tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Guarding the Guardians: A Conference on Editorial Peer Review
Authors: Drummond Rennie
Journal: JAMA (1986)

What do we have here? A terse American, a terser Briton, and a positively gushing Latin? Or three scientists, two of whom are plagiarizing the third? It is more likely that these three were merely stating the obvious: that as no one knows research has occurred unless its results are published, publication is central to the research enterprise. If they could have seen what progress would be made in the scientific technologies, each of these three might have anticipated that their successors would have subjected the operations of the biomedical literature to searching inquiry. The system has improved and expanded to include many thousands of journals and an efficient apparatus for indexing and retrieving their contents. Yet, while there are fine descriptive studies of the system, inquiries have so far failed to deal adequately with its most crucial part, peer review—the process by which scientists evaluate each others' work to
Oxytetracycline-Induced Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Nicholas G. Kounis
Journal: JAMA (1975)

PURPURIC reactions resulting from the use of tetracyclines appear to be rare. Oxytetracycline-induced vascular purpura without thrombocytopenia has been reported before,<sup>1</sup>but oxytetracycline-induced thrombocytopenic purpura has not yet been widely reported. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 68-year-old man was admitted to Walton Hospital, complaining of fatigue, loss of appetite, mild abdominal pain, and sickness, which became evident two days before admission, and a purpuric rash covering both legs, which appeared suddenly during the night before admission. He had a mild chest infection the previous week, and the family physician had treated him with oxytetracycline tablets, 500 mg four times daily, six days before admission. No other medication had been prescribed. He had had repeated attacks of bronchitis during the last five years and had taken various antibiotics during these attacks. The last attack was one year previously. His history showed that he had been suffering from ankylosing spondylitis for
Associations of Fine Particulate Matter Species with Mortality in the United States: A Multicity Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Lingzhen Dai, Antonella Zanobetti, Petros Koutrakis, Joel D. Schwartz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Background: Epidemiological studies have examined the association between PM2.5 and mortality, but uncertainty remains about the seasonal variations in PM2.5-related effects and the relative importance of species.Objectives: We estimated the effects of PM2.5 species on mortality and how infiltration rates may modify the association.Methods: Using city–season specific Poisson regression, we estimated PM2.5 effects on approximately 4.5 million deaths for all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and respiratory diseases in 75 U.S. cities for 2000–2006. We added interaction terms between PM2.5 and monthly average species-to-PM2.5 proportions of individual species to determine the relative toxicity of each species. We combined results across cities using multivariate meta-regression, and controlled for infiltration.Results: We estimated a 1.18% (95% CI: 0.93, 1.44%) increase in all-cause mortality, a 1.03% (95% CI: 0.65, 1.41%) increase in CVD, a 1.22% (95% CI: 0.62, 1.82%) increase in MI, a 1.76% (95% CI: 1.01, 2.52%) increase in stroke, and a 1.71% (95% CI: 1.06, 2.35%) increase in respiratory deaths in association with a 10-μg/m3 increase in 2-day averaged PM2.5 concentration. The associations were largest in the spring. Silicon, calcium, and sulfur were associated with more all-cause mortality, whereas sulfur was related to more respiratory deaths. County-level smoking and alcohol were associated with larger estimated PM2.5 effects.Conclusions: Our study showed an increased risk of mortality associated with PM2.5, which varied with seasons and species. The results suggest that mass alone might not be sufficient to evaluate the health effects of particles.Citation: Dai L, Zanobetti A, Koutrakis P, Schwartz JD. 2014. Associations of fine particulate matter species with mortality in the United States: a multicity time-series analysis. Environ Health Perspect 122:837–842; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1307568
Movement toward Optimization of CLL Therapy
Authors: Kanti R Rai, Jacqueline C Barrientos
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Improved therapeutic approaches in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have recently attracted special attention, not only from hematologists and oncologists but also from a large segment of the medical profession, because findings in this disease can affect several other diseases. One important aspect of recent advances in CLL therapy, which has been regularly neglected by past investigators, is that the disease primarily affects the elderly population, with a median age at diagnosis of 72 years and with multiple clinically significant coexisting conditions. This neglect is unfortunate, but it is understandable because it stems from safety concerns that an elderly patient with . . .
DNA evidence may have been misleading to courts
Authors: O Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Courts are being misled about the strength of evidence based on DNA, according to two mathematicians writing in last week's issue of Nature. David Balding and Peter Donnelly, of Queen Mary and Westfield College, London, argue that the adversarial nature of the British legal system and the “siege mentality” of some forensic scientists have often led to evidence being presented in a partisan and misleading way.

