tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Value of Information for Patients
Authors: Alan Gross
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Morris et al (238:2504, 1977) reported findings of a survey sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration on the "effects of oral contraceptive patient information." As a supporter of the use of patient package inserts (PPIs) to assist patients in obtaining the maximum benefit from the drugs they take, I am compelled to cite disturbing problems with this report, both in study design and conclusions drawn. It is well known among opinion research practitioners that interviewees tend to reinforce what they think the questioner wants to hear. Therefore, great pains are taken in study design to conceal motives and thus elicit unbiased responses. Incredibly, the FDA's interview began with three provocative questions regarding the consumer's "right-to-know."<sup>1</sup>These questions clearly "telegraph" the desired attitude expected by the interviewer and hence introduce a potential bias. How great this bias may be, alas, we will never know, for these
Chemical agents and the immune response.
Authors: M I Luster, G J Rosenthal
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Our desire to understand the potential adverse human health effects of environmental chemical exposure has coincided with an increased understanding of the immune system and an appreciation of its complex regulatory network. This has spawned a broad interest in the area of immunotoxicology within the scientific community as well as certain concerns in the public sector regarding chemical-induced hypersensitivity and immunosuppression. The incidence of alleged human sensitization to chemicals has increased, in part, due to the fact that chemical companies are moving to larger and/or different markets. It has been estimated that 35 million Americans suffer from allergic disease, of which 2-5% are from occupational exposure. Although there is not yet a clear understanding of dose-response relationships or disease predisposition, there are many well-defined examples (isocyanates, anhydrides) of chemical sensitizers in humans and experimental animals. Evidence that chemicals suppress immune responses in humans is considerably less well established, although there is a public perception that chemicals generally cause immunosuppression. This perception has been fueled by highly publicized legal cases and scientific controversies within the academic and industrial communities. As a consequence of these public and scientific concerns, many of the regulatory agencies are developing immunotoxicity testing guidelines. At the present, however, there are limitations on adequate human methodology and data that allow the extrapolation of animal data to assess human risk. The potential for human immunosuppression remains of concern, however, because of a large database generated from animal studies that demonstrates immunosuppression as well as reports of immunosuppression in humans inadvertently (e.g., halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons) or occupationally (asbestos, benzene) exposed to xenobiotics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
UK trainee doctors are still unsure about how to treat anaphylaxis
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Training for junior doctors in managing life threatening conditions may be inadequate, immunologists have said, after a UK study found that most foundation doctors would treat a case of anaphylaxis with the wrong dose of adrenaline (epinephrine) and by the wrong route.

Researchers from Southmead Hospital in Bristol repeated a study they carried out more than a decade ago to test whether junior doctors’ knowledge of treating anaphylaxis had improved since their first survey in 2002. They asked 107 trainee doctors what they would do in five hypothetical scenarios, involving patients with potentially allergic reactions, in only one of which the symptoms described indicated …
Controversy has led to small fall in sales of drug eluting stents
Authors: Geoff Watts
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Fears about the safety of drug eluting stents have been reawakened this week with the publication of an article on the apparently thrombogenic effect of these devices. 

The article in the New England Journal of Medicine (2006;355:1949-52) outlines the history of fears about the devices, explains how the US Food and Drug Administration and the manufacturers have so far responded to professionals' concerns, and details the most recent studies of the safety of stents. Written by Miriam Shuchman, an assistant professor at the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Buffalo, it concludes that the damage to the “golden reputation” of drug eluting stents …
Mind bomb 1 in the lymphopoietic niches is essential for T and marginal zone B cell development
Authors: Ran Song, Young-Woong Kim, Bon-Kyoung Koo, Hyun-Woo Jeong, Mi-Jeong Yoon, Ki-Jun Yoon, Dong-Jae Jun, Sun-Kyoung Im, Juhee Shin, Myoung-Phil Kong, Kyong-Tai Kim, Keejung Yoon, Young-Yun Kong
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2008)

