tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment and Stroke
Authors: Richard A. Neubauer
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Regarding the recent answer to a question on hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy and stroke (1981;245:1873), I think that the scientific documentation for this form of treatment could have been more fully stated. In the patient with acute stroke, cerebral edema may cause transtentorial herniation, impaired cerebral blood flow, and death.<sup>1</sup>Indeed, cerebral edema is one of the major factors in a poor outcome for stroke patients. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been demonstrated to be a viable treatment for acute cerebral edema,<sup>2</sup>and its use for this purpose is recommended by the Undersea Medical Society and paid for by Medicare. Brain damage in stroke patients may be further reduced by the increased oxygen delivery, a physiological effect of HBO therapy that is also well documented. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy also dramatically reduces RBC agglutination, which could improve cerebral blood flow.<sup>3</sup> Early studies of the use of
Inhibition of the activation of nuclear factor kappa B to reduce myocardial reperfusion injury and infarct size
Authors: C THIEMERMANN
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2004)

See article by Onai et al. [6] (pages 51–59) in this issue. 

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in the induction of genes involved in physiological processes as well as in the response to injury and inflammation. The process leading to the activation of NF-κB requires phosphorylation of an inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) by IκB kinase (IKK), resulting in degradation of IκB by the 26S proteasome. This allows the translocation of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus, where the heterodimer binds to a response element in the promotor region of specific target genes. Activation of NF-κB induces gene programs leading to the transcription of factors that promote inflammation (i.e. adhesion molecules, cytokines and chemokines) but may also importantly contribute to tissue remodelling, the resolution of inflammation, and transcription of genes whose products have anti-inflammatory effects. Most notably, activation of NF-κB appears to play a significant role in the pathophysiology of endothelial dysfunction, unstable angina pectoris, acute myocardial infarction and heart failure [1–3]. In addition, prevention of the activation of NF-κB has been attributed to at least some of the beneficial effects of certain beta-blockers and statins [4 5].

In this issue of Cardiovascular Research, Onai et al. [6] report that a novel inhibitor of the activation of NF-κB (IMD-0354) reduces myocardial infarct size in the rat. Using an NF-κB–IKKβ reporter assay in human hepatoma cells transfected with a constitutively active mutant of IKKβ, the authors report that concentrations of less than 1 … 

*Tel.: +44-207-9826199l; fax: +44-207-2511685. Email address: c.thiemermann{at}qmul.ac.uk
On the need for conscious control and conceptual understanding
Authors: Stuart Marcovitch, Philip David Zelazo
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

The dynamic systems approach simulates a wide range of effects and generates novel predictions, but it fails to explain age-related behavioral changes in psychological terms. We argue that the roles of conscious control and explicit knowledge must be addressed in any model of A-not-B performance, and a fortiori, in any model of goal-directed action.
Statistician's comment
Authors: S. Evans
Journal: BMJ (1996)

EDITOR,—The idea of the “fail safe N” is to some degree sound, but there are two problems with it as an approach to the issue of publication bias. Firstly, it is a crude method for testing whether a significant result of meta-analysis can be made not significant by the addition of N studies that have an average null effect. This overemphasises the importance of statistical significance, which …
HYPERTROPHIC CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER WITH JAUNDICE.
Authors: T. J. WILLIAMS
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The patient who died of this affection at the County Hospital last January, was a white woman of Irish extraction, 40 years old, married, having several living healthy children, and an exceptionally good family history. She had malaria and rheumatism several years ago but neither of these confined her to her bed, and she considered that she had had unusually good health up to one year before she came into the hospital, when she first noticed a dull heavy pain in her right side, about the border of her ribs, and became jaundiced. But all the symptoms of this attack passed away without any treatment, and she felt fairly well except for occasional vomiting spells, until toward the end of November, when she was again attacked with the same dull pain in the region of the liver and became yellow. December 21, she came to the hospital and stated that
How soon after myocardial infarction should plasma lipid values be assessed?
Authors: J Rubies-Prat, J Joven
Journal: BMJ (1985)

