tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Formaldehyde on Asthmatic Response to Inhaled Allergen Challenge
Authors: Véronique Ezratty, Marcel Bonay, Catherine Neukirch, Gaëlle Orset-Guillossou, Monique Dehoux, Serge Koscielny, Pierre-André Cabanes, Jacques Lambrozo, Michel Aubier
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Exposure to formaldehyde may lead to exacerbation of asthma.Our aim in this study was to investigate whether exposure to a low level (500 microg/m(3)) of formaldehyde enhances inhaled allergen responses.Twelve subjects with intermittent asthma and allergy to pollen were exposed, at rest, in a double-blind crossover study to either formaldehyde or purified air for 60 min. The order of exposure to formaldehyde and air-only was randomized, and exposures were separated by 2 weeks. We also performed an allergen inhalation challenge after each exposure. Airway responsiveness to methacholine and lower airway inflammation (induced sputum) were assessed 8 hr after allergen challenge.The median dose of allergen producing a 15% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (PD(15)FEV(1)) was 0.80 IR (index of reactivity) after formaldehyde exposure compared with 0.25 IR after air-only exposure (p = 0.06). Formaldehyde exposure did not affect allergen-induced increase in responsiveness to methacholine (p = 0.42). We found no formaldehyde-associated effect on the airway inflammatory response, in particular the eosinophilic inflammatory response, induced by the allergen challenge 8 hr before.In this study, exposure to 500 microg/m(3) formaldehyde had no significant deleterious effect on airway allergen responsiveness of patients with intermittent asthma; we found a trend toward a protective effect.
A CLINICAL STUDY OF MIXED INFECTION IN TUBERCULOSIS.PRELIMINARY REPORT.
Authors: F. M. POTTENGER
Journal: JAMA (1906)

One of the many debatable questions in tuberculosis is that of mixed infection. Some observers account for nearly all elevations of temperature which pass beyond a very moderate limit as being due to a mixed infection. Others, on the contrary, question whether the advent of other bacteria into the field of tuberculosis has anything to do with the production of the fever, even that of the hectic type. Many bacteria besides the tubercle bacillus are found in tuberculous sputum. The various pus organisms, especially the streptococci, are commonly present. That these various organisms are found in the sputum is not sufficient ground for associating them with the tuberculous process, for they may have come from the mouth, throat or other portions of the respiratory tract. To obviate this possibility of error Pfeiffer<sup>1</sup>suggested that the particles of sputum for examination be taken from the center of the mass of
Medical Student Education in Managed Care Settings
Authors: Jon Veloski
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To describe the educational experiences of students in managed care settings and to compare these with recommendations for preparing physicians to practice in managed care. <h3>Desing.</h3> —We searched MEDLINE using the keywords "medical education," "managed care," "health maintenance organization," and others; we manually checked the reference lists of identified articles and reports from 1969 to 1996. Survey information was obtained from all US medical schools in 1995 and 1996. Site visits were made to 6 managed care organizations selected according to size, geographic region, and involvement in education. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —The extent to which schools use managed care settings for clinical education, the types of settings used, and the kinds of educational programs experienced. <h3>Results.</h3> —In 1995 and 1996, an average of 16% of schools required all students to have clerkships or other clinical experiences in a group/staff model HMO, and some students from another 46% of schools spent time in an HMO for clerkships or physical diagnosis/introduction to clinical medicine courses. About 85% of schools potentially exposed students to other types of managed care during 1 or more required clinical experiences in ambulatory, community-based settings. The learning objectives of these experiences did not explicitly address features unique to managed care such as cost containment and disease prevention. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —The selection of managed care settings for undergraduate education is based on general clinical objectives rather than explicit goals tied to managed care. Whether these experiences in managed care settings help students to develop competencies for future practice in a managed care environment has not been demonstrated. While the feasibility of medical education in nonprofit group/ staff model HMOs is well documented, it is not certain whether these models can be adapted to for-profit managed care settings.
Generalizations About Hepatoma Metastasis
Authors: Stanley P. Bohrer
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It is interesting to note that what is considered to be an uncommon condition or manifestation of a condition, often becomes less and less rare (in an absolute sense) as more people read the original report and comment on their experiences. Indeed, this is one of the purposes of a "letters to the editor" section in journals. Sidhu (218:1305, 1971), commenting on a previous letter and article about the uncommon occurrence of osseous metastases from hepatomas, noted "This is not really the case.... What is in fact true is that a bony metastasis as the major presenting clinical complaint is rare." One would expect "rare" manifestations of various diseases to be most common where the diseases are most prevalent. In Nigeria, in some Asian countries, and in Japan, hepatoma is a common tumor and one would expect to see more examples of the "rare" manifestations thereof in
Pleomorphic Adenoma Simulating Metastatic Squamous Cell Carcinoma on F-18 Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Gavin C. Mackie, Sai G. Yarram
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