The article points out a common “prosecutor's fallacy” when the probability of guilt is assessed in the light of a possible match between samples of DNA. The strength of a correlation between the DNA of the accused and the DNA of the crime sample is expressed by …
Neonatal Hypermagnesemia and the Meconium-Plug Syndrome
Authors: Myron M. Sokal, M. Richard Koenigsberger, Judith S. Rose, Walter E. Berdon, Thomas V. Santulli
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

THE administration of magnesium sulfate to eclamptic women may be associated with hypermagnesemia in the newborn infant, with the development of respiratory depression, lethargy, flaccidity and hyporeflexia. This syndrome may last for several days.1 , 2 Recently, we observed two such hypermagnesemic infants in whom striking abdominal distention and failure to pass meconium ("meconium-plug syndrome") developed. We believe that the hypermagnesemia depressed function of intestinal smooth muscle as well as skeletal striated muscle in these babies.Case ReportsCase 1. A 2810-g Negro female infant was born to a 14-year-old primigravida after 37 weeks' gestation. On the day before delivery, because of . . .
Sickle Cell Disease With Regional Silent Cerebral Infarction Detected by SPECT
Authors: Hulya Yalçin, İsmet Melek, Esra Okuyucu, Mehmet Reyhan, Ferit Akgül, Gamze Serarslan, Taskin Duman, Fatih Yalçin
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

An 18-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital for a right leg ulcer, which appeared 1 year ago. After physical and hematologic examinations, he was referred for neurologic and cardiologic examination because his hemoglobin analysis and hematologic findings were interpreted as being consistent with sickle cell anemia. Although he had no neurologic symptoms, MRI and Tc-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer cerebral perfusion single photon emission computer tomography were performed to rule out a silent cerebral infarction. Changes secondary to an infarct were seen in the region of the caudate nucleus.
Mitochondrial Genetic Background Modifies Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Ren-Kui Bai, Suzanne M. Leal, Daniel Covarrubias, Aiyi Liu, Lee-Jun C. Wong
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Inefficient mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function has been implicated in the vicious cycle of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that may predispose an individual to late onset diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations may affect the efficiency of ETC and ROS production, thus contributing to cancer risk. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped 69 mtDNA variations in 156 unrelated European-American females with familial breast cancer and 260 age-matched European-American female controls. Fisher's exact test was done for each single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)/haplogroup and the P values were adjusted for multiple testing using permutation. Odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were calculated using the Sheehe correction. Among the 69 variations, 29 were detected in the study subjects. Three SNPs, G9055A (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.63-5.63; P = 0.0004, adjusted P = 0.0057), A10398G (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.14-2.81; P = 0.01, adjusted P = 0.19), and T16519C (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.25-3.12; P = 0.0030, adjusted P = 0.0366), were found to increase breast cancer risk; whereas T3197C (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.13-0.75; P = 0.0043, adjusted P = 0.0526) and G13708A (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.24-0.92; P = 0.022, adjusted P = 0.267) were found to decrease breast cancer risk. Overall, individuals classified as haplogroup K show a significant increase in the risk of developing breast cancer (OR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.63-5.63; P = 0.0004, adjusted P = 0.0057), whereas individuals bearing haplogroup U have a significant decrease in breast cancer risk (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.19-0.73; P = 0.0023, adjusted P = 0.03). Our results suggest that mitochondrial genetic background plays a role in modifying an individual's risk to breast cancer.
Essential Endocrinology: A Primer for Nonspecialists
Authors: Joanne Friefeld
Journal: JAMA (1987)

