tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
UK's health spending per head fell in 2010 and 2011
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Health spending per person in the United Kingdom fell by 2.5% in 2010 and by 1.1% in 2011, show annual figures published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.1

The two years of decline in spending, adjusted for inflation and measured on a per capita basis, came after a decade in which health spending had risen by an average of 5.3% a year in the UK.

The figures reflect the recession, which has held NHS budgets more or less flat in real terms while the population has continued to rise. Nine other OECD countries showed falls in health spending, with the most abrupt being in Greece and Ireland. The average change in health spending among all 32 OECD countries was a modest 0.2% rise in the years 2009-2011, considerably less than …
Government condemned by it own statistics
Authors: P. Johnston
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Labour hearts were a-flutter with excitement last week when the party's chief spokesman on health, Michael Meacher, unearthed what he claimed to be categorical proof of government cuts in hospital spending last year.Even better for the opposition, the information was provided by no less an authority than Barney Hayhoe, the Minister for Health.In a Commons written answer, so Byzantine in complexity that it escaped virtually everybody's notice, he revealed that in 1985-6 the government gave hospitals 04% less in cash than they needed to keep pace with inflation.The government's position throughout the recent political argy bargy over NHS funding has been clearly and repeatedly set out by the Prime Minister: total expenditure has increased in real terms by 24-2% since 1979.But this masks a rise in prices in the NHS above the general rate of inflation.Health authorities have to finance pay awards in excess of the retail price index and also need extra resources for research, for growth, and to cover the increasing numbers of elderly people.Mr Hayhoe disclosed that in 1985-6 a growth of 5-2% in services was required to respond to demographic changes.During this period an extra 16-5% in real terms was allocated to the NHS, of which 10-3% funded pay and price increases and 5 6% was available for services.But a table appended to the written answer appeared to fly in the face of government claims; it showed that expenditure on hospital and community health services in 1985-6 fell by 0 4%.This compared with real growth of between 03% and 11% in the preceding five years and estimated real growth of 3-8% in the current financial year.It was enough for Mr Meacher to fire off a broadside at the Department of Health and Social Security with the relish of a prosecuting counsel latching on to a gaffe by a leading defence witness."The Tory lie has finally been nailed-by its own minister," he declared.The admission had been given with "unaccustomed frankness" by the government, and Mr Meacher contended that a careful examination of the figures showed that the true position for health authorities trying to maintain existing services was even worse."The general level of inflation does not take into account the extra costs that the government itself considers health authorities have to bear," he said.Apart from the pay awards and the extra costs of demographic changes, the government's own estimates showed that the cost of health service technology outstripped inflation by 0 5% a year.
Transport of Very Low Density Lipoprotein Triglycerides in Varying Degrees of Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia
Authors: Scott M. Grundy, Henry Y. I. Mok, Loren Zech, Daniel Steinberg, Mones Berman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Measurements of transport of triglycerides (TG) in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) were carried out in 59 patients by injection of radioactive glycerol, determinations of specific activities of VLDL-TG for 48 h thereafter, and treatment of the data by multicompartmental analysis. The patients were divided into three groups: normal weight (89-120% ideal weight), mildly obese (120-135% ideal weight), and markedly obese (135% ideal weight). They had varying levels of VLDL-TG ranging from normal to markedly elevated. In