tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of drug delivery from conventional versus "Venturi" nebulizers
Authors: SG Devadason, ML Everard, JM Linto, PN Le Souef
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

Attempts to improve drug delivery from conventional jet nebulizers have included the use of storage systems to reduce drug wastage during exhalation. Venturi nebulizers enhance drug delivery during inhalation, reducing treatment times and drug wastage. This study investigated the effect of age on inhaled dose from a conventional jet nebulizer (Acorn) used both with and without a storage chamber (Mizer), compared to two Venturi nebulizers (Ventstream and Pari LC). Filters were attached to the four nebulizer systems, containing salbutamol, and 18 children with cystic fibrosis (3-16 yrs) inhaled through these devices. The quantity of drug collected on the filter was assessed using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The particle size distribution of the aerosol from each nebulizer system was measured using laser diffraction. Inspiratory filter deposition using the Acorn was lower than the Acorn with Mizer, and both Venturi nebulizers. Filter deposition using the Acorn with Mizer was lower than the Pari LC. No trend with age, height or weight was noted using any nebulizer. Aerosol particle size using the Ventstream was lower than the other nebulizer systems. Drug output from both Venturi nebulizers was more efficient than from the jet nebulizer, used with and without the storage chamber, during inhalation by children with cystic fibrosis. The inhaled dose did not change with the patient's age or size using both types of nebulizer.
Differential regulation of metzincins in experimental chronic renal allograft rejection: Potential markers and novel therapeutic targets
Authors: C.C. Berthier, N. Lods, S.A. Joosten, C. van Kooten, D. Leppert, R.L.P. Lindberg, A. Kappeler, F. Raulf, E.E. Sterchi, D. Lottaz, H.-P. Marti
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
The Necessity for Better Provision for Legal Medicine in This Country.
Authors: Henry W. Cattell
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Philadelphia, Oct. 6, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The letter of my friend, Prof. Henry Leffmann, on "The Teaching of Medical Jurisprudence," published in the last number ofThe Journal, may possibly be misunderstood by some who are not familiar with the inner workings of the coroner's office of Philadelphia. First of all, the "City Party," an organization which has done so much for bettering the political situation in Philadelphia, elected its nominee for coroner last November, and anyone who has paid attention to the manner in which this office has been conducted since Jan. 1, 1906, by the present coroner, J. M. Rush Jermon, Esq., of the Philadelphia bar, knows that the business of this department has been carried on honestly, fearlessly and well. It should also be stated in this connection that the exposures by the Record, to which reference was made in Professor Leffmann's letter, occurred many
Pyogenic granuloma presenting as a rectal polyp at the site of a previous polypectomy
Authors: B. Moparty, S.-Y. Xiao, M. Bhutani
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

A pyogenic granuloma is a polypoid form of capillary hemangioma that generally forms on the skin or in the oral cavity; rarely, these lesions can also be found in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract [1]. The pathogenesis of pyogenic granulomas is uncertain, in that they might have an infectious cause or they could represent a type of hemangioma [1] [2].
The Incidence and Risk Factors of Community–Acquired Hepatitis C in A Cohort of Italian Blood Donors
Authors: D Prati, C Capelli, C Silvani, C De Mattei, P Bosoni, M Pappalettera, F Mozzi, M Colombo, A Zanella, G Sirchia
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

