tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Recommended Dietary Allowances for Vitamins
Authors: Paul L. Cerrato
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr Herbert's<sup>1</sup>review of Ms Hausman's<i>The Right Dose: How to Take Vitamins and Minerals Safely</i>wisely points out the dangers of consuming high doses of vitamin and mineral supplements. In particular, he takes Ms Hausman to task for not mentioning the potential teratogenic effects of 25 000 IU of vitamin A in pregnant women. A recent large-scale epidemiologic study<sup>2</sup>lends further support to Dr Herbert's position on the danger of large doses. Martinez-Frias and Salvador<sup>2</sup>have found a correlation between doses of 40 000 IU or more of the vitamin and congenital malformations. Most nutritionists recognize that Americans can obtain the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for virtually all essential nutrients from a well-balanced diet. However, in all fairness to Ms Hausman, a case can be made for the value of low-dose supplementation among healthy persons—a viewpoint that Dr Herbert dismisses out of hand.
The aspirin disease
Authors: D Schiavino
Journal: Thorax (2000)

Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is still one of the most widely sold drugs in the world and its side effects are well known. Among these, hypersensitivity reactions represent one of the most frequently described since the first report of urticaria and angio-oedema by Hirshberg in 1902.1 

The hypersensitivity reactions to aspirin may be divided into two major categories2: type A characterised by respiratory symptoms (bronchial asthma, rhinitis) which account for about 15% of cases, and type B with urticaria and angio-oedema which occur in more than 75% of cases.3 A third category (type C) which includes any other peculiar clinical presentation (such as multiform erythema, fixed exanthema, Stevens-Johnson's syndrome, Lyell's syndrome) occurs in a small number of cases.

Females are more affected than males, except in childhood in which the asthmatic type A reactions are rare. A familial (and sometimes a personal) history of allergic disease is reported in about one third of cases.3 An extra-immunological (“pseudo-allergic”) mechanism is involved in the pathogenesis of nearly all aspirin hypersensitivity reactions. The most accepted pathogenetic theory4 5 postulates that the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) block (COX-1 and COX-2) induced by aspirin leads to an increase in arachidonic acid metabolism by an alternative pathway represented by lipoxygenase. This in turn increases the synthesis of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 which are able to exert a powerful bronchospastic action.6 7 

An increasing number of reports concerning the existence of a relationship between bronchial asthma and the presence of nasal polyposis in the clinical picture of hypersensitivity reactions to aspirin has been accumulating in the literature since the late 1920s. The association of bronchial asthma and nasal polyposis in aspirin intolerant patients was first described by Widal in 19228and confirmed by several …
The Template of the Primary Lymphatic Landing Sites of the Prostate Should Be Revisited: Results of a Multimodality Mapping Study
Authors: Agostino Mattei, Frank G. Fuechsel, Nivedita Bhatta Dhar, Sebastian H. Warncke, George N. Thalmann, Thomas Krause, Urs E. Studer
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Dapsone-Induced Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Allan Belmont
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> There have been reports of the nephrotic syndrome occurring in the course of therapy with a variety of drugs. These include mercurial diuretics,<sup>1</sup>perchlorate,<sup>2</sup>trimethadione,<sup>3,4</sup>paramethadione,<sup>5</sup>tolbutamide,<sup>6</sup>protiodide of mercury,<sup>7</sup>penicillamine,<sup>8</sup>phenindione,<sup>9</sup>and probenecid.<sup>10</sup>Sensitivity to poison oak<sup>11</sup>and bee sting<sup>12</sup>has also been associated with this syndrome. In the case reported below, the nephrotic syndrome appeared to result from dapsone (DDS). To my knowledge such an association has not heretofore been reported. <h3>Report of a Case:—</h3> A 30-year-old Korean man was admitted to the medical service on Jan 20, 1966, with the chief complaint of generalized body swelling which had progressed from eyelid swelling 20 days earlier. During the latter part of November 1965, the patient had a pruritic skin eruption for which he took 100 mg of dapsone daily for a three-week period starting
Diagnostic Accuracy of Optical Coherence Tomography and Integrated Backscatter Intravascular Ultrasound Images for Tissue Characterization of Human Coronary Plaques
Authors: Masanori Kawasaki, Brett E. Bouma, Jason Bressner, Stuart L. Houser, Seemantini K. Nadkarni, Briain D. MacNeill, Ik-Kyung Jang, Hisayoshi Fujiwara, Guillermo J. Tearney
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
Enhanced expression of poly(ADP‐ribose) synthetase gene in malignant lymphoma
Authors: Takashi Tomoda, Takanobu Kurashige, Toshiaki Moriki, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Shigeyoshi Fujimoto, Taketoshi Taniguchi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1991)