This volume, as its title implies, is intended to provide an overview of basic endocrinology at a level directed to the medical student and junior resident. The author has attempted to simplify complex material as much as possible and avoid controversial issues. The introductory chapter presents the most basic of concepts, such as the mechanism of feedback regulation, the understanding of which is fundamental to endocrinology. The remainder of the book is divided into the traditional gland-by-gland descriptions. The maximum allotment of space is to the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and diabetes mellitus. Smaller chapters are devoted to the adrenals, parathyroid, testes, and ovaries. It is a matter of concern that metabolic bone disease has been conspicuously omitted (thus, for example, no discussion of osteoporosis), and there is likewise no chapter on lipid disorders. Each topic is subdivided into a discussion of anatomy, physiology, and
Robert Harvard Davis Noel James Pratt John Fraser Percy Quinton Richard John William Rees
Authors: D. Llewellyn, N. Stott, M. Mowbray, N A. Green, A W McKenzie, G C Cook
Journal: BMJ (1999)

He gained a cricket blue at Oxford and opened the batting against Cambridge at Lord's.After house appointments he joined his father's practice in Llandaff and then founded a new practice in the Llanedeyrn Health Centre.Robert was a prime mover in establishing general practice
P2-292: A randomized Phase 3 trial of gemcitabine with or without carboplatin in performance status 2 (PS2) patients with advanced (stage IIIB with pleural effusion or IV) non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Craig Reynolds, Paul Conkling, Donald A. Richards, James F. Fitzgibbons, James C. Arseneau, Kristi A. Boehm, Lina Asmar, Jane Bromund, Guangbin Peng, Coleman K. Obasaju
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Abstract 724: Systemic injection of fiber-redesigned oncolytic adenovirus eliminates tumors <i>in vivo</i>
Authors: Yoshiaki Miura, Mizuho Sato, Julia Davydova, Masato Yamamoto
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Adenovirus (Ad) has been used as a platform of oncolytic viral agents. Unlike loco-regional therapy, systemic application of cancer gene therapy mandates different level of selectivity of gene delivery. Lack of tumor selectivity at the stage of infection has hampered the in vivo efficacy of systemic therapy. The controlled vector distribution and cancer selective transduction would overcome the obstacles for systemic delivery and enable efficient systemic treatment of cancer. AdML-VTIN was identified as a mesothelin (MSLN) targeted Ad by screening of high-diversity (109-level) Ad fiber mutant library. This AB-loop-redesigned Ad yielded a potent and selective infectivity to MSLN-positive pancreatic cancer (Panc-1) in vitro. In the examination of in vivo selectivity and anti-tumor effect, the intra-tumor injection of AdML-VTIN showed significant anti-tumor effect against Panc-1 tumors, and about half of the tumor disappeared. Contrarily, the same virus showed no anti-tumor effect in MiaPaCa-2 (MSLN-negative). Viral DNA quantitation supported the selective viral replication only in Panc-1. We compared organ distribution after intravenous injection to the nude mice with subcutaneous Panc-1 xenograft among AdML-VTIN, AdML-5WT (wild type Ad5 fiber), and AdML-GERS (against PC-3, prostate cancer cell). The liver sequestration of both AB-loop redesigned Ads were more than one order of magnitude lower than that with AdML-5WT at 1hr and 48 hrs after injection. At day 7, the viral copy number of AdML-VTIN in the tumor was more than 3 orders of magnitude higher that those with AdML-5WT. Next, systemic therapeutic effect was examined with same condition of vector distribution. In only VTIN group, tumor volume was significantly decreased, and about one-third of the tumor was eliminated at 15 days after the injection even though viral amount was pretty low (109vp/mouse). In this study, systemic injection of the AB-loop redesigned oncolytic Ad with VTIN motif that was identified by Ad library screening showed remarkable anti-tumor effect in spite of low viral amount. This new oncolytic Ad enabling systemic therapy may embody efficient treatment for pancreatic cancers which are mostly found with spread or metastatic lesions. Citation Format: Yoshiaki Miura, Mizuho Sato, Julia Davydova, Masato Yamamoto. Systemic injection of fiber-redesigned oncolytic adenovirus eliminates tumors in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 724. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-724
A Case of Caries of the Spine Causing Compression of the Cord, Relieved by Laminectomy
Authors: N. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1894)

