tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The performance of doctors. i: professionalism and self regulation in a changing world
Authors: D. Irvine
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Performance errors in conflict tasks often result from inappropriate action impulses, and are thought to signal the need for increased control over the motor system. However, errors may also result from lapses in sustained attention, which may require different monitoring and adaptation mechanisms. Distinguishing between the mechanisms of adaptation is important as both error types may occur intermixed. To this end, we measured EEG of healthy human subjects while they performed three variants of the Simon task in which errors were more likely to occur due to attentional lapses, failures of motor control, or both. Behavioral results showed that subjects exhibited less conflict effects and less impulsive errors in sustained attention compared with the other Simon conditions. Time-frequency analyses of EEG data showed that the sustained attention Simon condition, compared with the motor control Simon condition, was characterized by: (1) less error-related MFC theta (4–8 Hz) power and an absence of error-related MFC–DLPFC theta phase synchronization; (2) stronger error-related suppression of parieto-occipital alpha (8–12 Hz) power and stronger parieto-occipital–frontal alpha synchronization. A control experiment, using SART (the Sustained Attention to Response Test), confirmed that adaptation after attentional lapses involved posterior alpha power suppression, in addition to inter-regional frontal theta activity. Together, these results suggest that at least two cortical mechanisms exist for performance monitoring, and that different tasks and task-settings can recruit these mechanisms in a different way. Post-error brain dynamics thus consist of heterogeneous activity from multiple neurocognitive processes.
Endogenous free radical generating sources are involved in smoking-mediated dysfunction of nitric oxide biosynthesis in human coronary artery endothelial cells: An in vitro demonstration
Authors: Sudhesh K. Srivastava, Rajat S. Barua, Dhanonjoy C. Saha, Lesley-Jane Eales-Reynolds, Mary C. DeVoe, John A. Ambrose
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Combination of surgical avulsion and topical therapy for single nail onychomycosis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: C. Grover, S. Bansal, S. Nanda, B.S.N. Reddy, V. Kumar
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

Conventional therapy of onychomycosis is prolonged and often frustrating, which is why combination therapy involving topical, oral and surgical measures has been advocated as the treatment of choice. There are no controlled studies evaluating the efficacy of nail avulsion followed by topical antifungal therapy.To evaluate the efficacy of combined surgical and topical therapy for onychomycosis.Forty patients with single nail onychomycosis [28 with distal and lateral subungual onychomycosis, seven with total dystrophic onychomycosis (TDO) and five with proximal subungual onychomycosis] were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. Each group received avulsion of the involved nail, followed by ketoconazole 2% cream without (group I) or with occlusion (group II), or oxiconazole 1% cream without (group III) or with occlusion (group IV). Topical therapies were applied twice daily. The patients were reviewed monthly and treatment was continued until the regrowth of completely normal nail (mycologically negative). In cured cases, further monthly review was carried out for at least 6 months, without any form of therapy. At each visit direct microscopic examination was repeated.There was a high dropout rate, with seven patients (group I), six patients (group II), six patients (group III) and eight patients (group IV) completing the treatment protocol. Out of these, mycological cure was achieved in three (43%) patients in group I, four (67%) in group II, two (33%) in group III and six (75%) in group IV. All the cases of TDO failed to respond to this therapy. Overall, 15 of 27 (56%) patients were cured with this approach. On further follow up, recurrence of onychomycosis was recorded in two patients in group I. No side-effects or long-term complications of the nail avulsion were encountered. Important limitations encountered in the present study included a small sample size, a high dropout rate (32%) and poor patient compliance.Contrary to earlier reports, surgical nail avulsion with topical antifungal agents was not found to be a very encouraging modality for the treatment of onychomycosis. Both oxiconazole and ketoconazole delivered comparable results. Occlusion improved the treatment outcome, although the difference was not statistically significant. As a subtype, TDO showed poorest response. Surgical nail avulsion followed by topical antifungal therapy cannot be generally recommended for the treatment of onychomycosis.
A surge of MDR and XDR tuberculosis in France among patients born in the Former Soviet Union
Authors: C Bernard, F Brossier, W Sougakoff, N Veziris, M Frechet-Jachym, N Metivier, A Renvoisé, J Robert, V Jarlier, collective on behalf of the MDR-TB Management group of the NRC
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2013)

