tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Diabetes and its Macrovascular Manifestations in Pacific Populations: The Medical Effects of Social Progress
Authors: P Zimmet
Journal: Diabetes Care (1979)

Worldwide diabetes epidemiology studies have shown quite marked differences in diabetes prevalence rates between ethnic groups. This pattern holds true in the Pacific region and provides unique opportunities for comparative studies. Diabetes is rare in Melanesians, and also in Polynesians, Micronesians, and Australian Aboriginals who retain their traditional life-style. High prevalence rates of insulin-independent diabetes have been demonstrated in Polynesians, Micronesians, and Australian aboriginals who have adopted a Western life-style. Along with the Pima Indians, the Micronesian population of Nauru have the highest diabetes prevalence yet reported--40% of people aged 20 yr and over. As diabetes is rare in traditional living Polynesians and Micronesians, yet high in westernized populations of these ethnic groups, it appears these people may have a "diabetic genotype" that is unmasked by the change in life-style. Obesity, a high caloric Western diet, and reduced physical activity may be the major precipitating factors. Bimodality of glucose tolerance distributions has been demonstrated in both westernized Polynesians and Micronesians. The frequency distributions of both fasting and 2-h postload glucose levels allow separation of these populations into normal and hyperglycemic groups. The optimal cut-off levels between the two groups were a fasting plasma glucose congruent to 140 mg/dl and a 2-h level of congruent 20 mg/dl. These findings provide a valid basis for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus to be based on the above levels. Only sparse information exists on the prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes in these populations. However, there is clear evidence that they are occurring and they are similar in nature to the complications seen in Caucasian diabetic patients. Coronary artery disease is not yet a major problem in Pacific Islanders although most of the major risk factors are not present in urbanized communities. However, with increasing westernization, and given more time for the pathologic process of atheroma to develop, it can be expected that coronary artery disease will become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Polynesians, Micronesians, and the Australian aboriginal.
Does sodium restriction lower blood pressure?
Authors: D E Grobbee, A Hofman
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Data from 13 randomised trials on the effect of sodium restriction on blood pressure were analysed. The hypotensive effect of sodium restriction was found to be small and restricted largely to systolic blood pressure, which fell by an average of 3.6 mm Hg (range 0.5-10.0 mm Hg). The reduction increased with age and in those with higher blood pressure. Sodium restriction therefore seems to be of limited use in those who are most eligible for non-pharmacological treatment of high blood pressure--namely, young patients with mild hypertension.
Measuring the Success of Community Science: The Northern California Household Exposure Study
Authors: Phil Brown, Julia Green Brody, Rachel Morello-Frosch, Jessica Tovar, Ami R. Zota, Ruthann A. Rudel
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Background: Environmental health research involving community participation has increased substantially since the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) environmental justice and community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnerships began in the mid-1990s. The goals of these partnerships are to inform and empower better decisions about exposures, foster trust, and generate scientific knowledge to reduce environmental health disparities in low-income, minority communities. Peer-reviewed publication and clinical health outcomes alone are inadequate criteria to judge the success of projects in meeting these goals; therefore, new strategies for evaluating success are needed.Objectives: We reviewed the methods used to evaluate our project, "Linking Breast Cancer Advocacy and Environmental Justice," to help identify successful CBPR methods and to assist other teams in documenting effectiveness. Although our project precedes the development of the NIEHS Evaluation Metrics Manual, a schema to evaluate the success of projects funded through the Partnerships in Environmental Public Health (PEPH), our work reported here illustrates the record keeping and self-reflection anticipated in NIEHS's PEPH.Discussion: Evaluation strategies should assess how CBPR partnerships meet the goals of all partners. Our partnership, which included two strong community-based organizations, produced a team that helped all partners gain organizational capacity. Environmental sampling in homes and reporting the results of that effort had community education and constituency-building benefits. Scientific results contributed to a court decision that required cumulative impact assessment for an oil refinery and to new policies for chemicals used in consumer products. All partners leveraged additional funding to extend their work.Conclusions: An appropriate evaluation strategy can demonstrate how CBPR projects can advance science, support community empowerment, increase environmental health literacy, and generate individual and policy action to protect health.
HSV-1 therapy of primary tumors reduces the number of metastases in an immune-competent model of metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Darby L Thomas, Nigel W Fraser
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

