tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
How We Grieve: Relearning the World
Authors: Deepak Prabhakar
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Progress in Applied Microcirculation (volume 18): Capillary Functions and White Cell Interactions
Authors: D B. Susan
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Progress in Applied Microcirculation (volume 18): Capillary Functions and White Cell Interactions Get access D Brain Susan D Brain Susan London, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 26, Issue 3, March 1992, Page 303, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/26.3.303a Published: 01 March 1992
What does oseltamivir do, and how will we know?
Authors: Trish Groves
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Epicutaneous immunotherapy onto intact skin has proved to be an efficient and safe alternative treatment of allergy in an animal model with various allergens and in children for cow’s milk allergy. The aim of this study was to analyze the different steps of the immunological handling of the allergen when deposited on intact skin using an epicutaneous delivery system and its immune consequences in sensitized BALB/c mice. As expected, when applied on intact skin, OVA exhibits neither a passive passage through the skin nor any detectable systemic delivery. The current study demonstrates that, after a prolonged application on intact skin, OVA is taken up by dendritic cells in the superficial layers of the stratum corneum and transported, after internalization, to the draining lymph nodes, with variations according to the previous level of sensitization of the mice. When OVA is applied with the epicutaneous delivery system repeatedly, specific local and systemic responses are down-modulated in association with the induction of regulatory T cells. Besides providing new insights into skin function in the presence of allergens, this study indicates that the skin might have a tolerogenic role, at least when kept intact.
Using High-Throughput Transcriptomic Data for Prognosis: A Critical Overview and Perspectives
Authors: Eytan Domany
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Accurate prognosis and prediction of response to therapy are essential for personalized treatment of cancer. Even though many prognostic gene lists and predictors have been proposed, especially for breast cancer, high-throughput “omic” methods have so far not revolutionized clinical practice, and their clinical utility has not been satisfactorily established. Different prognostic gene lists have very few shared genes, the biological meaning of most signatures is unclear, and the published success rates are considered to be overoptimistic. This review examines critically the manner in which prognostic classifiers are derived using machine-learning methods and suggests reasons for the shortcomings and problems listed above. Two approaches that may hold hope for obtaining improved prognosis are presented. Both are based on using existing prior knowledge; one proposes combining molecular “omic” predictors with established clinical ones, and the second infers biologically relevant pathway deregulation scores for each tumor from expression data, and uses this representation to study and stratify individual tumors. Approaches such as the second one are referred to in the physics literature as “phenomenology”; they will, hopefully, play a significant role in future studies of cancer. See all articles in this Cancer Research section, “Physics in Cancer Research.” Cancer Res; 74(17); 4612–21. ©2014 AACR.
THE ROLE OF THE HUMAN PLACENTA IN THE TRANSFER AND METABOLISM OF INSULIN*
Authors: Maria G. Buse, Walter J. Roberts, John Buse
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1962)

Since 1911 the problem of placental permeability to insulin has been studied sporadically.Carlson, Drennan, Orr and Jones (1, 2) observed that pregnant dogs failed to develop glycosuria after pancreatectomy and concluded that the fetus pro- tected the mother against diabetes, presumably by diaplacental movement of some substance.Other investigators (3, 4), however, were unable to con- firm these early studies.Results of work with goats (5), rabbits (6, 7) and mice (8) were vari- able and suggest that species differences exist in the placental permeability to insulin.By in vitro techniques, systems for the proteolytic inactivation of insulin have been demonstrated in the rat (9) and human placenta (10).This study was undertaken to investigate the role of the human placenta in the transfer and metabolism of insulin in vivo.It was assumed that the placenta handles insulin-I131 as it would unlabeled insulin. METHODTwenty-eight term-pregnant women, 14 to 41 years old, were chosen for this study without regard to parity.No diabetic patients were included.Except for two pa- tients with mild pre-eclampsia (experiments 3 and 7), no complicating diseases were present.Four patients were delivered by elective repeat cesarean section (experiments 3, 7, 15, 16); the remainder had uncomplicated vaginal deliveries.Sterile solutions of crystalline beef insulin assaying 25 U per mg, labeled with I.31; NaWl; and I13"-labeled human serum albumin (RISA) were obtained from Abbott Laboratories.Insulin-I'3' and RISA were stored
Effect of retinoic acid and low calcium conditions on surface glycoconjugates defined by differential lectin labelling in mouse epidermal cell culture
Authors: JUNE K. ROBINSON, RUTH K. FREINKEL, R. GOTSCHALK
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Journal Article Effect of retinoic acid and low calcium conditions on surface glycoconjugates defined by differential lectin labelling in mouse epidermal cell culture Get access JUNE K. ROBINSON, JUNE K. ROBINSON Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. June K. Robinson, M.D., Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar RUTH K. FREINKEL, RUTH K. FREINKEL Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. GOTSCHALK R. GOTSCHALK Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 110, Issue 1, 1 January 1984, Pages 17–27, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb07307.x Published: 01 January 1984 Article history Accepted: 20 July 1983 Published: 01 January 1984
Attenuation of Apoptosis Underlies B Lymphocyte Stimulator Enhancement of Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Richard K.G. Do, Eunice Hatada, Hayyoung Lee, Michelle R. Tourigny, David Hilbert, Selina Chen-Kiang
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2000)

