tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Improved Left Ventricular Mechanics From Acute VDD Pacing in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Ventricular Conduction Delay
Authors: David A. Kass, Chen-Huan Chen, Cecilia Curry, Maurice Talbot, Ronald Berger, Barry Fetics, Erez Nevo
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Ventricular pacing can improve hemodynamics in heart failure patients, but direct effects on left ventricular (LV) function from varying pacing site and atrioventricular (AV) delay remain unknown. We hypothesized that the magnitude and location of basal intraventricular conduction delay critically influences pacing responses and that single-site pacing in the delay-activated region yields similar or better responses to biventricular pacing. Methods and Results —Aortic and LV pressures were measured in 18 heart failure patients (mean±SD: LV ejection fraction, 19±7%; LV end-diastolic pressure, 25±8 mm Hg; QRS duration, 157±36 ms). Data under normal sinus rhythm were compared with ventricular pacing (VDD) at varying sites and AV delays (randomized order). Right ventricular (RV) apical or midseptal pacing had negligible contractile/systolic effects. However, LV free-wall pacing raised dP/dt max by 23.7±19.0% and pulse-pressure by 18.0±18.4% ( P &lt;0.01). Biventricular pacing yielded less change (+12.8±9.3% in dP/dt max , P &lt;0.05 versus LV). Pressure-volume analysis performed in 11 patients consistently revealed minimal changes with RV pacing but increased stroke work and lower end-systolic volumes with LV pacing. Optimal AV intervals averaged 125±49 ms, and within this range, AV delay had less influence on LV function than pacing site. Basal QRS duration positively correlated with %ΔdP/dt max ( P &lt;0.005), but pacing efficacy was not associated with QRS narrowing. Conduction delay pattern generally predicted pacing sites with most effect. Conclusions —VDD pacing acutely enhances contractile function in heart failure patients with intraventricular conduction delay. Single-site pacing at the site of greatest delay achieves similar or greater benefits to biventricular pacing in such patients. These data clarify pacing-effect mechanisms and should help in candidate identification for future studies.
Importance of the Lateral View in the Evaluation of Suspected Brain Death
Authors: MICHAEL SPIETH, ELMA ABELLA, CHARLES SUTTER, PANUKORN VASINRAPEE, LISA WALL, MARCO ORTIZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

The authors present two cases of clinical brain death that failed to meet the criteria for whole brain death using Tc-99m HMPAO. Conventional anterior cerebral flow studies demonstrated no intracerebral perfusion. Anterior static images also failed to show cerebral activity. However, the lateral images clearly demonstrate cerebellar activity. These cases demonstrate the importance of Tc-99m HMPAO as the agent of choice in evaluating brain death and the necessity of lateral views to meet the criteria for whole brain death. Cerebellar perfusion challenges the present criteria for whole brain death. New criteria must re-evaluate the present technology.
STATISTICS AND THE CLINICIAN
Authors: IRWIN BROSS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1955)

Editorial1 August 1955STATISTICS AND THE CLINICIANIRWIN BROSS, PH.D.IRWIN BROSS, PH.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-43-2-442 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptINTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this note is to explain a few principles—nothing esoteric but precepts of plaincommon sense—which underlie modern statistics. If one understands these principles one will be able to make sense of the statistical studies that are increasingly common in the medical literature. What is more, one will be able to decide whether or not the author's conclusions are believableeven thoughone may not be able to make heads or tails of the formulas, computations, tables, or graphs which accompany the article! Of course if a physician wants towritestatistical papers—not just read them—he will... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: IRWIN BROSS, PH.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byProblems in the Evaluation of Drugs in ManOn statistical testing of prevalence studiesInfection complicating peripheral arterial occlusive disease 1 August 1955Volume 43, Issue 2Page: 442-450 ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 August 1955 PDF downloadLoading ...
GLYCOGEN, AN IMMUNOLOGICALLY SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: Michael Heidelberger, Alan C. Aisenberg, William Z. Hassid
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1954)

