tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
What is the optimal weight for cardiovascular health?
Authors: S. Liu
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Although the health hazards of obesity have been clearly established, exactly where healthy weight ends and unhealthy weight begins is a matter of controversy.1 Numerous studies have evaluated the association between weight and the metabolic abnormalities or diseases that occur in people whose weight is at the higher end of the scale, but comparatively few have examined these associations in people who fall into the lower or middle range of being overweight.

In the January issue of the European Heart Journal , Ashton and colleagues investigated the relation between body mass index (calculated as weight (kg)/(height (m)2) and several established risk factors for coronary heart disease using a cross-sectional survey of 14 077 apparently healthy women aged 30 to 64 years.2 Ashton et al found that as the women's body mass index (BMI) increased from  30, blood pressure also increased significantly, as did concentrations of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, fasting triglycerides, and fasting blood glucose. Concentrations of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein A I decreased. Using a modified version of the Framingham heart study's algorithm for predicting the risk of coronary heart disease, the investigators showed that the estimated 10 year risk of coronary heart disease also increased significantly in …
Shifting focus on a shifting curve
Authors: S. Vaisrub
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE CHANGES IN SERUM PROTEINS DURING IMMUNIZATION
Authors: M. Bjørneboe, Michael Schwartz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1959)

On hyperimmunization of rabbits with pneumococcal vaccine, increase in the content of gamma globulin and fall of albumin in the serum are produced. In such hyperimmunized rabbits, investigations of the plasma volume, albumin degradation, and the distribution of the albumin intra- and extravascularly were undertaken by Sterling's method employing rabbit albumin labelled with I(131). The investigations do not suggest any significant alteration in the albumin degradation nor in the distribution between the intra- and extravascular albumin. It was demonstrated that the plasma volume increases simultaneously with increase in the gamma globulin and fall in albumin. It is concluded that the fall in serum albumin observed is due to a regulative mechanism which attempts to maintain the colloid-osmotic pressure by increasing the plasma volume.
The Medical School of a Land-Grant University and Its Relation to the Health Care of the State
Authors: Vernon E. Wilson
Journal: JAMA (1967)

For more than a century the federal government and the land-grant educational institutions have shared a partnership which demonstrated cooperative endeavor without mutual interference. Continuing objectives of the partnership have been the development and rapid application of new knowledge in agriculture and engineering for the direct benefit of the public. From this relationship have come dramatic changes in the pattern of rural life and the creation of the most productive agricultural system in the world. The system established by land-grant colleges and universities is most interesting when compared with present day health problems and proposed solutions. The first of the enabling legislation for these schools was passed in 1862. It represented an attempt to equalize opportunities in education and in employment. However, mitigation of an obvious economic need was not the sole aim of the architects of the Morrill Act. They were prompted, also, by an acute awareness of widespread
Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World
Authors: David Kritchevsky
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Sarcoidosis complicating anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 monoclonal antibody biotherapy
Authors: C. Tissot, A. Carsin, N. Freymond, Y. Pacheco, G. Devouassoux
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2012)

Sarcoidosis complicating anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyteassociated antigen-4 monoclonal antibody biotherapy
Efficacy of Esophageal Impedance/pH Monitoring in Patients With Refractory Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, on and off Therapy
Authors: Jason M. Pritchett, Muhammad Aslam, James C. Slaughter, Reid M. Ness, C. Gaelyn Garrett, Michael F. Vaezi
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2009)
Steatohepatitis induced by intragastric overfeeding in mice
Authors: Qing-gao Deng, Hongyun She, Jason H. Cheng, Samuel W. French, Dennis R. Koop, Shigang Xiong, Hidekazu Tsukamoto
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Abstract Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis is prevalent among obese individuals with excessive caloric intake, insulin resistance, and type II diabetes. However, no animal models exist that recapitulate this important association. This study produced and characterized steatohepatitis (SH) caused by intragastric overfeeding in mice. C57BL/6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) type I receptor–deficient, and genetically matched wild type mice were fed via an implanted gastrostomy tube a high-fat diet for 9 weeks in the increasing amount up to 85% in excess of the standard intake. Animals were examined for weight gain, insulin sensitivity, and histology and biochemistry of liver and white adipose tissue (WAT). Overfed C57BL/6 mice progressively became obese, with 71% larger final body weights. They had increased visceral WAT, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Of these mice, 46% developed SH with increased plasma alanine aminotransferase (121 ± 27 vs. 13 ± 1 U/L), neutrophilic infiltration, and sinusoidal and pericellular fibrosis. Obese WAT showed increased TNFα and leptin expression and reciprocally reduced adiponectin expression. The expression of lipogenic transcription factors (SREBP-1c, PPARγ, LXRα) was increased, whereas that of a lipolytic nuclear factor PPARα was reduced in SH. SH was associated with reduced cytochrome P450 (Cyp)2e1 but increased Cyp4a. TNF type I receptor deficiency did not prevent obesity and SH. In conclusion , forced overfeeding with a high-fat diet in mice induces obesity, insulin resistance, and SH in the absence of TNF signaling or Cyp2e1 induction. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the Hepatology website ( http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html ). (Hepatology 2005;42:905–914.)
ORIGIN OF THE USE OF IODIN FOR SKIN STERILIZATION
Authors: J. E. Cannaday
Journal: JAMA (1918)

