tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Measurement of androgen receptor expression in adult liver, fetal liver, and Hep-G2 cells by the polymerase chain reaction.
Authors: A P Stubbs, J L Engelman, J I Walker, P Faik, G M Murphy, M L Wilkinson
Journal: Gut (1994)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most commonly fatal malignant tumour worldwide. The role of androgen receptors, which have been found in hepatocellular carcinoma, is controversial. Sequence specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to quantify, for the first time, the expression of androgen receptor in four adult liver biopsy specimens (HL-A to HL-D), fetal liver, and Hep-G2 cells. The measurement of androgen receptor is expressed as a ratio (androgen receptor: beta-actin) of the value of androgen receptor to the value of a control gene, beta-actin. The value of the androgen receptor: beta-actin ratios for HL-A, HL-B, HL-C, HL-D, fetal liver, and Hep-G2 were 0.37, 0.86, 0.37, 0.44, 0.87, and 0.66 respectively. To verify sequence specific amplification of the androgen receptor, the PCR androgen receptor fragment was sequenced. The resultant sequence data for both strands of the double stranded PCR androgen receptor fragment had 100% similarity with the published androgen receptor mRNA sequence (complete codons).
Ethnic differences in incidence of stroke: prospective study with stroke register
Authors: J. A Stewart, R Dundas, R S Howard, A G Rudd, C D A Wolfe
Journal: BMJ (1999)

To identify ethnic differences in the incidence of first ever stroke.A prospective community stroke register (1995-6) with multiple notification sources. Pathological classification of stroke in all cases was based on brain imaging or necropsy data. Rates were standardised to European and world populations and adjusted for age, sex, and social class in multivariate analysis.A multi-ethnic population of 234 533 in south London, of whom 21% are black.612 strokes were registered. The crude annual incidence rate was 1.3 strokes per 1000 population per year (95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.41) and 1.25 per 1000 population per year (1.15 to 1.35) age adjusted to the standard European population. Incidence rates adjusted for age and sex were significantly higher in black compared with white people (P<0.0001), with an incidence rate ratio of 2.21 (1.77 to 2.76). In multivariable analysis increasing age (P<0.0001), male sex (P<0.003), black ethnic group (P<0.0001), and lower social class (P<0.0001) in people aged 35-64 were independently associated with an increased incidence of stroke.Incidence rates of stroke are higher in the black population; this is not explained by confounders such as social class, age, and sex. Ethnic differences in genetic, physiological, and behavioural risk factors for stroke require further elucidation to aid development of effective strategies for stroke prevention in multi-ethnic communities.
Metabolism of Cholesterol-4-C <sup>14</sup> in Bile Duct Cannulated Chicks and Rats
Authors: TOSHIRO NISHIDA, AKIRA UENO, FRED A. KUMMEROW
Journal: Circulation Research (1960)

The level of dietary protein influenced the rate of cholesterol-4-C 14 catabolism in bile duct cannulated chicks and rats. Animals which had been kept on a high protein diet for 5 weeks excreted cholesterol-4-C 14 as bile acids at a faster rate than those on a low protein diet. The presence of dietary cholesterol did not change the rate of cholesterol-4-C 14 catabolism at either high or low dietary protein levels. A species difference in the rate of cholesterol catabolism was also noted. Bile duct cannulated chicks excreted an average of only 8 per cent, while bile duct cannulated rats excreted as much as 46 per cent of injected cholesterol-4-C 14 in a 72 hour period. It was shown that cannulation of the bile ducts caused a significant decrease in the serum cholesterol and serum β-lipoprotein levels in chicks. Furthermore, the liver cholesterol level did not seem to influence the rate of cholesterol catabolism. Serum cholesterol, especially in the form of low Sf β-lipoproteins, appeared to be used rapidly for the conversion of cholesterol to bile acids.