Notch signaling regulates lineage decisions at multiple stages of lymphocyte development, and Notch activation requires the endocytosis of Notch ligands in the signal-sending cells. Four E3 ubiquitin ligases, Mind bomb (Mib) 1, Mib2, Neuralized (Neur) 1, and Neur2, regulate the Notch ligands to activate Notch signaling, but their roles in lymphocyte development have not been defined. We show that Mib1 regulates T and marginal zone B (MZB) cell development in the lymphopoietic niches. Inactivation of the Mib1 gene, but not the other E3 ligases, Mib2, Neur1, and Neur2, abrogated T and MZB cell development. Reciprocal bone marrow (BM) transplantation experiments revealed that Mib1 in the thymic and splenic niches is essential for T and MZB cell development. Interestingly, when BM cells from transgenic Notch reporter mice were transplanted into Mib1-null mice, the Notch signaling was abolished in the double-negative thymocytes. In addition, the endocytosis of Dll1 was impaired in the Mib1-null microenvironment. Moreover, the block in T cell development and the failure of Dll1 endocytosis were also observed in coculture system by Mib1 knockdown. Our study reveals that Mib1 is the essential E3 ligase in T and MZB cell development, through the regulation of Notch ligands in the thymic and splenic microenvironments.
Comprehensive Textbook of Oncology
Authors: A. R. Moossa, Martin C. Robson, Stephen C. Schimpff
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Concepts of cancer biology normal and cancer cell biology etiology of neoplasia molecular biology of cancer genetics tumor immunology molecular biology of tumor progression concepts of cancer evaluation epidemiology, prevention and screening patient evaluation and staging techniques of pathological evaluation-overview diagnostic imaging in cancer diagnosis concepts of cancer therapy kinetics and trials design principles of surgical therapy radiation therpay chemo-therapy other therapeutic approaches to specific neoplasms thoracic neoplasms breast cancer neoplasms of the alimentary tract and its appendages gynecologic cancer genito-urinary cancer tumors of the head and neck bone and soft tissue sarcoma hematologic neoplasms lymphatic system acquired immune deficiency syndrome intracranial tumors in adults skin and skin appendages endocrine neoplasms cardiovascular neoplasms childhood cancer cancer of unknown primary complications of neoplasia and its treatment ethical and socio-economic issues. Appendices: current international staging system cancer chemotherapy - disease, drugs, dose, route, schedule, including combination index.
Altitude, Diarrhea, and Retinal Hemorrhages
Authors: Thomas D. Duane
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Retinal hemorrhages have been described in a patient, the wife of a physician from Arizona, in QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (239:1208, 1978). The patient had not been fully acclimatized even to moderate altitudes. The severe diarrhea and attendant cramping that lasted one week certainly could have produced occasional Valsalva strains. A Valsalva maneuver, if sudden and of sufficient magnitude, may produce superficial retinal hemorrhages in perfectly normal persons. This is called Valsalva hemorrhagic retinopathy.<sup>1</sup>It occurs much more frequently in various anoxic conditions that lower the permeability of the retinal capillaries. Under these circumstances even moderately increased intravenous pressure, such as occurs in stooping, lifting, sneezing and coughing, and straining at stool, will produce the stress necessary for retinal extravasation. For instance, we have noted retinal hemorrhages in patients who have been mountain climbing,<sup>2-4</sup>who have anemia (and leukemia), and who have had nonfatal carbon monoxide
Sick Stethoscope Syndrome
Authors: Dale Orton
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Spontaneous pneumothorax can be clinically diagnosed by absent unilateral breath sounds along with other physical signs. We report a case of an apparently shifting spontaneous pneumothorax in a previously healthy man. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A heavyset 38-year-old man presented to the emergency department with pleuritic leftsided anterior chest pain of four hours' duration. He was receiving no medicines and had no previous history of cardiac or lung disease. The patient's respiratory rate was mildly increased, but there was no cyanosis. Cardiac auscultation, with the examiner on the patient's right side, revealed no breath sounds on the left side. A provisional diagnosis of spontaneous pneumothorax was made. He was given 3 L/min of oxygen by nasal prongs, and a chest roentgenogram was taken. It was normal, so the patient was examined again: this time, no breath sounds were heard on the right side, but they were well
Acetaldehyde increases procollagen type I and fibronectin gene transcription in cultured rat fat-storing cells through a protein synthesis–dependent mechanism
Authors: Alessandro Casini, Mike Cunningham, Marcos Rojkind, Charles S. Lieber
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