To the Editor:  —In regard to crediting achievements to foreign countries, I wish to record a memorandum:  Generally, perhaps, it is assumed that the use of tincture of iodin for skin disinfection originated with Grossich and was first recorded by him in the Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie , Oct. 31, 1908, p. 1289. As a matter of fact, I began the use of tincture of iodin for the purpose of skin disinfection in the latter part of the year 1905, in my surgical service, and called attention to it in an article entitled Some of the Uses of Iodin in Surgical Practice (The Journal, April 14, 1906, p. 1102). Again, I published an article calling attention to the same method in American Medicine , November, 1906.  I reviewed the history of the iodin method of skin sterilization in a paper read before the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists at Louisville, Ky., in
University is criticised for accepting tobacco money
Authors: D. Spurgeon
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The University of St Michael's College at the University of Toronto has been severely criticised for having accepted a $C150000 (£64000; $101000;€93000) grant from Imperial Tobacco in 2001. The grant was to help fund the college's corporate social responsibility programme in its continuing education department.

Atul Kapur, president of Physicians for a Smoke-Free Canada, issued a statement saying: “We fail to understand why a university would agree to partner with ‘big tobacco.’ We have …
SOME PRACTICAL POINTS ON THE COMBINED EFECTS OF ANTITOXIN AND INTUBATION, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO INFANT FEEDING IN MALIGNANT DIPHTHERIA.
Authors: LOUIS FISCHER
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Certain factors appeal to us in a severe case of laryngeal diphtheria. The main point to be considered, however, is to afford instantaneous mechanical relief and prevent asphyxia. This, to my mind, is of more importance than the consideration of what the real therapeutics shall be. If therefore, a child has recovered from the exhaustion following this mechanical relief by intubation, then it is necessary to commence with the real therapeutic management of the case. If a history of diphtheria exists, and we are positive of the diagnosis, then we should without delay inject our case with either 5 c.cm. of antitoxin of the strength of 500 normal units, and if no relief is afforded in twenty-four hours, then we repeat the injection of the same dose of antitoxin. The choice as to the location of the injection depends on the practitioner. My own preference has been, that seen by
Abstract 3788: Critical role of adapter protein p66shc in phenethyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Dong Xiao, Shivendra V. Singh
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a cancer chemopreventive constituent of edible cruciferous vegetables such as watercress, suppresses growth of human prostate cancer cells by causing apoptosis but the mechanism of cell death induction is not fully understood. Here, we provide experimental evidence to implicate adapter protein p66shc in regulation of PEITC-induced apoptotic cell death. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking p66shc isoform were resistant to PEITC-mediated growth inhibition, cytoplasmic histone-associated apoptotic DNA fragmentation, and caspase-3 activation compared with wild-type fibroblasts. The PEITC treatment resulted in induction as well as increased Ser36 phosphorylation of p66shc in PC-3 (an androgen-independent cell line lacking functional p53) and LNCaP (an androgen-responsive cell line with intact p53) human prostate cancer cells. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of p66shc protein in PC-3 and LNCaP cells conferred significant protection against PEITC-induced cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and production of reactive oxygen species. Immunoprecipitation-immunoblotting experiments revealed increased binding of p66shc with prolyl isomerase 1 (Pin1), which is implicated in translocation of p66shc to mitochondria, upon treatment of PC-3 and LNCaP cells with PEITC compared with vehicle-treated control cells. Consistent with these results, treatment of PC-3 cells with PEITC resulted in translocation of p66shc to the mitochondria as judged by immunoblotting using cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions and immunofluorescence microscopy. Growth of PC-3 cells subcutaneously implanted in male athymic mice was significantly retarded by gavage with 9 μmol PEITC five times per week. The PEITC-mediated inhibition of PC-3 xenograft growth correlated with reduced cell proliferation, increased apoptosis, hyperphosphorylation of p66shc, and down-regulation of Pin1 protein level. Collectively, these results provide novel insight into the mechanism of PEITC-induced apoptosis to indicate critical role of p66shc in regulation of cell death. This investigation was supported by the National Cancer Institute grant 2 RO1 CA101753-06. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3788.
