tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Antibody recognition of an immunogenic influenza hemagglutinin-human leukocyte antigen class II complex.
Authors: N R Nygard, C Bono, L R Brown, J Gorka, K S Giacoletto, W T Schaiff, M B Graham, D W McCourt, M Kabeer, V L Braciale
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1991)

The A/Japan/57 influenza hemagglutin (HA) peptide HA 128-145, when bound by human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen-DRw11 cells, is recognized by the human CD4+ T cell clone V1. A rabbit antiserum has been raised against HA 128-145 which recognizes not only the free peptide, but also the HA 128-145/DRw11 complex on a solid matrix, in solution, or on the surface of viable cells. The detection of these complexes on viable cells was shown to be class II specific, DRw11 restricted, and commensurate with the level of DRw11 expression. The identity of DRw11 as the cell surface molecule binding HA 128-145 was confirmed by immunoprecipitation, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and tryptic peptide mapping. Using this antiserum HA 128-145/DRw11 complexes could be detected on the cell surface as soon as 30 min after the peptide was added, and increased up to 24 h. Dissociation kinetics showed these complexes were long-lived, with a half-life of approximately 14 h. This anti-HA peptide antiserum represents the first direct means of studying antigenic peptide-human leukocyte antigen class II complexes on the surface of living cells without the addition of a non-amino acid moiety to the peptide. The properties of this antiserum thus provide the potential to study naturally processed antigenic peptides as well as the mechanism of processing itself in a physiologically relevant system.
Epidemiology of ultraviolet-DNA repair capacity and human cancer.
Authors: L Grossman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

The following conclusions are derived from an epidemiological study. Reduced repair of ultraviolet (UV)-induced DNA damage contributes directly to basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in individuals with prior sunlight overexposure. A family history of BCC is a predictor of low DNA repair. Repair of UV-damaged DNA declines at a fixed rate of approximately 1% per annum in noncancerous controls. The DNA repair differences between young BCC cases and their controls disappear as they age. Hence, BCC, in terms of DNA repair, is a premature aging disease. The persistence of photochemical damage because of reduced repair results in point mutations in the p53 gene and allelic loss of the nevoid BCC gene (Gorlin's syndrome) located on chromosome 9q. The fact that environmental vulnerability is gender oriented implicates hormones in regulating DNA repair. Xeroderma pigmentosum appears to be a valid paradigm for the role of DNA repair in BCC in the general population.
A comparative study of different methods of processing aortic homografts
Authors: W. Welch
Journal: Thorax (1969)

Segments of the same aortic cusp were processed in different ways and compared from a histological and histochemical point of view with a non-processed segment. Changes produced by certain methods of processing bear a resemblance to the changes noted in the normal ageing process of the aortic valves. These changes are commented upon; but further experimental work is necessary to determine which method of processing aortic homografts gives the best long-term results.
Abstract 12514: Percutaneous Coronary Intervention is Beneficial For Better Survival Compared With Medication Alone in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients With Single-Vessel Disease
Authors: Takashi Sakakibara, Hideki Ishii, Kouhei Yoneda, Kazuhiro Kawashima, Yoshihiro Kawamura, Daisuke Kamoi, Toru Aoyama, Kyuuichi Furuhashi, Yoshitake Kumada, Hiroshi Takahashi, Miho Tanaka, Toyoaki Murohara
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been widely performed for coronary artery disease (CAD) even in hemodialysis (HD) patients. For single-vessel disease (SVD), PCI has been re...
Differentiating Benign from Malignant Lung Lesions Using “Quantitative” Parameters of FDG PET Images
Authors: KARL F. HÜBNER, EDWARD BUONOCORE, HOWARD R. GOULD, JOE THIE, GARY T. SMITH, SHAWN STEPHENS, JENNIFER DICKEY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

