tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
US health secretary overrules FDA's decision to increase access to emergency contraceptive
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Doctors’ leaders and anti-abortion groups have clashed over the decision by the US health secretary, Kathleen Sebelius, to overrule the Food and Drug Administration’s recommendation that the emergency contraceptive pill known as Plan B should be available over the counter in pharmacies to all girls and women.

The FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research completed its review of an application by Plan B’s manufacturer, Teva Women’s Health, on 30 November and concluded that the drug should be available without a prescription to all girls and women of child bearing potential. The FDA’s commissioner, Margaret Hamburg, later said that the drug was “safe and effective” when taken within one to three days of unprotected intercourse. It contained higher concentrations of a hormone found in some birth control pills and worked in a way similar to birth control pills. In addition, studies showed that young women …
Studies of Platelet and Fibrinogen Kinetics in Patients with Prosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Laurence A. Harker, Sherrill J. Slichter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

Kinetic studies of platelet and fibrinogen in 18 patients with artificial heart valves indicate that platelets are selectively consumed by interaction with the prosthetic valves in an amount directly related to the surface area of the valve. Dipyridamole effectively prevents the valve-related consumption. Although acetylsalicylic acid itself has little capacity to correct the consumption of platelets in this setting, it has a potentiating effect on dipyridamole.
An Unusual Case of Hodgkins Disease Presenting the X-Ray Appearance of Lung Abscess
Authors: James G. Billingsley, Francis F. Fukunaga
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

PREVIOUS publications have presented the incidence of pulmonary involvement as a feature of generalized Hodgkin disease, ranging from 30 to 40 per cent of autopsy cases. Hodgkin's disease limited initially to the lungs has been the subject of more recent publications. In 4 of these x-ray features of pulmonary cavitation were described, and the case reported below is the fifth of the pulmonary form of Hodgkin's disease brought to medical attention by a routine chest film that disclosed a lesion characteristic of lung abscess.Case ReportA 27-year-old Army specialist was admitted to Madigan General Hospital on July 10, 1962, . . .
CHANGES IN DRUG UTILIZATION AND OUTCOME IN RELATION TO THE EFFICACY OF CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY IN THE MULTICENTER AUTOMATIC DEFIBRILLATION IMPLANTATION TRIAL WITH CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY (MADIT-CRT)
Authors: Justin Penn, AIlan Goldenberg, Scott McNitt, Bronislava Polonsky, Martin Ruwald, Wojciech Zareba, Arthur Moss, Jeffrey Alexis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Targeting the <i>AIB1</i> Oncogene through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition in the Mammary Gland
Authors: Maria I. Torres-Arzayus, Jing Yuan, Jamie L. DellaGatta, Heidi Lane, Andrew L. Kung, Myles Brown
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1), an estrogen receptor (ER) coactivator, is frequently amplified or overexpressed in human breast cancer. We previously developed a transgenic mouse model in which AIB1 can act as an oncogene, giving rise to a premalignant hyperplastic mammary phenotype as well as to a high incidence of mammary tumors that are primarily ER+. In this model, the AIB1 transgene is responsible for continued activation of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor, suggesting a role for the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in the premalignant phenotype and tumor development. Here we show that treatment of AIB1 transgenic mice with the mTOR inhibitor RAD001 reverts the premalignant phenotype. Furthermore, treatment of cell lines derived from AIB1-dependent mammary tumors with RAD001 in culture leads to a G1 cell cycle arrest. Lastly, tumor growth after injection of ER+ AIB1 tumor cell lines into wild-type animals is inhibited by RAD001 treatment. In this ER+ model, inhibition of tumor growth by RAD001 was significantly better than inhibition by the antiestrogen 4-hydroxytamoxifen alone, whereas a combination of both RAD001 and 4-hydroxytamoxifen was most effective. Based on these results, we propose that the combination of mTOR inhibition and ER-targeted endocrine therapy may improve the outcome of the subset of ER+ breast cancers overexpressing AIB1. These studies provide preclinical support for the clinical development of RAD001 and suggest that AIB1 may be a predictive factor of RAD001 response. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(23): 11381-8)
Antiangiogenics: The Potential Role of Integrating This Novel Treatment Modality With Chemoradiation for Solid Cancers
Authors: Dan G. Duda, Rakesh K. Jain, Christopher G. Willett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Although still in very early stages of clinical development, the combination of antiangiogenics with contemporary chemoradiotherapy regimens has emerged as a feasible and promising approach to many cancers. We review the rationale and the current understanding of antiangiogenics and their therapeutic potential in combination with chemoradiotherapy. Finally, we offer a perspective on future research directions aimed at making this complex therapeutic approach successful in the clinic.
The Human T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma Virus, Lymphoma, Lytic Bone Lesions, and Hypercalcemia
Authors: DOUGLAS W. BLAYNEY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

