tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Loose-Grip Technique for Removing Large Food Boluses from the Esophagus
Authors: S. P. Misra, M. Dwivedi
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Ingested foreign bodies are common [1] and the most common foreign body found in the upper gastrointestinal tract in adults is food [1] [2]. Several endoscopic methods are used for the removal of food boluses. Carefully pushing the bolus into the stomach, and extraction using snares, forceps, Dormia baskets, and suction with a friction-fit adapter, have been employed most frequently [3] [4] [5]. We report the use of a loose-grip technique with a Dormia basket to remove food boluses and get past the upper esophageal sphincter.
Mechanism of cytokine-induced modulation of beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness in airway smooth muscle.
Authors: H Hakonarson, D J Herrick, P G Serrano, M M Grunstein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

To elucidate the role of specific proinflammatory cytokines in regulating airway responsiveness, we examined the effects and mechanisms of action of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-2 on the beta-adrenoceptor- and postreceptor-coupled transmembrane signaling mechanisms regulating relaxation in isolated rabbit tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) segments. During half-maximal isometric contraction of the tissues with acetylcholine, relaxation responses to isoproterenol, PGE2, and forskolin were separately compared in control (untreated) TSM and tissues incubated for 18 h with IL-1beta (10 ng/ml), TNF-(alpha (100 ng/ml), or IL-2 (200 ng/ml). Relative to controls, IL-1beta- and TNF-alpha-treated TSM, but not IL-2-treated tissues, depicted significant attenuation of their maximal relaxation and sensitivity (i.e., -log dose producing 50% maximal relaxation) to isoproterenol (P < 0.001) and PGE2 (P < 0.05); whereas the relaxation responses to direct stimulation of adenylate cyclase with forskolin were similar in the control and cytokine-treated tissues. Further, the attenuated relaxation to isoproterenol and PGE2 was ablated in the IL-1beta-treated TSM that were pretreated with either the muscarinic M2-receptor antagonist, methoctramine (10(-6) M), or pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml). Moreover, Western immunoblot analysis demonstrated that: (a) Gi protein expression was significantly enhanced in membrane fractions isolated from IL-1beta-treated TSM; and (b) the latter was largely attributed to induced enhanced expression of the Gi alpha2 and Gi alpha3 subunits. Collectively, these observations provide new evidence demonstrating that IL-lbeta and TNF-alpha induce impaired receptor-coupled airway relaxation in naive TSM, and that the latter effect is associated with increased muscarinic M2-receptor/Gi protein-coupled expression and function.
Antibodies and Resistance to Natural HIV Infection
Authors: G J Nabel, N J Sullivan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

The unprecedented spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) throughout the world has made the development of an effective AIDS vaccine one of the most urgent challenges facing biomedical science. The dissemination of the virus to more than 40 million people worldwide attests to the fact that immune resistance to HIV infection is rare. The virus is commonly transmitted through mucosal surfaces as a result of either sexual contact or oral exposure — for example, from breast-feeding. Neutralizing antibodies have a key role in immunity against many viruses, and their ability to confer protection at mucosal sites is of great . . .
ACUTE INTERCURRENT PSYCHOSIS DURING THE COURSE OF FAMILIAL PERIODIC PARALYSIS
Authors: IRWIN M. GREENBERG
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1961)

The literature on familial periodic paralysis has revealed no cases of intercurrent psychosis. The patients have been described by several authors as being relatively free of emotional difficulties, and this freedom has been attributed to the absence of cerebral pathology. A case is presented in which there was an acute psychotic episode during the course of familial periodic paralysis. The patient also had a sociopathic personality disturbance. Psychological test findings are presented, as well as the course of the psychosis. The relation of the patient's psychiatric symptoms and psychological test results to both his organic illness and his personal history is discussed.
Bioprosthetic Tricuspid Valve Regurgitation Associated With Pacemaker or Defibrillator Lead Implantation
Authors: Mackram F. Eleid, Lori A. Blauwet, Yong-Mei Cha, Heidi M. Connolly, Peter A. Brady, Joseph A. Dearani, Raúl E. Espinosa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Interleukin‐10 improves left ventricular function in rats with heart failure subsequent to myocardial infarction
Authors: Christian Stumpf, Katrin Seybold, Sebastian Petzi, Gerald Wasmeier, Dorette Raaz, Atilla Yilmaz, Thomas Anger, Werner G. Daniel, Christoph D. Garlichs
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2008)
Précis of Relevance: Communication and Cognition
Authors: Dan Sperber, Deirdre Wilson
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1987)

