tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Integrating Heterogeneous Pieces of Evidence in Systematic Reviews
Authors: Cynthia Mulrow
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Researchers preparing systematic reviews often encounter various types of evidence, which can generally be categorized as direct or indirect.The former directly relates an exposure, diagnostic strategy, or therapeutic intervention to the occurrence of a principal health outcome. Evidence is indirect if two or more bodies of evidence are required to relate the exposure, diagnostic strategy, or intervention to the principal health outcome. Heterogeneity of data sources complicates integration of both direct and indirect evidence.Participants in different studies may have a wide spectrum of baseline risk and sociodemographic and cultural characteristics. A variety of formulations and intensities of exposures, diagnostic strategies, and interventions, as well as diversity in the selection and definition of control groups, may be encountered. Outcome measures may be different, and similar outcomes may be measured or reported differently. Heterogeneity of study designs and of methodologic features and quality within a given design may be found. The effective integration of direct and indirect evidence requires development of explicit models that serve as analytic frameworks for linking the important pieces of evidence. A model can be viewed as a series of subquestions, with each important subquestion warranting a systematic review. Several subjective and quantitative methods can then be used to integrate the evidence. Tabular displays of major findings and strength of evidence for each subquestion can help reviewers, patients, and providers to integrate the differing research findings and draw reasonable conclusions. Various quantitative techniques, such as decision analysis and the confidence profile method, are also available. No single integration approach is clearly superior, none obviates uncertainty, and all underscore the role of careful judgment in integrating evidence.
Malnutrition in Children
Authors: Janet M. Torpy
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Malnutrition in Children Malnutrition means more than feeling hungry or not having enough food to eat.Inadequate intake of protein (necessary to keep the body healthy and build muscle), calories (a measure of energy the body needs), iron (for proper blood cell function), and other nutrients make up different types of malnutrition.Poor nutrition occurs in developing countries, as well as in more prosperous areas of the world.As many as 800 million persons worldwide are affected by malnutrition.More than half the childhood deaths in developing countries are related to malnutrition.The August 4, 2004, issue of JAMA includes an article about surveys that measure acute malnutrition in residents of a developing country.
Specific JAK2 mutation (JAK2R683) and multiple gene deletions in Down syndrome acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Lyndal Kearney, David Gonzalez De Castro, Jenny Yeung, Julia Procter, Sharon W. Horsley, Minenori Eguchi-Ishimae, Caroline M. Bateman, Kristina Anderson, Tracy Chaplin, Bryan D. Young, Christine J. Harrison, Helena Kempski, Chi Wai E. So, Anthony M. Ford, Mel Greaves
Journal: Blood (2008)
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), B-Lymphocyte Chemoattractant (CXCL13), and Macrophage Inhibitory Protein 3α (MIP-3α) are Increased in Sputum of Severe and Nonsevere Asthmatics with Elevated Neutrophil Percentages
Authors: A.T. Hastie, W.C. Moore, J. Krings, R. Smith, P. Vestal, M. Wu, D.A. Meyers, S.P. Peters, E. Bleecker
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
THE NATURE OF SERUM ANTITRYPSIN
Authors: James W. Jobling, William Petersen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1914)

