tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ABC of dermatology. Rashes arising in the dermis.
Authors: P K Buxton
Journal: BMJ (1987)

The erythemas Complex reactions occurring in the capillaries and arterioles of the skin cause erythema-which is simply redness of the skin.This may present as flat macules or as papules, which are raised above the surrounding skin.The lesions may be transient or last for weeks, constant or variable in distribution, with or without vesicles.It is possible to recognise specific patterns within this plethora of clinical signs, but even the most experienced dermatologist may be reduced to making a general diagnosis of "toxic" erythema.The best we can do therefore is to recognise the common types of erythema and list the possible causes.It is then a matter of deciding on the most likely underlying condition or group ofconditions-for example, bacterial infection or autoimmune systemic disease. Morphology and distributionBecause there can be the same cause for a variety oferythematous rashes detailed descriptions are oflimited use.None the less, there are some characteristic patterns.Erythema from antibiotics.
INVESTIGATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE COSTS OF MEDICAL CARE
Authors: LEWELLYS F. BARKER
Journal: JAMA (1933)

The Committee on the Costs of  Care, after five years of activity, officially discontinued its work at the end of 1932. This committee was composed of some fifty members, among whom were representatives of the fields of private practice, public health, medical institutions and special interests, the social sciences and the general public. With the aid of a director of studies, an administrative staff and a research staff, generously supported financially by grants from several large foundations, extensive fact-finding investigations were undertaken and completed, the results of which were published in some twenty-six monographs. The implications of the facts revealed by the various studies were carefully considered, a tentative draft of recommendations was formulated and submitted to advisers and members for criticism, and on Oct. 31, 1932, a final report entitled Medical Care for the American People was completed. This last document contains a majority report, two minority reports,
Ultrasonic Detection of Deep Vein Thrombosis
Authors: R. D. Moore, W. I. J. Pryce, J. H. Todd
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Laboratories, Dr. Brian Scales), the usual therapeutic level being about 1.5 ug/ml.lTo our knowledge these are the highest values reported in man so far.Possibly any beta-blocker may cause heart failure in a patient whose myocardial per- formance depends critically on sympathetic drive.However, practolol seems to be less dangerous than others in this respect, and in normal therapeutic doses causes only modest reduction of cardiac output.2Practolol has been shown to possess some sympathomimetic activity.Its positive chronotropic activity may explain why the pulse rate fell relatively little and definite bradycardia did not occur in the case presented here.This may explain, partly at least, why the patient's heart condition did not deteriorate.Another possible explanation could be the less pro- nounced effect of practolol on myocardial contractility.This case illustrates the low toxicity of practolol and its modest cardiodepressive effect which has proved valuable in the treat- ment of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias and rapid ventricular rates after myocardial infarction and cardiac surgery.-We are, etc.,
Transformation of human osteoblast cells to the tumorigenic phenotype by depleted uranium-uranyl chloride.
Authors: A C Miller, W F Blakely, D Livengood, T Whittaker, J Xu, J W Ejnik, M M Hamilton, E Parlette, T S John, H M Gerstenberg, H Hsu
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Depleted uranium (DU) is a dense heavy metal used primarily in military applications. Although the health effects of occupational uranium exposure are well known, limited data exist regarding the long-term health effects of internalized DU in humans. We established an in vitro cellular model to study DU exposure. Microdosimetric assessment, determined using a Monte Carlo computer simulation based on measured intracellular and extracellular uranium levels, showed that few (0.0014%) cell nuclei were hit by alpha particles. We report the ability of DU-uranyl chloride to transform immortalized human osteoblastic cells (HOS) to the tumorigenic phenotype. DU-uranyl chloride-transformants are characterized by anchorage-independent growth, tumor formation in nude mice, expression of high levels of the k-ras oncogene, reduced production of the Rb tumor-suppressor protein, and elevated levels of sister chromatid exchanges per cell. DU-uranyl chloride treatment resulted in a 9.6 (+/- 2.8)-fold increase in transformation frequency compared to untreated cells. In comparison, nickel sulfate resulted in a 7.1 (+/- 2.1)-fold increase in transformation frequency. This is the first report showing that a DU compound caused human cell transformation to the neoplastic phenotype. Although additional studies are needed to determine if protracted DU exposure produces tumors in vivo, the implication from these in vitro results is that the risk of cancer induction from internalized DU exposure may be comparable to other biologically reactive and carcinogenic heavy-metal compounds (e.g., nickel).
THERAPY WITH PREPARATIONS OF PANCREAS