SIR,-Dr Rosalind Maskell postulated that the decline in resistance to trimethoprim resulted from a decrease in the use of tri- methoprim alone as compared with co- trimoxazole.The rationale behind this may Resistance to trimethoprim of Enterobacteriaceae from acute urinary tract infections infamily practice and the prescribing intentions of general practitioners Total No (",.)No of prescriptions for: No of resistant to organisms trimethoprim Co-trimoxazole
Primary Chemoprevention of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis with Sulindac
Authors: Francis M. Giardiello, Vincent W. Yang, Linda M. Hylind, Anne J. Krush, Gloria M. Petersen, Jill D. Trimbath, Steven Piantadosi, Elizabeth Garrett, Deborah E. Geiman, Walter Hubbard, G. Johan A. Offerhaus, Stanley R. Hamilton
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Familial adenomatous polyposis is caused by a germ-line mutation in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene and is characterized by the development of hundreds of colorectal adenomas and, eventually, colorectal cancer. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs can cause regression of adenomas, but whether they can prevent adenomas is unknown.
Lipoprotein Particle Profiles by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Compared With Standard Lipids and Apolipoproteins in Predicting Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Women
Authors: Samia Mora, James D. Otvos, Nader Rifai, Robert S. Rosenson, Julie E. Buring, Paul M Ridker
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measures the number and size of lipoprotein particles instead of their cholesterol or triglyceride content, but its clinical utility is uncertain. Methods and Results— Baseline lipoproteins were measured by NMR in 27 673 initially healthy women followed up for incident cardiovascular disease (n=1015) over an 11-year period. After adjustment for nonlipid risk factors, hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the top versus the bottom quintile of NMR-measured lipoprotein particle concentration (measured in particles per liter) were 2.51 (1.91 to 3.30) for low-density lipoprotein (LDL NMR ), 0.91 (0.75 to 1.12) for high-density lipoprotein (HDL NMR ), 1.71 (1.38 to 2.12) for very low–density lipoprotein (VLDL NMR ), and 2.25 (1.80 to 2.81) for the LDL NMR /HDL NMR ratio. Similarly adjusted results for NMR-measured lipoprotein particle size (measured in nanometers) were 0.64 (0.52 to 0.79) for LDL NMR size, 0.65 (0.51 to 0.81) for HDL NMR size, and 1.37 (1.10 to 1.70) for VLDL NMR size. Hazard ratios for NMR measures were comparable but not superior to standard lipids (total cholesterol 2.08 [1.63 to 2.67], LDL cholesterol 1.74 [1.40 to 2.16], HDL cholesterol 0.52 [0.42 to 0.64], triglycerides 2.58 [1.95 to 3.41], non-HDL cholesterol 2.52 [1.95 to 3.25], total/HDL cholesterol ratio 2.82 [2.23 to 3.58]) and apolipoproteins (B 100 2.57 [1.98 to 3.33], A-1 0.63 [0.52 to 0.77], and B 100 /A-1 ratio 2.79 [2.21 to 3.54]). Essentially no reclassification improvement was found with the addition of the LDL NMR particle concentration or apolipoprotein B 100 to a model that already included the total/HDL cholesterol ratio and nonlipid risk factors (net reclassification index 0% and 1.9%, respectively), nor did the addition of either variable result in a statistically significant improvement in the c-index. Conclusions— In this prospective study of healthy women, cardiovascular disease risk prediction associated with lipoprotein profiles evaluated by NMR was comparable but not superior to that of standard lipids or apolipoproteins.
Specialists, Technology, and Newborns — Too Much of a Good Thing
Authors: Kevin Grumbach
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

A joyous event at a hospital is a reunion of the “graduates” of the neonatal intensive care unit. The 1000-g preemie who spent the first two months of her life breathing with the help of a ventilator is now captain of her third-grade soccer team. The boy born with cyanotic congenital heart disease has survived a series of operations and is now playing piano in recitals. These stories have a powerful symbolic role in the culture of American medicine, celebrating the accomplishments of advanced forms of technology in the hands of specialized members of the hospital staff and physicians.If . . .
Obstetric history of diabetics: its relevance to the aetiology of diabetes.
Authors: J M Steel, R S Gray, B F Clarke
Journal: BMJ (1979)