1. The ferment-inhibiting action of the serum is due to the presence of compounds of the unsaturated fatty acids. 2. These fatty acid compounds may be removed from the serum by means of chloroform or ether. 3. Soaps prepared by saponifying the chloroform or ether extracts inhibit the action of trypsin. 4. The anti-enzyme action of the serum can be removed by filtering acid serum through kaolin, and can in part be restored by extracting the kaolin. 5. The decrease in strength of anti-enzyme in old sera is probably due to the action of the serum lipase. 6. Iodin, potassium iodide, or hydrogen peroxide remove the inhibiting action of the serum. 7. Soaps of the unsaturated fatty acids lose their ferment-inhibiting action when heated with serum at 70 degrees C.
TCT-136 Impact of pre-operative chronic kidney disease on transcatheter aortic valve implantation outcome
Authors: Nicolas Dumonteil, Alaide Chieffo, Didier Tchetche, Nicolas Van Mieghem, Bertrand Marcheix, Robert M.A. Van Der Boon, Gill Buchanan, Olivier Vahdat, Patrick Serruys, Jean Fajadet, Peter De Jaegere, Antonio Colombo, Didier Carrié
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Food systems: the relationship between health and food science/technology.
Authors: A S Levine, T P Labuza
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Changes in our understanding of diet and health drive changes in the way foods are processed. Conversely, what is available on the shelf will have an impact on the choices consumers make, thereby affecting their health. Historical examples of industrial manipulation of the diet include fortification and enrichment of cereal grains with vitamins; increased production of unsaturated vegetable oils and margarine as substitutions for hydrogenated fat, lard, and butter; lowered cholesterol content foods; reduced sugar content foods; lower sodium foods; decreased portion sizes or caloric density in prepackaged foods for use in weight loss or maintenance; and increased calcium levels to prevent osteoporosis. However, degenerative diseases such as cancer, atherosclerosis, bone disease, arthritis, and dementia will continue to be prevalent in the future. Whether or not the food systems available on the shelf can influence all of these disease states is not clear; however, studies have indicated that nutritional factors do contribute to the development of some of these diseases. Patterns in food consumption have changed and will continue to change as recommendations such as decreased consumption of saturated fats, salt, and cholesterol continue to be made. Increased ingestion of fish and/or fish oil is one recommendation that has been suggested because of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on platelet aggregability and circulating levels of lipids. Wildly speculating from preliminary studies, fish oil has also been recommended for disease states including arthritis, cancer, and diseases of the immune system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cholesterol Lowering With Statin Drugs: Evidence in Women
Authors: Michele B. Wagner
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Dr Hebert and colleagues,<sup>1</sup>which reviewed acute cardiovascular events and deaths in trials of statin drugs, does not comment on the outcome of the female patients included in these trials. Of the 13 secondary prevention trials, 1 included no female patients, and only 3 (Expanded Clinical Evaluation of Lovastatin [EXCE L], Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study [4S], and Cholesterol and Recurrent Events [CARE]) enrolled more than 100 female patients and followed up patients for more than 1 year. The EXCEL trial<sup>2,3</sup>enrolled approximately 3389 female patients and the follow-up period was 48 weeks. However, patients were divided into 5 treatment groups, with no significant differences in adverse outcomes between the groups. No power calculation was performed and the authors did not report data on female patients separately. A total of 827 female patients were enrolled in the 4S study,<sup>4</sup>with a
Postexposure Treatment of HIV — Taking Some Risks for Safety's Sake
Authors: David K. Henderson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

In April 1988 a health care worker here at the National Institutes of Health's Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center became infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) after an occupational exposure. The worker had lacerated her finger when a glass tube filled with blood broke as she attempted to replace the rubber stopper. Thirty days later signs and symptoms consistent with acute HIV illness developed. Eight years later she died of complications of occupationally acquired HIV infection.This event had a profound effect on the institution. The staff had been caring for HIV-infected patients since 1981, when the epidemiology and . . .
Metabolic Modulator Perhexiline Corrects Energy Deficiency and Improves Exercise Capacity in Symptomatic Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Khalid Abozguia, Perry Elliott, William McKenna, Thanh Trung Phan, Ganesh Nallur-Shivu, Ibrar Ahmed, Abdul R. Maher, Kulvinder Kaur, Jenny Taylor, Anke Henning, Houman Ashrafian, Hugh Watkins, Michael Frenneaux
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background— Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients exhibit myocardial energetic impairment, but a causative role for this energy deficiency in the pathophysiology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy remains unproven. We hypothesized that the metabolic modulator perhexiline would ameliorate myocardial energy deficiency and thereby improve diastolic function and exercise capacity. Methods and Results— Forty-six consecutive patients with symptomatic exercise limitation (peak V̇ o 2 &lt;75% of predicted) caused by nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (mean age, 55±0.26 years) were randomized to perhexiline 100 mg (n=24) or placebo (n=22). Myocardial ratio of phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate, an established marker of cardiac energetic status, as measured by 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, left ventricular diastolic filling (heart rate normalized time to peak filling) at rest and during exercise using radionuclide ventriculography, peak V̇o 2 , symptoms, quality of life, and serum metabolites were assessed at baseline and study end (4.6±1.8 months). Perhexiline improved myocardial ratios of phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate (from 1.27±0.02 to 1.73±0.02 versus 1.29±0.01 to 1.23±0.01; P =0.003) and normalized the abnormal prolongation of heart rate normalized time to peak filling between rest and exercise (0.11±0.008 to −0.01±0.005 versus 0.15±0.007 to 0.11±0.008 second; P =0.03). These changes were accompanied by an improvement in primary end point (peak V̇ o 2 ) (22.2±0.2 to 24.3±0.2 versus 23.6±0.3 to 22.3±0.2 mL · kg −1 · min −1 ; P =0.003) and New York Heart Association class ( P &lt;0.001) (all P values ANCOVA, perhexiline versus placebo). Conclusions— In symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, perhexiline, a modulator of substrate metabolism, ameliorates cardiac energetic impairment, corrects diastolic dysfunction, and increases exercise capacity. This study supports the hypothesis that energy deficiency contributes to the pathophysiology and provides a rationale for further consideration of metabolic therapies in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00500552.
Distortion of chest movement by increased airways resistance
Authors: S. Godfrey, A. Leventhal, Z. Weintraub, R. Katzenelson, N. M. Connolly
Journal: Thorax (1972)