A marked increase in the number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB) cases entirely related to patients born in the Former Soviet Union was observed in France in the last two years. Very few cases were clustered, suggesting it is a consequence of recent immigration of patients already infected in their country of origin. This major increase challenges the existing structures for management of MDR and extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB).
Pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis: An 8-year follow-up
Authors: Amal H. Assa'ad, Philip E. Putnam, Margaret H. Collins, Rachel M. Akers, Sean C. Jameson, Cassie L. Kirby, Bridget K. Buckmeier, Jennifer Z. Bullock, Ann R. Collier, Michael R. Konikoff, Richard J. Noel, Jesus R. Guajardo, Marc E. Rothenberg
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Mental retardation and developmental disabilities influenced by environmental neurotoxic insults.
Authors: S R Schroeder
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

This paper sets a framework for the discussion of neurotoxicity as a potentially major contributor to the etiology of many types of mental retardation and developmental disabilities. In the past the literatures on developmental neurotoxicology and on mental retardation have evolved independently, yet we know that the developing brain is a target for neurotoxicity in the developing central nervous system through many stages of pregnancy as well as during infancy and early childhood. Our definitions and theories of mental retardation and developmental disabilities affect the models of neurotoxicity we espouse. For instance, models of developmental risk in neurotoxicology have guided environmental regulation to reduce the likelihood of neurotoxic effects. On the other hand, models of developmental risk for mental retardation aim not only at primary prevention,but also at secondary and tertiary prevention through early intervention. In the future, dynamic models of neuroplasticity based on the study of gene-brain-behavior relationships are likely to guide our views of developmental neurotoxicology and prevention of mental retardation and other disabilities.
Body-Size Estimation in Eating Disorders Using Video Distortion on a Lif e-Size Screen
Authors: Michel Probst, Walter Vandereycken, Herman van Coppenolle
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1997)

