tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Yersinia proteins that target host cell signaling pathways.
Authors: M Fällman, C Persson, H Wolf-Watz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, is one of the most virulent bacterial pathogens known to mankind. This gram-negative bacterium is usually transmitted to humans by an infected rodent flea. After infection, the pathogen invades lymphatic tissue and proliferates in the lymph nodes. The two other human pathogenic species of Yersinia , Y. enterocolitic a and Y. pseudotuberculosis , cause enteric infections that usually are self-limiting. These orally transmitted pathogens also proliferate in lymphatic tissue, and their primary site of infection is the lymphoid follicles of the small intestine. For a long time, Yersinia was considered to be an intracellular pathogen, but recent findings have shown that the pathogen proliferates in the extracellular fluid during infection and prevents its uptake process by professional phagocytes, a mechanism termed antiphagocytosis (1). This is a major virulence mechanism that is
Inhibition of Platelet Adherence to Mononuclear Cells by α-Tocopherol
Authors: Toyoaki Murohara, Hisao Ikeda, Yoritaka Otsuka, Mika Aoki, Nobuya Haramaki, Atsushi Katoh, Yoshinori Takajo, Tsutomu Imaizumi
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Platelet-leukocyte interaction is an early important event for thrombogenesis, and this process is mainly mediated by P-selectin on platelets. Although alpha-tocopherol has been shown to inhibit thrombotic disorders, the effect of alpha-tocopherol on platelet P-selectin expression and platelet-leukocyte interaction is little known.We examined whether alpha-tocopherol inhibited human platelet P-selectin expression and platelet-leukocyte interaction. Alpha-tocopherol (50 to 500 microg/mL) inhibited thrombin-induced or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced P-selectin expression on platelets. alpha-Tocopherol suppressed platelet-mononuclear cell (MNC) interaction, platelet aggregation, and platelet protein kinase C (PKC) activity stimulated with either PMA (100 nmol/L) or thrombin. Inhibitory actions of alpha-tocopherol against the platelet functions were mimicked by staurosporine, a selective PKC inhibitor. After oral supplementation of alpha-tocopherol (300 mg/d for 3 weeks) in healthy subjects, thrombin-mediated or PMA-mediated P-selectin expression, platelet-MNC interaction, and platelet aggregation ex vivo were suppressed.alpha-Tocopherol inhibited P-selectin expression on human platelets and thereby attenuated platelet-MNC interactions, which were mediated at least in part by the inhibition of intraplatelet PKC activity. These actions of alpha-tocopherol on platelet functions provide new insights into the antithromboatherogenic properties of alpha-tocopherol.
The Epidemiologic Necropsy-Reply
Authors: Alvan R. Feinstein
Journal: JAMA (1987)

In Reply.—  We thank the correspondents for their comments. We did not expect that the proposed new method would be happily accepted by epidemiologists who are content with the status quo, and we are pleased that the protests are so relatively mild. We shall respond to each letter individually.  Dr Robinson fears that many of the surprise cases of lung cancer did not have access to medical care in their lifetimes. Since all of these people died at a university medical center, they at least had such care during their terminal illness. As for racial composition of the necropsy population, a study at another university hospital suggests that no racial disproportion exists between deaths and selection for necropsy. 1   Dr Rhoads cites the old epidemiologic formula about prevalence, incidence, and duration, while ignoring the point we made in our necropsy article and elsewhere 2 about the difficulty of obtaining valid
Specific skin tests in subjects with chronic bronchitis exposed to pigeons
Authors: T. Carrillo, F. Rodriguez de Castro, C. Blanco, R. Castillo, J. Quiralte, M. Cuevas
Journal: Allergy (1994)

