tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
English as she is mis-spoke, misread, and miswrote--or, why you should read before you sign
Authors: S. Ramnath
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Suresh Ramnath shares some of his favorite transcription errors

Over the years, I have been amused by how my neurosurgical notes were transcribed. “Losing conciseness” occurs when you descend into a “sinkable episode,” sometimes with loss of “conscientiousness.” It can be accompanied by disorders of “morality of sensation,” such as loss of “radiation.” Some patients describe a “puritan” sensation.

Many are “neurotically” intact but have pain in the “psychiatric nerve.” Examination is confounded by ulnar “innovated” muscles “immutable” to surgical “enervation.” These changes can be “post-dramatic” in patients …
Magnetic resonance imaging of the iliofemoral arteries after balloon dilation angioplasty of aortic arch obstructions in children.
Authors: P E Burrows, L N Benson, P Babyn, C MacDonald
Journal: Circulation (1994)

We wished to determine the nature and incidence of changes in the iliofemoral arteries after balloon dilation angioplasty (BDA) for aortic arch obstruction in children and to determine the reliability of gradient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in their detection.Sixty-three children, including 62 with and 1 without arch obstruction, underwent MRI of the iliofemoral vessels. Of these, 36 patients had undergone transfemoral BDA (7 after previous transfemoral diagnostic catheterization), 12 had undergone diagnostic transfemoral catheterization but not BDA, and 15 had no history of femoral arterial catheterization. The iliofemoral arteries were normal on MRI in all 15 children without catheterization. Among the 36 children who had undergone BDA, the ipsilateral iliofemoral artery was normal in 15, mildly narrowing in 7, and severely stenotic or occluded in 14 (39%), including 6 of 9 patients treated for acute femoral artery thrombosis and 8 with no history of femoral artery thrombosis. Two patients had documentation of progressive obstruction. Six patients had concordant conventional angiography. There was a significant correlation between the number of balloon catheters used for the angioplasty and severe occlusive changes. Nine of 19 patients who had undergone diagnostic transfemoral catheterization had severe obstructive changes on MRI; 8 of 9 weighed < 10 kg at catheterization.Obstructive lesions of the iliofemoral arteries are common after transfemoral BDA of arch obstructions (58%) and can be reliably evaluated with gradient MRI. Catheter size and manipulation are the main contributing factors.
Cultural learning and educational process
Authors: David R. Olson, Janet Wilde Astington
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1993)

Tomasello, Kruger &amp; Ratner relate the evolution of social cognition – the understanding of others' minds – to the evolution of culture. Tomasello et al. conceive of the accumulation of culture as the product of cultural learning, a kind of learning dependent upon recognizing others' intentionality. They distinguish three levels of this recognition: of intention (what is x trying to do), of beliefs (what does x think about p ), and of beliefs about beliefs (what does x think y thinks about p ). They then tie these levels to three discrete forms of cultural learning – imitative, instructed, and collaborative – which children become capable of when they are 9 months, 4 years, and 6 years old respectively, at least in Western culture where relevant data are available.
Chronic compartment syndrome affecting the lower limb: MIBI perfusion imaging as an alternative to pressure monitoring: two case reports
Authors: S Owens, P Edwards, K Miles, J Jenner, M Allen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1999)