TsE object of operation in this case was the relief of inter- ference with the nerve functions.The operation was successful, the desired result being attained.Miss M., aged 31, was seen on September 19th, 1890.About four years previously the spine had been injured in lifting a patient, and subsequently pain and weakness, not only in the baok,-but -inthe lowertlimibs,-came-on.Three years-before tbe&bofe date the patient suffered so much that a felt jacket *as applied, which, however, gave very little comfort.
Ethics Consultations in the Hospital
Authors: Ruth B. Purtilo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

I have just returned from providing an ethics consultation involving one of the situations clinicians hope never to face. A full-term male infant, otherwise healthy, was born with a gastroschisis. Laparotomy on the second day of life revealed no more than 10 cm of functioning intestine. Should total parenteral nutrition be initiated, given the necessity of life-long intervention and the high uncertainty of outcome? Of the many problems facing the clinicians, none weighed more heavily than the ethical aspects of their clinical decision. The attending physicians, residents, and I spent three hours sorting out the ethical issues. Now they must . . .
Major Histocompatibility Complex and Tumor Necrosis Factor- α Polymorphisms in Pigeon Breeder's Disease
Authors: ANGEL CAMARENA, ARMIDA JUÁREZ, MAYRA MEJÍA, ANDREA ESTRADA, GUILLERMO CARRILLO, RAMCÉS FALFÁN, JOAQUÍN ZUÑIGA, CARMEN NAVARRO, JULIO GRANADOS, MOISÉS SELMAN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Pigeon breeders disease (PBD) is caused by the exposure of a susceptible host to avian antigens. However, genetic factors determining individual predisposition are unknown. In this work, polymorphisms of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II alleles and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α ) promoter were evaluated in 44 patients with PBD, 99 healthy unrelated controls (HC), and 50 exposed but asymptomatic subjects (EAS). MHC typing was performed by PCR-specific sequence oligonucleotide analysis, and TNF- α polymorphism at − 238 and − 308 positions by amplification refractory mutation system-PCR. PBD patients showed a significant increase of the alleles HLA-DRB1*1305 (p < 0.001, OR = 15.4, 95% CI = 3.18–102.6 [HC], and OR = 17.05, 95% CI = 2.25–357.8 [EAS]) and HLA-DQB1*0501 (p < 0.05, OR = 2.93, 95% CI = 1.21–7.15 [HC], and OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.0–9.14 [EAS]). A decrease of HLA-DRB1*0802 was also noticed in patients when compared with both control groups (p < 0.05). Haplotype analysis revealed an increase of DRB1*1305–DQB1*0301 and a decrease of DRB1*0802–DQB1*0402. PBD patients had an increased frequency of TNF-2− 308 compared with both control groups (p < 0.05). Patients exhibiting the TNF-2− 308 allele were younger (33.9 ± 14.6 versus 44.2 ± 10.4 yr; p < 0.05), and displayed more lymphocytes in their bronchoalveolar lavages (88.0 ± 12.1 versus 68.9 ± 17.2; p < 0.05). These results suggest that genetic factors located within the MHC region contribute to the development of PBD.
MEASUREMENT METHOD IS IMPORTANT FOR INTERPRETATION OF ATHLETES' ECG
Authors: HM Berge, K Steine, TE Andersen, EE Solberg, K Gjesdal
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Electrocardiography (ECG) is recommended as part of IOC's preparticipation health examination in athletes. The new Seattle criteria for interpreting ECG in athletes are developed with reference values for abnormality, but yet, no guidelines exist on how to perform the measurements. Objective To test the correlations between visual and computer-based measurements, and examine how method choice influences prevalence of abnormal ECG findings. Design Cross-sectional study on the Seattle criteria comparing visual and computer-based reading of ECGs. Setting Preparticipation cardiac screening examination of male professional football players in Norway during a preseason training camp in 2008. Participants Athletes aged 18–38 years. Assessment of risk factors All ECG findings suggestive of cardiomyopathy or primary electrical disease were categorized according to the Seattle criteria. Visually, the measurements were conducted with calipers on-screen on the average PQRST complex in each lead, calculated by the trimmed mean. Computer-based measurements were derived from the medium beat. For both, heart rhythm and conduction were scored visually by cardiologist. Main outcome measurements Prevalence of abnormal ECG findings, and differences between visual and computer-based measurements. Categorical variables were compared by kappa statistics (K). Results ECG of good quality were available from 579 (97%) of 595 players. The ECG was categorized as abnormal in 64 (11%) players after visual assessment, versus in 122 (21%) after computer-based measurements, mainly due to more abnormal Q wave durations (35), T wave inversions (24) and ST depressions (12) detected by the computer. Abnormal ECG findings suggestive of; cardiomyopathy were present in 62 versus 122 players (Κ=0.544), and primary electrical disease in 8 versus 6 players (Κ=0.855). Conclusions The correlations between visual and computer-based measurements are moderate. Clinically, this difference will influence the prevalence of abnormal ECG findings in athletes. Thus, method choice should always be reported in preparticipation health examination studies. Reference values may need adjustments dependent on measurement methods.
Screening Tests for Carcinoma of the Cervix
Authors: G. Muir
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Keepingthe Heart Going" (19 June, p. 1566) we believe that incorrect emphasis has been placed upon the risks of the production of ventricular fibrillation by pacing on the T wave in patients who have returned to sinus rhythm.All proved instances of ventricular fibrilla- tion, in our experience, have occurred only with the epicardial system of pacing, and only in the immediate post-thoracotomy period.'It seems that the risk of ventricular fibrillation is highest when the threshold for the production of ventricular fibrillation is lowered from superficial myocardial damage caused by stitching the electrode on to the epicardium and from alterations in pul- monary ventilation due to the thoracotomy.Another facotor was probably the unnecessarily high power of the earlier units.Now that we use endocardial jugular sys- tems for long-term pacing, thereby avoiding a thoracotomy, the risk of ventricular fibrillation must be greatly reduced, and we have never seen it in our experience of over 100 patients treated by endocardial pacing.-We
Increased activity of hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein and bile acid synthesis in gallstone disease†
Authors: Juan Castro, Ludwig Amigo, Juan Francisco Miquel, Cecilia Gälman, Fernando Crovari, Alejandro Raddatz, Silvana Zanlungo, Roberto Jalil, Mats Rudling, Flavio Nervi
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