We have studied the diagnostic reliability of the specific skin tests done in 30 subjects who presented with chronic bronchitis (CB) as the only clinical manifestation related to exposure to pigeons and in 21 subjects with CB and known risk factors. Additionally, two control groups were included (24 asymptomatic subjects exposed and sensitized to pigeons and 10 subjects not exposed and not sensitized to pigeons). The skin prick tests with pigeon scrum were negative in all the subjects tested. The intradermal skin tests showed an immediate positive reaction in 16 of the 30 CB‐affected patients and in six of the control group of exposed asymptomatic subjects (chi square: 3.376) ( P &lt;0.1; nearly significant); after 6 h, a positive reaction was recorded in 14 of the CB‐affected patients and in three subjects of the control group (chi square: 5.187) ( P &lt; 0.005). A delayed reaction was seen in 10/30 CB patients and in only three of the 24 subjects of the control group (chi square: 2.218) (nonsignificant). In the group of the 21 CB patients with known risk factors and not sensitized to pigeons, only two patients showed immediate skin reactivity; the remaining readings were negative. Lastly, in the control group of 10 unexposed, nonsensitized subjects, the intradermal skin tests in the different readings were negative. Our results show that although the skin tests with pigeon serum have low sensitivity, they can be a useful supplement in distinguishing cases of CB attributable to chronic pigeon exposure from those cases attributable to another cause, especially in the consideration of immediate and late readings.
European court's ruling paves way for cross-border treatment
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Two key rulings from the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg earlier this month have increased the prospect of patients travelling to other EU countries to receive medical treatment.

The judgments in the cases, which were brought by a Belgian and two Dutch citizens, help to establish the conditions under which treatment abroad can be authorised and reimbursed.

In the Dutch case, the European judges maintained that a country's social security legislation could insist that patients obtain prior authorisation before receiving medical treatment abroad, or in an establishment that did not have agreements with their sickness insurance fund. …
Pseudoaneurysm of the Right Internal Thoracic Artery
Authors: Nick P Jenkins, Huon Gray
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

A 71-year-old woman underwent successful elective mitral annuloplasty and coronary-artery bypass grafting, with a left internal thoracic artery graft to her left anterior descending coronary artery and saphenous-vein grafts to her posterior descending and first obtuse marginal arteries. Ten days later, she noticed a painful right parasternal swelling (Panel A) that increased in size over the next 48 hours, without any associated hemodynamic instability. Computed tomography of the chest was performed (Panel B). The diagnosis of a pseudoaneurysm was made. The pseudoaneurysm was suspected to have resulted from trauma to a branch of the right internal thoracic artery from one . . .
Thalidomide may not be a mutagen
Authors: M Kida
Journal: BMJ (1994)

skills will be applied in an increasingly sophisticated way to solve everyday clinical problems.The skills learnt will include critical appraisal, self directed leaming, and group working besides the theory and applications of epidemiology and biostatistics.As our medical school revises the later years of the undergraduate curriculum we look to our clinical colleagues to put the principles of evidence based medicine into practice so that we train a new generation of doctors who will be practising more of the science, as well as the art, of medicine and who will contribute to the knowledge based health service that Smith envisages.
Cationic polyurethanes-short branch PEI-mediated delivery of Mir145 inhibited epithelial–mesenchymal transdifferentiation and cancer stem-like properties and in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Guang-Yuh Chiou, Jong-Yuh Cherng, Han-Shui Hsu, Mong-Lien Wang, Chun-Ming Tsai, Kai-Hsi Lu, Yueh Chien, Shih-Chieh Hung, Yi-Wei Chen, Chiang-Ing Wong, Ling-Ming Tseng, Pin-I Huang, Cheng-Chia Yu, Wen-Huh Hsu, Shih-Hwa Chiou
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
Diabetes, Hyperinsulinemia, and Hyperlipidemia in Small Aboriginal Community in Northern Australia
Authors: Kerin O'Dea, Robin J Lion, Amanda Lee, Kathy Traianedes, John L Hopper, Cheryl Rae
Journal: Diabetes Care (1990)

