tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Respiratory infections in the first year of life in children at risk of developing atopy.
Authors: J J Cogswell, D F Halliday, J R Alexander
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Ninety-two infants, each of whom had one parent with asthma or hay fever, were followed up from birth to age of 1 year and 72 to the age of three years. During the first year of life respiratory symptoms, eczema, and respiratory viral infections were all reported. Within the first year 24 babies developed eczema; 28 had a wheal of 1 mm in diameter or more on prick skin testing with cutaneous allergens. Forty-three children had one or both of these characteristics and formed an atopic subgroup; by the same criteria, 49 children were non-atopic. The number of respiratory infections in the two groups was not significantly different; similar viruses were isolated from both groups. These viruses were associated with both upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Wheezing was a clinical feature in 12 children during lower respiratory tract infections. Of these babies six were atopic in the first year of life. Of the six non-atopic babies, one had eczema in the second year and five children developed raised total serum IgE values within the 3 years.
Nitric oxide and guanosine 3?,5?-cyclic monophosphate stimulate bile secretion in isolated rat hepatocyte couplets, but not in isolated bile duct units
Authors: Michael Trauner, Albert Mennone, Alessandro Gigliozzi, Flavia Fraioli, James L. Boyer
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) and guanosine 3′,5′–cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) have recently been shown to stimulate bile acid-independent bile flow in the isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL). However, the cellular origin and mechanisms of this choleresis have not yet been determined. To address these questions, we examined the effects of NO and cGMP on bile secretion in isolated rat hepatocyte couplets (IRHC) and in isolated bile duct units (IBDU), both of which are isolated cell systems in which cell polarity is maintained and secretion can be measured directly. Changes in the area of the canalicular and ductular lumens were determined in IRHC and IBDU, respectively, as indicators of the rate of fluid secretion using video microscopy. In addition, Cl - /HCO 3 - exchanger activity in IBDU was evaluated by measuring changes in intracellular pH (pH i ) after Cl - removal/readmission by microfluorometric methods. In the presence of HCO 3 - , both the NO donor, S –nitroso–acetyl–penicillamine (SNAP), and the cell–permeant cGMP analogue, dibutyryl cGMP (DBcGMP), stimulated canalicular bile secretion ( P &lt; .05), as did the cell–permeant cAMP analogue, dibutyryl cAMP (DBcAMP) ( P &lt; .05). Removal of HCO 3 - from the buffer completely abolished the choleretic effects of DBcGMP, but had no effect on NO–induced choleresis. In contrast, secretion in IBDU was not stimulated following incubations with SNAP or DBcGMP over 30 minutes, whereas DBcAMP and secretin, a cholangiocyte secretagogue and cAMP agonist, both had a marked effect on ductular secretion over this same time interval ( P &lt; .05). SNAP also had no effect on Cl - /HCO 3 - exchanger activity in IBDU, and inhibition of endogenous NO synthesis by N G –monomethyl– l –arginine ( l –NMMA) did not alter secretin–induced stimulation of ductular bile secretion and Cl - /HCO 3 - exchanger activity. In summary, NO and cGMP stimulate bile secretion exclusively at the the level of hepatocytes, whereas cAMP mediates choleresis at both hepatocyte and bile duct levels. These findings may have important implications for the regulation of ductular bile secretion by hormones and neuropeptides, as well as under pathological conditions with increased hepatic NO synthesis.
Stimulation of Human Prolactin Secretion by Intravenous Infusion of L-Tryptophan
Authors: John H. MacIndoe, Roger W. Turkington
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Previous studies have demonstrated that the secretion of human prolactin is regulated primarily by factors that influence catecholamines of the hypothalamus. In an effort to identify other factors that may regulate prolactin secretion, the amino acid L-tryptophan, a precursor in the synthesis of serotonin, was infused into normal human volunteers. Intravenous infusion of L-tryptophan, 5-10 g over a 20 min period, but not equivalent amounts of 17 other amino acids, induced marked increases in serum prolactin concentrations in eight normal human volunteers. Increases of 20-200 ng/ml above the control level were observed with peak values at 20-45 min after initiation of the infusion. In addition, infusion of L-tryptophan was associated with decreases in serum concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyrotropin in those subjects in whom the base-line serum hormone concentration was above the lower limits of assay detectability. No consistent change was observed in serum concentrations of growth hormone, cortisol, or glucose. Four subjects with juvenile diabetes demonstrated increases in serum prolactin values comparable with those observed in healthy individuals in response to infusions of L-tryptophan. Serum prolactin values in patients with surgically induced hypopituitarism were undetectable or deficient after infusion of 10 g of L-tryptophan. In this respect, infusion of L-tryptophan was equally effective in these subjects as the standard chlorpromazine stimulation test in identifying patients with hypopituitarism, indicating that the infusion of L-tryptophan may serve as a sensitive and reliable clinical test of prolactin secretory reserve. Further studies relating to the possible mechanism of action of L-tryptophan indicated that infusion of 5-hydroxytryptophan represents a much more potent stimulus for the secretion of prolactin and that premedication with the serotonin antagonist, methysergide maleate, serves to blunt the effect of L-tryptophan on prolactin secretion. These results support the concept that the effect of L-tryptophan on the secretion of human prolactin is mediated through its conversion to serotonin and are consistent with reported experimental observations that serotonin may participate in the reciprocal regulation of prolactin and gonadotropins.
Impaired glucose phosphorylation and transport in skeletal muscle cause insulin resistance in HIV-1–infected patients with lipodystrophy
Authors: Georg M.N. Behrens, Anne-Rose Boerner, Klaus Weber, Joerg van den Hoff, Johann Ockenga, Georg Brabant, Reinhold E. Schmidt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Insulin resistance is a frequently observed side effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Currently, very little is known about the mechanisms or specific tissues involved. We aimed to identify possible defects in skeletal muscle glucose uptake and metabolism in HIV patients receiving HAART. Whole-body glucose disposal and oxidation were determined by combination of the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp technique and indirect calorimetry. Muscle glucose uptake of the thighs was measured simultaneously by dynamic 2[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography. Patients receiving HAART had signs of lipodystrophy as confirmed by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Whole-body glucose disposal was significantly reduced in these patients compared with untreated patients. Analysis of kinetic constants using a three-compartment model indicated reduced skeletal glucose uptake caused by significantly impaired glucose transport and phosphorylation. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake was reduced by 66% in treated patients and explained 46% and 43% of whole-body glucose disposal in patients on HAART and therapy-naive patients, respectively. Insulin-stimulated whole-body oxidative and nonoxidative glucose disposal was significantly lower in the treated group, as was suppressive insulin action on lipolysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report providing in vivo evidence that, in lipodystrophic HIV patients, impaired glucose transport and phosphorylation cause reduced insulin-mediated glucose uptake.
Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Decline
Authors: Radhakrishnan Ramaraj
Journal: JAMA (2009)

