tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Africa's visionary editor
Authors: G. Yamey
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Professor James Tumwine launched an African medical journal two years ago that is already indexed on Medline

Professor Tumwine, associate professor of paediatrics at Makere University, Kampala, Uganda, was just 14 years old when his eye for a good story first caused a stir.

   ![][1] 

James Tumwine is fed up with the “hypocrisy” of journals such as the BMJ and the Lancet 

He was editor of his school newsletter, and every day his editorial team would post news stories on the school notice board. One weekend he went to a village dance. “There was a gramophone playing the cha-cha-cha,” he recalls, “and two of our teachers were there. It was below their status to go to this type of dance.” So he was astonished to see them there.

He posted this “great news” the next Monday. The headmaster called an assembly, condemned James for his outrageous lack of discipline, caned him, and suspended him for a month, including two weeks of hard labour in which he had to hoe a section of dry earth. “It was my first time getting into trouble as an editor.”

Professor Tumwine, a specialist in paediatric infectious diseases and formerly Oxfam UK's health adviser for the Africa region, is causing trouble again. Frustrated by the lack of medical journals that will publish the work of African researchers, he ignored …

 [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Ultrastructural evidence of microvascular damage and myocardial cell injury after coronary artery occlusion: which comes first?
Authors: R A Kloner, R E Rude, N Carlson, P R Maroko, L W DeBoer, E Braunwald
Journal: Circulation (1980)

Both microvascular damage and myocardial cell injury occur after coronary occlusion, but the relationship of these two events is unclear; specifically, it is unknown whether microvascular damage causes myocardial cell injury. Dogs were subjected to coronary occlusion for 20, 40, 60, 90 or 180 minutes, after which subendocardial and subepicardial biopsies were obtained for electron and light microscopy of 1-mu sections. Of 312 biopsies of ischemic myocadium, 181 showed myocardial cell injury with no microvascular damage; 131 showed myocardial cell injury and microvascular damage; but none showed microvascular damage without myocardial cell injury. Although ultrastructural evidence of myocardial cell damage was present in the subendocardium after 20-40 minutes of ischemia, ultrastructural evidence of microvascular damage was not prominent until 60-90 minutes after coronary artery occlusion. Morphologic ultrastructural evidence of microvascular damage lagged behind myocardial cell injury, suggesting that ultrastructural microvascular damage is not a primary cause of ultrastructural myocardial cell injury.
Hunter's Syndrome
Authors: John E. Gerich
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Deficient activity of beta galactosidase was found in the skin of two siblings with Hunter's syndrome and their mother, a carrier of the sex-linked disorder. Twenty-five and 33 per cent of the normal mean value for beta-galactosidase activity were observed in skin homogenates from the probands, and 54 per cent was present in that of the mother. The average plasma beta-galactosidase activity in the probands and in their mother was one and seven-tenths and one and four-tenths times normal control values respectively. Skin and plasma beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in the probands was elevated three and one and three-tenths times mean control values respectively. Normal values for this enzyme were found in the skin and plasma of the mother. Current evidence suggests that the abnormal accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in Hunter's syndrome is due to a defect in the degradation of these substances. The results of this study support the hypothesis that a deficiency of beta-galactosidase activity or a cofactor necessary for its action is responsible.
Croatia is let down
Authors: Harvey Marcovitch
Journal: BMJ (2008)

In November 2006 the editors of the Croatian Medical Journal asked the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) to help it in dealing with allegations against Asim Kurjak of duplicate or redundant publication, or both. These were quite separate from the previous allegations of plagiarism by this author.