Authors: RUSSELL M. WILDER
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Pharmaceutic preparations of internal secretions of the pancreas are limited to insulin, modified insulins and lipocaic. Insulin is a secretory product of the beta cells of the islands of Langerhans; lipocaic may represent a secretion of the alpha cells of these islands. Evidence supporting this assumption has been presented by Dragstedt<sup>1</sup>and by Bensley and Woerner.<sup>2</sup> <h3>INSULIN</h3> The principal use for insulin is in the control of diabetes. For this purpose it is indispensable. It has found employment also in the treatment of schizophrenia and in the management of malnutrition in certain cases. Claims have been made that the addition of insulin to the dextrose commonly given to patients with disease of the liver and to others following surgical operations is advantageous. <h3>Preparations of Insulin.—</h3> Insulin is a protein. Its molecular weight approximates that of egg albumin. It is made available commercially as a buffered solution of
THE NEW SHORT WAVE LENGTH ROENTGEN-RAY THERAPY
Authors: JAMES T. CASE
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Especially within the last three years the interest of the profession in this country has been aroused by claims advanced for the value of the "new deep roentgenotherapy," a method of radiation involving the use of rays of much shorter wave length than have heretofore been available for purposes of treatment. For a decade such physicists as Duane, Dessauer and Coolidge have been seeking means for producing roentgen rays of wave length nearly approximating the shorter gamma rays of radium. Refinements have been reached in the construction of roentgen-ray apparatus, permitting the maintenance of constant very high voltages (from 200,000 to 280,000) delivered at the roentgen-ray tube terminals. Dr. Coolidge has continued the development of his tube until we now have a type of roentgen-ray tube, capable of withstanding more than 200,000 volts at 8 milliamperes in continuous use. The physical and biologic investigations carried on simultaneously in Europe and
Inhibitory effect of adefovir and lamivudine on the initiation of hepatitis B virus infection in primary tupaia hepatocytes
Authors: Josef Köck, Thomas F. Baumert, William E. Delaney, Hubert E. Blum, Fritz von Weizsäcker
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Adefovir dipivoxil and lamivudine are two safe and efficacious drugs licensed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Both drugs inhibit the viral polymerase, resulting in a profound suppression of virus production. Blocking the viral polymerase may also affect the initiation of HBV infection, because HBV virions harbor a partially double-stranded genome and productive infection requires completion of viral plus-strand DNA synthesis with subsequent formation of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). To address this issue, we used primary hepatocytes from the tree shrew Tupaia belangeri that were recently shown to be susceptible to HBV infection. Treatment of cells with either drug partially inhibited initial HBV cccDNA formation. Adefovir was more effective than lamivudine, resulting in a 3-fold reduction of RNA synthesis and viral surface antigen production. However, prevention of initial cccDNA formation was incomplete even after combined treatment, whereas de novo synthesis of viral replicative intermediates was completely suppressed. A possible explanation for this observation is the genomic plus-strand gap of less than 200 bases in some virions, limiting the window for antiviral action. In conclusion, nucleos(t)ide analogues can target initial plus-strand DNA repair and reduce but not completely block HBV infection.
Re: Causes of Anal Carcinoma
Authors: Harry W. Daniell
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent report inThe Journalby Daling et al<sup>1</sup>plus the six case reports they cite<sup>2,3</sup>and two others reported by Frederick et al<sup>4</sup>apparently identify male homosexuality as the first recognized risk factor for epidermoid carcinomas of the anus. Both the physical trauma of anal sex and the potential presence of sexually transmitted infections including herpes have been suggested as factors possibly contributing to this association. The potential for a similar association among women, who develop these tumors more frequently than do men, is suggested by the report of Bolling<sup>5</sup>in which the frequency with which an urban population of women participated habitually in anal sex was much higher than the reported frequency of male homosexuality. Since little else is known about the etiology of these tumors, another observation suggesting an additional risk factor should be of interest. During a review
Prescription of regular aspirin in patients with chest pain referred to a cardiology outpatient clinic
Authors: M R Hargreaves, S Firoozan, J C Forfar
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Recent trials have established the prophylactic value of aspirin in patients with stable angina.1 2 In the United Kingdom an estimated 22000 new cases of angina pectoris present yearly, most of which are managed by general practitioners.3 Though the use of aspirin by general practitioners has been reported in suspected myocardial infarction and after established infarction, there has been no systematic study of aspirin use in patients with suspected stable angina. We report such a study.

