tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Clinical system security: interim guidelines
Authors: R. Anderson
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The BMA asked Ross Anderson to draw up interim guidelines on maintaining security in computerised patient information systems. We publish them here together with the principles on which they are based. The guidelines are designed to help clinicians avoid the most common serious mistakes in computer security and are being published to stimulate discussion of the issues. The principles are discussed fully in "Security in Clinical Information Systems," which is available from the BMA (Dr Fleur Fisher, Department of Ethics, Science, and Information). Recent articles have illustrated several threats to the confidentiality of personal health information. Many medical records can be easily obtained by private detectives, who typically telephone a general practice, family health services authority, or hospital and pretend to be the secretary of a doctor giving emergency treatment to the person who is the subject of the investigation. One article found that most patients' personal health information could be compromised in this way and was routinely sold by agencies for as little as pounds sterling150.1 2 Nationwide health networking is also seen as a further threat to confidentiality because health records will be available to many more people. These interim guidelines have therefore been drawn up to help tackle the pressing short term concerns; they are supplementary to existing documentation such as The Handbook of Information Security.3 The main threat to the confidentiality of clinical records is carelessness about telephone inquiries of the kind described above. This threat may be largely eliminated if staff follow a number of common sense rules that the best practices have used for years and that are now agreed by the NHS Executive. Whether records are computerised or not, these rules of best practice can be summed up as: clinician-consent-call back-care-commit:
Emergency Peritoneoscopy: Report on 160 Cases
Authors: H. Fahrländer, G. Engelhardt, Ch. Baerlocher
Journal: Endoscopy (1970)

Emergency peritoneoscopy in the hands of a well trained endoscopist is a safe and quickly performed investigation with a very high diagnostic accuracy. The procedure can be done without risk in severely ill or heavily traumatized patients. Intra-abdominal bleeding and localized or diffuse peritonitis can be recognized or excluded with certainty. The method is less secure for the diagnosis of mesenteric infarction in the early stage. A pancreatitis cannot be established without visible fat necroses. Retroperitoneal, intragastric and intraintestinal lesions are in most cases beyond the possibilities of peritoneoscopy.
Sclerodermalike esophageal disease in children of mothers with silicone breast implants
Authors: W. A. Epstein
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —Breast-feeding benefits mother and infant. Drs Levine and Ilowite 1 concluded that a relationship appears to exist between breast-feeding by mothers with silicone implants and abnormal  motility. This report is flawed both ethically, by lack of disclosure, and scientifically, by drawing unsubstantiated conclusions.  A September 3, 1992, letter from M. Jacobs, PhD, of the FDA was sent to CATS corporation director J. Russano. Two of the six affected children in the study by Levine and Ilowite are Russano's. CATS, working with Levine, is gathering data to conduct studies on children of mothers with silicone breast implants. It is not a support group. The FDA letter reviewed a CATS questionnaire to be sent to women with silicone implants inquiring about their children's health. The FDA advised CATS to gear questions in order to obtain information pointing toward unusual diagnoses such as esophageal dysmotility that then could be
Adenosine and PAF dependent mechanisms lead to myocardial reperfusion injury by neutrophils after brief ischaemia
Authors: P. Raschke, B. F Becker
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

The aim was to establish whether polymorphonuclear neutrophils can, by themselves, elicit depression of postischaemic heart function immediately after short periods of ischaemia, and to examine the involvement of endogenous adenosine and platelet activating factor (PAF) in the observed phenomena.Isolated buffer perfused guinea pig hearts performing pressure-volume work under standardised conditions were subjected to 15 min of global ischaemia. Constant flow reperfusion (5 ml.min-1) was carried out in the presence or absence of homologous neutrophils (approximately 2000 cells.microliters-1 perfusate). After 15 min of reflow, work was resumed and functional recovery assessed another 20 min later.In hearts perfused only with Krebs-Henseleit buffer, postischaemic heart function recovered to 67(SEM 3)% (n = 13) of the preischaemic value. As early as the first minute of reperfusion, the application of neutrophils already led to a significant decrease in recovery to 39(3)% (n = 12; P < 0.05). Without ischaemia, neutrophils did not have any deleterious effect, recovery of external heart work amounting to 91(4)% (n = 6). Adenosine concentrations measured in the coronary effluent after ischaemia were substantially increased during reperfusion from preischaemic values of < 20 nM to about 800 nM. The adenosine A1 receptor antagonist dipropyl-8-cyclopentyl-xanthine prevented the neutrophil dependent loss of heart function, as did application of the PAF receptor antagonist WEB 2086, recoveries being 60(4)% (n = 6) and 58(8)% (n = 6), respectively. In contrast, the A2 antagonist 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargyl-xanthine tended to worsen the neutrophil induced dysfunction of the heart, recovery amounting to 18(2)% (n = 5).Even after brief ischaemia, neutrophils introduced into the coronary system can exacerbate reperfusion injury. Adenosine, through its A1 receptor, and PAF appear to play a significant role as mediators of this action.
Fostering Innovation and Discovery in Biomedical Research
Authors: Thomas R. Cech
Journal: JAMA (2005)

