Garret Walsh, Diane D. Liu, J. Jack Lee, Li Mao
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Despite the role of DNMT3B in de novo DNA methylation, a correlation between DNMT3B expression and promoter DNA methylation has not being established in tumors. We recently reported DeltaDNMT3B, a subfamily of DNMT3B, with seven variants, as the predominant expression forms in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We hypothesized that expression of the DeltaDNMT3B variants plays a role in promoter methylation formation during lung tumorigenesis. Expression of seven DeltaDNMT3B variants was measured in 119 NSCLCs and the corresponding normal lungs using reverse transcription-PCR. The expression patterns of DeltaDNMT3B variants were analyzed with the status of p16 and RASSF1A promoter methylation in the tumors as well as in patients' clinical variables, including outcomes. Expression of DeltaDNMT3B variants was detected in 94 of 119 (80%) tumors but in only 22 (18%) of the corresponding normal lungs (P < 0.0001). DeltaDNMT3B1, DeltaDNMT3B2, and DeltaDNMT3B4 were the most frequently detected transcripts in the tumors (62%, 76%, and 46%, respectively). The expression of DeltaDNMT3B variants was associated with p16 and RASSF1A promoter methylation in the tumors, but the strongest association was between DeltaDNMT3B4 and RASSF1A. Forty-two of 46 (91%) tumors with RASSF1A promoter methylation expressed DeltaDNMT3B4 compared with only 13 of 73 (18%) tumors without the promoter methylation (P < 0.0001). Strong associations were also observed between expression of the variants in the tumors and in patients' clinical outcomes. Expression of DeltaDNMT3B variants is common in NSCLC and may play an important role in the development of promoter methylation.
Restricted expression of ecotropic virus by thymocytes of leukemia-resistant (AKR X NZB)F1 mice.
Authors: S K Datta, R S Schwartz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

AKR mice, which produce high titers of ecotropic virus, were crossed with NZB mice, which produce titers of xenotropic virus. Spleen, marrow, and lymph node cells of the F1 hybrid produced high titers of ecotropic and xenotropic viruses. However, expression of ecotropic virus by both thymus cells and peripheral T cells of the F1 was severely restricted. Despite simultaneous expression of ecotorpic and xenotropic viruses in F1 spleens, lymph nodes, and marrows evidence for recombinant viruses was not found. Such viruses were also undetectable in the F1 thymuses. The results indicate that a cellular mechanism, present in AKR thymus but lacking in the F1 influences virus expression and the formation of recombinant viruses. This may account for the low incidence of leukemia in the F1 hybrid.
Successful Tc-99m MIBI Imaging of Recurrent Hyperparathyroidism in Parathyroid Autotransplanted Patients
Authors: ATSUSHI KUBO, KAYOKO NAKAMURA, OSAMU KAWAGUCHI, SHOJI SATAKE, HIROSHI TAKAMI
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1997)

Patients with hyperparathyroidism who undergo total parathyroidectomy may have parathyroid tissue autotransplantation in the forearm or sternocleidomastoid muscle. Hyperparathyroidism may recur because of hyperfunction of the transplanted parathyroid tissue or parathyroid remnant. The authors report two examples of the use of Tc-99m MIBI in the diagnostic work-up of patients with recurrent hyperparathyroidism after parathyroid autotransplantation. Tc-99m MIBI imaging demonstrated abnormal focal accumulation in the autotransplant in one case and in an ectopic gland in the mediastinum in another case.
THE VALUE OF ORGANIZED SURGERY TO THE POOR SURGICAL RISK
Authors: FRANK H. LAHEY
Journal: JAMA (1925)