The HSV-1 1716 mutant virus and similar oncolytic herpesviruses deficient in the gamma 34.5 neurovirulence gene are able to reduce the growth of tumors in mice. Here we demonstrate that HSV-1 1716 therapy moderately reduced the growth of tumors of the highly malignant, spontaneously metastasizing 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma model. This moderate effect on 4T1 tumor growth was likely due to poor replication kinetics of HSV-1 1716 in 4T1 cells. Interestingly, HSV-1 therapy of the primary tumor increased the survival time of mice. Coincident with this increase was a reduction in metastases as determined by quantification of the number of metastatic cells in the lungs. HSV-1 therapy of the primary tumor was also able to reduce the establishment of a second challenge of 4T1 tumors. Moreover, infiltrates of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were detected in HSV-1 1716-treated tumors. An important role for the T cell infiltrates was confirmed when HSV-1 therapy did not reduce the growth of 4T1 tumors in SCID mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that an HSV-dependent anti-tumor immune response is required for the reduction in primary 4T1 tumor growth and for the reduction in the establishment of metastases in this tumor model.
Hyperlipidemia induced by a cholesterol-rich diet leads to enhanced peroxynitrite formation in rat hearts
Authors: A Ónody
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Objective: We investigated the influence of experimental hyperlipidemia on the formation of cardiac NO, superoxide, and peroxynitrite (ONOO−) in rat hearts. Methods: Wistar rats were fed 2% cholesterol-enriched diet or normal diet for 8 weeks. Separate groups of normal and hyperlipidemic rats were injected twice intraperitoneally with 2×20 μmol/kg FeTPPS (5,10,15,20-tetrakis-[4-sulfonatophenyl]-porphyrinato-iron[III]), a ONOO− decomposition catalyst, 24 h and 1 h before isolation of the hearts. Results: A cholesterol diet significantly decreased myocardial NO content, however, myocardial Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent NO synthase activity and NO synthase protein level did not change. Myocardial superoxide formation and xanthine oxidase activity were significantly increased; however, cardiac superoxide dismutase activity did not change in the cholesterol-fed group. Dityrosine in the perfusate, a marker of cardiac ONOO− formation, and plasma nitrotyrosine, a marker for systemic ONOO− formation, were both elevated in hyperlipidemic rats. In cholesterol-fed rats, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was significantly elevated as compared to controls. Administration of FeTPPS normalized LVEDP in the cholesterol-fed group. Conclusion: We conclude that cholesterol-enriched diet-induced hyperlipidemia leads to an increase in cardiac ONOO− formation and a decrease in the bioavailability of NO which contributes to the deterioration of cardiac performance and may lead to further cardiac pathologies.
A New Method For Bronchial-provocation Testing in Asthmatic Subjects Using a Dry Powder of Mannitol
Authors: SANDRA D. ANDERSON, JOHN BRANNAN, JOANNE SPRING, NATASHA SPALDING, LEANNE T. RODWELL, KIM CHAN, IGOR GONDA, ANDREW WALSH, ANDREW R. CLARK
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