many subjects, there was a positive correlation between concentrations and transport of VLDL indicating that overproduction of VLDL-TG contributed to hypertriglyceridemia. In others, and particularly in several markedly obese subjects, transport rates were greatly increased without significant hypertriglyceridemia, suggesting that they had enhanced capacity to clear TG. In all groups, however, there were patients whose degree of hypertriglyceridemia seemed out of proportion to their transport rates. This finding and the fact that many patients have increased secretion of VLDL-TG without elevated plasma TG suggests that both overproduction of VLDL-TG and insufficient enhancement of clearance contributed to the development of hypertriglyceridemia.The data showed a poor correlation between transport rates determined by our multicompartment analysis and single-exponential analysis used previously by other investigators (r = 0.46); this comparison was not improved by segregating patients according to their degree of obesity. Although two conversion pathways (fast and slow synthetic paths) were required to fit the data, there was no correlation between transport rates and the ratio of the two pathways. Also, despite the known pathway of conversion of VLDL to low density lipoprotein, no correlation was found between VLDL-TG transport rates and estimated low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations.
Abstract 2284: Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PEG-coated gold nanoparticles in HK-2 cells
Authors: Anita K. Patlolla, Tammy Epting, Lisabeth Thrasher, Paul B. Tchounwou
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Biomolecular functionalization of gold nanoparticles (GNP's) have led to a dramatic expansion of their potential biomedical applications, including biosensorics, bioimaging, photothermal therapy, and targeted drug delivery. As the range of gold nanoparticle types and their applications continues to increase, human safety concerns are gaining attention, which makes it necessary to better understand the potential toxicity hazards of these novel materials. The main objective of this study was to determine the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of poly-ethylene-glycol-coated gold nanoparticles (PEG-GNPs) in HK-2 cells. These cells were grown under sterile conditions in 96-well plate until 80% confluency. Four exposure concentrations (125, 250, 500 and 1000 µg/ml) of PEG-coated GNP's and a control were used. Following exposure to PEG-coated GNP's, cytotoxicity assay (MTS) was performed for 24 and 48 hrs using standard protocol. Genotoxic effects of GNP's were determined measuring DNA damage using comet assay. The results demonstrated a dose and time dependent decrease in cell viability with PEG-coated GNPs and an increase in percent DNA damage in exposed cells compared to control. The difference in the cytotoxic effect between 24 and 48 hrs was not statistically significant however, the genotoxic effect was statistically significant both in time and dose. The cellular findings reported here do suggest that GNPs has the potential to induce cell death and cause damage to DNA in HK-2 cells. However, more studies to clarify the role of encapsulation in the in vitro toxicity of GNP's, are required and parallel comparison is preferred. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Anita K. Patlolla, Tammy Epting, Lisabeth Thrasher, Paul B. Tchounwou. Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PEG-coated gold nanoparticles in HK-2 cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2284. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2284
Mitral Insufficiency Resulting from "Overshooting" of Leaflets
Authors: JESSE E. EDWARDS
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Mitral insufficiency may result from abnormal degrees of upward extension of valvular tissue, a condition which may be termed "overshooting." This condition may result either from rupture of elements in the papillary musclechordal mechanism or from inadequate support of leaflets without rupture. The latter may occur in myocardial infarction or in instances of intrinsic weakness of connective tissues of leaflets and/or chordae tendineae.
Reflections of a Lake
Authors: C Feudtner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

