tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Differential Regulation by Glucocorticoid of Interleukin-13–induced Eosinophilia, Hyperresponsiveness, and Goblet Cell Hyperplasia in Mouse Airways
Authors: Atsuko Kibe, Hiromasa Inoue, Satoru Fukuyama, Kentaro Machida, Koichiro Matsumoto, Hiroshi Koto, Tomomi Ikegami, Hisamichi Aizawa, Nobuyuki Hara
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2002)

Interleukin (IL)-13 induces important features of bronchial asthma such as eosinophilic infiltration, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and mucus hypersecretion. Although glucocorticoids suppress airway inflammation and remain the most effective therapy for asthma, the effects of glucocorticoids on the IL-13-dependent features are unknown. We studied the effects of dexamethasone on eotaxin production, eosinophil accumulation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and AHR after IL-13 administration into the airways of mice in vivo. MUC5AC gene expression, a marker of goblet cell hyperplasia, was also analyzed. IL-13 alone dose dependently induced AHR. Treatment with dexamethasone inhibited eotaxin expression and completely abolished eosinophil accumulation, but it did not affect AHR, MUC5AC overexpression, or goblet cell hyperplasia induced by IL-13. The effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha on IL-13-induced AHR were also examined. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not affect AHR despite marked enhancement of eosinophil infiltration in IL-13-treated mice. These findings suggest that glucocorticoid is not sufficient to suppress IL-13-induced AHR or goblet cell hyperplasia and that eotaxin expression and eosinophilic inflammation do not have a causal relationship to the induction of AHR or goblet cell hyperplasia by IL-13. Control of steroid-resistant features induced by IL-13, including AHR and mucus production, may provide new therapeutic modalities for asthma.
Seven honored for tracking disorders to genetic source
Authors: Beverly Merz
Journal: JAMA (1982)

The 1982 Albert Lasker Memorial Awards for Medical Research were presented to seven investigators at a recent luncheon in New York City. Five of the scientists shared the $15,000 award for basic research, and two the equal award for clinical research. The basic research awards were presented to J. Michael Bishop, MD; Harold E. Varmus, MD; Hidesaburo Hanafusa, PhD; Raymond L. Erikson, PhD; and Robert C. Gallo, MD, for their "revolutionary discoveries" of the human genes known as oncogenes "which have provided a long-sought link between viruses and the development of cancer." The recipients of the clinical research award, Roscoe O. Brady, MD, and Elizabeth F. Neufeld, PhD, were cited for their "original and creative contributions to the understanding of two groups of inherited [enzymedeficiency] diseases—lipid storage diseases and mucopolysaccharide storage disorders." <h3>The Oncogene Investigators</h3> Bishop, 46, and Varmus, 43, both professors of microbiology, University of California School of Medicine,
Nerve Conduction Velocity
Authors: Robert Hodes
Journal: JAMA (1961)

To  Editor:—  In my letter toThe Journalof July 16, 1960, page 1272, I questioned Johnson's and Olsen's statement that the conduction velocity is normal in  ( JAMA  172 :2030-2035, 1960). I did so on  basis of my own work with 26 chronic poliomyelitis patients in whom nerve conduction velocity was slowed ( J Neurophysiol  12 : 259-266, 1949). This deviation from normal was shown to be highly significant statistically.  Dr. Ernest W. Johnson replied in a letter toThe Journal(Sept. 17, 1960, page 327) that it has been shown since this study [of Hodes] that  conduction velocity is normal in poliomyelitis, and quotes evidence apparently in support of this contention. Each of  3 papers cited, however, including Dr. Johnson's own previous work (Arch Phys Med  41 : 185-190, 1960), contains data from poliomyelitis patients in which there is clearly a slowing of conduction velocity . Certainly, velocities
Alterations in brain serotonin during congestive heart failure in the cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster
Authors: M. J. SOLE, A. SHUM, G. R. VanLOON
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1978)

