tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sports utility vehicles and older pedestrians
Authors: John S Watts
Journal: BMJ (2005)

editorial by Simms and O'Neill on sports utility vehicles (SUVs) and older pedestrians contributes some interesting thoughts to a highly emotive subject. However, I wish to dispel a mythâ??not all SUVs are poorly designed for pedestrian safety, and not all non-SUV cars offer better protection than SUVs. For example, the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) reports that the Honda CR-V scored three stars out of a possible four in 2002, one of the highest pedestrian safety scores recorded. In contrast, the Audi TT roadster scored no stars in 2003, and the Renault Clio one star in 2005. In this world of evidence based practice, the perils of generalisation must be avoided -- for example, The proliferation of sport utility vehicles represents a backwards step in safer vehicle design, -- and similar statements be based on fact.
Bacterial endotoxin may be culprit in 'Monday fever'
Authors: Catherine Macek
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Byssinosis, the chronic lung disorder that is said to affect thousands of cotton mill workers, has been recognized as a serious occupational health risk for several decades. However, although debate continues about causative agents and appropriate ways to eliminate them from the workplace, the good news is that the risk of contracting byssinosis is now considered to be substantially reduced. This is the result of a cotton dust standard implemented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 1978. Byssinotic patients exhibit a characteristic "Monday syndrome"—coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and decreased ventilatory capacity—that is most marked early in the work week or after a vacation. With continued exposure, the symptoms extend further into the work week and eventually lung function is permanently impaired even in the absence of dust exposure. Cotton fibers seemed at first to be the obvious culprit as early epidemiologic studies found a
The Neurontin Legacy — Marketing through Misinformation and Manipulation
Authors: C Seth Landefeld, Michael A Steinman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Old drugs usually fade away. Sometimes, however, they leave surprising legacies. In 1997, for example, a study comparing the effects of brand-name and generic formulations of levothyroxine led to an uproar over the discovery that the manufacturer of the brand-name product suppressed publication of the result that the two formulations were equivalent. Recently, lawsuits alleging damages from illegal marketing of another old drug, gabapentin (Neurontin), have yielded remarkable discoveries about the structure and function of pharmaceutical marketing.Patented in 1977 and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1993 in doses of up to 1800 mg per day . . .
GLIOMA OF PONS VAROLII SIMULATING A FRONTOMOTOR TUMOR
Authors: TOM BENTLEY THROCKMORTON
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Tumors below the tentorium cerebelli, interfering with the circulation of the cerebral fluid, produce general symptoms early—headache, vomiting, choked disk. Infiltrating growths of the brain-stem may produce local symptoms early with latent general symptoms. In the case to be reported, the symptom group, while pointing to a definite brain-stem involvement, still savors largely in the main of a lesion involving the frontomotor region, as evidenced by a right-sided hemiplegia associated with an unstable emotional state in which forgetfulness and alternating phases of mild exaltation and depression with crying episodes played an important role, and consequently increased the difficulty in accurately localizing the tumor.  REPORT OF CASE  History.  —J. B. B., a white man, aged 56, a veterinarian and farmer, seen, Oct. 3, 1922, complained chiefly of weakness of the right arm and leg, double vision, fulness in the head, vomiting, and thickness of speech. The fulness in the head had
Decreasing triglyceride by gemfibrozil therapy does not affect the glucoregulatory or antilipolytic effect of insulin in nondiabetic subjects with mild hypertriglyceridemia
Authors: T. Sane, P. Knudsen, H. Vuorinen-Markkola, H. Yki-Järvinen, M.-R. Taskinen
Journal: Metabolism (1995)
Medical and Surgical Diplomas
Authors: H. Ross
Journal: BMJ (1890)