I.Long before these children, with their contorted bodies and disordered brains, came to my tall-wooded shores, I lay here amidst the mountains. I cannot say that I waited for their arrival. Neither that first summer three decades ago, nor each subsequent summer.Rather, after the uplift of metamorphic sediment from ancient seas, after eruptions of magma and showers of ash and flows of mud, after the grinding of glaciers in advance and retreat — after all this, each year I watched the wildflower fire of lupine and avalanche lilies, the distant migration of birds and the mating of mammals, . . .
RANTES, eotaxin and eotaxin‐2 expression and production in patients with aspirin triad
Authors: R. Pods, D. Ross, S. van Hülst, C. Rudack, St. Maune
Journal: Allergy (2003)

Polyposis, asthma, aspirin-intolerance and aspirin-triad are mostly accompanied with eosinophilia of mucosal airways. Chemotactic cytokines, the CC-chemokines regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed (RANTES), eotaxin, and eotaxin-2 activate and attract eosinophilic leukocytes to the site of inflammation. This points to the implication of CC-chemokines in eosinophilia of nasal tissue of these diseases.Therefore, nasal polypous tissue specimens of patients suffering from chronic nasal polypous sinusitis (NP), intrinsic asthma (ATA), aspirin-intolerance (AINA), and aspirin-triad (TRIAD) were investigated. The amount of mRNA and protein of CC-chemokines was analyzed using semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and chemokine-specific enzyme-immuno-assays. The patterns of CC-chemokines were compared.The mRNA-expression as well as protein synthesis of CC-chemokines was quantified in all tissues investigated. The expression of RANTES-mRNA in NP, ATA, AINA, and TRIAD (averaging 148-324% D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and protein synthesis (0.13-0.15 ng/mg tissue weight) did not differ significantly. But the protein synthesis of eotaxin- and eotaxin-2-mRNA was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in TRIAD (3.3 pg/mg and 3.4 ng/mg tissue weight) (4 ng/mg tissue weight), than in NP, ATA, or AINA (1.8 pg/mg and 2.1 ng/mg, 2.1 pg/mg and 1.6 ng/mg, or 1.7 pg/mg and 2.2 ng/mg tissue weight, respectively).Patients suffering from TRIAD in association with tissue eosinophilia were characterized by elevated eotaxin and eotaxin-2 mRNA-expression as well as protein-synthesis. This pointed to the implication of eotaxins and RANTES in eosinophilia-associated diseases. Further studies will have to prove, whether the analysis of these chemokines might improve the diagnosis of eosinophilia associated polyposis and initiate the development of new therapeutic strategies.
An orally bioavailable parthenolide analog selectively eradicates acute myelogenous leukemia stem and progenitor cells
Authors: Monica L. Guzman, Randall M. Rossi, Sundar Neelakantan, Xiaojie Li, Cheryl A. Corbett, Duane C. Hassane, Michael W. Becker, John M. Bennett, Edmund Sullivan, Joshua L. Lachowicz, Andrew Vaughan, Christopher J. Sweeney, William Matthews, Martin Carroll, Jane L. Liesveld, Peter A. Crooks, Craig T. Jordan
Journal: Blood (2007)
Russian Research on the Role of Visceral Reflexes in Coronary Insufficiency
Authors: ERNST SIMONSON
Journal: Circulation (1960)

T HE ROLE of the central nervous system in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular dis- ease has been emphasized in the Russian literature.1This concept is perhaps most pronounced in their research on arterial hypertension,2 but is applied also to coronary artery disease, and particularly to angina pectoris.34The large experimental and clinical material accumulated in the past decade by Russian authors cannot be reviewed in detail in this article.A few representative references, however, are given as general back- ground for the main topic: the effect of reflexes from gastrointestinal receptors on coronary insufficiency.In prolonged experimental neurosis in monkeys, produced by conflicting conditioned reflexes, in some of the animals electrocardiographic changes de- veloped that were identical to those of human left ventricular isehemia.Apparent angina attacks developed, and one monkey died of myocardial infaretion, confirmed by autopsy.5 Vovsi6 found pronounced changes of the elec- troencephalogram in 30 patients with coro- lnary artery disease during attacks of angina pectoris, together with typical S-T depression in the electrocardiogram.Zamislova and Bod- nar7 reported a higher incidence of disturb- ance in the electroencephalogram and other central nervous system functions in 58 pa- tients with coronary heart disease than in From the Mt.
Vectorcardiographic diagnosis and electrocardiographic correlation in left ventricular asynergy due to coronary artery disease. I. Severe asynergy of the anterior and apical segments.
Authors: E Young, P F Cohn, R Gorlin, H D Levine, M V Herman
Journal: Circulation (1975)

The transverse plane QRS loop vectorcardiogram (VCG) was analyzed in 102 consecutive patients, angiographically proven to have coronary artery disease (CAD), whose right anterior oblique left ventriculogram showed severe asynergy (akinesis or marked hypokinesis) of the anterior and apical segments. Eighty-four of the 102 loops were considered to be diagnostic of severe asynergy because similar loops were not found in patients with CAD with less severe asynergy of either or both segments or in normal control subjects. Eighty-two of the 84 showed a uniformly abnormal pattern. Posterior vectors exhibited partial or complete clockwise "rotation" and were much more prominent than early anterior forces. In fact, the latter were often absent. In the other two VCG's at least the early half of the loop displayed prominent anterior vectors. The ECGs showed marked variability of the QRS in leads V-2-V-6. Abnormal Q waves were present in only 63 of the 102. The numbers of these leads showing abnormal Q waves varied from one to all of these positions.
Intrathecal Aminoglycoside Antibiotic Administration
Authors: Henry D. Messer
Journal: JAMA (1977)