An investigation by COPE concluded in February 2007, in regard to the papers submitted to it by the journal, that …
IMPACT OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE CORONARY REMODELING ON CULPRIT LESION MORPHOMETRY: THE ADAPT–DES IVUS SUBSTUDY
Authors: Shinji Inaba, Gary Mintz, Bernhard Witzenbichler, Christopher Metzger, Michael Rinaldi, Ernest Mazzaferri, Peter Duffy, Giora Weisz, Thomas Stuckey, Bruce Brodie, Ke Xu, Roxana Mehran, Gregg Stone, Akiko Maehara
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Asthma and allergies: is the farming environment (still) protective in <scp>P</scp>oland? The <scp>GABRIEL</scp> Advanced Studies
Authors: S. J. MacNeill, B. Sozanska, H. Danielewicz, A. Debinska, A. Kosmeda, A. Boznanski, S. Illi, M. Depner, C. Strunz‐Lehner, M. Waser, G. Büchele, E. Horak, J. Genuneit, D. Heederik, C. Braun‐Fahrländer, E. von Mutius, P. Cullinan
Journal: Allergy (2013)

Abstract Background Evidence exists that a farming environment in childhood may provide protection against atopic respiratory disease. In the GABRIEL project based in P oland and A lpine regions of G ermany, A ustria and S witzerland, we aimed to assess whether a farming environment in childhood is protective against allergic diseases in P oland and whether specific exposures explain any protective effect. Methods In rural P oland, 23 331 families of schoolchildren completed a questionnaire enquiring into farming practices and allergic diseases (Phase I). A subsample ( n = 2586) participated in Phase II involving a more detailed questionnaire on specific farm exposures with objective measures of atopy. Results Farming differed between Poland and the Alpine centres; in the latter, cattle farming was prevalent, whereas in Poland 18% of village farms kept ≥1 cow and 34% kept ≥1 pig. Polish children in villages had lower prevalences of asthma and hay fever than children from towns, and in the Phase II population, farm children had a reduced risk of atopy measured by IgE ( aOR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.57, 0.91) and skin prick test ( aOR = 0.65, 95% CI 0.50, 0.86). Early‐life contact with grain was inversely related to the risk of atopy measured by IgE ( aOR = 0.66, 95% CI 0.47, 0.92) and appeared to explain part of the farming effect. Conclusion While farming in Poland differed from that in the Alpine areas as did the exposure–response associations, we found in communities engaged in small‐scale, mixed farming, there was a protective farming effect against objective measures of atopy potentially related to contact with grain or associated farm activities.
An update on mortality among workers at a 1,3-butadiene facility--preliminary results.
Authors: B J Divine
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