We previously reported that acetaldehyde increases the production of type I collagen in cultured rat fat-storing cells. We studied the regulation of this effect by determining the expression of procollagen type I, fibronectin and transforming growth factor-β1 messenger RNAs in passage 1 and 2 cultures of fatstoring cells exposed to acetaldehyde for up to 24 hr. By 6 hr, acetaldehyde increased the steady-state levels of α1 procollagen type I messenger RNA 3.2-fold and of fibronectin messenger RNA 2.8-fold above control values. At 24 hr, messenger RNA levels remained elevated. In contrast, transforming growth factor-β1 messenger RNA steady-state levels remained unaltered by 6 hr, but increased 1.5-fold by 24 hr. Cycloheximide (0.3 mmol/L) completely inhibited the acetaldehyde effect when added at zero time but was less effective when added at 15 min. The effect of acetaldehyde was not modified when cells were cultured in the presence of the acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor cyanamide (100 μmol/L). Fat-storing cells were also cultured in the presence of lactate (5, 15 and 25 mmol/L) for 6 hr. At none of these concentrations was any effect seen on either α1(I) procollagen or fibronectin messenger RNAs. In the presence of methylene blue, a scavenger of reducing equivalents, the effect of acetaldehyde on α1(I) procollagen and fibronectin gene expression was totally inhibited. Transcription run-on assay showed that acetaldehyde increased both procollagen type I and fibronectin transcriptional activity threefold and 2.5-fold, respectively. We conclude that acetaldehyde increases α1(I) procollagen and fibronectin gene expression through enhanced transcription by a mechanism dependent on newly synthesized proteins. Our data suggest that this effect requires no further metabolism of acetaldehyde, but is possibly caused by adduct formation. (Hepatology 1991;13:758-765.)
A Bumpy Road for Reform
Authors: John K. Iglehart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

The legislative process is one of ebb and flow, particularly when politicians are confronted with issues that demand tough choices and divide the voters who elected them. Both currents were at work recently as one Senate committee and two House committees passed health care reform legislation supported by the administration while the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) estimated that the measures would not “bend the cost curve,” as President Barack Obama has insisted they must, but instead would accelerate the growth of health care spending. Adding to the challenges facing reform was the finding of a new survey that public approval . . .
Being underweight in middle age is associated with raised dementia risk, large study finds
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2015)

People who are underweight in middle age are at increased risk of developing dementia, while increasing weight and obesity offer protection against the condition, a large cohort study has found.

A number of previous studies have looked at the association between weight and dementia, and most have found that the risk of dementia increased among adults who are overweight or obese, although some studies have found the opposite. Most of these studies have been small, which led the present researchers to conduct a much larger analysis of the link.

The researchers, from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and from OXON Epidemiology, both based in London, examined the …
Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Diagnosis of Miliary Lung Metastases From Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Andreas Machens, Henning Dralle
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

