tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HBV reactivation after fludarabine chemotherapy identified on investigation of suspected transfusion-transmitted Hepatitis B virus
Authors: J.P. Power, M. El Chaar, J. Temple, M. Thomas, D. Spillane, D. Candotti, J.P. Allain
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)

Multi-transfused patients often receive treatments inducing various levels of immunodeficiency. Acute viral infections may then be attributed either to transfusion-transmitted infection (TTI) or reactivation of a past infection.A patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who had >250 blood donor exposures developed acute Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Routine donor testing for HB core antibodies (anti-HBc) was in place in the relevant period and investigations undertaken on the blood donors were negative.Review of historical, molecular, and antigenic evidence demonstrated reactivation of a recovered HBV infection dating >30 years and the selection of a rare escape mutant that briefly replicated and caused acute liver disease. This mutant was unreactive with several HBsAg assays and poorly reactive with an HBV vaccine plasma. Correcting the C139Y substitution by site directed mutagenesis of recombinant surface proteins re-established assay reactivity.Fludarabine, but not Chlorambucil, appeared sufficiently immunosuppressive to trigger reactivation despite low levels of neutralizing antibodies. Differentiating between TTI and reactivation of HBV becomes more challenging with the increasing frequency of immunocompromised blood recipients. Chemotherapy with Fludarabine alone should be considered as carrying high risk of viral reactivation. Pre-treatment testing and peripheral blood sample archiving may be indicated in HBsAg negative patients.
Disease modifying therapy in vasculitides: Eds C G M Kallenberg, J W Cohen Tervaert. (Pp 216; Euros 110.) Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 2001. ISBN 3-7643-6147-6.
Authors: P. A Bacon
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2002)

Role of HLA genes in familial spondyloarthropathySaid-Nahal and colleagues report an intriguing finding of an association with HLA-DR4 independent of B27 in families with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 1 a finding highlighted by an accompanying editorial. 2 The approach of studying B27 positive and B27 negative haplotypes may prove powerful in identifying further cis or trans encoded genes involved in AS.However, the reported association of DR4 with AS is quite a surprising finding given that no difference was noted in B27-DR4 haplotype frequencies in patients and ethnically matched healthy controls.Many previous studies have not reported any such association, 3-9 including a similar preliminary study by the same authors. 10Although these studies were mainly case-control studies, population stratification is highly unlikely to cause a false negative finding if the effect size of the reported association with DR4 is as high as Said-Nahal and colleagues describe.We are concerned that both the family and case-control results are biased by the statistical approach employed.Multicase families were used in the study, yet a form of transmission test for linkage disequilibrium (TDT) was used 11 which is only suitable for single affected families, and is a valid test only of linkage, and not of association, when applied to multicase families. 12Therefore the TDT p values reported in tables 5, 6, and 7 of Said-Nahal's paper 1 for the patients and unaffected B27+siblings do not reflect association alone, and will be affected by the strong linkage of the major histocompatibility complex with AS, and also probably by bias due to the different numbers of parent-case trios selected from different multicase families.Forms of TDT are available for general pedigree families and are more powerful than the TDT employed in this study (for example, see Clayton 13 ).These biases also apply to the case-control component of the study (results presented in tables 2, 3, and 4) where it appears that related cases were employed.If so, these results also reflect both linkage and association.We would be interested to see the results of a further analysis allowing for these considerations.
Effects of purines and pyrimidines on the rat mesenteric arterial bed.
Authors: V Ralevic, G Burnstock
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