B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) is a newly identified monocyte-specific TNF family cytokine. It has been implicated in the development of autoimmunity, and functions as a potent costimulator with antiimmunoglobulin M in B cell proliferation in vitro. Here we demonstrate that BLyS prominently enhances the humoral responses to both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent antigens, primarily by attenuation of apoptosis as evidenced by the prolonged survival of antigen-activated B cells in vivo and in vitro. BLyS acts on primary splenic B cells autonomously, and directly cooperates with CD40 ligand (CD40L) in B cell activation in vitro by protecting replicating B cells from apoptosis. Moreover, although BLyS alone cannot activate the cell cycle, it is sufficient to prolong the survival of naive resting B cells in vitro. Attenuation of apoptosis by BLyS correlates with changes in the ratios between Bcl-2 family proteins in favor of cell survival, predominantly by reducing the proapoptotic Bak and increasing its prosurvival partners, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. In either resting or CD40L-activated B cells, the NF-kappaB transcription factors RelB and p50 are specifically activated, suggesting that they may mediate BLyS signals for B cell survival. Together, these results provide direct evidence for BLyS enhancement of both T cell-independent and T cell-dependent humoral immune responses, and imply a role for BLyS in the conservation of the B cell repertoire. The ability of BLyS to increase B cell survival indiscriminately, at either a resting or activated state, and to cooperate with CD40L, further suggests that attenuation of apoptosis underlies BLyS enhancement of polyclonal autoimmunity as well as the physiologic humoral immune response.
What can the study of lead teach us about other toxicants?
Authors: H L Needleman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

The history of knowledge about lead toxicity may serve as a useful template to judge and predict progress in understanding other toxicants. A paradigm shift has occurred in which toxicity has been recognized at levels long held to be harmless. This shift has been accelerated by the use of newer tools for measuring outcome. Lead effects have been identified in children at blood lead levels as low as 15 micrograms/dL. They include impaired psychometric intelligence, language function, attention, and classroom behavior. Lead exposure during pregnancy results in increased risk for minor malformations and lowered infant IQ scores until at least 2 years of age. Understanding of this toxicant has been blurred by seven unrecognized Type II errors frequently encountered in the lead literature. These errors are discussed. A meta-analysis of thirteen informative lead studies in children is presented. The joint probability of the findings occurring by chance under the null hypothesis is less than 3 x 10(-12).
Oxygen and the airways
Authors: R. Wood-Baker
Journal: Thorax (2011)

> The best things carried to excess are wrong (Charles Churchill (satirist) 1731–1764)

The use of oxygen for the management of patients with acute breathlessness, irrespective of cause, is well established in medical practice. The perception of benefit, even in the absence of measurement of oxygenation, and concerns over adverse outcomes from severe hypoxaemia have driven the use of high-concentration oxygen therapy over many years with little regard to possible harmful effects. While there have been many advocates for the cautious use of oxygen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as a result of its propensity to promote hypercarbia, liberal use in asthma appears universal. This approach pervades student teaching through medical texts, even when there is significant respiratory input into the publication1 and extends to recent evidence-based guidelines on both asthma management and oxygen usage. The recently published British Thoracic Society/Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (BTS/SIGN) guidelines2 recommend administration of oxygen for acute exacerbations of asthma, stating ‘Many patients with acute severe asthma are hypoxaemic. Supplementary oxygen should be given urgently to hypoxaemic patients, using a face mask, Venturi mask or nasal cannulae with flow rates adjusted as necessary to maintain SpO2 of 94–98%’, advice that is allocated a moderate to low level of evidence. Furthermore, they emphasise the use of oxygen therapy even in the absence of information on oxygenation, recommending that the ‘Lack of pulse oximetry should not prevent the use of oxygen’. Use of oxygen according to these recommendations is likely to result in a high fractional inspired oxygen, as ‘In hospital, ambulance and primary care, nebulised …
Malignant melanoma occurring in those aged under 30 in the west of Scotland 1979–1986: a study of incidence, clinical features, pathological features and survival
Authors: RONA M. MACKIE, D. WATT, VALERIE DOHERTY, T. AITCHISON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

