tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON TREPONEMA PALLIDUM AND SYPHILIS
Authors: Hans Zinsser, J. G. Hopkins
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1916)

We believe that our experiments have shown that the serum of rabbits and sheep immunized with cultures of Treponema pallidum acquires spirochaeticidal properties for these culture spirochaetes. The normal serum of these animals also possesses spirochaeticidal action if used in sufficient quantities, and the action of the immune serum represents probably an increase of the antibodies normally present. Both normal and immune spirochaeticidal properties are destroyed by heating to 56 degrees C. The spirochaeticidal action of the immune serum can be reactivated by the addition of fresh normal serum of the same species, insufficient in amount to exert a spirochaeticidal effect by itself. The structure of these spirochaeticidal bodies, therefore, is entirely analogous to that of the well known bactericidal antibodies known to exist in antibacterial sera. We do not wish to have these results interpreted as applying to virulent spirochaetes as well as to culture spirochaetes. A subsequent publication will demonstrate why we specify this at present.
Useful Parameters in the Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Edward G. Biglieri
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Based upon observations in 5 surgically proved cases of primary aldosteronism, laboratory tests were sought that might prove useful in diagnosis. The data revealed that plasma volumes were well above the normal range, in contrast to the levels seen in other forms of hypertension. In each case the low serum potassium level rose toward normal after oral administration of spironolactone, 1 gm. daily for 3 days, in contrast to the near absence of a response in patients with essential hypertension. Rigorous sodium restriction led to potassium retention. Such observations should furnish strong presumptive evidence for a diagnosis of primary aldosteronism.
Intraoperative 186Re-Liposome Radionuclide Therapy in a Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Xenograft Positive Surgical Margin Model
Authors: Sean X. Wang, Ande Bao, Stephanie J. Herrera, William T. Phillips, Beth Goins, Cristina Santoyo, Frank R. Miller, Randal A. Otto
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Positive surgical margins in advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have a well-documented association with an increased risk of locoregional recurrence and significantly poorer survival. Traditionally, unresectable tumor is treated with postoperative radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. However, these therapeutic options can delay treatment and increase toxicity. The potential value of intraoperative injection of liposomal therapeutic radionuclides as a locoregional, targeted therapy in unresectable advanced HNSCC was assessed in a nude rat xenograft positive surgical margin model. Experimental Design: The therapeutic effects of β-emission rhenium-186 (186Re) carried by liposomes into the tumor remnants in a nude rat squamous cell carcinoma xenograft model were studied. Following the partial resection of tumor xenografts, the animals were intratumorally injected with 186Re-labeled or unlabeled (control) neutrally charged or positively charged 100-nm-diameter liposomes. Tumor size, body weight, hematology, and toxicity were monitored for 35 days posttherapy. Results: The neutral (n = 4) and cationic (n = 4) liposome control groups showed an increase in tumor growth of 288.0 ± 37.3% and 292.2 ± 133.7%, respectively, by day 15. The 186Re-neutral-liposome group (n = 8) and the 186Re-cationic-liposome group (n = 8) presented with an average final tumor volume of 25.6 ± 21.8% and 28.5 ± 32.2%, respectively, at the end of the study (day 35). All groups showed consistent increases in body weight. No significant systemic toxicity was observed in any of the animals. Conclusions: With excellent tumor suppression and minimal side-effect profile, the intraoperative use of liposomal therapeutic radionuclides may play a role in the management of positive surgical margins in advanced HNSCC.
Hypersensitivity to Some Nematode Antigens
Authors: P. A. J. Ball, A. Voller, L. F. Taffs
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Immediate and delayed skin reactions to antigens derived from <i>Ascaris suum, Necator americanus</i>, and <i>Toxocara canis</i> are described in three subjects and related to eosinophil counts and serum IgE levels. One, who had laboratory contact with ascarides but no known infection, gave positive immediate reactions to all three antigens. Another, following repeated experimental infection with necator, gave positive immediate reactions to all three antigens and a delayed reaction to necator alone. The third, following a single recent infection with necator, gave no immediate or delayed reaction.
Percutaneous coronary intervention was not as effective as CABG for severe coronary artery disease
Authors: Laura Rees Willett
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