Over-expression of cellular protooncogenes has been proposed to function in the initiation and maintenance of malignancies. In order to distinguish malignant lymphoma from reactive proliferative diseases, we surveyed the expression levels of three protooncogenes(c-myc, c-fos and c-myb) in malignant lymphoma and reactive proliferative diseases. An increased level of c-myc or c-fos mRNA was observed in one case, respectively, out of three malignant lymphomata. The other cases exhibited no enhancement in protooncogenes. These oncogenes are critically regulated during differentiation, but the half-life of c-myc mRNA was very short, and the level of the mRNA decreased to the initial level very quickly. Thus, the high level of the expression of these oncogenes may not always be maintained in all malignant cells. We then examined the level of mRNA for poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase in those cases. An enhanced expression for the synthetase gene was observed in all five malignant lymphomata tested, but no increase in the level of the mRNA was observed in any reactive proliferative cases or normal lymph nodes. These results suggest that enhanced expression of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase gene seems to be a common characteristic of protopathic malignant lymphoma. By using the characteristics of malignant lymphoma, the level of mRNA for the synthetase may be applicable for differential diagnosis of malignant lymphoma from several pathologically indistinguishable diseases.
827. Integration and Biodistribution Studies of Retroviral Vector in Mouse Gonad Tissues
Authors: Gyu Seek Rhee, Ji hyun Seok, Soon Sun Kim, Seung Jun Kwack, Bo Ra Kim, Rhee Da Lee, Soo Yeong Chae, Young Hyuk Won, Seung Shin Yu, Dae Hyun Cho
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)
Migration patterns of dendritic cells in the mouse. Traffic from the blood, and T cell-dependent and -independent entry to lymphoid tissues.
Authors: J W Kupiec-Weglinski, J M Austyn, P J Morris
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Dendritic cells (DC) are critical accessory cells for primary immune responses and they may be important stimulators of transplantation reactions, but little is known of their traffic into the tissues. We have studied the migration of purified splenic DC and T lymphocytes, labeled with 111Indium-tropolone, in syngeneic and allogeneic mice. First we demonstrate that DC can migrate from the blood into some lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Immediately after intravenous administration, radio-labeled DC were sequestered in the lungs, but they actively migrated into the liver and spleen and reached equilibrium levels between 3 and 24 h after transfer. At least half of the radiolabel accumulated in the liver, but the spleen was the principal site of DC localization in terms of specific activity (radiolabel per weight of tissue). DC were unable to enter Peyer's patches, or mesenteric and other peripheral lymph nodes from the bloodstream. This was also true in splenectomized recipients, where the otherwise spleen-seeking DC were quantitatively diverted to the liver. In contrast, T cells homed readily to the spleen and lymph nodes of normal mice and increased numbers were present in these tissues in splenectomized mice. Thus, unlike T cells, DC cannot recirculate from blood to lymph via the nodes. We then show that migration of DC from the blood into the spleen is dependent on the presence of T cells: DC did not enter the spleens of nude mice, but when they were reconstituted with T cells the numbers entering the spleen resembled those in euthymic mice. In nude mice, as in splenectomized recipients, the DC that would normally enter the spleen were quantitatively diverted to the liver. These findings suggest that there is a spleen-liver equilibrium for DC, that may be akin to that existing between spleen and lymph node for T cells. Finally, we followed the traffic of radiolabeled DC via the afferent lymphatics after subcutaneous footpad inoculation. DC accumulated in the popliteal nodes but did not migrate further to the inguinal nodes. There was no difference between euthymic and nude mice, showing that unlike traffic to the spleen, this route probably does not require T cells. These migration patterns were not affected by major histocompatibility barriers, and were only seen with viable, but not glutaraldehyde-fixed, DC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Tetracycline Ulcers of the Oesophagus. Endoscopy, Histology and Roentgenology in Two Cases, and Review of the Literature
Authors: K. Winckler
Journal: Endoscopy (1981)