Background: The video-distortion method on a life-size screen is one of the new methods to systematically study the body experience of eating-disordered patients. Methods: Using this method, we have studied body-size estimation in female patients suffering from eating disorders: anorexia nervosa restricting type (n = 87) and mixed type (n = 34); bulimia nervosa (n = 44), and a normal control group (n = 45). Subjects had to estimate a neutral object (neutral response) and their own body size: what they think they really look like (cognitive response); what they feel they look like (affective response), and what they want to look like (optative response). Results: No significant differences were found for the neutral and the cognitive response. Eating-disordered patients clearly did not overestimate their body size. The different subgroups showed interesting differences in the degree of discrepancy between cognitive and affective responses, and in the thinness of their body ideal. Conclusions: Researchers should focus on these elements of body experience, because they are clinically far more relevant than the simple question of over/underestimation.
Negative preclinical results with stealth® nanospheres-encapsulated Doxorubicin in an orthotopic murine brain tumor model
Authors: Irène Brigger, Jackie Morizet, Lysiane Laudani, Geneviève Aubert, Martine Appel, Valérie Velasco, Marie-Josée Terrier-Lacombe, Didier Desmaële, Jean d'Angelo, Patrick Couvreur, Gilles Vassal
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2004)
Abstract A16: Molecular mechanisms of EGFR therapy resistance in breast cancer cells
Authors: Linette Castillo-Pichardo, Luis D. Borrero-Garcia, Roxana S. Redis, George A. Calin, Luis A. Cubano, Suranganie Dharmawardhane
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate molecular mechanisms of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy resistance using a syngeneic pair of gefitinib-sensitive and gefitinib-resistant breast cancer cells. Signaling from EGFRs is usually dysregulated in breast, as well as other cancers, where it is commonly associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor outcome. The initial success of targeted therapies for EGFR1 and HER2 has been marred by de novo or acquired resistance. Gefitinib, a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with high specificity towards EGFR, was proven to be effective for the treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, clinical trials of gefitinib as a breast cancer therapeutic have failed due to lack of response, probably due to resistance, and adverse toxic effects. We have developed a Gefitinib resistant variant of the gefitinib sensitive human breast cancer cell line SKBR3 (SKBR3 G.R.), with the objective of studying the involvement of micro (mi)-RNAs in therapy resistance. A partial screening of several miRNAs previously shown to be involved in therapy resistance was performed and miRNA (miR-)200a was identified as a downregulated miRNA in the SKBR3 G.R. cells. Members of the miR-200 family play a critical role in the suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by repressing key mRNAs involved in this process. Additionally, the miR-200 family can regulate tumor cell adhesion, migration, invasion and metastasis; and has been associated with EGFR inhibitor resistance. Herein, we have analyzed the protein expression of EGFR, phospho-EGFR, and miR-200 family targets Zeb1, β-catenin, and the ErbB receptor inhibitor-1 (ERRFI-1 or Mig6) by western blot analysis in SKBR3 and SKBR3 G.R. breast cancer cells. Our results show a significant increase in the expression of EGFR, Zeb1, and β-catenin; whereas, phospho-EGFR and Mig6 expression was significantly downregulated in SKBR3 G.R. cells when compared to parental cells. Therefore, Mig6 expression may not be regulated via miR-200 activity in these cells. Downregulation of Mig6 may explain the increased EGFR levels due to its role in EGFR internalization and subsequent degradation. Since SKBR3 cells are mesenchymal, they do not express E-cadherin, another Zeb1 target. Our results suggest that in cancer cells that have undergone EMT, decreased miR-200a levels, and thus, increased Zeb1 and β-catenin, a potent pro-cancer transcriptional activator in the absence of an E-cadherin axis, is a potential mechanism of Gefitinib resistance in aggressive breast cancer. This study was supported by NIH/NIGMS SC3GM094824 to SD, the UCC Pilot Project Program, and the UCC Postdoctoral Program sponsored by the PR Science, Technology and Research Trust.
Complex behaviors: Evolution and the brain
Authors: William O. Dingwall
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Three issues are addressed in this commentary. (1) Wilkins &amp; Wakefield are commended for placing the complex behavior they discuss within an evolutionary matrix. (2) They err on a number of points in regard to their treatment of this complex behavior. These involve (a) their emphasis on the evolution of conceptual structure rather than language, (b) their equation of meaning with reference, (c) their minimalist view of learning theory, and (d) their separation of the evolution of speech from that of language. (3) They adopt a framework for neural preconditions that has been clearly discredited on both behavioral and neuroanatomical grounds. Finally, recent research involving modern neuroimaging techniques casts further doubt on the authors' postulated functions for the neural areas they discuss.
TREATMENT OF SEPTIC HANDS AND FEET ON SHIPBOARD
Authors: R. A. Newsom
Journal: BMJ (1929)

TzITI£uo= 8)9negative both to tuberele and to fungus infection; of tlho remaining 242 pationts, 6.61 per cent.were infected with tiObercle bacillus only, 27.27 l)pt cenit.w-ithi mixed tubercle bacilli and blastomyicetes, anld( 66.11 per cenit.witlh blasto- in yectes only.
A Case of Hydatid Cyst of Orbit: Removal of Cyst with Preservation of Eye and Vision
Authors: E. A. Seale
Journal: BMJ (1926)