Glycogens from various animal and vegetable sources precipitate antipneumococcal horse sera of Types II, VII, IX, XII, XX, and XXII. Fractionated glycogen and glycogen recovered after reprecipitation, acetylation, and deacetylation precipitate the antisera, but glycogen degraded by saliva does not. A fraction of the antibody is precipitated in the antisera by glycogen. Possible chemical relationships accounting for these instances of cross-precipitation are discussed in terms of the structures of glycogen and the type-specific polysaccharides of pneumococcus and the quantitative theory of specific precipitation. Amylopectin also gives cross-reactions of smaller magnitude. Quantitative data on these are withheld until irregularities have been eliminated.
Who Should Receive Myeloablative Therapy for Lymphoma?
Authors: T. Andrew Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of cancers of the lymphoid system that are of increasing importance to the medical community. There has been a threefold increase in the incidence of these tumors for reasons that are incompletely understood, and the effect of therapy on the natural history of lymphomas has been dramatic. Without treatment, these disorders are almost invariably fatal — survival is measured in months to years, depending on the subtype. But most patients will benefit from irradiation, chemotherapy, biologic therapy, or combinations of these approaches, even if only transiently, and a proportion of them will be cured. . . .
Lomefloxacin versus Ciprofloxacin in the Treatment of Complicated or Recurrent UTI
Authors: K.I. Savitskaya, M.F. Trapeznikova, V.N. Nasonov, V.V. Dutov, V.N. Kalinin, A.G. Nehorocheva, O.E. Solodilova, A.G. Schanin, E.V. Rusanova
Journal: Drugs (1993)
ANTITUBERCULOUS IMMUNITY IN MICE VACCINATED WITH KILLED TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: René J. Dubos, Werner B. Schaefer, Cynthia H. Pierce
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