A small rural Aboriginal community in northern Australia was surveyed for diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), hyperinsulinemia, and lipid levels. Of the 122 adults &amp;gt;17 yr of age who participated (95% response rate), 11.5% had diabetes, 7.4% had IGT, and the remaining 81.1% had normal glucose tolerance. Both diabetes and IGT were strongly age related. This high frequency of diabetes occurred, despite the population being relatively lean. Although the body mass index (BMI) increased with age in both men and women, only 25% of the population overall had BMI &amp;gt;25 kg/m2. There were wide ranges of insulin responses to glucose, with the upper fertile of 2-h insulin levels being more than seven times higher than the lower fertile (144 ± 13 vs. 19 ± 1 mLI/L). Hyperinsulinemia was associated with IGT, elevated triglycerides, and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Lipid abnormalities were much more frequent among men than women. Cholesterol levels were an average of 0.55 mM higher and triglycerides an average of 1.05 mM higher in men than in women, and both increased with age. In conclusion, this small isolated Aboriginal population from northern Australia had an unexpectedly high frequency of diabetes (in view of their relative leanness) in association with a high frequency of metabolic abnormalities indicative of insulin resistance (hyperinsulinemia, IGT, hypertriglyceridemia).
Research: How to Plan, Speak and Write About It
Authors: Donald E. Riesenberg
Journal: JAMA (1986)

"Science," says Lewis Thomas, "is like an immense intellectual anthill... minds tumbling over each other, carrying information from place to place, passing it around at the speed of light."<sup>1</sup>Perhaps it is the "anthill" nature of science that engenders such poor writing and speaking among many of its practitioners. Countless consumers of scientific literature wish help were available for the stumbling speaker and the rambling writer. Now Clifford Hawkins and Marco Sorgi have given us a blueprint for improving the state of scientific communication in their 184-page volume<i>Research: How to Plan, Speak and Write About It</i>. The book is a guide to correct—and effective—speaking and writing. It will inevitably be compared with Edward Huth's How to<i>Write and Publish Papers in the Medical Sciences</i>,<sup>2</sup>which deals only with writing, but does so articulately and encyclopedically. By contrast, Hawkins and Sorgi include a section on public speaking, and
Abstract 4616: A hexane extract of American ginseng suppresses mouse colitis
Authors: Deepak Poudyal, Anthony Windust, Tia Davis, Alexander A. Chumanevich, Alena Chumanevich, Mitzi Nagarkatti, Prakash S. Nagarkatti, Michael J. Wargovich, Lorne J. Hofseth
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a dynamic, idiopathic, chronic inflammatory condition associated with a high colon cancer risk. We have previously shown that American Ginseng (AG) extract prevents and treats colitis. The aim of this study was to better understand the components of American ginseng that suppress colitis. In this study we show that among five different fractions of AG (Butanol, Hexane, Ethylacetate, Dicholoromethane and Water), the Hexane fraction of American ginseng (HAG) has the most effective anti-oxidation and pro-apoptotic effect. This effect of HAG was shown in a mouse macrophage cell line (ANA-1 cells) and in an ex-vivo model (activated primary effector T cells, CD4+/CD25- T cells). Importantly, compared with the entire AG extract, the HAG was more potent in treating colitis in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) mouse model. Results from this study move us closer to understanding the molecular components of AG that suppress colitis, and perhaps prevent colon cancer associated with colitis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4616. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4616
Diagnostic Tests and Procedures in Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: A. Rahim Moossa
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

THE past decade has witnessed a proliferation of methods for investigating the pancreas. Many of these tests are not sufficiently informative to be of clinical value, and their haphazard or excessive use during the course of acute pancreatitis should be discouraged (Table 1).The Diagnosis of Acute PancreatitisThere is no foolproof way of diagnosing acute pancreatitis except by direct inspection of the gland at laparotomy. The diagnosis is based on clinical probabilities (the history, physical examination, and an educated guess) and is supported by indirect tests. In any patient the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis must be a working one . . .
Immunological abnormalities in haemophilia: are they caused by American factor VIII concentrate?
Authors: K S Froebel, R Madhok, C D Forbes, S E Lennie, G D Lowe, R D Sturrock
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Scottish patients with haemophilia, most of whom had received no American factor VIII concentrate for over two years, were found to have immunological abnormalities similar to those in their American counterparts--that is, a reduced proportion of T helper cells, an increased proportion of T suppressor cells, and a reduced response to concanavilin A. Factor VIII from both the United States and Scotland severely inhibited the in vitro lymphocyte response to mitogens in patients and controls. The American and Scottish concentrates could not be distinguished in terms of either patient usage or their effect in vitro. These results argue against a disease vector specific to American blood products.
IMPACT OF HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN PATIENTS WITH DRUG-ELUTING STENTS
Authors: Inder M. Singh, Ryan J. Lennon, Thomas G. Allison, Abhiram Prasad, Mandeep Singh, David R. Holmes, Amir Lerman, Charanjit S. Rihal
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Multiple deletions of mitochondrial DNA in several tissues of a patient with severe retarded depression and familial progressive external ophthalmoplegia.
Authors: A Suomalainen, A Majander, M Haltia, H Somer, J Lönnqvist, M L Savontaus, L Peltonen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

