tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Clinical, therapeutic, histopathologic, and hypersensitivity aspects
Authors: E. A. Graykowski
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (recurrent aphthae) is a disease of man characterized by painful, recurrent, single or multiple necrotizing ulcerations of mucosal tissues. The primary cause has not been established and there is no specific therapy. Several microbial agents have been incriminated, including herpes simplex and other viruses,<i>Toxoplasma</i>, the organisms which cause Vincent's angina, and other bacterial agents including the pleomorphic, transitional L-froms of an α-hemolytic streptococcus (<i>Streptococcus sanguis</i>) (see reviews for references<sup>1-3</sup>). Recurrence may be precipitated by trauma, hormonal changes in women, physical or psychic stress, and chemical irritants. The disease has been associated with allergic and genetic factors. Moreover, recurrent aphthae is often erroneously confused with herpes simplex infection and it may have clinical and histological aspects in common with Behcet's, Stevens-Johnson, and Reiter's syndrome. No less than 20 different synonyms have been used to characterize this disease.<sup>1-3</sup> To the practicing physician, the combined problems of
Doctors who help give lethal injections should be punished, says Amnesty
Authors: Caroline White
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Doctors and other healthcare staff who take any part in executions by lethal injection should be punished by their professional bodies, says the human rights organisation, Amnesty International.

In a report published to mark 25 years of the use of this method of execution, Amnesty says that leading professional organisations should push harder to outlaw the practice. The organisation opposes any form of capital punishment.

The practice is condoned in only six countries. But despite an overall fall in the numbers of lethal injections in four of these, it has become the execution method of choice in the United States, says …
Psychiatric Family Consultants: A New Approach in Family Practice for the Personal Physician. Further Examples of Teamwork Between an Internist and a Psychiatrist.
Authors: Jerome V. Treusch
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1966)

s1 May 1966Psychiatric Family Consultants: A New Approach in Family Practice for the Personal Physician. Further Examples of Teamwork Between an Internist and a Psychiatrist.Jerome V. Treusch, M.D., F.A.C.P., Martin Grotjahn, M.D.Jerome V. Treusch, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Martin Grotjahn, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-64-5-1179_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptSome years ago, an internist (J. T.) and a psychiatrist (M. G.) initiated a teamwork study, and in 1957 they reported the results of their experience and co-operation. They described the technique and the dynamics of consultations during which the psychiatrist saw a patient in the office of the internist and with the internist present. In recent years the psychiatrist grew more aware of the importance of the family in almost all psychiatric conditions likely to occur in the personal physician's family practice: psychosomatic disease, alcoholism, depressions, disruptions of family unity, questions of mental and physical hygiene, sexual problems and... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Jerome V. Treusch, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Martin Grotjahn, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1966Volume 64, Issue 5 Page: 1179-1179 Keywords Alcoholism Hygiene ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1966 PDF downloadLoading ...
Cytomegalovirus Replication Is Not a Cause of Instability in Unstable Angina
Authors: Amir Kol, Giovanni Sperti, Jacob Shani, Nancy Schulhoff, Willy van de Greef, Maria Paola Landini, Michele La Placa, Attilio Maseri, Filippo Crea
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Unstable angina is most frequently caused by coronary thrombosis, with or without plaque fissure, but the mechanisms underlying these events are still speculative. Since cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens and DNA encoding CMV major immediate-early (MIE) gene have been detected in atherosclerotic arterial walls, the active replication of CMV may be responsible for plaque instability. Therefore the expression of CMV MIE gene mRNA, an early marker of viral replication, was assessed in coronary atherectomy specimens from patients with stable or unstable angina. Methods and Results Twenty patients with unstable angina (12 men and 8 women; mean age, 62 years; range, 44 to 89 years) and 20 patients with stable angina (16 men and 4 women; mean age, 62 years; range, 43 to 81 years) who underwent successful directional coronary atherectomy were enrolled in the study. The efficiency of mRNA extraction, transcription, and amplification from each coronary atherectomy specimen was assessed by performance of reverse transcription and thermal cycling amplification of a 548-bp human β-actin cDNA segment. After Southern blotting and hybridization with a specific probe, all specimens but one showed a positive hybridization signal. The negative sample was excluded from the study. Reverse transcription and thermal cycling amplification of a 145-bp CMV cDNA segment of the MIE gene were then carried out. After Southern blotting and hybridization with a specific probe, none of the specimens showed a positive hybridization signal. Plasmid pACYC 184 containing the Xba I–inserted MIE gene cDNA was used as a positive control: as few as 10 molecules of the plasmid per reaction were detectable after amplification. Conclusions Our results do not support the hypothesis that, in patients with unstable angina, replication of CMV in coronary atherosclerotic plaques is a major cause of plaque instability. These findings suggest that the research for the causes of unstable angina should be directed toward processes other than CMV replication.
Attitudes towards civil defence and the psychological effects of nuclear war.
Authors: J Smith, T Smith
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Under the worst assumptions of those whose job it is to play war games millions of people in the USA, USSR, and Europe would be killed in a major nuclear attack against military and industrial targets. Under a different set of assumptions, when shelters from blast and fallout are available and there is time for people to take refuge in them, or time for people to be evacuated to safe areas, far fewer would be killed or injured. There is disagreement over the numbers, owing to the assumptions made. These uncertainties in the assumptions and disagreements over the effects are reflected in similar differences in attitudes, ranging from the preparedness of the Swiss to the inaction of successive British governments.
Fetal malnutrition--the price of upright posture?
Authors: J Dobbing
Journal: BMJ (1979)