The study population consisted of patients referred by general practitioners to the cardiac clinic between March and June 1994. Basic demographic data, aspirin status, contraindications to aspirin, and conventional antianginal treatments …
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: Expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival
Authors: Francis Y. Yao, Linda Ferrell, Nathan M. Bass, Jessica J. Watson, Peter Bacchetti, Alan Venook, Nancy L. Ascher, John P. Roberts
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

The precise staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) based on the size and number of lesions that predict recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) has not been clearly established. We therefore analyzed the outcome of 70 consecutive patients with cirrhosis and HCC who underwent OLT over a 12–year period at our institution. Pathologic tumor staging of the explanted liver was based on the American Tumor Study Group modified Tumor–Node–Metastases (TNM) Staging Classification. Tumor recurrence occurred in 11.4% of patients after OLT. The Kaplan–Meier survival rates at 1 and 5 years were 91.3% and 72.4%, respectively, for patients with pT1 or pT2 HCC; and 82.4% and 74.1%, respectively, for pT3 tumors ( P = .87). Patients with pT4 tumors, however, had a significantly worse 1–year survival of 33.3% ( P = .0001). An α–fetoprotein (AFP) level &gt; 1,000 ng/mL, total tumor diameter &gt; 8 cm, age ≥ 55 years and poorly differentiated histologic grade were also significant predictors for reduced survival in univariate analysis. Only pT4 stage and total tumor diameter remained statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Patients with HCC meeting the following criteria: solitary tumor ≤ 6.5 cm, or ≤ 3 nodules with the largest lesion ≤ 4.5 cm and total tumor diameter ≤ 8 cm, had survival rates of 90% and 75.2%, at 1 and 5 years, respectively, after OLT versus a 50% 1–year survival for patients with tumors exceeding these limits ( P = .0005). We conclude that the current criteria for OLT based on tumor size may be modestly expanded while still preserving excellent survival after OLT.
Prevention of Retinal Detachment in Stickler Syndrome
Authors: Gregory S. Fincham, Laura Pasea, Christopher Carroll, Annie M. McNinch, Arabella V. Poulson, Allan J. Richards, John D. Scott, Martin P. Snead
Journal: Ophthalmology (2014)

The Stickler syndromes are the most common causes of inherited and childhood retinal detachment; however, no consensus exists regarding the effectiveness of prophylactic intervention. We evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of the Cambridge prophylactic cryotherapy protocol, a standardized retinal prophylactic treatment developed to prevent retinal detachment arising from giant retinal tears in type 1 Stickler syndrome.Retrospective comparative case series.Four hundred eighty seven patients with type 1 Stickler syndrome.Time to retinal detachment was compared between patients who received bilateral prophylaxis and untreated controls, with and without individual patient matching. Patients receiving unilateral prophylaxis (after fellow eye retinal detachment) were similarly compared with an appropriate control subgroup. Individual patient matching ensured equal age and follow-up between groups and that an appropriate control (who had not suffered a retinal detachment before the age at which their individually matched treatment patient underwent prophylactic treatment) was selected. Matching was blinded to outcome events. Individual patient matching protocols purposely weighted bias against the effectiveness of treatment. All treatment side effects are reported.Time to retinal detachment and side effects occurring after prophylactic treatment.The bilateral control group (n = 194) had a 7.4-fold increased risk of retinal detachment compared to the bilateral prophylaxis group (n = 229) (hazard ratio [HR], 7.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.53-12.08; P<0.001); the matched bilateral control group (n = 165) had a 5.0-fold increased risk compared to the matched bilateral prophylaxis group (n = 165) (HR, 4.97; 95% CI, 2.82-8.78; P<0.001). The unilateral control group (n = 104) had a 10.3-fold increased risk of retinal detachment compared to the unilateral prophylaxis group (n = 64) (HR, 10.29; 95% CI, 4.96-21.36; P<0.001); the matched unilateral control group (n = 39) had a 8.4-fold increased risk compared to the matched unilateral prophylaxis group (n = 39) (HR, 8.36; 95% CI, 3.24-21.57; P<0.001). No significant long-term side effects occurred.In the largest global cohort of type 1 Stickler syndrome patients published, all analyses indicate that the Cambridge prophylactic cryotherapy protocol is safe and markedly reduces the risk of retinal detachment.
ROENTGEN CINEMATOGRAPHY AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN MEDICINE
Authors: F. M. Groedel
Journal: BMJ (1909)