ciations of a series of other diets. There could be many reasons for previous RCTs of either exercise or dietary supplementation being negative or inconsistent, including selection of the intervention (type of supplementation, characteristics of the exercise), timing or duration of intervention (Alzheimer disease pathology may start years before clinical manifestations), or focus on a single nutrient or food. Overall, we agree that caution in the interpretation of our findings is necessary. In the absence of relevant RCTs with positive results, it cannot be considered as sufficient evidence for population recommendations for the prevention of Alzheimer disease. Nevertheless, a healthy diet and physical activity should be health policy targets given their known beneficial effects in other medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.
Question of risk still hovers over routine prenatal use of ultrasound
Authors: Barbara Bolsen
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In the past ten years, ultrasound has developed from a research instrument into a valuable and widely used diagnostic tool in the practice of obstetrics. Its ability to "see" inside the womb, its noninvasiveness, and its apparent safety have led a growing number of obstetricians to advocate its routine use in prenatal care. But at a recent symposium concerning the effects of ultrasound on the fetus, research scientists and clinicians shied away from such a recommendation, citing their inability to quantify the risk. Until physicians can say with assurance that ultrasound does not produce subtle or delayed harmful effects, it should be used only when medically indicated, most of the participants agreed. The meeting, sponsored by the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation and Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, included a discussion of recent in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological investigations and their implications for
Digital angiographic impulse response analysis of regional myocardial perfusion: linearity, reproducibility, accuracy, and comparison with conventional indicator dilution curve parameters in phantom and canine models.
Authors: N L Eigler, J M Pfaff, A Zeiher, J S Whiting, J S Forrester
Journal: Circulation Research (1989)