SIa,-To prove the equality of footing of the M.B. and C.M. degree with that of the conjoint examination of the Colleges or other English degrees, it will be necessary to explain their origin aud amalgamation.PAior to the Medical Act of 1858 various diploma-giving bodies, acting under their respective charters, granted degrees in surgery or medicine, or both combined, and those most in vogue were the diploma of the College of Surgeons (L.R.C.S.) and the Universities' degree (N.D.) both complete, though the former not authorised by charter, so that many took both degrees, tbough unnecessary.This condition of things applied more toSgcotland than England, where the Society of Apothecaries of London served to supplement the one-sided diploma of the Royal College of Surgeons.Then came the Act of 1858.Soon, however, further amendment became necessary for the abolition of the so-called distinction between medical and surgical diplomas, owing to the disadvantage in which the one-sided degree held them.This was remedied in Scotland by the Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians of Edinburgh forming a conjoint examination for both diplomas in 1859.The London Colleges, on the other hand, went on in their slip-shod fasbion till 1884, when they followed suit.The English Universities at this time took little or no interest in medical education, and remained neutral, so that the Colleges were left to make the best of their lopsided condition; but this state of matters being reversed in Scotland, where the Universities, with their large medical schools, held sway over the Colleges, with the result that the Scottish Universities Act was passed, and the Commissioners under the new Act instituted the degree of Master
Sacked adviser sets up new group to present scientific evidence on drugs
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Members of the government’s advisory body on drugs who resigned in the aftermath of its chairman’s sacking last October have joined him to set up a new group to inform the public on the scientific knowledge about drugs. The group, they say, will be “unfettered by political interference.”

Speaking last week at a press conference to launch the new group, David Nutt, chairman of neuropsychopharmacology at Imperial College London and former chairman of the government’s Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD), said, “I feel quite liberated now that I can say things without thinking what implications that may have. What we need to do first is develop the science which has gone into abeyance since the ACMD disbanded.”

The group will present the …
Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase modulates cardiac contraction and relaxation
Authors: K Frank
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

The cardiac SR Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA2a) regulates intracellular Ca(2+)-handling and thus, plays a crucial role in initiating cardiac contraction and relaxation. SERCA2a may be modulated through its accessory phosphoprotein phospholamban or by direct phosphorylation through Ca(2+)/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMK II). As an inhibitory component phospholamban, in its dephosphorylated form, inhibits the Ca(2+)-dependent SERCA2a function, while protein kinase A dependent phosphorylation of the phospho-residues serine-16 or Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of threonine-17 relieves this inhibition. Recent evidence suggests that direct phosphorylation at residue serine-38 in SERCA2a activates enzyme function and enhances Ca(2+)-reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). These effects that are mediated through phosphorylation result in an overall increased SR Ca(2+)-load and enhanced contractility. In human heart failure patients, as well as animal models with induced heart failure, these modulations are altered and may result in an attenuated SR Ca(2+)-storage and modulated contractility. It is also believed that abnormalities in Ca(2+)-cycling are responsible for blunting the frequency potentiation of contractile force in the failing human heart. Advanced gene expression and modulatory approaches have focused on enhancing SERCA2a function via overexpressing SERCA2a under physiological and pathophysiological conditions to restore cardiac function, cardiac energetics and survival rate.
ON THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF CARBON DIOXIDE SNOW IN THE TREATMENT OF VASCULAR NAEVI, MOLES, ETC.
Authors: J. M. H. Macleod
Journal: BMJ (1910)

CARBON DIOXIDE SNOW IN VASCULAR NAEVI.[JAN.29W I9IO, the use of, dried milk would predispose to it, provided the proportion of fat was adequate.Whilst as regards scurvy
Appearance of Intraocular Silicone Oil on Computed Tomography
Authors: Gavin J Stringfellow, Ian C Francis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

A 60-year-old man presented with epiphora, or an abnormal overflow of tears, caused by bilateral primary acquired nasolacrimal-duct obstruction. Computed tomography (CT) of the orbits and sinuses performed as part of the preoperative workup showed a hyperdense mass in the posterior segment of the left eye. On questioning, the patient revealed a history of cytomegalovirus retinitis and retinal detachment in the left eye that had previously been treated with vitrectomy and silicone-oil tamponade. Silicone oil is hyperdense relative to the extraocular muscles but hypodense relative to orbital bone, as seen in a CT scan with the patient in the supine . . .
The Changes in the Renal Ganglia in Bright's Disease
Authors: R. Saundby
Journal: BMJ (1883)