Fluorine-18 labeled deoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET) applications in oncology include the differential diagnosis of chest masses and single pulmonary nodules. However, FDG is not tumor-specific; rather, it also accumulates in inflammatory processes. This study was performed to identify image parameters that would improve the specificity of PET.Twenty-six patients who had benign and malignant lung lesions were examined retrospectively. Positron-emission tomography data were acquired in dynamic scanning mode after intravenous bolus of 250-402 MBq of FDG. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) were calculated and Patlak analyses were performed in selected regions of interest in the PET images. Positron-emission tomography results were related to histological diagnosis (N = 49) or clinical follow-up (N = 3).The specificity and sensitivity of the original PET scan reports, which was based on visual image interpretation and loosely applied SUVs, was 100% and 73%, respectively. Using the SUVs with a cut-off value of 3.8 and Kpat value with a cut-off at 0.025 min-1 improved the specificity to 81% and 85%.FDG-PET image interpretation can be facilitated by using SUV information or the accumulation rate of the radiotracer (Patlak). With additional validation, this method could have a significant cost-effective impact on the medical/surgical management of chest masses.
Mechanism of Transforming Growth Factor β–induced Inhibition of T Helper Type 1 Differentiation
Authors: Leonid Gorelik, Stephanie Constant, Richard A. Flavell
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

Regulation by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β plays an important role in immune homeostasis. TGF-β inhibits T cell functions by blocking both proliferation and differentiation. Here we show that TGF-β blocks Th1 differentiation by inhibiting the expression of T-bet, the apparent masterregulator of T helper (Th)1 differentiation. Restoration of T-bet expression through retroviral transduction of T-bet into developing Th1 cells abrogated the inhibitory effect of TGF-β. In addition, we show that, contrary to prior suggestions, downregulation of interleukin 12 receptor β2 chain is not key to the TGF-β–mediated effect. Furthermore, we show that the direct inhibitory effect of TGF-β on T cells is responsible, at least in part, for the inability of BALB/c mice to mount a Leishmania-specific Th1 response and to clear Leishmanial infection.
Some Effects of Transection of the Pituitary Stalk
Authors: J. H. Adams, P. M. Daniel, M. M. L. Prichard
Journal: BMJ (1964)

An interest in the strange condition of post-partum necrosis of the anterior pituitary in women (Sheehan, 1937), which is clearly caused by a vascular disturbance, led us to make a detailed study of the blood supply of the pituitary gland, first in man (Xuereb et al., 1954a, 1954b) and later in the rat, sheep, and goat (Daniel and Prichard, 1956, 1957a, 1958).We found that the basic pattern of the vascular arrangements of the gland was essentially the same in all these species.The posterior or neural lobe (infundibular process) has a conventional arterial blood supply, but the anterior lobe (pars distalis) receives only portal venous blood-that is to say, blood which has already passed through a first capillary bed.'The hypophysial portal vessels which supply blood to the anterior 1 McConnell (1953) and Stanfield (1960) maintain that in man the parenchyma of the anterior lobe is supplied by some small arteries as well as by portal vessels, but in our view such an arterial supply, when it exists at all, is so small as to be insignificant.This is not the case in the rabbit, however, in which the anterior lobe has a sub- stantial arterial as well as a portal venous supply, and this is one reason why we have carried out only a few experiments with stalk section on this species.
Drug linked to child deaths is still available in India
Authors: S. Kumar
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A drug known to have serious side effects and which has been banned in parts of Europe is still available in India, despite reports in the press of several deaths in the subcontinent among children who had been taking it.

There has been a media furore in India over reports of adverse reactions to nimesulide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, which has been reported as causing liver toxicity. Although it was approved for use in India in 1994 for painful inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders, it is often used for pain relief and fever.

Dr Chandra Mohan Gulhati, editor of India's drug information bulletin, the Monthly Index of Medical Specialities , said that the drug had not …
Mental Disorders
Authors: Richard M. Glass
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The article by Spitzer et al<sup>1</sup>in this issue ofThe JOURNALadds to the growing body of empirical evidence that common mental disorders have a major impact on functional disability and quality of life. Among 1000 adult patients at four primary care sites, mental disorders accounted for considerably more impairment in all the components of health-related quality of life than did common physical disorders. Previous studies have found that psychiatric disorders are common among primary care patients and are a consistent source of disability, even across a variety of different cultures.<sup>2</sup>For example, results from the Medical Outcomes Study<sup>3</sup>have shown that major depression, a disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 17% in the general population of the United States,<sup>4</sup>is associated with limitations in well-being and functioning that are equal to or greater than those of major chronic physical conditions, See also p 1511.
Oral contraceptives, serum folate, and hematologic status
Authors: C. J. Paine
Journal: JAMA (1975)