In Relevance: Communication and Cognition, we outline a new approach to the study of human communication, one based on a general view of human cognition. Attention and thought processes, we argue, automatically turn toward information that seems relevant: that is, capable of yielding cognitive effects – the more, and the more economically, the greater the relevance. We analyse both the nature ofcognitive effects and the inferential processes by which they are derived.Communication can be achieved by two different means: by encoding and decoding messages or by providing evidence for an intended inference about the communicator's informative intention. Verbal communication, we argue, exploits both types of process. The linguistic meaning of an utterance, recovered by specialised decoding processes, serves as the input to unspecialised central inferential processes by which the speaker's intentions are recognised.Fundamental to our account of inferential communication is the fact that to communicate is to claimsomeone's attention, and hence to imply that the information communicated is relevant. We call this idea, that communicated information comes with a guarantee of relevance, the principle of relevance. We show that every utterance has at most a single interpretation consistent with the principle of relevance, which is thus enough on its own to account for the interaction of linguistic meaning with contextual factors in disambiguation, reference assignment, the recovery of implicatures, the interpretation ofmetaphor and irony, the recovery of illocutionary force, and other linguistically underdetermined aspects of utterance interpretation.
Syphilis in pregnant women and their children in the United Kingdom: results from national clinician reporting surveys 1994-7
Authors: A-K Hurtig, A Nicoll, C Carne, T Lissauer, N Connor, J P Webster, L Ratcliffe
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To measure the incidence of syphilis detected in pregnancy and congenital syphilis in the United Kingdom. <b>Design:</b> Surveys through consultants in genitourinary medicine and paediatricians with active surveillance. <b>Setting:</b> United Kingdom, 1994-7. <b>Subjects:</b> Women treated for syphilis in pregnancy, and children with early congenital syphilis born in the United Kingdom. <b>Results:</b> Over 3 years 139 women were diagnosed with and treated for syphilis in pregnancy; 121 were detected through antenatal screening. Thirty one had confirmed or probable congenitally transmissible syphilis, putting their pregnancies at risk. These were minimum figures but are compatible with the 90 to 100 women newly diagnosed annually as having infectious or early latent syphilis. A universal screening policy would require 18 600 and 55 700 women (maximum numbers) to be screened, respectively, to detect one woman needing treatment and to prevent one case of congenital syphilis. Nine presumptive cases of children with congenital syphilis born in the United Kingdom were reported. Mothers requiring treatment for syphilis were found in almost every health region but were more prevalent in London and the south east. Being born abroad and belonging to an ethnic minority group were strong risk factors, but 14% (19 of 121) of cases treated and six of 31 definite or probably transmissible cases occurred in white women born in the United Kingdom. <b>Conclusions:</b> Congenitally transmissible syphilis continues to occur among pregnant women in the United Kingdom. Cases would be missed and stillbirths and congenitally infected babies would occur if antenatal screening was abandoned.
Improved distribution of regional oxygenation in denervated ischemic dog myocardium.
Authors: B A Acad, J Joselevitz-Goldman, P M Scholz, H R Weiss
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

The role of the adrenergic nervous system in the response to coronary artery occlusion has been examined using surgical and chemical denervation techniques. Experiments were conducted on four groups of dogs (n = 18): 1) untreated controls; 2) intrapericardial denervation immediately prior to coronary ligation; 3) surgical denervation 2 weeks prior to the experiment; and 4) chemical sympathectomy 5 days prior to the experiment with 6-hydroxydopamine (50 mg/kg). Small artery and vein O2 saturations were obtained microspectrophotometrically and combined with radioactive microsphere blood flow determinations to calculate regional myocardial O2 consumption in open chest dogs. Denervation significantly reduced the preocclusion heart rate from 165 +/- 16 beats/min in the control to 114 +/- 13 in the chronic surgically denervated and to 137 +/- 15 in the chemically sympathectomized groups. After 2 hours of occlusion, the O2 consumption and flow were similar in the nonischemic area except for lower values in the surgically denervated group. Total coronary blood flow and O2 consumption in the occluded regions were not significantly affected by chronic denervation. However, significant elimination of areas with low venous O2 saturation (less than 20%) were found in the ischemic myocardium of the chronically denervated groups as compared with the control or with the acutely denervated dogs. The mean venous O2 saturation was found to be significantly higher in all regions of these two groups as compared with the control. The O2 extraction was also lowered. Thus, chronic denervation reduced microregional heterogeneity of oxygenation in the ischemic myocardium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Heat-Related Deaths during the July 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago
Authors: Jan C. Semenza, Carol H. Rubin, Kenneth H. Falter, Joel D. Selanikio, W. Dana Flanders, Holly L. Howe, John L. Wilhelm
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