To the Editor.—  The wide variation in CSF concentration of intrathecally administered aminoglycoside antibiotics may have an explanation other than changing circulation and absorption of the drug, as suggested by Dr Hamory and colleagues (236: 1973, 1976).  During repeated lumbar punctures, the CSF often escapes the arachnoid into the subdural space. A second puncture may tap this fluid pool in the subdural space, and there is no way for one to know whether or not the arachnoid membrane has been entered. Injection of a drug under these circumstances results in subdural rather than intraarachnoidal injection. This phenomenon is very well known to myelographers, who can demonstrate it visually.
The Development of Microbiology
Authors: L P Garrod
Journal: BMJ (1977)

The author bases his book on postgraduate lectures on the development of certain ideas in microbiology.Thus, each chapter deals with one topic, rather than a chrono- logical sequence as is the usual way of presenting the history of a subject.The order of presentation is difficult to understand and seems to be quite arbitary.Some historical order should have been preserved here, so that the section on serology and immunology founded in the nineteenth century preceded those on chemotherapy, antibiotics, and bacterial genetics, which are products of the twentieth.There are chapters on virology and protozoology, with a note on mycology, but each is inadequate.A brief account of how microbiology has developed as a discipline and its influence on surgery (no mention of Lister in the index), public health and, industry would have been equally pertinent.Each chapter has a short list ofimportant papers or books representing primary and secondary sources, but they are not keyed to the text.Although it is ofinterest to have the main parts ofmicrobiology dealtwith separately, there is not sufficient cross-linking and the reader does not achieve an over-view of advancement.It would seem that each chapter represents a lecture, but with little reference in it to those preceding and those ensuing.Moreover there are a number of factual errors, especially in the material dealing with the early period (Hooke's microscope did not reach x 300 -x 500, p. 13) and distortions (Lister the elder is dismissed in three words, p. 15, and his name is not indexed, whereas he was of considerable importance in the history of microscopy).As a book for teacher-guided students this book may have a role, but those dealing with the history of microbiology already available seem to be quite adequate.
c-Myc–mediated control of cell fate in megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitors
Authors: Yinshi Guo, Chao Niu, Peter Breslin, Minghui Tang, Shubin Zhang, Wei Wei, Ameet R. Kini, Gladell P. Paner, Serhan Alkan, Stephan W. Morris, Manuel Diaz, Patrick J. Stiff, Jiwang Zhang
Journal: Blood (2009)
Surgery patients in Northern Ireland are still waiting too long, MPs say
Authors: Owen Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Northern Ireland is lagging behind the rest of the United Kingdom in cutting waiting lists for surgery, despite spending more on acute services per patient than any other part of the country except Scotland, says a report published this week by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee.

Figures from the Northern Ireland Audit Office showed that last summer four patients per 1000 people in the province's population were waiting 12 months or longer. In Wales this number was three per 1000 and in England and Scotland it was practically zero.