Two cases of tetracycline ulcers of the oesophagus are reported and compared with thirteen other cases from the literature. In most cases, the patients had taken their capsules with little or no fluid just before going to bed. Some hours later they developed retrosternal pain that was intensified by swallowing. Endoscopy showed sharply demarcated greyish-white areas of mucosal damage which represented layers of stratified squamous cells, separated by oedema, and a dense neutrophilic infiltration of the lamina propria and the muscularis mucosa. Roentgenology was unsuitable to detect the lesions. They healed without complications within one to six weeks. Prolonged retention of the capsules in the oesophagus is thought to cause the mucosal damage. Patients on oral tetracycline or doxycyline treatment should therefore be instructed to take their capsules with a meal or with copious water and not just before going to bed.
Septicemia in a Community Hospital 1970 Through 1973
Authors: William E. Scheckler
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Septicemia developed in 34 patients per 10,000 admissions to a community hospital during 1970 through 1973. Two thirds of the 207 patients had community-acquired septicemia, and one third had nosocomial septicemia. Septicemia-related mortality was 20.3%. Mortality and incidence of septicemia was substantially higher in patients with ultimately fatal and rapidly fatal underlying diseases. Septicemia was associated with shock in 9.7% of the patients. Foley catheterization and prophylactic antibiotic therapy could not be implicated as major risk factors for the development of septicemia. This study shows an incidence of Gram-negative bacteremia, septic shock, and mortality substantially less than that described in published data from noncommunity hospitals.
Standards of wheelchairs.
Authors: R. Crewe
Journal: BMJ (1989)

Some patients were given volume loading to improve cardiac output after the application of positive end expiratory pressure.Without measurements of wedge pressure the volume of fluid required is difficult to assess, and clinical indicators of volume state in this type of patient are not accurate.In addition, to maintain optimal oxygen delivery and cardiac output in the face of a high positive end expiratory pressure it mav be necessary to utilise vasoactive drugs.These drugs have unpredictable and sometimes deleterious effects on oxygen transport and respiratory func- tion (particularly pulmonary venous admixture).Unless mixed venous oxygen saturation and oxygen consumption are monitored these effects, which may make tissue hypoxia worse, will be missed.We agree that the study of Drs Singer and Bennett confirms the need for haemodynamic monitoring.Measurements should also be made to ensure that optimal global oxygen transport has been achieved, which, with our present under- standing and technical skill, will necessitate pulmonary artery catheterisation.
Severe pulmonary hypertensive diseases: a perspective
Authors: NF Voelkel, RM Tuder
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

Clinically "severe pulmonary hypertension" is a group of diseases. The nomenclature of pulmonary hypertensive disorders is confusing since terms like "primary", "idiopathic", "unexplained" and "plexogenic" are often used interchangeably. In this Point of view or perspective the authors challenge the validity of the traditional pathohistological classification as it had been provided by HEATH and EDWARDS [1]. A classification that is focused on histological and clinical association is proposed and a recommendation to reorder "Severe pulmonary hypertension" in an association-morphology-function context is provided. The purpose of this "perspective" is to stimulate a discussion which hopefully will lead to a change in the presently used nomenclature and classification of pulmonary hypertensive disorders.
Cyclophosphamide— Hemorrhagic Cystitis Following Prolonged Low-Dose Therapy
Authors: Margaret D. Bischel
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) is a nitrogen mustard derivative that has been extensively used in the treatment of various neoplastic diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, transplantation rejection, and other disorders thought to be benefited by suppression of the immune response. Bladder toxic reaction has been a major factor limiting the usefulness of cyclophosphamide. This problem usually occurs following administration of the drug in high doses (225:605, 1973). Life-threatening blood loss from hemorrhagic cystitis in a patient treated with low doses during a prolonged time interval was unanticipated. The following case suggests that serious bladder damage from cyclophosphamide therapy is related to the cumulative dose, as well as the maintenance dose. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 17-year-old girl was treated with cyclophosphamide therapy for a total of 49 months for membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis as the major clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus. An initial cyclophosphamide dosage of 100 mg/day (2.4 mg/kg)
Points: Management of obstructed balloon catheters
Authors: S E McCabe, J G Paterson
Journal: BMJ (1984)

