tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C correlates significantly with body mass index and steatosis
Authors: Luke F. Hourigan, Graeme A. Macdonald, David Purdie, Vicki H. Whitehall, Claudia Shorthouse, Andrew Clouston, Elizabeth E. Powell
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Steatosis is a frequent histological finding in chronic hepatitis C infection; however, the pathophysiology of steatosis and its role in disease progression have not been established. We studied 148 consecutive patients with untreated chronic hepatitis C to assess the effect of body mass index, diabetes mellitus, alcohol consumption, hepatic iron content, and viral load on steatosis and hepatic fibrosis. Ninety-one patients (61%) had steatosis: grade 1 (<30% hepatocytes involved) in 61 (41%), grade 2 (30%-70% hepatocytes involved) in 17 (11%), and grade 3 (>70% hepatocytes involved) in 13 (9%). After adjusting for potential confounding variables, a highly significant relationship was found primarily between steatosis and body mass index (P <.0001). The mean (+/-SD) body mass index of patients with no steatosis was 23.9 +/- 4.3 kg/m2, whereas for grade 1 steatosis it was 26.5 +/- 5.1 kg/m2, and for grade 2 and 3 steatosis combined the body mass index was 28.4 +/- 4. 9 kg/m2. Hepatic fibrosis was significantly associated with age (P =. 002). After adjusting for potential confounding variables, including age, hepatic fibrosis was also significantly associated with steatosis (P <.03). There was no significant association between hepatic iron content, alcohol intake, gender, and viral load and steatosis or fibrosis. These findings suggest that increasing body mass index has a role in the pathogenesis of steatosis in chronic hepatitis C and that steatosis may contribute to fibrosis. The association between body mass index and steatosis and fibrosis has important prognostic and therapeutic implications in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus.
Invasive and Adherent Bacterial Pathogens Co-Opt Host Clathrin for Infection
Authors: Esteban Veiga, Julian A. Guttman, Matteo Bonazzi, Emmanuel Boucrot, Alejandro Toledo-Arana, Ann E. Lin, Jost Enninga, Javier Pizarro-Cerdá, B. Brett Finlay, Tomas Kirchhausen, Pascale Cossart
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2007)
The Case Against the Code.
Authors: A. C. Simonton
Journal: JAMA (1895)

San Jose, Cal., April 3, 1895. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have just received a copy of a circular issued by the Philadelphia County Medical Society under date of March 11, 1895, desiring action by our county and State societies in relation to the character of advertisements that shall appear in theJournal of the American Medical Association. This circular states among other things the following: 1. "The Code of Ethics—the moral and organic law of theAmerican Medical Association—as is well known, not only prohibits physicians from employing secret nostrums, but declares that 'in any way to promote the use of such nostrums is reprehensible.' 2. "The advertising of such nostrums in theJournal of the American Medical Association, which is taking place, is certainly an attempt to promote their use. TheAssociationappears, therefore, at least tacitly to permit the Editor and Trustees of its officialJournalto
GP's suicide after suspension for administering an overdose provokes a storm in the Netherlands
Authors: T. Sheldon
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A GP in the Netherlands who was suspended for administering a very high dose of a pain killer and sedative to a dying patient has been found dead, in what is believed to have been an act of suicide. His death has sparked concern among doctors.

Dr Nico Tromp’s suspension occurred after public prosecution service officials, including police, had arrived unannounced and searched his home. He was subsequently interviewed and suspended from practising medicine. Several days later he was found dead. As a result the Dutch GPs’ association (LHV) has called for an independent investigation.

The …
Polio Vaccines— Live or Inactivated?
Authors: Elton Kessel
Journal: JAMA (1966)

To the Editor:—  Two excellent vaccines are in current use to protect against poliomyelitis. Inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (IPV) developed by Salk has been widely used since 1955. IPV is characterized by complete safety, imperfect immunizing power, and the need for percutaneous administration. Live oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) developed by Sabin has been widely used in the United States since 1961, mostly in community immunization programs. OPV is characterized by a very small risk of poliomyelitis, very high immunizing power, and the convenience of oral administration. Each vaccine has proved its ability to bring poliomyelitis under control.  The question remains, under what circumstances should each vaccine be used in the United States today? The answer should be based on a critical analysis that predicts which vaccine will prevent more cases of poliomyelitis. The answer may be different for different segments of the population and changing from time to time. Present recommendations
Nepalese woman dies after banishment to shed during menstruation
Authors: K. Dahal
Journal: BMJ (2008)

A second woman has died in Nepal in less than five months after following the practice of “chhaupadi,” spending five days living in a shed during her menstrual period.

The 24 year woman, who lived in the western hills of Nepal, developed a cough and cold after she entered the shed in mid-October. Although her family took her to a nearby health centre five days later it was too late to save her. She died from sepsis after pneumonia.

