tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THEORY OF SERUM THERAPY; CONTRIBUTION FROM THE BACTERIOLOGIC LABORATORY OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA.
Authors: B. MEADE BOLTON
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Some of the theories which have been advanced to explain immunity from infectious diseases have a bearing upon the production of antitoxin; others leave this out of consideration. It is evident that no theory can stand if it offers no explanation of the reason why it is possible to use the blood serum of inoculated animals to protect and cure other animals and human beings. It will be my purpose in this paper to put the various theories, that have been advanced, to this test. Some of the theories merely attempt to explain why the bacteria do not grow in the body of non-susceptible animals and leave out of account the neutralization of the disease producing products, and for this reason fail to be universally applicable. 1. The exhaustion theory of Pasteur claims that the bacteria are unable to grow in the body of an animal that has suffered from
Gas Gangrene of a Prosthetic Hip
Authors: John C Kurylo, Andrew H Schmidt
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

An 82-year-old man with diabetes mellitus who had undergone a total hip replacement 10 years earlier presented to the emergency department with the acute onset of pain in the left hip and groin and a fever (temperature, 39.2°C). On presentation, the blood pressure was 96/57 mm Hg, and the white-cell count was 12,400 per cubic milliliter. A radiograph and subsequent computed tomographic scan of the hip (Panels A and B, respectively) showed free air extending lateral to the greater trochanter and superior to the acetabular component. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy was initiated, and the patient underwent emergency surgical débridement with removal . . .
California Dreamin' — State Health Care Reform and the Prospect for National Change
Authors: Stephen L. Isaacs, Steven A. Schroeder
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

On January 8, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger announced a plan to ensure health care coverage for virtually all the state's residents, in part by requiring businesses to insure their employees and residents to have health insurance. Nearly a year later, the governor and California Assembly Speaker Fabian Núñez agreed on a compromise bill that kept most of the original proposal but revised the funding mechanism considerably. The Assembly passed the bill in mid-December along strict party lines (Democrats, yea; Republicans, nay) and sent it to the Senate, whose Health Committee rejected it overwhelmingly on January 28, 2008. Although Schwarzenegger . . .
Intravenous Abdominal Aortography in Treatment of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms
Authors: Israel Steinberg
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The Robb-Steinberg method of intravenous angiocardiography by the rapid injection of concentrated organic iodides and precisely timed roentgenography has been standard for over 20 years. Modification of the method by the simultaneous, rapid injection of contrast media into both arms (total dose, 1 cc. per kilogram of body weight divided equally into two syringes) resulted in visualization of the abdominal aorta and peripheral vascular tree in over 300 patients. Prediction of the time of opacification of the abdominal aorta is accurately achieved by a preliminary circulation time determination with dilute sodium dehydrocholate. Inexpensive special needle stopcock units and syringes (12 gauge) and the use of standard roentgen equipment makes the technique of abdominal aortography and peripheral arteriography readily available in the ordinarily well-equipped radiology department. The value of intravenous abdominal aortography and peripheral arteriography in the diagnosis and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms is illustrated in four selected patients.
Demonstration of antibodies to collagen and of collagen-anticollagen immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluids
Authors: J. Menzel, C. Steffen, G. Kolarz, R. Eberl, O. Frank, N. Thumb
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1976)

Twenty-nine synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 10 synovial fluids from patients with other joint diseases were investigated with regard to the presence of antibodies to denatured human collagen and of collagen-anticollagen immune complexes. 12 of the 29 RA synovial fluids showed anticollagen titres from 1:16 to 1:512 in passive haemagglutination. Only one patient in the group with no arthritis had a significant anticollagen titre of 1:32. Digestion of the synovial fluids with bacterial collagenase resulted in an anticollagen titre increase from two to four dilution steps in 9 of the RA fluids, while 6 previously negative RA synovial fluids showed anticollagen titres from 1:32 to 1:28 after digestion with collagenase. These results indicate the existence of collagen-anticollagen immune complexes in 15 of the 29 RA synovial fluids investigated.
Simulation Exercises as a Patient Safety Strategy
Authors: Eric Schmidt, Sara N. Goldhaber-Fiebert, Lawrence A. Ho, Kathryn M. McDonald
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