Intracompartmental pressure monitoring remains the primary method of diagnosing chronic compartment syndrome. MIBI perfusion imaging is widely available and offers a radionuclear imaging technique for diagnosing this condition. Although the results are not identical with those from pressure monitoring, MIBI may offer a useful screening test for this condition.
Assessment of Myocardial Postreperfusion Viability by Intravenous Myocardial Contrast Echocardiography
Authors: Koji Ohmori, Bruno Cotter, Elisabeth Leistad, Valmik Bhargava, Paul L. Wolf, Katsufumi Mizushige, Anthony N. DeMaria
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Although defects on intracoronary myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) indicate loss of viability after reperfusion, opacified segments may also exhibit persistent dyssynergy. Therefore, we related the intensity and texture of opacification produced by an intravenous contrast agent to histological findings to determine the characteristics of necrotic tissue by postreperfusion MCE.MCE was performed by intravenous injection of 0.15 mL/kg QW7437 in 14 dogs who underwent 3-hour coronary occlusion followed by 3-hour reperfusion. At baseline and 3 hours after reperfusion, midventricular short-axis images were digitized and segmented. Infarction fraction (IF) for each segment was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride stain. Of 224 segments, 140 showed no or small infarction and served as a control group. Of 84 segments with significant infarction (IF>30%), 52 exhibited a defect on MCE, and 32 exhibited no defect. Echo texture was quantified by computing entropy based on the co-occurrence matrix analysis of gray-level pairs within each segment. Three hours after reperfusion, average and maximal entropies in the infarct segments without opacification defects were significantly higher than control levels. Histologically, the degree of intracapillary erythrocyte stasis was less in this group than in the infarcted segments with MCE defects with similar magnitude of tissue injuries.Opacification defects by MCE may be present or absent in myocardium with histologically confirmed infarction. The texture of MCE from opacified but infarcted myocardium differed significantly from control segments and may assist in determination of segmental viability after reperfusion.
Survival predictability of time-varying indicators of bone disease in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: K. Kalantar-Zadeh, N. Kuwae, D.L. Regidor, C.P. Kovesdy, R.D. Kilpatrick, C.S. Shinaberger, C.J. McAllister, M.J. Budoff, I.B. Salusky, J.D. Kopple
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Acute coronary syndrome: ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: E. D Grech
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction usually occurs when thrombus forms on a ruptured atheromatous plaque and occludes an epicardial coronary artery. Patient survival depends on several factors, the most important being restoration of brisk antegrade coronary flow, the time taken to achieve this, and the sustained patency of the affected artery.



Histological appearance of a ruptured atheromatous plaque (bottom arrow) and occlusive thrombus (top arrow) resulting in acute myocardial infarction



There are two main methods of re-opening an occluded artery: administering a thrombolytic agent or primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.



Effects of treatment with placebo, thrombolytic drugs, or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on mortality, incidence of cerebrovascular events, and incidence of non-fatal re-infarction after acute myocardial infarction in randomised studies. Of the 1% incidence of cerebrovascular events in patients undergoing primary percutaneous intervention, only 0.05% were haemorrhagic. In contrast patients receiving thrombolytic drugs had a 1% incidence of haemorrhagic cerebrovascular events (P<0.0001) and an overall 2% incidence of cerebrovascular events (P=0.0004)



Although thrombolysis is the commonest form of treatment for acute myocardial infarction, it has important limitations: a rate of recanalisation (restoring normal flow) in 90 minutes of only 55% with streptokinase or 60% with accelerated alteplase; a 5-15% risk of early or late reocclusion leading to acute myocardial infarction, worsening ventricular function, or death; a 1-2% risk of intracranial haemorrhage, with 40% mortality; and 15-20% of patients with a contraindication to thrombolysis.

View this table:

Comparison of methods of recanalisation



Primary angioplasty (also called direct angioplasty) mechanically disrupts the occlusive thrombus and compresses the underlying stenosis, rapidly restoring blood flow. It offers a superior alternative to thrombolysis in the immediate treatment of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. …
Guidelines for Treating Erectile Dysfunction Issued
Authors: Andrew A. Skolnick
Journal: JAMA (1997)

THE AMERICAN Urological Association (AUA) released new guidelines for the treatment of organic erectile dysfunction at the World Meeting on Impotence, held in San Francisco, Calif. The new preferred name of the disorder may in part reflect the need to talk about a once-taboo subject by the millions of men (and their partners) of the "baby boom" generation. Many of these men are now facing the risk of sexual dysfunction from prostate cancer surgery and other age-related health problems. Based on an extensive medical literature review conducted during the past 6 years by its Erectile Dysfunction Clinical Guidelines Panel, the AUA is recommending 3 different therapies as effective in treating organic erectile dysfunction. The therapies include vacuum constriction devices, vasoactive drug injection therapy, and penile prosthetic implants. The panel also recommends against the use of yohimbine, a commonly prescribed drug, which in controlled studies to date does not appear to
Psychopathology and Psychotherapy in Chronic Physically Ill Patients
Authors: R. Lohmann, B. Voges, F. Meuter, K.U. Rath, W. Thomas
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1979)

