tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Physician Bias in Cesarean Section
Authors: R. Goodlin
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent article by Phillips et al (1982;248:1082) addressed the important issue of physician bias in cesarean sections. Several years ago, I analyzed the records from a hospital in northern California with a large obstetric service and found that cesarean sections done for dystocia occurred at certain times of the day (between 4:30 to 7 PM and 9:30 to 10:30 PM) and hardly any at other times (between 1:30 to 5:30 AM). It seemed to me that these times of performing a cesarean section conform to the physicians and staff schedules, that they were after office hours or before a change of shift, and that they were hardly ever in the early hours of the morning. Instead of looking at the days of the week, I suggest that Phillips et al should have looked at the times of the day when cesarean sections were done to answer
Health secretary will commission review to pinpoint GP shortages
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The health secretary, Jeremy Hunt, has announced that he will commission an independent review of how many additional GPs are required across the country, as he seeks to ease the current workforce crisis in primary care.

In a keynote address to the Royal College of General Practitioners’ annual conference in Liverpool on 2 October, Hunt announced that he would commission the report from Health Education England. This followed his pledge to train and retain an extra 5000 GPs, which he made at the Conservative Party conference on 30 September. Ed Miliband, the Labour leader, has pledged an additional 8000 GPs.1

In his speech to the assembled GPs, Hunt said that he wanted to commission …
The Hyposulphites in Yellow Fever.
Authors: T. O. Summers
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Waukesha, Wis., Feb. 4, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In the last number of theJournal, February 3, on page 138, in a paper by Dr. Joseph Jones of New Orleans on the value of the sulphites and hyposulphites I note this statement: "2. It has been affirmed that the hyposulphite of sodium given internally in regular doses even in the presence of the poison in a yellow fever epidemic, will completely ward off this disease.<i>I have no facts with which to prove this statement but would advise that it be put to the test as might easily have been done as I suggested in the recent epidemic at Brunswick, Ga</i>." (Italics mine.) Now it is a little humiliating to read such a statement, and from such a high source, when the facts are these: In the great yellow fever epidemic of 1878 which created such ravages in Memphis, Granada,
Abnormal myocardial phosphorus metabolism in the NIH-NHLBI sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE): final phase I results
Authors: Steven D. Buchthal, Delia Johnson, Hee-Won Kim, Jan A. den Hollander, Kate N. Scott, Noel Bairey-Merz, Sheryl F. Kelsey, Carl J. Pepine, Gerald M. Pohost
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Abstract 3587: Effect of race on outcome in women with uterine cancers
Authors: Nicole S. Nevadunsky, David Smotkin, Mark Einstein, Kimala Harris, Ryung Kim, Gary Goldberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Incidence rates for malignant tumors of the uterine corpus have been reported to be lower among women of color than among whites, whereas mortality rates have been reported to be higher among African-American women and women of Latina origin. Reasons for the higher level of mortality among women of color are currently unknown. Methods: After Institutional Review Board approval, we accessed the prospective clinical databases in the Division of Gynecologic Oncology at our institution. We abstracted socio-demographic and survival data from all women who were diagnosed with endometrial cancer from January 1990-January 2010. Pathology records were reviewed and the final pathology confirmed. Results: Nine hundred and ninety patients were identified. Racial distribution was 381 (38%) white, 310 (31%) black, 231 (23%) Hispanic, 21 (2%) other, and 72 (3%) unknown or unclassified. Five hundred and ninety-six (60%) patients had Type I endometriod histological subtype. At time of censor, 269 (27%) were confirmed deceased. The hazard ratio for black verses white women was 1.91 (p&amp;lt;0.001) when all histological subtypes were included. However, when patients were divided into Type I and Type II histological subtypes there was no significant difference in survival by race. Conclusion: Our data show no difference in survival among women of Asian, African-American/Caribbean, and Caucasian races with uterine cancer after control for histological subtype. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3587. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3587
Electronic Cigarette Use and Exposure in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Joseph M. Collaco, M. Bradley Drummond, Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has gained recent widespread popularity and acceptance in the general population. What effect e-cigarettes may have on pediatric health remains unknown. Although many jurisdictions have laws that prevent the sale of e-cigarettes to minors and the use of e-cigarettes in public places, infants, children, and adolescents are increasingly exposed to them. In this pediatric-focused review, we discuss the history of these devices, user demographics, known health effects, and current legislative efforts to protect minors from exposure.
Associations of Plasma Concentrations of Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and Polychlorinated Biphenyls with Prostate Cancer: A Case–Control Study in Guadeloupe (French West Indies)
Authors: Elise Emeville, Arnaud Giusti, Xavier Coumoul, Jean-Pierre Thomé, Pascal Blanchet, Luc Multigner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2014)