The woman was following the tradition of chhaupadi, which is practiced in many areas of Nepal, despite the fact that the …
Empathy requires the development of the self
Authors: Michael Lewis
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Two major problems exist in studying development: Similar behaviors do not need to reflect the same underlying process, different behaviors can reflect the same process; earlier behaviors do not necessarily lead to later behaviors. Empathy, rather than social contagion, is supported by different processes; contagion supported by prewired species behavior, empathy by cognitions, in particular, the cognitions about the self – a meta-representation.
Intracardiac Rupture of Hydatid Cysts of the Heart
Authors: RAÚL DI BELLO, HÉCTOR. MENÉNDEZ
Journal: Circulation (1963)

Intracardiac rupture of hydatid cysts of the heart is very frequent (38.66 per cent) and often causes sudden death (29 per cent). Cysts of the right ventricle rupture into the heart cavities far more often than do those of the left ventricle. Frequently, the cyst undergoes multiple intracardiac or pericardio-intracardiac ruptures. The consequences of the intracardiac rupture depend above all upon the contents of the cyst. If it contains liquid and microscopic elements, no mechanical disorders occur, but it may give rise to metastatic visceral echinococcosis. If it contains vesicles, or is degenerated, it may give rise to large emboli.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and adverse renal effects.
Authors: B Pal, M A Hossain
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

A recent review' has suggested that reports of gold salts being inhibitory to adjuvant arthritis following parenteral administration may be explained by counterirritancy.While we cannot completely preclude this possibility, the following points seem relevant.The injection sites were examined daily and no signs of irritation or necrosis were observed, the animals were not distressed, and there were no adverse effects on bodyweight gain.NATM had no effect on the acute indomethacin-sensitive inflammation at day 3, but the secondary arthritis was inhibited in a dosedependent manner, with the activity being maintained for 14 days after cessation of dosing.Finally, the systemic non- inflammatory disease was modified, with NATM reversing the thymic regression and splenic hypertrophy seen in adjuvant arthritic rats.These results are similar to those obtained by Walz et al.,4 who in addition showed a correlation between antiarthritic activity and serum gold levels.It appears that under certain conditions adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat can be used to evaluate the efficacy of gold salts.
Often Thwarted Treaty Efforts Leave Chemical, Biological Weapons a Still Potent Threat
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1991)

"A SPECIAL repugnance toward chemical and biological warfare" (weapons that Saddam Hussein now threatens to use) may be expected of physicians because the use of these agents conflicts directly with ethical conduct standards from the Oath of Hippocrates to the Code of the World Medical Association. So state Robert M. Goldwyn, MD, and Victor W. Sidel, MD, in an essay entitled "The Physician and War" (<i>Ethical Issues in Medicine</i>. Boston, Mass: Little Brown &amp; Co Inc; 1968). Published at a time when the Vietnam Conflict intensified the involvement of physicians and other scientists in national policy issues, this essay reflects the thinking that produced two major studies aimed at controlling such weapons. According to Elisa D. Harris, a senior research analyst at the Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, "chemical and biological weaponry became an issue in the 1960s largely because of the United States' use of riot control agents and herbicides
The Human Central Nervous System: A Synopsis and Atlas
Authors: Charles B. Clayman
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<i>The Human Central Nervous System</i>is an excellently diagrammed atlas and brief synopsis of neuroanatomy, extending to and from the cortices, depicting and defining functions of the afferent and efferent tracts. The descriptive material is at times distant from the diagrams, necessitating some shifting back and forth but preserving the continuity of the graphic and descriptive material. The drawings are well numbered and labeled, but the labels are in Latin and are abbreviated. Three-dimensional diagramming permits the viewer to follow tracts at various levels of the spinal cord or brain. The use of color at least to differentiate some of the nervus tracts would have further enhanced the book. Likewise the anatomy might have been more easily ingested and related had some effort been made to make clinical or physiological correlations. However, whatever deficiencies exist, they are more than compensated for by the beauty and clarity of the drawings. Medical
Competency to collaboration: an interactive process for cross-sectoral development
Authors: Debra K Olson
Journal: The Lancet Global Health (2014)