The birth weights of infants born to patients with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDD) and insulin-independent diabetes (IID) before the disease was diagnosed were compared. An appreciable excess of infants above the 90th centile for weight was found, the proportions being 27% of infants born to mothers with IDD and 30% of those born to mothers with IID. These findings suggest that many patients with both types of diabetes have a prolonged period of metabolic abnormality before overt symptoms of diabetes arise and that the apparent acute onset of the disease in patients who are insulin dependent is illusory.
Measurement of Heart Chamber Volumes by Analysis of Dilution Curves Simultaneously Recorded by Scintillation Camera
Authors: YASUSHI ISHII, WILLIAM J. MACINTYRE
Journal: Circulation (1971)

After a peripheral injection of Technetium-99 m , an Anger scintillation camera placed over the precordium of nine patients without and three patients with hemodynamic abnormalities was used to record in rapid sequence the flow of the injected material through the central circulatory system. After the data were processed as sequential frames of digitized spatial matrices, the position of various chambers or compartments was identified and dilution curves from six sites were obtained, providing a series of input-output relations through the central circulatory system, i.e., superior vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, lung, left atrium, and left ventricle. These relations were assumed to be cascaded as a series of first order lag systems, with or without time delay, on an analog computer, which allowed estimation of the time constant of the transfer function of each chamber or compartment (volume/flow) by reducing the problem to a consecutive, one-parametric manipulation. Measurement of the flow rate through the series (cardiac output) permitted the volume of each chamber to be estimated. Results correlated well with mean values established by other methods.
ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE MENINGOCOCCUS IN THE PRESENT EPIDEMIC OF CEREBROSPINAL MENINGITIS IN BELFAST
Authors: Wm. St. C. Symmers, W. J. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1907)