During a record-setting heat wave in Chicago in July 1995, there were at least 700 excess deaths, most of which were classified as heat-related. We sought to determine who was at greatest risk for heat-related death.
Methods to Calculate the Heat Index as an Exposure Metric in Environmental Health Research
Authors: G. Brooke Anderson, Michelle L. Bell, Roger D. Peng
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Background: Environmental health research employs a variety of metrics to measure heat exposure, both to directly study the health effects of outdoor temperature and to control for temperature in studies of other environmental exposures, including air pollution. To measure heat exposure, environmental health studies often use heat index, which incorporates both air temperature and moisture. However, the method of calculating heat index varies across environmental studies, which could mean that studies using different algorithms to calculate heat index may not be comparable.Objective and Methods: We investigated 21 separate heat index algorithms found in the literature to determine a) whether different algorithms generate heat index values that are consistent with the theoretical concepts of apparent temperature and b) whether different algorithms generate similar heat index values.Results: Although environmental studies differ in how they calculate heat index values, most studies' heat index algorithms generate values consistent with apparent temperature. Additionally, most different algorithms generate closely correlated heat index values. However, a few algorithms are potentially problematic, especially in certain weather conditions (e.g., very low relative humidity, cold weather). To aid environmental health researchers, we have created open-source software in R to calculate the heat index using the U.S. National Weather Service's algorithm.Conclusion: We identified 21 separate heat index algorithms used in environmental research. Our analysis demonstrated that methods to calculate heat index are inconsistent across studies. Careful choice of a heat index algorithm can help ensure reproducible and consistent environmental health research.Citation: Anderson GB, Bell ML, Peng RD. 2013. Methods to calculate the heat index as an exposure metric in environmental health research. Environ Health Perspect 121:1111–1119; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1206273
Stubbins Ffirth, MD
Authors: Joseph I. Waring
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I am happy to learn that an account of the activities of Stubbins Ffirth, MD, appears in this issue ofThe Journal(p 319). He seems to me to be a much neglected worthy. Until recently, his shattered but complete tombstone lay in the burying ground of the old ruined church at Dorchester, SC, a village founded in 1676 and abandoned in 1754 by a congregation of Puritans from Dorchester, Mass. Recently the site has been cleared under the protection of the South Carolina Department of Forestry. Two of the three parts of Dr. Ffirth's stone have disappeared, and the third fragment may also go the same way. There are no local funds available to preserve and restore the stone. In view of Dr. Ffirth's accomplishments as a physician, perhaps interested members of the American Medical Association will see fit to contribute a dollar or two toward
A History of Public Health in New York City 1866-1966
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1974)

In 1866, the Metropolitan Board of Health was created in New York to succeed the prior agencies that had proved totally inadequate. The year 1966, marking the centenary, provides a natural terminus for a history of public health in New York City. The story is indeed a fabulous one and Professor Duffy, in the second volume of his epochal work, tells it well. The book covers a vast scope. He brings together the medical, social, political, and economic aspects, and weaves all these into a tremendous tapestry. The pollution of today, which now arouses so much agitation, seems almost trivial compared with conditions just over a century ago; and the chicanery and corruption obtaining at that time make dishonest public officials today seem only like naughty children. Duffy tells the story of growth and change and the challenges that demanded some sort of response. Increasing population produced new economic, social,
Increased levels of cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes after surface stimulation.
Authors: J E Smolen, H M Korchak, G Weissmann
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (but not cyclic GMP) in suspensions of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) increased promptly after exposure of the cells to stimuli such as the chemotactic peptide N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine, the immune complex bovine serum albumin/anti-bovine serum albumin and calcium ionophore A23187. cAMP increased rapidly, reaching a maximum of twice the basal level 10--45 s after stimulation; after 2--5 min the amount of cAMP had subsided to basal levels. Elevations in cAMP levels were concurrent with, or followed, membrane hyperpolarization (measured by uptake of the lipophilic cation triphenylmethyl phosphonium) and always preceded lysosomal enzyme release and superoxide anion (O2) production. Elevated cAMP levels could be uncoupled from these later events by removal of extracellular divalent cations, replacement of extracellular Na+ with K+ or choline+, and by use of low concentrations of stimulus; each of these conditions virtually abolished lysosomal enzyme release and O2 generation, while leaving the stimulated elevation of cAMP levels unimpaired. Calcium ionophore A23187 did not provoke membrane hyperpolarization, thus uncoupling changes in membrane potential from changes in cAMP levels. These data suggested that cAMP is not a critical component in the earliest steps of stimulus-secretion coupling. Surface stimulation of cells pretreated with prostaglandins E1 or I2 yielded very high levels of cAMP; these high levels may be an important part of the mechanism by which stable prostaglandins inhibit lysosomal enzyme release and O2 generation.
Plasma Cell Membrane Localization of c-MET Predicts Longer Survival in Patients with Malignant Mesothelioma: A Series of 157 Cases from the MESOPATH Group
Authors: Guénaëlle Levallet, Mélissa Vaisse-Lesteven, Nolwenn Le Stang, Anabelle Gilg Soit Ilg, Patrick Brochard, Philippe Astoul, Jean Claude Pairon, Emmanuel Bergot, Gérard Zalcman, Francoise Galateau-Sallé
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Accurate Measurement of Blood Pressure
Authors: Karim Bendjelid
Journal: JAMA (2003)