In 2000 Northern Ireland's expenditure on acute services was £329 ($580; £485) per capita, compared with …
A spatio-temporal cardiomyocyte targeted vector system for efficient delivery of therapeutic payloads to regress cardiac hypertrophy abating bystander effect
Authors: Santanu Rana, Kaberi Datta, Teegala Lakshminarayan Reddy, Emeli Chatterjee, Preeta Sen, Manika Pal-Bhadra, Utpal Bhadra, Arindam Pramanik, Panchanan Pramanik, Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, Sagartirtha Sarkar
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2015)
Can the motor system utilize a stored representation to control movement?
Authors: Gordon Binsted, Matthew Heath
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

This commentary focuses on issues related to Glover's suppositions regarding the information available to the on-line control system and the behavioral consequences of (visual) information disruption. According to the author, a “highly accurate,” yet temporally unstable, visual representation of peripersonal space is available for real-time trajectory corrections. However, no direct evidence is currently available to support the position.
Epigenetic Inactivation of <i>Betaig-h3</i> Gene in Human Cancer Cells
Authors: Genze Shao, Jessica Berenguer, Alain C. Borczuk, Charles A. Powell, Tom K. Hei, Yongliang Zhao
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Gene silencing by CpG island methylation in the promoter region is one of the mechanisms by which tumor suppressor genes are inactivated in human cancers. It has been shown previously that Betaig-h3 gene, which encodes an extracellular matrix protein involved in cell adhesion and tumorigenesis, is down-regulated or silenced in a variety of human cancer cell lines. To unravel the underlying molecular mechanism(s) for this phenomenon, DNA methylation patterns of Betaig-h3 CpG island were examined in normal, immortalized, and cancer cell lines derived from lung, prostate, mammary, and kidney. A good correlation was observed between promoter hypermethylation and lost expression of Betaig-h3 gene, which was supported by the data that demethylation of promoter by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine reactivated Betaig-h3 and restored its expression in Betaig-h3-silenced tumor cell lines. This result was further substantiated by a luciferase reporter assay, showing the restoration of promoter activities and increased response to transforming growth factor-β treatment in Betaig-h3-negative 293T cells when transfected with unmethylated Betaig-h3 promoter. In contrast, activity of Betaig-h3 promoter was completely inactivated by in vitro methylation. Furthermore, CpG methylation of Betaig-h3 promoter was also shown in primary lung tumors that expressed decreased level of Betaig-h3 protein. These results suggest that promoter methylation plays a critical role in promoter silencing of the Betaig-h3 gene in human tumor cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(9): 4566-73)
Use of skin lightening creams
Authors: Y. M. Olumide
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Lack of recognition and regulation is having serious medical consequences

Skin lightening (bleaching) cosmetics and toiletries are used to lighten the colour of darker skin. The practice, which is fuelled by racial prejudice, stems from the misconceptions that black skin is inferior and that someone with a fair skin is more attractive⇓.



Seyllou/AFP/Getty Images

By definition, cosmetics are meant to improve the appearance of the skin or enhance the attractiveness of users, not to alter the basic structure of the skin. Skin lightening creams alter the chemical structure of the skin by inhibiting the synthesis of melanin and should therefore be regulated as drugs not cosmetics.

The active ingredients include hydroquinone, mercury, and highly potent fluorinated corticosteroid ointments and creams such as fluocinonide, betamethasone valerate, and clobetasol propionate. The list of ingredients has expanded because some manufacturers have introduced new chemicals of unknown safety—such as niacinamide, oxybenzone, and triethanolamine—to circumvent the efforts of government regulatory agencies that prohibited the use of the above chemicals in cosmetics and toiletries.1 Some products do not have ingredient labelling or place of manufacture,2 3 and inadequate regulation has provided users with easy access to cheap, substandard, and misbranded toxic products.

These products are associated with serious and life threatening complications because they are used for long periods on a large body surface area and often under hot and humid tropical conditions, which promote percutaneous absorption. Complications such as exogenous ochronosis and colloid milium were initially reported in people with coloured …
Case 10-1969
Authors: Alfred Kranes, Robert E. Scully
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Presentation of CaseA sixty-one-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of precordial and epigastric pain.He had been in his usual state of health until six days previously, when he was awakened during the night by a severe, heavy pain in the precordial and epigastric region, without radiation to the neck, arms or back and without associated sweating. The pain was relieved when he lay on his abdomen. On admission to another hospital the lungs were clear, the cardiac rhythm was regular, and no murmurs were heard. No masses were felt in the abdomen; the femoral pulses were . . .