eight, 1.2 (No. 4); four, 1.5 (No. 5); seven, 1.8 (No. 6); three, 2.4 (No. 8).In five the result was good, but the acuteness of vision was not recorded.Two eyes couldl read 4.8 (No. 16); five could count fingers; two had perception of light; three were lost-one from sloughing of cornea (great feebleness), and two from general inflam- mation (alcoholic excesses).In twenty-one cases, a subsequent needle-operation was required, resulting improvement recorded in ohly a portion of the cases; in five cases, a slight amount of vitreous humour was lost; in eleven cases, some iritis occurred, not coupting the three eyes that were lost.NOTE.-The test-types referrecl to are those for determining the acuteness of vision, drawn up by the author of this paper, to cor- respond with the series of large types of Dr. Snellen and others.The limbs are, in 'diameter, as nearly as possible, one-fifth of the height of the letters, and the figures over each size give the number of metres andI feet at which the letters are seen by a standa.rdleye.
The association between psychiatric diseases, psychotropic drugs and the risk of incident rosacea
Authors: J. Spoendlin, F. Bichsel, J.J. Voegel, S.S. Jick, C.R. Meier
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

Background Psychological conditions, such as traumatic events or stress, have been discussed controversially as aetiological factors for rosacea. Objectives To assess the association between diagnosed depression, other affective disorders or schizophrenia and subsequent incident rosacea. We further aimed at evaluating the possible role of various psychotropic drugs within this association. Methods We conducted a matched case–control study of psychiatric diseases and incident rosacea, stratified by exposure to various psychotropic drugs, using the UK-based General Practice Research Database. Cases had a first diagnosis of rosacea recorded between 1995 and 2009. Each case was matched to one control on age, sex, general practice and years of history on the database. Results A history of depression or other affective disorders was not associated with an increased risk of developing rosacea; lithium was the only antidepressant drug that significantly altered this association. Current long-term use of lithium was associated with a decreased odds ratio (OR) of 0·58 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·38–0·88] among people without a schizophrenia diagnosis (with or without affective disorders), compared with people not exposed to lithium. Patients with diagnosed schizophrenia revealed a decreased rosacea risk (OR 0·71, 95% CI 0·60–0·91), independent of antipsychotic drug use. Conclusions Depression or other affective disorders were not associated with incident rosacea, whereas patients with schizophrenia were at a decreased risk of this skin disease in our study population. The materially decreased risk of rosacea among people with chronic lithium exposure may lead to new insights into the pathomechanism of rosacea.
Study links poor access to GPs with greater use of emergency services
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Good access to general practice is associated with fewer visits to hospital emergency departments, finds new research that will add fuel to the current debate over stretched emergency services in England.