Gastroscopic Screening for Gastric Carcinoids and Carcinoma in Pernicious Anemia
Authors: S.-M. Sjöblom, P. Sipponen, M. Miettinen, S.-L. Karonen, H. J. Järvinen
Journal: Endoscopy (1988)

See also: Endoscopic Resection of Two Cases of Gastric CarcinoidsEndoscopy 1993; 25(06): 439-439DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1010362
Acute kidney injury: an increasing global concern
Authors: Norbert H Lameire, Arvind Bagga, Dinna Cruz, Jan De Maeseneer, Zoltan Endre, John A Kellum, Kathleen D Liu, Ravindra L Mehta, Neesh Pannu, Wim Van Biesen, Raymond Vanholder
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Signaling via ErbB2 and ErbB3 Associates with Resistance and <i>Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor</i> (<i>EGFR</i>) Amplification with Sensitivity to EGFR Inhibitor Gefitinib in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Kaisa Erjala, Maria Sundvall, Teemu T. Junttila, Na Zhang, Mika Savisalo, Pekka Mali, Jarmo Kulmala, Jaakko Pulkkinen, Reidar Grenman, Klaus Elenius
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor gefitinib (Iressa) has shown antitumor activity in clinical trials against cancers, such as non–small cell lung cancer and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Research on non–small cell lung cancer has elucidated factors that may predict response to gefitinib. Less is known about molecular markers that may predict response to gefitinib in HNSCC patients. Experimental Design: We analyzed possible associations of responsiveness to gefitinib with molecular markers of the EGFR/ErbB receptor family signaling pathway using 10 established HNSCC lines in vitro. IC50 of gefitinib sensitivity was determined using clonogenic survival assays. ErbB signaling was assessed by Western and real-time reverse transcription-PCR analyses of EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4 expression levels as well as by phosphorylation analysis of pEGFR, pErbB2, pErbB3, pAkt, and pErk. EGFR sequences encoding kinase domain and EGFR gene copy numbers were determined by cDNA sequencing and real-time PCR, respectively. Finally, responsiveness to gefitinib was compared with responsiveness to the anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab (Erbitux). Results: Expression levels of pErbB2 (P = 0.02) and total ErbB3 protein (P = 0.02) associated with resistance to gefitinib. Combining gefitinib with pertuzumab (Omnitarg), an antibody targeting ErbB2 heterodimerization, provided additional growth-inhibitory effect over gefitinib alone on relatively gefitinib-resistant HNSCC cell lines. The same markers did not predict resistance to cetuximab. In contrast, a similar trend suggesting association between EGFR gene copy number and drug sensitivity was observed for both gefitinib (P = 0.0498) and cetuximab (P = 0.053). No activating EGFR mutations were identified. Conclusions: EGFR amplification may predict sensitivity to gefitinib in HNSCC. However, other EGFR/ErbB receptor family members than EGFR may contribute to resistance to gefitinib. ErbB2 and ErbB3 may have potential as predictive markers and as therapeutic targets for combination therapy in treatment of HNSCC with gefitinib.
Azathioprine in psoriasis.
Authors: M W Greaves, R Dawber
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Placebo."If one compares the mean pre- treatment blood pressure with mean "placebo" blood pressure in Table 1 there is a fall in blood pressure of 26/9 mm.Hg which is very similar to our own results, 26/10 mm.Hg, when patients were receiving a diuretic alone.The authors consider various explanations for the failure of the blood pressure to rise to untreated levels when propranolol was stopped.As almost all were still on diuretic therapy during this time it would seem that no other explanation need be considered.The results presented in Fig. 1 of their paper suggest that the maximal effect of propranolol is seen in less than six weeks, and does not support their initial hypothesis that some trials have failed to show an effect of propranolol because the duration of treatment was not long enough.The authors say that they selected the 32 patients for study from more than 300 on the drug, the grounds of selection being that they had responded to propranolol in a dose of less than 320 mg.daily.If patients are selected for inclusion in a trial on the ground that they had already responded well to the drug the result is bound to be biased in favour of the drug under study, and no amount of care in trial design will eliminate this bias.-Weare, etc.,
PUBLIC HEALTH ORGANIZATION IN NEBRASKA
Authors: D. T. QUIGLEY
Journal: JAMA (1910)