was about two-and-a-half times as large as the corresponding US study from the National Institute of Child Health and Development7 8 and at least as much care was taken to avoid biased assessments as in that study; there were no matched controls in the Canadian study.9It would thus not be surprising if the MRC study proved to be a more sensitive indicator of the possible risks of amniocentesis than either of the other two.The findings, which differ in several respects from those of the US study, certainly deserve more careful consideration than this premature and sweeping dismissal from the United States accorded them.
Treatment and survival rates of large series of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) observed in Naples
Authors: G. De Sena, R. Utili, E. Sagnelli, G.B. Gaeta, V. Iaccarino, G. Giusti, G. Ruggiero, F. Piccinino, A. Marrone, B. Contento, R. Piccinino, P. Festa, P. Porcile, S. Borriero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1991)
Half the deaths of young infants may be avoidable
Authors: B. Hope
Journal: BMJ (1997)

More than half the stillbirths and deaths before the age of 1 month in Britain could have been prevented, a report released last week has found. Figures obtained by the confidential inquiry into stillbirths and deaths in infancy have led the report's authors to recommend an urgent review of current procedures relating to labour and delivery.

The inquiry investigated 1266 deaths in 1994 and 1995 that occurred after the onset of labour and …
Minor Queries in Medical Science
Authors: W. Hinds
Journal: BMJ (1860)

plied, it follows, as a matter of necessity, that when they are found wanting or deficient they ought to be supplied, if possible.It may happen, in some cases, that the very organisation itself is incapable af appropriating such pabulum after being fur- nished with it, but these are the exceptions, and not the rule, unless such organisation be worn out by protracted disease or old age.In the special matter of this albuminuria, as we see that in most cases the dreaded symptom seems to be preceded by hcemorrhage or other sources of drainage of the red particles, and is, when it takes place, itself a drainage of the albumen, * I finid nitre, which combinies both these actiolns, ani admirable general remedy for the mild fevers and inflammationis of childhood.
β-Adrenoceptor Antagonists: New Drugs and New Indications
Authors: Jan Koch-Weser, William H. Frishman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