This is a cohort study of 2582 male workers employed at least 6 months between 1943 and 1979 at a 1,3-butadiene manufacturing facility. An earlier report on mortality through 1979 found a statistically significant deficit for all causes of death and lower than expected mortality for most of the leading causes of death. However, there was a statistically significant excess of deaths from lymphosarcoma. This report is a preliminary update of cohort information through 1985 and also a reanalysis of mortality. The all-causes standardized mortality ratio is 84 and that for all cancers is 80. These are statistically significant deficits; significant deficits were also seen for all cancer of the digestive system and all external causes of death. One additional death from lymphosarcoma was observed during the extended follow-up period giving a statistically significant standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of 229. The increase was concentrated in those employed less than 10 years and in those first employed before 1946. No increase was seen overall for leukemia (SMR = 102).
Carcinoma mucins trigger reciprocal activation of platelets and neutrophils in a murine model of Trousseau syndrome
Authors: Bojing Shao, Mark G. Wahrenbrock, Longbiao Yao, Tovo David, Shaun R. Coughlin, Lijun Xia, Ajit Varki, Rodger P. McEver
Journal: Blood (2011)
Epicardial Stenosis Severity Does Not Affect Minimal Microcirculatory Resistance
Authors: Wilbert Aarnoudse, William F. Fearon, Ganesh Manoharan, Maartje Geven, Frans van de Vosse, Marcel Rutten, Bernard De Bruyne, Nico H.J. Pijls
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Background— Whether minimal microvascular resistance of the myocardium is affected by the presence of an epicardial stenosis is controversial. Recently, an index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) was developed that is based on combined measurements of distal coronary pressure and thermodilution-derived mean transit time. In normal coronary arteries, IMR correlates well with true microvascular resistance. However, to be applicable in the case of an epicardial stenosis, IMR should account for collateral flow. We investigated the feasibility of determining IMR in humans and tested the hypothesis that microvascular resistance is independent of epicardial stenosis. Methods and Results— Thirty patients scheduled for percutaneous coronary intervention were studied. The stenosis was stented with a pressure guidewire, and coronary wedge pressure (P w ) was measured during balloon occlusion. After successful stenting, a short compliant balloon with a diameter 1.0 mm smaller than the stent was placed in the stented segment and inflated with increasing pressures, creating a 10%, 50%, and 75% area stenosis. At each of the 3 degrees of stenosis, fractional flow reserve (FFR) and IMR were measured at steady-state maximum hyperemia induced by intravenous adenosine. A total of 90 measurements were performed in 30 patients. When uncorrected for P w , an apparent increase in microvascular resistance was observed with increasing stenosis severity (IMR=24, 27, and 37 U for the 3 different degrees of stenosis; P &lt;0.001). In contrast, when P w is appropriately accounted for, microvascular resistance did not change with stenosis severity (IMR=22, 23, and 23 U, respectively; P =0.28). Conclusions— Minimal microvascular resistance does not change with epicardial stenosis severity, and IMR is a specific index of microvascular resistance when collateral flow is properly taken into account.
Nutrition During Lactation
Authors: Barbara Luke
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Breast-feeding, like prenatal nutrition, has gained renewed interest from health professionals and patients during recent years. After peaking in the 1980s, breast-feeding is currently on the decline in the United States, and those mothers who do choose to breast-feed tend to be older, white, and better educated. This report is the second of a series of committee reports evaluating nutrition during the reproductive cycle. Its purpose was to evaluate the effects of breast-feeding on the nutritional status and long-term health of the mother and the effects of the mother's nutritional status on the volume and composition of her milk and on the potential subsequent effects of these changes on infant health. The report concluded that women who have healthy, full-term babies should be encouraged to breast-feed because of the known benefits to the baby and the potential benefits to the mother. Breast-feeding helps protect infants against gastrointestinal and respiratory infections
Smoking licences and cutting salt in food would reduce health inequalities
Authors: Andrew Cole
Journal: BMJ (2007)

A former government adviser has said that a system of licensing on buying tobacco products and banning added salt in processed foods could help boost public health and reduce health inequalities in the UK population.

Speaking at a Fabian Society forum that examined how to cut health inequalities over the next decade, Julian Le Grand, professor of social policy at the London School of Economics, said that although the costs of tackling public health problems were immediate, the benefits were realised only in the long term. As a result neither the public nor commissioning trusts saw public health as a priority. …
A System for Filing Medical Literature
Authors: ELLIS A. FULLER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