TETANIC SPASM.LTu a not in a position to sav, but one cannot help feeling that there is some connexion between the lesion in the bowel and the condition of the kidneys.With a powerful heart and diseased arteries we expect cerebral and retinal haemorrhages and epistaxis as a matter of course.Why, then, should the vessels of the stomach and intestine remain intact?I beg to thank Dr.
IMPROVED TECHNIC OF AMPUTATION AND TREATMENT OF THE STUMP IN APPENDECTOMY.
Authors: JOSEPH RILUS EASTMAN
Journal: JAMA (1902)

After the separation of adhesions binding down the appendix and ligation and splitting of the meso-appendix, the surgeon comes to the most important steps in appen- dectomy, namely, the abscission of the appendix and the disposition of the stump.By many operators the meso- appendix and the neck of the appendix are, as is well known, tied wtih strong silk ligatures, cut off and the stump of the appendix is cauterized with pure carbolic • Fig. l.-Appendix forceps with shields attached.acid and invaginated into the coats of the colon by Lembert sutures.Another popular method is that of turning down a cuff of peritoneum, pulling up the other coats, ligating these at the base, abscissing, permitting the musculo-mucous stump to retract and suturing the peritoneal cuff over the stump.This is well known as Barker's method, and is used with slight modifications by Kelly, Deaver and others.Many surgeons prefer not to ligate the mucous mem- brane, but simply to cut the appendix across, closing the distal end with a clamp or ligature and.compressing the proximal end with the fingers, then invaginating the stump into the cecum and securing the whole with the purse-string or Lembert suture.When this method is used, particularly if the tissues be much thickened, there is liability of escape of the contents of the cecum or ap- pendix, or both, into the peritoneal cavity during the operation.
Assisted Circulation
Authors: HARRY S. SOROFF, HERBERT J. LEVINE, BARRY F. SACHS, WILLIAM C. BIRTWELL, RALPH A. DETERLING, Judith A. Collins, Jean Kasuba
Journal: Circulation (1963)

The effect of counterpulsation upon hemodynamics and myocardial oxygen consumption was studied in 14 dogs. With properly synchronized counterpulsation, a reduction in mean systolic pressure, tension-time index, left ventricular work, and myocardial oxygen consumption was observed, with no change in effective cardiac output. The reduction in myocardial qO 2 , however, did not parallel the fall in tension-time index. Mechanical efficiency fell and the oxygen cost of pressure generation by the left ventricle rose. Premature triggering of the pump systole resulted in an actual increase in myocardial qO 2 , despite a fall in tension-time index. The influence of counterpulsation upon the energy requirements of the left ventricle is briefly discussed.
WHO SHALL PRESCRIBE GLASSES FOR THE CORRECTION OF ERRORS OF REFRACTION?
Authors: A. C. SIMONTON
Journal: JAMA (1892)

There ought to be but one answer to the above question—those who are competent. In fact, incompetent persons have no business prescribing for any of the physical ailments of mankind. But right here, in the matter of prescribing glasses for the correction of errors of refraction, is carried on one of the grandest pieces of quackery in the United States. Every individual who perchance offers for sale in the market spectacles, be they few or many, assumes to fill the rôle of oculist in diagnosing optical conditions and deciding what manner of glasses people shall wear, and the smaller the amount of knowledge they possess the greater the assurance with which they reach conclusions. There is scarcely a jeweler in all the landthatdoes not dub himself optician, perchance because he keeps a few spectacles to sell. But he attempts as a rule, by the use of that word, to convey
Immunogenicity of a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in hemophiliacs
Authors: P. M. Mannucci, A. Gringeri, M. Morfini, R. De Biasi, M. C. Tirindelli, G. Tamponi, F. Baudo, V. Carnelli, N. Ciavarella, M. Colombo, A. Zanetti
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1988)