The movement of the chest during breathing has been recorded in normal and asthmatic subjects by means of electronic transducers which measured changes in anteroposterior and lateral diameters. Preliminary studies showed that exercise-induced bronchoconstriction caused distortion of the movement of the diameters in relation to each other and to volume change recorded at the mouth. Because of the thoracic gas compression which occurs during breathing, volume change at the mouth does not represent the change in chest volume and further studies were therefore undertaken in a whole-body plethysmograph. These studies showed that the addition of a resistance to the airway of a normal subject distorted the movement of one diameter (usually the anteroposterior) in relation to the other and to volume. With exercise-induced asthma, the movement of both diameters was affected with the anteroposterior lagging behind the volume change. There was an approximate linear relationship between the degree of distortion and airways resistance in the asthmatic subjects and in one normal subject. The physical sign of costal margin paradox could be related to the severity of the obstruction.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE BACILLUS PYOCYANEUS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS RELATION TO AN EPIDEMIC OF DYSENTERY
Authors: August Jerome Lartigau
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1898)

Epidemic Dysentery caused by Bacillus Pyocyaneuspyocyanique."In rabbits, even when subcutaneous inoculation is resorted to, the systemic symptoms predominate, and it is in this animal that the disease is presented in its most typical form.The symptoms generally noted are diarrhoea , albuminuria, fever, and in the more chronic cases, cachexia and paralyses, which Chaxrin considers of a perfectly characteristic type, and in which the hind quarters axe the ones most frequently involved.The paralysis is essentially spastic in nature.At autopsy the animals show congestion of the mucous membrane of the intestine and usually small hsemorrhages in the various viscera, but more constantly in the intestinal walls.Sch~fer,* although he carried on his experimentation with the dog, arrived at results not unlike those obtained by Charrin.Ca d6ac, f shortly after the publication of Charrin's results, reported a case of spontaneous pyocyaneus infection in the dog.Since this there has been an abundance of experimental evidence which is essentially confirmatory of the conclusions of Charrin, Ledderhose and SchSfer.The bacillus pyocyaneus has been found in the saliva and in sputum by Pansini$ and Frick, § who attribute the green color sometimes observed in sputum largely to this bacterium.It has also been detected in the sweat by Eberth ¶ and Audouard.[]Abe]ous** found it in the stomach, and its isolation from wounds from time to time has been already mentioned.Its presence in suppurating wounds is rather infrequent, as shown by Jakowski,ff who was able to find it in his bacteriological examinations only twice in 200 cases of this nature.This same observer obtained it in almost pure culture from a fistula of the large intestine, and a second time from a fistula of the small intestine.Observations of Koch showed the presence of the bacillus in tuberculous cavities.Investigators at this time generally believed that its presence and association with pathological conditions were only as a saprophyte.The conception of the bacillus pyocyaneus as an etiological factor, which possibly might at times excite morbid phenomena, was reserved for
Ikaros transcription factors: flying between stress and inflammation
Authors: George P. Chrousos, Tomoshige Kino
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2005)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (a major component of the stress system) and the immune system contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis at rest and during stress. Because of their essential roles for the survival of self and species, the activities of these systems have evolutionarily developed in parallel and are intertwined at many levels. In this issue of the JCI, Ezzat et al. demonstrate that Ikaros, a differentiation factor of leukocyte lineage, also influences the maturation of the fetal pituitary corticotroph and, hence, the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone before and after birth. These results indicate that Ikaros is an ontogenetic and phylogenetic integrator of the stress and immune systems and that abnormalities in its function may produce endocrine and/or immune pathologies.
[38] THE MELD IS SUPERIOR TO THE MADDREY TO PREDICT THE 3-MONTH MORTALITY IN ALCOHOLIC STEATOHEPATITIS (ASH): A STUDY IN 225 PATIENTS
Authors: L. Spahr, J. Dumortier, E. Giostra, T. Walter, L. Rubbia-Brandt, I.-Y. Scoazec, A. Hadengue
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
TRILAFON IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONICALLY PSYCHOTIC HOSPITALFZED PATIENTS
Authors: HARRY COHEN, ANNA Z. FREIREICH
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1958)