The human T-cell lymphoma (HTL) virus is a type C RNA tumor virus isolated from patients with malignancies of mature T cells. We report three patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, hypercalcemia, and antibodies to HTL virus. One patient presented with idiopathic hypercalcemia of 6 months' duration, two with striking lytic bone lesions, and two with circulating malignant lymphocytes. Malignant cells from all patients had surface markers characteristic of thymic-derived lymphocytes (T cells), and all patients had natural serum antibodies to disrupted HTL virus and to one or both viral structural proteins p19 and p24. Patients with adult peripheral T-cell lymphomas, particularly those that present with hypercalcemia and lytic bone lesions, may have antibodies to the type C RNA human tumor virus, HTL virus.
The Role of Glycosylation of nHev b 2, The ß-1,3-Glucanase from Hevea Brasiliensis Latex, in IgE Recognition
Authors: U. Seifert, S. Wagner, M. Bublin, C. Ebner, C. Hafner, A. Mari, S. Arija M Arif, H.Y. Yeang, O. Scheiner, H. Breiteneder
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
TCT-562 Impact of Target Lesion Coronary Calcification on Stent Expansion: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Authors: Ryotaro Yamada, Hiroyuki Okura, Teruyoshi Kume, Yuhei Kobayashi, Yukari Kobayashi, Shintaro Nezuo, Kenzo Fukuhara, Terumasa Koyama, Akihiro Hayashida, Yoji Neishi, Takahiro Kawamoto, Kiyoshi Yoshida
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Subtle changes in individual joints result in both positive and negative change scores in a patient: results from a clinical trial in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: C Lukas, R Landewe, S Fatenejad, D van der Heijde
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

<h3>Background:</h3> Radiographic progression in clinical trials is assessed by interpreting changes in total radiographic joint score, and the reliability of those scores depends on an evaluation of sum scores. It is not known how consistently changes in individual joints are identified by independent readers and in independent readings. <h3>Patients and Methods:</h3> 7255 single joints from 178 patients who participated in the Trial of Etanercept and Methothrexate with Radiographic Patient Outcomes (TEMPO) trial were evaluated. Every image was independently scored twice according to the Sharp–van der Heijde method by two independent readers, so that four scores per joint were available. Absolute agreement and consistency of negative and positive erosion change scores across readers and readings were compared on a per-joint level, as well as on a per-patient level. <h3>Results:</h3> The number of joints showing a change for erosion was very low in this trial: 691/7255 analysed joints had at least one non-zero change score out of four readings. Absolute agreement between readings was remarkably poor: only 12 joints showed a consistently positive or negative change in all four readings. Change scores in opposite directions in the same joint across independent readings were rare (25 joints). Frequency of opposite joint scores in the same patient (mixed change patterns) was reader dependent. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> Substantial intra and interreader disagreement in scoring change in individual joints is common. Opposite joint scores in the same patient, however, are rare and reader dependent. Notwithstanding these subtle inconsistencies on the individual joint level, the total Sharp score is a useful and discriminatory outcome measure.
Interleukin 21 prevents antigen-induced IgE production by inhibiting germ line Cε transcription of IL-4–stimulated B cells
Authors: Akira Suto, Hiroshi Nakajima, Koichi Hirose, Kotaro Suzuki, Shin-ichiro Kagami, Yohei Seto, Aihiro Hoshimoto, Yasushi Saito, Donald C. Foster, Itsuo Iwamoto
Journal: Blood (2002)
Tracheal aspirate pH is alkaline in pre-term human infants
Authors: A. O. Paget-Brown, J. F. Hunt, B. Gaston
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2007)