NIK Controls Classical and Alternative NF-κB Activation and Is Necessary for the Survival of Human T-cell Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Lina Odqvist, Margarita Sánchez-Beato, Santiago Montes-Moreno, Esperanza Martín-Sánchez, Raquel Pajares, Lydia Sánchez-Verde, Pablo L. Ortiz-Romero, Jose Rodriguez, Socorro M. Rodríguez-Pinilla, Francisca Iniesta-Martínez, Juan Carlos Solera-Arroyo, Rafael Ramos-Asensio, Teresa Flores, Javier Menarguez Palanca, Federico García Bragado, Purificación Domínguez Franjo, Miguel A. Piris
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL) are a heterogeneous entity of neoplasms with poor prognosis, a lack of effective therapies, and a largely unknown molecular pathology. Deregulated NF-κB activity has been associated with several lymphoproliferative diseases, but its importance in T-cell lymphomagenesis is poorly understood. We investigated the function of the NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), in this pathway and its role as a potential molecular target in T-cell lymphomas.We used immunohistochemistry to analyze the expression of different NF-κB members in primary human PTCL samples and to study its clinical impact. With the aim of inhibiting the pathway, we used genetic silencing of NIK in several T-cell lymphoma cell lines and observed its effect on downstream targets and cell viability.We showed that the NF-κB pathway was activated in a subset of PTCLs associated with poor overall survival. NIK was overexpressed in a number of PTCL cell lines and primary samples, and a pivotal role for NIK in the survival of these tumor cells was unveiled. NIK depletion led to a dramatic induction of apoptosis in NIK-overexpressing cell lines and also showed a more pronounced effect on cell survival than inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKK) knockdown. NIK silencing induced a blockage of both classical and alternative NF-κB activation and reduced expression of several prosurvival and antiapoptotic factors.The results of the present study indicate that NIK could be a promising therapeutic target in these aggressive malignancies.
Abstract 3438: Integrated analysis of germline and somatic variants in renal clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Jiayin Wang, Charles Lu, Mingchao Xie, Piyush Tripathi, Michael McLellan, Feng Chen, Kimberly J. Johnson, Li Ding
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Each year in the United States, there are approximately 54,000 new cases of kidney and upper urinary tract cancers and 13,000 deaths. Renal clear cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer comprising more than 75% of cases. It is known that certain genetic syndromes strongly increase risk for renal cell carcinoma including Von Hippel Lindau disease (VHL) that is caused by germline mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene. However, there are a large number of cases with familial RCC that are not explained by germline VHL mutations. Publically available data generated through large scale genomic sequencing projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) provides new opportunities for identifying both known and novel germline cancer susceptibility variants. Moreover, the availability of matched tumor and normal genomic sequencing data from cancer patients (including RCCC) through TCGA allows for integrated analyses of germline and somatic interactions. Toward this end, we analyzed the TCGA exome sequencing data from 499 RCC cases. We employed GATK, VarScan, and Pindel tools to identify germline single nucleotide variants and indels and identified 10,492 candidate germline rare truncation variants (X truncation variants were in cancer genes). All the truncation candidates in commonly mutated cancer driver genes were manually reviewed, resulting in a total of 119 high confidence germline truncation variants in cancer genes. To date, we have identified one nonsense mutation in the VHL gene. In addition, there was one nonsense mutation and a frame-shift deletion in WRN and a nonsense and a splice-site mutation in BAP1, a recently identified RCC predisposition gene. Moreover, we also identified 6,079 candidate missense variants in known cancer driver genes, among a total of 179,066 rare missense variants. Future directions for this project will be to use the burden analysis to determine genes with significant enrichment for deleterious variants. We will also examine loss of heterozygosity patterns to evaluate germline somatic interactions. Citation Format: Jiayin Wang, Charles Lu, Mingchao Xie, Piyush Tripathi, Michael McLellan, Feng Chen, Kimberly J. Johnson, Li Ding. Integrated analysis of germline and somatic variants in renal clear cell carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3438. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3438
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Exerts Broad Functional Opposition to Transforming Growth Factor-β in Primary Human Cardiac Fibroblasts
Authors: Ann M. Kapoun, Faquan Liang, Gilbert O’Young, Deborah L. Damm, Diana Quon, R. Tyler White, Kimberly Munson, Andrew Lam, George F. Schreiner, Andrew A. Protter
Journal: Circulation Research (2004)

