tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Uncertainties in interspecies extrapolations of carcinogenicity.
Authors: E A Crouch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The usual classification of results of animal carcinogenicity tests is positive or negative. Attempting to observe correlations between species using such results is complicated by differing test sensitivities. In these circumstances it is helpful to use models to represent the experimental data in a consistent way. Fitting the model parameters to the data allows computation of confidence limits and an assessment of concordance or discordance between different species in a way which accounts for differing test sensitivities. This paper describes this approach in detail for one class of models applied to the carcinogenicity test results of 187 of the NCI bioassay series, allowing comparison between B6C3F1 mice, Fischer 344 rats and Osborne Mendel rats. It is shown that the uncertainties in extrapolating between species are larger than generally acknowledged (a standard deviation of a factor of approximately 4.5), but that within these uncertainties there are few if any discordances.
THE TREATMENT OF NEURASTHENIA.
Authors: DANIEL R. BROWER
Journal: JAMA (1901)

We have made great advances in every department of nervous and mental diseases, especially in pathology and diagnosis, but the least progress has been made in therapy. Those who are most active in the field of research seem to pay but little attention to this, the practical part. One of the best of our recent text-books on nervous diseases devoted twenty-six pages to neurasthenia, but only two to treatment. It is with the view of stimulating work in this direction and not with the idea of presenting anything novel that this paper is read, and with the hope that it may provoke a discussion that will be of service to us all in the treatment of this commonplace disorder. Neurasthenia has always been regarded as a functional disease, with no pathology, but a flood of light has been thrown on it by the investigations of Barker, Hodge, Mann, Eve, and
2 Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B undergoing liver transplantation
Authors: E. Schiff, C.L. Lai, P. Neuhaus, H. Tillman, D. Samuel, J.P. Villeneuve, S. Hadziyannis, S. Arterburn, H. Mommeja-Marin, S. Chuck
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Rapid transcriptional activation and early mRNA turnover of brain natriuretic peptide in cardiocyte hypertrophy. Evidence for brain natriuretic peptide as an "emergency" cardiac hormone against ventricular overload.
Authors: O Nakagawa, Y Ogawa, H Itoh, S Suga, Y Komatsu, I Kishimoto, K Nishino, T Yoshimasa, K Nakao
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

We previously demonstrated that brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a cardiac hormone mainly produced in the ventricle, while the major production site of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is the atrium. To assess the pathophysiological role of BNP in ventricular overload, we have examined the gene expression of BNP, In comparison with that of ANP, in a model of cardiac hypertrophy using cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiocytes. During cardiocyte hypertrophy evoked by endothelin-1, Phenylephrine, or PMA, the steady state level of BNP mRNA increased as rapidly as the "immediate-early" induction of the c-fos gene expression, and reached a maximal level within 1 h. Actinomycin D, a transcriptional inhibitor, completely diminished the response, while the translational blocked with cycloheximide did not inhibit it. In contrast, ANP mRNA began to increase 3 h after the stimulation, and accumulated during cardiocyte hypertrophy. The BNP secretion from ventricular cardiocytes was also stimulated, more rapidly than the ANP secretion. Furthermore, the turnover of BNP mRNA was significantly faster than that of ANP mRNA, being consistent with the existence of AUUUA motif in the 3'-untranslated region of BNP mRNA. These results demonstrate that the gene expression of BNP is distinctly regulated from that of ANP at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, and indicate that the characteristics of the BNP gene expression are suitable for its possible role as an " emergency" cardiac hormone against ventricular overload.
Nonallergic Rhinitis-Identifying Gaps in Research
Authors: R. Esteitie, N.S. Jones, E. Toskala, A.A. Cruz, D.G. Powe, R. Naclerio, D.J. Shusterman, P. Lieberman, J.N. Baraniuk, J. Mullol, F.M. Baroody, M. Wagenmann, M. White, G. Scadding, R. Settipane, W. Fokkens, R. Pawankar, A. Togias
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Myocardial neutrophil sequestration and activation related to the reperfusion of human heart during coronary artery surgery
Authors: B. Farah, A. Vuillemenot, T. Lecompte, L. Bara, C. Pasquier, V. Jebara, A. Carpentier, J.-N. Fabiani
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1994)