EIYDATID CYST OF ORBIT.THunr ITIH I saw her again when she was about 3k years of age; she was a bright little thing, but with an unduly large head, happy, and clean in her habits, though decidedly backward, talking and acting more like a child of 18 months than a normal child of 3.I id not see her again until last summer, 1925, when she was Si years of age.She then appeared well grown, robust, 4nd inclined to be too fat.She had a squint and her vision was obviously defective.Unfortunately she had been taken to an optician and supplied with glasses which were quite incorrect.Hearing was good.The limbs seemed perfectly normal; there were no signs of spasticity or weakness, etc. Mental Condition at 9 Years.Beyond observing that she was a great chatterbox, an untrained person might have been in her company for some time, without noticing any abnormality.The child evidently enjoyed life very well, had bright ey-es and a frequent smile, laughed easily and scarcely ever cried.Her chatter was incessant, but had very little novelty in it, as she constantly repeated herself and would ask the same questions over again, making little attempt to record the answers in her mind.She was immensely inquisitive.She was imitative, and often in speaking to adults would exactly
Targeting of superoxide dismutase to the liver results in anti-inflammatory effects in rats with fibrotic livers
Authors: Pieter J Swart, Takashi Hirano, Mirjam E Kuipers, Yuko Ito, Catharina Smit, Mitsuru Hashida, Makiya Nishikawa, Leonie Beljaars, Dirk K.F Meijer, Klaas Poelstra
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1999)
Editor of book hits back
Authors: J. Ginsburg
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—Henry G Burger, an internationally renowned endocrinologist, devotes half his review of Drug Therapy in Reproductive Endocrinology, which I edited, to what he claims are errors and misleading information.1 It is therefore regrettable that the errors and misinformation (with the exception of one error, for which I take full responsibility) are his and not those of the authors.

Firstly, the book does not state that “the combination tablet containing only 2 mg cyproterone acetate is ‘a highly effective treatment for severe hirsutism.’” For severe …
Bronchiectasis in acute leukaemia.
Authors: P J Kearney, C R Kershaw, P A Stevenson
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Five children in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukaemia developed bronchiectasis when on chemotherapy. Persistent collapse or consolidation on chest radiographs was helpful in suggesting the diagnosis. Necropsy established the diagnosis in one child who died of massive haemoptysis when in complete remission, and bronchography confirmed the diagnosis in three. In a further child the diagnosis was based on clinical and chest X-ray findings alone. The surviving children were treated with prophylactic rotating antibiotics. Routine chest radiographs are recommended in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, as bronchiectasis may otherwise be underdiagnosed.
Reaction of Nonsmokers to Carbon Monoxide Inhalation
Authors: Robert B. Chevalier
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Differences have been found in the cardiopulmonary responses to exercise between young male cigarette somkers and nonsmokers. The present study was undertaken in an attempt to determine the cause of such differences. Since smokers carry a chronically elevated carboxyhemoglobin level (&gt;4%), carbon monoxide was inhaled by nonsmokers to raise their carboxyhemoglobin level to the range seen in a control group of smokers. This maneuver caused the development in nonsmokers of an increased oxygen debt with exercise and a reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity at rest. The changes after carbon monoxide inhalation were similar to those found when comparing smokers to nonsmokers. The pathogenesis of these changes are unknown, but support carbon monoxide as a possible etiologic factor accounting for the less efficient exercise and poorer pulmonary function performance of smokers compared to nonsmokers.
Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Ann B. McCUNE, William L. Weston, Lela A. Lee
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Maternal health, children's health, and obstetric histories were assessed in a follow-up study of 21 families with children with neonatal lupus erythematosus; this group constituted approximately 15% of all reported cases. Twenty-one mothers had twenty-four children with the disease. Twelve children had congenital heart block (5 boys, 7 girls), 10 had cutaneous lupus lesions (1 boy, 9 girls), and 2 girls had both heart block and cutaneous lesions. Although half of the mothers were initially asymptomatic, 18 of 21 have developed symptoms during the follow-up period (range, 0.25 to 9.5 years). Three of the children died in the neonatal period. The 21 children who survived have been asymptomatic during follow-up, although 5 of 11 with heart block have pacemakers. The mothers did not have an increased risk for spontaneous abortions. Three of twelve livebirths after the birth of the first child with neonatal lupus erythematosus resulted in another affected child.
Of Time and Acuity
Authors: G. G. Liddle
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> When an illness is of long duration it is chronic, but when coming to an early crisis it is described as acute. The impact of medical writing on the scribes of Webster's Third "International" has provided some chronic complaint, which promises to be of long duration. This dictionary has legitimized the chronic sufferer as the chronic patient, the patient of long duration, at the same time creating the acute patient, doomed to an early crisis, yet who is neither sharp nor standing at an angle of less than 90°. <h3>Doctor:</h3> Well, Jones, how are you today? <h3>Jones:</h3> Chronic. <h3>Doctor:</h3> Nonsense. You have chronic arthritis. Your arthritis is chronic. Not you. <h3>Jones:</h3> Wrong, doctor. According to Webster's Third I'm a chronic sufferer, a chronic patient. Accordingly, I'm chronic. <h3>Doctor:</h3> Pretty sharp today, eh Jones? <h3>Jones:</h3> Right. I'm acute and chronic. This can go on forever, and a Fourth
DEMONSTRATION OF AN "AUTOFUNDOSCOPE."
Authors: GEORGE M. GOULD
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The little device for which I have dared to coin the terrible word " Autofundoscope," is a very simple bit of mechanism, designed to slowly and accurately revolve a pin-hole through, and placed about two millimeters from, the center of a black rubber disc. The word should have been<i>autoretinoscope</i>, but as<i>retinoscopy</i>has been given another signification,<i>autofundoscope</i>is the only word left to designate the observation of the vascular system of one's own retina. The method essentially is the very old one described in books on physiologic optics of moving a pin-perforated card, held in the hand, before the eye, and observing an illuminated blank space through the perforation. In this way, however, one secures only faint, movable and indefinite images of the retinal vessels, which disappear and reappear with provoking rapidity. The common newspaper puzzle of revolving concentric alternate circles of black and white rings, when upon stopping
No, Virginia, Marriage Isn't Bizarre
Authors: Edward Palmer
Journal: JAMA (1964)

