tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Textbook of Clinical Neuropharmacology and Therapeutics
Authors: Gregory S. Connor
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Congratulations are due to the editors and contributors of this multiauthored text. While emphasis is on the neuropharmacology of agents used in the wide spectrum of neurologic disorders, practical clinical issues are more than adequately addressed. Welcome additions to this second edition are several chapters on infectious diseases.  The chapters are compact and well written and accompanied by references that are up to date and clinically oriented. The tables are quite useful, especially those on anticonvulsant interactions and the classification of myoclonus. Given the expertise of the editors, it is not surprising that the strength of this book lies in the chapters on movement disorders. That on Parkinson's disease is particularly good, and the information on hemiballismus is not widely available elsewhere. The text deals with esoteric subjects, such as chelating agents, periodic paralysis, and plant toxins, with equal skill. A particularly useful chapter addresses the complications of steroids and
Flat lesion detection as a surrogate for colonoscopy quality
Authors: Juan Lasa, Saúl Berman, David Zagalsky
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

We read with interest the article by Reinhart et al. [1] on the prevalence of colonic flat lesions, their malignant potential, and the correlation between flat polyps and adenoma detection rate (ADR). Much attention has focused on the reduction of colonic lesion miss rates. It is true, as the authors highlighted, that the ADR has gained a pivotal role as a colonoscopy quality index [2]. However, other quality measures, such as polyp detection rate, have been proposed [3]. The main advantage of the polyp detection rate is that its calculation is easier for the endoscopist because it does not require the histopathology of the lesion to be known.
Structure-Function of the G Protein–Coupled Receptor Superfamily
Authors: Vsevolod Katritch, Vadim Cherezov, Raymond C. Stevens
Journal: The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology (2012)

During the past few years, crystallography of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has experienced exponential growth, resulting in the determination of the structures of 16 distinct receptors-9 of them in 2012 alone. Including closely related subtype homology models, this coverage amounts to approximately 12% of the human GPCR superfamily. The adrenergic, rhodopsin, and adenosine receptor systems are also described by agonist-bound active-state structures, including a structure of the receptor-G protein complex for the β(2)-adrenergic receptor. Biochemical and biophysical techniques, such as nuclear magnetic resonance and hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled with mass spectrometry, are providing complementary insights into ligand-dependent dynamic equilibrium between different functional states. Additional details revealed by high-resolution structures illustrate the receptors as allosteric machines that are controlled not only by ligands but also by ions, lipids, cholesterol, and water. This wealth of data is helping redefine our knowledge of how GPCRs recognize such a diverse array of ligands and how they transmit signals 30 angstroms across the cell membrane; it also is shedding light on a structural basis of GPCR allosteric modulation and biased signaling.
Deputising general practitioners' role in emergencies
Authors: J N Rawlinson
Journal: BMJ (1995)

suggesting that their peer review is relatively straightforward, but low concordance for the rest.Quality checklists available in the literature5 are inadequate to assess the wide variety of types of economic submissions as they are aimed at economic evaluations, which possibly make up a minority of the literature.More thought needs to be devoted to the importance and assessment of economic studies and other economic papers.
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare: Another Scourge for Individuals With the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Henry Masur
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The<i>Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare</i>complex (MAC) is a commonly encountered group of environmental contaminants that are recognized to cause localized lung disease, particularly in persons in the southeastern United States who have preexisting lung disease. The rarity of human MAC disease has indicated that these organisms are relatively avirulent, yet it is hardly surprising that a few immunosuppressed adults (about 14) and children (about 18) have been described during the years to have had disseminated MAC disease. In this issue, Zakowski and colleagues (p 2980) verified the occurrence of disseminated disease in five homosexual males with acquired immunodeficiency (AID) syndrome, all recognized within a nine-month period at one institution. This sudden occurrence of five cases in conjunction with similar observations from several other institutions raises intriguing questions about the epidemiology and pathogenicity of MAC.<sup>1</sup> The MAC is present in dust, dirt, fresh water, ocean water, and animal feed.<sup>2</sup>These
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Rebecca C. Lancefield, Walter A. Stewart
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1944)

1. Group A hemolytic streptococci have been described which do not agglutinate in anti-T serum because they lack T antigen. 2. Other strains occur which contain T antigen yet do not agglutinate in anti-T serum because T agglutination is blocked by the presence of large amounts of M substance in the streptococci. 3. Strains belonging to a number of types have been analyzed to determine their antigenic composition with respect to M and T antigens.
Clinical, histological, and virological features of hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal or abnormal alanine transaminase levels
Authors: C Puoti
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