THE finding that the relative potency of a series of sympathomimetic amines varied with the effector organs or systems led Ahlquist in 1948 to conclude that there were two distinct types of adrenergic receptors, which he classified as a and β1 The discovery ofβ-adrenoceptor antagonists 10 years later2 gave strong support to Ahlquist's hypothesis and initiated one of the most important advances in cardiovascular pharmacotherapy.Although β-blockers were initially intended as treatment for angina pectoris, it soon became clear that they had much to offer as therapy for other clinical disorders: hypertension, arrhythmia, thyrotoxicosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, migraine, and glaucoma.3 , 4 As . . .
Principles of Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Jesus A. Bianco
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Dr Henry Wagner has been a Physician totally dedicated to the development of nuclear medicine as a specialty. One imagines Dr Wagner completely immersed in thoughts and actions related to nuclear medicine for the last 30 years. Many people read and used the first edition of<i>Principles of Nuclear Medicine</i>, published in 1968. What we all have now in the second edition is a real treat that makes us proud to be nuclear medicine physicians. Dr Wagner must feel immensely satisfied with his accomplishment. His achievement has been evident every year as the Annual Meeting of The Society of Nuclear Medicine comes to a close, when he delivers the state-of-the-specialty speech and offers his predictions. <i>Principles of Nuclear Medicine</i>is the reference standard for academic nuclear medicine. By academic nuclear medicine we mean the harmonious blend of investigative and clinical nuclear medicine. Investigative nuclear medicine relates in this book to
Public Vaccination in Berlin.
Authors: Jacob Rosenthal
Journal: JAMA (1892)

There are to be seen in Berlin at the present time multitudes of children bearing their school-books under one arm, while the other (always the left), has pinned conspicuously to the sleeve of the outer garment the Geneva Red-cross. On inquiry of one of the urchins, he immediately divested his arm of its covering and exposed to view six typical pustules of vaccination, and explained for my further edification that the Red-cross meant<i>nicht Drücken</i>—not to press— rather a quaint idea. Pursuing the subject farther, I have been able to obtain such information which I am led to believe places vaccination as to its methods, etc., on a plane rather different from that as at present practiced in America. On invitation of a colleague to whom I expressed the wish, I was enabled to see him vaccinate upwards of 200 children in a session lasting scarcely an hour;
Altered cardiac expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-isoforms in patients with hypertensive heart disease
Authors: M GOIKOETXEA, J BEAUMONT, A GONZALEZ, B LOPEZ, R QUEREJETA, M LARMAN, J DIEZ
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

To investigate whether cardiac expression of the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is altered in patients with hypertensive heart disease (HHD).We studied endomyocardial septal biopsies from 24 patients with essential hypertension divided into three groups: 6 without left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (HT group), 10 with LVH (LVH group), and 8 with LVH and heart failure (HF) (HF group). The expression of two PPARalpha isoforms (the native active and the truncated inhibitory) was analyzed by Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and two PPARalpha target genes were evaluated by RT-PCR. Histomorphological features were evaluated in a second myocardial sample from LVH and HF groups.Whereas the expression of native PPARalpha protein was lower (p<0.05) in LVH and HF groups than in the HT group, truncated PPARalpha protein was overexpressed (p<0.001) in the HF group as compared with LVH and HT groups. The mRNA expression of native and truncated PPARalpha was similar in the three groups of hypertensives. In addition, a progressive decrease (p for trend<0.05) in the two PPARalpha target genes mRNA expression was observed among HT, LVH and HF groups. The amount of truncated PPARalpha protein correlates directly with cardiomyocytes apoptosis and inversely with cardiomyocytes density in patients with HHD. In addition, the expression of truncated PPARalpha protein was directly correlated with left ventricular volumes, and inversely with ejection fraction in all hypertensives.These findings suggest that post-transcriptional regulation of PPARalpha isoforms is altered in patients with HHD, namely in those developing HF. An excess of the truncated inhibitory isoform may be involved in hypertensive left ventricular failure and remodeling.
REJECTION OF ASCITES TUMOR ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Gideon Berke, Karen A. Sullivan, Bernard Amos
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