Multiple deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have recently been reported in familial progressive external ophthalmoplegia (PEO), in a case of progressive encephalomyopathy, and in inherited recurrent myoglobinuria. The inheritance of familial PEO has been autosomal dominant, which indicates that a mutation in an unknown nuclear gene results in several mtDNA deletions of different sizes in these patients. We report a patient with autosomal dominant PEO, whose major clinical symptom, however, was severe retarded depression. The morphological analyses of the tissue samples derived from autopsy showed various abnormalities in the mitochondria in all the tissues studied. The activities of the respiratory chain enzymes encoded by mtDNA were remarkably reduced in the skeletal muscle. The mtDNA analyses confirmed that besides myopathy, this patient had a multisystem disorder with widespread distribution of multiple deletions of mtDNA. The highest percentage of mutated mtDNA was found in the brain, skeletal muscle and the heart, the relative quantity of mutated mtDNA correlating to the severity of the clinical symptoms.
Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct: A biliary equivalent to intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas?
Authors: Flavio G. Rocha, Hwajeong Lee, Nora Katabi, Ronald P. DeMatteo, Yuman Fong, Michael I. D'Angelica, Peter J. Allen, David S. Klimstra, William R. Jarnagin
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) is a variant of bile duct carcinoma characterized by intraductal growth and better outcome compared with the more common nodular-sclerosing type. IPNB is a recognized precursor of invasive carcinoma, but its pathogenesis and natural history are ill-defined. This study examines the clinicopathologic features and outcomes of IPNB. A consecutive cohort of patients with bile duct cancer (hilar, intrahepatic, or distal) was reviewed, and those with papillary histologic features identified. Histopathologic findings and immunohistochemical staining for tumor markers and for cytokeratin and mucin proteins were used to classify IPNB into subtypes. Survival data were analyzed and correlated with clinical and pathologic parameters. Thirty-nine IPNBs were identified in hilar (23/144), intrahepatic (4/86), and distal (12/113) bile duct specimens between 1991 and 2010. Histopathologic examination revealed 27 pancreatobiliary, four gastric, two intestinal, and six oncocytic subtypes; results of cytokeratin and mucin staining were similar to those of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas. Invasive carcinoma was seen in 29/39 (74%) IPNBs. Overall median survival was 62 months and was not different between IPNB locations or subtypes. Factors associated with a worse median survival included presence and depth of tumor invasion, margin-positive resection, and expression of MUC1 and CEA. Conclusion : IPNBs are an uncommon variant of bile duct cancer, representing approximately 10% of all resectable cases. They occur throughout the biliary tract, share some histologic and clinical features with IPMNs of the pancreas, and may represent a carcinogenesis pathway different from that of conventional bile duct carcinomas arising from flat dysplasia. Given their significant risk of harboring invasive carcinoma, they should be treated with complete resection. (Hepatology 2012)
Efficacy of danazol in pure red cell aplasia
Authors: Scott M. Lippman, Brian G. M. Durie, Harinder S. Garewal, Gerald Giordano, Bernard R. Greenberg
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract Twenty‐one unselected patients with refractory chronic anemias of various etiologies were treated with danazol, a synthetic attenuated androgen. All had previously failed treatment with hematinics, androgens, corticosteroids, high‐dose intravenous immunoglobulin, antithymocyte globulin, cytotoxic immunosuppressive agents, and/or plasmapheresis. Three patients with pure red cell aplasia and one with aplastic anemia responded. No responses were observed in 11 patients with myelodysplastic syndromes, two patients with myelofibrosis, and two with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Remission in pure red cell aplasia was maintained with danazol alone in one patient and required combined low‐dose prednisone in two. Objective responses occurred in 2 to 3 weeks and therapy generally was well tolerated. To date, one patient with pure red cell aplasia remains in complete remission at 9 months on lowdose danazol alone. We conclude that danazol alone or combined with prednisone may induce and maintain remission in severe refractory pure red cell aplasia and possibly other chronic cytopenias characterized by immunologic marrow suppression. Further trials of danazol in treating these disorders are indicated.
THE USE OF DIGITALIN, WITH REFERENCE TO DOSE.
Authors: HENRY BEATES
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Early in my practice, circumstances found me active in that class of diseases which center about the circulatory system, and as a consequence, the much debated therapeusis of that remedial agent,<i>digitalis</i>, about which has incessantly waged a warfare of theory and discussion, engaged especial attention. Results were achieved which seemed to substantiate the claims of both advocates and antagonists, and presented a problem manifestly complex, and far from having been elucidated. On the one hand, cases representing a definite clinical type were markedly benefited, while on the other, apparently identical conditions were incapable of being favorably influenced, because of the occurrence of unpleasant symptoms which prevented the administration of the remedy in proper doses or in smaller quantities, sufficiently frequently to reëstablish the lost circulatory equilibrium which was so urgently demanded, and what seemed to be facts confirmatory of each of the contending therapeutists, were thus confronted. Recognizing, in
Do most practices have an age-sex register? Results of the West Midlands age-sex register study.
Authors: R F Cooper
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A cross sectional study based on all (1260) general practices in the West Midlands was conducted in late 1984 and early 1985. Responses to a postal questionnaire were received from 762 (60.5%) practices, and of these, 387 (50.8%) stated that they had an age-sex register; 104 (13.6%) practices replied that they had definite plans to establish an age-sex register within six months, and a random sample of these was later telephoned to see if the plans had come to fruition. A random telephone sample was also made from the 498 (39.5%) non-responders. It was concluded that the current prevalence of age-sex registers in the West Midlands is 52% (+/- 5% for 95% confidence) of all practices. A register has now been established of 422 practices (35.5% of the total number in the West Midlands) that have an age-sex register. This is being used as a database for other research. The most common reason stated for not having an age-sex register was that it would be too time consuming. Most of the practices that had one stated that it was used for research, disease recording, screening, surveillance, or health education, which implies that the registers are being used.
THE UPTAKE, STORAGE, AND INTRACELLULAR HYDROLYSIS OF CARBOHYDRATES BY MACROPHAGES
Authors: Zanvil A. Cohn, Barbara A. Ehrenreich
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