The purpose of this paper is to report the organization of the public health officers of the State of Nebraska, to give the plan of the organization and to recommend the plan to other states where such a movement has not yet been made, rather than to recount the work already accomplished. On June 8, 1909, in response to a call sent out, a large number of the city and county physicians of the state met in Omaha and organized what is now the Nebraska State Health Association. For several weeks before the meeting, and before the call was sent out, interest was aroused by the following letter, which was published in newspapers throughout the state: <h3>HEALTH OFFICERS SHOULD ORGANIZE</h3> North Platte, Neb. <h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In line with the present rapidly developing sentiment in favor of the idea of preventing disease instead of attacking it after it has developed,
The WAP Four-Disulfide Core Domain Protein HE4: A Novel Biomarker for Heart Failure
Authors: Rudolf A. de Boer, Qi Cao, Douwe Postmus, Kevin Damman, Adriaan A. Voors, Tiny Jaarsma, Dirk J. van Veldhuisen, William D. Arnold, Hans L. Hillege, Herman H.W. Silljé
Journal: JACC Heart Failure (2013)
Plasma-chloride Levels in Hyperparathyroidism and other Hypercalcaemic States
Authors: M. R. Wills, G. K. McGowan
Journal: BMJ (1964)

We record an analysis of plasma-chloride levels in patients with a raised plasma-calcium level, showing that chloride levels are nearly always higher in patients with hyperparathyroidism than in those with hypercalcaemia due to other causes. Material and MethodsWe have reviewed 61 patients in all; 30 of these attended the United Bristol Hospitals, and 31 were seen at University College Hospital, London, by Professor C. E. Dent, who very generously offered his cases for inclusion in our series.Thirty-three patients were suffering from primary hyper- parathyroidism, confirmed at operation.In the other 28 hypercalcaemia was due to the following causes: Sarcoidosis ....
247 PREDICTING TREATMENT OUTCOME AMONG SLOW RESPONDERS: A RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE SUCCESS STUDY
Authors: M. Buti, V.G. Morozov, V.V. Rafalskiy, F. Wong, J. Sumskiene, X. Yu, R. Faruqi, L.D. Pedicone, R. Esteban
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Meal Composition is a Determinant of Lispro-Induced Hypoglycemia in IDDM
Authors: Mark R Burge, Kristen R Castillo, David S Schade
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE Lispro is a newly FDA-approved analog of human insulin that will be widely used in patients with IDDM. This insulin, however, may have an increased potential for hypoglycemia because of its very rapid subcutaneous absorption, especially in a setting of decreased carbohydrate intake. Using a short-term prospective randomized parallel group-study design, we studied the incidence of hypoglycemia when lispro was given before breakfast compared with regular human insulin. Since carbohydrate intake is a determinant of postprandial glycemia, we administered three isocaloric meals characterized by low, average, and high carbohydrate content. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two groups of six IDDM subjects were randomized to receive 0.15 U/kg of lispro or regular human insulin subcutaneously before the ingestion of three 500-kcal breakfast meals of differing carbohydrate content on separate days. Lispro was administered at mealtime, and regular insulin was administered 30 min before mealtime. RESULTS Postprandial plasma glucose concentrations were decreased in the lispro group compared with the regular-insulin group for all three meal types (P &amp;lt; 0.05), and hypoglycemia developed more frequently and rapidly in the lispro group, compared with the regular-insulin group by survival analysis. Additionally, peak insulin concentrations were higher (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and peaked more rapidly (P &amp;lt; 0.05) in the lispro group, compared with the regular-insulin group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that lispro has a tendency for early postprandial hypoglycemia compared with regular insulin in the setting of reduced carbohydrate intake. This fact should be told to patients who decide to switch from regular insulin to lispro. Health care professionals should instruct their IDDM patients to monitor glucose levels frequently after switching to lispro since adjustments in their carbohydrate intake and/or their lispro dosage may be necessary to avoid hypoglycemia.
Blood pressure control during weight reduction in obese hypertensive men: separate effects of sodium and energy restriction.