F-18 FDG has been demonstrated to be highly accurate in the staging of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. A case of intensely abnormal FDG uptake within the parotid gland in a patient undergoing PET for staging of a laryngeal carcinoma was initially considered to be strongly suspicious of metastatic disease. Fine-needle aspiration revealed the lesion to be a pleomorphic adenoma. This case highlights the fact that both benign and malignant lesions in the parotid gland may exhibit intense FDG activity and the need for pathologic confirmation of parotid gland lesions for accurate disease staging.
THE USE AND THE ABUSE OF THE BICYCLE.
Authors: JAMES MILLS
Journal: JAMA (1897)

The world is on wheels; doctors and ministers, lawyers and teachers, husbands and wives, kings and queens, old and young, rich and poor, are all equal in cycling; and all must pedal, sweat and breathe dust alike. In this they share the same joys and sorrows. Cars and steamboats are wholesome affairs, so far as equalizing our outward conditions is concerned; but your true leveler in locomotion is the bicycle. In this "age of inventions," what the telegraph and the telephone do for thought and voice, the bicycle does for the body. It is a machine with the power of impulsion induced by the muscular motion of the rider's limbs; it is a horse and buggy combined; costs less than either and fattens on air. It enables the doctor to outride microbes, and catch ozone on the wing. It puts him in prime condition for visiting his patients, and is
ABDOMINAL BINDER AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR PITUITARY EXTRACT IN SECOND STAGE OF LABOR
Authors: ALFRED C. BECK
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Injections of pituitary extract increase the frequency and intensity of the uterine contractions. Pituitary extract, accordingly, is extensively used as an aid in the second stage of labor. Unfortunately, it acts differently in different women, and its occasional harmful effects cannot easily be remedied once they occur. The average dose, which in most women accelerates the birth of the child without risk, occasionally in others causes such violent contractions that rupture of the uterus may occur, especially if dystocia is present. Many instances of this unfortunate accident are recorded in the literature and have led to repeated
Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy
Authors: Franklin H. Epstein
Journal: JAMA (1978)