A unified method for filing medical literature is presented that can be adapted and individually tailored to meet the needs of physicians of varying disciplines and interests. The system is based on a numbered index that is developed by the user and can be expanded and modified as his medical interests grow and change. Reprints, tear sheets, photostatic copies, etc.—labeled with the appropriate index number—are filed in manila filing folders marked with the same index number. This system has proved to be practical, efficient and easy to maintain, and of great benefit for postgraduate self-training, patient management, writing, teaching, and research.
Abstract 1436: Investigating the NAD metabolome in Ewing sarcoma
Authors: Cornelia N. Mutz, Jozef Ban, Stephan Niedan, Maximilian O. Kauer, Dave N.T. Aryee, Dietmar Fuchs, Andreas Heitger, Heinrich Kovar
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is the second most common bone cancer in children and adolescents with a high metastatic potential. Tumor development is driven by the specific t(11;22)(q24;q12) chromosomal translocation resulting in generation of the chimeric transcription factor EWS-FLI1. Recently, ES has been reported to be exquisitely sensitive to inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1). This enzyme uses NAD+ as substrate and was demonstrated to regulate EWS-FLI1 in a feed-back mechanism. Another major mammalian NAD+ consumer is the deacetylase SIRT1 which we observed to be highly expressed in ES metastases, validated with immunohistochemistry of 250 primary tumors and 30 metastases. PARP1 and SIRT1 play pivotal roles in coupling cellular metabolism to transcriptional gene regulation as well as to stress response. Both of them regulate pro-apoptotic transcription factors that are suppressed in ES including p53, FOXO1 and 3, and NFκB. It has been demonstrated that PARP1 activity is at least partially dependent on acetylation which is counteracted by SIRT1 activity. Severe cell stress such as DNA damage leads to massive activation of PARP1, thus resulting in depletion of the cellular NAD+ pool and finally cell death. Usually, NAD+ is regenerated from nicotinamide via NAMPT or from the reduction of pyruvate via LDHA (Warburg effect), but can also be synthesized de novo from tryptophan. Interestingly, the knockdown of EWS-FLI1 in ES cells comes along with increased TDO and suppressed KMO expression, both being critical enzymes in tryptophan metabolism and NAD+ de novo synthesis. As a consequence, cellular tryptophan consumption drastically increases, which might indicate a regulatory function of EWS-FLI1 in maintaining the balance of the cellular NAD+ metabolism. In addition, we observed a striking sensitivity of ES cells to interferon gamma treatment at very low doses (5U/ml) resulting in the induction of the tryptophan metabolizing enzyme IDO and the production of the immune-suppressive metabolite kynurenine. We are currently studying how these changes in tryptophan metabolism affect cellular NAD+ pools and SIRT1 and PARP1 activities in ES. This study serves for a better understanding of EWS-FLI1 and of the microenvironment in the post-translational control of SIRT1 and PARP1 regulated gene transcription, and the consequences for PARP1 and/or SIRT1 directed therapies of ES. Supported by the Austrian Science fund, grant I1225-B19. Citation Format: Cornelia N. Mutz, Jozef Ban, Stephan Niedan, Maximilian O. Kauer, Dave N.T. Aryee, Dietmar Fuchs, Andreas Heitger, Heinrich Kovar. Investigating the NAD metabolome in Ewing sarcoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1436. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1436
Genomewide microRNA down-regulation as a negative feedback mechanism in the early phases of liver regeneration
Authors: Jingmin Shu, Betsy T. Kren, Zhilian Xia, Phillip Y.-P. Wong, Lihua Li, Eric A. Hanse, Michael X. Min, Bingshan Li, Jeffrey H. Albrecht, Yan Zeng, Subbaya Subramanian, Clifford J. Steer
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

The liver is one of the few organs that have the capacity to regenerate in response to injury. We carried out genomewide microRNA (miRNA) microarray studies during liver regeneration in rats after 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) at early and mid time points to more thoroughly understand their role. At 3, 12, and 18 hours post-PH ˜40% of the miRNAs tested were up-regulated. Conversely, at 24 hours post-PH, ˜70% of miRNAs were down-regulated. Furthermore, we established that the genomewide down-regulation of miRNA expression at 24 hours was also correlated with decreased expression of genes, such as Rnasen , Dgcr8 , Dicer , Tarbp2 , and Prkra , associated with miRNA biogenesis. To determine whether a potential negative feedback loop between miRNAs and their regulatory genes exists, 11 candidate miRNAs predicted to target the above-mentioned genes were examined and found to be up-regulated at 3 hours post-PH. Using reporter and functional assays, we determined that expression of these miRNA-processing genes could be regulated by a subset of miRNAs and that some miRNAs could target multiple miRNA biogenesis genes simultaneously. We also demonstrated that overexpression of these miRNAs inhibited cell proliferation and modulated cell cycle in both Huh-7 human hepatoma cells and primary rat hepatocytes. From these observations, we postulated that selective up-regulation of miRNAs in the early phase after PH was involved in the priming and commitment to liver regeneration, whereas the subsequent genomewide down-regulation of miRNAs was required for efficient recovery of liver cell mass. Conclusion: Our data suggest that miRNA changes are regulated by negative feedback loops between miRNAs and their regulatory genes that may play an important role in the steady-state regulation of liver regeneration. (Hepatology 2011;)
The natural history of chronic urticaria in childhood: A prospective study
Authors: Somboon Chansakulporn, Sureerat Pongpreuksa, Preeda Sangacharoenkit, Punchama Pacharn, Nualanong Visitsunthorn, Pakit Vichyanond, Orathai Jirapongsananuruk
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2014)
Decreased hepatic glycogen content and accelerated response to starvation in rats with carbon tetrachloride–induced cirrhosis
Authors: Stephan Krahenbuhl, Fred L. Weber, Eric P. Brass
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