1. Experience with a new " tranquilizer", Trilafon or perphenazine, in treating 90 chronically psychotic hospitalized female patients for a limited period is described. 2. The effects were noted during the period of active administration of the drug and then for a period after termination of the drug therapy. Seventy-two percent of the patients showed some degree of improvement; 15% rose above minimal clinical gains. 3. Side-effects were not serious, were controllable and no deterrent to therapy. The absence of jaundice, blood-dyscrasia and photo-sensitivity are noteworthy. 4. The overall impression is that Trilafon is a useful drug with possibly distinct advantages over the older " tranquilizers" in the treatment of chronically psychotic hospitalized patients.
Dermatology in General Medicine
Authors: Philip C. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1994)

After four worthy editions, 10 000 pages, and 22 years of hard labor building an elegant textbook, Thomas Fitzpatrick and his coworkers can celebrate. This fourth edition is their masterpiece. It weighs a record 20 pounds, is nearly 3000 pages long, and has elegant new integrated color photographs and, at long last, an enhanced index. Most important, the authors show renewed enthusiasm for their job with extensive revisions, new concepts, and numerous up-to-date references.  This famous textbook has developed in parallel with the blossoming of dermatology over the last half century. As dermatologists seldom did before, today they share complex and important concerns with biochemists, microbiologists, immunologists, oncologists, surgeons, pathologists, and physicists. The specialty continues to succeed, as this book demonstrates, because the underpinning bioscience is flourishing.
Adverse reactions to drugs in children.
Authors: C G Woods, M E Rylance, R E Cullen, G W Rylance
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Similar prospective studies in cohorts of patients with persistent generalised lymphadenopathy in the United States have reported rates of progres- sion from 6% to 19% during median follow up times from 12-9 to 22 months.I The rates of progression in cohorts of patients infected with HIV with and without lymphadenopathy ranged from 8% to 34% over three years.2In a cohort of 1835 infected homosexual men followed up for a median of 15 months the annual incidence of AIDS in asymptomatic men compared with that in men with lymphadenopathy was not significantly different.3Prognostic markers for disease progression include clinical features such as fever and weight loss, oral candida, and leucoplakia, haematological and immunological abnormalities such as anaemia, cytopenias, particularly progressive depletion of T helper lymphocytes, in- creased serum IgA concentrations, impaired in vitro y-interferon production, lymphocyte responses to pokeweed mitogen, and perhaps specific cellular responses to HIV.34More recently, a decline in the titre or the disappearance of anti-P24 (the antibody to HIV core protein) has been shown to predate the development of the full blown syndrome by up to 27 months.5Many complex tests are not widely available to the general physician, and our study shows that a clinical examination and simple haematological measurements are useful in determining the risk of progression.The cohort studies at the Middlesex Hospital are supported by the Medical Research Council.
Obstetric Prevention of Mental Retardation
Authors: J. C. Symons
Journal: BMJ (1973)