The study population consisted of the 95 patients who presented with cutaneous malignant melanoma in the west of Scotland between 1979 and 1986 and who were aged under 30 at the time of diagnosis. Over this 7-year period, 1299 melanomas were diagnosed in all age groups in this geographical area, increasing in incidence by 82% from 135 in 1979 to 246 in 1986. The proportion of melanomas diagnosed before the patients' thirtieth birthday remained constant at 6%. None were diagnosed in the under-15 age group, and none developed on giant congenital naevi. Forty-two of the 95 melanomas (44%) in the under-30 group developed on a small naevus present either from birth or early childhood. These melanomas were thicker than those apparently developing on normal skin, but once controlled for tumour thickness and sex the presence of a pre-existing naevus did not affect 5-year survival. The overall 5-year survival was 76% with poorer survival associated with thicker tumours and male sex. This study suggests that small early onset naevi may have a higher potential for post-pubertal malignant change than has been previously recognized.
Silent Free Perforation of Duodenal Ulcer in an Elderly Patient Presenting with Melena: Management Directed by Upper Endoscopy and Percussion of the Liver
Authors: M. Mimica
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

A 70-year-old man was admitted to hospital having had one tarry stool 6 hours beforehand. There was no history of abdominal pain, vomiting, or use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). His blood pressure was normal and abdominal wall tenderness was absent. Laboratory tests showed mild anemia (hemoglobin 102 g/l). An upper endoscopy revealed deep ulceration on the anterior bulbar wall with visible liver in the depth of the picture (Figure [1]). Because of absence of overt symptoms and signs of acute abdomen confined perforation was suspected. During and after the examination the patient had no pain. Percussion of the liver, which was not done previously, showed absence of liver dullness and suggested free perforation. Radiographic examination showed pneumoperitoneum. Surgery, performed 24 hours after the patient’s admission to the hospital, confirmed the perforation of duodenal ulcer. The patient was discharged on the 11th postoperative day.
Anaphylaxis After Intravenous Methylprednisolone Administration
Authors: Michael D. Freedman
Journal: JAMA (1981)

ALLERGIC type 1 (anaphylactic) reactions to corticosteroid compounds are rare, but a few well-documented case reports of allergic reactions to prednisolone<sup>1</sup>and methylprednisolone sodium succinate<sup>1</sup>have been reported. We describe a patient who experienced an anaphylactic reaction to systemically administered methylprednisolone. Allergic sensitivity to this compound as well as to hydrocortisone hemisuccinate was documented by results of intradermal and skin prick testing. Furthermore, our patient demonstrated his allergic reaction only to the succinate esters of the parent corticosteroids. This is the first reported case, to our knowledge, of an anaphylactic reaction to only the succinate acid ester of methylprednisolone without reaction to methylprednisolone acetate. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 40-year-old man was admitted to the emergency room for an acute asthmatic attack. The patient had a history of childhood asthma that was seasonal in nature, but he had been asymptomatic for the past 30 years. Two days before
In vitro transepidermal water loss: differences between black and white human skin
Authors: D. WILSON, E. BERARDESCA, H.I. MAIBACH
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

In vivo transepidermal water loss studies are characterized by large inter‐individual variability and biased by environmental effects and eccrine sweating. An in vitro technique for measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was used to compare TEWL in two racial groups—blacks and whites. In both groups a significant correlation between skin temperature and increased TEWL was found (P <0.01). Furthermore, black skin had a significantly higher mean TEWL than white skin, corrected log TEWL 2.79 and 2.61 μg/cm2/h, respectively. The difference in TEWL between the groups could be because measurements were made in the absence of eccrine sweating and other vital functions. The higher TEWL in black skin could be explained on the basis of a thermoregulatory mechanism. The anatomical and physiological differences in the stratum corneum between different races are discussed.
ENCYSTED PLEURAL EFFUSION CONTAINING CHOLESTERIN
Authors: E. O. A. Singer, E. V. Whitby
Journal: BMJ (1925)