Source Citation Serruys PW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, et al. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary-artery bypass grafting for severe coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:961-72. 19228612
The Dueling Diagnoses of Darwin-Reply
Authors: Thomas J. Barloon
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The letters discussing our article show continued interest in a subject that has caused much debate over the years. A central issue in that debate has been whether Darwin's illness was physical or psychological. His physicians were baffled, and subsequent investigators, faced with myriad somatic and psychological symptoms, offered a variety of explanations. Dr Adler<sup>1</sup>originally proposed the influential hypothesis that Darwin's illness represented Chagas disease. However, Darwin's symptoms began prior to any contact with the parasite<i>T cruzi</i>, and, as Woodruff<sup>2</sup>noted, he was unlikely to have had the extensive exposure required to develop the disease. Medawar<sup>3</sup>actually proposed both: Chagas disease and a neurosis in reaction to it. Such a phobic response to physical illness is relatively common and might be considered in Darwin's case. Persons exposed to overwhelming, illness-related events may become fearful and avoid circumstances or activities they regard as dangerous. While acknowledging
Neutrophil Activation and Hyperamylasaemia after Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography: Potential Role for the Leukocyte in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: D. V. Mann, P. Kalu, S. Foulds, R. Edwards, G. Glazer
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

Hyperamylasaemia occurs in up to 60% of patients following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and in a small proportion of patients (1-5%) acute pancreatitis may develop. We evaluated the role of the neutrophil in post-ERCP hyperamylasaemia and acute pancreatitis by measuring circulating CD11b adhesion receptor expression--an indicator of leukocyte activation.A total of 43 patients undergoing elective ERCP were studied. Peripheral blood measurements of amylase activity and neutrophil CD11b content (by flow cytometry) were made immediately before ERCP (baseline), and at 2 and 24 hours after the procedure.ERCP induced an increase in amylase level above baseline in 41 of 43 patients. The 2-hour and 24-hour post-ERCP amylase levels were directly related (R = 0.9, P < 0.01). Baseline CD11b receptor status was positively correlated with post-ERCP amylase activity (R = 0.4, P < 0.05), and this relationship was stronger when pancreatography had been performed (R = 0.67, P < 0.01). Three patients (7%) developed clinical acute pancreatitis, with post-ERCP amylase levels persistently elevated above 1000 IU/l. Multiple linear regression identified CD11b expression as the most significant explanatory variable for amylase level after ERCP (multiple R = 0.74, P < 0.01).The findings from this pilot study indicate an association between neutrophil activation and hyperamylasaemia following ERCP, and suggest a role for this leukocyte in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Further study of neutrophil characteristics may allow identification of individual susceptibility to ERCP-induced pancreatic injury.
Treatment of Steatorrhoea in Crohn's Disease
Authors: J. Burke
Journal: BMJ (1953)