The pH of sputum and exhaled breath condensate is abnormal in several pulmonary disorders. Though airway pH regulatory proteins may be abnormally expressed in human development, the tracheal aspirate pH of infants born prematurely has not been studied. Undiluted mid-tracheal aspirate samples were obtained on the first day of life from pre-term (23-30 weeks' gestation) and term (> or =37 weeks' gestation) infants for pH measurement; subsequently, pH was measured on days 7, 14 and 21 from the pre-term infants who remained intubated. Thirty-five pre-term infants and eight term infants had samples collected on the first day of life. The mean pH of the pre-term infant samples (8.31 +/- 0.35) was significantly higher than that of the term infants (7.83 +/- 0.39). The pH in pre-term infants' airways fell with prolonged endotracheal intubation; the maximal decrease was of -1.37 +/- 0.96 pH units to 6.89 +/- 0.77. Pre-term infants have a higher tracheal aspirate pH than full-term infants, and their airways tend to become more acidic with prolonged mechanical ventilation. The present data demonstrate for the first time that premature infants may have abnormal tracheal aspirate pH.
Gynecological Cancer: Diagnosis and Treatment Strategies
Authors: Alfred I. Sherman
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The book came as a pleasant surprise. It is far from the typical classic textbook of gynecologic cancer, which begins with anatomy and pathology, proceeds with traditional forms of diagnoses, and subsequently recommends treatment as the author carries it out. This book, on the other hand, is a compilation of the 29th Annual Clinical Conference on Cancer sponsored by the M. D. Anderson Hospital Tumor Institute at Houston. Because each of the chapters is written by a different author, the style varies, making the reading somewhat more enjoyable. Each of the authors is an expert in the particular field covered and, therefore, brings to the chapter a comprehensive overall study of the subject, giving not only the current point of view and up-to-date results, but a historical perspective as well. All aspects of gynecologic cancer are covered, and the entire gamut of gynecologic malignancies of both high and low frequency
978 EXPRESSION OF SH3-DOMAIN GRB2-LIKE 2 AND DICOIDIN DOMAIN RECEPTOR 1 IN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ADJACENT NONNEOPLASTIC LIVER TISSUE: IMPLICATION OF TUMOR PROGRESSION AND PROGNOSIS
Authors: J. Jin, H.Y. Jung, S.H. Kim, J.-J. Jang, K. Lee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Pilot Study of Pancreatoscopic Lithotripsy Using a 5-Fr Instrument: Selected Patients May Benefit
Authors: T. Hirai, H. Goto, Y. Hirooka, A. Itoh, S. Hashimoto, Y. Niwa, T. Hayakawa
Journal: Endoscopy (2004)