We developed a bronchial provocation test (BPT) with a dry powder preparation of mannitol. The mannitol was inhaled from gelatin capsules containing 5, 10, 20, or 40 mg to a cumulative dose of 635 mg, and was delivered via an Inhalator, Halermatic, or Dinkihaler device. We studied the airway sensitivity to inhaled mannitol, the repeatability of the response, and the recovery after challenge in 43 asthmatic subjects 18 to 39 yr of age who had a 20% decrease in FEV1 in response to inhaling a 4.5% NaCl. We compared this with the airway response to methacholine in 25 subjects. The geometric mean (GM) for the dose of dry mannitol required to reduce the FEV1 by 15% of the baseline value (PD15) was 64 mg, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 45 to 91. Subjects responsive to mannitol had a PD20 to methacholine of < 7.8 μ mol, with a GM of 0.7 μ mol (CI: 0.4 to 1.2). For the first of two challenges to mannitol the PD15 was 59 mg (CI: 36 to 97) and for the second the PD15 was 58 mg (CI: 35 to 94) p = 0.91 (n = 23). Spontaneous recovery to within 5% of baseline occurred within 60 min and within 10 min after 0.5 mg terbutaline sulfate was inhaled. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2 ) remained at 93% or above during mannitol challenge. Subjects tolerated the inhalation of the mannitol well. A dry powder preparation of mannitol may be suitable to develop for bronchial provocation testing.
Adhalin gene mutations in patients with autosomal recessive childhood onset muscular dystrophy with adhalin deficiency.
Authors: H Kawai, M Akaike, T Endo, K Adachi, T Inui, T Mitsui, S Kashiwagi, T Fujiwara, S Okuno, S Shin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Homozygous adhalin gene mutations were found in three patients from two consanguineous families with autosomal recessive childhood onset muscular dystrophy. Muscle biopsies from patients in each family showed complete absence of adhalin. Sequencing of adhalin cDNA prepared from skeletal muscle by reverse transcription PCR demonstrated a cytosine to thymidine substitution at nt 229 in the patient in family 1 and an adenine to guanine substitution at nt 410 and a 15-base insertion between nt 408 and 409 in the two patients in family 2. Sequencing of genomic DNA prepared from peripheral blood leukocytes by PCR confirmed these mutations. The parents in each family were found to be heterozygous for the respective mutations. These adhalin gene mutations are presumed to be responsible for the absence of adhalin in the skeletal muscle. Adhalin deficiency likely causes disruption of the muscle cell membrane, resulting in dystrophic changes in the skeletal muscle similar to dystrophin deficiency in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Nicorandil, a KATPchannel opener, facilities the recovery of ventricular contraction after reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction: Multicenter registry in Japan
Authors: Sunao Nakamura, Eita Saito, Takanori Miyauchi, Jin Yokoyama, Akihiko Kanazawa, Yasufumi Hayama, Koji Hozawa, Shotaro Nakamura, Hitoshi Nakamura, Kazutoshi Yamamoto
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Heparin cofactor II in adults and infants with thrombosis and DIC
Authors: Ampaiwan Chuansumrit, Marilyn J. Manco‐Johnson, William E. Hathaway
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1989)

Abstract Heparin cofactor II (HC II) was measured by a chromogenic activity assay in normal preterm infants (gestational age, 28–36 weeks; n = 17; 29% ± 11.5 [mean ± 1 SD], range 11–51), normal full‐term infants (n = 18; 49% ± 6.6 [mean ± 1 SD], range 36–58), and normal adults (n = 38; 101% ± 14 [mean ± 1 SD], range 73–130). Normal children attained adult levels at approximately 5 to 7 months of age. The lower values in preterm and term infants most likely reflect immature liver function. Neither adults and children with a history of thrombosis with prior negative evaluation (n = 74), patients with documented protein C and protein S deficiency (n = 4), nor sick infants without evidence of consumptive coagulopathy (n = 15) had significantly lower levels of HC II activity. Infants with disseminated intravascular coagulation (n = 2) had strikingly lower levels of HC II activity.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Challenges in Translational Research and a Vision for Change
Authors: Gopinath Sutendra, Evangelos D. Michelakis
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2013)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a vascular remodeling disease with a relentless course toward heart failure and early death. Existing PAH therapies, all of which were developed originally to treat systemic vascular diseases, cannot reverse the disease or markedly improve survival and are expensive. Although there has been a recent increase in the number of potential new therapies emerging from animal studies, less than 3% of the active PAH clinical trials are examining such therapies. There are many potential explanations for the translational gap in this complex multifactorial disease. We discuss these challenges and propose solutions that range from including clinical endpoints in animal studies and improving the rigor of human trials to conducting mechanistic early-phase trials and randomized trials with innovative designs based on personalized medicine principles. Global, independent patient and tissue registries and enhanced communication among academics, industry, and regulatory authorities are needed. The diversity of the mechanisms and pathology of PAH calls for broad comprehensive theories that encompass emerging evidence for contributions of metabolism and inflammation to PAH to support more effective therapeutic target identification.
First clinical use of penicillin.
Authors: R Lawrie
Journal: BMJ (1985)