Abstract Yeast‐recombinant vaccines against hepatitis B virus (HBV) are now available, but there is no information about whether or not they are immunogenic in patients with hemophilia and other congenital bleeding disorders. Twenty micrograms of a recombinant vaccine expressing the adw serotype of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were given to 41 patients negative for HBV markers and again after 1 and 6 months. Ten percent of the vaccinees had anti‐hepatitis B surface antibody (anti‐HBs) responses, with titers of 10 mlU/ml or more, 1 month after the first dose of vaccine. The percentage of anti‐HBs‐positive patients increased to 54% after the second dose and to 98% after the third dose, with only one non‐responder. Hence, the recombinant vaccine was immunogenic, with percentages of seroconversion and anti‐HBs titers similar to those achieved with plasma‐derived vaccines.
USING THE HEALTH ACTION PROCESS APPROACH (HAPA) MODEL TO PREDICT ADHERENCE TO THE FIFA 11+ PROGRAM IN ELITE FEMALE YOUTH SOCCER
Authors: CD McKay, WH Meeuwisse, CA Emery
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background The FIFA 11+ warm-up program can significantly reduce injury risk in youth soccer, but community uptake of the program has been suboptimal. A health behaviour theory, the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model, may identify predictors of program uptake that can inform targeted promotion strategies. Objective To determine whether HAPA constructs (risk perceptions, outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, action and coping plans, facilitators and barriers) predict uptake intention and adherence to the FIFA 11+ in elite female youth soccer. Design Sub-analysis of data from a cluster randomized controlled trial. Setting Elite (Tier 1 and 2) female soccer teams (ages 12–16) competing in Calgary, Canada. Participants 12 teams (coaches n=12, players n=200) who were randomly recruited prior to the 2013 season as wave 1 of the larger trial. Risk factor assessment Participants completed a baseline questionnaire assessing risk perceptions, outcome expectancies and self-efficacy associated with the FIFA 11+, and barriers/facilitators to program use. Main outcome measurements Intention to follow the FIFA 11+ (from the HAPA questionnaire) and prospectively reported adherence during the season. Results Preliminary analyses demonstrate that for coaches, risk perceptions, outcome expectancies, and task self-efficacy accounted for 92.7% of uptake intention variance [F(3,3)=12.71, P=.0327, R 2 =0.9271]. The most commonly identified facilitator was access to FIFA 11+ materials (videos, manuals). The largest barrier was not having enough time to complete the program. For players, the HAPA model accounted for only 41.4% of intention variance [F(7, 154)=15.53, P&lt;.001, R 2 =0.4139]. Identified facilitators included having adequate time, personal effort, and enjoying the program. Barriers included poor team leadership, uncooperative teammates, and lack of time. Relationships between HAPA constructs and adherence will also be presented. Conclusions The HAPA model appears to strongly predict coach, but not player, intentions to uptake the FIFA 11+. The development of role-targeted promotion strategies may improve program uptake.
Geographical Variability In The Ltp Recognition In A Large Sample Of Rosaceae Fruit Allergic Patients
Authors: A. Diaz-Perales, A. Palacin, C. Gmez-Casado, L.A. Rivas, L. Tordesillas, J. Bartra, C. Blanco, T. Carrillo, J. Cuesta-Herranz, J. Fernandez, S. Varela, G. Garca Alvarez-Eire, P. Gamboa, V. Parro, M.A. Villalba, M. Blanca
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
General practices will be inspected every two years, with 48 hours' notice in normal circumstances
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2012)

General practices in England will be given two days’ notice prior to undergoing scheduled inspections from the Care Quality Commission, the regulator has announced.

The commission has also recommended that practices be inspected once every two years, with each inspection looking at a “minimum of five outcomes” across key essential standards, which include cleanliness and infection control; drug management; safety, availability, and suitability of equipment; and quality of service provision.

The policies are outlined in the commission’s …