BackgroundA workforce functioning collaboratively to address global health challenges has been the cornerstone of recent efforts to confront threats to health at the interfaces of animals, human beings, and their environment. The concept of "one health" provides a unique perspective to building a stronger collaborative workforce founded on principles of population health.MethodsDuring the past several years, multiple national and international organisations have explored the competencies that are needed by a global health workforce. A competency discussion was held March 12–13, 2012, with representatives from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, the World Organization for Animal Health, WHO, the US Department of Agriculture, Development Alternatives Inc, and Whitewater Consulting, and participants from academic institutions in Rwanda, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and the USA. Disciplines represented included public health, veterinary medicine, nursing, occupational psychology, nutrition, medicine, and education. The aim of the discussion was to review sets of competencies identified by different professional or multidisciplinary groups as important to solving complex health problemsFindingsThe major competency domains identified were communication, conflict resolution, systems analysis/thinking, values and ethics, creating an enabling environment and advocating change, teamwork, and leadership and management. These domains have been used to develop a framework for integrating one health competencies into programmes and curricula based on a common understanding of an interprofessional, multisectoral approach to operating effective health systems from the village to the clinic.InterpretationPriorities include the production of a working set of competency domains. Sharing of these domains is more important than ownership or approval and informing work in global health about commonalities between and among development efforts forms the basis for accomplishment of the goal.FundingRockefeller Foundation, USAID RESPOND, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
No evidence for interstitial lung oedema by extensive pulmonary function testing at 4,559 m
Authors: C. Dehnert, A. M. Luks, G. Schendler, E. Menold, M. M. Berger, H. Mairbaurl, V. Faoro, D. M. Bailey, C. Castell, G. Hahn, P. Vock, E. R. Swenson, P. Bartsch
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2009)

The aim of the present study was to better understand previously reported changes in lung function at high altitude. Comprehensive pulmonary function testing utilising body plethysmography and assessment of changes in closing volume were carried out at sea level and repeatedly over 2 days at high altitude (4,559 m) in 34 mountaineers. In subjects without high-altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE), there was no significant difference in total lung capacity, forced vital capacity, closing volume and lung compliance between low and high altitude, whereas lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide increased at high altitude. Bronchoconstriction at high altitude could be excluded as the cause of changes in closing volume because there was no difference in airway resistance and bronchodilator responsiveness to salbutamol. There were no significant differences in these parameters between mountaineers with and without acute mountain sickness. Mild alveolar oedema on radiographs in HAPE was associated only with minor decreases in forced vital capacity, diffusing capacity and lung compliance and minor increases in closing volume. Comprehensive lung function testing provided no evidence of interstitial pulmonary oedema in mountaineers without HAPE during the first 2 days at 4,559 m. Data obtained in mountaineers with early mild HAPE suggest that these methods may not be sensitive enough for the detection of interstitial pulmonary fluid accumulation.
GANGLIONEUROMA OF THE CERVICAL AND THORACIC SYMPATHETIC GANGLIONS
Authors: A. P. STOUT
Journal: JAMA (1924)

The cases reported here are presented to call attention to the clinical aspects of a rare type of neoplasm, which has been studied chiefly heretofore from its histologic and pathologic aspects. There must have occurred many more cases in this country than have been described, and it is to be hoped that more of them will be recognized and studied so that our knowledge of the biologic behavior of the neoplasm may increase. Of the two new cases dealt with in this communication, one seems to have come from the cervical and the other from the thoracic sympathetic ganglions. Accordingly, all the ganglioneuromas occurring in those situations of which records could be found have been studied together with them, so that this paper may be said to contain a summary of most of the known clinical observations that have been made. The best studies of ganglioneuromas in English are contained
Circulating Coagulation Inhibitors in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: ALICE J. COHEN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Abnormal coagulation profiles were identified in ten patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with opportunistic infections and malignancies. Activated partial thromboplastin times were elevated in all patients; three of seven had elevated prothrombin times. All patients had lupus-type anticoagulants characterized by rapid prolongations of the partial thromboplastin time in mixing studies, prolonged dilute thromboplastin inhibition assays, and increased Russell viper venom clotting times. Ivy bleeding times were prolonged in three patients with defective platelet aggregation. The lupus anticoagulant was isolated from the sera of healthy heterosexual men and from patients with AIDS with and without the lupus anticoagulant, and in the presence and absence of opportunistic infections. Both polyclonal IgM and IgGλ from plasma with lupus anticoagulant interfered with clotting studies and platelet aggregation. The inhibitors usually accompanied active opportunistic infections and tended to disappear with successful resolution of infection.
THE TREATMENT OF OCCIPITO-POSTERIOR POSITIONS.Read in the Section of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at Washington, D.C., May, 1891.
Authors: A. WORCESTER
Journal: JAMA (1891)