This article has been corrected. The original version (PDF) is appended to this article as a supplement. Simulation is a versatile technique used in a variety of health care settings for a variety of purposes, but the extent to which simulation may improve patient safety remains unknown. This systematic review examined evidence on the effects of simulation techniques on patient safety outcomes. PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched from their beginning to 31 October 2012 to identify relevant studies. A single reviewer screened 913 abstracts and selected and abstracted data from 38 studies that reported outcomes during care of real patients after patient-, team-, or system-level simulation interventions. Studies varied widely in the quality of methodological design and description of simulation activities, but in general, simulation interventions improved the technical performance of individual clinicians and teams during critical events and complex procedures. Limited evidence suggested improvements in patient outcomes attributable to simulation exercises at the health system level. Future studies would benefit from standardized reporting of simulation components and identification of robust patient safety targets.
Relation between myocardial -adrenoceptor density and hemodynamic and neurohumoral changes in a rat model of chronic myocardial infarction: effects of ibopamine and captopril
Authors: D. J. van Veldhuisen, O.-E. Brodde, W. H. van Gilst, C. Schulze, H. Hegeman, R. L. Anthonio, E. Scholtens, P. A. de Graeff, H. Wesseling, K.I. Lie
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in beta-adrenoceptor density (Bmax) and distribution in a model of chronic myocardial infarction in rats, and to relate possible changes to hemodynamic and neurohumoral abnormalities. In addition, we examined the effects of 8 weeks treatment with ibopamine and captopril.There were 3 experiments: (1) Bmax and plasma catecholamines were examined (n = 46), (2) Bmax was compared in infarcted and non-infarcted tissue (n = 13), and (3) contractile function was evaluated by isolated heart perfusion (n = 40). Of rats in Expts. (1) and (3), 50% had myocardial infarction induced by coronary ligation and 50% were controls. Each group was divided between ibopamine, ibopamine and captopril, or standard (no drug) treatment.Bmax was not decreased in rats with myocardial infarction (10.8 +/- 0.8 fmol/mg protein), compared to normal rats (11.4 +/- 0.6 fmol/mg protein), and the ratio beta 1/beta 2 was also unaffected. In infarcted tissue, Bmax was significantly (P = 0.03) lower than in non-infarcted tissue. Baseline left ventricular pressure, systolic and diastolic dP/dT were all impaired (P < 0.001), and plasma norepinephrine levels were elevated in rats with myocardial infarction (16.03 +/- 230 vs. 1287 +/- 83 pg/ml; P < 0.05), compared to normals. Both ibopamine alone and in combination with captopril reduced the elevated plasma norepinephrine levels in infarcted rats (P < 0.001), but only the combination of the 2 drugs significantly increased Bmax in infarcted rats (14.7 +/- 0.8 fmol/mg protein; P = 0.03 vs. untreated myocardial infarction), while ibopamine alone had no significant effect (13.1 +/- 1.1 fmol/mg protein; p = ns). Also, active drug treatment had no significant effect on the hemodynamic changes.In this coronary artery ligation model of myocardial infarction in rats, no beta-adrenoceptor down-regulation is observed, despite marked abnormalities in baseline left ventricular function and plasma norepinephrine levels. The combination of ibopamine and captopril significantly increases Bmax in infarcted rats, which is accompanied by a reduction in plasma norepinephrine levels, but not by an improvement in hemodynamic parameters.
"Only the good . . ."
Authors: S. Malnick, S. Goland
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Cytokine expression is fine-tuned by metabolic intermediates, which makes research on immunometabolism suitable to yield drugs with a wider prospect of application than the biological therapies that block proinflammatory cytokines. Switch from oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to glycolysis has been considered a characteristic feature of activated immune cells. However, some stimuli might enhance both routes concomitantly. The connection between the tricarboxylic acid cycle and cytokine expression was scrutinized in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells stimulated with the fungal surrogate zymosan. Results showed that nucleocytosolic citrate and ATP-citrate lyase activity drove <i>IL1B</i>, <i>IL10</i>, and <i>IL23A</i> expression by yielding acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate, with the latter one supporting glycolysis and OXPHOS by maintaining cytosolic NAD<sup>+</sup> and mitochondrial NADH levels through mitochondrial shuttles. Succinate dehydrogenase showed a subunit-specific ability to modulate <i>IL23A</i> and <i>IL10</i> expression. Succinate dehydrogenase A subunit activity supported cytokine expression through the control of the 2-oxoglutarate/succinate ratio, whereas C and D subunits underpinned cytokine expression by conveying electron flux from complex II to complex III of the electron transport chain. Fatty acids may also fuel the tricarboxylic acid cycle and influence cytokine expression. Overall, these results show that fungal patterns support cytokine expression through a strong boost of glycolysis and OXPHOS supported by the use of pyruvate, citrate, and succinate, along with the compartmentalized NAD(H) redox state maintained by mitochondrial shuttles.
45-Year Follow-up of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: Leonard B. Seeff, Richard N. Miller, Charles S. Rabkin, Zelma Buskell-Bales, Kelle D. Straley-Eason, Bonnie L. Smoak, Leslye D. Johnson, Stephen R. Lee, Edward L. Kaplan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

