tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Increased Levels of Cigarette Use Among College Students
Authors: Henry Wechsler, Nancy A. Rigotti, Jeana Gledhill-Hoyt, Hang Lee
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.-Adolescent smoking prevalence is tracked annually and has increased since 1991.In contrast, little is known about trends in smoking among college students, a group that has previously been more resistant to tobacco use than other young adults.Objective.--Toexamine changes in cigarette smoking among college students between 1993 and 1997 and among different types of students and colleges.Design.-Self-administered survey (Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study).Setting.-One hundred sixteen nationally representative 4-year colleges.Subjects.-Atotal of 15 103 randomly selected students in 1993 (70% response rate) and 14 251 students in 1997 (60% response rate).Main Outcome Measures.-Self-reports of cigarette smoking in the past 30 days and in the past year, age at smoking first cigarette, and number of attempts to quit.Results.-Over 4 years, the prevalence of current (30-day) cigarette smoking rose by 27.8%, from 22.3% to 28.5% (PϽ.001).The increase was observed in 99 of 116 colleges and was statistically significant (PϽ.05) in 27 (23%) of them.Current smoking increased across all student subgroups (defined by sex, race/ ethnicity, and year in school) and in all types of colleges.Smoking is rising faster in public schools (from 22.0% to 29.3%) than in private schools (from 22.9% to 26.8%).Eleven percent of college smokers had their first cigarette and 28% began to smoke regularly at or after age 19 years, by which time most were already in college.Half of current smokers tried to quit in the previous year; 18% had made 5 or more attempts to quit.Conclusions.-Cigaretteuse is increasing on campuses nationwide in all subgroups and types of colleges.Substantial numbers of college students are both starting to smoke regularly and trying to stop.National efforts to reduce smoking should be extended to college students.
Berberine in type 2 diabetes therapy: a new perspective for an old antidiarrheal drug?
Authors: Ming Zhang, Li Chen
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2012)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and dysglycemia (impaired glucose tolerance and/or impaired fasting glucose) are increasingly contributing to the global burden of disease. Despite the continued introduction of hypoglycemic drugs, intervention in diabetes and its related complications remains a major global medical problem. Traditional Chinese medicine offers a number of potential candidates for developing hypoglycemic drugs. Berberine (BER), an isoquinoline alkaloid extract, has been commonly used as an oral drug to treat gastroenteritis and diarrhea for more than 1400 years. Although the antidiabetic effect of berberine has been noted in diabetic patients and demonstrated diabetic animal models in the last decade, its use is not yet accepted in the general medical community, for two reasons: its mechanism of action remains to be determined, and its bioavailability is low. Therefore, characterization of its mechanism of action and enhancement of its bioavailability are most important and the subject of current investigations. Recent studies have also revealed beneficial effects of berberine on diabetic complications. In this review the antidiabetic mechanism of action of berberine, its effect on diabetic complications, and efforts to improve its bioavailability are summarized. These studies may lead to its wider use for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications.
Tl-201 Chloride Bone Marrow Uptake in a Patient With Minor Thalassemia
Authors: FRANÇOIS BÉNARD, BERNARD LEFEBVRE, GUY BISSON
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

A 67-year-old man underwent TI-201 chloride dipyridamole myocardial perfusion imaging before surgery for laryngeal carcinoma. He had minor thalassemia and mild microcytic anemia. After a standard stress-redistribution session, Images were obtained with a resting injection of TI-201 to evaluate a fixed deficit in the anterior wall. Post-dipyridamole Images revealed faint bone marrow uptake in the sternum and vertebrae. This uptake is more prominent on the redistribution and rest scintigrams. Posterior chest and pelvis images were obtained after the resting injection to demonstrate the bone uptake better. Increased metabolic activity in the bone marrow could explain this unusual finding.