The resistance of white mice to tuberculous infection could be increased by preliminary vaccination with small amounts of tubercle bacilli killed by contact with 2 per cent phenol. Vaccine prepared from a variant strain of human tubercle bacilli unable to multiply in vivo (H37Ra) proved as active as vaccines prepared from either virulent or attenuated strains. The immunity induced by phenol-killed bacilli persisted for several weeks. Under the conditions of the experiments, however, it was never able to bring about the death of the virulent bacilli used for the challenge infection, even when the infective inoculum was very small. Its protective effect could be detected (a) by the increased survival time of mice infected with a very large dose of virulent bacilli, and particularly (b) by the lower numbers of bacilli present in the organs of mice sacrificed at various periods of time after injection of sublethal infective doses. Under the proper conditions of vaccination the immunity produced in mice by phenol-killed cells of avirulent bacilli was of the same order as that produced by BCG. The protective antigen proved to be susceptible to heat, particularly at acid reactions. It retained its activity when the bacilli were disintegrated and rendered non-acid-fast by grinding with concentrated phenol. It remained in the insoluble cellular debris when the bacilli were extracted with 88 per cent phenol. Reasons are presented to support the view that the antigenic components present in the tubercle bacilli (avirulent as well as virulent) killed with phenol play a significant part in several manifestations of increased resistance to tuberculosis.
Comparative Benefits and Harms of Second-Generation Antidepressants: Background Paper for the American College of Physicians
Authors: Gerald Gartlehner, Bradley N. Gaynes, Richard A. Hansen, Patricia Thieda, Angela DeVeaugh-Geiss, Erin E. Krebs, Charity G. Moore, Laura Morgan, Kathleen N. Lohr
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Background: Second-generation antidepressants dominate the management of major depressive disorder, dysthymia, and subsyndromal depression. Evidence on the comparative benefits and harms is still accruing. Purpose: To compare the benefits and harms of second-generation antidepressants (bupropion, citalopram, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, mirtazapine, nefazodone, paroxetine, sertraline, trazodone, and venlafaxine) for the treatment of depressive disorders in adults. Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychLit, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts from 1980 to April 2007, limited to English-language articles. Reference lists of pertinent review articles were manually searched and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research database was explored to identify unpublished research. Study Selection: Abstracts and full-text articles were independently reviewed by 2 persons. Six previous good- or fair-quality systematic reviews or meta-analyses were included, as were 155 good- or fair-quality double-blind, placebo-controlled, or head-to-head randomized, controlled trials of at least 6 weeks' duration. For harms, 35 observational studies with at least 100 participants and follow-up of at least 12 weeks were also included. Data Extraction: Using a standard protocol, investigators abstracted data on study design and quality-related details, funding, settings, patients, and outcomes. Data Synthesis: If data were sufficient, meta-analyses of head-to-head trials were conducted to determine the relative benefit of response to treatment and the weighted mean differences on specific depression rating scales. If sufficient evidence was not available, adjusted indirect comparisons were conducted by using meta-regressions and network meta-analyses. Second-generation antidepressants did not substantially differ in efficacy or effectiveness for the treatment of major depressive disorder on the basis of 203 studies; however, the incidence of specific adverse events and the onset of action differed. The evidence is insufficient to draw conclusions about the comparative efficacy, effectiveness, or harms of these agents for the treatment of dysthymia and subsyndromal depression. Limitation: Adjusted indirect comparisons have methodological limitations and cannot conclusively rule out differences in efficacy. Conclusion: Current evidence does not warrant the choice of one second-generation antidepressant over another on the basis of differences in efficacy and effectiveness. Other differences with respect to onset of action and adverse events may be relevant for the choice of a medication.
Potent siRNA Inhibitors of Ribonucleotide Reductase Subunit RRM2 Reduce Cell Proliferation <i>In vitro</i> and <i>In vivo</i>
Authors: Jeremy D. Heidel, Joanna Yi-Ching Liu, Yun Yen, Bingsen Zhou, Bret S.E. Heale, John J. Rossi, Derek W. Bartlett, Mark E. Davis
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Ribonucleotide reductase (RR) is a therapeutic target for DNA replication–dependent diseases such as cancer. Here, a potent small interfering RNA (siRNA) duplex against the M2 subunit of RR (RRM2) is developed and shown to reduce the growth potential of cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Experimental Design: Three anti-RRM2 siRNAs were identified via computational methods, and the potency of these and additional “tiling” duplexes was analyzed in cultured cells via cotransfections using a RRM2-luciferase fusion construct. Knockdown of RRM2 by the best duplex candidates was confirmed directly by Western blotting. The effect of potent duplexes on cell growth was investigated by a real-time cell electronic sensing assay. Finally, duplex performance was tested in vivo in luciferase-expressing cells via whole animal bioluminescence imaging. Results: Moderate anti-RRM2 effects are observed from the three duplexes identified by computational methods. However, the tiling experiments yielded an extremely potent duplex (siR2B+5). This duplex achieves significant knockdown of RRM2 protein in cultured cells and has pronounced antiproliferative activity. S.c. tumors of cells that had been transfected with siR2B+5 preinjection grew slower than those of control cells. Conclusions: An anti-RRM2 siRNA duplex is identified that exhibits significant antiproliferative activity in cancer cells of varying human type and species (mouse, rat, monkey); these findings suggest that this duplex is a promising candidate for therapeutic development.
SCIATIC NERVE INJURY IN INFANTS
Authors: Mollie A. Combes
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Serious sciatic nerve injury can result from injections of commonly used antibiotics and other agents into the buttock, especially in young infants. Such injection injury occurs in the hands of those experienced in the care of infants and children. Twelve cases are reported; in most of these a paralytic drop foot resulting from nerve injury has been misdiagnosed as a congenital lesion or the result of unrecognized poliomyelitis. Demonstration of sensory loss and the absence of sweating over the distribution of sciatic nerve branches is the most valuable clue to the diagnosis. Surgical exploration of the buttock in the three most recent cases revealed marked scarring in and about the sciatic nerve. Recovery has been poor in this important, preventable, type of peripheral nerve injury which probably occurs more commonly than is usually supposed. The midanterior thigh is the preferred site for all intramuscular injections in infants and young children.
Creatine Phosphokinase in Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Martin J. Nathan
Journal: JAMA (1967)