To assess the incidence and source of community-acquired hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among subjects at low risk for blood-borne diseases, we prospectively studied a cohort of 16,515 repeat blood donors over a mean follow-up time of 36 months. Second- and third-generation methods were used for hepatitis C virus antibody (anti-HCV) testing. HCV RNA was determined in the serum of anti-HCV-positive donors by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Liver biopsy was performed in the viremic subjects. Risk factors for HCV infection were identified by a psychosocial questionnaire in the whole cohort. During follow-up, 5 donors became infected with HCV. The incidence was 1 per 10,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 0.3-2.4 per 10,000). During the 6 months before seroconversion, four subjects (80%) underwent medical or surgical percutaneous procedures, compared with 26.5% in the entire donor cohort (difference between frequencies, 53.5%; CI: 18.9-89.1). One seroconverting donor had sexual intercourse with an infected subject. Only 1 infected donor developed clinically evident acute hepatitis. HCV RNA remained detectable in 4 of 5 subjects for 8 to 36 months after seroconversion, and liver biopsy showed chronic hepatitis in all cases. Thus, new cases of hepatitis C occur among individuals without a history of known risk factors, some of which may be caused by nosocomial exposure.
Oral candidiasis in patients with psoriasis: Correlation of oral examination and cytopathological evaluation with psoriasis disease severity and treatment
Authors: Bruna Lavinas Sayed Picciani, Bruna Michalski-Santos, Sueli Carneiro, Ana Luisa Sampaio, Joao Carlos Regazzi Avelleira, David Rubem Azulay, Jane Marcy Neffa Pinto, Eliane Pedra Dias
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2013)
Heart failure causes cholinergic transdifferentiation of cardiac sympathetic nerves via gp130-signaling cytokines in rodents
Authors: Hideaki Kanazawa, Masaki Ieda, Kensuke Kimura, Takahide Arai, Haruko Kawaguchi-Manabe, Tomohiro Matsuhashi, Jin Endo, Motoaki Sano, Takashi Kawakami, Tokuhiro Kimura, Toshiaki Monkawa, Matsuhiko Hayashi, Akio Iwanami, Hideyuki Okano, Yasunori Okada, Hatsue Ishibashi-Ueda, Satoshi Ogawa, Keiichi Fukuda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Although several cytokines and neurotrophic factors induce sympathetic neurons to transdifferentiate into cholinergic neurons in vitro, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of this remain unknown. During congestive heart failure (CHF), sympathetic neural tone is upregulated, but there is a paradoxical reduction in norepinephrine synthesis and reuptake in the cardiac sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Here we examined whether cholinergic transdifferentiation can occur in the cardiac SNS in rodent models of CHF and investigated the underlying molecular mechanism(s) using genetically modified mice. We used Dahl salt-sensitive rats to model CHF and found that, upon CHF induction, the cardiac SNS clearly acquired cholinergic characteristics. Of the various cholinergic differentiation factors, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and cardiotrophin-1 were strongly upregulated in the ventricles of rats with CHF. Further, LIF and cardiotrophin-1 secreted from cultured failing rat cardiomyocytes induced cholinergic transdifferentiation in cultured sympathetic neurons, and this process was reversed by siRNAs targeting Lif and cardiotrophin-1. Consistent with the data in rats, heart-specific overexpression of LIF in mice caused cholinergic transdifferentiation in the cardiac SNS. Further, SNS-specific targeting of the gene encoding the gp130 subunit of the receptor for LIF and cardiotrophin-1 in mice prevented CHF-induced cholinergic transdifferentiation. Cholinergic transdifferentiation was also observed in the cardiac SNS of autopsied patients with CHF. Thus, CHF causes target-dependent cholinergic transdifferentiation of the cardiac SNS via gp130-signaling cytokines secreted from the failing myocardium.
Role of the H-2 complex in induction of T helper cells in vivo. III. Contribution of the I-E subregion to restriction sites recognized by I-A/E-restricted T cells.
Authors: B Alpert, J Sprent
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

Previous studies on negative selection of T cells to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated mice showed that CBA (I-Ak,I-Ek) (kk) T cells comprise two subgroups of cells restricted by I-A (A alpha-A beta) and I-A/E (E alpha-E beta) molecules. Selection of the I-A/E-restricted by I-A (A alpha-A beta) and I-A/E (E alpha-E beta) molecules. Selection of the I-A/E-restricted subset requires that the donor T cells and the selection host share both I-A (E beta) and I-E (E alpha) gene products; only the I-A-restricted cells undergo selection in B10.A(4R) (kb) mice. This paper demonstrates that negative selection of the I-A/E-restricted subgroup of CBA T cells can occur in F1 hybrids between B10.A(4R) and various Ia.7+ (E alpha+) I-E-incompatible strains; selection does not occur in hybrids between B10.A(4R) and Ia.7- (E alpha-) strains. These data suggest that, despite the fact that E alpha chains display detectable structural allelic variations, these chains are functionally nonpolymorphic. This conclusion applies to E alpha k,d,p,r,j chains. With F1 hybrids between B10.A(4R) and another Ia.7+ strain, B10.PL (H-2u), in contrast, only intermediate selection is observed. This finding is consistent with recent evidence that cell surface expression of E alpha-u-E beta dimers displays strong cis preference. In contrast to E alpha+ CBA T cells, E alpha- B10.A(4R) (kb) T cells undergo complete negative selection in hosts matched only in the I-A (and H-2K) subregion, i.e., B10.BR (kk) mice; no selection occurs in B10 (bb) mice. These data imply that Ia-restricted T cells in E alpha- strains are probably restricted solely by I-A molecules.
IL-1 and atherosclerosis: a murine twist to an evolving human story
Authors: Daniel J. Rader
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Inflammation is a critical component of atherosclerosis. IL-1 is a classic proinflammatory cytokine that has been linked to atherosclerosis. A clinical trial has been launched in which an antibody specific for IL-1β is being studied for its effects on cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerosis. In this issue of the JCI, Alexander et al. report that mice lacking the receptor for IL-1 unexpectedly have features of advanced atherosclerosis that suggest the atherosclerotic plaques may be less stable. These findings illustrate the complexity of inflammatory pathways in atherosclerosis and suggest the need for careful calibration of antiinflammatory approaches to atherosclerosis.
Left ventricular length dependent activation in the isovolumetric rat heart
Authors: I. Stefanon, D. V. Vassallo, J. G. Mill
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1990)