The effects of the purines, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP), and the pyrimidines, uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP), cytidine 5'-triphosphate (CTP), and thymidine 5'-triphosphate (TTP), on vascular resistance were investigated in the rat mesenteric arterial bed. In preparations at basal tone, these agents produced dose-related vasoconstriction with a potency order of ATP greater than CTP greater than UTP much greater than TTP = GTP. When tone was raised with norepinephrine (30 microM), these agents caused dose-related vasodilatation with the potency order of UTP = ATP greater than TTP = GTP. CTP did not elicit vasodilatation. Removal of the endothelium with sodium deoxycholate resulted in an increased responsiveness of the mesenteric bed preparation to the vasoconstrictor effects of each of the purines and pyrimidines tested. The selective P2 X-purinoceptor-desensitizing agent alpha,beta-methylene ATP inhibited vasoconstrictor responses to ATP and to CTP but had no effect on vasoconstrictor responses elicited by UTP, TTP, and GTP. In raised-tone preparations, vasodilator responses to ATP, UTP, TTP, and GTP were abolished after removal of the endothelium with sodium deoxycholate. Responses to acetylcholine were also abolished; those to sodium nitroprusside were unimpaired. An inhibitor of the formation of nitric oxide from L-arginine, N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (30 microM), which antagonizes responses mediated by endothelium-derived relaxing factor (nitric oxide), attenuated vasodilatation to ATP, UTP, and acetylcholine but not to sodium nitroprusside.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Book Review Herbal and Magical Medicine: Traditional Healing Today Edited by James Kirkland, Holly F. Mathews, C.W. Sullivan III, and Karen Baldwin. 240 pp. Durham, N.C., Duke University Press, 1992. $45 (cloth); $18.95 (paper). 0-8223-1217-4
Authors: David Eisenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)
Importance of hypovolaemic shock and endoscopic signs in predicting recurrent haemorrhage from peptic ulceration: a prospective evaluation.
Authors: P C Bornman, N A Theodorou, R D Shuttleworth, H P Essel, I N Marks
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The incidence of rebleeding was studied prospectively in 177 patients with acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage from peptic ulceration with reference to the degree of haemodynamic insult on admission and the presence of endoscopic signs of recent haemorrhage on initial endoscopy. Rebleeding occurred in two (2%) of 114 patients without shock, in seven (18%) of 38 with tachycardia (pulse rate greater than 100 beats/min, systolic blood pressure greater than 100 mm Hg), and in 12 (48%) of 25 with shock (systolic blood pressure less than 100 mm Hg). A similar gradient was noted with the presence of endoscopic signs alone. Rebleeding occurred in four (5%) of 79 patients with no endoscopic signs, in none of 40 with black spot only, in 11 (23%) of 48 with a clot, and in five (50%) of 10 with a visible vessel on endoscopy. When the incidence of rebleeding was assessed in shocked patients, however, it was significantly higher in those with important signs (clot or visible vessel), in 11 (79%) out of 14 patients, than in those with no signs, in one (9%) out of 11 (p less than 0.001). These data suggest that the association of shock with important endoscopic signs is a stronger predictor of rebleeding than either shock or important signs alone. More aggressive treatment may be warranted in this small group of patients.
STAT3 governs distinct pathways in emergency granulopoiesis and mature neutrophils
Authors: A. D. Panopoulos, L. Zhang, J. W. Snow, D. M. Jones, A. M. Smith, K. C. El Kasmi, F. Liu, M. A. Goldsmith, D. C. Link, P. J. Murray, S. S. Watowich
Journal: Blood (2006)
Paediatric cardiac transplant surgery has improved
Authors: C Wigfield, H C Leonard, J R L Hamilton, A Hasan, J H Dark
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Tauopathies, including Alzheimer9s disease (AD) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with tau pathologies, are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) comprising filamentous tau protein. Although emerging evidence suggests that tau pathology may be transmitted, we demonstrate here that synthetic tau fibrils are sufficient to transmit tau inclusions in a mouse model. Specifically, intracerebral inoculation of young PS19 mice overexpressing mutant human tau (P301S) with synthetic preformed fibrils (pffs) assembled from recombinant full-length tau or truncated tau containing four microtubule binding repeats resulted in rapid induction of NFT-like inclusions that propagated from injected sites to connected brain regions in a time-dependent manner. Interestingly, injection of tau pffs into either hippocampus or striatum together with overlaying cortex gave rise to distinct pattern of spreading. Moreover, unlike tau pathology that spontaneously develops in old PS19 mice, the pff-induced tau inclusions more closely resembled AD NFTs because they were Thioflavin S positive, acetylated, and more resistant to proteinase K digestion. Together, our study demonstrates that synthetic tau pffs alone are capable of inducing authentic NFT-like tau aggregates and initiating spreading of tau pathology in a tauopathy mouse model.
Are breast cancer screening programmes increasing rates of mastectomy? Observational study
Authors: E. Paci
Journal: BMJ (2002)