digitalization, during which they used an arbitrary fixed dosage schedule.They also give no information on the severity of the cardiac failure in their series of 43 children and the only comment on the clinical re- sponse is that "no toxic symptoms were noted on this regimen, and heart rate and failure were well controlled."Digoxin was administered to all their patients by mouth as an elixir.Are they suggesting that intramuscular digoxin is un- necessary in cardiac failure or is the implication that in all their patients the failure was mild enough to permit oral therapy?If the authors could provide the supplementary data on the clinical aspects of their cases, this would help considerably in the evaluation of their suggested dosage regimen.
Mice, cows, dung beetles, shrews, and drunken humans triumph in 2013 Ig Nobel prize
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The 2013 Ig Nobel prize in medicine has been awarded to Masanori Niimi of Teikyo University, Tokyo, and his colleagues for research that found that listening to Verdi’s La Traviata improved cardiac allograft survival—in mice.

Niimi accepted the prize at the 23rd annual Ig Nobel prize ceremony before a raucous crowd at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on 12 September. The event, which is produced by the science humor magazine Annals of Improbable Research , seeks to highlight studies “that first make people laugh, then make them think,” the organizers explain.

The work for which the prize in medicine was awarded showed that mice that listened to La Traviata for seven days after transplantation had a median allograft survival time of 26.5 days, whereas in the no treatment group the median survival time was seven days (P<0.001). Among mice that listened to a …
Why frequencies are natural
Authors: Brian Butterworth
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract Research in mathematical cognition has shown that rates , and other interpretations of x/y, are hard to learn and understand. On the other hand, there is extensive evidence that the brain is endowed with a specialized mechanism for representing and manipulating the numerosities of sets – that is, frequencies. Hence, base-rates are neglected precisely because they are rates, whereas frequencies are indeed natural.
Pylorokardiale Expansion der Gastritis? (Bioptische und funktionelle Untersuchungen)
Authors: S. Miederer, F. Paul, O. Stadelmann, P. Deyhle, R. Ottenjann
Journal: Endoscopy (1969)

In 200 subjects 1200 particles from the antral, fundic and cardial region of the stomach were biopsied under endoscopic control and the degree of inflammation determined. In 117 subjects with normal fundic mucosa and with either normal mucosa of the antrum or with varying degrees of antrum gastritis, gastric secretion analyses were carried out. The severity of gastritis decreased from the antrum to the cardia. When gastritis of the cardial region of the stomach is found, the probability of the whole gastric mucosa being inflamed is high. In subjects with an isolated chronic atrophic gastritis of the antrum, basal as well as stimulated gastric secretion was significantly lower than in those with normal gastric mucosa. Hypogastrinism followed by trophic-hormonal atrophy of the parietal cell may be the cause of this phenomenon. Further investigation is necessary to clarify if this atrophy promotes a pyloric-cardial expansion of gastritis.
Effects of C1 inhibitor and r-SP-C surfactant on oxygenation and histology in rats with lavage-induced acute lung injury
Authors: Burkhard Vangerow, Dietrich Häfner, Horst Rueckoldt, Gernot Marx, Nils Ott, Martin Leuwer, Ilka Frerking, Paul G. Germann
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2001)
General Practice--at Home, and Abroad
Authors: A. M. Goldthorpe
Journal: BMJ (1965)

to their private or national insurance scheme, and have 75 % of the cost returned to them.It works perfectly well in Ireland and in America.But for heaven's sake let's be honest: 50-60% of my present work is a waste of my time; 20-30% of my patients use me merely as an extension of theNational Insurance Scheme-and successive Govern- ments use us as political pawns and vote- catchers.I like general practice, I like England, and at 36 I do not wish to emigrate.But for my family's sake I cannot just " let things be."Why drive more and more of us away when all that is needed is an honest look at the situation and an honest approach to the prob- lem.