The aim of the study was to examine, in a whole heart preparation, the relationship between length changes in cardiac muscle and tension development and length dependent activation.Rat hearts were perfused by the Langendorff technique and isovolumetric pressure changes in the left ventricle, produced by increasing diastolic pressures (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 mm Hg), were studied at different calcium concentrations (0.5, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75 mmol.litre-1).20 whole heart preparations were obtained from albino rats of either sex, weight 180-240 g (females) and 220-330 g (males).In a comparison of ventricular diastolic upsilon systolic pressure curves, normalised with respect to maximum isovolumetric systolic pressure, there was a separation and an upward displacement of the curves with increments in calcium concentration in the perfusate.The results show, as in isolated preparations, that there is length dependent activation in the whole rat heart.
Effects of Cyanate and 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate on Sickling RELATIONSHIP TO OXYGENATION
Authors: Michael Jensen, H. Franklin Bunn, George Halikas, Yuet Wai Kan, David G. Nathan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Cyanate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) both influence the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. The studies presented here concern the effects of these compounds on the sickling phenomenon. The inhibitory effect of cyanate on sickling is largely due to the fact that it increases the percentage of oxyhemoglobin S at a given oxygen tension. In addition, cyanate inhibits sickling by a mechanism that is independent of oxygenation. In this paper, we have demonstrated that the viscosity of carbamylated sickle blood was lower than that of non-carbamylated controls at the same oxygen saturation. Furthermore, carbamylation resulted in an increase in the minimum concentration of deoxy-sickle hemoglobin required for gelation. Like cyanate, 2,3-DPG affected sickling of intact erythrocytes by two mechanisms. Since 2,3-DPG decreases the percentage of oxyhemoglobin S at a given oxygen tension, sickling is enhanced. In addition, 2,3-DPG had a direct effect. When the intracellular 2,3-DPG concentration was increased in vitro, a greater percentage of cells were sickled at a given oxygen saturation. Conversely, sickling was inhibited in cells in which 2,3-DPG was artificially lowered. These data indicate that the enhancement of sickling by 2,3-DPG is in part independent of its influence on oxygen affinity.
Respiratory tract changes in guinea pigs, rats, and mice following a single six-hour exposure to methyl isocyanate vapor.
Authors: E H Fowler, D E Dodd
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