Objective: The aim was to determine if neutrophils are activated and sequestered as they pass through postischaemic human myocardium. Methods: The occurrence of neutrophil activation during the reperfusion of the ischaemic myocardium was investigated in 16 selected patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Neutrophils were counted and elastase and lactoferrin released into the plasma were measured simultaneously in myocardial venous blood and in peripheral venous blood, before aortic cross clamping (T0), and two (T1), 10 (T2), and 20 (T3) min after unclamping. Results: At T0, no statistically significant difference was noted between peripheral and myocardial blood with respect to the three variables studied. Reperfusion was associated with a significantly lower neutrophil count in myocardial blood compared to peripheral blood (p < 0.001), suggesting that neutrophils were trapped within the myocardium during reperfusion. In addition, levels of elastase (T1, T2, and T3), and lactoferrin (T1) were significantly higher in myocardial blood as compared to peripheral blood (p < 0.001), suggesting that activated neutrophils released their granular content into the plasma milieu. Conclusion: We provide evidence consistent with local neutrophil activation during myocardial reperfusion in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, in addition to the well described systemic activation related to cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiovascular Research 1994;28:1226-1230
Acute leukaemia after busulphan.
Authors: H Stott, W Fox, D J Girling, R J Stephens, D A Galton
Journal: BMJ (1977)

During a double-blind study of two years9 cytotoxic chemotherapy with busulphan or cyclophosphamide in patients who had had resection of carcinoma of the bronchus the long-term effects of these two drugs were also studied. Four of the 243 patients treated with busulphan developed leukaemia compared with none of the 234 treated with cyclophosphamide and none of the 249 on placebo. None of these four patients received radiotherapy or other cytotoxic chemotherapy before leukaemia was diagnosed, and all four were among the 19 patients who developed pancytopenia while taking busulphan, five to eight years before leukaemia became clinically apparent. These findings suggest that busulphan is leukaemogenic, though its mode of action is uncertain.
Randomized Prospective Study of Self-Management Training With Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Children
Authors: Alan M Delamater, Jeanne Bubb, Susan G Davis, Jeffrey A Smith, Lois Schmidt, Neil H White, Julio V Santiago
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a self-management training (SMT) program on metabolic control of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in the first 2 yr after diagnosis. After standard in-hospital diabetes education, 36 children (mean age 9.3 yr, range 3–16 yr) were randomized to conventional follow-up, conventional and supportive counseling (SC), or conventional and SMT, which emphasized use of data obtained from self-monitoring of blood glucose. SC and SMT interventions consisted of seven outpatient sessions with a medical social worker during the first 4 mo after diagnosis and booster sessions at 6 and 12 mo postdiagnosis. Groups were similar with respect to age, sex, body mass index, socioeconomic status, C-peptide, and severity of illness at diagnosis. Metabolic control, measured quarterly by glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1), improved substantially in all three treatment groups during the first 6 mo. SMT patients had significantly lower HbA1 levels than conventional patients at 1 yr (P &amp;lt; 0.01) and 2 yr (P &amp;lt; 0.05) postdiagnosis. SMT patients also had lower HbA1 levels than SC patients, but this did not reach statistical significance. The lower HbA1 levels of SMT patients were not explained by severity of illness at diagnosis, or insulin dose, body mass index, and C-peptide levels at 2 yr. These results suggest that an SMT program during the first few months after diagnosis helps avoid the deterioration in metabolic control often seen in children with IDDM between 6 and 24 mo after diagnosis.
477 PSC POST LIVER TRANSPLANTATION – THE IMPACT OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
Authors: D. Joshi, I. Bjarnason, J. O'Grady, A. Belgaumkar, A. Suddle, M. Heneghan, V. Aluvihare, J. Wendon, M. Rela, N. Heaton, K. Agarwal
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Geriatric medicine in Hull: a comprehensive service.
Authors: W E Bagnall, S R Datta, J Knox, P Horrocks
Journal: BMJ (1977)