Authors: B Fagerberg, O K Andersson, B Isaksson, P Bjorntorp
Journal: BMJ (1984)

The separate and combined effects of dietary energy and sodium restriction on regulation of blood pressure were investigated in 30 middle aged obese men with essential hypertension attending the outpatient department. In group 1 (n = 15) a basal period with no dietary restriction was followed by a period taking an energy reduced diet (5.1 MJ; 1230 kcal), the sodium intake being supplemented and hence unchanged (1:ErSn). In group 2 (n = 15) the basal period preceded a control period with no intervention, which was followed by taking a diet restricted in energy (5.1 MJ; 1220 kcal) and sodium (2:ErSr). During period 1:ErSn there were reductions in heart rate and urinary noradrenaline output but not in systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Body weight decreased by 4.9-11.7 kg and urinary sodium excretion did not change. In period 2:ErSr urinary sodium output was reduced by 81.4 (SEM 17.8) mmol(mEq)/24 h and there was a weight loss of 8.2 (SEM 0.7) kg. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures fell significantly, as did the heart rate and urinary noradrenaline excretion. These results show that in hypertensive obese men a moderate weight reducing diet decreases indices of sympathetic nervous system activity. Reduction of blood pressure to the normotensive range was observed only when there was a concomitant restriction of sodium intake.
Increased Sympathetic Outflow in Cirrhosis and Ascites: Direct Evidence from Intraneural Recordings
Authors: John S. Floras, Louis Legault, Gilles A. Morali, Kazuhiro Hara, Laurence M. Blendis
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1991)

Objective: To determine if central sympathetic outflow is increased in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Patients: Eleven patients with cirrhosis and ascites, 8 patients with cirrhosis but without ascites, and 7 age-matched and 8 young healthy volunteers. Methods: With subjects supine, direct microneurographic recordings of efferent post-ganglionic muscle sympathetic nerve activity were obtained from the peroneal nerve, and sympathetic burst frequency was compared with subjects' blood pressure, heart rate, sodium excretion, catecholamines, and plasma renin activity. All patients with cirrhosis were studied at least 5 days after withdrawal from all medications and after 7 days of a 20 mmol/d sodium, 1-L fluid-restricted diet. Age-matched volunteers were studied after 7 days of 20 mmol/d sodium intake and young healthy volunteers after 7 days of 150 mmol/d sodium intake. Results: Sympathetic nerve activity in ascitic patients (65 ± 15 bursts/min; mean ± SD) was markedly increased, whether compared with patients with cirrhosis but without ascites (34 ± 16 bursts/min; P < 0.001), age-matched healthy volunteers on similar sodium intake (27 ± 22 bursts/min; P < 0.001), or young healthy subjects (21 ± 10 bursts/min; P < 0.001). The frequency of muscle sympathetic nerve discharge was directly related to plasma norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations, plasma renin activity, and heart rate, all of which were increased in those patients with cirrhosis and ascites, and inversely related to 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, the fractional excretion of sodium, and subjects' pulse pressures. Sympathetic nerve activity fell from 78 to 6 bursts/min in one patient after liver transplantation. Conclusions: This study provides the first direct evidence that elevated plasma norepinephrine concentrations in patients with cirrhosis and ascites are due to increased central sympathetic outflow. Sympathetic nerve activity is not increased in patients with cirrhosis but without ascites. Because there were direct positive correlations of sympathetic nerve activity with plasma norepinephrine concentrations, plasma epinephrine concentrations, plasma renin activity, and heart rate, the increase in central sympathetic outflow in patients with cirrhosis and ascites appears generalized and not restricted to muscle nerves. The anti-natriuretic effects of parallel increases in renal and muscle sympathetic nerve activity could account for the inverse correlation between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and sodium excretion.