A case of subdural effusion complicating sagittal sinus thrombosis is also described.On the basis of this case and of those of other workers it is concluded that certain types of subdural effusion complicating purulent meningitis may be due to a leakage of blood from the necrotic wall of a vein involved in thrombophlebitis.It is a pleasure to acknowledge the co-operation of all the paediatricians in the Manchester Region in collecting the material for this paper.I am also indebted to Mr. L. P. Lassman and Mr. A. Jolleys, and to many residents at the Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, for help in the documentation and manage- ment of the cases, and to Sister N. Kewley for devoted nursing care.There is no doubt that the credit for the low operative mortality recorded in this paper belongs very largely to Dr. Tom Dinsdale, who gave the anaesthetics for almost all the operations.
Augmentation of lung liquid clearance via adenovirus-mediated transfer of a Na,K-ATPase beta1 subunit gene.
Authors: P Factor, F Saldias, K Ridge, V Dumasius, J Zabner, H A Jaffe, G Blanco, M Barnard, R Mercer, R Perrin, J I Sznajder
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Previous studies have suggested that alveolar Na,K-ATPases play an important role in active Na+ transport and lung edema clearance. We reasoned that overexpression of Na,K-ATPase subunit genes could increase Na,K-ATPase function in lung epithelial cells and edema clearance in rat lungs. To test this hypothesis we produced replication deficient human type 5 adenoviruses containing cDNAs for the rat alpha1 and beta1 Na,K-ATPase subunits (adMRCMValpha1 and adMRCMVbeta1, respectively). As compared to controls, adMRCMVbeta1 increased beta1 subunit expression and Na,K-ATPase function by 2. 5-fold in alveolar type 2 epithelial cells and rat airway epithelial cell monolayers. No change in Na,K-ATPase function was noted after infection with adMRCMValpha1. Rat lungs infected with adMRCMVbeta1, but not adMRCMValpha1, had increased beta1 protein levels and lung liquid clearance 7 d after tracheal instillation. Alveolar epithelial permeability to Na+ and mannitol was mildly increased in animals infected with adMRCMVbeta1 and a similar Escherichia coli lacZ-expressing virus. Our data shows, for the first time, that transfer of the beta1 Na,K-ATPase subunit gene augments Na,K-ATPase function in epithelial cells and liquid clearance in rat lungs. Conceivably, overexpression of Na,K-ATPases could be used as a strategy to augment lung liquid clearance in patients with pulmonary edema.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in British children: cohort study
Authors: J. J Reilly, A. R Dorosty, P. M Emmett
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Estimates of the prevalence of obesity among children are necessary so that the need for preventive measures can be assessed, secular trends monitored, and high risk population groups identified. 1 The aim of this study was therefore to provide current estimates of the prevalence of obesity among British children.
Mast cell chymase limits the cardiac efficacy of Ang I–converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in rodents
Authors: Chih-Chang Wei, Naoki Hase, Yukiko Inoue, Eddie W. Bradley, Eiji Yahiro, Ming Li, Nawazish Naqvi, Pamela C. Powell, Ke Shi, Yoshimasa Takahashi, Keijiro Saku, Hidenori Urata, Louis J. Dell’Italia, Ahsan Husain
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Ang I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely believed to suppress the deleterious cardiac effects of Ang II by inhibiting locally generated Ang II. However, the recent demonstration that chymase, an Ang II-forming enzyme stored in mast cell granules, is present in the heart has added uncertainty to this view. As discussed here, using microdialysis probes tethered to the heart of conscious mice, we have shown that chronic ACE inhibitor treatment did not suppress Ang II levels in the LV interstitial fluid (ISF) despite marked inhibition of ACE. However, chronic ACE inhibition caused a marked bradykinin/B2 receptor-mediated increase in LV ISF chymase activity that was not observed in mast cell-deficient KitW/KitW-v mice. In chronic ACE inhibitor-treated mast cell-sufficient littermates, chymase inhibition decreased LV ISF Ang II levels substantially, indicating the importance of mast cell chymase in regulating cardiac Ang II levels. Chymase-dependent processing of other regulatory peptides also promotes inflammation and tissue remodeling. We found that combined chymase and ACE inhibition, relative to ACE inhibition alone, improved LV function, decreased adverse cardiac remodeling, and improved survival after myocardial infarction in hamsters. These results suggest that chymase inhibitors could be a useful addition to ACE inhibitor therapy in the treatment of heart failure.
Three-Dimensional Intravascular Ultrasound Assessment of Noninjured Edges of β-Irradiated Coronary Segments
Authors: Ken Kozuma, Marco A. Costa, Manel Sabaté, I. Patrick Kay, Johannes P. A. Marijnissen, Veronique L. M. A. Coen, Pedro Serrano, Jurgen M. R. Ligthart, Peter C. Levendag, Patrick W. Serruys
Journal: Circulation (2000)

The "edge effect," late lumen loss at the margins of the treated segment, has become an important issue in the field of coronary brachytherapy. The aim of the present study was to assess the edge effect in noninjured margins adjacent to the irradiated segments after catheter-based intracoronary beta-irradiation.Fifty-three vessels were assessed by means of 3-dimensional intravascular ultrasound after the procedure and at 6- to 8-month follow-up. Fourteen vessels (placebo group) did not receive radiation (sham source), whereas 39 vessels were irradiated. In the irradiated group, 48 edges (5 mm in length) were identified as noninjured, whereas 18 noninjured edges were selected in the placebo group. We compared the volumetric intravascular ultrasound measurements of the noninjured edges of the irradiated vessels with the fully irradiated nonstented segments (IRS, n=27) (26-mm segments received the prescribed 100% isodose) and the noninjured edges of the vessels of the placebo patients. The lumen decreased (6 mm(3)) in the noninjured edges of the irradiated vessels at follow-up (P:=0. 001). We observed a similar increase in plaque volume in all segments: noninjured edges of the irradiated group (19.6%), noninjured edges of the placebo group (21.5%), and IRS (21.0%). The total vessel volume increased in the IRS in the 3 groups. No edge segment was subject to repeat revascularization.The edge effect occurs in the noninjured margins of radiation source train in both irradiated and placebo patients. Thus, low-dose radiation may not play an important role in this phenomenon, whereas nonmeasurable device injury may be considered a plausible alternative explanation.
Racial Injustice in Health Care
Authors: Harold P. Freeman, Richard Payne
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