A cross sectional, population based analysis of patients registered with 7856 general practices in England was published in the open access journal PLoS One this week.1 Between April 2010 and March 2011 patients in these practices made 4 537 622 self referred visits to hospital …
Different effects of endotoxin versus mite and cat allergen exposure on T-cell differentiation in infants
Authors: Gabriele Bolte, Susanne Krauss-Etschmann, Nikolaos Konstantopoulos, Wolfgang Bischof, Bärbel Fahlbusch, Dolores J. Schendel, H.Erich Wichmann, Joachim Heinrich
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Prediction of Indications for Valve Replacement Among Asymptomatic or Minimally Symptomatic Patients With Chronic Aortic Regurgitation and Normal Left Ventricular Performance
Authors: Jeffrey S. Borer, Clare Hochreiter, Edmond McM. Herrold, Phyllis Supino, Michael Aschermann, Detlef Wencker, Richard B. Devereux, Mary J. Roman, Massimiliano Szulc, Paul Kligfield, O. Wayne Isom
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Optimal criteria for valve replacement are unclear in asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic patients with aortic regurgitation (AR) and normal left ventricular (LV) performance at rest. Moreover, previous studies have not assessed the prognostic capacity of load-adjusted LV performance ("contractility") variables, which may be fundamentally related to clinical state. Therefore, 18 years ago, we set out to test prospectively the hypothesis that objective noninvasive measures of LV size and performance and, specifically, of load-adjusted variables, assessed at rest and during exercise (ex), could predict the development of currently accepted indications for operation for AR.Clinical variables and measures of LV size, performance, and end-systolic wall stress (ESS) were assessed annually in 104 patients by radionuclide cineangiography at rest and maximal ex and by echocardiography at rest; ESS was derived during ex. During an average 7.3-year follow-up among patients who had not been operated on, 39 of 104 patients either died suddenly (n = 4) or developed operable symptoms only (n = 22) or subnormal LV performance with or without symptoms (n = 13) (progression rate=6.2%/y). By multivariate Cox model analysis, change (delta) in LV ejection fraction (EF) from rest to ex, normalized for deltaESS from rest to ex (deltaLVEF-deltaESS index), was the strongest predictor of progression to any end point or to sudden cardiac death alone. Unadjusted deltaLVEF was almost as efficient. Symptom status modified prediction on the basis of the deltaLVEF-deltaESS index. The population tercile at highest risk by deltaLVEF-deltaESS progressed to end points at a rate of 13.3%/y, and the lowest-risk tercile progressed at 1.8%/y.Currently accepted symptom and LV performance indications for valve replacement, as well as sudden cardiac death, can be predicted in asymptomatic/minimally symptomatic patients with AR by load-adjusted deltaLVEF-deltaESS index, which includes data obtained during exercise.
Outcome of Patients Treated for Relapsed or Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia Consortium Study
Authors: Richard H. Ko, Lingyun Ji, Phillip Barnette, Bruce Bostrom, Raymond Hutchinson, Elizabeth Raetz, Nita L. Seibel, Clare J. Twist, Elena Eckroth, Richard Sposto, Paul S. Gaynon, Mignon L. Loh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Purpose Despite improvements in treatment, approximately 20% of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) experience relapse and do poorly. The Therapeutic Advances in Childhood Leukemia (TACL) Consortium was assembled to assess novel drugs for children with resistant leukemia. We hypothesize that novel agents and combinations that fail to improve baseline complete remission rates in comparable populations are unlikely to contribute to better outcomes and should be abandoned. We sought to define response rates and disease-free survival (DFS) rates in patients treated at TACL institutions, which could serve as a comparator for future studies. Patients and Methods We performed a retrospective cohort review of patients with relapsed and refractory ALL previously treated at TACL institutions between the years of 1995 and 2004. Data regarding initial and relapsed disease characteristics, disease response, and survival were collected and compared with those of published reports. Results Complete remission (CR) rates (mean ± SE) were 83% ± 4% for early first marrow relapse, 93% ± 3% for late first marrow relapse, 44% ± 5% for second marrow relapse, and 27% ± 6% for third marrow relapse. Five-year DFS rates in CR2 and CR3 were 27% ± 4% and 15% ± 7% respectively. Conclusion We generally confirm a 40% CR rate for second and subsequent relapse, but our remission rate for early first relapse seems better than that reported in the literature (83% v approximately 70%). Our data may allow useful modeling of an expected remission rate for any population of patients who experience relapse.
Who Should Have Children? An Environmental and Genetic Approach
Authors: William B. Bean
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Ingle favors selective population control and believes that society must find a form of ethical control that is consistent not only with the survival but with the best development of society. Birth control, generally recognized as an essential feature of a modern society, varies from abstinence to abortion. Aggression and war, though still quite destructive, can no longer provide the Malthusian barrier to constrain the population expansion. Meanwhile, crime, poverty, and disease can only be partially corrected by improving the environment and by providing education. There is a genetically determined limit to human capacity that all effort should be made to achieve. Education, health, and intelligence form the essential background. What may be and must be the proper function of society, its rights, its privileges, and its potential freedom? In the face of the impending destruction of society by population overgrowth, the speculative person must face the issue of where
Lipid signalling in cardiovascular pathophysiology
Authors: J. S. Karliner, J. H. Brown
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