The exposure of cultivated mouse macrophages to sucrose (0.009-0.03 M) leads to the formation of large phase- and electron-lucent, acid phosphatase-positive vacuoles in the perinuclear region. The vacuolization process and the uptake of sucrose-(14)C is blocked by inhibitors of pinocytosis and stimulated by calf serum in the medium. These results suggest the uptake of sucrose by pinocytosis and its subsequent segregation and storage in secondary lysosomes. The addition of sucrose also increases the total content of three macrophage lysosomal hydrolases. The addition of invertase to the environment of sucrose-laden macrophages leads to the prompt shrinkage of the sucrose-containing lysosomes. This is accompanied by the intracellular hydrolysis of sucrose to fructose and glucose residues which are promptly excreted into the medium. The uptake of invertase, as indicated by the shrinkage of sucrose-containing vacuoles, is blocked by inhibitors of pinocytosis. No effect was noted when invertase was added to macrophages laden with Ficoll, a polysucrose which is not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. The influence of other carbohydrates was then investigated. Monosaccharides with molecular weights up to 220 did not produce vacuolization. However, a certain number of di-, tri-, and tetrasaccharides produced vacuolization identical with that of sucrose. Each of the disaccharides which produced vacuolization was resistant to the complement of macrophage hexosidases, whereas those that were ineffective were degraded by either macrophage or serum enzymes. The addition of beta-glucosidase to cellobiose-laden macrophages resulted in the shrinkage of vacuoles but did not alter the vacuoles of sucrose containing cells. The ability of small, neutral carbohydrates to produce lysosomal swelling is dependent upon both molecular weight and their resistance to lysosomal hydrolases.