The progress of surgery within the last few years has been extraordinary. It has been accomplished through the discovery and development of asepsis, antisepsis and anesthesia. These three factors made possible any operative procedure that was practicable with the persistence of human life. A virgin field was thrown open for exploration and development, and out of this development have come to us our present magnificent surgical resources.  It seems possible to us, however, that we are unjustifiably complacent over our past accomplishments and present possibilities. If we critically observe our present position in surgery, we cannot fail to be impressed with the fact that the field for development of new procedures and new methods is no longer virgin; that progress from now on for a time, unless some revolutionary principles not now apparent appear, will be slow compared with that of the last generation, and that we must for some
Hernia into the Umbilical Cord
Authors: Walter H. Lane
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

EXOMPHALOS means umbilical hernia and also hernia into the umbilical cord. This is a misnomer. Under the generic name "hernia," a protrusion of a hernial sac is implied, consisting of peritoneum. As shown below, no such sac was found in the case under discussion since the umbilicus is an anatomic landmark that is formed post partum. The term "entomphalos" is proposed for what is actually an antenatal disease, for the contents of the sac were probably never within the abdomen.The gross anatomy of the umbilicus must be appreciated if the pathology of umbilical hernia is to be understood. When . . .
Is paracetamol hepatotoxic at normal doses?
Authors: N. D. Moore, E. Gulmez, P. Blin
Journal: BMJ (2013)

We note that the number of registrations for hepatic transplantation for paracetamol overdose found in SALT (Study of Acute Liver Transplantation) in the UK1—63 cases in 2005-07 (5.25 cases per quarter)—was the same as that reported by Hawton and colleagues.2

However, in the UK and …
53 mutation hotspot in radon-associated lung cancer
Authors: TomK. Hei, Joel Bedford, CharlesA. Waldren, JackA. Taylor, Marshall Anderson
Journal: The Lancet (1994)

Mutations in gene p53 are the most common defects in lung cancer and may be a pathway through which environmental carcinogens initiate cancer. We investigated p53 mutations in lung cancers from uranium miners with high radon exposure. 16 (31%) of 52 large-cell and squamous-cell cancers from miners contained the same AGG to ATG transversion at codon 249, including cancers from 3 or 5 miners who had never smoked. This specific mutation has been reported in only 1 of 241 published p53 mutations from lung cancers. The codon 249 mutation may be a marker for radon-induced lung cancer.
The immunopharmacology of skin inflammation: the future is already here!
Authors: M.W. Greaves
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2000)

To discuss it effectively, this topic should be examined from the standpoint of where we have come from, where we are now, and where we are heading in the future. Insights into immunopharmacological pathomechanisms are also relevant to both non‐immune and immunological inflammatory skin disease. Therefore strategies consequent upon these insights are often applicable to both types of inflammation in skin. Up to the 1980s skin inflammation was viewed as a reaction to activation of several cell types, including mast cells, eosinophils, neutrophils and mononuclear cells. These cellular ‘powder‐kegs’ discharge their content of mediators in response to immunological, microbial, chemical and physical activation stimuli. Reactions to these mediators include vasopermeability and vasodilation, pain, itch and local accumulation of inflammatory cells at the site—the main components of the inflammatory response. As corticosteroids have proven effective in suppressing most of these pathophysiological events they continue to occupy a central role in anti‐inflammatory skin therapy. However, the well‐recognized price which must be paid includes severe systemic toxicity after prolonged use.
NICE--National Institute of Coordinated Experiments
Authors: D. A White
Journal: BMJ (2008)

C S Lewis’s fantasy book That Hideous Strength , published in 1945, centres on a controversial scientific and medical organisation called NICE, which promised to transform the wellbeing of people in Britain.