Reduction in Cadmium Exposure in the United States Population, 1988–2008: The Contribution of Declining Smoking Rates
Authors: Maria Tellez-Plaza, Ana Navas-Acien, Kathleen L. Caldwell, Andy Menke, Paul Muntner, Eliseo Guallar
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Public health policies such as tobacco control, air pollution reduction, and hazardous waste remediation may have reduced cadmium exposure among U.S. adults. However, trends in urine cadmium, a marker of cumulative cadmium exposure, have not been evaluated.
Role of Cholecystokinin and the Cholinergic System in Intestinal Stimulation of Gallbladder Contraction in Man
Authors: Wim P.M. Hopman, Jan B.M.J. Jansen, Gerd Rosenbusch, Cornelis B.H.W. Lamers
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

To determine the role of cholecystokinin and the cholinergic system in intestinal stimulation of gallbladder contraction, we studied the effects of atropine on plasma cholecystokinin and gallbladder contraction in six healthy volunteers (four men and two women aged 20 to 27 yr). Effects were noted after intraduodenal fat instillation and after dosage with exogenous cholecystokinin inducing plasma cholecystokinin concentrations similar to those after intraduodenal fat instillation. At regular intervals before and after administration of each stimulus, plasma cholecystokinin concentrations and gallbladder volumes were measured by radioimmunoassay and real-time ultrasonography, respectively. Intraduodenal infusion of 250 ml 20% Intralipid induced a peak plasma cholecystokinin increment of 10.2 +/- 1.6 pmol/L compared with 10.7 +/- 0.7 pmol/L during infusion of 1 Ivy dog unit per kilogram per hour of cholecystokinin. The increases in plasma cholecystokinin after fat and exogenous cholecystokinin administration were accompanied by similar decreases in gallbladder volume. Integrated gallbladder contraction after fat instillation was 3,939% +/- 288%.min compared with 3,301% +/- 359%.min during cholecystokinin infusion (NS). Atropine (0.015 mg/kg as bolus followed by 0.005 mg/kg/hr) did not change plasma cholecystokinin concentrations but induced similar inhibition of gallbladder contraction to 2,296% +/- 511%.min (p less than 0.05) after intraduodenal fat instillation and to 1,756% +/- 456%.min (p less than 0.05) during cholecystokinin infusion. We conclude that cholecystokinin is of major importance in intestinal stimulation of gallbladder contraction. Atropine inhibits the gallbladder response to intraduodenal fat. This inhibition is not due to a reduction in cholecystokinin secretion but to a diminished gallbladder response to cholecystokinin.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS ANGINA OF SYPHILIS AND DIPHTHERITIC ANGINA.
Authors: R. R. CAMPBELL
Journal: JAMA (1904)

A positive or correct diagnosis of these two conditions should be made at the earliest possible moment, lest a serious, not to say a fatal, mistake be made, and every means to surmount the difficulties which lie in our way should be conscientiously employed and thoroughly exhausted. That the clinical picture may lead us to error is sufficiently proven when we see such authorities as the elder Fournier, the world's most prominent syphilographer, an acknowledged authority of pre-eminence, err in his diagnosis by relying too implicitly on, as he supposed, a well-established clinical picture. Bacteriology has made possible the study and classification of the pseudomembranous angina?; has demonstrated their different varieties, and placed at our command an almost, if not quite, certain means of establishing a diagnosis. The physician meets with many conditions which present an almost identical picture, both macroscopically and microscopically, but which are due to vastly
CAG regimen enables relapsed or refractory T‐cell acute lymphocytic leukemia patients to achieve complete remission: A report of six cases
Authors: Sheng‐Li Xue, De‐Pei Wu, Ai‐Ning Sun, Xiao‐Wen Tang
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2007)

Abstract Patients with either relapsed or refractory T‐cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (T‐ALL) are candidates for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). Achieving complete remission (CR) in these patients is difficult but crucial for the success of allo‐HSCT. In this study, we examined 6 relapsed or refractory T‐ALL patients. In the patient group, 4 were male and 2 were female, with ages ranging from 15 to 57 years (median = 29 years). All 6 patients presented with the nonmature T‐ALL phenotype. Cytogenetically, only one had an i(7q) anomaly, whereas the remaining 5 cases had normal karyotypes. One of these patients had the MLL/AF9 fusion transcript, as shown by molecular study. After initial remission‐induction therapy, two patients achieved CR, one showed a partial remission, and all relapsed soon. The other 3 cases failed the therapy. The CAG regimen (cytosine arabinoside 10 mg/m 2 subcutaneously every 12 hr, day 1–14; aclarubicin 5–7 mg/m 2 intravenously daily, day 1–8; and concurrent use of G‐CSF 200 μg/m 2 /day subcutaneously) was devised originally for the treatment of relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia. After CAG therapy, all the T‐ALL patients in our study achieved CR, indicating that the CAG regimen is beneficial to the treatment of relapsed or refractory T‐ALL. The efficacy of CR‐induction in T‐ALL patients and the adverse effects of the CAG regimen need to be further studied. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Runner: Energy and Endurance