N TODAY’S SCIENTIFIC ERA,MOLECULAR RESEARCH HAS PAVED thewayforthedevelopmentofpharmaceuticalsthatare improving the lives of millions of patients. The discovery of the human immunodeficiency retrovirus as the causativeagentofAIDSledtothedevelopmentofreversetranscriptase inhibitors such as zidovudine. Monoclonal antibodiesdirectedagainsttumornecrosisfactorhavechanged the lives of many patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Imatinib mesylate, a specific inhibitor of the bcr-abl protein kinase,hastransformedtheprognosisforpatientswithchronic myeloid leukemia; and as drug-resistant variants arise, DNA sequencing can identify the mutations responsible and providearationalbasisforfurtherdrugdevelopment. 1,2 In2004 thefirstangiogenesisinhibitorswereapprovedbytheUSFood and Drug Administration, in one case for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and in another for age-related macular degeneration. 3,4 There is reason for optimism that this is justthebeginning,andthatthehugeinvestmentsinmolecular biology and genomics research made 10 to 30 years ago will provide an increasingly robust flow of new and effective medicines. Yet this gap of 10 to 30 years between discovery research andpharmaceuticalsbeingprescribedbyphysiciansalsogives
P66. Generating and characterising WT1-specific T cells – research towards adoptive tumour therapy
Authors: S Schmied, A Richter, M Assenmacher
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts The Wilms tumour antigen 1 (WT1) is a self-antigen expressed at high levels in leukaemic cells, but not in healthy tissue. WT1, therefore, is a favourable target antigen for allogeneic T cell therapy to prevent leukaemic relapse after stem cell transplantation. However, a
Tumoricidal Effect of Laser Energy on Experimental and Human Malignant Tumors
Authors: Paul E. MgGuff, Ralph A. Deterling, Leonard S. Gottlieb
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1965)

LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Amplification itself may be characterized as a controlled release of stored energy. Townes and Schawlow developed the theory of the optical maser or laser in 1958. T. H. Maiman, in May, 1960, built the first operational solid-state laser utilizing a synthetic ruby crystal. As a first step in ruby laser operation, capacitor banks are charged with electric energy to provide an intense, brief light flash from powerful xenon-arc lamps. Trivalent chromium atoms in the ruby crystal whose end faces have been highly silvered, absorb and reradiate energy . . .
Heme protein-induced chronic renal inflammation: Suppressive effect of induced heme oxygenase-1
Authors: Karl A. Nath, Gregory M. Vercellotti, Joseph P. Grande, Hiroko Miyoshi, Carlos V. Paya, J. Carlos Manivel, Jill J. Haggard, Anthony J. Croatt, William D. Payne, Jawed Alam
Journal: Kidney International (2001)
CHILDHOOD ABDOMINAL TRAUMA - THE EVOLVING ROLE OF SPECT
Authors: David L. Gilday, Thomas Schaub, Judith M. Ash, Bernard J. Reilly
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1984)

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) has vastly improved our ability to examine multiple organs which normally overlap in planar images (the kidney from liver, and spleen from liver and kidney). SPECT has become the primary diagnostic modality for liver/spleen trauma in our institution. If an IVP has not been performed in a traumatized child then a ten minute DTPA kidney study will be done before the SPECT liver/spleen study. If a cerebral CT is to be done an abdominal CT is done at the same time and SPECT is used for follow-up. This permits the most efficient and cost effective method for the initial evaluation of patients suspected of abdominal trauma. Follow-up liver and spleen studies are done using SPECT. The kidneys are followed by either intravenous pyelogram, DMSA or glucoheptonate kidney scans using SPECT, which allows functional quantitation in the recovery period. In 51 patients suspected of having liver and spleen trauma, SPECT detected 20% more abnormalities than planar imaging and better characterization of the abnormalities. We have studied an additional 51 children with our combined procedure, there were no false negative renal studies in this group. In conclusion, SPECT imaging is an easy, accurate and cost effective approach to investigation of blunt abdominal trauma in children.
Serum ferritin in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.
Authors: A W Craft, E J Eastham, J I Bell, K Brigham
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1977)

Six children with juvenile chronic polyarthritis were studied and their disease activity correlated with haematological values including serum ferritin. The latter is often raised above reference values, but even when within them appears to fluctuate significantly and correlates more closely with disease activity than any of the other parameters measured. We conclude that the serial measurement of serum ferritin may be a useful guide to the management of such children.
What Is Wrong with the Language of Medicine?
Authors: Rashi Fein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