In the recent Cochrane review of mammographic screening the authors and editors disagreed with respect to reporting the effect of screening on rates of aggressive treatment for breast cancer.1 The authors maintained that screening increased the number of mastectomies by around 20%, mainly as a result of overdiagnosis. If this were the case, populations in which screening has been introduced should see a subsequent increase in the number of radical treatments for breast cancer and an increase in the incidence of breast cancer in excess of that expected purely from lead time. We report the changes in rates of radical surgery and incidence of breast cancer since the introduction of the Florence mammographic screening programme.

We studied the …
The role of psychological and biological factors in postinfective gut dysfunction
Authors: K-A Gwee, Y-L Leong, C Graham, M W McKendrick, S M Collins, S J Walters, J E Underwood, N W Read
Journal: Gut (1999)

BACKGROUND Both psychological and physiological disturbances have been implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). AIMS To investigate how the psychological factors act, and the involvement of infective and physiological factors. METHODS Consecutive patients hospitalised for gastroenteritis reported life events for the previous 12 months, and past illness experiences on standardised questionnaires. They also completed psychometric questionnaires for anxiety, neuroticism, somatisation, and hypochondriasis. In some patients, rectal biopsy specimens were obtained during the acute illness and at three months postinfection. RESULTS Ninety four patients completed all questionnaires: 22 patients were diagnosed with IBS after their gastroenteritis (IBS+), and 72 patients returned to normal bowel habits (IBS−). IBS+ patients reported more life events and had higher hypochondriasis scores than IBS− patients. The predictive value of the life event and hypochondriasis measures was highly significant and independent of anxiety, neuroticism, and somatisation scores, which were also elevated in IBS+ patients. Rectal biopsy specimens from 29 patients showed a chronic inflammatory response in both IBS+ and IBS− patients. Three months later, specimens from IBS+ patients continued to show increased chronic inflammatory cell counts but those from IBS− patients had returned to normal levels. IBS+ and IBS− patients exhibited rectal hypersensitivity and hyper-reactivity and rapid colonic transit compared with normal controls, but there were no significant differences between IBS+ and IBS− patients for these physiological measurements. CONCLUSION Psychological factors most clearly predict the development of IBS symptoms after gastroenteritis but biological mechanisms also contribute towards the expression of symptoms.
County Medical Society Helps Sponsor Chaplaincy Service
Authors: Richard K. Young, Albert L. Meiburg
Journal: JAMA (1963)

MANY COMMUNITY HOSPITALS would like a full-time chaplain but believe that the expense is beyond their budget. This article reports how the physicians, hospital administrator, and ministers of one community provided such service. Wilkes General is a city-owned, 100-bed hospital in North Wilkesboro, N.C., a town of 5,000. The administrator, county medical society, and local ministers held a joint meeting. An outside speaker led a discussion on the doctor-minister relationship. Several physicians said that they saw many patients with illnesses complicated by family problems but who were not sufficiently emotionally disturbed to require referral to a medical center. Likewise, several ministers stated that they encountered individuals whose needs for counseling were too time-consuming or who required more intensive help than they could give. The hospital administrator mentioned the overly zealous religious workers who went from room to room disturbing patients and stated that he desired a trained chaplain whose
HISTORY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Authors: Alexander S. Wiener
Journal: JAMA (1933)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The article on "The History of Blood Transfusion" that appeared in the department of Miscellany (The Journal, Nov. 12, 1932, p. 1717) interested me considerably. May I point out an error which involves the discovery of the blood groups that appears in this article and also in the review by Zimmerman and Howell in the September issue of the<i>Annals of Medical History</i>, from which the article inThe Journalis apparently concentrated. On page 1719 appears the paragraph: "In 1900 Landsteiner (and, independently, Shattock) made the momentous discovery which was recently awarded the Nobel prize, namely, that human blood contains iso-agglutinins, capable of agglutinating other human red blood corpuscles, and that human blood is divided into three groups with regard to the agglutinating reactions. Decastello and Sturli (1902) added a fourth group. Hektoen (1907) was the first to point out the significance of iso-agglutinins in human
Physicians in a Changing World
Authors: Walter H. Judd
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