Despite advances in endoscopic procedures and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), the removal of impacted pancreatic duct stones demands a certain amount of time. The aim of this study was to determine which patient group might suitable for our single-session treatment.The study included 17 patients who were symptomatic due to relapsing pancreatitis with pancreatic duct stones. A 5-Fr miniscope was inserted via the papilla to the impacted pancreatic duct stone and pancreatoscopic laser lithotripsy (PSLL) was performed, under direct vision, in only one session. If complete extraction of the pancreatic duct stones was not achieved with PSLL, ESWL was adopted in subsequent sessions.Complete extraction of the pancreatic duct stones using PSLL in a single session was achieved in eight of 17 patients. Single-session PSLL was only suitable for patients with pancreatic duct stones smaller than 17 mm in diameter and with no severe stricture or sharp bend in the pancreatic duct proximal to the stones.Our single-session endoscopic treatment of pancreatic duct stones was useful in a selected patient group.
Green fluorescent protein selectively induces HSP70-mediated up-regulation of COX-2 expression in endothelial cells
Authors: Fan Zhang, Neil R. Hackett, George Lam, Joseph Cheng, Robert Pergolizzi, Lan Luo, Sergey V. Shmelkov, Jay Edelberg, Ronald G. Crystal, Shahin Rafii
Journal: Blood (2003)
Ibrutinib inhibits collagen-mediated but not ADP-mediated platelet aggregation
Authors: S Kamel, L Horton, L Ysebaert, M Levade, K Burbury, S Tan, M Cole-Sinclair, J Reynolds, R Filshie, S Schischka, A Khot, S Sandhu, M J Keating, H Nandurkar, C S Tam
Journal: Leukemia (2014)
Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and the Development of the Human Eye
Authors: John R. Stafford, Tove S. Rosen, Marco Zaider, John C. Merriam
Journal: Ophthalmology (1994)

The use of cocaine during pregnancy has been associated with congenital abnormalities of the developing eye. The authors report a prospective, controlled study of 40 cocaine-exposed and 40 nonexposed (control) preterm and full-term infants.Detailed maternal and obstetric histories were obtained by chart review and interview. Infants with a positive urine toxicology screen for cocaine at birth or whose mothers tested positive for cocaine were recruited into the exposed group. Nonexposed infants were recruited at random from newborns admitted to the authors' nurseries. Mothers of these infants received routine prenatal care in the authors' clinics, and nonexposure was documented by maternal history and/or negative urine toxicologies that were available in 30% of these mother-infant pairs. General physical and ocular examinations, including measurement of axial length and intraocular pressure, were performed on all infants.Forty infants were recruited in each group, with gestational ages ranging from 25 to 42 weeks. Twenty-nine of the exposed infants and 26 of the control infants were full-term (gestational age, 37 weeks or older). A total of 160 eyes were examined. No differences were seen in the incidence of congenital anomalies, subconjunctival hemorrhages, retinal hemorrhages, or optic nerve abnormalities between the two groups. No differences in mean axial length (16.9 +/- 0.6 mm [exposed group] versus 17.1 +/- 0.7 mm [control group]) or intraocular pressure (15.4 +/- 3.8 mmHg [exposed group] versus 15.0 +/- 3.0 mmHg [control group]) were seen between full-term infants in both groups. Axial length correlated strongly with gestational age, birth weight, head circumference, and body length over the range of gestational ages evaluated in both groups. No effect of cocaine exposure on these correlations was demonstrated. The range of axial length was 12.1 to 18.0 mm in the exposed group and 12.4 to 18.6 mm in the control group.In this study group, no significant effect of prenatal cocaine exposure was seen on the infant eye. In both exposed and nonexposed groups, axial length measurements agreed closely with known statistical norms and correlated closely with other parameters of fetal growth.
An evaluation of 113mindium DTPA chelate in the measurement of gastric emptying by scintiscanning
Authors: R. C. Heading, P. Tothill, A. J. Laidlaw, D. J. C. Shearman
Journal: Gut (1971)

The sequential scintiscanning technique was used to determine gastric emptying rates in adult human subjects after ingestion of a meal of cornflakes and milk to which a gamma-emitting radioactive isotope had been added.Comparison of emptying rates using (113m)In DTPA chelate and (51)Cr sodium chromate showed that significantly slower rates were recorded with chromate, and studies in vitro demonstrated adsorption of chromate to the solid component of the meal. The results imply that the liquid phase of the gastric contents after a meal is discharged through the pylorus more rapidly than the solid phase. Scintiscanning with indium chelate provides a measurement of the emptying of the liquid phase of the gastric contents.
Prescribing antidepressants in general practice
Authors: T. Kendrick
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Watchful waiting for minor depression, full dose treatment for major depression

This week's BMJ includes three studies of the use of antidepressant drugs in general practice. MacDonald et al (p 860) looked at patient specific dispensed prescribing and hospitalisations for possible adverse effects, using a record linkage database covering Tayside, Scotland.1 They found prescribing of tricyclic antidepressants to be generally safe: the drugs were rarely used in the presence of contraindications and did not lead to an excess of hospitalisations for adverse cardiovascular effects. The authors say, however, that this may have been because about three quarters of prescriptions were for less than the recommended dose for major depression (125 mg of amitriptyline or equivalent a day2) and most were for less than 60 days.