The discovery of an occipito-posterior position is always a most unwelcome discovery. Even if all other conditions are favorable, this is unfavorable, and at best means a longer labor and an increase of all the dangers of exhaustion; while, on the other hand, in such cases, more often than in cases of occipito-anterior position, operative assistance is demanded, and yet can be given only with more difficulty. In view of this greater probability that operative assistance will eventually be necessary, and in view also of the greater safety, to both mother and child, if such assistance be given early, I maintain, contrary though it be to generally accepted teaching, that, instead of being less ready, we should be more ready to assist the delivery in cases of occipito-posterior, than in cases of occi-pito-anterior, position. I cannot, however, accept as very practicable the plan of rotating the fœtus from an anterior
Young's Modification of My Prostatic Incisor.
Authors: Albert Freudenberg
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Berlin, Germany. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> InThe Journalof Jan. 11, 1902, Young described<sup>1</sup>a modification of my prostatic incisor under the title of "A New Combined Electro-Cautery Incisor for the Bottini Operation for Prostatic Obstruction." According to him the chief advantage of this modification is, that knives of different heights may be used. Young believes to have brought out something new by this, but he is mistaken. As proof of the above statement, I quote the following from my article of January-February, 1900, entitled: "Neue Mittheilungen zur Galvanokaustichen Radikalbehandlung der Prostatahypertrophie per vias naturales (Bottini'sche Operation)."<sup>2</sup> "Die<i>Tiefe</i>der Schnitte scheint<i>theoretisch</i>gegeben durch die Höhe des—bekanntlich messerförmigen—Kauters, gemessen senkrecht zum Schaft. Es muss danach, da die Höhe des als Beispiel gewählten mittleren Lappens eine verschiedene sein kann, zweckmässig erscheinen. Messer von verschiedener Höhe zur Verfügung zu haben. In der That habe ich mir deswegen auch für meinen
Protecting and informing human research subjects
Authors: William A. Check
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Most physicians in private practice will never encounter an Institutional Review Board (IRB) and probably have only a vague notion of what such an entity does. Yet IRBs—which review human research proposals at medical schools and large hospitals to ensure that subjects' rights are protected—can be instrumental in expanding or limiting the office practitioner's future therapeutic arsenal, asserts Sanford Chodosh, MD. "The therapies of today are based on the research of five to ten years ago," points out Chodosh, a clinical investigator at Boston University School of Medicine and chairman of the IRB at Boston City Hospital. Following revelations several years ago that a few investigators had disregarded subjects' rights, "a real threat to development of new therapies emerged in the form of [government] regulation that inhibits some clinical research," he adds. <i>continued on next page continued from previous page</i> In this climate, "the IRB has the responsibility for promoting
Two Control Elements in the Hepatitis B Virus S–Promoter Are Important for Full Promoter Activity Mediated by Ccaat–Binding Factor
Authors: Claus-Thomas Bock, Stefan Kubicka, Michael Peter Manns, Christian Trautwein
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Natural occurring mutations in the preS-region are frequently found during chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Here we used the mutated preS-region from a patient to study the transcriptional regulation of the S-promoter. The mutations were a CCAAT-box (MUT1) point mutation, a 6-base pair (bp) deletion (MUT2) 3' of the CCAAT-box, and a 153 bp deletion (MUT3) in the preS2 genome. Transfection experiments revealed for MUT1 and 2 30% to 40% and MUT3 75% of the wildtype (wt) S-promoter activity. In electro-mobility shift assays experiments, binding of a nuclear protein was impaired with MUT1. Ultraviolet cross-linking, South-Western, and gel shift experiments revealed a 30- to 40-kd protein interacting with the wt CCAAT-motif. Computer-assisted analysis and supershift experiments showed that CCAAT-binding factor (CBF) is the CCAAT-box binding protein. Cotransfection experiments with expression vectors for dominant-negative CBF or wt CBF showed that the wt S-promoter but not MUT1 could be regulated through CBF. Additionally, the CBF constructs did not modulate the basal activity of MUT2 but changes the activity of MUT3 like wt HBV. Artificial mutations were introduced in the MUT2 reporter constructs. Transfection experiments revealed that wt promoter activity could not be reconstituted. Therefore these experiments indicated the sterical position of CBF being essential for full S-promoter activity. Our study shows that the CCAAT-box and a second region is essential to mediate full S-promoter activity dependent on CBF. As these mutations also lead to retention of S-protein in the endoplasmic reticulum our results indicate that mutational changes in the preS-region might be linked to the progression of HBV-related liver disease.
Acute Renal Failure and Coma Secondary to Acyclovir Therapy
Authors: David M. Spiegal
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Acyclovir causes acute renal failure in rats,<sup>1</sup>but only mild to moderate azotemia has been reported in humans.<sup>1-3</sup>Stupor and coma have recently been added to the list of neurological complications of acyclovir.<sup>4,5</sup>We encountered acute nonoliguric renal failure and coma during the intravenous infusion of acyclovir. These complications constitute the present report. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> Ten months after chemotherapy for lung adenocarcinoma, a 48-year-old woman developed herpes simplex and<i>Candida</i>esophagitis (diagnosis based on cytological findings of a biopsy specimen from endoscopy). She had received 138 mg of amphotericin B, but her values for electrolytes, serum urea nitrogen, and serum creatine were normal at the time she received her first intravenous infusion of acyclovir (5 mg/kg) during one hour (Figure). A second dose of acyclovir given eight hours after the first dose was followed by focal twitching of the upper extremities. By