IT is a great honor and privilege for me to speak at this annual dinner of the distinguished members, and their ladies, of the Massachusetts Medical Society, which is so old in years but so young and progressive in carrying on its tradition of pioneering leadership. It is always a unique personal pleasure when I am able to meet with the profession in which I spent nineteen years of my life. I enjoyed the deep and abiding satisfactions that always come from the conviction that one is being useful to persons in need. I am not so sure about my . . .
Epigenetic Regulation of Lentiviral Transgene Vectors in a Large Animal Model
Authors: Andreas Hofmann, Barbara Kessler, Sonja Ewerling, Andrea Kabermann, Gottfried Brem, Eckhard Wolf, Alexander Pfeifer
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Transgenic animals are of outstanding relevance for genetic studies and the development of novel therapies for human diseases. A recent development is the generation of transgenic animals by lentiviral gene transfer. So far, studies on lentiviral transgenesis focused on first-generation (founder or F0) animals—most of which carry multiple integrants. Here, we analyze transgene expression and epigenetic regulation of individual integrants in lentiviral transgenic pigs after segregation to the F1 generation. Unexpectedly, one-third of lentiviral integrants exhibited low expression levels and were hypermethylated, as demonstrated by methylation-sensitive Southern blotting and bisulfite sequencing. Proviral methylation density correlated inversely with expression levels. In addition, treatment of isolated transgenic fibroblasts with the DNA methylase inhibitor 5-azacytidine induced a threefold increase in mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) from 8 to 26.1. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A enhanced MFI to only 11.1. Taken together, expression of lentiviral integrants in higher mammals is regulated by epigenetic modifications. In contrast to previous expectations, DNA methylation plays an important role in lentiviral expression.
Effect of desferrioxamine and hydroxypyridones on hemopoietic progenitors and neuroectodermal tumor cells
Authors: Fabio Timeus, Paola Valle, Nicoletta Crescenzio, Luciano Ruggieri, Paolo Rosso, Giovanni Luca Pagliardi, Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, Vilma Gabutti, Ugo Ramenghi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Abstract The iron chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of hemopoietic progenitors and several tumor cell lines. We have compared the in viro hemopoietic inhibitory effect of desferrioxamine (DFO) and hydroxypyridones (HPOs) on hemopoietic progenitors and two human neuroectodermal (NE) tumor cell lines, NB 100 and SKNMC. Both DFO and HPOs showed a direct dose‐related inhibitory effect on BFU‐E and CFU‐GM obtained from purified human non‐T MNAC (T‐Iymphocyte‐depleted nonadherent mononuclear cells) and CD34+ cells. DFO and HPOs displayed both an inhibitory and a cytotoxic effect on NE cell lines. We calculated the ratio between NE cell and hemopoietic cell growth inhibition for a range of concentrations of chelators. DFO showed the most satisfactory ratio. This suggests that DFO is still the most preferable chelating agent for the treatment of neuroblastoma, since it combines the highest antineuroblastoma effect with the lowest hematopoietic toxicity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mother's weight in pregnancy and coronary heart disease in a cohort of finnish men: follow up study
Authors: T Forsen, J G Eriksson, J Tuomilehto, K Teramo, C Osmond, D J P Barker
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To determine whether restricted growth in utero is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease among men in Finland, where rates of the disease are among the highest in the world. <b>Design:</b> Follow up study. <b>Setting:</b> Helsinki, Finland. <b>Subjects:</b> 3302 men born in Helsinki University Central Hospital during 1924–33 who went to school in the city of Helsinki and were resident in Finland in 1971. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Standardised mortality ratios for coronary heart disease. <b>Results:</b> Men who were thin at birth, with low placental weight, had high death rates from coronary heart disease. Men whose mothers had a high body mass index in pregnancy also had high death rates. In a multivariate analysis the hazard ratio for coronary heart disease was 1.37 (95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.57) (P&lt;0.0001) for every standard deviation decrease in ponderal index at birth and 1.24 (1.10 to 1.39) (P=0.0004) for every standard deviation increase in mother9s body mass index. The effect of mother9s body mass index was restricted to mothers of below average stature. <b>Conclusion:</b> These findings suggest a new explanation for the epidemics of coronary heart disease that accompany Westernisation. Chronically malnourished women are short and light and their babies tend to be thin. The immediate effect of improved nutrition is that women become fat, which seems to increase the risk of coronary heart disease in the next generation. With continued improvements in nutrition, women become taller and heavier; their babies are adequately nourished; and maternal fatness no longer increases the risk of coronary heart disease, which therefore declines. <h3>Key messages</h3> Men who were thin at birth have high death rates from coronary heart disease If, in addition, their mothers were short and heavy they have evenhigher rates Women tend to be short and heavy in populations at an intermediatestage between chronic malnutrition and adequate nutrition This may explain why rates of coronary heart disease rise as nutrition improves in a population; rates then decline with continuing nutritional improvement
Na-Ca + K exchanger and Ca<sup>2+</sup>homeostasis in retinal rod outer segments: Inactivation of the Ca<sup>2+</sup>efflux mode and possible involvement of intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>stores in Ca<sup>2+</sup>homeostasis
Authors: Paul P. M. Schnetkamp
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Inactivation of the Ca 2+ extrusion mode of the retinal rod Na- Ca + K exchanger is suggested to be the mechanism that prevents lowering of cytosolic free Ca 2+ to &lt; 1 nM when rod cells are saturated for a prolonged time under bright light conditions. Under these conditions, Ca 2+ fluxes across disk membranes can contribute significantly to Ca 2+ homeostasis in rods.
860 REVISTING PREDICTORS OF VIROLOGIC RESPONSE TO PEGIFN+RBV THERAPY IN HIV/HCV COINFECTED PATIENTS: THE ROLE OF METABOLIC FACTORS AND ELEVATED GGT LEVELS
Authors: M. Mandorfer, T. Reiberger, B.A. Payer, F. Breitenecker, M.C. Aichelburg, B. Obermayer-Pietsch, A. Rieger, M. Puoti, R. Zangerle, M. Trauner, M. Peck-Radosavljevic
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Medical Education and the Organization of Medical Care in the USSR
Authors: HENRY MAYER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1963)