determined by the degree with which death is desired.For those who dread it, time rushes by; there is no time to do everything, as with a student approaching his finals, or a condemned man his execution.For those who have had enough of life and welcome death, time hangs heavy, as with a child awaiting Christmas Day.As Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough was wont to sigh in crippled old age, "If I could have walked out of this world, I would have departed long ago."'I Green D. Sarah, Duchess of
Extramedullary plasmacytoma and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma
Authors: Angel Pizarro, Carlos Gamallo, Juan F. Sánchez-Muñoz, José Palacios, María C. Fernández-Capitán, Mariano Casado, Félix Contreras-Rubio, Félix Contreras-Mejuto, Francisco Arnalich
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1994)
Context dependent feature groups, a proposal for object representation
Authors: Rolf P. Würtz
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

The usefulness of contextually guided processors is investigated a little further. A more general use for binding V1 cell responses than the one in Phillips &amp; Singer's target article is proposed, which takes into account that strong responses of these cells can mean more than the presence of lines and edges. The possibility of different grouping depending on the activities of neighboring cells is essential to the approach.
Survival after surgery or therapeutic catheterisation for congenital heart disease in children in the United Kingdom: analysis of the central cardiac audit database for 2000-1
Authors: John L Gibbs, James L Monro, David Cunningham, Anthony Rickards
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Abstract Objectives To analyse simple national statistics and survival data collected in the central cardiac audit database after treatment for congenital heart disease and to provide long term comparative statistics for each contributing centre. Design Prospective, longitudinal, observational, national cohort survival study. Setting UK central cardiac audit database. Main outcome measures Survival at 30 days and one year after treatment in the year April 2000-March 2001, assessed by using both volunteered life status and independently validated life status through the Office for National Statistics, using the patient's unique NHS number, or the general register offices of Scotland and Northern Ireland. Institutional results following a group of six benchmark operations and three benchmark catheterisation procedures. Results Since April 2000 data have been received from all 13 UK tertiary centres performing cardiac surgery or therapeutic cardiac catheterisation in children with congenital heart disease. Altogether 3666 surgical procedures and 1828 therapeutic catheterisations were performed. Central tracking of mortality identified 469 deaths, 194 occurring within 30 days and 275 later. Forty two of the 194 deaths within 30 days were detected by central tracking but not by volunteered data. For surgery overall, survival at 30 days was 94.9%, falling to 91.2% at one year; this effect was most marked for infants. For therapeutic catheterisation survival at 30 days was 99.1%, falling to 98.1% at one year. Survival of individual centres or individual operators did not differ from the national average after benchmark procedures. Conclusions Independent data validation is essential for accurate survival analysis. One year survival gives a more realistic view of outcome than traditional perioperative mortality. Currently no detectable difference exists in survival between any of the 13 UK tertiary congenital heart disease centres, but confidence intervals for small centres are wide, limiting our power to detect underperformance from analysis of a single year's data. Appropriately resourced, focused national audit is capable of accurate data collection on which nationwide, long term quality control can be based.
Effect of a New Orally Administered Cholecystographic Compound on the I<sup>131</sup>-Triiodothyronine Red-Cell-Uptake Test of Thyroid Function
Authors: Fred C. Cristofori, Garfield G. Dungan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