Long-term exposure to persistent pollutants with hormonal properties (endocrine-disrupting chemicals; EDCs) may contribute to the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). However, epidemiological evidence remains limited.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Victims of Sexual Assault
Authors: Jordan B. Glaser, Margaret R. Hammerschlag, William M. McCormack
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

Rape is a violent crime whose incidence is increasing rapidly. Although only 10 to 33 percent of cases of rape are reported, medical and paramedical personnel treat more than 81,000 rape victims in the United States each year.1 Rape can be defined as sexual relations that are obtained through physical force, threats, or intimidation. The victims of sexual assault may include both male and female adults and children.Risk of InfectionIt is difficult to estimate the risk of sexually transmitted conditions in victims of sexual assault. The prevalence of such conditions varies according to geographic area and the various . . .
Hospital-Based Pneumococcal Immunization
Authors: David S. Fedson
Journal: JAMA (1990)

To explore the potential usefulness of a strategy of hospital-based pneumococcal immunization, we studied a population-based linked record of hospital discharges for Medicare enrollees living in the Shenandoah region of Virginia. A retrospective study of 1633 persons discharged with pneumonia in 1983 showed that 61% to 62% had been discharged within the previous 4 years. Among these patients, 87% had had one or more high-risk conditions recognized during previous hospital admissions. A cohort study demonstrated that discharged patients had a 6% to 9% probability of readmission with pneumonia within 5 years. Each such readmission could be prevented by immunizing few (approximately 100) discharged patients with pneumococcal vaccine. Furthermore, the costs of vaccination would be approximately one-third the costs of hospital care for unvaccinated discharged patients readmitted with pneumonia. These results provide an epidemiologic rationale for current recommendations that elderly patients discharged from hospitals should be immunized with pneumococcal vaccine.
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Capillaries
Authors: Hart E. Van Riper
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This book is a reprint of the first edition of 1922 and carries a preface that establishes the value of the publication. Krogh's original observations are ageless, and in this era of rapid scientific development, it is gratifying to find that his careful observations, made without the benefit of our newer scientific instruments, remain unchallenged by the modern "doubting Thomas." It is important that such classics in medical literature be made available to our young investigators for ready reference, stimulation, and evaluation. It is hoped that those who refer to this book will take time to read portions of it for the sheer beauty of the prose and clarity of expression. The power to observe may be enhanced by our present-day developments; the ability to record those observations seems less apparent in our scientific publications.
Efficacy of desloratadine in intermittent allergic rhinitis: a GA<sup>2</sup>LEN study
Authors: J. Bousquet, C. Bachert, G. W. Canonica, J. Mullol, P. Van Cauwenberge, C. Bindslev Jensen, W. J. Fokkens, J. Ring, P. Keith, R. Lorber, T. Zuberbier
Journal: Allergy (2009)

The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines proposed a classification for allergic rhinitis based on the duration of symptoms (intermittent, persistent) rather than on the time of allergen exposure (seasonal, perennial). There is no placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial on intermittent allergic rhinitis (IAR) to date. Desloratadine (DL) is recommended for the first-line treatment of seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis.To assess the efficacy and safety of DL in subjects with IAR based on the ARIA classification.Patients over 12 years of age with IAR were assessed over 15 days of treatment with DL 5 mg once daily (n = 276) or placebo (n = 271). The primary endpoint was the AM/PM reflective total 5 symptom score (T5SS). Secondary endpoints included AM/PM instantaneous T5SS and individual symptoms, therapeutic response, symptom severity by visual analogue scale, and quality-of-life.The mean reduction of AM/PM reflective T5SS was significantly greater with DL than with placebo over 15 days (-3.01 vs-2.13, P < 0.001) and on each individual day (P < 0.05). Mean AM instantaneous T5SS was reduced significantly with DL compared to placebo as early as day 2 (-1.84 vs-0.89; P < 0.001). The therapeutic response and improvement in quality-of-life were significantly greater with DL than with placebo (P < 0.001 for each). The frequency of treatment-related adverse events was low and similar between DL (7.2%) and placebo (7.0%).This is the first large trial to show that treatment can be effective in IAR. Desloratadine was effective and safe.
Government review aims to speed up NHS access to new medicines
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The government has launched another review into how to accelerate access to new drugs, devices, and diagnostics. 