Although the role of lipids in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has been appreciated for several decades, recent studies have advanced our understanding and revealed complex new functions and interactions for lipid molecules that are both beneficial and adverse. It is now well appreciated that lipids are not merely structural components of cell membranes but serve as substrates for enzymes that generate second messengers involved in cell signalling. In the case of the sphingolipids, sphingomyelinase and sphingosine kinase (SK) are regulated enzymes and the product, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), is a ligand for G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that activate myriad cellular responses. Inositol phospholipids, or phosphoinositides, are synthesized or degraded through regulated enzymes including phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinases (PI3Ks), which generate the second messenger PIP3, and phospholipase C which generates inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol (DAG) as well as modulating membrane levels of phosphatidylinositol 4′5′-bisphosphate (PIP2).

Sphingolipid pathways, including responses involving sphingomyelinases, have been appreciated as signalling mediators in the cardiovascular system under both normal conditions and during acute and chronic stress. It is well known that activation of the SK/S1P pathway promotes survival in many cells and tissues, but this pathway has only recently been identified as having similar effects in the heart and vasculature. The delineation of multiple S1P receptor subtypes has added to the complexity of this regulation, as have the observations regarding the function of S1P as a protective ‘cargo’ carried by high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Experimental data are beginning to result in clinical studies designed to test the efficacy of sphingolipids in therapeutics. These include agonists and antagonists for S1P receptors, neutralizing antibodies for S1P, and inhibitors of SK.

Phosphatidylinositol 4′5′-bisphosphate is hydrolysed by phospholipase C, which is activated by GPCRs and other cell-surface receptors. One product, DAG, is the endogenous activator of protein kinase C (PKC). Studies … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +1 415 221 4810 (J.S.K.)/+1 858 822 5858 (J.H.B.); fax: +1 415 750 6959 (J.S.K.)/+1 858 822 0041 (J.H.B.). E-mail addresses: joel.karliner{at}va.gov (J.S.K.) and jhbrown{at}ucsd.edu (J.H.B.)
Inverse relation between nasal fluid Clara Cell Protein 16 levels and symptoms and signs of rhinitis in allergen‐challenged patients with intermittent allergic rhinitis
Authors: M. Benson, M. Fransson, T. Martinsson, Å. T. Naluai, R. Uddman, L. O. Cardell
Journal: Allergy (2007)

Background: Decreased levels of the anti‐inflammatory Clara Cell Protein 16 (CC16) are found in intermittent allergic rhinitis (IAR) and asthma. In asthma this decrease has been associated with hyperreactivity and the A38G single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The aim of this study was to examine if IAR is associated with signs and symptoms of rhinitis and the A38G SNP. Methods: Nasal fluid CC16 was analyzed in 20 patients with IAR before allergen challenge and 1 and 6 h after challenge, and from 28 healthy controls. The A38G SNP was analyzed in 80 patients with IAR and 106 controls. Nasal biopsies were obtained from three subjects in each group for immunohistochemical analysis of CC16. Results: In the allergen‐challenged patients symptoms and rhinoscopic signs of rhinitis increased after 1 h and normalized after 6 h. In contrast, nasal fluid CC16 decreased 1 h after allergen challenge and returned to baseline after 6 h. Nasal fluid CC16 levels did not differ from controls before and 6 h after challenge. Immunohistochemical investigation showed intense CC16 staining in the nasal epithelium of both patients before season and healthy controls, but weak staining in symptomatic patients during season. No significant association between the A38G SNP and IAR was found. Conclusion: There was an inverse relation between nasal fluid CC16 levels and symptoms and signs of rhinitis in allergen‐challenged patients with IAR. However, there was no association between IAR and the A38G SNP.
Results of Treatment of Carcinoma of Colon and Rectum
Authors: E. S. R. Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1963)

A personal series of cases of carcinoma of the colon and rectum has been reviewed to provide current information on three problems: (1) post-operative mortality accom- panying resection of carcinoma of the large bowel; (2) five- year-survival rate; and (3) association of carcinoma in the large bowel with primary carcinoma in other organs.