SINCE the work of Hamolsky et al.1 in 1957, the I131-tri-iodothyronine erythrocyte-uptake test has gained considerable recognition as a simple and efficient in vitro method of evaluating thyroid function. Although there have been numerous reports of clinical conditions and laboratory factors that produce false results in this test1 2 3 one of the principle advantages has been the absence of false elevations caused by previously administered iodine and iodine-containing compounds.2 , 3 Some of the factors causing false results are as follows: pregnancy, estrogen therapy and menstruation, which depress the uptake by increasing the serum proteins that bind thyroid hormones; nephrosis, cirrhosis, metastatic . . .
Shy and retiring?
Authors: James Owen Drife
Journal: BMJ (2007)

It's never too early to start planning your retirement party. Don't assume someone else will do it for you. The NHS will acknowledge your 40 years' service by deactivating your swipe cards, not by organising a booze-up. Alcohol and cigars are out, even though shortening your life would benefit the pension fund. And your contemporaries may well retire before you, so it's up to you. 

Don't slip away quietly. Your workmates will hate you for wasting …
Granular Cell Myoblastoma Of the Cystic Duct
Authors: Leonard I. Goldman
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Granular cell myoblastoma, a benign tumor of striated muscle origin, was first described in 1926 by Abrikossoff.<sup>1</sup>The tumor is usually described as occurring in the lip or the tongue, areas abundant in striated muscle.<sup>2</sup>Locations less frequently reported include the colon, stomach, and the duodenum, where this tumor is a pathologic curiosity.<sup>3,4</sup>Symptomatic obstruction of the cystic duct by this lesion has been described once previously,<sup>5</sup>to our knowledge. The rarity of this lesion and its infrequent cause of cystic duct obstruction warrant description of this case. <h3>Report of a case:—</h3> A 14-year-old Negro girl was first seen in the Pre-Natal Clinic at Temple University Health Sciences Center on Nov 19, 1965, in the second trimester of her first pregnancy. Routine care was effected, and she was delivered of a full-term, normal boy on April 14,1966. On May 14, 1966, acute follicular
Chair of RCP working party responds to editorial
Authors: R. Horton
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Joe Collier’s editorial about the Royal College of Physicians (RCP) working party report— Innovating for Health —is a satirical fairytale of wonder and mystery.1

Joe says that “the interests of patients seem to have been a secondary consideration.” Joe: have you actually read our report? Derek Calam was our patient representative and spoke on behalf of the RCP’s patient and carer network, a group of patients—not doctors—who advise the college on patient related matters. Derek completed a survey of his members for us, and …
Decision making processes in people with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction: qualitative study
Authors: J. Pattenden
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To identify the themes that influence decision making processes used by patients with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. <b>Design:</b> Qualitative study using semistructured interviews. <b>Setting:</b> Two district hospitals in North Yorkshire. <b>Participants:</b> 22 patients admitted to hospital with confirmed second, third, or fourth acute myocardial infarction. <b>Main outcome measure:</b> Patients9 perceptions of their experience between the onset of symptoms and the decision to seek medical help. <b>Results:</b> Six main themes that influence the decision making process were identified: appraisal of symptoms, perceived risk, previous experience, psychological and emotional factors, use of the NHS, and context of the event. <b>Conclusions:</b> Knowledge of symptoms may not be enough to promote prompt action in the event of an acute myocardial infarction. Cognitive and emotional processes, individual beliefs and values, and the influence of the context of the event should also be considered in individual interventions designed to reduce delay in the event of symptoms of acute myocardial infarction. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Individual sociodemographic and clinical characteristics affect the time to seeking medical care in patients with symptoms of acute myocardial infarction Appraisal of symptoms is difficult; people with classic and severe symptoms are more likely to take prompt action <h3>What this study adds</h3> The decision to seek medical help in patients who have had one or more previous myocardial infarctions is a complex process Simply providing patients with information on symptoms of acute myocardial infarction, and what to do in the event of these symptoms, may not be sufficient to promote prompt action
Targeting survival cascades induced by activation of Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT pathways for effective leukemia therapy
Authors: J A McCubrey, L S Steelman, S L Abrams, F E Bertrand, D E Ludwig, J Bäsecke, M Libra, F Stivala, M Milella, A Tafuri, P Lunghi, A Bonati, A M Martelli
Journal: Leukemia (2008)