tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ABC of oral health: Oral health and disease
Authors: Ruth Holt, Graham Roberts, Crispian Scully
Journal: BMJ (2000)

A healthy dentition and mouth is important to both quality of life and nutrition, and oral disease may affect systemic health, as discussed in later articles in this series.



Diagram of a tooth and supporting structures



Teeth form mainly from neuroectoderm and comprise a crown of insensitive enamel surrounding sensitive dentine and a root that has no enamel covering. Teeth contain a vital pulp (nerve) and are supported by the periodontal ligament, through which roots are attached into sockets in the alveolar bone of the jaws (maxilla and mandible). The fibres of the periodontal ligament attach through cementum to the dentine surface. The alveolus is covered by the gingivae, or gums, which, when healthy, are pink, stippled, and tightly bound down and form a close fitting cuff with a small sulcus (gingival crevice) round the neck (cervical margin) of each tooth.



Healthy dentition, increasingly seen as caries declines



The primary (deciduous or milk) dentition comprises four incisors, two canines, and four molars in each jaw (total of 20 teeth). The normal permanent (adult) dentition comprises four incisors, two canines, four premolars, and six molars in each jaw (32 teeth).

View this table:

Average times of tooth eruption



Tooth development begins in the fetus, at about 28 days in utero. Indeed, all the primary and some of the permanent dentition start to develop in the fetus. Mineralisation of the primary dentition begins at about 14 weeks in utero, and all primary teeth are mineralising by birth. The permanent incisors and first molars begin to mineralise at or close to the time of birth, while the other permanent teeth start to mineralise later. Tooth eruption occurs after formation and mineralisation of the crown are largely complete but before the roots are fully formed.

Neonatal teeth are uncommon and may be loose. They may damage the …
Gallium-67 Imaging in the Evaluation of Thyroid Malignancy
Authors: TOMOMITSU HIGASHI, KUNIHIKO IT??, YOSHIHIKO NISHIKAWA, F R EVERHART, OSAMU OZAKI, YOSHITAKE MANABE, AKIRA SUZUKI, TOHRU YASHIRO, MAKOTO HASEGAWA, TAKASHI MIMURA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

One hundred thirty-six patients with suspected thyroid malignancy were studied prospectively with Ga-67 imaging of the thyroid and whole body. All patients subsequently had diagnoses proven by biopsy or surgical resection. Patients with malignant tumors (anaplastic carcinoma, malignant lymphoma, adenocarcinoma, medullary carcinoma, adenocarcinoma with squamous cell transformation, and metastases to the thyroid from other tumors) were examined serially after appropriate therapy. The authors draw on their own experience and a literature review to propose the following indications for Ga-67 imaging in patients with thyroid disease: 1) suspected anaplastic carcinoma or malignant lymphoma of the thyroid gland, 2) detection of distant metastases of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma and malignant lymphoma, 3) evaluation of efficacy of therapy, 4) suspected metastases to the thyroid gland from other malignancies, and 5) differentiation of malignant lymphoma from chronic thyroiditis. The strengths, limitations, and potential pit-falls of the technique are discussed.
Lung fluid transport in aquaporin-1 and aquaporin-4 knockout mice
Authors: Chunxue Bai, Norimasa Fukuda, Yualin Song, Tonghui Ma, Michael A. Matthay, A.S. Verkman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

