tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reward Processing in Healthy Offspring of Parents With Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Manpreet K. Singh, Ryan G. Kelley, Meghan E. Howe, Allan L. Reiss, Ian H. Gotlib, Kiki D. Chang
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Bipolar disorder (BD) is highly familial and characterized by deficits in reward processing. It is not known, however, whether these deficits precede illness onset or are a consequence of the disorder. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether anomalous neural processing of reward characterizes children at familial risk for BD in the absence of a personal history of a psychopathologic disorder. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> This study compared neural activity and behaviors of children at high and low risk for mania while they anticipate and respond to reward and loss. The study was performed from September 15, 2009, through February 17, 2012, in a university functional magnetic resonance imaging facility and included 8- to 15-year-old children without disorders born to a parent with BD (n = 20 high-risk children) and demographically matched healthy comparison children (n = 25 low-risk children). <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> Neural activity, as measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging, during anticipation and receipt of reward and loss during a monetary incentive delay task. <h3>Results</h3> While anticipating losses, high-risk children had less activation in the pregenual cingulate than did their low-risk counterparts (<i>t</i><sub>19</sub> = −2.44,<i>P</i> = .02). When receiving rewards, high-risk children had greater activation in the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex than did low-risk children (<i>t</i><sub>43</sub> = −3.04,<i>P</i> = .004). High-risk children also had weaker functional connectivity between the pregenual cingulate and the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex while anticipating rewards than did low-risk children (<i>t</i><sub>19</sub> = −4.38,<i>P</i> &lt; .001) but had a stronger connectivity between these regions while anticipating losses (<i>t</i><sub>24</sub> = 2.76,<i>P</i> = .01). Finally, in high- but not low-risk children, novelty seeking was associated with increased striatal and amygdalar activation in the anticipation of losses, and impulsivity was associated with increased striatal and insula activation in the receipt of rewards. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Aberrant prefrontal activations and connectivities during reward processing suggest mechanisms that underlie early vulnerabilities for developing dysfunctional regulation of goal pursuit and motivation in children at high risk for mania. Longitudinal studies are needed to examine whether these patterns of neural activation predict the onset of mania and other mood disorders in high-risk children.
Abstract 1230: Efficacy of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R and anti-VEGF therapy on a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) pancreatic cancer model
Authors: Yukihiko Hiroshima, Ming Zhao, Matthew H.G. Katz, Jason B. Fleming, Sho Sato, Takashi Murakami, Mako Yamamoto, Fuminari Uehara, Shinji Miwa, Shuya Yano, Masashi Momiyama, Yong Zhang, Ali Maawy, Takashi Chishima, Kuniya Tanaka, Michael Bouvet, Itaru Endo, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract We have previously developed the genetically-modified Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (A1-R) strain that selectively targets tumors and demonstrated that A1-R was able to eradicate primary and metastatic tumors in monotherapy in nude mouse models of various cancers including pancreatic cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of A1-R