To the Editor:—  The paper Lack of Diagnostic Value of Creatine Phosphokinase Assay in Spinal Fluid ( 199 :750, 1967), which appears under the heading Negative Results, contains data which are greatly at variance with our results. 1 We have determined the creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in the cerebrospinal fluid of 100 patients with a modification of the method of Hughes. 2 We found hardly any detectable enzyme in the spinal fluid of ten patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective surgery—nine patients had no measurable enzyme activity while the tenth had a level of 0.5 international units/ liter. There was a constant elevation of the enzyme level in 60% of patients with cerebral tumors in general. The results of our investigations agree with those of Herschkowitz and Cumings 3 in that meningiomas were not associated with an elevated level of cerebrospinal fluid CPK. There was no elevation of the enzyme level
Dopamine-cell depolarization block as a model for the therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs
Authors: Anthony A. Grace, Benjamin S. Bunney, Holly Moore, Christopher L. Todd
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1997)

Antipsychotic drugs used in the treatment of schizophrenia have in common the property of being dopamine-receptor antagonists. However, the rapid timecourse of receptor blockade produced upon drug administration does not correlate with the emergence of clinical actions, which typically require weeks of treatment to become manifest. Studies in rats have shown that repeated antipsychotic drug treatment results in a delayed inactivation of dopamine-neuron firing in the midbrain due to depolarization block. Furthermore, the therapeutic efficacy of antipsychotic drugs in humans correlates with their ability to induce depolarization block of mesolimbic dopamine neurons, whereas their potential to produce extrapyramidal side effects correlates with their propensity for inducing depolarization block in the nigrostriatal dopamine system. Therefore, dopamine-cell depolarization block is an effective model for evaluating antipsychotic drug efficacy, and provides a potential mechanism to account for their therapeutic impact on a dysregulated dopamine system.
Evaluation of Burn Care in Florida
Authors: Bernard S. Linn, Sam E. Stephenson, Jane Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

To determine if additional burn-care facilities or educational programs for burn care were needed within Florida, 73 of the state's 220 hospitals were studied. Data were collected on hospital statistics for a one-year period, as well as on 1656 patients admitted for burns to these hospitals during that year. When results were adjusted for severity of the injury, there was no evidence that outcomes of patients were better in any one or group of the State's eight regions, or in hospitals that had special burn units. Considerable evidence, however, indicated the need for additional educational programs in burn care. Many records were poor, admissions were inappropriate, patients with minor burns stayed too long, and burn shock was too frequent.
THE STUDY OF HUMAN NUTRITION: THE OUTLOOK TO-DAY
Authors: F. G. Hopkins
Journal: BMJ (1935)