Special Article1 April 1963Medical Education and the Organization of Medical Care in the USSRHENRY MAYER, M.D.HENRY MAYER, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-58-4-691 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptDuring a recent visit to the Soviet Union, I had an opportunity to visit the First Medical Institute and to interview K. P. Josephovich of the Semneshko People's Health Institute. In answer to my questions he offered the information on which this report is based.MEDICAL EDUCATIONStudents enter the 6-year medical institutes throughout the nation when they are 17 or 18 years of age and have completed 10 years of secondary school. They devote the first 2 years' study to basic science. Clinical studies begin in their third year and include pharmacology, pathology, surgery, therapy, roentgenology, and microbiology. After...References1. OSTROVERKHOV GE: Higher medical education in the USSR. J. Med. Educ. 36: 986, 1961. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. MUELLER-DIETZ H: Medical Education in the Soviet Union, Reports of the Osteuropa-Institute of the Free University of Berlin, Medical Series 35, Prof. Max Brandt, 1958. Google Scholar3. FIELD M: Some recent Soviet medical statistics. JAMA 164: 695, 1957. CrossrefGoogle Scholar4. BAUMGARTNER L: What about Soviet medicine in public health? Amer. J. Public Health 49: 590, 1959. CrossrefGoogle Scholar5. BERMAN EF: Some observations in Russia. Sinai Hosp. J. (Balt.) 7: 26, 1958. MedlineGoogle Scholar6. Second Report on the World Health Situation 1957-1960. Official Records of the World Health Organization, No. 122. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Redwood City, CaliforniaRequests for reprints should be addressed to Henry Mayer, M.D., 945 Middlefield Road, Redwood City, California. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1963Volume 58, Issue 4Page: 691-696KeywordsClinical microbiologyClinical pathologyClinical pharmacologyDrug therapyMedical educationMicrobiologyPharmacologySurgery Issue Published: 1 April 1963 PDF DownloadLoading ...