The mammalian lung expresses water channel aquaporin-1 (AQP1) in microvascular endothelia and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in airway epithelia. To test whether these water channels facilitate fluid movement between airspace, interstitial, and capillary compartments, we measured passive and active fluid transport in AQP1 and AQP4 knockout mice. Airspace–capillary osmotic water permeability (Pf) was measured in isolated perfused lungs by a pleural surface fluorescence method. Pf was remarkably reduced in AQP1 (–/–) mice (measured in cm/s × 0.001, SE, n = 5–10: 17 ± 2 [+/+]; 6.6 ± 0.6 AQP1 [+/–]; 1.7 ± 0.3 AQP1 [–/–]; 12 ± 1 AQP4 [–/–]). Microvascular endothelial water permeability, measured by a related pleural surface fluorescence method in which the airspace was filled with inert perfluorocarbon, was reduced more than 10-fold in AQP1 (–/–) vs. (+/+) mice. Hydrostatically induced lung interstitial and alveolar edema was measured by a gravimetric method and by direct measurement of extravascular lung water. Both approaches indicated a more than twofold reduction in lung water accumulation in AQP1 (–/–) vs. (+/+) mice in response to a 5- to 10-cm H2O increase in pulmonary artery pressure for five minutes. Active, near-isosmolar alveolar fluid absorption (Jv) was measured in in situ perfused lungs using 125I-albumin as an airspace fluid volume marker. Jv (measured in percent fluid uptake at 30 min, n = 5) in (+/+) mice was 6.0 ± 0.6 (37°C), increased to 16 ± 1 by β-agonists, and inhibited to less than 2.0 by amiloride, ouabain, or cooling to 23°C. Jv (with isoproterenol) was not affected by aquaporin deletion (18.9 ± 2.2 [+/+]; 16.4 ± 1.5 AQP1 [–/–]; 16.3 ± 1.7 AQP4 [–/–]). These results indicate that osmotically driven water transport across microvessels in adult lung occurs by a transcellular route through AQP1 water channels and that the microvascular endothelium is a significant barrier for airspace–capillary osmotic water transport. AQP1 facilitates hydrostatically driven lung edema but is not required for active near-isosmolar absorption of alveolar fluid.
Homocysteine as a Predictive Factor for Hip Fracture in Older Persons
Authors: Robert R. McLean, Paul F. Jacques, Jacob Selhub, Katherine L. Tucker, Elizabeth J. Samelson, Kerry E. Broe, Marian T. Hannan, L. Adrienne Cupples, Douglas P. Kiel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The increased prevalence of osteoporosis among people with homocystinuria suggests that a high serum homocysteine concentration may weaken bone by interfering with collagen cross-linking, thereby increasing the risk of osteoporotic fracture. We examined the association between the total homocysteine concentration and the risk of hip fracture in men and women enrolled in the Framingham Study.We studied 825 men and 1174 women, ranging in age from 59 to 91 years, from whom blood samples had been obtained between 1979 and 1982 to measure plasma total homocysteine. The participants in our study were followed from the time that the sample was obtained through June 1998 for incident hip fracture. Sex-specific, age-adjusted incidence rates of hip fracture were calculated for quartiles of total homocysteine concentrations. Cox proportional-hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios for quartiles of homocysteine values.The mean (+/-SD) plasma total homocysteine concentration was 13.4+/-9.1 micromol per liter in men and 12.1+/-5.3 micromol per liter in women. The median duration of follow-up was 12.3 years for men and 15.0 years for women. There were 41 hip fractures among men and 146 among women. The age-adjusted incidence rates per 1000 person-years for hip fracture, from the lowest to the highest quartile for total homocysteine, were 1.96 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.52 to 3.41), 3.24 (0.97 to 5.52), 4.43 (1.80 to 7.07), and 8.14 (4.20 to 12.08) for men and 9.42 (5.72 to 13.12), 7.01 (4.29 to 9.72), 9.58 (6.42 to 12.74), and 16.57 (11.84 to 21.30) for women. Men and women in the highest quartile had a greater risk of hip fracture than those in the lowest quartile--the risk was almost four times as high for men and 1.9 times as high for women.These findings suggest that the homocysteine concentration, which is easily modifiable by means of dietary intervention, is an important risk factor for hip fracture in older persons.
Review of Kaushik Sunder Rajan,<i>Biocapital: The Constitution of Postgenomic Life</i><sup>1</sup>
Authors: Kean Birch
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2007)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006. 343 pp. $23.95, paperback.
FDA Reviews Safety of Newer Anticoagulant
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Letter: Serum creatine phosphokinase and malignant hyperpyrexia.
Authors: F R Ellis, I M Clarke, E M Modgill, S Currie, D G Harriman
Journal: BMJ (1976)