Within the scope of psychosomatic medicine somato-psychic diseases are of great importance theoretically as well as practically, especially in view of problems dealing with the patient's attitude toward his illness and his coping with the disease. Among the somato-psychic illnesses chronic physical diseases are of primary interest. The knowledge of their general and specific psychological and psychopathological symptoms are of great importance for a better understanding of these patients and in view of a favourable direction in therapy. This is demonstrated in the form of extracts with three groups of the chronic physically ill: (1) hemophiliacs; (2) patients on regular hemodialysis treatment and following renal transplantation, and (3) diabetics.
First molecular evidence for the existence of a Tardigrada + Arthropoda clade
Authors: G. Giribet, S. Carranza, J. Baguna, M. Riutort, C. Ribera
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

The complete 18S rDNA gene sequence of Macrobiotus group hufelandi (Tardigrada) was obtained and aligned with 18S rDNA and rRNA gene sequences of 24 metazoans (mainly protostomes). Discrete character (maximum-parsimony) and distance (neighbor-joining) methods were used to infer their phylogeny. The evolution of bootstrap proportions with sequence length (pattern of resolved nodes, PRN) was studied to test the resolution of the nodes in neighbor-joining trees. The results show that arthropods are monophyletic. Tardigrades represent the sister group of arthropods (in parsimony analyses) or they are related with crustaceans (distance analysis and PRN). Arthropoda are divided into two main evolutionary lines, the Hexapoda + Crustacea line (weakly supported), and the Myriapoda + Chelicerata line. The Hexapoda + Crustacea line includes Pentastomida, but the internal resolution is far from clear. The Insecta (Ectognatha) are monophyletic, but no evidence for the monophyly of Hexapoda is found. The Chelicerata are a monophyletic group and the Myriapoda cluster close to Arachnida. Overall, the results obtained represent the first molecular evidence for a Tardigrada + Arthropoda clade. In addition, the congruence between molecular phylogenies of the Arthropoda from other authors and this obtained here indicates the need to review those obtained solely on morphological characters.
Drug safety and regulation
Authors: Patrick C Waller, Stephen J W Evans, Keith Beard
Journal: BMJ (2005)

New powers and resources are needed 

I n the past few months, medical journals have published numerous editorials and news items relating to drug safety and regulation.1–3 The withdrawal of rofecoxib (Vioxx) has been the single biggest issue,4 but the cardiovascular safety of other cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX 2) inhibitors5 and possible suicidal tendencies associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants have also raised considerable concerns.6 These high profile cases have resulted in the regulatory bodies responsible for drug safety coming under fire.

From reports in journals it would be easy to get the impression that the US Food and Drug Administration was uniquely at fault over the regulation of COX 2 inhibitors7 and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency over paroxetine.3 Given that the regulatory decisions made before and after the marketing of these drugs have been similar throughout the developed world, this can hardly be a logical conclusion. Overall, regulators around the world use similar systems and make similar decisions. If they all …
Mechanism of ischemic mitral regurgitation with segmental left ventricular dysfunction: three-dimensional echocardiographic studies in models of acute and chronic progressive regurgitation
Authors: Yutaka Otsuji, Mark D Handschumacher, Noah Liel-Cohen, Hiroaki Tanabe, Leng Jiang, Ehud Schwammenthal, J.Luis Guerrero, Lori A Nicholls, Gus J Vlahakes, Robert A Levine
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2001)
Multiple rearrangements in T cell receptor alpha chain genes maximize the production of useful thymocytes.
Authors: H T Petrie, F Livak, D G Schatz, A Strasser, I N Crispe, K Shortman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