A pathway for cell-mediated tumor destruction in vitro by immune peritoneal exudate lymphoid cells has been proposed. The union of lymphocytes and tumor cells precedes the formation of an intermediate phase leading to lysis. The initial interaction is only partially temperature dependent. The cytolytic process per se is highly temperature dependent, being negligible at 25°C but proceeding rapidly at 37°C. 51Cr release from tumor cells is demonstrable within 10 min at 37°C and can be reversibly arrested by cooling. Once initiated, lysis is largely independent of additional interactions and continues at almost full rate for 30 min. The effector cells are not lysed and appear to be free to enter into further effector cycles.
Progressive Autoimmune Beta Cell Insufficiency: Occurrence in the Absence of High-Risk HLA Alleles DR3, DR4
Authors: George S Eisenbarth, S Srikanta, Ellen Fleischnick, Om P Ganda, Richard A Jackson, Stuart J Brink, J Stuart Soeldner, Edmond J Yunis, Chester Alper
Journal: Diabetes Care (1985)

In a prospective screening program for type I diabetes mellitus, we identified a unique family in which several members (mother and three siblings) expressed an unusual set of HLA-DR alleles (DR2+, DR3/4−) and were in different phases of immunologically mediated islet beta cell dysfunction. Immunologic and/or clinical manifestations of type I diabetes were absent in all siblings not sharing both HLA haplotypes in common with the proband. This article illustrates: the clinical utility of prospective family screening for predictive markers, such as islet cell antibodies, progressive autoimmune beta cell destruction can occur in the absence of the “high-risk” alleles HLA-DR3 and DR4, and HLA identity with the proband, rather than specific HLA alleles, i.e., presence of DR3, DR4 and absence of DR2, is an essential factor.
Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in type 2 diabetes. Relation to LDL size, oxidized LDL, and antioxidants.
Authors: S Mäkimattila, M L Liu, J Vakkilainen, A Schlenzka, S Lahdenperä, M Syvänne, M Mäntysaari, P Summanen, R Bergholm, M R Taskinen, H Yki-Järvinen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

OBJECTIVE: To search for determinants of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a comprehensive analysis of cardiovascular risk markers and measured blood flow responses to endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine [ACh] and NG-monomethyl-L-arginine) and -independent (sodium nitroprusside [SNP]) vasoactive agents in 30 nonsmoking men with type 2 diabetes (age 51 +/- 1 years, BMI 27.8 +/- 0.4 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.4 +/- 0.3%) and 12 matched normal control men. RESULTS: ACh-induced vasodilation was 37% lower in type 2 diabetic (6.1 +/- 0.5) than in normal subjects (9.7 +/- 1.5 ml.dl-1.min-1, P &amp;lt; 0.01), while flows during SNP were similar (9.1 +/- 0.6 vs. 9.9 +/- 1.3 ml.dl-1.min-1, NS). The ratio of endothelium-dependent vs. -independent flow (ACh:SNP ratio) was 31% lower in type 2 diabetic (0.70 +/- 0.05) than in normal subjects (1.10 +/- 0.18, P &amp;lt; 0.01). Total (2.2 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.3 +/- 0.2 mmol/l, P &amp;lt; 0.05), VLDL, and intermediate-density lipoprotein triglycerides were significantly higher, and the mean LDL particle diameter was significantly smaller in type 2 diabetic than in normal subjects. The lag times for LDL oxidation by Cu2+ in vitro were similar in patients with type 2 diabetes (183 +/- 7) and in normal subjects (183 +/- 9 min, NS). Measured and calculated (sum of concentration of individual antioxidants in serum) total peroxyl radical-trapping capacities (TRAPs) were comparable between the groups. In the patients with type 2 diabetes, LDL size was significantly correlated with endothelium-dependent vasodilation (r = 0.43, P &amp;lt; 0.05), serum triglycerides (r = -0.75, P &amp;lt; 0.001), and the lag time for LDL oxidation in vitro (r = 0.38, P &amp;lt; 0.05). HbA1c was inversely correlated with the lag time for LDL oxidation in vitro (r = -0.41, P &amp;lt; 0.05) and TRAP. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, patients with type 2 diabetes exhibited impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in vivo, elevated serum triglycerides, decreased LDL size, and normal antioxidant capacity. Of these parameters, LDL size was significantly correlated with endothelial function.
Induction of Gas6 protein in CCl<sub>4</sub>-induced rat liver injury and anti-apoptotic effect on hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Fouad Lafdil, Marie Noële Chobert, Dominique Couchie, Arthur Brouillet, Elie Serge Zafrani, Philippe Mavier, Yannick Laperche
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