Lewis’s NICE—the National Institute of Coordinated Experiments—emphasised its independence from the British parliament. It had some boffins running the show thinking they knew best for the general population. Its workings were secretive, yet it asked the …
Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor-γ Agonist, Attenuates Left Ventricular Remodeling and Failure After Experimental Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Tetsuya Shiomi, Hiroyuki Tsutsui, Shunji Hayashidani, Nobuhiro Suematsu, Masaki Ikeuchi, Jing Wen, Minako Ishibashi, Toru Kubota, Kensuke Egashira, Akira Takeshita
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background— Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ activators have recently been implicated as regulators of cellular proliferation and inflammatory response such as cytokine expression. Because proinflammatory cytokines play a critical role in left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI), we examined the effects of pioglitazone treatment in an experimental model of chronic heart failure. Methods and Results— Mice with extensive anterior MI were treated with placebo or pioglitazone (3 mg · kg −1 · d −1 ) as a dietary supplement for 4 weeks starting 6 hours after surgery. Infarct size and glucose levels were similar among all groups. LV cavity dilatation and dysfunction by echocardiography were significantly attenuated in MI mice given pioglitazone. LV end-diastolic pressure was increased in MI mice and was significantly reduced by pioglitazone treatment. Pioglitazone partially normalized LV dP/dt max and dP/dt min , indices of LV contractile function, which were significantly reduced in MI mice. Improvement of LV function by pioglitazone was accompanied by a decrease in myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis and a reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 genes in the noninfarcted LV from MI mice. LV inducible nitric oxide synthase and gelatinase B protein levels were increased in MI and were not altered by pioglitazone treatment. Conclusions— Pioglitazone improved LV remodeling and function in mice with post-MI heart failure. This effect was associated with an attenuated LV expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ ligands have promise as preventive and therapeutic agents against heart failure.
Obesity, Social Class, and Mental Illness
Authors: Mary E. Moore
Journal: JAMA (1962)

The relationship between obesity and mental health was investigated, using data obtained from 1,660 persons selected as representative of 110,000 inhabitants of a residential area of New York City. In addition to confirming the previously noted relationship between obesity and age, preliminary analysis revealed a striking relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status of origin. The prevalence of obesity was 7 times higher among women reared in the lowest social class category as compared with those reared in the highest category. Scores made by the obese respondents on 9 mental health indices were compared with scores made by individuals of average weight. The obese respondents made more pathological scores on 8 of the 9 measures and on 3 of these the difference was statistically significant ("immaturity," "rigidity," and "suspiciousness").
Vitamins During Pregnancy and Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Norman C. Nevin
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>Tb the Editor.—</h3> We were interested to read the article by Milunsky et al,<sup>1</sup>which demonstrated that multivitamins with folic acid, taken in the first 6 weeks of pregnancy, are associated with a significant reduction in the birth prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs). We congratulate the authors on a fine piece of work. This prospective population occurrence study complements well the intervention study by ourselves and our colleagues,<sup>2</sup>which has consistently shown a reduced recurrence of NTDs in at-risk women specifically given multivitamins and folic acid supplementation in the periconceptional period. Milunsky et al note that their results differ from a retrospective case-control study by Mills et al,<sup>2</sup>which showed no positive effect on NTDs of periconceptional multivitamins, and they suggest two reasons. We wish to propose a third, the evidence for which we find apparent in our study. The effects of vitamin therapy are more
Prevention of Vibrio vulnificus Infections
Authors: Eric Mouzin
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Vibrio vulnificus-related disease caused by eating contaminated raw oysters prompted California to implement regulatory educational initiatives in 1991.To assess California guidelines and education efforts with regard to the prevention of V. vulnificus infections in Los Angeles County and to evaluate compliance with state regulations mandating posting of warning signs concerning risks of eating raw oysters.Review of epidemiologic investigations of V. vulnificus infections in Los Angeles County between 1993 and 1995; telephone interviews of patients or surrogates; and a survey of restaurants serving raw oysters in Los Angeles County.General community.Prior warning of patients and posting of warning signs in restaurants.Recent cases of V. vulnificus infections in Los Angeles County suggest that a unique, vulnerable group (uninsured Hispanic men with viral or alcoholic liver disease) has not been reached through education efforts. Of a total of 11 cases, information regarding being warned about the hazard of eating raw shellfish was available for 8; of these, only 1 case was reported as having been warned, but he had misunderstood the preventive message. Warning signs were not posted adequately in more than 50% of restaurants surveyed and one third of these establishments had signs in English only. Warnings were never located on dining tables and rarely included in menus.A more effective strategy is required to prevent V.vulnificus infections in Los Angeles County.
Midwifery and Gynaecology in 1800
Authors: G. E. Herman
Journal: BMJ (1900)