treatment on VEGF-positive human pancreatic cancer in a patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model in combination with anti-VEGF therapy. A VEGF-positive human pancreatic cancer cell line (MiaPaCa-2-GFP) and VEGF-positive pancreatic cancer PDOX were orthotopically implanted in nude mice. The nude mice were treated in the following groups: (1) gemcitabine (GEM) (80 mg/kg, ip, weekly, 4 weeks); (2) GEM (80 mg/kg, ip, weekly, 4 weeks) + Bevacizumab (Bev) (5 mg/kg, ip, twice a week, 4 weeks); (3) GEM (80 mg/kg, ip, weekly, 2 weeks) + Bev (5 mg/kg, ip, twice a week, 2 weeks) → A1-R (1.5x108 CFU/body, ip, weekly, 2 weeks); and (4) saline (vehicle/control, ip, weekly, 4 weeks). The mean tumor weight of each group in the MiaPaCa-2-GFP model was as follows: (1) GEM; 775.9 ± 273.8 mg; (2) GEM/Bev; 413.5 ± 108.3 mg; (3) GEM/Bev→A1-R; 257.5 ± 57.1 mg; and (4) Control; 2655.4 ± 583.9 mg. GEM/Bev→A1-R significantly reduced tumor weight compared to GEM/Bev treatment in the MiaPaCa-2-GFP model (p=0.022). The tumor weight of each group in the PDOX model was as follows: (1) GEM; 263.1 ± 129.1 mg, (2) GEM/Bev; 65.9 ± 41.9 mg, (3) GEM/Bev→A1-R; 21.9 ± 6.2 mg and (4) Control; 998.8 ± 377.7 mg. GEM/Bev→A1-R significantly reduced tumor weight compared to GEM/Bev treatment in the PDOX model (p=0.029). These results demonstrate that A1-R is effective on pancreatic cancer in combination with anti-VEGF, including the PDOX model indicating the clinical potential of this combination. Citation Format: Yukihiko Hiroshima, Ming Zhao, Matthew H.G. Katz, Jason B. Fleming, Sho Sato, Takashi Murakami, Mako Yamamoto, Fuminari Uehara, Shinji Miwa, Shuya Yano, Masashi Momiyama, Yong Zhang, Ali Maawy, Takashi Chishima, Kuniya Tanaka, Michael Bouvet, Itaru Endo, Robert M. Hoffman. Efficacy of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R and anti-VEGF therapy on a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) pancreatic cancer model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1230. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1230
Violence, Alcohol, and Completed Suicide: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Kenneth R. Conner, Christopher Cox, Paul R. Duberstein, Lili Tian, Paul A. Nisbet, Yeates Conwell
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2001)

OBJECTIVE: Violent behavior may represent a risk factor for suicide. The authors tested the hypothesis that violent behavior in the last year of life is associated with completed suicide, even after controlling for alcohol use disorders. METHOD: The authors analyzed data from the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey, a nationally representative survey conducted by telephone interview with decedents' next of kin. Data on 753 victims of suicide were compared with data on 2,115 accident victims. Decedents ranged in age from 20 to 64. Dichotomous measures of violent behavior in the past year and history of alcohol misuse were derived by using the four-item CAGE questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the interactions of violent behavior with alcohol misuse, gender, and age, respectively, in predicting suicide versus accidental death. Education and race were included as covariates. RESULTS: Violent behavior in the last year of life was a significant predictor of suicide; the relationship was especially strong in individuals with no history of alcohol misuse, those who were younger, and women. CONCLUSIONS: Violent behavior distinguished suicide victims from accident victims, and this finding is not attributable to alcohol use disorders alone. Given that violent behavior increases the risk of suicide, violence prevention initiatives may serve to decrease the risk of suicide as well.
THE DIETETICS OF ATONIC DILATATION OF THE STOMACHBASED ON A STUDY OF THE PHYSIOLOGY OF GASTRIC MOVEMENTS.