Serotonin and its major metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in the pons-medulla, midbrain, posterior hypothalamus, anterior hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebellum of cardiomyopathic hamsters and their age-matched controls during the early and terminal stages of the cardiomyopathy. During the stage of cardiac decompensation, significant increases were observed in the concentration of serotonin in pons-medulla (2.30± 0.07 vs 1.74± 0.04; P<0.001) and posterior hypothalamus (3.49± 0.04 vs 3.04± 0.11; P<0.005) and in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in pons-medulla (1.42 ± 0.05 vs 0.97 ± 0.05; P< 0.001) and posterior hypothalamus (1.65± 0.02 vs 1.32 ± 0.07; P<0.001). No changes were noted in any of the brain regions of control animals. We conclude that congestive heart failure may be associated with alterations in activity of bulbohypothalamic serotonergic nerves.
"Great Swelling Words."
Authors: Edmund Andrews
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Chicago, Dec. 3, 1894.  To the Editor:  —The man who knows neither Greek or Latin, and at the same time lacks training in English,seems to have a mania for padding out his writings with useless but sonorous phrases of classical derivation. He appears to think that by inflating his language in this way he will make his thoughts more pompous and impressive than if he sets them forth in the crystalline gems of pure English words.  Two of the stilted phrases which have recently gotten into vogue are  etiologic factor and  etiologic entity, and they have been rattled about our ears from so many quarters that nobody knows the first sinner who introduced them.  The Greek word, αιτια , means a cause. Aιτιολογια , from which is derived etiology, is compounded of αιτια a cause and λ ογος , which taken in composition signifies a study or science. The whole means the study
Anglo-American Medicine — A Plague of Ladybugs
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

During the past few months, we in Britain have shown considerable interest in the American bicentennial celebrations. When the circumstances are recalled, this attitude is perhaps surprising, but there have certainly been many events to commemorate the 200th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, ranging from an impressive exhibition at the Royal Maritime Museum at Greenwich to much less ambitious affairs in quite small communities.From the medical point of view, there has been a most interesting exhibition at the Royal College of Physicians in London entitled "Medicine in America, 1680–1820."1 Much of the material in this . . .
Altered paracrine effect of endothelin in blood vessels of the hyperinsulinemic, insulin resistant obese Zucker rat
Authors: S Wu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Objective: Earlier, we reported that high insulin incubation in vitro leads to increased ETA receptor expression in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells (Diabetes 1998, 47: 934–944). Our later observation of enhanced endothelin-1 evoked vasoconstriction in aorta from the hyperinsulinemic obese Zucker rat indicated that this interaction might also be relevant in vivo. To further examine the relationship between insulinemia and endothelin, we characterized endothelin receptor expression and endothelin-1 peptide levels in vascular tissues and plasma from young and old obese Zucker rats. Methods: 12 and 40-week-old Zucker obese and lean rats were used. Plasma endothelin-1 levels and endothelin-1 peptide content in the mesenteric artery and in the thoracic aorta were examined by radioimmunoassay. Messenger RNA levels of endothelin-1 peptide and ETA and ETB receptors were examined in the aortic and mesenteric vessels using RT-PCR. Results: Obese rats from both age groups had significantly higher plasma levels of insulin (4–10 fold), total cholesterol (2–3 fold), triglycerides (10-fold), and glucose (∼1.5 fold) than their lean counterparts. There was a trend toward worsening lipoproteinemia and glycemia, but improved insulinemia with age in the obese rats. In association with these changes, obese rats exhibited attenuated endothelin-1 peptide and preproET-1 mRNA levels, but conversely elevated ETA and ETB receptor mRNA levels in both aortic and mesenteric vessels. Conclusion: These data suggest that vascular tissue from the metabolically dysregulated obese Zucker rat exhibits attenuated endothelin-1 peptide production and elevated endothelin receptor levels. Since elevated insulin levels have been linked to increased endothelin receptor expression, it is plausible that hyperinsulinemia upregulates endothelin receptors contributing to elevated vasoconstrictor responses to endothelin-1 in this model of obesity and hypertension.
Cardiac Arrest among Geriatric Patients
Authors: B. S. Linn, R. W. Yurt
Journal: BMJ (1970)