The effects of oral contraceptives on serum folate and hematologic levels in 526 women were studied by a new radioassay method and by Lactobacillus casei assay. Serum folate levels were not significantly lower compared with a control group (p more than .1 by L casei assay; p more than .2 by radioassay). Hemoglobin values and iron deficiency anemia were significantly less in the control group (p less than .001). It was concluded that oral contraceptives do not cause folate deficiency anemia.
Final Results of ABCSG-24, a Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Epirubicin, Docetaxel, and Capecitabine (EDC) to Epirubicin and Docetaxel (ED) as Neoadjuvant Treatment for Early Breast Cancer and Comparing ED/EDC + Trastuzumab (T) to ED/EDC as Neoadjuvant Treatment for Early HER-2 Positive Breast Cancer.
Authors: G. Steger, R. Greil, R. Jakesz, A. Lang, B. Mlineritsch, E. Melbinger-Zeinitzer, C. Marth, H. Samonigg, E. Kubista, M. Gnant
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Since pathological complete responses (pCR) might be a surrogate for effective eradication of micrometastatic disease leading possibly to prolonged overall survival in primary breast cancer, neoadjuvant treatment of early breast cancer aims at achieving high rates of pCR.Methods: Primary aim of ABCSG-24 is to evaluate the influence of 6 cycles of EDC±T (experimental group) as compared to 6 cycles of ED±T (control group) on the rate of pCR at the time of surgery. 536 patients (pts) (268 pts/group, 5% dropout rate for 510 eligible pts, power=83%,p&amp;lt;0.05 (two-sided Chi²-test)) had to be accrued to detect a difference in pCR of 16% (ED±T) vs. 27% (EDC±T). 94 pts (47 pts/group,5% drop-out rate for 90 eligible pts, power=80%,p&amp;lt;0.05,two-sided Chi²-test) of the 536 pts must had a HER-2 positive (pos) tumor to detect a difference in pCR of 20% (ED/EDC)vs. 50% after ED/EDC+T.Between 11/2004 and 11/2008 536 pts with biopsy proven operable breast scheduled for neoadjuvant treatment (except T4d) +/- nodal involvement and without distant disease were stratified and randomized to receive either 6 x EDC every 21 days (day 1:E75 mg/m ² iv and D75 mg/m² iv,day 2:pegfilgrastim 6 mg sq, C: 2 x 1000 mg/m²/day days1-14 orally) or 6 cycles of identical ED without C. Pts with HER2pos tumors were also randomized to T 8mg/kg iv (day1) followed by 6mg/kg q 21 days or to no T.Results: 512 pts are eligible for toxicity and efficacy. In the intention to treat analysis there was no significant difference in the incidence of serious adverse events (EDC:26% vs. ED:21%,p=0,16) but significantly less patients completed the scheduled 6 cycles (EDC:75% vs. ED:97%,p&amp;lt;0.0001). After EDC significantly more pts had documented pCR (EDC:23,8% vs. ED:15,2%;p=0,036). In the HER2pos subgroup (eligible pts: n=90) there was a non-significant (p=0,369) difference in the rate of pCR after ED/EDC+T (40%) vs. ED/EDC (26,7%).Discussion: Neoadjuvant EDC in early breast cancer results in a significantly higher pCR rate than ED. ED/EDC + T leads to a non-significant higher rate of pCR than ED/EDC alone which might be due to a higher observed rate of pCR with ED/EDC alone than the expected. ED/EDC+/-T are feasible for outpatient use but C associated toxicity must be monitored closely and dose reduction rules must be observed. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 1081.
Zidovudine: Five Years Later
Authors: Gavin X. McLeod, Scott M. Hammer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