Authors: FENTON B. TURCK
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Food taken into the stomach is subjected to certain mechanical and physical forces derived from the energy of muscle contraction. The gastric movements result in a minute subdivision and final ejection of the stomach contents into the duodenum. Failure of the stomach to triturate and mix the food may be compensated for by chemical and other means, but if the expulsion of the contents is not accomplished, a most serious condition results that is paramount to every other consideration. <h3>MUSCLE TONE.</h3> The characteristics of unstriated muscle, of which gastric muscle is composed, present the phenomena of a peculiar functional activity called tone. Tone differs from the peristaltic or contraction waves, in that there is a condition of continued contraction or shortening which persists, more or less constantly, decreased or increased by varying conditions. The relation between the condition of muscle tone and changes occurring in ordinary contraction, such
Abstract 4008: p75NTR is overexpressed in vestibular schwannomas and protects cells from apoptosis due to suppressed c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity
Authors: WeiYing Yue, Erika Woodson, Geir Tryggvason, Jason J. Clark, Marlan R. Hansen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Vestibular schwannomas (VSs) represent benign Schwann cell (SC) neoplasms arising from the eighth cranial nerve and account for 8-10% of all intracranial neoplasms. Denervation by axotomy leads to increased p75NTR expression, JNK activation, and eventual death of SCs. In contrast to SCs, VS cells survive in the absence of axons and here we investigated the interactions of p75NTR and JNK signaling on the survival response of cultured primary human VS cells. Using qRT-PCR and western blotting, we find that p75NTR is over-expressed in VS cells compared with normal nerve. However, in contrast to normal SCs, treatment of cultured VS cells with pro-NGF, a high affinity ligand for p75NTR, failed to induce apoptosis. We confirmed that VS cells express sortilin, a co-receptor with p75NTR to bind pro-NGF and induce apoptosis. We further show that VS cells display persistent JNK phosphorylation and activity compared with normal SCs. Treatment of VS cultures with the JNK inhibitors, I-JIP or SP600125, results in decreased proliferation, increased apoptosis, and increased accumulation of mitochondrial superoxides. Overexpression of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase prevents apoptosis due to suppressed JNK. These results suggest that persistent JNK contributes to the survival of VS cells, at least in part, by suppressing accumulation of mitochondrial superoxides. Treatment of VS cultures with proNGF protected the cells from apoptosis due to JNK inhibition. This protective effect is specific to proNGF and not seen with other neural derived growth factors such as neuregulin-1 (NRG-1). Indeed treatment with NRG-1 increased apoptosis in cultures with suppressed JNK activity. Further, VS cells lack Trk expression supporting the notion that the protective effect of proNGF is mediated by p75NTR. These results suggest that, in contrast to normal SCs which undergo apoptosis in response to p75NTR and JNK signaling, these signals promote VS cell survival. Such differences may account for the ability of VS cells to proliferate and survive in the absence of axons. Support: DOD NF050193 and NIDCD R01DC009801 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4008.
On site medical services at major incidents.
Authors: R. A. Cocks
Journal: BMJ (1992)

study in the absence of electrocardiographic criteria is not necessarily generally applicable.Unless thrombolvsis is restricted to those presenting early and with classic symptoms of infarction, the proportion of alternative diagnoses (2-2%) is unlikely to be substantiated.For example, phase 1 of the myocardial infarction triage and intervention project found only one in six confirmed infarctions among those evaluated before admission to hospital.'The statement that "even in an urban area there would be a temporal advantage in the general practitioner giving thrombolytic therapy in the home" is untested and cannot be extrapolated from the present study.A 999 call and shortening of the delays in hospital would have reduced the difference between home and hospital treatment substantially.We have shown that in an urban area the time of administration of thrombolytic treatment after the onset of symptoms was reduced to a median of 150 minutes by the introduction of a "fast track" system.' Until these issues are resolved it may be pre- mature to advise the widespread implementation of pre-hospital thrombolysis without electrocardiographic confirmation.
Antacid maintenance therapy in the prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse.
Authors: K D Bardhan, J O Hunter, J P Miller, A B Thomson, D Y Graham, R I Russell, S Sontag, C Hines, T Martin, L Gaussen
Journal: Gut (1988)

The effectiveness of antacid maintenance therapy in preventing duodenal ulcer (DU) relapse was investigated. Two hundred and fifty one asymptomatic patients with healed DU were stratified into smokers and non-smokers and randomised to receive for one year either placebo, or Maalox TC three tablets (81 mmol) at bedtime (hs), or Maalox TC three tablets in the morning plus three tablets at bedtime (bd) (162 mmol), or cimetidine 400 mg at bedtime. A double dummy technique was used to render the study double blind. In 176 patients evaluable for efficacy, the cumulative relapse at one year was: placebo 57%; Maalox TC hs 39%; Maalox TC bd 23%; cimetidine 25%. Maalox TC bd and cimetidine were equally effective and superior to placebo (p less than 0.01) and bedtime Maalox TC (p less than 0.04). The benefit of treatment was significant for the overall sample and for the subgroup of smokers. The results for the non-smokers also supported efficacy for these two treatments but, perhaps because of small sample sizes, these comparisons were not significant. All 251 patients were assessed for safety. Approximately half the patients in each treatment group had adverse events, leading to withdrawal in three, seven, 12, and four patients on placebo, Maalox hs, Maalox bd, and cimetidine respectively. Diarrhoea occurred in 12 patients in Maalox TC bd and eight in each other group. Serum magnesium concentrations were unchanged; aluminium concentrations were higher than baseline at six and 12 months in both antacid groups and at 12 months in the cimetidine group but the differences were not significant. Maalox TC three tablets bd are as effective as cimetidine 400 mg at bedtime in reducing DU relapse and both are superior to placebo.