Authors: E. A. Newsholme
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  In his review of our book  Runner: Energy and Endurance, Dr Frederick 1 states that he was frustrated by numerous errors... and flabbergasted by the lack of reference citations. May I respectfully point out that reference citations (as many as 62) are given (pp 145 to 147) and, moreover, that these include full titles. I should also like to take issue with Dr Frederick on the question of specific errors. Ron Hill 2  was the first marathon runner to use glycogen loading. The experts in the field of nutrition and body weight agree on 26% (or slightly more), not 23%, of the body weight as fat in the average young adult female. 3,4 The view that a decrease in body fat can produce amenorrhea and that this may be a biologic means of contraception receives strong support from Rose Frisch 4 in her article in Biological
Rubella: immunity and vaccination in schoolgirls.
Authors: G Kudesia, E T Robinson, W D Wilson, T S Wilson, I M Stewart, A T Campbell, W Thomson, M Silver, D Reid, G E Urquhart
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Of 191 schoolgirls, 128 volunteered to take part in a feasibility study of serotesting before and after rubella vaccination, and all responded to RA 27/3 vaccine. Had the serum samples been taken by a fingerprick method the number of volunteers would probably have increased considerably. A change in policy for rubella vaccination to testing both before and after vaccination would cost no more than the existing policy, would ensure primary response, and would differentiate those women who were protected by the vaccine from those with antibody to wild virus.
Constitutive expression of a 92-kD gelatinase (type V collagenase) by rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts and its induction in normal human fibroblasts by inflammatory cytokines.
Authors: E N Unemori, M S Hibbs, E P Amento
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

Synovial fibroblasts freshly isolated from the rheumatoid joint are characterized by their marked connective tissue degradative ability. This phenotype includes the ability to secrete large amounts of the matrix-degrading metalloproteinases, collagenase, and stromelysin. We have found that another aspect of this phenotype is the constitutive expression at both protein and mRNA levels of a 92-kD gelatinolytic metalloproteinase, which is not secreted by normal dermal or lung fibroblasts and is immunologically cross-reactive with a type V collagenase expressed by activated macrophages and neutrophils. Expression of this 92-kD metalloproteinase confers upon the fibroblasts the capacity to degrade collagenase- and stromelysin-resistant interstitial elements, such as collagen types IV, V and XI. In contrast to the 92-kD metalloproteinase, a 68-kD gelatinase (type IV collagenase) was expressed by all fibroblast types studied, indicating that its regulation is distinct from that of the 92-kD gelatinase. To identify what cytokines may be important in the induction of the rheumatoid synovial phenotype, including expression of the 92-kD gelatinase, we exposed normal dermal fibroblasts to a number of cytokines including many known or considered likely to be present in rheumatoid synovial fluid and tissue. Although IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, lymphotoxin, platelet-derived growth factor, and basic fibroblast growth factor were capable of stimulating fibroblasts to secrete collagenase, only tumor necrosis factor-alpha, lymphotoxin, and IL-1 beta were able to induce expression of the 92-kD gelatinase, demonstrating discordant regulation of the two metalloproteinases. Expression of the 68-kD gelatinase was independent of that of the 92-kD gelatinase, as demonstrated at the protein and mRNA levels. Late passage rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts, which no longer constitutively expressed the 92-kD gelatinase, displayed an accentuated response to IL-1 beta when compared to normal dermal fibroblasts. Thus, in addition to IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha or lymphotoxin may contribute to the expression of a specific rheumatoid synovial phenotype in vivo that is associated with progressive matrix destruction.