A growing body of compelling and disturbing evidence points to inferior medical care for black Americans, even if they are on an equal economic footing with whites. Differences in access to treatment and the quality of care are at least part of the reason why the rates of death from some diseases are higher among blacks than among whites.In this issue of the Journal, Morrison et al. show that black and Hispanic patients with severe pain are less likely than white patients to be able to obtain commonly prescribed pain medicines, because pharmacies in predominantly nonwhite communities do not . . .
Should B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Be Measured Routinely to Guide the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure?
Authors: Milton Packer
Journal: Circulation (2003)

erhaps more than in any other cardiovascular disorder, the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure rely heavily on the scholarship, skills, and judgment of the practicing physician.Proper management of this syndrome requires clinicians to integrate elements of the history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluations together with knowledge of multiple pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatments in an attempt to produce unpredictable degrees of improvement in patients who have a disabling and inexorably progressive disease.There is no diagnostic test for heart failure, and most therapies for the disorder need to be individually titrated, often with the intent of reproducing the treatment strategies used in clinical trials without any means of demonstrating a prognostic benefit in individual patients.Because of these challenges, the diagnosis of heart failure is frequently missed, and useful treatments for heart failure are commonly underutilized.The situation is complicated by the fact that the vast majority of patients with heart failure are managed by primary care physicians and not by cardiologists.
Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes
Authors: Zachary T. Bloomgarden
Journal: Diabetes Care (2010)

Perspectives on the News commentaries are part of a free monthly CME activity. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, designates this activity for 2.0 AMA PRA Category 1 credits. If you wish to participate, review this article and visit www.diabetes.procampus.net to complete a posttest and receive a certificate. The Mount Sinai School of Medicine is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) to provide continuing medical education for physicians .

This article is based on presentations addressing aspects of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients at the American Diabetes Association's 67th Scientific Sessions, 22–26 June 2007, in Chicago, Illinois; at the 55th Annual Advanced Postgraduate Course, 1–3 February 2008, in San Francisco, California (the course is available online at http://professional.diabetes.org); and at the Mount Sinai Medical Center Diabetes Grand Rounds, 14 February 2008, in New York, New York.