Groups of male and female Fischer 344 rats, B6C3F1 mice, and Hartley guinea pigs were exposed once for 6 hr to mean concentrations of 10.5, 5.4, 2.4, 1.0, or 0 (control) ppm of methyl isocyanate (MIC) vapor. Rats and mice were also exposed to 20.4 ppm of MIC. The majority of deaths occurred during postexposure days 1 through 3. The 6-hr LC50 values (with 95% confidence limits) were 6.1 (4.6 to 8.2) ppm for rats, 12.2 (8.4 to 17.5) ppm for mice, and 5.4 (4.4 to 6.7) ppm for guinea pigs. Notable clinical observations during and immediately following MIC exposure were lacrimation, perinasal/perioral wetness, respiratory difficulty (e.g., mouth breathing), decreased activity, ataxia, and hypothermia. Body weight losses were common in all species following MIC exposures of 2.4 ppm or greater. Microscopic lesions included acute necrosis of the epithelial lining throughout the respiratory tract in animals that died shortly after exposure, coupled with congestion, edema, and inflammation. A microscopic lesion that appeared unique to guinea pigs was bronchiolitis obliterans (where the products of necrosis and inflammation completely closed the bronchioles). Additional microscopic lesions observed in some animals that died or were sacrificed at the end of the study (postexposure day 14) consisted of squamous metaplasia of respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which extended into the larynx, trachea, and in some cases, the bronchi.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Implication of the proprotein convertases in iron homeostasis: Proprotein convertase 7 sheds human transferrin receptor 1 and furin activates hepcidin
Authors: Johann Guillemot, Maryssa Canuel, Rachid Essalmani, Annik Prat, Nabil G. Seidah
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Abstract The first seven members of the proprotein convertase (PC) family activate protein precursors by cleavage after basic residues. While PC7 has no known specific substrates, it shows redundancy with other PCs. A genome-wide association study suggested that circulating levels of shed human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) are regulated by PC7. We thus examined whether hTfR1 constitutes a specific substrate for PC7. Coexpression of hTfR1 with PCs in several cell lines indicated that PC7 is the only convertase that sheds this receptor into the medium. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that cleavage occurs at the unusual site KTECER100↓LA, in which the P1 Arg100 and P6 Lys95 are critical. Pharmacological treatments revealed that shedding of hTfR1 by PC7 requires endocytosis into acidic clathrin-coated vesicles. A PC7 chimera, in which the transmembrane domain and the cytosolic tail of PC7 were replaced by that of the convertase furin, lost its ability to cleave the receptor, demonstrating the importance of these domains in the regulation of PC7 function. Analysis of primary hepatocytes from mice lacking furin, PC5, PACE4, or PC7 revealed that hepcidin, which limits iron availability in the circulation, is specifically generated by furin and not by PC7. Finally, depletion of iron in the medium of hepatoma cell lines incubated with the iron chelator desferrioxamine resulted in PC7 down-regulation. Conclusion: Among the PC family members, only furin activates hepcidin in hepatocytes, and uniquely the full-length membrane-bound PC7 can directly shed hTfR1 by cleavage at Arg100↓. Our results support the notion that, when iron is limiting, hTfR1 levels increase at least in part by way of the down-regulation of PC7 expression.
Combined cold urticaria and cholinergic urticaria clinical characterization and laboratory findings
Authors: A.D. ORMEROD, A. KOBZA-BLACK, A. MILFORD-WARD, M.W. GREAVES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Thirteen patients with both cold and cholinergic urticaria are reported. There was considerable variability, particularly in the cold urticaria which was of the common cold contact type in seven patients, of the generalized cold induced cholinergic type in two and in four patients the lesions induced by direct contact with ice were morphologically like cholinergic urticaria, but appeared despite prior application of an acetyl choline antagonist. The natural history, laboratory findings and the effects of therapy are discussed.
Religious women in the US are more likely to use health screening
Authors: Roger Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Women in the United States who attend religious services are more likely to have used health screening examinations than those who do not, but patterns differ substantially between different religions. Women who are evangelical Protestant Christians are less likely to use preventive health screening services than their Jewish or mainstream Christian counterparts, a study published online on 6 January 2006 in the Journal of Behavioral Medicine has shown (http://www.springerlink.com/, doi: 10.1007/s10865-005-9035-2).

Jewish women, for example, were four times more likely to report having had cervical screening than evangelical protestant Christians, while mainstream protestant Christians were more likely than evangelical …
Atrial natriuretic factor responses to submaximal and maximal exercise.
Authors: K Mandroukas, A Zakas, N Aggelopoulou, K Christoulas, G Abatzides, M Karamouzis
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1995)