Glucose homeostasis and fatty acid metabolism are abnormal in patients with cirrhosis. To assess the metabolic response to starvation in an animal model of cirrhosis, glycogen and fuel metabolism were characterized in rats with CCl4-induced cirrhosis studied 2 wk after 10 weekly doses of CCl4. Plasma concentrations of glucose and beta-hydroxybutyrate were not different between fed CCl4-treated and control rats, but plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations were higher in cirrhotic animals (0.25 +/- 0.01 vs. 0.39 +/- 0.04 mmol/L; p less than 0.05). After 12 hr of starvation, the plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentration had reached 0.58 +/- 0.04 mmol/L in CCl4-treated rats, compared with 0.38 +/- 0.04 mmol/L in control rats (p less than 0.05). The redistribution of the hepatic carnitine pool toward acylcarnitines, which is characteristic of starvation, was complete after fasting for 12 hr in the CCl4-treated rats, compared with the 24 hr required in control rats. In fed cirrhotic rats, liver glycogen content per gram liver was decreased by 64% compared with control rats (30.0 +/- 5.1 vs. 10.8 +/- 1.1 mg/gm liver wet wt; p less than 0.05). After 12-hr fasting, hepatic glycogen content had fallen to 14.3 +/- 3.9 and 4.8 +/- 0.4 mg/gm liver wet wt (p less than 0.05) in control and cirrhotic animals, respectively. To further characterize the status of glycogen metabolism in cirrhotic livers, activities of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase were determined. Hepatic active and total glycogen phosphorylase activities normalized to hepatocellular content were unaffected by CCl4 treatment, whereas total glycogen synthase activity was increased by 45%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Nephrectomy Followed by Interferon Alfa-2b Compared with Interferon Alfa-2b Alone for Metastatic Renal-Cell Cancer
Authors: Robert C. Flanigan, Sydney E. Salmon, Brent A. Blumenstein, Scott I. Bearman, Vivek Roy, Patrick C. McGrath, John R. Caton, Nikhil Munshi, E. David Crawford
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

The value of nephrectomy in metastatic renal-cell cancer has long been debated. Several nonrandomized studies suggest a higher rate of response to systemic therapy and longer survival in patients who have undergone nephrectomy.
Treatment of chromomycosis with terbinafine: preliminary results of an open pilot study
Authors: P. ESTERRE, C.K. INZAN, E.R. RAMARCEL, A. ANDRIANTSIMAHAVANDY, M. RATSIOHARANA, J.L. PECARRERE, P. ROIG
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

In an open trial, long courses (6‐12 months) of terbinaflne at a dosage of 500mg/day were administered orally to 43 patients with a diagnosis of chromomycosis. Sixteen patients (37·2%) had previously relapsed after one or two courses of thiabendazole. A spectacular improvement in the lesions, including disappearance of bacterial superinfections and of associated oedema and elephantiasis, was observed as soon as 2‐4 months after the beginning of treatment. The mean number of fungal cells in skin scrapings fell by about 70% in 4 months. Mycological cure, as judged by skin scrapings, was observed in 41·4, 74·1 and 82·5% of patients infected with Fonsecaea pedrosoi after 4, 8 and 12 months of therapy, respectively. For the first time with this disease, total cure was observed even in imidazole‐refractory patients or chronic cases (47·2% with a lesion present for longer than 10 years). The efficacy of terbinafine in Cladosporium carnonii‐infected patients seemed higher, as indicated by the examination at 4 months.