tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Arachnidism in the United States
Authors: W. Peter Horen
Journal: JAMA (1963)

The black widow spider and other species of the<i>Latrodectus</i>genus are mainly responsible for arachnidism in the US. Although not recognized in most medical texts, the bites of members of the genus<i>Loxosceles</i>also can cause severe reactions. These spiders may be a more frequent source of arachnidism than is realized at present, particularly in the Midwest and Southwest. Spider venoms are either cytotoxic or neurotoxic in action, although<i>Latrodectus</i>and<i>Loxosceles</i>venoms may have mixed effects. The kind and severity of reaction depend primarily on the type of venom and secondarily on such factors as the victim's age and health. Antivenin (Latrodectus mactans) is the preferred therapy in latrodectism. Injectable antihistamines are useful for symptomatic relief in loxoscelism. General measures include avoidance of excessive local treatment, mild antibacterial therapy, and use of muscle relaxants.
The Radiological Diagnosis of Herniated Lumbar Disks
Authors: Ernest M. Weitz
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The March 2 STATE OF THE ART article<sup>1</sup>accurately compares the two conventional modalities, myelography and computed tomographic (CT) scanning. The radiological imaging of disk herniations would be so much more useful if radiologists and clinicians would combine their expertise to identify those herniations that are responsible for the patients' symptoms, ie, the offending disk. Too often today, with improved imaging techniques, multiple-level herniations are identified. This encourages needless disk explorations, injections, or excisions, and compromises what would otherwise be an excellent result. Incorporating dynamic studies, such as lateral bending and flexion-extension views performed in a standing position, enhances the myelogram in several ways. Lateral bending at a specific disk space will often be limited and cause symptoms in one direction or the other, depending on the relationship of the herniation to the nerve root. In addition, contained extreme lateral herniations will limit disk-space closure<sup>2</sup>
How citation distortions create unfounded authority: analysis of a citation network
Authors: S. A Greenberg
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>Objective</b> To understand belief in a specific scientific claim by studying the pattern of citations among papers stating it. <b>Design</b> A complete citation network was constructed from all PubMed indexed English literature papers addressing the belief that β amyloid, a protein accumulated in the brain in Alzheimer's disease, is produced by and injures skeletal muscle of patients with inclusion body myositis. Social network theory and graph theory were used to analyse this network. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Citation bias, amplification, and invention, and their effects on determining authority. <b>Results</b> The network contained 242 papers and 675 citations addressing the belief, with 220 553 citation paths supporting it. Unfounded authority was established by citation bias against papers that refuted or weakened the belief; amplification, the marked expansion of the belief system by papers presenting no data addressing it; and forms of invention such as the conversion of hypothesis into fact through citation alone. Extension of this network into text within grants funded by the National Institutes of Health and obtained through the Freedom of Information Act showed the same phenomena present and sometimes used to justify requests for funding. <b>Conclusion</b> Citation is both an impartial scholarly method and a powerful form of social communication. Through distortions in its social use that include bias, amplification, and invention, citation can be used to generate information cascades resulting in unfounded authority of claims. Construction and analysis of a claim specific citation network may clarify the nature of a published belief system and expose distorted methods of social citation.
Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis: an immunoelectron microscopic study
Authors: H. PEHAMBERGER, K. KONRAD, K. HOLUBAR
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Three children with persistent maculopapular and urticarial lesions and vesicles at the predilection sites of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) were shown to exhibit typical granular, papillary IgA and C3 deposits in the tips of the dermal papillae, as demonstrated by direct immunofluorescence. By immunoelectron microscopy, the IgA deposits were associated with the microfibrils of the elastic fibres as has been described in DH of the adult. C3 deposits were scattered throughout the papillary dermis. Despite the similarity of the clinical appearance, history with regard to gluten sensitive enteropathy (GSE) varied in these three cases. In one child, the skin lesions appeared following faults in the gluten free diet on which he was kept for coeliac disease. Another child developed the skin lesions during a gluten free diet which was not strictly followed; no recurrences of gastrointestinal symptoms accompanied the eruption of DH. In the third case, no evidence for GSE in patient's history or in jejunal biopsies was present at the time of onset of DH.
Curbing Gun Violence
Authors: Dariush Mozaffarian, David Hemenway, David S. Ludwig
Journal: JAMA (2013)