Anti-telomere antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a comparison with five antinuclear antibody assays in 430 patients with SLE and other rheumatic diseases
Authors: E M Salonen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

To investigate the prevalence and diagnostic significance of antibodies against telomeric DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune rheumatic diseases, and to make comparisons with five conventional anti-DNA or anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) assays.Antibodies to telomeres, which are highly repetitive sequences of DNA (TTAGGG/CCCTAA) at the end of eukaryotic chromosomes, were measured by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 305 patients with SLE and 125 patients with other autoimmune rheumatic diseases (78 rheumatoid arthritis, 32 primary Sjögren's syndrome, eight mixed connective tissue disease, seven miscellaneous rheumatic diseases). Other assays used were two commercial ELISA assays for anti-dsDNA using calf thymus as antigen, Crithidialuciliae immunofluorescence, and radioimmunoassay (RIA) for anti-dsDNA and immunofluorescence using Hep-2 cells for ANA.The prevalence of anti-telomere in SLE was 60%, v 5% in rheumatoid arthritis and 18% in other autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Specificity of anti-telomere for SLE was 91%; positive and negative predictive values were 95% and 46%, respectively. For anti-dsDNA by two ELISA assays using calf thymus as antigen, sensitivities were 69% and 29% and specificities 66% and 96%, respectively. Other anti-dsDNA assays had low sensitivities (RIA 43%, Crithidia immunofluorescence 13%). The association of anti-telomere with a history of nephritis in patients with SLE was stronger (p = 0.005) than by any other assay (p = 0.006-0.999). The correlations between the different assays were good (p<0.001 for all comparisons).The new ELISA for anti-telomere antibodies using standardised human dsDNA as antigen is a sensitive and highly specific test for SLE.
A 66-Year-Old Woman With Ulcerative Colitis, 1 Year Later
Authors: Richard A. Parker
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Flow limitation as a noninvasive assessment of residual upper-airway resistance during continuous positive airway pressure therapy of obstructive sleep apnea.
Authors: R Condos, R G Norman, I Krishnasamy, N Peduzzi, R M Goldring, D M Rapoport
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

Many patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), despite therapy with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), have persisting daytime somnolence that may be due to a persistently elevated upper-airway resistance associated with electroencephalographic (EEG) arousals. We tested the hypothesis that elevated upper-airway resistance can be inferred from the contour of the inspiratory flow tracing obtained from a conventional CPAP circuit. This may provide a noninvasive method for determining optimal CPAP. Data were collected during a CPAP titration of an upper-airway model and in eight patients with OSAS. Estimated inspiratory resistance was calculated from esophageal pressure, CPAP mask pressure, and inspiratory flow. At high CPAP, resistance was low and inspiratory flow contour was found to be rounded. At low CPAP, resistance was high and flow contour developed a plateau suggesting flow limitation. We also noted that the CPAP pressure at which high resistance developed, and at which flow limitation appeared, showed hysteresis. We conclude that when respiration is stable, the contour of inspiratory flow tracing from a CPAP system can be used to infer the presence of elevated upper-airway resistance and flow limitation. Optimizing flow contour may be an alternative to eliminating apneas in evaluation of the optimal therapeutic level of CPAP in OSAS.