At a symposium on the evaluation of cardiac ischemia and macrovascular disease in patients with diabetes held at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) meeting, Theodore Mazzone (Chicago, IL) discussed approaches to subclinical ischemia in diabetes. There is a well-established relationship between diabetes and adverse outcome, as first demonstrated in the East-West Study of a Northern European population with a 3.5% 7-year cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality rate among nondiabetic individuals without a history of myocardial infarction. Subjects with a history of myocardial infarction had an 18.8% risk, while those without a history of myocardial infarction but with a history of diabetes had a 20.2% 7-year risk (1), forming the basis of the argument that type 2 diabetes is a coronary artery disease (CAD) equivalent. Subsequent trials comparing diabetic patients without known CVD to nondiabetic patients with CVD, Mazzone stated, have confirmed that “the risk is pretty close in most populations.” Schramm et al. (abstract 692) presented an …
Points: Bundle branch block
Authors: J W Todd
Journal: BMJ (1979)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect blocking neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) signaling has on the CD8 T cell response to corneal herpes simplex 1 (HSV-1) infection, using NK1R antagonist (L 760735) or NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mice. Corneal HSV-1 infection was carried out on C57BL/6 and NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mice. Our results showed an enhanced CD8 T cell response to corneal HSV-1 infection by NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mice compared to C57BL/6 mice. The data illustrates that at day 5 post infection, draining lymph nodes (DLNs) in NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mice exhibit an increased CD8 T cell IFN-γ response as measured by intracellular cytokine staining. In addition, an increased CD8 T cell proliferation is noted in NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mouse DLNs. Interestingly, L 760735 treatment given to HSV-1 infected C57BL/6 mice did not show an increase in CD8 T cell proliferation or IFN-γ production; in comparison to infected, vehicle treated control mice. To determine the underlying cause of this discrepancy, we detected pre-existing LYVE+ vessels in unmanipulated corneas of NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mice. This was associated with higher levels of VEGF-C protein in ocular tissue (cornea + limbal conjunctiva) of unmanipulated NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> compared to C57BL/6 mice, as measured via western blot. We recently reported a massive accumulation of CD11b and CD11c expressing cells near the limbal area in unmanipulated eyes of NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mice [<i>J Immunol</i>., 2016, 197 (10) 4021–4033]. Confocal microscopy results showed VEGF-C colocalization with these cells near the limbal area in NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mice. Since corneal lymphatics play an important role in generating the CD8 T cell response to corneal HSV-1 infection, our results suggest an enhanced CD8 T cell response in NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> mice, likely due to a notable increase in corneal lymphatics in NK1R<sup>−/−</sup> compared to C57BL/6 mice.
First Use of Model Predictive Control in Outpatient Wearable Artificial Pancreas
Authors: Simone Del Favero, Daniela Bruttomesso, Federico Di Palma, Giordano Lanzola, Roberto Visentin, Alessio Filippi, Rachele Scotton, Chiara Toffanin, Mirko Messori, Stefania Scarpellini, Patrick Keith-Hynes, Boris P. Kovatchev, J. Hans DeVries, Eric Renard, Lalo Magni, Angelo Avogaro, Claudio Cobelli
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

OBJECTIVE Inpatient studies suggest that model predictive control (MPC) is one of the most promising algorithms for artificial pancreas (AP). So far, outpatient trials have used hypo/hyperglycemia-mitigation or medical-expert systems. In this study, we report the first wearable AP outpatient study based on MPC and investigate specifically its ability to control postprandial glucose, one of the major challenges in glucose control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A new modular MPC algorithm has been designed focusing on meal control. Six type 1 diabetes mellitus patients underwent 42-h experiments: sensor-augmented pump therapy in the first 14 h (open-loop) and closed-loop in the remaining 28 h. RESULTS MPC showed satisfactory dinner control versus open-loop: time-in-target (70–180 mg/dL) 94.83 vs. 68.2% and time-in-hypo 1.25 vs. 11.9%. Overnight control was also satisfactory: time-in-target 89.4 vs. 85.0% and time-in-hypo: 0.00 vs. 8.19%. CONCLUSIONS This outpatient study confirms inpatient evidence of suitability of MPC-based strategies for AP. These encouraging results pave the way to randomized crossover outpatient studies.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome after Methadone or Buprenorphine Exposure
Authors: Hendrée E. Jones, Karol Kaltenbach, Sarah H. Heil, Susan M. Stine, Mara G. Coyle, Amelia M. Arria, Kevin E. O'Grady, Peter Selby, Peter R. Martin, Gabriele Fischer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Methadone, a full mu-opioid agonist, is the recommended treatment for opioid dependence during pregnancy. However, prenatal exposure to methadone is associated with a neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) characterized by central nervous system hyperirritability and autonomic nervous system dysfunction, which often requires medication and extended hospitalization. Buprenorphine, a partial mu-opioid agonist, is an alternative treatment for opioid dependence but has not been extensively studied in pregnancy.
Waste in medical academia must be addressed, Chalmers urges in The BMJ Awards acceptance speech
Authors: T. Moberly
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Medical academia is wasting “massive” amounts of taxpayers’ money, and the public must put it under pressure to change, Iain Chalmers told the audience at The BMJ Awards ceremony in London on 8 May.

At the event Chalmers was presented with the Lifetime Achievement award 2014, sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). The ceremony took place at the Westminster Park Plaza Hotel, London, and the evening was hosted by the broadcaster Gyles Brandreth and sponsored by the Medical and Dental Defence Union of Scotland (MDDUS). …