The tragic slaughter of innocents in Newtown, Connecticut, has horrified and refocused the nation on the burden of gun violence. Each year in the United States, more than 30 000 individuals are killed by guns1 (homicides, suicides, and unintentional fatalities)—85 deaths per day plus many hundreds of nonfatal injuries. Gun homicide alone causes 11 000 deaths each year, more than all US troops killed throughout the last decade in Iraq and Afghanistan. Remarkably, the 26 deaths in Newtown represent fewer gun homicides than the daily US average. The Newtown shooting has rekindled a national discussion about gun policy. Most proposals focus on gun ownership such as a ban on rapidly firing assault weapons, piercing bullets, and high-capacity ammunition clips; waiting periods for firearm purchases; and universal background checks for all gun sales and transfers. This focus on gun ownership has been controversial due to Second Amendment interpretations and regional, partisan, and personal preferences. Although such commonsense regulations on ownership warrant implementation, a broader public health perspective is imperative. Gun violence arises from sociocultural, educational, behavioral, and product safety issues that transcend gun ownership alone. Addressing this crisis will require a comprehensive, multidimensional strategy. Toward that end, much can be learned from prior public health successes in changing the prevalence, social norms, and cultures of harmful behaviors.2 These major achievements—in the realms of tobacco, unintentional poisoning, and motor vehicle safety—provide a set of evidence-based, successful tactics for immediate application to gun violence.... Language: en
THE RELATION BETWEEN SELF-EFFICACY, INJURY AND FEAR OF INJURY AMONG ELITE ATHLETES
Authors: A McCaffrey, M Mrazik, R Klassen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background A growing body of research recognizes the significance of the psychological response to injury among athletes. Yet, to date there is paucity of research that conceptualizes the role which self-efficacy plays in an athlete's response to injury (Wiese-Bjornstal, 2010; Feltz et al. , 2008). Objective To analysis the hypothetical relation between the types of injuries and the level of self-efficacy and fear to avoid future injuries. Design Quantitative retrospective survey style for correlational and regression analysis. Setting Elite male athletes in the Canadian Football League (CFL) at preseason training. Participants 365 pre-season survey reports from CFL players, convenience sampling. Risk factor assessment Measures included a self-report measure of self-efficacy (measuring fears around injuries, perceptual control of injuries, and self-efficacy to avoid injuries) and a structured report of the frequency, severity and location of injuries sustained by the athlete in a playing season. Main outcome measurements Two main hypotheses were set out before the analysis. First was that injuries would relate to an athlete's level of self-efficacy to avoid injuries in a negative direction. Second was that fears of injuries and perceptual control of injuries could predict an athlete's level of self-efficacy. Results Our results demonstrated significant correlations between self-efficacy to injury frequency, severity, and fears of re-injury. Regression analysis revealed variables (injuries, fear of injuries and perceptual control) significantly predict self-efficacy. Results also demonstrate that the location of injury also significantly impact levels of self-efficacy. Conclusions This study builds on the research of understanding how athletes are affected by injuries psychologically and how they can deal with the fears and anxieties due to injuries. Practically these results, with the amounting research, can help medical and psychological treatments in dealing with an athlete's self-efficacy and fears.
Association of G82S polymorphism in the RAGE gene with skin complications in type 2 diabetes.
Authors: K Kanková, A Vasků, D Hájek, J Záhejský, V Vasků
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

Novel polymorphism G82S in the gene encoding RAGE have been
identified. The association of the G82S with skin complications
in NIDDM and psoraisis vulgaris was proved. Proliferative
diabetic retinopathy was not associated with this polymorphism.
German doctors protest about firm offering fetal sex tests in early pregnancy
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Clinical geneticists and gynaecologists in Germany have expressed concerns that a private firm is offering women in the early stages of pregnancy a blood test to determine the sex of their unborn baby. The test is offered from the eighth week of pregnancy, and doctors fear that women who are not happy about the sex of their child may ask for an abortion, which is legal in Germany up to the 12th week of pregnancy and quite easily obtained.