discuss the subject openly.Fourthly, if deprived of confidential professional advice, and of contraception and abortion if indicated, these patients will face the prospect of completing unwanted pregnancies, or of seeking non-medical termination of pregnancy, both with disastrous consequences.Fifthly, this decision is a fundamental threat to the confidential relationship that must at all times exist between doctor and patient.Finally, this decision is a fundamental threat to the ability of doctors to provide treatment which, in their clinical judgment, is best for the patient.It is earnestly to be hoped that the courts can be persuaded to reverse this potentially disastrous decision.
Pearly Penile Papules
Authors: Matilda Bylaite, Thomas Ruzicka
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

A 19-year-old man was referred for treatment of multiple papular lesions that had appeared 8 years earlier on the glans of his circumcised penis and had been diagnosed as condyloma accuminatum. The lesions did not respond to treatment with various topical wart preparations. The patient reported no history of sexually transmitted infections and was anxious and embarrassed by the lesions. A genital examination revealed multiple tiny, smooth, skin-colored papules (arrow), distributed circumferentially along the coronal sulcus of the glans penis. Pearly penile papules are asymptomatic acral angiofibromas, typically distributed circumferentially on the corona and sulcus of the glans penis. They . . .
Prenatal origin of GATA1 mutations may be an initiating step in the development of megakaryocytic leukemia in Down syndrome
Authors: Jeffrey W. Taub, Gina Mundschau, Yubin Ge, Janet M. Poulik, Faisal Qureshi, Tanya Jensen, S. Jill James, Larry H. Matherly, Joshua Wechsler, John D. Crispino
Journal: Blood (2004)
Observer variation in assessment of results of surgery for peptic ulceration.
Authors: R Hall, J C Horrocks, S E Clamp, F T De Dombal
Journal: BMJ (1976)

The results of surgery for peptic ulcer may be assessed in many ways.For instance, an assessment may focus on such factors as mortality and morbidity immediately after operation.Early postoperative mortality is, however, low-whatever the operation-and most workers have therefore concentrated on the medium and long-term results of surgery and have dealt with the presence or absence of symptoms attributable to recurrent ulceration or the operative procedure itself, together with the severity of these symptoms.The patient's overall status has usually also been graded, the most popular grading system being that devised by Visick.1 As little has been done to assess the reproducibility of these methods of assessment we carried out observer variation studies in a series of 170 patients seen at gastric follow-up clinics in York.We report here our findings. Patients and methods170 patients attending clinics in the County Hospital, York, after surgery for peptic ulcer were studied.All patients had undergone surgery for peptic ulceration between 1944 and 1974 and were attending for routine yearly review.In the follow-up clinic each patient was reviewed (as was normal practice) by a panel of clinicians who were unaware of the operation
Parathyroid Hormone as a Smooth Muscle Relaxant*
Authors: LESTER L. S. MOK, G. ALLEN NICKOLS, JAMES C. THOMPSON, CARY W. COOPER
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1989)

THE ROLE of PTH as a major physiological regulator of calcium homeostasis has been studied extensively, and both bone and kidney have long been recognized as classical major target organs for PTH action (1, 2). More recently, however, evidence has accumulated which indicates that PTH has diverse biological effects in other tissues as well. For example, in the gastrointestinal tract, PTH has been reported to act directly to stimulate calcium transport in the chick duodenum (3) and to increase gastrin release from the pig stomach (4, 5). As discussed in detail later, PTH also is an inhibitor of smooth muscle contraction in the cardiovascular system, in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and in other tissues such as trachea, uterus, and vas deferens. In the central nervous system, immunoreactive PTHlike activity has been detected in human cerebrospinal fluid, and its release has been reported from the pituitary and from different regions of the brain of a variety of vertebrates, including mammals (6–11). PTH also has been shown to stimulate cAMP accumulation in cultured murine glioblasts (12). In other in vitro experiments, PTH elicited corticosteroidogenesis in rat adrenocortical cells (13) and stimulated mitosis in rat thymic lymphocytes (14). At present, the physiological significance of these varied effects and the mechanisms of action of PTH in these tissues remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, the recent discovery of a PTH-related protein (PTHrP) (15–17), which has N-terminal homology with PTH and acts like PTH on bone, kidney, and other tissues, raises the question of whether PTHrP serves as an endogenous regulator of some of the nonclassical effects uncovered using PTH.
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Andrew S. Levey, Josef Coresh, Frederick Van Lente
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