ABSTRACT To  Editor:— There is cause for concern when statements which run counter to our moral tradition become legitimate topics for discussion before a wide audience.Reference is made specifically to  opinions attributed by numerous medical news periodicals and The Journal (187, March 14, 1964, adv p 26) to Dr. Russel V. Lee in a symposium at  University of California San Francisco Medical Center on  modern family and its survival. There is need for grave concern where  dissolution of  family (appropriately included in the great moral error of socialism by Wilhelm Roepke) is apparently advocated in medical circles.Perhaps I cannot recognize a burlesque when I see one, and perhaps I am wrong when I sense that Dr. Lee is advocating a counter-current to dehumanize man. But what else can one deduce from such strange and heretical musings that ignore  first principles of morality
MMR controversy has left parents emotionally scarred, study finds
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2007)

s health secretary, has said that some Muslim GPs may be divulging details of the sexual health of female Muslim patients to family members.Her comments drew an angry response from Muslim GPs, who said that her claims were based only on anecdotal evidence.However, Mrs Hewitt, who represents a constituency in Leicester with a large ethnic minority community, said, "I have had Muslim women give me chapter and verse on very distressing breaches of confidentiality by Muslim GPs."Some women patients in some Muslim communities are feeling they can't trust their own GP, who is from the same community and knows their extended family."If they go for particular situations, such as a sexual health problem or domestic violence, they fear they will share that information with other members of the family or community."Mrs Hewitt made her comments in an interview with the magazine for GPs Pulse (29 Mar, p 2).Vijoy Singh, chairman of the Leicestershire and Rutland local medical committee, which covers Ms Hewitt's constituency, said, "No GP would break confidentiality, because if they break it they are liable to be sued.She's out of touch."Mrs Hewitt cited a report published in November last year by the Muslim Women's Network, which was based on conversations with Muslim women throughout the country, as further evidence of her concerns.The report, She Who Disputes (www.thewnc.org.uk/pubs/shewhodisputesnov06.pdf),noted: "Health services were criticised for being insensitive and there was repeated concern that GPs from within the community could not be trusted to maintain patient confidentiality." Hewitt says some Muslim GPs breach confidentialityUK NEWS Safety agency prioritises better use of anticoagulants, p714 World NEWS drugs are as goo�� as ���� in stable coronary artery ��isease, stu��y s�o�s, p71� drugs are as goo�� as ���� in stable coronary artery ��isease, stu��y s�o�s, p71� , p71� bmj.com o�for�� ra��cliffe �ospitals tol�� to impro�e team�or� o�for�� ra��cliffe �ospitals tol�� to impro�e team�or