This study was aimed to evaluate demographic, clinical, histological, and virological characteristics of 46 hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriers with persistently normal alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and to compare the results with those obtained in a group of 52 HCV-RNA-positive patients with elevated ALT levels. Subjects with normal ALT were more often females (P < .001), were more likely to be asymptomatic (P < .001), and have a lower incidence of risk factors for HCV transmission (P < .01). All patients with normal ALT had significant histological liver damage. The mean grading and staging did not differ between patients with normal and those with raised ALT concentrations. Moderate to severe hepatitis was more frequently found among subjects with normal than with elevated ALT. HCV genotype 2a was far more common in subjects with normal (43%) than with abnormal ALT levels (6%; P < .002), genotype 1b being more frequent in these latter (50% vs. 17%; P < .001). Patients with normal ALT levels had similar serum HCV-RNA titers than subjects with raised ALT. Neither HCV genotype distribution nor viral load correlated with the severity of liver damage. We conclude that significant liver disease may occur irrespective of clinical symptoms, ALT levels, HCV genotypes, and viral load.
Can Practice Guidelines Reduce Malpractice Claims?
Authors: Peter G. Goldschmidt
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —The article by Garnick et al 1 is a useful summary of an important topic, the potential effect of practice guidelines on malpractice claims.  Professional liability claims are a crude and inefficient way to assure the quality of medical practice and to compensate patients for bad outcomes. Bad outcomes may result from inappropriate process or improper implementation, or may occur despite appropriate processes implemented properly. Compensation for the latter is a social-justice, not a quality-of-care, issue. We know from industrial examples that building quality into the product is far preferable to postproduction inspection to identify products that are meeting standards. Malpractice claims are the ultimate inspection. They generate fear, manifested in defensive medicine, and offer few incentives to assure quality. Practice guidelines offer enormous potential to improve practice, to reduce avoidable bad outcomes and, possibly, eventually to reduce malpractice claims.  In assumption 1, the authors describe a
An Immunological Factor in Determining the Prognosis of Glomerulonephritis.
Authors: Norman C. Kramer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

s1 May 1967An Immunological Factor in Determining the Prognosis of Glomerulonephritis.Norman C. Kramer, M.D. (Associate), Iluminado A. Cruz, M.D., Alvin E. Parrish, M.D., F.A.C.P.Norman C. Kramer, M.D. (Associate)Search for more papers by this author, Iluminado A. Cruz, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Alvin E. Parrish, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1051_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptPrevious investigations from this laboratory, using a latex particle agglutination technique for demonstrating a circulating antihuman kidney antibody (AHK) in glomerulonephritis have shown the presence of this antibody only in patients evidencing glomerulonephritis. The present study represents an evaluation of the prognostic value of this antikidney antibody in patients with glomerulonephritis. In 581 patients examined who had a variety of renal or immunological diseases, 107 patients demonstrated a positive antikidney antibody titer. A significant titer could not be demonstrated in patients having diseases other than glomerulonephritis or in 25 normal young adults. A significant titer was found in 66% of... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Washington, D. C. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1051-1051KeywordsGlomerulonephritisLatexRenal circulationRenal diseasesResearch laboratoriesYoung adults Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Infantile cutaneous ideas
Authors: J.A. Cotterill
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

Disturbances in body image are important in dermatological practice. Thus, patients with either trichotillomania or artefactual dermatitis may modify their body image in the hope of attracting the attention of others, whilst patients with dysmorphophobia have a more fundamental delusional defect of body image. Body image is partly abstract, partly intellectual and perceptual and capable of modification by social factors such as advertising. Unfortunately, the public at large has a mediaeval percept about the structure and function of skin, whilst the cosmetic industry remains happy to build on to these unrealistic concepts. Thus, cosmetic advertising demands that the mature woman in 1987 should have plenty of hair on her head, but none on her face, under her arms or on her legs. Her skin should be free from grease, spots and wrinkles and, moreover, should be odourless. She should be thin, with inconspicuous breasts. In short, her skin should be prepubertal and her skin care therefore infantile. A large gap exists between these aspirations and reality and this type of advertising pressure may be at least in part responsible for cosmetic neurosis and may also play some part in the pathogenesis of cosmetic‐based psychosis.
Tissue Engineering: Anisotropic Cellular Network Formation in Engineered Muscle Tissue through the Self‐Organization of Neurons and Endothelial Cells (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 3/2015)
Authors: Hironobu Takahashi, Tatsuya Shimizu, Masamichi Nakayama, Masayuki Yamato, Teruo Okano
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2015)