In a review of 292 hospital patients who had cardiac arrests over a period of two and a half years patients aged 60 and over were contrasted with those under 60, based on a 50-item clinical questionary completed at the time of the episode. Survival rates were identical (23%) in these two groups. On contrasting patients who survived with those who did not it was again found that age did not influence outcome. Patients with multiple arrests or without cardiographic evidence of ventricular standstill were much more likely to recover. Whether or not a doctor initiated therapy did not affect survival.
PULSE WAVE DYNAMICS IN THE CAROTID ARTERY: ASSESSMENT WITH HIGH-FIELD VELOCITY-ENCODED MRI
Authors: Eleanore S. Kroner, Hildo J. Lamb, H.J. Siebelink, Ernst van der Wall, Jeroen van de Grond, Mark A. van Buchem, Albert de Roos, Jos Westenberg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
9. Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins
Authors: Calvin M. Kunin
Journal: JAMA (1977)

THE PENICILLINASE-RESISTANT penicillins are effective, highly specific agents for treatment of staphylococcal infections. Accordingly, there must be strong evidence that the patient does have staphylococcal infection and that it is sensitive to this class of drugs. Parenteral therapy with these drugs (methicillin sodium, oxacillin sodium, and nafcillin sodium) is particularly expensive and should be prescribed for a clearly justifiable reason. Oral agents include oxacillin sodium, nafcillin sodium, cloxacillin sodium monohydrate, and dicloxacillin sodium monohydrate. Probenecid may be used concomitantly to increase blood levels at low cost. Metastasis is common in these infections. Therefore, therapy should continue for at least 14 days. The principal indication for use of these penicillins is staphylococcal infections; however these agents are effective against other Gram-positive cocci when given in full doses. However, the only justification for their use in these conditions would be if, prior to therapy, the physician could not be certain that he
Rising rates of HIV infection
Authors: Angela J Robinson, Brian G Gazzard
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Preventive measures are failing 

I n the third decade of the HIV pandemic the number of infected individuals continues to increase. An estimated 38 million people world-wide, including over 2 million children, are now infected with HIV, and a record 4.8 million became infected in 2003.1 Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst affected region: a third of the world's HIV infected population is living there. Why are infections continuing to rise, and what can be done about it?

The underlying reason for this continuing increase is socioeconomic, but the increase also represents a failure of prevention. For a large epidemic to occur in a particular country, both poverty and poor social cohesion are required. The worst epidemics are therefore occurring in countries where wars, inter-community tensions, and corruption have contributed to a disintegration of the fabric of society. HIV infection is rooted in poverty, ignorance, and a lack of autonomy of women.2

The ideal prevention would be a universally available vaccine against HIV. The presentation of negative results from the first phase …
Mental health bill dropped from Queen's speech---but still on the agenda
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The health secretary, Alan Milburn, has promised to push the controversial new mental health bill for England and Wales through parliament despite its omission from the Queen's speech last week.