The protein product of the growth arrest–specific gene 6 (Gas6) is a secreted ligand for tyrosine kinase receptors, among which Axl is the most widely distributed and displays the highest affinity for Gas6. The Gas6/Axl signaling pathway has been increasingly implicated in growth and survival processes occurring during development and tissue repair. In liver, after an acute or chronic injury, repair involves macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSC) activated into myofibroblastic cells (HSC/MFB), which produce cytokines and matrix proteins. We investigated the expression and the role of Gas6 and its receptor Axl in liver repair. Three days after CCl4-induced liver injury in the rat, we detected the expression of Gas6 in ED1-positive macrophages as well as in desmin-positive HSC, which accumulated in injured areas. Axl, the high-affinity receptor for Gas6, was detected in macrophages, HSC, and HSC/MFB. In vitro , expression of γ-carboxylated Gas6 was strongly induced in HSC along with their transformation into myofibroblasts, and it exerted an anti-apoptotic effect on both HSC and HSC/MFB mediated by the Axl/PI3-kinase/Akt pathway. In conclusion , Gas6 is a survival factor for these cells and we suggest that Gas6, secreted by macrophages and HSC/MFB in vivo after liver injury, promotes HSC and HSC/MFB survival and might support transient HSC/MFB accumulation during liver healing. Supplementary material for this article can be found on the HEPATOLOGY website (http://interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0270-9139/suppmat/index.html).
Epigenetic Regulation of the Human Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Gene Promoter by CTCF
Authors: Inti A. De La Rosa-Velázquez, Héctor Rincón-Arano, Luis Benítez-Bribiesca, Félix Recillas-Targa
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Epigenetic misregulation is a more common feature in human cancer than previously anticipated. In the present investigation, we identified CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), the multivalent 11-zinc-finger nuclear factor, as a regulator that favors a particular local chromatin conformation of the human retinoblastoma gene promoter. We show that its binding contributes to Rb gene promoter epigenetic stability. Ablation of the CTCF binding site from the human Rb gene promoter induced a rapid epigenetic silencing of reporter gene expression in an integrated genome context. CTCF DNA binding is methylation sensitive, and the methylated Rb-CTCF site is recognized by the Kaiso methyl-CpG–binding protein. This is the first evidence suggesting that CTCF protects the Rb gene promoter, a classic CpG island, against DNA methylation, and when such control region is abnormally methylated Kaiso, and probably its associated repressor complex, induce epigenetic silencing of the promoter. Our results identify CTCF as a novel epigenetic regulator of the human retinoblastoma gene promoter. [Cancer Res 2007;67(6):2577–85]
Mechanism of thioamide drug action against tuberculosis and leprosy
Authors: Feng Wang, Robert Langley, Gulcin Gulten, Lynn G. Dover, Gurdyal S. Besra, William R. Jacobs, James C. Sacchettini
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

Thioamide drugs, ethionamide (ETH) and prothionamide (PTH), are clinically effective in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. leprae, and M. avium complex infections. Although generally considered second-line drugs for tuberculosis, their use has increased considerably as the number of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis cases continues to rise. Despite the widespread use of thioamide drugs to treat tuberculosis and leprosy, their precise mechanisms of action remain unknown. Using a cell-based activation method, we now have definitive evidence that both thioamides form covalent adducts with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and that these adducts are tight-binding inhibitors of M. tuberculosis and M. leprae InhA. The crystal structures of the inhibited M. leprae and M. tuberculosis InhA complexes provide the molecular details of target–drug interactions. The purified ETH-NAD and PTH-NAD adducts both showed nanomolar Kis against M. tuberculosis and M. leprae InhA. Knowledge of the precise structures and mechanisms of action of these drugs provides insights into designing new drugs that can overcome drug resistance.