and survival in AML patients with normal karyotype, 5,6 although the molecular mechanisms underlying responsiveness or resistance to antileukemic therapy remain elusive.As illustrated by the example of mutant CEBPA, our ability to systematically compile mutational data in large patient cohorts has been substantially improved by the increasing throughput of DNA sequencing technologies.However, the interpretation of the results from largescale sequencing studies in patients with cancer will be greatly facilitated by the availability of matched germline samples or adequately sized normal control populations, as pointed out by Resende et al.
Left Ventricular or Biventricular Pacing Improves Cardiac Function at Diminished Energy Cost in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Left Bundle-Branch Block
Authors: Gregory S. Nelson, Ronald D. Berger, Barry J. Fetics, Maurice Talbot, Julio C. Spinelli, Joshua M. Hare, David A. Kass
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Left ventricular or biventricular pacing/stimulation can acutely improve systolic function in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and intraventricular conduction delay by resynchronizing contraction. Most heart failure therapies directly enhancing systolic function do so while concomitantly increasing myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO 2 ). We hypothesized that pacing/stimulation, in contrast, incurs systolic benefits without raising energy demand. Methods and Results —Ten DCM patients with left bundle-branch block (ejection fraction 20±3%, QRS duration179±3 ms, mean±SEM) underwent cardiac catheterization to measure ventricular and aortic pressure, coronary blood flow, arterial–coronary sinus oxygen difference (ΔAVO 2 ), and MV̇O 2 . Data were measured under sinus rhythm or with left ventricular or biventricular pacing/stimulation at the same heart rate. These results were then contrasted to intravenous dobutamine (n=7) titrated to match systolic changes during LV pacing. Systolic function rose quickly and substantially from LV pacing (18±4% rise in arterial pulse pressure, which correlates with cardiac output, and 43±6% increase in dP/dt max ; both P &lt;0.01). However, ΔAVO 2 and MV̇O 2 declined −4±2% and −8±6.5%, respectively (both P &lt;0.05). Similar results were obtained with biventricular activation. In contrast, dobutamine raised dP/dt max 37±6%, accompanied by a 22±11% rise in per-beat MV̇O 2 ( P &lt;0.05 versus pacing). Conclusions —Ventricular resynchronization by left ventricular or biventricular pacing/stimulation in DCM patients with left bundle-branch block acutely enhances systolic function while modestly lowering energy cost. This should prove valuable for treating DCM patients with basal dyssynchrony.
PAF-mediated pulmonary edema: a new role for acid sphingomyelinase and ceramide
Authors: Rolf Göggel, Supandi Winoto-Morbach, Gabriele Vielhaber, Yumiko Imai, Karsten Lindner, Lore Brade, Helmut Brade, Stefan Ehlers, Arthur S Slutsky, Stefan Schütze, Erich Gulbins, Stefan Uhlig
Journal: Nature Medicine (2004)
Injuries and terrain park feature use among snowboarders in alberta
Authors: K Russell, W H Meeuwisse, A Nettel-Aguirre, C A Emery, N Ruest, J Wishart, B H Rowe, C Goulet, B E Hagel
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Snowboarding is a popular and risky winter sport. Snowboarders perform tricks on man-made features in terrain parks, which may introduce additional risk. Objective To determine snowboard terrain park feature-specific injury rates and risk factors. Design Case-control study with exposure estimation. Setting A terrain park at a resort in Alberta, Canada, used for recreational and competitive snowboarding. Participants Cases were snowboarders injured in the terrain park who presented to the ski patrol or local emergency department (ED) (n=334). Controls were non-injured snowboarders using the terrain park (n=1262). The number of snowboarder-runs in the terrain park was recorded. Participants were recruited for two winter seasons. Assessment of risk factors Cases were identified from resort patient care records (PCRs) and ED logs. The PCRs captured demographic and environmental risk factors and injury assessment. Injured snowboarders were telephoned to determine exposure (feature used), listening to music and drugs/alcohol. Randomly selected controls were interviewed. Main outcome measurements Overall and feature-specific injury rates (per 1000 runs) were calculated. Cases and controls were compared for risk factor prevalence using multiple logistic regressions to estimate adjusted OR (aOR) and 95% CI. Results The overall injury rate was 0.75 injuries/1000 runs. Injury rates were highest on jumps (2.56/1000 runs), the half-pipe (2.56/1000 runs) and kickers (0.61/1000 runs). Compared with rails, the adjusted odds of injury were significantly higher on the half-pipe (aOR=9.6; 95% CI 4.8 to 19.3), jumps (aOR=4.3; 95% CI 2.7 to 6.8), mushroom (aOR=2.3; 95% CI 1.1 to 4.4) and kickers (aOR=2.0; 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1). The odds of severe injury (present to ED) versus minor injury did not differ by feature. Conclusions The injury rates and odds of injury were highest on features that facilitate aerial maneouvers. Resorts may consider marking all features to indicate difficulty and associated injury risk.
Studies of the Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: PAUL NOVACK, BERNARD GOLUBOFF, LEONARD BORTIN, ALVIN SOFFE, HENRY A. SHENKIN, PETER BATSON, DORIS GOLDEN
Journal: Circulation (1953)