This is a welcome book for many reasons. Though not a physician, Leon Chesley, PhD, has devoted a lifetime to the single-minded, meticulous, and unremitting study of patients with toxemias of pregnancy. His follow-up studies of pregnant women who gave birth at the Margaret Hague Hospital are classics. The monograph is especially useful for its wonderful and unique historical compilation. The emphasis on simple, tried-and-true measures for the treatment of eclampsia (magnesium sulfate; morphine for sedation) is wise and refreshing in an era of polypharmacy that sometimes ends up by harming the patient more than helping her. There is an excellent and sensible chapter on the assessment of fetal status. Changes in standard renal function tests are reviewed as well as the physiology of renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone as they relate to pregnancy and pregnancy toxemias. The exciting observations of N. F. Grant are given proper emphasis, showing that it
Mitochondrial ribosomal RNA mutation associated with both antibiotic–induced and non–syndromic deafness
Authors: Toni R. Prezant, John V. Agapian, M. Charlotte Bohlman, Xiangdong Bu, Sitki Öztas, Wei-Qin Qiu, Kathleen S. Arnos, Gino A. Cortopassi, Lutfi Jaber, Jerome I. Rotter, Mordechai Shohat, Nathan Fischel-Ghodsian
Journal: Nature Genetics (1993)
Strong HLA Class I Expression Is Positively Correlated with the Number of PML Nuclear Bodies and Negatively with the Percentage of SATB1 Positive HRS Cells in EBV+ Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma (cHL)
Authors: Yuxuan Liu, Lydia Visser, Rianne Veenstra, Bea Rutgers, Anke Van Den Berg, Arjan Diepstra
Journal: Blood (2012)
The adaptor Act1 is required for interleukin 17–dependent signaling associated with autoimmune and inflammatory disease
Authors: Youcun Qian, Caini Liu, Justin Hartupee, Cengiz Zubeyir Altuntas, Muhammet Fatih Gulen, Daniel Jane-wit, Jianhua Xiao, Yi Lu, Natalia Giltiay, Jinbo Liu, Tomasz Kordula, Qi-Wei Zhang, Bruce Vallance, Shadi Swaidani, Mark Aronica, Vincent K Tuohy, Thomas Hamilton, Xiaoxia Li
Journal: Nature Immunology (2007)
Right-sided diaphragmatic hernia: neonatal presentation associated with an unusual physical sign.
Authors: A D Edelsten, S Tuck
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Right-sided diaphragmatic hernia: neonatal presentation associated with an unusual physical sign Diaphragmatic hernia is a well-recognised cause of respiratory difficulty soon after birth.Recently, however, attention has been drawn to the fact that right-sided diaphragmatic hernia (RDH) often presents later and atypically.' 2 In these two cases of RDH an unusual physical sign was present, which may help in diagnosis. Case 1A 32-week, 1980 g girl developed clinical and radiological features of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome one hour after an uneventful birth.
RENAL FUNCTION IN ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: LAURENCE B. ELLIS
Journal: JAMA (1933)