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THE OPSONIC INDEX IN MEDICINE.
Authors: NATHANIEL BOWDITCH POTTER
Journal: JAMA (1906)

<h3>SPECIFICITY OF OPSONINS.</h3> The results obtained by Wright and Douglas and by Bulloch<sup>26</sup>indicate the specificity of the opsonins, but to us the question seems as yet unsettled. Wright and Douglas<sup>6</sup>assume that a high degree of specificity exists, though their experiments, in which there was a decrease in the staphylococcic-opsonic index of serum to which typhoid bacilli had been added, would suggest that different bacterial opsonins possessed part of their power in common. Bulloch<sup>26</sup>bases his conclusions on the following experiments: Serum after being digested at 37 C. with staphylococci was freed from the bacteria by centrifugalization. when it was found that the supernatant, clear serum had lost all opsonic power for staphylococci, but "largely retained" the opsonins for tubercle bacilli; and, conversely, serum digested at 37 C. with tubercle bacilli and cleared by centrifugalization lost its tuberculo-opsonic power, but retained that for staphylococci. Simon, using
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY TO THE PRESERVATION OF LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC FUNCTION IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH AN ACUTE CORONARY EVENT: THE ROLE OF INFLAMMATION
Authors: Panagiotis G. Aggelopoulos, Christina Chrysohoou, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, Christos Pitsavos, Catherine Liontou, Lambros Papadimitriou, Emmanouil Vavouranakis, Eleftherios Tsiamis, Christodoulos Stefanadis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Initial experience of video assisted thoracoscopic pneumonectomy.
Authors: S R Craig, W S Walker
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--Preliminary experience of video assisted thoracoscopic pneumonectomy in six patients with bronchogenic carcinoma is described. METHODS--Four left and two right pneumonectomies were performed under video thoracoscopic imaging. Thoracoscopic instruments were passed through two separate stab incisions on the lateral chest wall and a separate 6 cm submammary incision was also created to allow further access for instrumentation and removal of the resected lung. In this initial experience resection was restricted to patients with bronchogenic carcinomas of less than 6 cm in diameter who had no involvement of the mediastinum. RESULTS--There were no operative deaths and no complications attributable to the technique. One patient developed postoperative atrial fibrillation and a small sacral sore and one patient was readmitted with abdominal pain and pyrexia which settled following exclusion of post pneumonectomy empyema. The remaining four patients made a rapid uncomplicated postoperative recovery with less pain and discomfort than that normally associated with a standard posterolateral thoracotomy. Postoperatively the mean (SD) patient controlled morphine consumption was 1.36 (1.90) mg per hour in the first 36 hours compared with the unit mean for open thoracotomy of 1.73 (1.68) mg per hour. The mean linear visual analogue pain score was 15.4 (15.6) in the first 24 hours compared with the unit mean for open thoracotomy of 34.5 (8.5). CONCLUSIONS--Video assisted thoracoscopic pneumonectomy can be performed safely in patients who have stage I and stage II bronchogenic carcinomas, up to 6 cm in diameter, with no mediastinal involvement on mediastinoscopy and thoracic computed tomographic assessment. This technique may result in less postoperative pain and discomfort and should allow a quicker return to normal activities.
Surgeons accepting incentives from prosthesis makers must register their interests
Authors: D. Singh
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The NHS hip replacement service has improved over the past three years, a National Audit Office report has said.

But two thirds of consultants who accept incentives from manufacturers to use a certain type of prosthesis do not properly register their interest.

The office expressed concern that incentives—usually overseas trips for training—offered by prosthesis manufacturers to trusts and consultants may influence purchasing decisions. Forty per cent of the 24 consultants who accepted overseas trips did not go through an approval process, the report says.

It recommends that all …
Legal Services as a Tool in Treating the Addict
Authors: JOYCE LOWINSON, JOHN LANGROD, LEWIS ALPERIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1973)

Since many patients in methadone maintenance treatment programs have legal problems, the authors suggest that such programs employ an attorney to help them. They discuss the attorney's role in allaying patients' anxieties about the legal system, in guiding them through it, and in educating the courts about methadone maintenance programs. They also present data on the kinds of offenses addicts in their program committed in a one-year period.