The system mean transit time (Tsys) of the impulse response function describing contrast material transit through the coronary circulation was determined from serial digital angiographic images. The linearity, reproducibility, and relations with regional myocardial perfusion and conventional time-density curve parameters, time to peak concentration (TPC), and exponential washout rate (k) were assessed in a dynamic flow x-ray phantom (n = 46) and in six open-chest dogs (n = 102) while coronary flow was altered by stenosis and/or hyperemic stimuli. In the phantom studies, the inverse of the system mean transit time (Tsys-1) closely predicted flow/volume (r = 0.99, slope = 0.99). In dogs, Tsys-1 was independent of the shape of the contrast bolus injection (single or double-peaked), class of contrast agent (ionic or nonionic), the type of hyperemic stimulus (dipyridamole, dipyridamole plus norepinephrine, transient total occlusion, or ionic contrast media), and was highly reproducible between adjacent myocardial regions served by the same artery (r = 0.98 +/- 0.01). There was a strong correlation between Tsys-1 and regional coronary flow for stenotic and/or hyperemic vessels (r = 0.94, distribution volume = 14.9 ml/100 g) over a wide range (0-514 ml/min/100 g). Tsys-1 performed better than conventional time-density curve parameters TPC-1 and k for predicting phantom flow/volume ratios and regional myocardial blood flow in the dog. These data suggest that both digital coronary angiography and coronary contrast transit can be modeled as linear systems and that impulse response analysis may provide accurate and reproducible estimates of regional myocardial blood flow.
Supplemental Potassium Therapy
Authors: Benjamin B. Okel
Journal: JAMA (1968)

To the Editor:—  The long-term use of thiazides and other oral diuretics necessitates long-term supplemental potassium intake in many cases. Though potassium chloride tablets are inexpensive and a logical choice of treatment (since chloride and potassium deficiencies are likely to co-exist), experimental and circumstantial evidence suggests these tablets may cause small-bowel ulcerations.1,2Hence, the pharmaceutical industry has in recent years introduced a number of liquid potassium preparations. These vary greatly in cost and some do not supply chloride ions.  A 20% plain potassium chloride solution diluted in fruit juice has, in my experience, been the most useful and least expensive orally administered potassium agent. One teaspoonful in 6 oz of fruit juice taken three times daily provides 40 mEq potassium chloride plus another 15 to 30 mEq of potassium depending on the type of fruit juice used. (Apple juice contains approximately 5 mEq potassium per 6-oz glass, tomato juice
Numbers of Physicians Required for Primary Medical Care
Authors: Hyman K. Schonfeld, Jean F. Heston, Isidore S. Falk
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Abstract This study was designed to develop estimates of the numbers of physicians required for the provision of "good" primary medical care. The estimates concerning pediatricians and internists are based on clinical judgments of the content of good primary care and the frequency of conditions requiring it. The data available indicate the need for 133 physicians per 100,000 persons for primary care, as against the available supply of about 1/2 as many. To overcome this marked shortage various measures have to be considered, such as increasing the number of medical students, decreasing physicians' nonpatient care time, transferring activities to other types of providers, reducing physician time spent on particular services and accelerating the development of group practices.
New members of BMJ editorial board
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1999)

As an experiment the BMJ started an editorial board in 1996. 1 The board has now met four times, and we have no doubt that it's a success.We described at the beginning what we wanted from a board: "The main purpose for developing a board is to help us to prepare the journal for the next century.The members will ensure a steady flow of new ideas from a wide range of specialties, countries, and disciplines.We look to the editorial board as well for frank criticism of the BMJ and advice on how it can develop in both the short and the long term.Our board members are increasing our range of contacts, helping us find new writers and reviewers, writing and reviewing for us themselves, and representing us in their countries and disciplines."The board has helped us with all these aims, and we are enormously grateful to those who have served.We never cease to be mildly amazed that people will travel thousands of miles to attend the board and give of their time so generously.The board clearly needs to turn over, and the main point of this piece is to describe new members.We also list at the end those who have left.One innovation is that we now have two consumer representatives.Our existing representative told us that two were needed to make sure that the consumer voice was heard above the professional hubbub.
RESUSCITATION IN ASPHYXIA
Authors: Paluel J. Flagg
Journal: JAMA (1942)