Peripheral T lymphocytes each express surface T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains of a single specificity. These are produced after random somatic rearrangements in TCR alpha and beta germline genes. Published model systems using mice expressing TCR alpha and/or beta chain transgenes have shown that allelic exclusion occurs conventionally for TCR-beta. TCR alpha chain expression, however, appears to be less strictly regulated, as endogenous TCR alpha chains are often found in association with transgenic TCR beta chains in TCR alpha/beta transgenic mice. This finding, coupled with the unique structure of the TCR alpha locus, has led to the suggestion that unlike TCR beta and immunoglobulin heavy chain genes, TCR alpha genes may make multiple rearrangements on each chromosome. In the current study, we demonstrate that the majority of TCR-, noncycling thymocytes spontaneously acquire surface expression of CD3/TCR. Further, we show that cultured immature thymocytes originally expressing specific TCR alpha and beta chains may lose surface expression of the original TCR alpha, but not beta chains. These data provide evidence that not only must multiple rearrangements occur, but that TCR alpha gene rearrangement continues even after surface expression of a TCR alpha/beta heterodimer, apparently until the recombination process is halted by positive selection, or the cell dies. Sequential rearrangement of TCR alpha chain genes facilitates enhanced production of useful thymocytes, by increasing the frequency of production of both in-frame rearrangements and positively selectable TCR alpha/beta heterodimers.
Occupational exposure of workers to 1,3-butadiene.
Authors: J M Fajen, D R Roberts, L J Ungers, E R Krishnan
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

Researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducted an extent-of-exposure study of the 1,3-butadiene monomer, polymer, and end-user industries to determine the size of the exposed workforce, evaluate control technologies and personal protective equipment programs, and assess occupational exposure to 1,3-butadiene. A new analytical method was developed for 1,3-butadiene that increased the sensitivity and selectivity of the previous NIOSH method. The new method is sensitive to 0.2 microgram per 1,3-butadiene sample. Walk-through surveys were conducted in 11 monomer, 17 polymer, and 2 end-user plants. In-depth industrial hygiene surveys were conducted at 4 monomer, 5 polymer, and 2 end-user plants. Airborne exposure concentrations of 1,3-butadiene were determined using personal sampling for each job category. A total of 692 full shift and short-term personnel and 259 area air samples were examined for the presence of 1,3-butadiene. Sample results indicated that all worker exposures were well below the current OSHA PEL of 1000 ppm. Exposures ranged from less than 0.006 ppm to 374 ppm. The average exposure for all samples was less than 2 ppm. The present American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value for 1,3-butadiene is 10 ppm. To reduce the potential for occupational exposure, it is recommended that quality control sampling be conducted using a closed loop system. Also all process pumps should be retrofitted with dual mechanical seals, magnetic gauges should be used in loading and unloading rail cars, and engineering controls should be designed for safely voiding quality control cylinders.
The Aggressive War on Acute Myocardial Infarction: Is the Blitzkrieg Strategy Changing?
Authors: Melvin D. Cheitlin
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Evolution in the treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction has taken us, within a brief period of less than 40 years, from impotent observation to aggressive invasive intervention designed to open suddenly occluded coronary arteries. The attack on the patient with acute myocardial infarction, requiring sophisticated catheterization facilities and personnel immediately available at all times, takes on many of the attributes of battlefield evacuation, complete with helicopters and pseudo-MASH units. The concept that led to this approach was the resuscitation of the idea that thrombus over a plaque was the most important mechanism of sudden obstruction in transmural myocardial infarction. Chazov et al<sup>1</sup>in the Soviet Union were the first to demonstrate fibrinolysis by intracoronary streptokinase. Rentrop et al<sup>2</sup>stimulated general interest in intracoronary thrombolysis. Later, Schroder et al<sup>3</sup>demonstrated that the occluded coronary artery could be opened by intravenous streptokinase. The first randomized, controlled study
Evaluation of a patient education manual.
Authors: J E Anderson, D C Morrell, A J Avery, C J Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1980)