▪Zidovudine, a nucleoside analog, was the first agent proved to be effective in the management of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. After demonstration of zidovudine's in-vitro activity against HIV-1 in 1985, the drug was rapidly evaluated in phase I and phase II clinical trials and was found to be effective in decreasing both mortality and the incidence of opportunistic infections in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and advanced AIDS-related complex; the drug was also found to have a substantial but tolerable toxicity profile. Since the licensure of zidovudine in 1987, an intensive clinical research effort has established the drug's efficacy in the prevention of disease progression in asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic HIV-infected persons and has established the success of lower-dose therapy in patients at all stages of disease. The current recommendation is to use zidovudine at a dose of 500 to 600 mg/d in both symptomatic and asymptomatic persons with CD4 counts of less than 500/mm3. The major toxicities of anemia and neutropenia are less frequent at the lower doses presently used and can be managed by dose reduction or by use of hematopoietic growth factors. The inexorable disease progression seen despite zidovudine therapy and the isolation of clinical strains of HIV-1 resistant to zidovudine in vitro highlight the limitations of prolonged monotherapy with this agent. Although alternative dideoxynucleoside agents (for example, didanosine [dideoxyinosine and zalcitabine dideoxycytidine]) are available for the management of HIV-infected persons, zidovudine remains the cornerstone of antiretroviral therapy. Current research efforts are directed at elucidating the clinical relevance of zidovudine resistance and studying regimens in which zidovudine is used in combination with other agents. This latter approach holds great promise for improving efficacy, limiting toxicity, and perhaps preventing the emergence of viral resistance. For the forseeable future, zidovudine will continue to play a role in the development and in our understanding of antiretroviral therapy.
Is late diagnosis of lung cancer inevitable? Interview study of patients' recollections of symptoms before diagnosis
Authors: J Corner
Journal: Thorax (2005)

<b>Background:</b> A study was undertaken to explore the pathway to diagnosis among a group of patients recently diagnosed with lung cancer. <b>Methods:</b> A directed interview study triangulating patients’ accounts with hospital and GP records was performed with 22 men and women recently diagnosed with lung cancer at two cancer centres in the south and north of England. The main outcome measures were the symptoms leading up to a diagnosis of lung cancer and patient and GP responses before diagnosis. <b>Results:</b> Patients recalled having new symptoms for many months, typically over the year before their diagnosis, irrespective of their disease stage once diagnosed. Chest symptoms (cough, breathing changes, and pain in the chest) were common, as were systemic symptoms (fatigue/lethargy, weight loss and eating changes). Although symptoms were reported as being marked changes in health, these were not in the main (with the exception of haemoptysis) interpreted as serious by patients at the time and not acted on. Once the trigger for action occurred (the event that took patients to their GP or elsewhere in the healthcare system), events were relatively speedy and were faster for patients who presented via their GP than via other routes. Patients’ beliefs about health changes that may indicate lung cancer appeared to have played a part in delay in diagnosis. <b>Conclusion:</b> Further investigation of the factors influencing the timing of diagnosis in lung cancer is warranted since it appears that patients did not readily attend GP surgeries with symptoms. Insight into patients’ perspectives on their experience before diagnosis may help medical carers to recognise patients with lung cancer more easily so that they can refer them for diagnosis and treatment. Encouragement to present early with signs of lung cancer should be considered alongside other efforts to speed up diagnosis and treatment.
CONCERNING THE COMPLICATIONS OF ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA PURULENTA.
Authors: E. S. ALLEN
Journal: JAMA (1899)

The subject is given as above out of deference to the ordinary dictum. It would be more correct to use the expression: "Serious and fatal forms of acute otitis," rather than "complications." The attempt will be made to show that we have to do with a distinct variety of otitis rather than with complications following the ordinary middle-ear suppurations, that dangerous and fatal meningeal trouble in connection with acute middleear suppuration represents a distinct type of infective inflammation. Acute otitis media is caused by germ infection reaching the tympanic cavity, in nearly all cases through the Eustachian tube. Infection by means of the blood and lymph vessels is possible, but difficult to prove. Auto-infection probably does not take place, as under normal conditions the middle ear is probably free from germs. The character of the resulting inflammation depends on the relation between two factors—the virulence of the organisms and the
Surgeon harassed after sexual misconduct
Authors: C Essex
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The case of a surgeon in New Zealand who was found guilty of sexual misconduct by the Medical Council's disciplinary committee but was suspended for only six months has thrown the issue of disciplining doctors under public scrutiny. The surgeon, from Dunedin, was found guilty on four counts related to sexual misconduct against patients.