A technique for organizing tissue anisotropy in engineered tissue is necessary for advanced-biomedical technologies. On page 356 T. Shimizu and colleagues find that an anisotropic environment composed of multiple myoblast sheets triggers the self-organization of neurons and endothelial cells, resulting in the formation of oriented cellular networks in the tissue construct. This unique approach is useful for mimicking micro-structures in native muscle tissue, required for future advances in regenerative medicine.
Synchronous chemoradiation for squamous carcinomas
Authors: J. S Tobias
Journal: BMJ (2001)

For many decades the primary treatment for common cancers has mostly been radical surgical resection (for example, for cancers of the large bowel, lung (non-small cell), kidney) or radical radiotherapy for inoperable cases or when tissue preservation is desirable and the cancer sufficiently radiosensitive (for example, cancers of the head and neck, notably larynx). Surgery and radical radiotherapy are sometimes competitors, but in other cancers (such as breast cancer) limited surgical intervention and radiotherapy used conjointly can offer the best compromise between the twin requirements of excellent local control with tissue preservation and near perfect cosmesis. Over the past few years a quiet revolution has been taking place, dramatically altering the treatment options in a surprisingly large proportion of patients with solid tumours. For patients with a squamous primary cancer at most of the common sites it is increasingly clear that traditional treatment with surgical excision, radiation therapy—or both—no longer offers the best possible choice.

Giving chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting—shortly after completion of primary surgery or radiation therapy—has often been regarded as the best possible use of this valuable but demanding …
Reversibility of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy after cure of incessant supraventricular tachycardia
Authors: Fernando E.S. Cruz, Emile C. Cheriex, Joep L.R.M. Smeets, Jacob Atié, Ayrton K. Peres, Olaf C.K.M. Penn, Pedro Brugada, Hein J.J. Wellens
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Raloxifene can cut fracture risk
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Raloxifene, a drug taken to prevent osteoporosis, has been found to increase bone mineral density in the spine and hip and to reduce spinal fracture in postmenopausal women with the disease, according to a new study. Researchers studied 7705 women aged 31 to 80 to determine the effect of raloxifene treatment on the risk of vertebral and non-vertebral fractures …
Value of Combining Activated Brain FDG-PET and Cardiac MIBG for the Differential Diagnosis of Dementia
Authors: Sergio L. Schmidt, Patricia L. Correa, Julio C. Tolentino, Alex C. Manhães, Renata M. Felix, Jader C. Azevedo, Gustavo B. Barbirato, Marcelo H. F. Mendes, Yolanda Boechat, Herbert Cabral, Guilherme J. Schmidt, Hans F. Dohmann, Claudio T. Mesquita
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common cause of dementia. The diagnosis of DLB is particularly important because these patients show good response to cholinesterase inhibitors. Clinical and neuroimaging criteria for DLB have not been acceptable for predictive accuracy. We report a case of progressive dementia in which the differentiation of DLB and Alzheimer disease (AD) on the basis of clinical criteria alone was not possible. The patient was admitted to the hospital because he became worse after he had started treatment for severe AD. Both MRI and brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy were normal. The patient underwent myocardial scintigraphy with I-123 MIBG showing marked reduction in cardiac MIBG accumulation. The heart to mediastinum ratio of MIBG uptake was impaired in both early and delayed images. FDG-PET scan before and after activation with a visual attention task showed occipital cortex hypometabolism as compared with AD and a normal control. This case illustrates the value of combining activated brain FDG PET and cardiac MIBG. The association of these 2 techniques could be used as a potential diagnostic tool in a patient with dementia misdiagnosed as AD.
Mask intermittent positive pressure ventilation in chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: P Sivasothy, IE Smith, JM Shneerson
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

Noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been shown to improve arterial blood gases but its long-term role has not been established. We retrospectively studied 26 consecutive patients with hypercapnic ventilatory failure due to COPD in whom oxygen therapy caused worsening hypercapnia (defined as a rise in the daytime arterial carbon dioxide tension (Pa,CO2) to >8.0 kPa or nocturnal transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension (Ptc,CO2) to >9 kPa). All were treated with mask ventilation (15 with nasal and 11 face masks) at night and during daytime naps. Additional oxygen therapy was required in 15 patients. The mean annualized death rate was 10.8% with a 1 and 3 yr survival of 92 and 68%, respectively. After 1 yr the median daytime Pa,CO2 had fallen by 1.35 kPa and the arterial oxygen tension (Pa,O2) had risen by 2.4 kPa. In subjects not using additional oxygen the median overnight Sa,O2 rose by 12% and the Ptc,CO2 fell by 2.8 kPa after 1 yr. The haematocrit was significantly less than pretreatment at 6 months and 1 yr. Quality of life in the domain of role limitation by physical health (measured using the SF-36 questionnaire) improved significantly at 6 months. Survival in this selected group with clinically stable airflow obstruction unable to tolerate oxygen therapy and treated with noninvasive mask ventilation is better than historical controls and is comparable to those able to tolerate oxygen therapy. Poor survival was associated with a low forced expiratory volume in one second, a low body mass index and a high nocturnal transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension. No difference in survival was found between those treated with mask intermittent positive pressure ventilation alone or with mask intermittent positive pressure and supplementary oxygen therapy.
Burden of non-communicable diseases in South Asia
Authors: Abdul Ghaffar, K Srinath Reddy, Monica Singhi
Journal: BMJ (2004)

This article explores the burden of the major non-communicable diseases in South Asia and the extent to which obstacles hinder prevention and management of these diseases 

The World Health Organization (WHO) stated in 2002 that “in many regions, some of the most formidable enemies of health are joining forces with the allies of poverty to impose a double burden of disease, disability and premature death in many millions of people.”1 This is what is happening in South Asia, which has one quarter of the global population but where about half the population lives below the poverty line and has limited access to health care. Although infectious diseases remain a formidable enemy, the population is ageing and non-communicable diseases are rising.2–4 South Asia has made fair economic progress in recent decades but is struggling to find a road towards sustainable development.

We review here the estimated burden of noncommunicable diseases in South Asia, the risk factors for these diseases, the limitations of the available data, and the attempts being made to gather evidence of better quality. We aim to provide a profile of non-communicable disease burdens in this region.

We conducted a systematic search on Medline; used reports from WHO and other international organisations; and communicated with experts in the field. Although non-communicable diseases have been variously defined, we propose to limit the term to four major disease categories that are linked by common risk factors: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, cancers, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dietary consumption patterns, physical inactivity, tobacco use, and environmental pollution are among the common risk factors shared by these disorders, providing common pathways of epidemiological transition as well as public health action.

Validated nationally representative estimates of cause specific mortality are not available for any country in South Asia. The available …
Low Serum Magnesium and the Development of Atrial Fibrillation in the Community
Authors: Abigail May Khan, Steven A. Lubitz, Lisa M. Sullivan, Jenny X. Sun, Daniel Levy, Ramachandran S. Vasan, Jared W. Magnani, Patrick T. Ellinor, Emelia J. Benjamin, Thomas J. Wang
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Low serum magnesium has been linked to increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) after cardiac surgery. It is unknown whether hypomagnesemia predisposes to AF in the community.We studied 3530 participants (mean age, 44 years; 52% women) from the Framingham Offspring Study who attended a routine examination and were free of AF and cardiovascular disease. We used Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to examine the association between serum magnesium at baseline and risk of incident AF. Analyses were adjusted for conventional AF risk factors, use of antihypertensive medications, and serum potassium. During up to 20 years of follow-up, 228 participants developed AF. Mean serum magnesium was 1.88 mg/dL. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate of AF was 9.4 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 6.7-11.9) in the lowest quartile of serum magnesium (≤1.77 mg/dL) compared with 6.3 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 4.1-8.4) in the highest quartile (≥1.99 mg/dL). In multivariable-adjusted models, individuals in the lowest quartile of serum magnesium were ~50% more likely to develop AF (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.31; P=0.05) compared with those in the upper quartiles. Results were similar after the exclusion of individuals on diuretics.Low serum magnesium is moderately associated with the development of AF in individuals without cardiovascular disease. Because hypomagnesemia is common in the general population, a link with AF may have potential clinical implications. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.