Speaking in the House of Commons, Mr Milburn said the consultation on the new proposals, which were launched in June this year, had yielded an unprecedented number of responses, and as soon as these …
A Simplified Method for Measuring Critical Pressures during Sleep in the Clinical Setting
Authors: Susheel P. Patil, Naresh M. Punjabi, Hartmut Schneider, Christopher P. O'Donnell, Philip L. Smith, Alan R. Schwartz
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Upper airway critical pressure measurements correlate with the degree of upper airway obstruction during sleep and may have a role in the diagnosis and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. Nevertheless, the utility of the critical pressure has not yet been realized in the clinical setting because significant technical expertise is still required for the acquisition and analysis of pressure-flow data. Using segmented regression, we developed and validated a simplified approach to analyze the pressure-flow relationship and to determine the effects of protocol-related factors in 44 subjects with sleep apnea. When compared with expert visual analysis, segmented regression method was found to accurately determine the critical pressure (-0.98 +/- 2.47 cm H(2)O vs. -1.07 +/- 2.47 cm H(2)O, respectively; p = 0.46). Furthermore, it was found that two series of measurements acquired at varying nasal pressure levels with two or more breaths per level were sufficient to determine the critical pressure with a minimum of variability. Therefore, this analytic approach has the potential for standardizing and simplifying the ascertainment of the critical pressure for studies examining the effect of therapeutic devices and agents on upper airway collapsibility during sleep.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Sharon Parmet, Alison E. Burke, Robert M. Golub
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Sudden Infant Death SyndromeS udden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the sudden unexplained death of a baby younger than 1 year.Most SIDS deaths occur in babies who are between 2 and 4 months old.In the United States, approximately 4500 infants die each year of SIDS.This Patient Page is based on one published in the December 4, 2002, issue of JAMA.
1061-95 Effect of therapeutic transcutaneous ultrasound following thrombolysis: Results of the perfusion by thrombolytic and ultrasound (PLUS) trial
Authors: Michael P Hudson, Adam B Greenbaum, Laura Brenton, Miguel Fiol Sala, George R McKendall, Jorge Bluguermann, E.Magnus Ohman, W.Douglas Weaver
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Metalloproteinase Inhibition Reduces Constrictive Arterial Remodeling After Balloon Angioplasty
Authors: Bart J. G. L. de Smet, Dominique de Kleijn, Roeland Hanemaaijer, Jan H. Verheijen, Lukas Robertus, Yvonne J. M. van der Helm, Cornelius Borst, Mark J. Post
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Arterial remodeling after balloon angioplasty has been recognized as a major determinant of restenosis. Perturbation of collagen metabolism might be important. After balloon injury, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression is upregulated. We investigated the effect of Batimastat, a nonspecific MMP inhibitor, on late lumen loss, arterial remodeling, and neointima formation after balloon dilation. Methods and Results —In atherosclerotic iliac arteries of 12 Yucatan micropigs, balloon dilation was performed, with intravascular ultrasound and quantitative angiography used before and after balloon dilation and at 42-day follow-up. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups, the Batimastat group (n=6) and the vehicle group (n=6). All animals were intraperitoneally injected with either Batimastat or a vehicle immediately after balloon dilation and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after balloon dilation. Angiographic and echographic late lumen loss in the Batimastat group versus the vehicle group was 0.3±0.1 versus 0.8±0.1 mm ( P =0.01) and 2.2±0.5 versus 4.9±0.7 mm 2 ( P =0.004), respectively. Late media-bounded area loss was used as a measure of remodeling after balloon dilation and was 0.9±0.6 mm 2 in the Batimastat group compared with 3.8±0.8 mm 2 in the vehicle group ( P =0.003, mixed model analysis P =0.01). Neointima formation was 1.3±0.3 mm 2 in the Batimastat group and 1.0±0.2 mm 2 in the vehicle group ( P =0.542). Conclusions —Metalloproteinase inhibition by Batimastat significantly reduced late lumen loss after balloon angioplasty by inhibition of constrictive arterial remodeling, whereas neointima formation was not inhibited by MMP inhibition.
Singing the body electronic
Authors: Tony Delamothe
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Douglas Kamerow, remains the BMJ's US editor provides further continuity.In addition to selecting articles of interest to US doctors, he will be working to increase the number of such articles published in the BMJ.If this cheap online model succeeds where the expensive print model failed, we could roll out "highlights" targeted at users in other countries.After the US our biggest non-UK markets for bmj.com are Australia, Canada, Italy, and Germany.Could such an exercise in internationalism lead to a catastrophic change in the make up of the print BMJ from the point of view of UK readers?Not necessarily-the print BMJ, which goes mainly to UK doctors, could comprise material selected from bmj.com for its particular interest to the UK, just as the online "US highlights" is a selection of articles of US interest.The one place to find everything we published would be, as it is now, bmj.com.As well as thinking more about what goes into the print BMJ, we think it's time to change its "look and feel."We've shortlisted three designs and we want readers to tell us which one they prefer.There's nothing new about consulting readers over such a crucial issue; last time we published the shortlisted designs in both the print journal and on bmj.com and received over 350 responses (although in those days postcards and letters outnumbered emails) (BMJ 1996;312:232).This time we're posting the designs on bmj.com and we'd welcome your feedback.If electronic developments have changed the way that scientific journals are interacting with their readers then it is nothing compared with how they will revolutionise the delivery of health care-once such developments have got off the ground.Connecting for Health, the UK initiative responsible for the world's largest civil IT project (costing £6.2bn) had an unhappy Christmas with its all important "spine" crashing after a software upgrade (p 139).It's now embarking on a charm offensivealthough many of its intended users will take a lot of convincing (p 180).Nearly two years ago, we published Nancy Lorenzi's advice on surmounting non-technical barriers to the introduction of information systems (BMJ 2004;
Programming for responsiveness to environmental antigens that trigger allergic respiratory disease in adulthood is initiated during the perinatal period.
Authors: P G Holt
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Allergy to airborne environmental antigens (allergens) is a major cause of asthma in children and adults. This review argues that the development of allergen-specific immunologic memory of the type that predisposes to allergy development is the end result of a T-cell selection process operative during infancy, which is triggered via encounters between the immature immune system and incoming airborne allergens from the environment. In normal individuals this process leads to the development of allergen-specific T-memory cells that secure the T helper (Th)-1 pattern of cytokines, which actively suppress the growth of their allergy-inducing Th-2 cytokine-secreting counterparts. However, these protective allergen-reactive Th-1 memory cells fail to develop in some individuals, permitting the subsequent proliferation of allergen-specific Th-2 cells that can trigger allergic reactions. Recent evidence suggests that genetic predisposition to allergy may be due in part to hyperactivity of control mechanisms operative in utero and which normally protect the fetoplacental unit against the toxic effect of Th-1 cytokines.
Real-time and simultaneous measurement of tricuspid orifice and tricuspid anulus areas in anesthetized dogs.
Authors: K Tamiya, M Higashidate, S Kikkawa
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