The firm, Plasmagen, offers the test over the internet. It tells women to ask their doctor to take a 2 ml blood sample and send it to the company's laboratory in Cologne. Test results …
Defining and Assessing Alternative Medicine Practices-Reply
Authors: Kirsti A. Dyer
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —I agree with Dr Gorski that precise definitions of alternative medicine are needed. Unfortunately, a clear and concise definition has yet to be created. The original title of my article was "Alternative/Adjunctive/ Unconventional/ Complementary Medicine," emphasizing the variety of terms applied to this emerging area. The definition I cited was from an article on the current status of alternative health practices.<sup>1</sup>Dr Wayne Jonas, director of the Office of Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of Health, defines complementary and alternative medicine as "those practices that do not form part of the dominant system for managing health and disease."<sup>2</sup> I prefer the terms "complementary" or "adjunctive" to "alternative", emphasizing the use with, not instead of, medical therapy. Currently, the terms "complementary" and "alternative" are being used. The National Institutes of Health has 42 studies on alternative medicine that have been reviewed and determined worthy of funding. The following
Oral dexamethasone masquerading m a Chinese herbal remedy
Authors: J.R. Hughes, E.M. Higgins, A.C. Pembroke
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Journal Article Oral dexamethasone masquerading m a Chinese herbal remedy Get access J.R. Hughes, J.R. Hughes Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E.M. Higgins, E.M. Higgins Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.C. Pembroke A.C. Pembroke Department of Dermatology, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 130, Issue 2, 1 February 1994, Page 261, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1994.tb02916.x Published: 01 February 1994
The bacterial virulence factor NleA's involvement in intestinal tight junction disruption during Enteropathogenic<i>E. coli</i>infection is independent of its putative PDZ binding domain
Authors: Ajitha Thanabalasuriar, Athanasia Koutsouris, Gail Hecht, Samantha Gruenheid
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is an enteric pathogen able to cause severe diarrhea. Once adhered to the small intestine, EPEC disrupts tight junctions that are important for intestinal barrier function. This disruption is dependent on the bacterial type III secretion system, as well as the translocated effectors EspF and Map. Recently we have shown that a third type III translocated bacterial effector protein, NleA, is also involved in tight junction disruption during EPEC infection. NleA has a predicted PDZ-binding domain at its C-terminus which is proposed to be involved in protein interactions with PDZ domain containing proteins. Since several PDZ-domain-containing proteins localize to tight junctions, we hypothesized that the PDZ-binding domain of NleA might be important for its role in tight junction disruption. However, here we show that a molecular variant of NleA lacking the PDZ-binding domain behaves indistinguishably from the wild-type protein with respect to disruption of tight junctions.
In vivo adaptation of hepatitis C virus in chimpanzees for efficient virus production and evasion of apoptosis
Authors: Mohsan Saeed, Masaaki Shiina, Tomoko Date, Daisuke Akazawa, Noriyuki Watanabe, Asako Murayama, Tetsuro Suzuki, Haruo Watanabe, Nobuhiko Hiraga, Michio Imamura, Kazuaki Chayama, Youkyung Choi, Krzysztof Krawczynski, Jake T. Liang, Takaji Wakita, Takanobu Kato
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) employs various strategies to establish persistent infection that can cause chronic liver disease. Our previous study showed that both the original patient serum from which the HCV JFH-1 strain was isolated and the cell culture–generated JFH-1 virus (JFH-1cc) established infection in chimpanzees, and that infected JFH-1 strains accumulated mutations after passage through chimpanzees. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro characteristics of JFH-1 strains emerged in each chimpanzee at early and late stages of infection, as it could provide an insight into the phenomenon of viral persistence. We generated full-genome JFH-1 constructs with the mutations detected in patient serum-infected (JFH-1/S1 and S2) and JFH-1cc–infected (JFH-1/C) chimpanzees, and assessed their effect on replication, infectious virus production, and regulation of apoptosis in cell culture. The extracellular HCV core antigen secreted from JFH-1/S1-, S2-, and C-transfected HuH-7 cells was 2.5, 8.9, and 2.1 times higher than that from JFH-1 wild-type (JFH-1/wt) transfected cells, respectively. Single cycle virus production assay with a CD81-negative cell line revealed that the strain JFH-1/S2, isolated from the patient serum-infected chimpanzee at a later time point of infection, showed lower replication and higher capacity to assemble infectious virus particles. This strain also showed productive infection in human hepatocyte–transplanted mice. Furthermore, the cells harboring this strain displayed lower susceptibility to the apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor α or Fas ligand compared with the cells replicating JFH-1/wt. Conclusion: The ability of lower replication, higher virus production, and less susceptibility to cytokine-induced apoptosis may be important for prolonged infection in vivo . Such control of viral functions by specific mutations may be a key strategy for establishing persistent infection. (Hepatology 2011;)
School microepidemic of tuberculosis.
Authors: C Teale, D B Cundall, S B Pearson
Journal: Thorax (1992)

absorptiometry (DEXA) in corticosteroid associated osteoporosis.We reported to the summer 1991 meeting ofthe British Thoracic Society' our experience of 19 patients (13 female) with corticosteroid dependent asthma.Twelve of these patients had sustained at least one vertebral compression fracture.The mean corticosteroid dose and treatment duration for this fracture group was 10-1 mg prednisolone/day for 13-1 years and 13-9 mg prednisolone/day for 9-6 years in those patients without fracture (NS).The mean L2-L4 density was significantly lower in those patients with fractures (0-797 g/cm' versus 1-143 g/cm', p < 0-0001).The mean neck of femur density was also significantly lower in those patients with fractures (0-718 g/cm2 versus 0-901 g/cm2, p < 0 005).The study by Dr Luengo and colleagues used dual photon densitometry, which is known to be a less precise measure than DEXA,' and this may explain why in their study, though spinal density was higher in asthmatic patients without fractures, the difference was not statistically significant.It would appear therefore that a single measure of L2-L4 density by DEXA is a useful screening test for corticosteroid associated osteoporosis.Finally, in their discussion the authors ignore the effect of the menopause on the changes described.There is significant evidence that premenopausal women, who (though it is not stated) probably make up most of "group 1," are protected from corticosteroid associated osteoporosis, presumably by the effects of oestrogen.
THE ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY OF NODULAR SUBEPIDERMAL FIBROSIS.
Authors: S. N. KLAUS, R. K. WINKELMANN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1966)