To the Editor:—  I noted with interest the article entitled Resuscitation in Advanced Asphyxia by Drs. George L. Birnbaum and Samuel A. Thompson and Mr. Eugene Ostrow, which appeared inThe Journalon April 18. I approached this with an open mind and with the hope that I might find new information. However, having read the text carefully, I feel obliged to challenge its subject matter and what would appear to be its implications.  As to the subject matter, I refer the reader to page 1364, line 7, either a specially fitted face mask and pharyngeal airway or a special tracheal catheter with rubber inflation cuff to prevent leakage. This casual reference to the basic approach to the technic advocated is not scientific. Any one at all familiar with the mechanical operation of a suck and blow apparatus is fully aware that it can operate only in an airway of
Outcome of Isolated Sternal Recurrence in Breast Cancer.
Authors: A. Astrow, J. Desani, M. Sonnenschine, Y. Patsiornik, Y. Huang, P. Klein, M. Citron, B. Reichman
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Introduction: Metastatic breast cancer to sternum is rare and its natural history and prognosis are not fully understood. Metastasis to sternum is considered as stage IV, but may represent local extension from internal mammary nodes. Here we present a case series of 7 patients with metastatic breast cancer to sternum with and without internal mammary node involvement.Method: Seven patients were identified by 5 medical oncologists from New York area with busy breast cancer practices, from 1991 to 2008. Patients chart were reviewed and information regarding age, menopausal status, hormone receptor status, Her2/neu status, initial treatment, time to sternal recurrence and treatment of metastatic disease were obtained.Results: Out of 7 patients with stages I to III at diagnosis, 4 were premenopausal. Two patients had triple negative tumors, 3 were ER/PR positive and 2 were Her2 positive. All patients received loco-regional treatment of the primary site with surgery and/or radiation. Five patients received adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Median time to sternal recurrence was 3 years. Two patients had biopsy confirmed metastasis to internal mammary nodes at relapse. All patients with recurrence received either chemotherapy, radiation or hormonal therapy. One patient received autologous bone marrow transplant after sternal recurrence. All 7 patients are alive, 5 of them in remission and 2 patients with stable disease. Median DFS in 5 patients with CR was 7.8 years.Conclusion: Isolated sternal recurrence with/without internal mammary node involvement is relatively uncommon and is classified as stage IV. On our review of 7 cases, 5 remain in continuous remission at a median of 8 years from recurrence. The other two patients have stable disease. These sternal lesions could possibly represent loco-regional recurrence rather than systemic relapse. Hence, isolated sternal recurrence from breast cancer may need to be stratified separately in studies of stage IV disease. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3054.
TIM-3+ T cells are not exhausted but activated cells in the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Hyun-Bae Jie, Jing Li, Raghvendra Srivastava, Robert L Ferris
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Although T-cell immunoglobulin mucin 3 (TIM-3) does not contain inhibitory or death signaling motifs in its cytoplasmic domain, it has been proposed to be associated with T cell suppression and/or exhaustion. However, several lines of evidence suggest that TIM-3 can stimulate T
Measurement of left ventricular wall stress
Authors: R. M HUISMAN, G. ELZINGA, N. WESTERHOF, P. SIPKEMA
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1980)

Forces in the myocardial wall can be measured in several ways or calculated using certain simplifying assumptions. In this study we investigated the reliability of two measurement methods, one of which was introduced by Feigl et al (1967), whereas the other method was developed in our laboratory. Both methods were tested in actively contracting skeletal muscle and beating hearts of open-chest dogs by comparing the force transferred from the muscle to the transducer under various circumstances. It appeared that changes in muscle length, be it through initial length changes or through shortening during contractions, had a great influence on the transfer of force to the transducer, for both methods, in both preparations. In the heart a decrease in internal left ventricular diameter of 15% resulted in a 50% reduction of force transferred to the transducer, independent of whether the length took place as a change in filling or as a change in ejection volume. In skeletal muscle the length-dependent effects during shortening were larger and those resulting from initial length changes were more variable than in beating hearts. That the effects of muscle length changes are of such magnitude means that, if no other errors exist, they alone would invalidate that until principally different methods of measuring wall stress in the myocardium are discovered, attempts at accurate calculation of myocardial wall stress are a better approach than wall stress measurements.
A CASE OF CARDIAC FAILURE TREATED BY CANE SUGAR
Authors: H. Dingle
Journal: BMJ (1912)

drig slhoil(I not be puslhecl fartlher, b-Lt just eiougli givei to imainitain the advantage by keeping pace witlh the elilmiinationi of the drtug.7. The heart tracings slhow tlhat a pure digitalis effect is obtained on perfusing digalen, the therapeuitic effect beilng marked, and the tonus at the end very considerable.8. The tracings also demonstrate the muclh higher Coefficient of Distribution of the drug in saline soluition than in the blood so resemubling the chlorofornm actioni.Even at the lowest concentration tested no therapeutic equilibriulm is established, but the lheart goes on taking up the drug from tlle saline till the deatlh poinlt is reachedl.This loes not occuir with a much heavier dosage in the intact animilal where the drug is dissolved in the blood. 9. Soluble digitoxin shows none of that haemolytic action in destroyiln red blood corpuscles whiclh is pos- sessed by those sapo-glucosides whichl act on the lheart, as, for exam-ple, tlle digitonin present in ordinary tincture of digitalis.
A recombinant adenovirus encoding hepatitis C virus core and E1 proteins protects mice against cytokine induced liver damage: A possible mechanism for viral persistence
Authors: J.J. Lasarte, P. Sarobe, P. Boya, N. Casares, L. Arribillaga, A. Lopez-Diaz de Cerio, M. Gorraiz, F. Borras, J. Prieto
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)