It is being increasingly recognized that hypertensive cardiovascular disease is not a primary disturbance of the kidneys. It terminates much more commonly by cardiac failure or cerebral apoplexy than by renal failure. Nevertheless, it usually affects the kidneys to some degree and occasionally enough to produce renal insufficiency and uremia. The importance of determining the state of the renal function in this condition is therefore evident. In a previous paper<sup>1</sup>it was concluded that an adequate analysis of kidney function was possible from the results obtained from the following three tests: (1) an examination of the urine for albumin, casts and cells; (2) a determination of the degree of glomerular filtration by an urea or creatinine clearance test; (3) a test for tubular reabsorption by determining the ability of the kidney to concentrate urine. In the present study these tests have been applied to a group of patients suffering
Initiation Codon Scanthrough versus Termination Codon Readthrough Demonstrates Strong Potential for Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I–restricted Cryptic Epitope Expression
Authors: Timothy N.J. Bullock, Anthony E. Patterson, Laura L. Franlin, Evangelia Notidis, Laurence C. Eisenlohr
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Accumulating evidence shows that the repertoire of major histocompatibility complex class I–restricted epitopes extends beyond conventional translation reading frames. Previously, we reported that scanthrough translation, where the initiating AUG of a primary open reading frame is bypassed, is most likely to account for the presentation of cryptic epitopes from alternative reading frames within the influenza A PR/8/34 nucleoprotein gene. Here, we confirm and extend these findings using an epitope cassette construct that features two well-defined CD8+ T cell (TCD8+) epitopes in alternative reading frames, each preceded by a single start codon. Expression of one epitope depends on scanning of the ribosome over the first AUG with translation initiation occurring at the second AUG. We find that scanthrough translation has great potency in our system, with its impact being modulated, as predicted, by the base composition surrounding the first initiation codon, the number of start codons preceding the point of alternate reading frame initiation, and the efficiency with which the epitope itself is generated. Additionally, we investigated the efficiency of eukaryotic translation termination codons, to assess codon readthrough as a mechanism for cryptic epitope expression from 3′ untranslated regions. In contrast with initiation codons, eukaryotic stop codons appear to be highly efficient at preventing expression of epitopes encoded in 3′ untranslated regions, suggesting that 3′ untranslated regions are not a common source of cryptic epitope substrate. We conclude that scanthrough is a powerful mechanism for the expression of epitopes encoded in upstream alternative open reading frames that may contribute significantly to TCD8+ responses and to tolerance induction.
Abstract 9649: Impaired Pulmonary Angiogenesis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension is Linked to Abnormal Pericyte Function and Reduced Endothelial-pericyte Interactions
Authors: Ke Yuan, Mark Orcholski, Eszter C Vladar, Jeff Axelrod, Marlene Rabinovitch, Vinicio de jesus Perez
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is associated with progressive small vessel loss and impaired vascular regeneration. Pericytes are highly specialized vascular cells that directly interact with endothelial cells to provide mural support and promote small vessel maturation and survival. While it is possible that abnormalities in the initiation and maintenance of endothelial-pericyte interactions could contribute to small vessel loss in IPAH, little is known about the role of pericytes in the pulmonary. To circumvent this limitation, we have developed a novel method to purify pericytes from the lungs of failed donors and IPAH patients obtained through the Pulmonary Hypertension Breakthrough Initiative (PHBI). Healthy pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAECs) on matrigel demonstrated reduced vascular tube formation in the presence of IPAH pericytes compared to control (P&lt;0.0001). The vast majority of IPAH pericytes not only failed to reach and attach themselves to endothelial tubes but also had abnormalities in adhesion, motility and cell polarity. Disruption of Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) can contribute to both PAEC loss and impaired tube formation in pulmonary angiogenesis. Given the discrete adhesion, motility and polarity defects of IPAH pericytes, disruption in Wnt/PCP pathway could also contribute to the phenotypic differences observed between healthy and IPAH pericytes. To begin exploring this possibility, gene expression pattern of Wnt ligands and receptors in healthy pericytes and PAECs alone and after co-culture were characterized by qRT-PCR. Compared to single cultures, Wnt5a gene expression was increased in PAECs while an increase in both Vangl1 and ROR2 were seen in pericytes. PAECs with Wnt5a-knockout cannot recruit healthy pericytes in would healing assay as well as in 3D collagen gels. Given that Wnt5a is a known ligand of Wnt/PCP that triggers intracellular signaling through the surface receptors Vangl1 and ROR2 receptors, these preliminary studies strongly suggest that impaired pericyte recruitment to pulmonary vessels resulting from disruption of Wnt/PCP signaling may result in progressive vessel loss and impaired regeneration in IPAH.
Optimizing diabetes care: perspectives from a practical view point
Authors: George I Varughese, Divakar Jammalamadaka, Abd A Tahrani
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2007)

Mainous et al. highlight some important aspects with regard to the intricacies in the provision of diabetes care depending on the health care delivery system.1 In the UK, however, what we experience is only a tip of the iceberg if we take into consideration:



The findings of the national diabetes audit, which suggested that a quarter of people with diabetes remain undiagnosed;


The high coexistence of hypertension with diabetes, which in itself is a becoming a global public health challenge with implications for vascular risk;


The burden of disease and the burden of cost of disease;


The discrepancies in physicians' choice of therapy; and


The proportion of patients with a glycosylated haemoglobin <7.4% having increased only nonsignificantly from 37.9 to 39.7% (P=0.19) over five years, suggesting that glycaemic control per se has to get better, and needs to be addressed even further.2






These issues become all the more pertinent if we take into account other aspects of diabetes care, such as maternal health and the role of deranged glucose metabolism from a cardiovascular perspective.3-5 Other important issues include diabetes care provided in the community, such as eye screening and foot care.

Indeed, the pathophysiology of complications in the setting of diabetes is multifactorial, and in addition to the predictable risk factors, there are many other closely interrelated processes that develop in parallel, progress with time, and are robustly and individually associated with the risk of death on a background of diabetes.2,4 The concept of using national diabetes registers should be recognized as a good role model to advance surveillance, and the new contract for general medical services introduced in 2004 constitutes the biggest change in UK primary medical care for many decades.2 Hopefully, the results can only be even more rewarding and impressive for this growing epidemic and things will only get better.
Intrakines and Blocking HIV Infection
Authors: Patricia D'Souza
Journal: JAMA (1998)