In June last year he was granted the right not to have his name revealed pending an appeal. The unnamed surgeon returned to work in November, and the appeal procedure was set …
Structure and Costs of Health Care of Diabetic Patients in Finland
Authors: Tero Kangas, Seppo Aro, Veikko A Koivisto, Marjo Salinto, Markku Laakso, Antti Reunanen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1996)

OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to examine both the structure, including modes of drug treatment, ambulatory care, and hospital inpatient care, and the costs of health care for drug-treated diabetic patients in Finland. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The modes of drug treatment and ambulatory care were studied with the help of a questionnaire given to all diabetic patients obtaining their medication through pharmacies in Finland during a 7-week period in 1989. The questionnaire sought information on drug treatment, site of health care, and frequency of visits to physicians. Hospital inpatient care was evaluated by linking the patient data from the Hospital Discharge Register and the Central Drug Register. The direct costs of health care were calculated by using relevant average costs. RESULTS A total of 30,266 questionnaires were returned, representing &amp;gt; 70% of all drug-treated diabetic patients receiving medication in the period studied. Of the diabetic patients, 63% were treated by oral medication only, 31% by insulin only, and 6% by a combination of insulin and oral agents. Of the patients in whom diabetes was diagnosed at ≥ 30 years of age, 75% were treated at health centers, whereas &amp;gt; 60% of those in whom diabetes was diagnosed at &amp;lt; 30 years of age were treated at outpatient clinics. The mean annual frequency of visits was 4.0 for patients receiving insulin treatment and 3.3 for patients receiving treatment with oral medications. The diabetic patients used 1.5 million hospital inpatient days per year, which was 13% of the total inpatient days in Finland. Of the inpatient days, 20% were for diabetes as the principal cause, 52% for diabetes-related diseases, and 28% for causes unrelated to diabetes. The direct costs of the health care of drug-treated diabetic patients in 1989 were 5.8% of the total costs of health care in Finland and were three times higher than the average costs of care for nondiabetic individuals. The direct costs were divided into inpatient care (81%), medication (9%), ambulatory care (8%), and self-care equipment (2%). CONCLUSIONS Hospital inpatient care is the major contributor to the excess of health care expenditures for diabetic patients.
Techniques for assessment of teratologic effects: embryo culture.
Authors: D A New
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

A simple method is described for growing rat embryos in vitro for 48 hr from head-fold to early limb-bud stages at rates of development and protein synthesis indistinguishable from those in vivo. Culture of the embryos can be continued for longer periods but at a reduced growth rate. Preheating the culture serum to 56 degrees C for 30 min improves embryonic development, but raising the culture temperature 2-3 degrees C or exposing the presomite embryos to 20% O2 (160 mm Hg) causes malformations, particularly of the brain and spinal cord. The value of such culture methods for teratology is briefly discussed.
Blood pressure in a national birth cohort at the age of 36 related to social and familial factors, smoking, and body mass.
Authors: M E Wadsworth, H A Cripps, R E Midwinter, J R Colley
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Blood pressure was measured in a birth cohort of 5362 subjects at the age of 36. The prevalence of hypertension in men (blood pressure greater than 140/90 mm Hg) was almost twice that in women, although women received treatment more often. Deaths of fathers of subjects from hypertensive and ischaemic heart disease were associated with significantly higher mean systolic and diastolic pressures in both sexes. Cigarette smoking was not strongly associated with blood pressure in men and not associated at all in women. Of the social factors, low social class of family of origin was associated with high blood pressure in both sexes; but the strongest association was with current body mass, and birth weight also contributed. Differences in blood pressures between the sexes may have been related to protective biological factors, such as endogenous sex hormones, in women and also to differences in types of employment, smoking habits, and body mass. Differences in blood pressures related to the social class of family of origin may reflect long term influences of class differences on diet, exercise, and educational achievement. The importance of measuring secular trends in obesity and blood pressures is emphasised.
Associations between genome-wide Native American ancestry, known risk alleles and B-cell ALL risk in Hispanic children
Authors: K M Walsh, A P Chokkalingam, L-I Hsu, C Metayer, A J de Smith, D I Jacobs, G V Dahl, M L Loh, I V Smirnov, K Bartley, X Ma, J K Wiencke, L F Barcellos, J L Wiemels, P A Buffler
Journal: Leukemia (2013)