A new language is infecting the culture of American medicine. It is the language of the marketplace, of the tradesman, and of the cost accountant. It is a language that depersonalizes both patients and physicians and describes medical care as just another commodity. It is a language that is dangerous.Words are important and powerful. Not only do the words we use to describe events and express ideas reveal something about our present attitudes, but repeated often enough, words also affect the way we look at things and thus help to determine future attitudes. In turn, attitudes affect behavior. There . . .
Comparative study between endoscopy and radiology in acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Authors: A M Hoare
Journal: BMJ (1975)

A total of 158 patients with acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage were studied, and the 53 patients on whom emergency endoscopies were performed were compared with the remaining 105. The cause of the bleeding was found in 51 of the endoscopy group and 39 of the control group. Three patients in the endoscopy group and 16 controls died. In the endoscopy group the correct preoperative diagnosis was made in all cases and there was less delay before operation. In the control group five patients had no diagnosis before operation, the preoperative diagnosis was wrong in nine, and five had laparotomies during which no cause of bleeding was found. The patients in the endoscopy group who did not have operations had a shorter stay in hospital than the controls.
Fetuin-A acts as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 to promote lipid-induced insulin resistance
Authors: Durba Pal, Suman Dasgupta, Rakesh Kundu, Sudipta Maitra, Gobardhan Das, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Sukanta Ray, Subeer S Majumdar, Samir Bhattacharya
Journal: Nature Medicine (2012)
Peak flow rate records in the diagnosis of occupational asthma due to isocyanates.
Authors: P S Burge, I M O'Brien, M G Harries
Journal: Thorax (1979)

Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) has been recorded hourly or two-hourly from waking to sleeping in workers with respiratory symptoms who were exposed to isocyanate fumes at work. Twenty-three recordings averaging 33 days duration were recorded in 20 workers. Each worker was also admitted for bronchial provocation testing to toluene di-isocyanate (TDI) or diphenylmethane di-isocyanate (MDI) fumes or both. A final assessment of work-related asthma made from subsequent work exposure was compared with the results of bronchial provocation testing and a subjective assessment of the peak flow records. Both techniques were specific and sensitive. Physiological patterns of occupational asthma were defined from the records of PEFR. The most striking finding was the slow recovery from work-induced asthma. This commonly took several days to start and in one worker took 70 days to complete after leaving work. Several workers developed a pattern resembling fixed airways obstruction after repeated exposure at work. The consequences of these findings for the recording of symptoms of occupational asthma are discussed and recommendations are made for the recording of PEFR in workers in general.
The Rh-Sensitized Pregnant Woman
Authors: Harold Schulman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Spectrophotometric analysis of amniotic fluid in Rhsensitized pregnant women has produced a dramatic change in the management of these patients while improving the outlook for the fetus.<sup>1</sup>This test represents a significant addition to medical horizons because it offers a biochemical quantitation of fetal substances as the basis for venturing into intrauterine fetal therapy. This report represents a consolidation of two experiences in two separate centers and identifies diagnostic features which are the basis of current management. <h3>Amniotic-Fluid Test.—</h3> In a previous report the spectrophotometric analysis of amniotic fluid was described and the available information relating to the test was summarized.<sup>2</sup>During the past year there have been many additional reports confirming the value of this procedure.<sup>1,3-6</sup>One of the unfortunate developments in reporting the data is the lack of uniformity.<sup>1-3</sup>We have tried to analyze the basis for the diverse kinds of data-reporting different from
ALLOTYPY OF RABBIT SERUM PROTEINS
Authors: Jacques Oudin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1960)