A strong interrelationship exists between the regulation of bile acid (BA) metabolism and hepatic very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) production. We have recently shown that BA synthesis is increased in gallstone disease. We investigated the activity of hepatic microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) as a surrogate of VLDL production, BA synthesis, and mRNA expression levels of proteins that regulate fatty acid (FA) metabolism in the liver of gallstone (GS) patients compared with GS-free patients. Twenty-seven volunteers subjected to elective surgery; 9 were GS-free and 18 with GS agreed to have a liver biopsy. We quantified by a fluorescence assay the activity of MTTP and by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) the mRNA content of hepatic MTTP and genes that regulate hepatic sterol and FA metabolism. Plasma was assayed for lathosterol and 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. Liver histology was normal in GS and GS-free patients. Serum VLDL triglycerides and apoB were significantly increased in GS. Hepatic triglycerides tripled in GS (P<0.001) compared with GS-free. MTTP activity increased 70% (P<0.001). Serum lathosterol and hepatic cholesterol concentrations, and mRNA expressions of MTTP, CD36, and FABP1 were similar in GS-free and GS patients. Hepatic mRNA expression of hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) and 3-hydroxyl-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA synthase (HMGS) were significantly decreased--40% and 27%, respectively--in GS. Serum 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one was 75% higher, and mRNA expression of CYP7A1 was increased sevenfold (P<0.001) in GS. Hepatic MTTP activity and BA synthesis are increased in GS. Results suggest that hepatic VLDL production and trafficking of BA are increased in gallstone patients.
AIDS in the Global Village
Authors: Seth F. Berkley
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Data from the World Health Organization suggest that we Americans are in a relatively enviable position. Although the United States has lived through a decade of devastating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) spread, the current rate of new infections in this country is now diminishing.<sup>1</sup>Not so for persons living in many countries in the developing world where the HIV epidemic progresses unchecked. Seventy-five percent of the world's 12 million to 13 million HIV-infected persons live, or have lived, in developing countries; this will soon increase to an estimated 90%. The global epidemic has intensified despite a massive prevention effort. In many countries with high infection rates, education campaigns have spread the news about HIV, but this has not led as yet to a decrease in the frequency of high-risk sexual behavior adequate to halt the epidemic. Innovative interventions are desperately needed. It is timely, therefore, that this issue of