The natriuretic peptides, including human B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), have been implicated in the regulation of cardiac remodeling. Because transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is associated with profibrotic processes in heart failure, we tested whether BNP could inhibit TGF-β–induced effects on primary human cardiac fibroblasts. BNP inhibited TGF-β–induced cell proliferation as well as the production of collagen 1 and fibronectin proteins as measured by Western blot analysis. cDNA microarray analysis was performed on RNA from cardiac fibroblasts incubated in the presence or absence of TGF-β and BNP for 24 and 48 hours. TGF-β, but not BNP, treatment resulted in a significant change in the RNA profile. BNP treatment resulted in a remarkable reduction in TGF-β effects; 88% and 85% of all TGF-β–regulated mRNAs were affected at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. BNP opposed TGF-β–regulated genes related to fibrosis ( collagen 1 , fibronectin , CTGF , PAI-1 , and TIMP3 ), myofibroblast conversion (α-smooth muscle actin 2 and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain), proliferation ( PDGFA , IGF1 , FGF18 , and IGFBP10 ), and inflammation ( COX2 , IL6 , TNF α- induced protein 6 , and TNF superfamily , member 4 ). Lastly, BNP stimulated the extracellular signal-related kinase pathway via cyclic guanosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinase signaling, and two mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors, U0126 and PD98059, reversed BNP inhibition of TGF-β–induced collagen-1 expression. These findings demonstrate that BNP has a direct effect on cardiac fibroblasts to inhibit fibrotic responses via extracellular signal-related kinase signaling, suggesting that BNP functions as an antifibrotic factor in the heart to prevent cardiac remodeling in pathological conditions.
Recent advances and emerging treatments
Authors: Stuart Enoch, Joseph E Grey, Keith G Harding
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The healing of acute wounds involves a complex and dynamic series of events leading to the repair of injured tissues. These events, triggered by tissue injury, involve four overlapping but well defined phases: haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling.



The four phases of acute wound healing



View this table:

Composition of some tissue engineered skin substitutes



Haemostasis is secured by platelet aggregation and clot formation. The inflammatory phase begins with the arrival of phagocytic neutrophils and, later, macrophages at the wound site; they are important sources of and substrates for growth factors. The proliferative phase is characterised by the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), synthesis of extracellular matrix components such as collagen, granulation tissue formation, and re-epithelialisation. The extracellular matrix is continually remodelled during the final phase; an avascular scar is the end result of the healing process.

View this table:

Tissue engineered skin substitutes in wound healing



Chronic wounds may be arrested in any of the four phases; commonly, however, disruption occurs in the inflammatory or the proliferative phases. Many mediators—including inflammatory cells, growth factors, proteases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and cellular and extracellular elements—play important roles in different stages of the healing process. Alterations in one or more of these components may account for the impaired healing observed in chronic wounds.

Cryopreserved human cadaver skin (used in the UK), and human amniotic membrane and frog skin (used in other parts of the world) have long been used to treat wounds, particularly burns. More recently, artificial “skin substitutes” and growth factors have been developed to help achieve healing in chronic, non-healing wounds of varying aetiologies. These treatments target different stages of the healing process and, in the case of skin substitutes, replace lost tissue.

Artificial skin substitutes, products of tissue engineering, consist of a microengineered, biocompatible, polymer matrix in combination with cellular and/or extracellular …
Can niche-construction theory live in harmony with human equipotentiality?
Authors: Gwen J. Broude
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Consistent with the “niche construction” hypothesis, human beings tailor their behavior to local circumstances in ways beneficial to their inclusive fitness. However, the fact that any human being seems equally capable of adopting any of these context-dependent fitness-enhancing behaviors makes niche construction theory implausible in practice. The human capacity for exhibiting context-specific behavior remains in need of an explanation.