when the patient was ill and taking drugs.These drugs may have included (for example) aspirin, which can be a potent cause of hyperuricaemia.Such a diagnosis would be acceptable only if urate crystals had been identified in the joint aspirate, a simple test which for some reason was neglected here.The information provided suggests that the patient actually had a pyo- genic arthritis partly suppressed by antibiotics.The second error was in management.Treating acute gout with a short course of allopurinol is not only useless but may actually be harmful by provoking a new attack.
Multisensory Integration in the Mouse Striatum
Authors: Ramon Reig, Gilad Silberberg
Journal: Neuron (2014)

The basal ganglia are involved in sensorimotor functions and action selection, both of which require the integration of sensory information. In order to determine how such sensory inputs are integrated, we obtained whole-cell recordings in mouse dorsal striatum during presentation of tactile and visual stimuli. All recorded neurons responded to bilateral whisker stimulation, and a subpopulation also responded to visual stimulation. Neurons responding to both visual and tactile stimuli were located in dorsomedial striatum, whereas those responding only to whisker deflections were located dorsolaterally. Responses were mediated by overlapping excitation and inhibition, with excitation onset preceding that of inhibition by several milliseconds. Responses differed according to the type of neuron, with direct pathway MSNs having larger responses and longer latencies between ipsilateral and contralateral responses than indirect pathway MSNs. Our results suggest that striatum acts as a sensory "hub" with specialized functional roles for the different neuron types.
The Gulstonian Lectures on Epilepsy
Authors: W. R. Gowers
Journal: BMJ (1880)

Mt. PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMENI,-The aid which, during the last twenty years, the microscope has afforded in the investigation of the mnorbid anatomy of diseases of the nervous system has thrown little, if any, light on the pathology of idiopathic epilepsy.Neither the observations of Schrue(ler van der Kolk on the size of the vessels of the medulla oblongata, nor the changes which have been described by Meynert in the cornii Ammonis, can, I think, be accepted as having any real significance.In the cases which I have had an opporttmnity of examining, the cornu Ammonis lias presented no pathological changc; whilc in two cascs in which I have met with disease of this structure, the patients had never suffered from convulsion.In considering, there- fore, the pathology of epilepsy, we must seek for other evidence than that afforded by the pathological anatomy of the idiopathic disease, and draw otur inferences from the morbid changes in organic disease attended by convulsion, and froin the facts furnished by experiment and by the clinical study of the disease. IMarch 27, I880.]
Signal Transduction Due to HIV-1 Envelope Interactions with Chemokine Receptors CXCR4 or CCR5
Authors: Craig B. Davis, Ivan Dikic, Derya Unutmaz, C. Mark Hill, James Arthos, Michael A. Siani, Darren A. Thompson, Joseph Schlessinger, Dan R. Littman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