Letters2 January 2007Estimated Glomerular Filtration RateAndrew S. Levey, MD, Josef Coresh, MD, PhD, and Frederick Van Lente, PhDAndrew S. Levey, MDFrom Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this author, Josef Coresh, MD, PhDFrom Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this author, and Frederick Van Lente, PhDFrom Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-1-200701020-00021 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE: Dr. Delanaye and colleagues question whether the precision of the creatinine assay within the reference range is sufficient for accurate GFR estimation. The Beckman Synchron CX3 assay used during the MDRD Study had analytic CVs of 4.3% and 1.5% at creatinine values of 88.4 µmol/L (1.0 mg/dL) and 477.3 µmol/L (5.4 mg/dL), respectively (1). The enzymatic assay used to calibrate the MDRD Study laboratory to standardized creatinine had analytic CVs of 2.0% and 1.8% at creatinine values of 78.7 µmol/L (0.89 mg/dL) and 518.0 µmol/L (5.86 mg/dL), respectively, in 2004 (n = 194) and 1.6% and 1.1% at creatinine ...References1. Coresh J, Astor BC, McQuillan G, Kusek J, Greene T, Van Lente F, et al. Calibration and random variation of the serum creatinine assay as critical elements of using equations to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:920-9. [PMID: 11979335] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. Stevens LA, Coresh J, Greene T, Levey AS. Assessing kidney function—measured and estimated glomerular filtration rate. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2473-83. [PMID: 16760447] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Andrew S. Levey, MD; Josef Coresh, MD, PhD; Frederick Van Lente, PhDAffiliations: From Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoUsing Standardized Serum Creatinine Values in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Equation for Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate Andrew S. Levey , Josef Coresh , Tom Greene , Lesley A. Stevens , Yaping (Lucy) Zhang , Stephen Hendriksen , John W. Kusek , and Frederick Van Lente , for the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration*Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Pierre Delanaye , Etienne Cavalier , and Jean-Marie Krzesinski Metrics 2 January 2007Volume 146, Issue 1 Page: 74-75 Keywords Conflicts of interest Creatinine Enzyme assays Estimated glomerular filtration rate Kidneys Research laboratories ePublished: 2 January 2007 Issue Published: 2 January 2007 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2007 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Validation of ACC-AHA 2000 guidelines for the risk stratification of patients with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Oscar Bazzino, Fernando Botto, JoséL.Navarro Estrada, Maria I.Sosa Liprandi, Juan J. Fuselli, José Santopinto, Rodolfo Ahuad, Roberto Nordaby, Simón Salzsberg, Alfredo Hirschson Prado, JoséGant López, Mario Russo, Marcelo Pérez, Carlos Bruno, Raul De Miguel
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
THE AUSCULTATORY DETERMINATION OF EARLY PATHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE LUNGS
Authors: HENRY SEWALL
Journal: JAMA (1913)

<h3>DENVER</h3> Its with the conscious risk of a chcharge of unwarranted temerity that I venturItventureo eenter ved as amaster. My only excuse is tatwentyodd years of special personal study of the subject procedure of auscultatory examination became, of a sudden,ught with acoveted wealth of information concerningrecognition of idisorders wholly due a new point of view the application of an omethod. The clinical results thus obtained suggest the experience of the farmer whose twenty bushels to the acre under the tillage of his ancestors has increased a hundred per cent. with the application of a new line of thought to his labor. I am the more encouraged to believe that my personal sense of enlightenment, derived through the procedure to be described, is founded on objective facts because of experience with several patients who presented themselves shortly after having secured from real medical experts a report of perfect physical condition. That