P69 Do Patients Progress Whilst Undergoing Diagnosis and Staging For Lung Cancer: A Retrospective Audit?: Abstract P69 Table 1
Authors: R Kwong, C Bradshaw, L Finney, GJ Burkill, SR Doffman
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Background</h3> In the last 10 years, the survival rate in lung cancer in the UK has improved, but remains lower than some counterpart European countries. The cancer waiting time initiative aimed to speed up the process from presentation to treatment to improve outcomes. All tumour sites follow a similar process with no distinction by tumour site. There is no published UK data on whether patients with lung cancer progress either symptomatically or by imaging whilst undergoing the diagnostic pathway. <h3>Methods</h3> Two medical students at a University teaching hospital audited records of patients first seen in 2010 with lung cancer. Data regarding history, stage, histological diagnosis and performance status (PS) recorded at MDT were collected. In addition the recommended treatment plan from the MDT and the final treatment delivered were extracted from the Somerset Cancer Register (SCR) and case records. Only patients with non-small cell (NSCLC) or small cell (SCLC) lung cancer who underwent active anti-cancer treatment were included (n=70). A subgroup of 45 patients with CT scans at diagnosis and prior to treatment commencement were identified for radiological analysis of progressive disease (PD) defined by a change in TNM staging or growth on RECIST 1.1 criteria. All data was analysed using SPSS software (non-parametric Wilcoxon’s/Chi squared tests). <h3>Results</h3> Baseline characteristics are below. Median referral-to-treatment interval was 72 days (range 0–281). The interval between diagnosis and treatment varied dependent on stage and symptoms at presentation. 13 patients experienced a decline in PS (p=0.012). 8 patients (17.4%) had radiological PD; of those, 2 patients stage migrated. There was a positive association between PD and deterioration in PS (p=0.015), late stage disease at presentation (p=0.037) and poor PS at presentation (p=0.024). Late-stage disease (p=0.003) and presence of radiological PD (p=0.005) were associated with shortened survival. No patients with PD had a change in treatment. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Patients with advanced lung cancer and poorer PS at presentation tend to progress rapidly. Further work should be carried out to determine predictive characteristics of those patients likely to progress whilst undergoing diagnostic work-up to ensure appropriate stratification. The majority of these patients had improved right ventricular function post thrombolysis. This small cohort study demonstrates the variability in the clinical presentations and physiological manifestations of massive PE, hence the need for early specialist input. The algorithm is an effective tool in identifying high mortality risk patients and those likely to develop pulmonary hypertension, thus allowing early specialist review and intervention.
Early alterations of the baroreceptor control of heart rate in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Authors: G Osculati, G Grassi, C Giannattasio, G Seravalle, F Valagussa, A Zanchetti, G Mancia
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Experimental coronary occlusion is accompanied by an acute impairment of the baroreceptor-heart rate reflex. This study was planned to determine whether this impairment also occurs in humans. In 30 patients admitted to a coronary care unit for an anterior (n = 14) or inferior (n = 16) transmural myocardial infarction (MI), we measured 1) the increase in RR interval induced by stimulating carotid baroreceptors through progressive reductions in neck chamber pressure, 2) the increase in RR interval induced by stimulating arterial baroreceptors through intravenous boluses of phenylephrine, and 3) the reduction in RR interval induced by deactivating arterial baroreceptors through intravenous boluses of nitroglycerin. Measurements were performed 49.5 +/- 2.4 hours (mean +/- SEM) after the MI. The results were compared with those of five age-matched patients admitted to the coronary care unit for chest pain and found free from ischemic heart disease. The sensitivity of the carotid baroreceptor-heart rate reflex (slope of the linear regression of RR interval over neck pressure changes) was markedly less in MI than in control patients (3.8 +/- 0.5 vs. 5.9 +/- 0.6 msec/mm Hg, p less than 0.05), the reduction being similar in patients with anterior and inferior MI. This was the case also for the baroreflex sensitivity measured by the phenylephrine and the nitroglycerin methods (slope of the linear regression of RR interval over systolic blood pressure changes). However, 10.2 +/- 0.3 days later, the baroreflex sensitivity measured by all three methods increased significantly (p less than 0.05 or 0.01) and became similar to that of control subjects, which showed no significant change from the early to the late period after admission into the coronary care unit. Thus, MI is accompanied by an acute marked impairment of the baroreceptor control of the heart in humans, and this is the case both for an anterior and an inferior MI. The impairment is largely transient in nature, however, and a clear-cut recovery of the baroreflex can be seen a few days later.
Myocardial blood flow responses to acute hypoxia and volume loading in physically trained rats
Authors: T. YIPINTSOI, J. ROSENKRANTZ, M. A CODINI, J. SCHEUER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1980)

Journal Article Myocardial blood flow responses to acute hypoxia and volume loading in physically trained rats Get access TADA YIPINTSOI, TADA YIPINTSOI From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York Address for reprints: Tada Yipintsoi, MB, PhD, Division of Cardiology, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center, III East 210th Street. Bronx, New York 10467. USA. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JOEL ROSENKRANTZ, JOEL ROSENKRANTZ From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar MICHELE A CODINI, MICHELE A CODINI From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JAMES SCHEUER JAMES SCHEUER From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 14, Issue 1, January 1980, Pages 50–57, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/14.1.50 Published: 01 January 1980