A partially age-related admission policy coupled with a "single-ward" scheme for treatment and rehabilitation was introduced by the Hull geriatric department in 1970. With rare exceptions, elderly patients needing hospital care have been admitted directly to the geriatric unit, and the proportion of the retired population admitted by the general physicians has been greatly reduced. The proportion of inpatients needing continuing care has been reduced to less than 20%, the mean length of inpatient stay has fallen to under 30 days, and separate long-stay wards are no longer needed. More than 91% of patients are admitted without preceding domiciliary assessment, and only 5-6% of admissions are transferred from other units within the area.
Evolution of full-length HBV sequences in chronic hepatitis B patients with sequential lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil resistance
Authors: Chien-Hung Chen, Chuan-Mo Lee, Wei-Chih Tung, Jing-Houng Wang, Chao-Hung Hung, Tsung-Hui Hu, Jyh-Chwan Wang, Sheng-Nan Lu, Chi-Sin Changchien
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
A Miracle and a Privilege: Recounting a Half Century of Surgical Advance
Authors: Alvin M. Cotlar
Journal: JAMA (1995)

This reviewer, as all medical students and surgical residents of 40 years ago, lived by Francis D. Moore's<i>Metabolic Care of the Surgical Patient</i>. Until<i>A Miracle and a Privilege</i>, his remarkable autobiography, I was quite uninformed as to Dr Moore's contributions to medicine and surgery during the past 50 years. Dr Francis Moore was born with a silver scalpel in his mouth, and he makes no apologies for this good fortune. There is a distinguished air to his description of his family background, making the reading that much more enjoyable. His grandfather graduated from Harvard and his father from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It was no surprise, then, that Francis Moore became an undergraduate at Harvard College, a medical student at Harvard Medical School, and a surgical resident at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). From the moment he entered medical school, and throughout his training, Moore demonstrated an
A Dendritic Cell–Based Vaccine Elicits T Cell Responses Associated with Control of HIV-1 Replication
Authors: Felipe García, Nuria Climent, Alberto C. Guardo, Cristina Gil, Agathe León, Brigitte Autran, Jeffrey D. Lifson, Javier Martínez-Picado, Judit Dalmau, Bonaventura Clotet, Josep M. Gatell, Montserrat Plana, Teresa Gallart
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2013)

Therapeutic DC vaccines elicit HIV-1–specific immune responses that change viral set point in patients of cART.
Review of the methods of quantification.
Authors: Y Tanaka
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