The sequelae during the first two decades after acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have been well studied, but the outcome thereafter is unknown.To conduct an extended study of the natural history of HCV infection by using archived serum specimens originally collected between 1948 and 1954.Retrospective cohort study.A university, a Veterans Affairs medical center, and a medical follow-up agency that had access to the serum specimens and accompanying demographic and medical records.8568 military recruits who were evaluated for group A streptococcal infection and acute rheumatic fever between 1948 and 1954. Blood samples were taken from the recruits and, after testing, were stored frozen for almost 45 years.The presence of antibodies to HCV was determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay, supplementary recombinant immunoblot assay, and polymerase chain reaction for HCV RNA. Morbidity and mortality were also assessed.Of 8568 persons, 17 (0.2%) had positive results on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and recombinant immunoblot assay. The rate was 1.8% among the African-American persons and 0.1% among the white persons in the total sample (relative risk, 25.9 [95% CI, 8.4 to 80.0]). During the 45-year follow-up, liver disease occurred in 2 of the 17 HCV-positive persons (11.8%) and 205 of the 8551 HCV-negative persons (2.4%) (ethnicity-adjusted relative risk, 3.56 [CI, 0.94 to 13.52]). Seven of the 17 HCV-positive persons (41 %) and 2226 of the 8551 HCV-negative persons (26%) had died by December 1996 (ethnicity-adjusted relative risk, 1.48 [CI, 0.8 to 2.6]). Of persons who were HCV-positive, 1 (5.9%) died of liver disease 42 years after the original phlebotomy, 5 (29%) died of non-liver-related disease a median of 37 years after the original phlebotomy, and 1 (5.9%) died of unknown causes. One hundred nineteen HCV-negative persons (1.4%) died of liver disease.The rate of HCV infection from 1948 to 1954 among a sample of military recruits parallels that among present-day military recruits and volunteer blood donors. During 45 years of follow-up, HCV-positive persons had low liver-related morbidity and mortality rates. This suggests that healthy HCV-positive persons may be at less risk for progressive liver disease than is currently thought.
Grants for Postgraduate Study
Authors: S. J. O'Keefe
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Effect of Oxprenolol on Heart Rate SIR,-Dr.U. Thadani and others (20 January, p. 138) found that the resting heart rate was higher after intravenous than after oral administration of oxprenolol.We recently gave oxprenolol intravenously (0.1 and 0-2 mg/kg body weight) and orally (40 and 80 mg) to six normal volunteers under double-blind conditions in an investi- gation to determine whether it influenced central nervous activity at these doses.No significant changes were found in critical flicker frequency, hand-eye co-ordination, or serial subtraction, nor did the resting heart rate after intravenous oxprenolol differ from that after a placebo.After oral oxprenolol, however, there was a significant, doserelated reduction in resting heart rate (P < 0-05), most marked at four hours.A possible explanation of these observations could be the formation of a metabolite after oral administration which has a potent /-receptor blocking action without the intrinsic activity possessed by the parent compound.-Weare, etc.,
Ischaemia-induced changes in canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum
Authors: K. IMAI, T. WANG, R. W MILLARD, M. ASHRAF, E. G KRANIAS, G. ASANO, A. O G. D. GENDE, T. NAGAO, R J. SOLARO, A. SCHWARTZ
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1983)