These findings are not new: studies going back more than 20 years have consistently found that tricyclic antidepressants are usually prescribed at low doses for short periods in general practice.3 4 5 So why do practitioners continue to prescribe in such a way, and are they really wrong to do so?

Low dose tricyclic antidepressants for migraine prophylaxis, neuralgia, and nocturnal enuresis account for only a small proportion of prescriptions; most are used for a diagnosis of depression. …
New Drugs Address Risk of Heart Attack, Chances of Surviving One
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1987)

CHANGES IN MEDICAL practice, heralded at the 60th Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, are on the horizon for 1988. Cardiologists at the meeting in Anaheim, Calif, said that the Food and Drug Administration's recent approval for marketing of two new drugs—lovastatin (Mevacor), to lower cholesterol levels, and alteplase, recombinant (Activase), a tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) to treat myocardial infarctions—gives them potent new ammunition for the battle against atherosclerotic heart disease. Physicians must mount the attack, they say, strongly encouraging persons with too-high cholesterol levels to lower them and so reduce the risk of myocardial infarction, and at the same time educating everyone to be aware that should such an event occur, it may be much less traumatic if caught and treated early. Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD, director of the Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, hailed the "resurgence of interest
Polymorphisms in Claudin-1 (CLDN1) and Risk of Asthma in Independent Populations of African Descent
Authors: L. Gao, N. Rafaels, N. Hansel, G.B. Diette, N.F. Adkinson, M. Faruque, G.M. Dunston, H. Watson, T.H. Beaty, R.A. Mathias, L.A. Beck, K.C. Barnes
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Commentary: Scientific heads are not turned by rhetoric
Authors: T. Greenhalgh
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Dear Dr Horton,

When I read a scientific paper, either for its own sake or when wearing an editorial hat, I usually drink in the introduction (to whet my appetite for the subject matter), skim the methods, eyeball the figures and tables, and then read every word of the discussion. Then I go back to the methods and results sections and weigh the rhetoric of the authors' conclusions against my own assessment of the objectivity and general value of their work. Why do I do it that way? Because if I concentrated on the structured and measurable bits to the exclusion of the rest, I would be flat out, dead, under the table from boredom.

The reason that your paper worries me is that, having drawn attention to the “'spin' that authors place on their work,” you then entice the reader into the unjustified assumption that this spin is necessarily evil, insidious, and the last remaining bastion of caprice in the otherwise objective terrain of scientific publication. What sort of a word is “spin”? What exactly do we doctors do when we talk or write about our own research? We enthuse, we speculate, we harp back to yesterday's theories, we formulate tomorrow's hypotheses, and we pat ourselves on the back for working so hard. But do we spin? Is the order of our sentences, or the tense we use to present them, able to distort …
Directly Observed Therapy for Tuberculosis in New York City
Authors: Susan J. Klein
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —In their article on the extent of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in the United States, Dr Bloch and colleagues 1 recount the particular impact of the current epidemics on New York City (NYC) and note difficulties faced by TB patients in NYC in adhering to anti-TB treatment regimens.  In 1992 the New York State Department of Health successfully engaged a coalition of public and private community providers to make directly observed therapy (DOT) services for individuals with TB widely available throughout NYC. 2 Directly observed therapy is offered at various locations, including hospital clinics, neighborhood health centers, shelters, soup kitchens, and substance abuse treatment programs. Extensive use of outreach to place DOT in the community convenient to individual patients being served is another primary strategy. Incentives and enablers are used to promote compliance and minimize access barriers. An assortment of tactics assure availability of anti-TB medications. This program