A randomised controlled trial has shown that introducing a health education booklet describing the management of six common symptoms resulted in fewer consultations for the symptoms described by families receiving this booklet compared with a control group. A sample of the mothers in each group was subsequently followed up by an interview, at which a questionnaire was administered. This was designed to measure the mother9s knowledge of the management of the symptoms described. The booklet did not lead to any increase in knowledge in the mothers receiving it. The questionnaire did, however, show that 76% of the mother had consulted the booklet at some time in the year of the study and 28% had consulted it in the three months before interview. The important result was a fall in the new request for care for the symptoms described in the booklet. This may be interpreted as indicating that what patients need to respond appropriately to common symptoms of illness is a simple reference manual rather than an educational programme designed to increase their knowledge about the management of illness.
Uremic Pleural Effusion
Authors: HERBERT W. BERGER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

During a 21/2-year period, studies were done on 14 patients with chronic renal failure to evaluate pleural effusions which we believe were secondary to the uremic process. The patients with uremic pleural effusions closely resembled those in the group with chronic renal failure as a whole with respect to diagnosis and clinical features. Fever and pericarditis were noted in half the patients. The pleural fluid appeared serosanguineous or hemorrhagic in 10 of 14 patients and contained a predominance of lymphocytes more often than of neutrophils. Elevated protein and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels gave the effusion characteristics of an exudate. Pleural tissue obtained by pleural biopsy or autopsy showed chronic fibrinous pleuritis in every patient. With continued dialysis the effusions resolved in 4 to 6 weeks after thoracentesis in 11 patients and recurred in 3 patients.
Two common PFIC2 mutations are associated with the impaired membrane trafficking of BSEP/ABCB11
Authors: Hisamitsu Hayashi, Tappei Takada, Hiroshi Suzuki, Hidetaka Akita, Yuichi Sugiyama
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2) is caused by a mutation in the bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) gene. However, the mechanisms for the deficiency in the function of two mutations (E297G and D482G), which are frequently found in European patients, have not yet been identified. In the present study, we examined the transport activity and cellular localization of these two mutants in human embryonic kidney 293 and Madin-Darby canine kidney II cells, respectively. Introduction of E297G and D482G mutations into the human BSEP gene by site-directed mutagenesis resulted in a significant reduction in the BSEP expression level, which was associated with impaired membrane trafficking. Most of the D482G BSEP and some of the E297G BSEP underwent only core glycosylation and appeared to be predominantly located in the endoplasmic reticulum. The inhibition of proteasome function by MG132 resulted in the cellular accumulation of the core glycosylation form of the two mutants. In contrast, transport studies for taurocholate and glycocholate with membrane vesicles isolated from complementary DNA–transfected cells indicated that both mutations did not significantly affect the transport function of BSEP per se. In conclusion, E297G and D482G mutations result in impaired membrane trafficking, whereas the transport functions of these mutants remain largely unchanged. (HEPATOLOGY 2005;41:916–924.)
Elevated Serum Total Renin Is Insensitive in Detecting Incipient Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Irma H Matinlauri, Tapani Rönnemaa, Pertti J Koskinen, Maija A Aalto, Jorma S A Viikari, Kwrttu M A Irjala
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

OBJECTIVE To assess the influence of incipient diabetic nephropathy on the levels of total renin in serum. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Fifty-five adult patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were examined in a cross-sectional study. The main outcome measures were serum total renin concentration and urinary albumin excretion rate. RESULTS The total renin concentrations in serum were significantly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) higher in 12 patients with microalbuminuria than in 43 patients without albuminuria, but this difference was significant only in men. There was a significant but weak positive correlation between urinary albumin excretion rate and serum total renin concentration in all patients (r = 0.412, P &amp;lt; 0.05, n = 55), but the sensitivity of high serum concentrations of total renin in detecting incipient nephropathy was low (17%). In the study group, two of the three patients suffering from proliferative retinopathy had the highest total renin concentrations in serum. CONCLUSIONS Microalbuminuric patients have higher mean serum total renin concentrations than normoalbuminuric patients, but because of low sensitivity, high total renin concentration cannot be used for screening incipient diabetic nephropathy.