Prognostic Value of MIB&amp;ndash;1 Antibody Labeling Index to Predict Response to Bacillus Calmette&amp;ndash;Gu&amp;eacute;rin Therapy in a High&amp;ndash;Risk Selected Population of Patients with Stage T1 Grade G3 Bladder Cancer
Authors: Thierry Lebret, V&eacute;ronique Becette, Jean-Marie Herv&eacute;, Vincent Molini&eacute;, Philippe Barr&eacute;, Pierre-Marie Lugagne, Annie Gentille, Anne-Catherine Baglin, Henry Botto
Journal: European Urology (2000)
Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in sons of gardeners and farmers.
Authors: I S Weidner, H Møller, T K Jensen, N E Skakkebaek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Cryptorchidism and hypospadias have been related to prenatal estrogen exposure in animal models. Some chemicals used in farming and gardening have been shown to possess estrogenic and other hormone-disrupting effects. Earlier studies have indicated increased risks of urogenital malformations in the sons of pesticide appliers. In the present study, parental occupation in the farming and gardening industry among 6,177 cases of cryptorchidism, 1,345 cases of hypospadias, and 23,273 controls, born live from 1983 to 1992 in Denmark, was investigated in a register-based case-control study. A significantly increased risk of cryptorchidism but not hypospadias was found in sons of women working in gardening (adjusted odds ratio = 1.67; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-2.47). The risks were not increased in sons of men working in farming or gardening. The increased risk of cryptorchidism among sons of female gardeners could suggest an association with prenatal exposure to occupationally related chemicals.
Abstract 2441: An innovative treatment modality of antibody therapy against intracellular tumor antigens
Authors: Takuro Noguchi, Takuma Kato, Daisuke Muraoka, Hiroaki Ikeda, Satoshi Kondo, Gerd Ritter, Lloyd J. Old, Hiroshi Shiku, Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Therapy with mAb directed against cell surface antigens of cancer is now a well-established treatment modality for human cancer. However, many tumor antigens of great interest have an intracellular location, and therefore not considered suitable targets for antibody therapy. On the other hand, it has been reported that mAbs targeted against specific tumor antigens induce cellular immune response including CD8+ T cells. This raises the possibility that the anti-tumor effects of mAb therapy may partially depend on enhanced cross-priming mediated by APCs following the uptake of antigen released from tumors complexed with Ab (immune-complex). Here, we investigated whether mAb therapy could be applicable to intracellular antigens using a transplantable colon carcinoma CT-26 expressing NY-ESO-1 (a well-studied human cancer/testis antigen), an intracellular antigen lacking cell surface expression. Immune responses to NY-ESO-1 in the murine model closely parallel NY-ESO-1 humoral and cellular immune responses in humans. To accentuate the natural release of intracellular NY-ESO-1 from dying tumor cells to facilitate immune-complex formation, we employed the effect the anti-cancer drug on the response to NY-ESO-1 mAb. The combination of NY-ESO-1 mAb and 5-fluorouracil exhibited a strong and long-lasting anti-tumor effect that could not be achieved by treatment with either 5-fluorouracil or mAb alone. The anti-tumor effect induced by combination therapy was no longer observed when Fc-depleted Fab antibodies were used, indicating a Fc-dependent action on APCs. Furthermore, augmented anti-tumor effects observed by the combination therapy was associated with strong NY-ESO-1-specific CD8+ T cells in draining lymph nodes and tumor sites, and upregulation of maturation markers on dendritic cells. The opsoniziation of released intracellular tumor antigens with injected mAb facilitates uptake by APC and presentation to CD8+ T cells, leading to accelerated and augmented active immunization. The data indicate that mAb to intracellular molecules of cancer represents a promising approach to cancer immunotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2441.