Among all the demands which the body makes on -its environment that for its food is of outstanding impor- tance, and it is to-day becoming well recognized that right nutrition, and especially right nutrition early in life, may profoundly affect the well-being and social value of the individual.Throughout all the earlier and most prolonged stages of his evolution man depended for guidance in the search for food, or later in its production, on instinct, aided by very slowly growing transmitted experience.He depended no less upon instinct and appetite for choice of the right food.What is perhaps remarkable is that the spirit of scientific inquiry had been active for two centuries before even the most civilized communities became provided with guidance of a more definite and ieliable kirnd.The results of the experience obtained by successive generations had become more and more available because recorded, and social organization, of course, brought food to the doors of all who could afford it.But fundamentally the available guidance bearing on quantity and choice was scarcely different in kind from that possessed by primitive man or by primitive communities to-day. Neglect and DisbeliefFor many years after the scientific study of nutrition began in earnest in the middle of the last century its results had little influence on-the lay mind.It -pro- gressed in an atmosphere of neglect and disbelief.The work of the scientific investigator is always under sus- picion with the majority when it professes to throw new light on traditional or customary human activities.Apart from the natural reaction of the average citizen, even that of practical agriculturists, administrators, and a good many physicians, when first ,presented with scientific data concerning the production and utilization of foods, was to assert that they could be of no more than academic interest.The race, it was felt, had sur- vived through the ages without such knowledge, and science could not improve practice to any significant extent.There are some, I think, who feel the same to-day.But mere survival of a race, however long, is no proof that the majority of its members have ever lived in optimal conditions, or have ever displayed to the full their innate capacities.It is easy to illustrate this from human history, and illustrations are available to-day.It may be fairly said that not till the end of the eighteenth century did knowledge arise which was fated to he one of the foundation stones of modern nutritional science.I mean, of course, the proof by Lavoisier,' by experiments which for that day were remarkably quanti-
Recertification of specialists
Authors: D R Davies
Journal: BMJ (1989)

it does contain records of day case hysterectomies and total hip replacements.We have passed Messrs Drife and Macafee's other observations on to the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, who will no doubt appre- ciate their humour very much.After all, an error rate of about 1 in 1000 is far better than could have been expected in hospital discharge statistics and, though perhaps significant, is absolutely negligible -a distinction about which statisticians are ob- viously still failing to educate clinicians.
THREE LECTURES ON THE CORRELATION OF PSYCHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Authors: D. Noble
Journal: BMJ (1854)

A FORM of consciousness which is higher still in the psyr chical scale than either sensation or emotion-THOUGHTexists also in the present sphere of existence, dependent upon organisation.Impressions received through the sen- sory and emotive ganglia influence thinking, and, in some sense, are essential to it; but thought itself is something beyond.These impressions constitute the material of ideas- those mental perceptions of objects and states of existence which form the basis of all positive kIowledge, and which, once realised in the consciousness, can be recalled in me- mory, and thus be rendered available in the higher opera- tions of mind.It is physiologically certain that the intelligence, alike in the apprehension of things, qualities, and circumstances, and in the combination and arrangement of ideas, has cere- bral instrumentality for its exercise; and evidence from all sources, anatomical, physiological, and pathological, points to the cortical grey matter of the brain, the vesicular neu- rine investing the convolutions, as supplying the requisite organic conditions.Mr. Solly has very appropriately de- signated this structure the hemispherical ganglia.The progress of an impression from sensation, through intuition and representation, up to thought, has supplied to
AIDS — Two Years Later
Authors: James W. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

The first cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma in homosexual men were reported just over two years ago.1 , 2 Since that time, worldwide interest and concern about what has become known as the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have steadily escalated. During the past year, the news media have chronicled the epidemic and counted cases for the public. Tension has increased, as has the sense of mystery and confusion. However, although the cause of AIDS remains unknown, the disease is no longer totally mysterious.In order to assess epidemiologic trends accurately, the Centers for Disease Control's (CDC's) surveillance definition of . . .
Cancer Vaccines: Researchers Seek To Turn Promise Into Practice
Authors: E. Blume
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Cancer Vaccines: Researchers Seek To Turn Promise Into Practice Get access Elaine Blume Elaine Blume Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 23, 5 December 1990, Pages 1802–1804, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.23.1802 Published: 05 December 1990
Intentional self-deception can and does occur
Authors: Donald R. Gorassini
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

A form of self-deception exists that is both intentional and common. In it, people act as if they are undergoing a certain state of mind as a tactic for experiencing the state. This kind of self- deception can be illustrated by what happens to players of simulation games. Someone playing a pilot in a flight simulator game, for example, comes to experience aspects of the world of a pilot. Research on hypnotic responding is used to illustrate the nature and effectiveness of such a strategy of self-deception.