Journal Article THE ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY OF NODULAR SUBEPIDERMAL FIBROSIS. Get access S. N. KLAUS, M.D., S. N. KLAUS, M.D. Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. K. WINKELMANN, M.D. R. K. WINKELMANN, M.D. Section of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, U.S.A Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 78, Issue 7, 1 July 1966, Pages 398–402, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1966.tb12236.x Published: 01 July 1966
Payment for Medical Care
Authors: Corleen J. Thompson
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent article (1983;249:2220), Drs Keeler and Rolph reported a study that revealed that "participants who paid part of their bills had many fewer outpatient episodes of treatment, on average, than those with free care." We are concerned that it is misleading to publish results showing the reduced costs of care from this kind of economic manipulation without comparing or considering the outcome of that care. It is our hope that the Rand Health Insurance Experiment will soon publish information on other variables that influence a patient's decision to seek or delay seeking medical care and the effect of that decision on the quality of health. We recently conducted a randomized study of single-dose<i>v</i>multipledose therapy in 64 women with symptoms of urinary tract infections. Patients were covered by comprehensive prepaid medical insurance (prepaid health plan [PHP]) or a variety of fee-for-service (FFS) methods of
Clinical Features and Outcome of Initially Unresected Nonmetastatic Pediatric Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Sheri L. Spunt, D. Ashley Hill, Alison M. Motosue, Catherine A. Billups, Alvida M. Cain, Bhaskar N. Rao, Charles B. Pratt, Thomas E. Merchant, Alberto S. Pappo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2002)

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical features, response to therapy, and outcome of pediatric patients with initially unresected nonmetastatic nonrhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma (NRSTS). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the presenting clinical features and tumor characteristics of all 40 pediatric patients with initially unresected nonmetastatic NRSTS who were seen at our institution between March 1962 and December 1996. A subset of 27 patients for whom complete treatment information was available was analyzed to determine whether response to therapy was associated with local disease control and event-free and overall survival. RESULTS: More than 70% of the 40 patients had tumors with high-risk features (tumor size &gt; 5 cm, high grade, invasiveness). For the 27 patients included in the outcome analysis, 5-year event-free survival and survival estimates were 33% ± 9% and 56% ± 10%, respectively. Ten (37%) of these patients had a complete or partial response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, and only two of the 10 had residual tumor after surgery. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy seemed more effective than either modality alone in inducing a response, but the response to neoadjuvant therapy did not predict outcome. Most treatment failures were local, and postrelapse survival was poor (19% ± 10%). CONCLUSION: Initially unresected NRSTS constitutes a unique subgroup of pediatric sarcomas that commonly present with high-risk features and respond poorly to neoadjuvant therapy. Only about one third of patients treated with multimodal therapy remain disease-free, and local control is the major limiting factor in achieving cure. More effective risk-directed treatments are needed for this unique subgroup of patients.
Strategies to achieve coronary arterial plaque stabilization
Authors: R Rabbani
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

Acute coronary syndromes result from fissure, erosion or rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. The characteristics of a vulnerable plaque include a large lipid pool, an abundance of inflammatory cells and mediators, a reduced smooth muscle cell and collagen content and a thin overlying fibrous cap. Potential therapeutic strategies at achieving plaque stabilization have targeted these features. Lipid lowering agents, β-adrenergic blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and antioxidants have been shown to reduce the incidence of acute coronary syndromes, presumably through plaque stabilization. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors as well as macrolide antibiotics and gene therapy approaches show promise in achieving plaque stabilization. The evidence supporting plaque stabilization by these agents and the mechanisms by which these agents stabilize plaques are discussed in detail in this review.
Problematic Prostatic Prediction
Authors: Michael Davidson
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Chodak and Schoenberg<sup>1</sup>address the important issue of efficacy of prostate cancer screening by digital rectal examination but have mislabeled an important parameter of that test. The authors repeatedly refer to a test "specificity of 29%" erroneously calculated as (true test positives/true test positives+false test positives) and compared it with that reported by others. The value they calculated was really the positive predictive value. The specificity of a test should represent the percentage of negative tests among patients free of disease (true test negatives/true test negatives+false test positives). Unless an appropriate gold standard is available to distinguish those individuals who are truly test negative from those with early undetectable disease (false test negatives), the specificity of a screening test must assume a low disease prevalence with a few false-negatives "contaminating" both the numerator and denominator. The high prevalence in older men of microscopic prostate cancers (almost