George Freeman, minister for life sciences, said, “By revolutionising the way in which we look at getting medicines and devices into the NHS we will make sure that this country is the best place in the world for 21st century medical innovation.”1

This is not the first such review, and it comes at a time when the first medicine to be “fast tracked” under the Early Access to Medicines Scheme has recently been designated. This is a cell therapy for cancer developed by a US company, Northwest Biotherapeutics, and under the terms of the scheme it may be made available to patients once it has completed phase II trials, shortening the development process.

Freeman’s announcement did not mention the …
A Mercifully Brief History of Medicine
Authors: Richard Armour
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Medicine began with the dawn of history. In fact it began shortly before dawn, at about 3:00 A.M., when the first Stone Age doctor was routed from his bed by a patient who thought he was dying. Transportation being none too good (this being before the invention of the wheel), by the time the doctor arrived the patient was well.  Ancient  During the Stone Age the most common complaints were gallstones, kidney stones, and stumbling over stones. Surgery was in its infancy, largely because of the difficulty of making an incision with a sharpened stone and of performing a suture with a stone needle. When a surgeon decided not to operate, everyone breathed a sigh of relief, especially the surgeon and, if he was still alive, the patient.  Having no stethoscope, the Stone Age doctor was forced to place his ear directly against the patient's chest. This was not easy, if the
Antagonistic Variant Virus Prevents Wild-type Virus-induced Lethal Immunopathology
Authors: Lukas Hunziker, Mike Recher, Adrian Ciurea, Marianne M.A. Martinic, Bernhard Odermatt, Hans Hengartner, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2002)

Altered peptide ligands (APLs) and their antagonistic or partial agonistic character–influencing T cell activation have mainly been studied in vitro Some studies have shown APLs as a viral escape mechanism from cytotoxic CD8+ T cell responses in vivo. However, whether infection or superinfection with a virus displaying an antagonistic T cell epitope can alter virus–host relationships via inhibiting T cell–mediated immunopathology is unclear. Here, we evaluated a recently described CD4+ T cell escape lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) variant that in vitro displayed antagonistic characteristics for the major histocompatibility complex class II–restricted mutated epitope. Mice transgenic for the immunodominant LCMV-specific T helper epitope that usually succumb to wild-type LCMV-induced immunopathology, survived if they were simultaneously coinfected with antagonistic variant but not with control virus. The results illustrate that a coinfecting APL-expressing virus can shift an immunopathological virus–host relationships in favor of host survival. This may play a role in poorly cytopathic long-lasting virus carrier states in humans.
Inhibition of hepatic sulfatase-2 In Vivo: A novel strategy to correct diabetic dyslipidemia
Authors: Carlijne H. Hassing, Hans Mooij, Shuling Guo, Brett P. Monia, Keyang Chen, Wim Kulik, Geesje M. Dallinga-Thie, Max Nieuwdorp, Erik S.G. Stroes, Kevin Jon Williams
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) impairs hepatic clearance of atherogenic postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs). We recently reported that livers from T2DM db/db mice markedly overexpress the heparan sulfate glucosamine-6 - O - endosulfatase-2 (SULF2), an enzyme that removes 6 - O sulfate groups from heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and suppresses uptake of TRLs by cultured hepatocytes. In the present study, we evaluated whether Sulf2 inhibition in T2DM mice in vivo could correct their postprandial dyslipidemia. Selective second-generation antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting Sulf2 were identified. Db/db mice were treated for 5 weeks with Sulf2 ASO (20 or 50 mg/kg per week), nontarget (NT) ASO, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Administration of Sulf2 ASO to db/db mice suppressed hepatic Sulf2 messenger RNA expression by 70%-80% (i.e., down to levels in nondiabetic db/m mice) and increased the ratio of tri- to disulfated disaccharides in hepatic HSPGs ( P &lt; 0.05). Hepatocytes isolated from db/db mice on NT ASO exhibited a significant impairment in very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) binding that was entirely corrected in db/db mice on Sulf2 ASO. Sulf2 ASO lowered the random, nonfasting plasma triglyceride (TG) levels by 50%, achieving nondiabetic values. Most important, Sulf2 ASO treatment flattened the plasma TG excursions in db/db mice after corn-oil gavage (iAUC, 1,500 ± 470 mg/dL·h for NT ASO versus 160 ± 40 mg/dL·h for Sulf2 ASO\P &lt; 0.01). Conclusions: Despite extensive metabolic derangements in T2DM mice, inhibition of a single dys-regulated molecule, SULF2, normalizes the VLDL-binding capacity of their hepatocytes and abolishes postprandial hypertriglyceridemia. These findings provide a key proof of concept in vivo to support Sulf2 inhibition as an attractive strategy to improve metabolic dyslipidemia.
HIGH PRESSURE PROCESS OF TEACHING IN OUR PUBLIC SCHOOLS CONSIDERED FROM A MEDICAL STANDPOINT.
Authors: W. H. SHORT
Journal: JAMA (1896)