ENCYSTED PLEURAL EFFUSION CONTAINING CHOLESTERIN.MTEDz otnTISw then anv inflammatory process which decreases the secre- tion .mustincrease fatigue and lead to drowsiness; and if there is permanent necrotic destruction this theory would explain the.permanent loss of energy which is met with so often as an after-effect in these cases.III.That there exists a definite " sleep centre," and that this centre becomes involved in the pathological prooess.Various authorities put forward this theory, and very different are the sites they suggest for this " sleep centre."Other authorities maintain that the lethargy of epidemic encephalitis has no relation to normal sleep.
Transient Inhibition of ATM Kinase Is Sufficient to Enhance Cellular Sensitivity to Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Michael D. Rainey, Maura E. Charlton, Robert V. Stanton, Michael B. Kastan
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract In response to DNA damage, the ATM protein kinase activates signal transduction pathways essential for coordinating cell cycle progression with DNA repair. In the human disease ataxia-telangiectasia, mutation of the ATM gene results in multiple cellular defects, including enhanced sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR). This phenotype highlights ATM as a potential target for novel inhibitors that could be used to enhance tumor cell sensitivity to radiotherapy. A targeted compound library was screened for potential inhibitors of the ATM kinase, and CP466722 was identified. The compound is nontoxic and does not inhibit phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) or PI3K-like protein kinase family members in cells. CP466722 inhibited cellular ATM-dependent phosphorylation events and disruption of ATM function resulted in characteristic cell cycle checkpoint defects. Inhibition of cellular ATM kinase activity was rapidly and completely reversed by removing CP466722. Interestingly, clonogenic survival assays showed that transient inhibition of ATM is sufficient to sensitize cells to IR and suggests that therapeutic radiosensitization may only require ATM inhibition for short periods of time. The ability of CP466722 to rapidly and reversibly regulate ATM activity provides a new tool to ask questions about ATM function that could not easily be addressed using genetic models or RNA interference technologies. [Cancer Res 2008;68(18):7466–74]
Non-immunological defence mechanisms of the gut.
Authors: S A Sarker, K Gyr
Journal: Gut (1992)

Non-immunological defence mechanisms represent an important line of intestinal defence in addition to humoral and cellular immunity. This review summarises the evidence for the role of the non-immunological defence system. Protective factors that have been amply documented are gastric juice, intestinal motility, and intestinal flora. Components of pancreatic juice, lysozyme, and epithelial cell turnover may also be involved. Special attention is given to gastric acid, infection with Helicobacter pylori, and hypochlorhydria and their association with infectious diarrhoea. Epidemic hypochlorhydria is discussed since this increases sensitivity to intestinal infections in third world countries.
Immunofluorescence of the skin in gold rashes - with particular reference to IgE.
Authors: J M Iveson, D G Scott, W D Perera, W J Cunliffe, V Wright
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1977)

Immunofluorescence studies have been carried out on rashes from 36 patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving gold therapy. 24 of the rashes were clinically attributed to gold and 12 were diagnosed as coincidental rashes. IgE was found in 6 of the gold rashes and in 4 of the coincidental rashes. Immunofluorescence changes of immune complex vasculitis, lichen planus, or pemphigoid were found in 9 gold rashes while 2 coincidental rashes showed vascular fluorescence for immunoglobulins but nor for complement. Two definite gold rashes showing no changes on immunofluorescence showed perivascular infiltration with lymphocytes on light microscopy. Thus, while immunofluorescence is only marginally helpful in the diagnoses of gold rashes, evidence of an immunological reaction tends to favour a diagnosis of a gold-induced rash.
The Dilemma of Surgical Treatment for Patients with Asymptomatic Carotid Disease
Authors: Henry J.M. Barnett
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Several case series have suggested that endarterectomy is beneficial in asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Four randomized trials have been done in this area, the most recent of which is the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS). Results of the first three trials were negative, and ACAS produced a tantalizing, statistically significant finding that does not translate into clinical importance. Disabling strokes have not been reduced by surgical therapy, and the benefit for women has not been shown. It is unclear from this study whether persons with the greatest stenosis and the highest vascular risk profiles are appropriate candidates for endarterectomy. In patients in whom carotid artery disease is incidentally discovered, the benefits of the prophylactic addition of carotid endarterectomy to coronary bypass grafting or other major surgical procedure in patients are still unknown. Excellent surgical skill is of paramount importance for the future use of this procedure. Mass population screening to detect asymptomatic carotid disease will only be justified when and if future studies identify patients in whom the risk for disabling stroke after the procedure is clearly reduced.