In a study of the cerebral circulation and metabolism in congestive heart failure, using Kety's nitrous oxide technic, it was found that no significant alterations of the cerebral circulation were present when the quantities measured were compared with values determined for a control group. A decrease in cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption below values established for normal young individuals was demonstrated to be secondary to the presence of arteriosclerosis and not to cardiac decompensation as had previously been concluded. It was also found that in the series studied the increased venous and cerebrospinal fluid pressures were not of sufficient magnitude to affect the cerebral circulation. The factor of a decreased arterial carbon dioxide tension as a cause for diminished cerebral blood flow in cardiac decompensation was similarly considered and dismissed.
Predictive Value of Alexithymia: A Prospective Study in Somatizing Patients
Authors: Michael Bach, Doris Bach
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1995)

In the present study, the potential role of alexithymia in predicting the long-term treatment outcome was investigated pro-spectively in 30 patients with DSM-III-R somatoform disorders and anxiety disorders. Using SCID interviews, diagnoses were assessed before inpatient treatment and 2 years after discharge. Patients who met criteria for DSM-III-R undifferentiated somatoform disorder at follow-up exhibited higher pre-treatment alexithymia scores (as measured by the TAS) as compared with patients who showed remission of their somatoform disorder or patients who never had met criteria for a somatoform disorder. As a result stepwise logistic regression analyses, high alexithymia scores emerged as a significant predictor of persistent somatization, independent of other measures of psychopathology, sociodemographic variables, and measures of illness severity.
913-116 Quantitative Comparison of Planar and SPECT Normal Databases of Thallium-201, Sestamibi, Tetrofosmin and Furifosmin
Authors: Hitoshi Naruse, Edouard Daher, Albert Sinusas, Diwakar Jain, Donna Natale, Frans Wackers
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis: a new neurocutaneous syndrome
Authors: NESTOR P. SANCHEZ, ARTHUR R. RHODES, FRED MANDELL, MARTIN C. MIHM
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis is a congenital neurocutaneous disorder with the distinguishing histopathological features of dysgenesis and neoplasia of the adipose tissue. The dominant clinical features of the syndrome include convulsions beginning in infancy, mental retardation, and unilateral cutaneous and ophthalmological lesions with ipsilateral cerebral malformations. A patient with this rare disorder of ectomesodermal dysgenesis has been studied in order to classify clinically and histologically the associated skin lesions. To our knowledge, this is the fourth case of encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis reported in the English literature.
Changes in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in men and women after a program of moderate exercise.
Authors: K D Brownell, P S Bachorik, R S Ayerle
Journal: Circulation (1982)

Levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and other lipids and lipoproteins of 24 men and 37 women were measured before and after a 10-week exercise program. The program involved three sessions of aerobic exercise each week, with 15-20 minutes of activity at 70% of maximal heart rate. Men and women had significantly different lipid patterns in response to exercise, despite equivalent increases in maximal oxygen uptake. Men showed a 5.1% increase in HDL cholesterol, a 6% decrease in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and a 12.4% increase in the HDL/LDL ratio. In contrast, women showed a 1% decrease in HDL cholesterol, a 4.3% decrease in LDL cholesterol, and no significant change in HDL/LDL ratio. The number of sessions attended correlated positively with HDL/LDL changes in men and correlated negatively with HDL/LDL changes in women. These findings suggest that moderate exercise may have different effects on men and women.