In order to analyze qualitative observations, methods of quantification or optimal scaling have been proposed by Fisher, Guttman, and Hayashi. According to these methods, scores are assigned optimally in some objective and operational sense to the qualitative categories. The present paper mainly reviews Hayashi's four methods of quantification from the mathematical point of view. They are widely used, especially in Japan, in various fields such as social and marketing surveys, psychological research, medical research, etc., where information is obtained mainly in the form of qualitative categories. The first and second methods are applied to the case where an external criterion is present, and are used to predict the external criterion or to analyze the effects of factors. On the other hand, the third and fourth methods are applied to the case where no external criterion is present, and are used to construct a spatial configuration so as to grasp the mutual relationship of the data. After reviewing Hayashi's four methods, we discuss two topics which have been pointed out as the problems to be solved in applying the methods of quantification. One is quantification for ordered categories and the other is statistical consideration. With respect to these topics we review some recently developed methods including the studies due to the present author. Finally we mention briefly several computer programs available in Japan.
Principles of Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: George E. Ehrlich
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The flood of books on rheumatology continues. This newest entry comes in at just under 500 pages, but it is encyclopedic nevertheless. It is aimed primarily at the nonrheumatologist, especially students and house officers, but also physicians in practice. Like most textbooks, it describes diseases and processes well, but cannot be used if one starts with symptoms only. Thus, it is a traditional book, not a problem-oriented one, and one that is meant more to be consulted than read. The 30 chapters divide naturally into six sections, the first a study of rheumatic diseases, the second immunology and inflammation, the third rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions, the fourth systemic rheumatic diseases, the fifth degenerative and metabolic diseases, and the sixth, nonarticular rheumatism. The young Turks who have written the book provide splendid tables, some useful graphs, and a few very good illustrations. In most chapters, the text runs by at
Electrophiles and acute toxicity to fish.
Authors: J L Hermens
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Effect concentrations in fish LC50 tests with directly acting electrophiles are lower than those of unreactive chemicals that act by narcosis. LC50 values of more hydrophobic reactive chemicals tend to approach those of unreactive chemicals. Quantitative studies to correlate fish LC50 data to physical-chemical properties indicate that LC50 values of reactive chemicals depend on hydrophobicity as well as chemical reactivity. In this paper, several examples will be given of chemical structures that are known as direct electrophiles. This classification might be useful to identify chemicals that are more effective at lower concentrations than unreactive compounds. Chemicals that require bioactivation are not included because almost no information is available on the influence of bioactivation on acute toxic effects in aquatic organisms.
Predictors of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients Hospitalized for Heart Failure
Authors: William T. Abraham, Gregg C. Fonarow, Nancy M. Albert, Wendy Gattis Stough, Mihai Gheorghiade, Barry H. Greenberg, Christopher M. O'Connor, Jie Lena Sun, Clyde W. Yancy, James B. Young
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
On the Key Role of Secondary Lymphoid Organs in Antiviral Immune Responses Studied in Alymphoplastic (aly/aly) and Spleenless (Hox11−/−) Mutant Mice
Authors: Urs Karrer, Alana Althage, Bernhard Odermatt, Charles W.M. Roberts, Stanley J. Korsmeyer, Shigeki Miyawaki, Hans Hengartner, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

The role of the spleen and of other organized secondary lymphoid organs for the induction of protective antiviral immune responses was evaluated in orphan homeobox gene 11 knockout mice (Hox11(-/-)) lacking the spleen, and in homozygous alymphoplastic mutant mice (aly/aly) possessing a structurally altered spleen but lacking lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Absence of the spleen had no major effects on the immune response, other than delaying the antibody response by 1-2 d. In aly/aly mice, the thymus-independent IgM response against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was delayed and reduced, whereas the T-dependent switch to the protective IgG was absent. Therefore, aly/aly mice were highly susceptible to VSV infection. Since aly/aly spleen cells yielded neutralizing IgM and IgG after adoptive transfer into recipients with normally structured secondary lymphoid organs, these data suggest that the structural defect was mainly responsible for inefficient T-B cooperation. Although aly/aly mice generated detectable, but reduced, CTL responses after infection with vaccinia virus (VV) and lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), the elimination of these viruses was either delayed (VV) or virtually impossible (LCMV); irrespective of the dose or the route of infection, aly/aly mice developed life-long LCMV persistence. These results document the critical role of organized secondary lymphoid organs in the induction of naive T and B cells. These structures also provide the basis for cooperative interactions between antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells, which are a prerequisite for recovery from primary virus infections via skin or via blood.
Medical Stewardship: Fulfilling the Hippocratic Legacy
Authors: Chester R. Burns
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Fourteen years after graduation from medical school, the author of this book interrupted his medical practice and returned to graduate school for advanced studies in religion and ethics. Subsequently, he taught a course in medicine, religion, and human values at the George Washington University School of Medicine in 1965, and he reflected about the problems of medical ethics for the next 15 years. This book is the product of these experiences and reflections; like Sir Thomas Browne's<i>Religio Medici</i>or Harvey Cushing's<i>Consecratio Medici</i>, this is Milton Kepler's<i>Confessio Medici</i>. Viewed in such terms, it cannot be criticized too harshly. He is to be applauded for not denying ethical conflicts in medicine, for not ignoring the ethical traditions of medicine, and for critically assessing and integrating personal and professional values into an ethical "device" that works for him. The book is much more than a personal statement, though. The 221
Feasibility of Stent Placement above the Sphincter of Oddi (“Inside-Stent”) for Patients with Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Authors: Q. Liu, G. Khay, P. B. Cotton
Journal: Endoscopy (1998)