Infection with HIV-1 requires expression of CD4 and the chemokine receptors CXCR4 or CCR5 at the target cell surface. Engagement of these receptors by the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein is essential for membrane fusion, but may additionally activate intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we demonstrate that chemokines and HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins from both T-tropic and macrophage-tropic strains rapidly induce tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2. The response requires CXCR4 and CCR5 to be accessible on the cell surface. The results presented here provide the first evidence for activation of an intracellular signaling event that can initiate multiple signaling pathways as a consequence of contact between HIV-1 and chemokine receptors.
Fluticasone propionate/salmeterol Diskus® combination product provides superior asthma control compared with fluticasone propionate and salmeterol alone in patients previously receiving PRN short-acting beta2-agonists alone
Authors: Richard R Rosenthal, Kathryn Blake, Mary Strek, Melissa Lange, Karen W House, Anna K Vandermeer, Tushar P Shah
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Abstract 241: Amplitude Spectrum Area as a Tool to Identify the Circulatory Phase of Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: Giuseppe Ristagno, Weilun Quan, Annemarie Silver, Ulrich Herken, Bentley Bobrow
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Background: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) cardiac arrest (CA) is characterized by 3 time dependent phases: electrical (shorter than 4min), circulatory (4-10min), and metabolic (longer than 10min). These phases reflect the progressive increase of myocardial ischemia and suggest the potentially optimal treatment. During the electrical phase, immediate defibrillation is likely to be successful, while during the circulatory phase, the success of defibrillation diminishes without CPR. In the metabolic phase, there is low likelihood of successful resuscitation and probably a longer CPR interval prior to defibrillation is necessary. In the out-of-hospital (OH) setting, most patients may have passed the electrical phase when EMS arrives. Identification of the VF phase may therefore facilitate the proper CPR treatment. We used AMSA to determine if patients were in circulatory or in metabolic phase at EMS arrival. Methods: Data from an Utstein-compliant registry along with electronic ECG records were collected on consecutive adult OHCA patients treated by 2 EMS agencies over a 2 year period. Patients with bystander witnessed CA and with VF as initial CA rhythm were included (n=41). AMSA was calculated in earliest pause without compression artifacts, using a 2 sec ECG with a Tukey (0.2) FFT window. VF duration was calculated as the sum of the time interval from collapse to defibrillator on and the time interval from defibrillator on to first CPR interruption for defibrillation delivery. Results: VF duration ranged between 6.5 and 29.6 min (11.3+4.1 min), with a corresponding AMSA between 2.1 and 16.4 mV-Hz (9.4+4.2 mV-Hz). AMSA measured in the circulatory phase (N=19) was significantly higher than that in the metabolic phase (N=22) (8.14+3.17 vs. 5.98+2.88, p=0.03). Linear regression revealed that AMSA decreases by 0.22 mV-Hz for every min of VF. AMSA was able to predict circulatory phase with an accuracy of 0.7 in ROC area. An AMSA threshold of 10 mV-Hz was able to predict the circulatory phase with sensitivity of 32%, specificity of 95%, PPV of 86%, NPV of 62% and overall accuracy of 66%. Conclusions: AMSA is a good indicator of downtime in OHCA with initial rhythm of VF. AMSA could be used to identify VF phase and thereby suggest for the proper CPR intervention.
ABOUT THE SIZE OF A BEAN.
Authors: Elizabeth Knoll
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Tuberculosis Diagnostic Tests: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Comparing Apples with Apples
Authors: Luca Richeldi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