Reducing the length of time between HIV infection and diagnosis
Authors: Catherine Dodds, Peter Weatherburn
Journal: BMJ (2007)

In this week’s BMJ, two analysis articles about testing for HIV argue for changes in policy that would expand the number of people routinely tested by promoting opt-out approaches. 1 2 Both papers argue that this would increase the proportion of the population who know their serostatus and would decrease the number of late diagnoses of HIV. The papers agree about the benefits of swift diagnosis of HIV, including reduced mortality and morbidity, less onward transmission because treatment should reduce infectiousness, and reduced costs of acute treatment and lost productivity. We argue that a more precise goal for any changes in policy should be to reduce the average time between HIV infection and diagnosis in people who become infected. 3 This goal allows a range of measures of success beyond a CD4 count below 200×10 6 /l and acknowledges that the earlier HIV is diagnosed the better. As the secretary general of the United Nations highlights, improved epidemiological outcomes are dependent on people being able to test in “a social and legal environment that is supportive and safe.” 2 This needs to apply equally to people who receive a negative result as those who do not. Many of the benefits of having HIV diagnosed are not available to people without legal status in the United Kingdom because of the costs of drugs and continuing care. In addition to questions of access to treatment, a diagnosis of HIV has implications for sexual and social relationships, especially in the light of criminal prosecutions for the reckless transmission of HIV. 4
GW25-e1067 Extent of late gadolinium enhancement at right ventricular insertion points: independent predictor of left ventricular diastolic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zhu Yinsu, Whal Lee, Hyung-Kwan Kim, Ajung Chu, Jin Wook Chun, Jae Hyung Park, Eun-Ah Park
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Effect of nutritional status and selected sex hormones on plasma leptin level in female athletes with menstrual disorders
Authors: K Sadowska, J Jeszka
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Studies on female athletes with low fat mass showed that low plasma leptin level can predict menstrual disorders, but the relationship between levels of leptin and sex hormones in athletes, especially those with menstrual disorders, is unknown. This study investigated secondary regulators of plasma leptin level, such as prolactin, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and nutritional status, in female athletes. Thirty-two female professional swimmers with oligomenorrhoea, aged 18±2 years, with a training period of 5.3±2.7 years and body mass index (BMI) of 21.1±2.1 kg/m 2 , divided in two groups with too high (IL) or too low plasma leptin level (DL) participated in the study. The nutritional status was evaluated basing on analysis of the body composition using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis method (percentage of adipose tissue (FM) and lean body mass (FFM)) and skinfold thickness using Harpenden skinfold caliper. Serum levels of leptin, prolactin, testosterone and SHBG were measured. IL athletes were younger (IL: 17±1 years, DL: 19±2 years; p&lt;0.05) than DL athletes. BMI, ST and FM were higher (p&lt;0.05) in IL athletes but FFM was lower (p&lt;0.05) compared to DL swimmers (BMI: IL 22.4±2.3 kg/m 2 , DL 20.3±1.5 kg/m 2 , ST: IL 12.6±4.0 mm, DL 9.6±2.1 mm, FM: IL: 23.2±5.0%, DL: 19.2±3.5%, FFM; IL 76.8±5.0%, DL 80.8±3.5%). Furthermore, the results of plasma leptin level correlated (p&lt;0.05) with anthropometric parameters (age: r=−0.39, body mass: r=0.47, BMI: r=0.52, ST: r=0.38), body composition (FM%: r=0.45, FFM kg: r=−0.45), prolactin (r=0.67) and testosterone level (r=0.45). The results confirm the strong influence of body mass and fat mass on serum leptin levels. Moreover, high prolactin and testosterone levels may also favourably increase plasma leptin level in athletes and affect menstrual disorders.