Effects of myocardial ischaemia on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of dog hearts were investigated. Regional ischaemia was produced by occlusion of the left circumflex artery, and a microsomal fraction enriched in vesicles of SR was isolated from subendocardium (Endo) and subepicardium (Epi) of control and ischaemic areas of the heart. No significant changes occurred in ischaemic Epi. A loss of in vitro activities (ie calcium transport and ATPase) was found for SR from ischaemic Endo which paralleled the changes in the histology of the tissue. At 5 min of coronary occlusion, Ca2+ binding and Ca2+-ATPase activities of SR from ischaemic Endo were normal. A decrease in the activities of SR was first evident at 15 min after the occlusion, decreased further at about 30 min and remained at that level at 60 min of ischaemia. The maximal rate of Ca2+ uptake did not parallel the Ca2+-binding and Ca2+-ATPase activities. The degree of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation by endogenous and exogenous protein kinase was not different between SR from control and ischaemic areas. A participatory role of SR in the ischaemic impairment of left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance is discussed.
Chile needs concerted relief effort after massive earthquake
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Chile is appealing for international medical assistance in the aftermath of the fifth most powerful earthquake ever recorded.

The initial quake on 27 February measured 8.8 on the Richter scale—far larger than the 7.2 earthquake that recently devastated Haiti—and was followed by dozens of powerful aftershocks and tsunamis. The death toll is likely to be in the thousands, and more than half a million homes are thought to have been damaged.

There has not been enough time for any detailed assessment, but as the BMJ went to press it was reported that six hospitals had totally collapsed and another two …
Successful liposomal amphotericin B treatment of Leishmania braziliensis cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: M. Brown, M. Noursadeghi, J. Boyle, R.N. Davidson
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Existing systemic treatments for New World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania (vianna) braziliensis are unsatisfactory. Liposomal amphotericin B has been used extensively for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis, but in few cases of CL, and an appropriate regimen for CL has not been described. We successfully treated a patient with multiple L. braziliensis CL lesions acquired in Belize. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) was given to our patient as an inpatient for seven daily doses of 3 mg kg−1 day−1 and then as an outpatient at 3 mg kg−1 twice weekly for a further three weeks, a total of 40 mg kg−1. Liposomal amphotericin offers a well-tolerated alternative to pentavalent antimony or amphotericin B deoxycholate for the systemic treatment of New World CL.
Binding, internalization, and degradation of mannose-terminated glucocerebrosidase by macrophages.
Authors: Y Sato, E Beutler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Mannose-terminated glucocerebrosidase (alglucerase; Ceredase) was designed for enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher disease to take advantage of mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis by macrophages. To provide a rational basis for designing enzyme replacement therapy protocols, we examined the in vitro binding, uptake, and degradation of alglucerase by murine and human macrophages. Both were found to have approximately 500,000 mannose-dependent receptors for alglucerase per cell with a Kd of 10(-7) M at 0 degrees C. In contrast, the number of binding sites for mannose-bovine serum albumin (mannose-BSA), the classical ligand for the mannose receptor, was only approximately 20,000 with a Kd of 10(-8) M. Alglucerase was also bound in a mannose-dependent manner by cells that lack the capacity to bind mannose-BSA, such as Cos-1 cells, endothelial cells, and peripheral blood monocytes. The fact that the binding of alglucerase by macrophages was mediated principally by a receptor distinct from the classical mannose receptor that binds mannose-BSA was confirmed by differential inhibitors, viz., alpha-methyl-glucoside, fucose, and mannose-BSA, and by its independence on Ca2+. Uptake of alglucerase by macrophages at 37 degrees C was concentration dependent and half maximal at 10(-6) M. However, at a concentration of 10(-7) M, only 0.5% of the added alglucerase was incorporated into macrophages and approximately 50% of the alglucerase taken up was quickly released into the medium. Endothelial cells also manifest mannose-dependent binding and uptake of alglucerase and may therefore account for a large proportion of the infused alglucerase. Our data suggest that only a small amount of the alglucerase administered is effectively delivered to macrophages and that a more efficiently targeted enzyme might have a marked therapeutic advantage over mannose-terminated glucocerebrosidase.
The Drug Treatment of Depression
Authors: Enoch Callaway
Journal: JAMA (1970)