keeper" was a whip, which he used at discretion, and in Hogarth's pictures of Bedlam the keeper is depicted with a whip stuck in his belt.This practice was still continued in I8oo."Keepers" were allowed, and even encouraged, to retaliate upon violent patients; and even George III, the revered Father of the people, who was rarely spoken of but with slavish adulation, was not only repeatedly put into a strait-waistcoat, but on at least one occasion was knocked down " as ffat as a flounder " by his keeper.This was told by an eyewitness to Dr. Paul of Camberwell, who died in I899.MEDICAL TREATMENT OF INSANITY.The medical! treatment of insanity was in intelligence and humanity much on a par with the mechanical.Dr. T. Munro, who was physician to Bethlem in I8oo, has thus de- scribed it: " Patients are ordered to be bled about the latter end of May, according to the weather; after they have been bled they take vomits once a week for a certain number ot weeks; after that we purge the patients.That has been the practice invariably for years, long before my time; it was handed down to me by my father, and I do not know any better practice."The venesections were not scamped.In acute mania 30 or 4o ounces were drawn at a time, and this was followed by the application of 20 or 30 leeches to the temples.Sir Everard Home advised that George III should be bled till he fainted, but the king flatly refused this mode of treatment, and the court physician had to content himself with an abundance of leeches.The other remedies employed were hellebore, setons, issues, blisters to the head and legs, opium, camphor, musk, medicated snuffe, ice and snow to the head, and music.
AN IDEAL OPERATION FOR TOTAL PROLAPSE OF UTERUS
Authors: SAMUEL WYLLIS BANDLER
Journal: JAMA (1910)

sis and treatment of gastric ulcer, with which lie really had nothing to do.Ho comes to us presenting a careful pathologic study which he hopes may throw some light on the question of the factors which enter into the development of carcinoma.He has shown us that in a considerable pro¬ portion of the cases in which the disease has developed, and which have followed ulcer of the stomach, certain things take place and which are very significant.We must recog¬ nize them as being significant too.Dr. Wilson has presented studies which certainly will throw some light on this problem as to what is the cause of gastric cancer.With regard to the diagnosis and treatment of ulcer of the stomach, and the question as to what we are going to do about it, this certainly is not Dr. Wilson's affair; that is our quarrel.But jilease let us be just to Dr. Wilson and show appreciation for the work that ho has done and is doing for us.Da. Louis B. Wilson, Rochester, Minn.: No doubt there are cases of cancer of the alimentary canal that have occurred without any previous epithelial segregation.We have one such, a case of carcinoma of the stomach.We have also 5 cases of carcinoma or ulcer of the stomach in which there is a proliferation, or beginning inversion of the epithelium, but I am not prepared to say that they are cases of carcin¬ oma.Every case that I have shown to-day and 183 out of our 180 showed carcinoma in the glands or walls of the stomach.From a pathologic standpoint we are changing our methods of diagnosis.We used to wait until a "lump" was discovered before' we diagnosed the case as one of carcinoma of the stomach.This we no longer do.We should not criti¬ cize Dr. Hall too severely for his statement that 08 per cent, of the cases resected for ulcer showed cancerous changes.Few known ulcers are excised and there arc many in which the surgeon is doubtful as to the diagnosis.The relation¬ ship between carcinoma and ulcer so far as we can show is that in many chronic ulcers there is a segregation of epithe¬ lium on which carcinoma may develop.Not every person who is exposed to typhoid develops that disease; nor does every person who has been exposed to diphtheria develop diphtheria.The same statement may apply to epithelial segregation.But when wo do encounter carcinoma, in the majority of cases there will be found to have been previous epithelial segregation.As to what shall be done with those Uicers.that is for the surgeon, and not for the pathologist, to decide.