TM2 M=h 1417 hydrate may vary within fairly wide limits, not only in different individuals, but in the same individual.The important point to consider is whether, with ordinary diet, the urine always contains a small excess of sugar.If it does so, the case is suspicious, and the ultimate prognosis very doubtful-probably bad.If the sugar is of but temporary occurrence, it can be said that in the majority of cases its presence is of no importance.This temporary increase of sugar is often observed in cases of mental dis- turbance.The teaching that urines containing sugar are of high specific gravity, while generally true, is not always so.In connexion with this, it is interesting to note that a sample kindly sent me by Dr. A. W. Macintosh, of the Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, contained about 1 per cent.sugar, and yet the specific gravity was, on passing, only 1005, and aftpr cooling, 1010.On the other band, urines of high specific gravity, such as 1030, suggest at once a suspicion as to the probable presence of sugar.This, of course, is the ordinary textbook statement, but, unfortunately, is often misleading.lf, on testing such a urine with Fehling's solution, a modified reaction is obtained, this is often held as con-
Progress in Cardiology
Authors: Richard J. Jones
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The seventh in the series of annual reviews by two distinguished editors, this volume encompasses eight chapters on the following topics: cardiac embryology, reflex cardiovascular control, catecholamines and the ECG, dietary and pharmacologic causes of pulmonary hypertension, viral myocarditis, hypertension and angina pectoris, new surgical procedures for congenital heart disease, and recent advances in peripheral vascular disease of the lower limb. This interesting assortment of topics, some theoretical and others practical, should interest cardiologists. The first half of the book covers the first two topics in depth. These two chapters are scholarly and comprehensive but are of limited interest to practicing cardiologists. By contrast, the report by Taggart, Carruthers, and Somerville on the ECG response to the emotional stimuli of automobile racing, city driving, public speaking, parachute jumping, mountain climbing, and their relationship to catecholamines is helpful to clinicians. Elsewhere Heath and Kay note the effects of pyrrolidine alkaloids on
P103 The practice of prescription of long-term oxygen therapy to patients who continue to smoke
Authors: C. K. Y. Lee, J. Noble, D. A. Wales, R. M. Jones
Journal: Thorax (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Although patients who receive long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) are discouraged from smoking, a substantial proportion of active smokers receive this therapy. There is limited published guidance addressing this issue. <h3>Methods</h3> The authors designed a questionnaire consisting of six multiple choice type questions based on the practice of the prescription of LTOT, particularly focusing on the provision of LTOT to active smokers. This was sent to all consultant respiratory physicians in Wales. <h3>Results</h3> 35 out of 45 (73%) questionnaires were returned. 17 physicians (49%) did not prescribe LTOT to active smokers, whereas 18 (51%) did. For those who did not prescribe LTOT to smokers, this was according to departmental policy in 9 (53%) and personal practice in 8 (47%). In this group, all respondents stated the reason for not prescribing oxygen was due to risk of harm to the individual, with the majority (88%) also citing risk to other household members. Other reasons included the reduced likelihood of benefit and effectiveness in smokers (35%) and as an incentive to smoking cessation. 7 (41%) of this group would consider prescribing oxygen to smokers as palliation for severe hypoxia and malignancy. Of the physicians who prescribed LTOT to active smokers, 16 (89%) felt there was existing evidence suggesting benefit in both smokers and non-smokers. 10 (55%) of this group considered it unethical to deny patients LTOT and 11 (61%) felt it was the responsibility of individual patients. LTOT was prescribed only after risk and capacity assessment. Contraindications to prescribing LTOT in this group included cognitive impairment and inability to comprehend the risks. 22 (63%) regularly monitored patients9 smoking status while on LTOT. Of these, the majority (68%) did so by history alone. 6 (27%) performed Carbon Monoxide monitoring. 31 respondents (89%) routinely counselled patients on risks of fire and burns with continued smoking on LTOT. 22 respondents (63%) had seen burns or injuries from smoking with LTOT on at least one occasion. <h3>Conclusion</h3> There are substantial variations in practice among respiratory physicians across Wales and likely nationwide. National guidance on this particular issue needs to be addressed to ensure standardisation of care.
Several types of mutations of the Abl gene can be found in chronic myeloid leukemia patients resistant to STI571, and they can pre-exist to the onset of treatment
Authors: Catherine Roche-Lestienne, Valerie Soenen-Cornu, Nathalie Grardel-Duflos, Jean-Luc Laı̈, Nathalie Philippe, Thierry Facon, Pierre Fenaux, Claude Preudhomme
Journal: Blood (2002)
THE AXIS OF ASTIGMATISM.
Authors: J. HERBERT CLAIBORNE
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Twelve years ago<sup>1</sup>I presented some views on the axis of astigmatism. Those views consisted partly of propositions to be verified or denied by experience, partly of facts as developed in my practice. I set forth the initial proposition that the axis of astigmatism does not occur at haphazard, that there is a regularity in its occurrence in a given eye, and that there is a certain definite relationship between the axes in two eyes when both happen to be astigmatic. The experience of the last twelve years has amply verified both the propositions and the facts set forth at that time. This experience embraces 1,176 cases of astigmatism taken from my private practice. I desire to state that I shall employ the nomenclature indicated by the trial frames ordinarily in use, in which the circle is divided into halves of 180° each, with the 0° starting on the
Influence of methimazole on murine thyroiditis. Evidence for immunosuppression in vivo.
Authors: T F Davies, I Weiss, M A Gerber
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Thionamide drugs are immunosuppressives in vitro. To examine this action in vivo, A/J mice were immunized with human thyroglobulin (hTg) (0.5 mg intraperitoneal injections for 5 d) beginning on days 6, 24, and 43 with or without methimazole (M) (0.05%) and l-thyroxine (T4) (0.1 micrograms/ml to prevent thyroid hypertrophy) in their water supply. Groups (n = 8) were killed on days 37, 42, and 59. Spontaneous splenic IgG-secreting cells determined by Staphylococcus protein A-linked sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) via indirect plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay indicated polyclonal stimulation induced by the hTg exposure (controls = 2,285 +/- 599, hTg-only = 5,570 +/- 470 PFC per 10(6) spleen cells), but this was significantly reduced in the M plus T4-treated group (3,640 +/- 415 PFC, P = 0.05). hTg antibody was measured by specific PFC assay using hTg-linked SRBC. Anti-hTg PFC were absent in controls and were 147 +/- 41, 25 +/- 8, and 173 +/- 58 PFC per 10(6) spleen cells in the hTg-only groups on days 37, 42, and 59, respectively. Anti-hTg PFC results in the M plus T4-treated animals were significantly reduced to 0, 15 +/- 5, and 63 +/- 30 anti-hTg PFC. Histological examination revealed a marked thyroiditis in hTg-only animals and a significantly reduced degree of mononuclear cell infiltration and follicular destruction in the M plus T4-treated groups (graded 1.9 compared with 3.6 in hTg-only P = less than 0.01). Examination of IgG deposition using fluorescent anti-mouse IgG revealed a similar granular pattern and degree of staining in both immunized groups. Control animals that received concurrent T4 administration alone showed similar hTg-induced murine thyroiditis to non-T4-treated animals and could not explain the apparent immunosuppression observed. In conclusion, these data demonstrated that M reduced both the splenic immune response and the degree of thyroiditis after heterologous Tg immunization, while a quantitative difference in the circulating and intrathyroidally deposited Tg antibody was not detected.
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I subtypes. Presence of immunologically cross-reactive material and in vitro enhancement of the residual alpha-L-iduronidase activities.
Authors: E H Schuchman, R J Desnick
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The enzymatic and immunologic properties of the defective residual alpha-L-iduronidase activities were investigated in fibroblast extracts from the three subtypes of mucopolysaccharidosis type I, Hurler (MPS IH), Scheie (MPS IS), and Hurler-Scheie (MPS IH-S) diseases. Using 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-iduronide (4MU-alpha-Id), the activities in fibroblast extracts from all three subtypes were less than 0.1% of normal. Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with monospecific rabbit anti-human alpha-L-iduronidase polyclonal antibodies, as well as immunoblots using a monoclonal antibody, revealed the presence of cross-reactive immunologic material (CRIM) in extracts prepared from each subtype. When the samples were equalized for beta-hexosaminidase A activity, 38-105% of normal enzyme protein was detected. The sequential addition of cystamine, MgCl2 and pyridoxal phosphate increased the residual 4MU-alpha-Id activities in subtype extracts up to about 35% of normal mean fibroblast activity. Cystamine, MgCl2 or pyridoxal phosphate alone enhanced the residual activities two- to fourfold, whereas the sequential addition of all three compounds was required for maximal effect. Of the six B6 vitamers evaluated, only the negatively charged forms, pyridoxamine (PLN), pyridoxamine phosphate (PNP), and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), stimulated the residual activities. The addition of dermatan sulfate or heparan sulfate to the subtype extracts, followed by treatment with the effector compounds, similarly inhibited both the normal and enhanced MPS I activities. Heat inactivation experiments confirmed the fact that the mutant iduronidase activity was reconstituted and that the observed increase in enzymatic activity was not an artifact of the fluorogenic assay. These results suggest that the presence of certain thiol reducing agents, divalent cations and negatively charged B6 vitamers can alter the conformation of the mutant alpha-L-iduronidase in vitro such that the hydrolysis of 4MU-alpha-Id is enhanced into the heterozygote range.
Poisonous Snake Bites in New England
Authors: Henry M. Parrish, Robin F. Badgley, Carole A. Carr
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