There are different temperaments and organizations in our school children, and of necessity it would be impossible to adopt any method of teaching that would reach all in a satisfactory manner; no one course or routine would be perfectly satisfactory to the highly nervous child and apply equally to the lymphatic and sanguine temperament. But we ought to be able to so conduct our schools that we may do the greatest good to the whole number. Our present school system is a high pressure process with a constant tendency to add more branches, so that little children have five or six studies and with department method, as many teachers. Children of eight or nine years of age are urged to high intellectual effort and are expected to master studies which a few years ago were only attempted by children fourteen or fifteen years old. Are we thus doing the best
Emotional Stress and Cardiac Disease
Authors: Robert S. Eliot
Journal: JAMA (1976)

BESIDES the well-recognized risk factors leading to atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, such as systemic hypertension, cigarette smoking, elevated serum cholesterol level, and diabetes mellitus, there lurks the amorphous and previously intangible risk factor of emotional stress. Three recent publications summarize the current state of the art regarding emotional stress as a risk factor.<sup>1-3</sup>It was the consensus of the First National Conference on Emotional Stress and Heart Disease that emotional stress be considered a risk factor equal to other recognized risk factors.<sup>1</sup> What is emotional stress? There continues to be debate concerning an exact definition that is acceptable to all investigators. We continue to find useful the so-called fight-or-flight response of Cannon. Although man's response to emotional stress is complex, the majority of cardiovascular responses to emotional stress can be predicted, altered, prevented, and potentially treated by employing this basic concept. In contemporary industrialized society, one is frequently
Differential Th17 CD4 T-cell depletion in pathogenic and nonpathogenic lentiviral infections
Authors: Jason M. Brenchley, Mirko Paiardini, Kenneth S. Knox, Ava I. Asher, Barbara Cervasi, Tedi E. Asher, Phillip Scheinberg, David A. Price, Chadi A. Hage, Lisa M. Kholi, Alexander Khoruts, Ian Frank, James Else, Timothy Schacker, Guido Silvestri, Daniel C. Douek
Journal: Blood (2008)
Sexual Behaviour and Contraceptive Practice of Unmarried Female Undergraduates at Aberdeen University
Authors: C. McCance, D. J. Hall
Journal: BMJ (1972)

After the sixth week of the spring term of 1971 the unmarried female undergraduates at Aberdeen University were sent a postal questionnaire about their sexual behaviour and contraceptive practice and 1,552 (90%) replied. Of these, 684 (44%) had experienced intercourse, 486 in the six-week period preceding the study, of whom 46% had had it more than six times in this period. It was found that 86% of the relationships were with fiancés or steady partners.Only half of the experienced and a quarter of the inexperienced girls thought that contraceptive advice and materials were adequately available. Contraceptives had not been used by 53% of the students on the first occasion that they had intercourse. In the previous six-week period 192 girls had intercourse without using a contraceptive -39% of those having sexual relations. The use of contraceptives increased with the frequency of intercourse and the stability of the relationship. During the previous six weeks 30% of those having intercourse were on the pill, 38% used the sheath, and 26% relied on the safe period or withdrawal as their most frequent method of contraception.Sixty-five girls had been pregnant in the past, six were pregnant at the time of the survey, and 49 thought that they might be.The uncertainty and difficulty that are experienced in obtaining contraceptives and the large number of occasions on which they are not used are discussed. Moral and pragmatic aspects of promoting a more effective use are examined and better publicity for the family planning clinics that already exist is urged.
Aspiration of a Balloon by a 3-Month-Old Infant
Authors: Nick G. Anas
Journal: JAMA (1983)

FOREIGN-body aspiration with subsequent airway obstruction typically occurs in children between the ages of 6 months and 5 years; this may be heralded by sudden respiratory decompensation and often is manifested by asymmetric abnormalities on both physical and roentgenographic examination. A history consistent with exposure to either food or small parts of toys is present in approximately 90% of proven cases.<sup>1</sup>Bronchoscopic removal is the recommended treatment as it is safe and effective.<sup>2</sup>Because we recently treated a child whose presentation and course following aspiration of a foreign body were so unusual, we report this instructive case to discuss potential pitfalls in diagnosis and management. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 3-month-old male infant had a medical history of wheezing that was treated with antihistamines and bronchodilators. On the morning of admission he was febrile, irritable, and breathing with slightly more difficulty than usual, according to his mother. By noon,