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), K+, Na+, blood lactate, heart rate, and blood pressure in moderately trained women. Ten healthy women were studied on a cycle ergometer during 20 min of constant submaximal and maximal exercise, as well as during recovery. The ANF concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay. The results show that, except for Na+, all the other variables increased significantly with an increase in the duration and intensity of the exercise (P &lt; 0.05, P &lt; 0.001). In recovery, the values fell (P &lt; 0.01, P &lt; 0.001). Submaximal and maximal exercise both cause increases in ANF and this increase is due to the duration and intensity of exercise. However, maximal exercise, rather than submaximal exercise, is the major stimulus for the concentration of plasma ANF. ANF concentration may be a useful test for evaluating the releasing function of ANF in the heart.
Chronic Hemodialysis Using Venipuncture and a Surgically Created Arteriovenous Fistula
Authors: Michael J. Brescia, James E. Cimino, Kenneth Appel, Baruch J. Hurwich
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE success of chronic hemodialysis in terminal renal failure depends on repeated access to blood vessels that will provide a continuous flow of up to 250 to 300 ml. per minute.A technic was developed for the permanent implantation of cannulas into an artery and vein of the forearm. Between dialyses, patency of these blood vessels depends on maintaining circulation between artery and vein by means of a Teflon-Silastic loop, creating an external arteriovenous fistula. The surgical technic required for the successful implantation of these catheters has been described.1 , 2 This prosthesis is now used by virtually all centers engaged in . . .
The Centers for Disease Control
Authors: John K. Iglehart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC), a respected federal agency that enjoys a worldwide reputation for its successful assaults against infectious disease, has broadened its programmatic scope to include disease that is related to the environment, occupational health hazards, and the promotion of health. The CDC's new charter, which will inevitably make it a more controversial agency, stems from a congressional mandate; the zeal of its director, Dr. William H. Foege, for a broad definition of disease prevention; and the strong support of two recent secretaries of Health and Human Services — Republican Richard S. Schweiker and Democrat Joseph A. . . .
Pain in the Lower Extremity
Authors: Evan Calkins
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. Lee's suggestion that peripheral vascular disorder should be added to the list of possibilities to be considered in this case is most appropriate. My suggestion that hysteria also be included in this list of diagnostic possibilities was not intended to exclude organic conditions from consideration. Dr. Lee and I appear to be in agreement in our answer to the specific question asked by the reader from Illinois and in the conclusion that myelography would appear to be a rather unlikely cause for the pain in the patient's left toe which started in May, 1960.
REMARKS ON CHEST WOUNDS: FROM A PHYSICIAN'S NOTEBOOK
Authors: J. A. Nixon
Journal: BMJ (1919)

BRiJnA ' *sly.inganugL-y-int--t1ieiladder,Fix--&safety-pin in the cAtheter.tie a piece of tape to each end of the pin,and carry thesealong the ride* of.thepenis, and fix them-.tlherewith-strapping.This straping should beJust tight enouglh to control the tapes, anid yet -not so tight as to cause oedema of the prepuce.Tie tied ini catheter should be left draining into a bottle all the time so tlhat the bladder never becomes distended-a most importaint point.The bladder can be irrigated with the oxycyanide of nmercurysolution.(one drachm in onie piit) twvice a day.Be careful not to hold the irrigator higher tlhani six inches, a)ove the level of the peniii so as not to force the bladder mtuseles; ran in two ounces ony of the lotioni at a time, anid thent allowv it to flow out again into a dish.Repeat this manceuvre live or six times.If the urinie is very purulent, andl especially if it is alkaline, irrigate four times a day.If the urine is acid, give this mixture by the imioutlh six-lhourly: Ilexamine . . . 5 grains Acid sodium phosphate ... 30 gra ins Water ... . . to 1 ounce If the urinie is allialinie give six-hloiurly: Boric acid ... ... ... ... 15 grains Ammonium benzoate . . . . . 15graiins Water ... .to 1 oulnce.Remove the catheter every fourth day, irrigate the uretlhra audI tie in a fresh one.If this is not dlonie the catlheter may get blocked and the bladder stretched, anid it nmay even give risc to ' lerineal abscess.By tyinc, in the cathieter several objects are gained: -.Time is not wasted by passing a catlheter frequently.2. The urethra is not damaaed by thje constant passing of a catheter.i -TheS bladder muscle is not overstretchled, so that
Foreign Body in the OEsophagus: Localisation by X Rays: Successful Removal
Authors: N. Raw
Journal: BMJ (1896)

A CHILD, aged 2 years, was brought to the hospital on October 22nd with a history of having swallowed a halfpenny some hours previously.On examination, inothing abnormal could be seen or felt, although the clhild appeared to have been in great distress, lhaving been constantly retching and vomiting.Next day I examined the chlild witi the aid of the cryptoscope, and the outline of the coin could be most distinctly seen apparently opposite the fourth, fifth, and sixth cervical vertebrae.Ttie coill was lyiJg vertically il the cesophaguF.