ALTHOUGH poisonous snakes are indigenous to New England there have been few recent reports of poisonous snake bites there. Chotkowski1 described 2 patients bitten by copperhead moccasins in Connecticut in 1947 and 1949, but he doubted if physicians in New England frequently encountered snake-bite poisoning. Of 71 deaths resulting from snake-venom poisoning in the United States from 1950 through 1954, none were reported from the New England States.2 There are no reliable statistics on the incidence of poisonous snake bites in the United States. Willson,3 in 1908, analyzed 740 cases, of which 440 were collected from the literature and the . . .
Health Policies in Developing Countries
Authors: V. S. Raleigh
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Ed Anne Mills, Anthony B Zwi (Special issue of the Journal of International Development, Vol 7, No 3, published by Wiley, Chichester, pounds sterling13.50) ISSN 0954 1748

The current polemics of health sector reform and health service financing are not confined to developed countries. Rapid political and economic changes, and advancing medical technologies, have compelled major shifts in health policy in middle and low income countries, bringing large scale structural adjustments in their wake.

Key players in the process of health sector reform in less developed countries are the external donors, especially international institutions such as WHO, UNICEF and the World Bank. Under the title Health Policies in Developing Countries, the Journal …
Doctors bad behaviour makes nurses quit
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Bad behaviour by doctors has a major impact on nurses' job satisfaction, says new research.

Disruptive behaviour by doctors and the institution's way of dealing with it are contributing factors in the morale of nurses and their decisions to leave their positions. It may also have an effect on patient outcomes and healthcare costs.

According to the study, reported in the American Journal of Nursing (2002;102:26-34) one in three nurses know …