Tricuspid valve orifice and tricuspid valve anulus areas were measured simultaneously in the anesthetized dog with a newly developed area-measuring system based on electromagnetic induction. This system permitted real-time monitoring of the area enclosed by the edges of valve leaflets and by the juncture of the valve leaflet and the cardiac wall in situ, without artificial constraint to the valve motion. Right atrial and right ventricular pressures were measured with two catheter-tipped micromanometers. During control state, tricuspid valve orifice area (TOA) increased up to its peak [1.38 +/- 0.26 cm2 (mean +/- SD)] coincidently with either atrial systole or rapid ventricular filling. Atrial contraction evoked distinct presystolic tricuspid anulus narrowing with concomitant slow TOA reduction. This slow TOA reduction began 30.0 +/- 16.1 msec before systolic atrioventricular pressure crossover, and the following rapid TOA decrease was completed 38.7 +/- 12.2 msec after systolic atrioventricular pressure crossover. TOA began to increase 48.4 +/- 30.4 msec before diastolic atrioventricular pressure crossover at the end portion of the isovolumic relaxation phase, opposing residual transvalvular pressure gradient (3.33 +/- 1.79 mm Hg). The slow presystolic TOA decrease was considered to be a reflection of the presystolic anulus narrowing caused by atrial systole. An isolated atrial contraction induced by administering 1 mg acetylcholine chloride into the atrioventricular node artery or by vagus nerve stimulation could produce complete valve closure. Even in an isolated atrial contraction, the inflection point that marks the boundary between slow "atriogenic" closure presumably due to anulus narrowing and rapid closure presumably due to hemodynamic force was easily identified.
A Case of Lithotrity where Nitric Acid Injections were Employed
Authors: R. Harrison
Journal: BMJ (1877)

_OVRNAL II aortic area (the second right costal cartilage), and the superficial cha- racter of the heart-sounds over this dull area.2. The dulness on percussion, absence of respiration, vocal resonance and fremitus over the lower two-thirds of the left chest.3. The great displacement of the heart. 4. The much greater frequency of aneurism than of solid growth. 5.The constant pain of a boring character at one localised spot.