A Model-Based Estimate of Cumulative Excess Mortality in Survivors of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Jennifer M. Yeh
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Background: Although childhood cancer survival rates have dramatically increased, survivors face elevated risk for life-threatening late effects, including secondary cancer. Objective: To estimate the cumulative effect of disease- and treatment-related mortality risks on survivor life expectancy. Design: State-transition model to simulate the lifetime clinical course of childhood cancer survivors. Setting: Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Patients: Five-year survivors of childhood cancer. Measurements: Probabilities of risk for death from the original cancer diagnosis, excess mortality from subsequent cancer and cardiac, pulmonary, external, and other complications, and background mortality (age-specific mortality rates for the general population) were estimated over the lifetime of survivors of childhood cancer. Results: For a cohort of 5-year survivors aged 15 years who received a diagnosis of cancer at age 10 years, the average lifetime probability was 0.10 for late-recurrence mortality; 0.15 for treatment-related subsequent cancer and death from cardiac, pulmonary, and external causes; and 0.05 for death from other excess risks. Life expectancy for the cohort of persons aged 15 years was 50.6 years, a loss of 10.4 years (17.1%) compared with the general population. Reduction in life expectancy varied by diagnosis, ranging from 4.0 years (6.0%) for kidney tumor survivors to more than 17.8 years (≥28.0%) for brain and bone tumor survivors, and was sensitive to late-recurrence mortality risk and duration of excess mortality risk. Limitation: Estimates are based on data for survivors who received treatment 20 to 40 years ago; patients who received treatment more recently may have more favorable outcomes. Conclusion: Childhood cancer survivors face considerable mortality during adulthood, with excess risks reducing life expectancy by as much as 28%. Monitoring the health of current survivors and carefully evaluating therapies with known late toxicities in patients with newly diagnosed cancer are needed. Primary Funding Source: National Cancer Institute.
Detecting implausible social network effects in acne, height, and headaches: longitudinal analysis
Authors: E. Cohen-Cole, J. M Fletcher
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Objective</b> To investigate whether "network effects" can be detected for health outcomes that are unlikely to be subject to network phenomena. <b>Design</b> Statistical analysis common in network studies, such as logistic regression analysis, controlled for own and friend's lagged health status. Analyses controlled for environmental confounders. <b>Setting</b> Subsamples of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). <b>Participants</b> 4300 to 5400 male and female adolescents who nominated a friend in the dataset and who were both longitudinally surveyed. <b>Measurements</b> Health outcomes, including headache severity, acne severity, and height self reported by respondents in 1994-5, 1995-6, and 2000-1. <b>Results</b> Significant network effects were observed in the acquisition of acne, headaches, and height. A friend's acne problems increased an individual's odds of acne problems (odds ratio 1.62, 95% confidence interval 0.91 to 2.89). The likelihood that an individual had headaches also increased with the presence of a friend with headaches (1.47, 0.93 to 2.33); and an individual's height increased by 20% of his or her friend's height (0.18, 0.15 to 0.26). Each of these results was estimated by using standard methods found in several publications. After adjustment for environmental confounders, however, the results become uniformly smaller and insignificant. <b>Conclusions</b> Researchers should be cautious in attributing correlations in health outcomes of close friends to social network effects, especially when environmental confounders are not adequately controlled for in the analysis.