ABSTRACT To the Editor.— As practicing psychiatrists, investigators, and teachers of psychiatry, we found Motto's evaluations and recommendations concerning the drug treatment of depression shockingly misinforming (210:1229, 1969).Motto says that he is unimpressed by what are called antidepressant drugs; he adds that he fail[s] to find even reasonable (not to say convincing) evidence of  effects of these agents in his own patients, and he writes he has yet to see a well-designed and executed clinical investigation that demonstrates more than a mild tranquilizing benefit from the tricyclic antidepressants. He then recommends that the reader not hesitate to use dextroamphetamine sulfate as an antidepressive and energizing agent because, Motto states, it can be given for prolonged periods with very rare complications if carefully supervised.We are in sharp disagreement with Dr. Motto's view that there has been no demonstration of the efficacy of antidepressants; actually, the evidence is plentiful
THE HEART IN ACETPHENETIDIN (PHENACETIN) POISONING
Authors: William D. Reid
Journal: JAMA (1926)

New light has been recently thrown on the nature of acetanilid poisoning. It is stated by Young and Wilson 1 to be essentially the same as that produced by aniline. They consider the toxic action to be cardiac rather than respiratory in nature. According to these observers, the first toxic action on the heart appears to be a change in the conduction mechanism.  In an editorial comment 2 on the work of Young and Wilson it is noted that these authors point out that acetanilid, phenacetin (acetphenetidin) and other aniline derivatives frequently produce symptoms similar to those of aniline poisoning. Because of the implication that the toxic action of acetphenetidin on the heart is the same as acetanilid, it is believed worth while to report the following case of severe chronic poisoning from acetphenetidin recently under observation at the Evans Memorial. Only the salient facts and cardiac features will be given.
Carry on Doctor
Authors: O. Ellis
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Carry on Doctor is the second and, arguably, the best of four hospital based films in the long running Carry On series. Shot in eight weeks, it teams the regular cast with the superb Frankie Howerd for a rollicking romp around an NHS hospital of the late 1960s.

In the opening scene we see Howerd as the confidence artist and mind over matter healer Francis Bigger (“Think power, think positive, think Bigger!”). Promoting his healing powers on stage with his assistant, he announces, “For many years this poor creature has suffered from …
Former New Labour health adviser is named as NHS England's new chief executive
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Simon Stevens, a former adviser on health to Tony Blair before becoming a senior executive of a large US private health insurance company, has been appointed as the new chief executive of NHS England.

Stevens, who is currently president of the global health division of the US based giant UnitedHealth Group, will take over from the current NHS chief executive, David Nicholson, on 1 April 2014. In Britain he is best known as a health adviser to New Labour, where he helped formulate many of its key policies.

Stevens was health adviser to Blair from 2001 to 2004, having been an adviser in the Department of Health from …