CXC-chemokine receptor (CXCR)-4/fusin, a newly discovered co-receptor for T-cell line (T)-tropic HIV-1 virus, plays a critical role in T-tropic virus fusion and entry into permissive cells. The occurrence of T-tropic HIV viruses is associated with CD4-positive cell decline and progression to AIDS, suggesting that the T-tropic HIV-1 contributes to AIDS pathogenesis. In this study, we used a novel strategy to inactivate CXCR-4 by targeting a modified CXC-chemokine to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to block the surface expression of newly synthesized CXCR-4. The genetically modified lymphocytes expressing this intracellular chemokine, termed "intrakine," are immune to T-tropic virus infection and appear to retain normal biological features. Thus, this genetic intrakine strategy is uniquely targeted at the conserved cellular receptor for the prevention of HIV-1 entry and may be developed into an effective treatment for HIV-1 infection and AIDS.
Ethionamide-lnduced Goitrous Hypothyroidism
Authors: D. DRUCKER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

A 42-year-old woman developed goitrous hypothyroidism while receiving ethionamide for treatment of an atypical mycobacterial infection. Five weeks after discontinuation of ethionamide therapy, thyroid function had returned to normal. The goitrogenic effect was studied in vitro by incubating ethionamide in various concentrations (10-3 to 10-7 mol/L) with ovine thyroid cells in tissue cultures. Ethionamide inhibited the trapping of technetium and organification of iodine at concentrations seen clinically (10-5 mol/L). Ethionamide appears to be a potential goitrogen in susceptible persons.
Management of patients in persistent vegetative state. Given proper rehabilitation a chance.
Authors: M A Tudor
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Inpatient treatment must remain an option EDITOR,-Paul Dedman's editorial on home treat- ment for psychiatric disorder ends with the curious sentence "Whether it can fully replace the functions of the acute psychiatric inpatient unit has not been established."'Setting aside the fact that all the studies Dedman discusses found inpatient treatment to be necessary despite intensive home treatment programmes in some cases and the fact that patients with acute psychiatric illness and their relatives must be given the choice of inpatient treatment, you cannot treat at home patients who have no insight into the fact that they are ill and therefore do not accept treatment.If they are so seriously ill as to require compulsory treatment this can be given only in hospital.Even if a community treatment order was to come into being it would not apply to those becoming ill for the first time.Possibly Dedman is differentiating between intensive care facilities and acute psychiatric inpatient units, although these are often combined.If so it is important that this is made clear as already too many of the most seriously mentally ill patients are being deprived of the right to effective treat- ment and optimum mental health because of a shortage of suitable inpatient places.Too many receive inadequate or no treatment as part of care in the community, whereas with effective treat- ment they would be leading independent or nearly independent lives.A brief admission to hospital for treatment of schizophrenia or manic depression should be equated not with institutional care but with admission for treatment of diabetes or cardiac disease.
The BMA's annual representative meeting
Authors: L. Beecham, J. Smith, J. Mayor, M. Willett
Journal: BMJ (1995)

One of the liveliest debates was on why doctors were leaving the profession. Dr Conrad Guerrier (Somerset) implored the council to set up a working party on the subject. Dr Mark Porter (JDC) supported the call. He said that reliable statistics were needed now before the flow of doctors out of Britain and out of clinical medicine became a haemorrhage. Dr Helen Davison (JDC) added her own plea. She had started working as a junior doctor at the time of the reforms, had become increasingly ground down, and had had to leave medicine for health reasons. At first she had felt guilty but now realised that it was the system that had let her down. Dr Brian Keighley (LMC conference) thought that the government should be investigating the haemorrhaging of its own staff, not the BMA, and the reasons were clear: rising workload, insensitive management, inflexible training, the internal market, juniors' long hours, and GPs' night visits. The chairman of council pointed out that Isobel Allen's study had provided some data: a half of a cohort of 229 doctors had thought of leaving the profession, 2% actually had done so, and a further 8% thought it likely they would do so. The BMA's health policy unit had set up a cohort study of doctors qualifying in 1995 and planned to follow them up annually. This would, he said, provide reliable information, but unfortunately not yet. The motion was passed as a reference. **FIGURE OMITTED**