Animal studies suggest that placement of endobiliary stents wholly above the papilla (the "inside-stent") prolongs the duration of stent patency. We reviewed the cholangiographic characteristics of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice in order to evaluate the feasibility of this approach and to assist in the design of a new stent.A review was conducted of 270 patients who had undergone endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for malignant obstructive jaundice at our hospital, to determine the relative frequencies of the types of cancers. The ERCP films of 59 relevant consecutive patients with malignant obstructive jaundice were studied to determine the length of the stricture, the distance between the stricture and the papilla, and the angulation of the common duct.The most frequent primary cancers causing malignant obstructive jaundice were pancreatic cancer (57%), biliary cancer involving the hilum (19%, including metastatic disease), nonhilar biliary cancer (14%), and papillary cancer (10%). The length between the lower end of the stricture and the sphincter was more than 2 cm for all hilar biliary cancer, representing two-thirds of nonhilar biliary cancer cases, while it was less than 1 cm for most pancreatic cancers. There was an average angulation of 30-40 degrees in the axis of the distal common bile duct.For most biliary cancers, the stricture is high enough to allow the placement of a stent fully above the papilla, but this is not possible for most pancreatic cancers (or any papillary cancers). An "inside-stent" approach would be possible in about one-third of patients with malignant obstructive jaundice if a clearance length of over 2 cm between the stricture and the sphincter is required, and in about 45% of patients if a minimum clearance of 1 cm is required. A 30-40 degrees flexion in the distal part of the stent would approximate the average angulation in the axis of the common bile duct and help to prevent dislocation.
Serum Lipids in Cholelithiasis: Effect of Chenodeoxycholic Acid Therapy
Authors: G. D. Bell, B. Lewis, A. Petrie, R. H. Dowling
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Hypercholesterolaemia has been predicted as a possible complication of chenodeoxycholic acid treatment for gall stones. To exclude this, fasting serum lipids were measured in patients with stones before and at monthly intervals for six months after starting chenodeoxycholic acid. Before treatment half of a group of 36 patients with presumed cholesterol gall stones had serum cholesterol levels exceeding 260 mg/100 ml or serum triglyceride values greater than 160 mg/100 ml or both; these lipid levels were significantly greater than those in control subjects matched for age and sex. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid (0·5-1·5 g/day by mouth) did not change serum cholesterol levels but did significantly reduce serum triglyceride concentrations from a pretreatment level of 118 (± S.E. of mean 11·7) mg/100 ml to 95 (± 7·2) mg/100 ml after six months of therapy. The mechanism of this triglyceride-lowering action of chenodeoxycholic acid is not known, but it may have therapeutic value in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia.
Discordance in a pair of identical twin carriers of factor IX deficiency
Authors: Craig S. Kitchens
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract Female twin daughters of a man with hemophilia B were determined to be identical but widely discordant with respect to their degree of factor IX deficiency. The proposita had a marked deficiency (3%) of factor IX with clinical bleeding. She became pregnant. Delivery was managed with infusion of factor IX concentrates. These twins represent the second reported case of identical twins with discordant factor IX levels.
Endoscopic Sphincterotomy in Pregnancy
Authors: J. Llach, J. M. Bordas, A. Ginès, F. Mondelo, J. Terés
Journal: Endoscopy (1997)

See also: Endoscopic Sphincterotomy Without Image IntensificationEndoscopy 1997; 29(09): 886-886DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1004326