In his recent pulmonary perspective, Dr. Richeldi (1) purportedly compared two commercially available tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (QuantiFERON-TBGold and T-SPOT.TB), but unfortunately defined any ELISpot performed by Lalvani and colleagues as a T-SPOT.TB test. Although the author correctly noted that comparing results from experimentally based tests with commercial tests is a mistake, he does not distinguish the many differences of “Lalvani” tests from the commercial test. ELISpot studies reported by Lalvani and colleagues used heterogeneous antigen sources for ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (peptides of different sizes and purity and recombinant antigens with possible impurities) and used these antigens in numerous combinations (up to 35) with varying cutoffs. In comparison, the commercial T-SPOT.TB test uses only two peptide pools representing ESAT-6 and CFP-10. These variations between the experimental ELISpot and the commercial T-SPOT.TB test can lead to major differences in clinical results (2). Consequently, the comparative analysis by Richeldi does not accurately reflect the “real world” performance of the T-SPOT.TB test and can be misleading to the uninitiated reader. A contact investigation using ELISpot, reported by Richeldi and coworkers (3), and the corresponding T-SPOT.TB patent by Lalvani and Ewer (2) highlights the marked differences in diagnostic outcome depending on whether peptide or protein antigens are used. Since results from these “Lalvani” ELISpot studies, which have included recombinant antigens, substantially disagree with their commercial counterpart, they cannot be used to typify results of the peptide-based commercial test. Based on the available literature, specificity of the commercial T-SPOT.TB test has yet to be determined using methods and cutoffs proposed by the manufacturer. Furthermore, as recently noted by Davies and Drobniewski, a possible trade-off for sensitivity away from specificity may also be attributable to the T-SPOT.TB test (4). Although quoting an independent Korean study (5), Richeldi neglects data demonstrating that T-SPOT.TB appears less specific than QuantiFERON-TB Gold and that when specificity parameters are equalized, sensitivity is very similar. It should also be noted that the study of Goletti and coworkers (6), which is not cited by Richeldi, performed an independent comparison of both commercial tests and found little difference in outcome. The use of either commercial assay will result in major changes in how tuberculosis infection is defined, eliminating the need for treating large numbers of people falsely identified as infected by the skin test. Collectively, a large and rapidly growing body of evidence shows that these new IFNtests are a major advance in the accuracy of diagnosis of tuberculosis infection.
The debut of a rational treatment for an inherited neuropathy?
Authors: Steven S. Scherer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Hereditary neuropathies are common neurological conditions characterized by progressive loss of motor and/or sensory function. There are no effective treatments. Among the many causes of hereditary neuropathies are dominant mutations in serine palmitoyltransferase, long chain base subunit 1 (SPTLC1), which cause hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1). By incorporating L-alanine in place of L-serine, the mutant HSAN1–associated serine palmitoyltransferase generates deoxysphingolipids, which are thought to be neurotoxic. In this issue of the JCI, Garofalo and colleagues report that oral L-serine reverses the accumulation of deoxysphingolipids in humans with HSAN1 and in a transgenic mouse model. As oral L-serine reduces the severity of neuropathy in the mouse model of HSAN1, these data suggest a rational candidate therapy for this devastating condition.
INACTIVATION OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY, HERPES SIMPLES, AND VACCINIA VIRUSES BY SODIUM OXYCHLOROSENE
Authors: RichardJ. Klein, Elena Buimovici-Klein, KennethR. Ong, SharonM. Czelusniak, Michael Lange, AlvinE. Friedman-Kien
Journal: The Lancet (1987)
Joy of rapid responses: Don't take points raised in open and free discussion personally
Authors: Malvinder S Parmar
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Random drug testing in schools fails screening criteriaEditor-Last month the prime minister, Tony Blair, lent his weight to random drug testing in schools in an interview for a downmarket newspaper. 1He proposed a national programme be implemented soon, adhering to unspecified central directives.The Department of Health has 19 criteria for introducing new screening programmes. 2 At least 18 of these 19 criteria are not met for widespread, wide spectrum drug urine analysis in schools.The remaining criterion is that the condition is an important health problem.Drug use in young people is indeed associated with many health risks, 3 but a single, positive urine test, for any illicit drug, is probably not meaningful in a clinical sense.Each schoolchild's context of use (family history, social and emotional development) is crucial to interpreting any supposed "drug career."Use by a homeless pregnant teenage runaway from local authority care with a history of deliberate self harm and high risk sex work to pay for her drugs may be very different from a single experimental use at home with adults during a family party.Three failed criteria are especially pertinent to screening for school age drug use:(1) There should be an agreed policy on the further diagnostic investigation of people with a positive test result and on the choices available to them.(2) There should be an effective treatment or intervention for patients identified through early detection.(3) Clinical management of the condition and patient outcomes should be optimised by all healthcare providers before participation in a screening programme.In three years of experience of school health provision for alcohol and drug problems and their related referral networks I do not know of one school that could satisfy these criteria, especially the underpinning policy of promoting informed choice for children and families. 2