The relationships between six of the seven allotypes or families of allotypes (a, b, c, d, f, g) described in the preceding paper, have been studied from the standpoints of (1) their antigenic specificities, (2) their mutual influence on the limitation of their respective frequencies, and (3) their genetic control. Although the six different allotypes (or families) react quite differently with the rabbit antisera, at least five of them react identically with a guinea pig antiserum. Therefore, a large portion of the antigenic specificity of these allotypes, distinct from their allotypic specificity, is uniform in all the individuals of the rabbit species and is termed for this reason "isotypic specificity." In the early period of the rabbit's life, allotypes may be found in the serum, which are not determined by the genotype of the individual, but are directly transmitted by the mother. The allotypes of the antigenic species of globulin studied in this paper, which were synthesized by the young animal, did not appear in its serum before a certain period of time. Allelic relationships between the genes which control allotypes were indicated by, (1) the absence of certain kinds of groupings of the allotypes, which limits the number of allotypic formulas in the population sample studied, (2) dosage effects, the concentration of certain allotypes (drawn from the penetration of the zones in gel tubes) being smaller in supposed heterozygotes than in supposed homozygotes, (3) the results of the analysis of the sera of a number of rabbits and of their parents. Eight of the different antigenic substances studied in this paper (allotype e excluded) appear to be allotypic forms of what would have been considered to be a uniform protein antigen. They may be classified as follows: a first group which contains two allotypes b and d and a family of two allotypes c and c' apparently controlled by three allelic genes b c d, c and c' being controlled by the same gene; a second group which contains two allotypes a and f and a family g, g' apparently controlled by three allelic genes a f g. There are reasons to believe that this list is not complete, especially in the b c d group.
Vessels of Mercy
Authors: Neil A. Louwrens
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Letters7 September 2010Vessels of MercyNeil A. Louwrens, MDNeil A. Louwrens, MDFrom Mercy Medical Center Redding, Redding, CA 96001.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-5-201009070-00016 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I read with interest the article by Amundson and colleagues (1). I recently returned from volunteering as an internist, in the position of crew physician, on the largest nongovernmental hospital ship in the world: the MV Africa Mercy, which is currently in service in West Africa (www.mercyships.org). Although the USNS COMFORT and the Africa Mercy are 2 tertiary care hospital ships with different models (one catastrophic, military-funded and the other elective, charity-funded), they face strikingly similar challenges.The Africa Mercy also faces specific challenges regarding the large influx of patients on “opening day,” the difficulties of infection ...Reference1. Amundson D, Dadekian G, Etienne M, Gleeson T, Hicks T, Killian D, et al. Practicing internal medicine onboard the USNS COMFORT in the aftermath of the Haitian earthquake. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:733-7. [PMID: 20197507] LinkGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Neil A. Louwrens, MDAffiliations: From Mercy Medical Center Redding, Redding, CA 96001.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoPracticing Internal Medicine Onboard the USNS COMFORT in the Aftermath of the Haitian Earthquake Dennis Amundson , Greg Dadekian , Mill Etienne , Todd Gleeson , Thomas Hicks , Dermot Killian , Kristina Kratovil , Chris Lewis , Michael Monsour , Bret Pasiuk , Dolores Rhodes , and Edward J. Miller Metrics 7 September 2010Volume 153, Issue 5Page: 347KeywordsAge groupsConflicts of interestHealth careInfectious disease controlInfectious diseasesIntensive care unitsMemoryRunningSurgeryTuberculosis ePublished: 7 September 2010 Issue Published: 7 September 2010 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2010 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Abstract 2013: Comprehensive genetic characterization of apocrine lesions of the breast.
Authors: Jose L. Costa, Ana Justino, Madalena Gomes, Cesar Augusto Alvarenga, Renê Gerhard, Semir Vranic, Zoran Gatalica, Jose Carlos Machado, Fernando Schmitt
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Apocrine differentiation occurs in a variety of breast lesions, both benign and malignant. The molecular classification of breast cancer defined an apocrine molecular subtype of breast cancer. In general, apocrine carcinomas do not present clinical behavior distinct from the observed in ductal carcinomas of no special type. However, these carcinomas are frequently triple negative (ER-/PgR-/HER2-) with no targeted therapy and poor prognosis. Still they are unique in the aspect of the expression of a different nuclear receptor - androgen receptor (AR). In this study we thought to perform a comprehensive genetic/molecular characterization of this type of lesions. For that, a series of 44 apocrine lesions were studied. These comprised 9 apocrine metaplasia, 8 apocrine adenosis, 13 apocrine in situ carcinoma and 18 apocrine invasive carcinoma. Importantly four samples contained different lesions in different stages in close proximity. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the ER, PgR, HER2 and AR status of these lesions. Genomic DNA was microdissected from FFPE slides and used both to identify chromosomal copy number aberrations using aCGH and to monitor 739 mutations from 46 oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes using the Ion PGM system. The aCGH study allowed the identification of recurrent chromosomal aberrations. These were rare in benign apocrine lesions, mostly comprised of small gains and deletions, and dramatically increased in malignant lesions up to complete loss and gain of full chromosome arms. Also the analysis of the different lesions within the same sample indicates a putative existence of an apocrine tumor progression. Moreover the profiling of mutational status of the different tumor suppressor/oncogene allowed the identification of mutations that may provide new avenues for the development of new targetable therapeutically options and also corroborated the putative apocrine tumor progression. The study of apocrine lesions in different differentiation stages allowed a deeper insight on the molecular complexity of these lesions. Although further studies are required to independently validate this work, this study identifies recurrent genomic alteration that may open targeted treatment opportunities that may be used independently or in combination with anti-androgen drugs. Citation Format: Jose L. Costa, Ana Justino, Madalena Gomes, Cesar Augusto Alvarenga, Renê Gerhard, Semir Vranic, Zoran Gatalica, Jose Carlos Machado, Fernando Schmitt. Comprehensive genetic characterization of apocrine lesions of the breast. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2013. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2013