tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry assessment of fat mass distribution and its association with the insulin resistance syndrome.
Authors: G Paradisi, L Smith, C Burtner, R Leaming, W T Garvey, G Hook, A Johnson, J Cronin, H O Steinberg, A D Baron
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

OBJECTIVE: To determine which dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-derived indices of fat mass distribution are the most informative to predict the various parameters of the metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 87 healthy men, 63 lean (% fat &amp;lt; or =26) and 24 obese (% fat &amp;gt;26), underwent DXA scanning to evaluate body composition with respect to the whole body and the trunk, leg, and abdominal regions from L1 to L4 and from L3 to L4. These regions were correlated with insulin sensitivity determined by the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp, insulin area under the curve after oral glucose tolerance test (AUC I); triglyceride; total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol; free fatty acids; and blood pressure. The analyses were performed in all subjects, as well as in lean and obese groups separately. RESULTS: Among the various indices of body fat, DXA-determined adiposity in the abdominal cut at L1-4 level was the most predictive of the metabolic variables, showing significant relationships with glucose infusion rate ([GIR], mg kg(-1) lean body mass x min(-1)), triglyceride, and cholesterol, independent of total-body mass (r = -0.267, P&amp;lt;0.05; r = 0.316, P&amp;lt;0.005; and r = 0.319, P&amp;lt;0.005, respectively). Upon subanalysis, these correlations remained significant in lean men, whereas in obese men, only BMI and the amount of leg fat (negative relationship) showed significant correlations with triglyceride and cholesterol (r = 0.438, P&amp;lt;0.05; r = 0.458, P&amp;lt;0.05; r = -0.439, P&amp;lt;0.05; and r = -0.414, P&amp;lt;0.05, respectively). The results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that 47% of the variance in GIR among all study subjects was predicted by AUC I, fat L1-4, diastolic blood pressure (dBP), HDL, and triglyceride as independent variables. In the lean group, fat L1-4 alone accounted for 33% of the variance of GIR, whereas in obese men, AUC I and dBP explained 68% of the variance in GIR. CONCLUSIONS: The DXA technique applied for the evaluation of fat distribution can provide useful information regarding various aspects of the insulin resistance syndrome in healthy subjects. DXA can be a valid, accurate, relatively inexpensive, and safer alternative compared with other methods to investigate the role of abdominal body fat distribution on cardiovascular risk factors.
Reporting Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Drummond Rennie
Journal: JAMA (1995)

The best information concerning therapeutic interventions comes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The validity of an RCT depends on the correct performance of a large number of essential steps. Unless all these steps are accurately accounted for and described, critical clinicians cannot know what actually took place, cannot judge whether the conclusions drawn by the authors are justified, and cannot judge whether their patients are likely to be helped or harmed by the intervention. See also p 1015. The object of an RCT is to produce an unbiased estimate of the effect of a therapy, a goal thwarted if allocation of patients is not random. In the February 1, 1995, issue of<i>JAMA</i>, we published a study of controlled trials by Schulz and colleagues.<sup>1</sup>These authors evaluated 250 controlled trials from 33 meta-analyses and found that when the treatment allocation was inadequately concealed from study participants and investigators, when
Outbreak of HIV infection in a Scottish prison
Authors: A. Taylor, D. Goldberg, J. Emslie, J. Wrench, L. Gruer, S. Cameron, J. Black, B. Davis, J. McGregor, E. Follett, J. Harvey, J. Basson, J. McGavigan
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives</b>: To investigate the possible spread of HIV infection and its route of transmission among prison inmates. <b>Design</b>: In response to an outbreak of acute clinical hepatitis B and two seroconversions to HIV infection, counselling and testing for HIV were offered to all inmates over a two week period in July 1993. Information was sought about drug injecting, sexual behaviour, and previous HIV testing. <b>Setting</b>: HM Prison Glenochil in Scotland. <b>Subjects</b>: Adult male prisoners. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Uptake of HIV counselling and testing; occurrence and mode of HIV transmission within the prison. <b>Results</b>: Of a total 378 inmates, 227 (60%) were counselled and 162 (43%) tested for HIV. Twelve (7%) of those tested were positive for antibody to HIV. One third (76) of those counselled had injected drugs at some time, of whom 33 (43%) had injected in Glenochil; all 12 seropositive men belonged to this latter group. Thirty two of these 33 had shared needles and syringes in the prison. A further two inmates who injected in the prison were diagnosed as positive for HIV two months previously. Evidence based on sequential results and time of entry into prison indicated that eight transmissions definitely occurred within prison in the first half of 1993. <b>Conclusion</b>: This is the first report of an outbreak of HIV infection occurring within a prison. Restricted access to injecting equipment resulted in random sharing and placed injectors at high risk of becoming infected with HIV. Measures to prevent further spread of infection among prison injectors are urgently required. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages In this outbreak, acute hepatitis B was the earliest indicator of the possible occurrence of HIV transmission All infected inmates had shared injecting equipment within the prison Random sharing of equipment may still occur in settings where access to sterile needles and syringes is restricted
Identification of epitope mimics recognized by CTL reactive to the melanoma/melanocyte-derived peptide MART-1(27-35).
Authors: D J Loftus, C Castelli, T M Clay, P Squarcina, F M Marincola, M I Nishimura, G Parmiani, E Appella, L Rivoltini
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

CTL reactivity to the epitope MART-1(27-35), of the melanoma (self) antigen MART-1/melan A is frequently observed in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and may be readily elicited from the peripheral blood of melanoma patients that express HLA-A*0201. Available data suggest that these observations contrast with those made for other HLA-A*0201-presented melanoma self antigens regarding the regularity of observed CTL responses. Based on preliminary findings, we hypothesized that the CTL response to MART-1 might be augmented in part by T cell encounters with peptides derived from sources other than MART-1, which show sequence similarity to MART-1(27-35). To test this idea, a protein database search for potential MART-1 epitope mimics was done using criteria developed from analyses of effector recognition of singly-substituted peptide analogues of MART-1(27-35). Synthetic peptides were made for a portion of the sequences retrieved; 12/40 peptides tested were able to sensitize target cells for lysis by one or more anti-MART-1 effectors. The peptides recognized correspond to sequences occurring in a variety of proteins of viral, bacterial, and human (self) origin. One peptide derives from glycoprotein C of the common pathogen HSV-1; cells infected with recombinant vaccinia virus encoding native glycoprotein C were lysed by anti-MART-1 effectors. Our results overall indicate that sequences conforming to the A2.1 binding motif and possessing features essential to recognition by anti-MART-1 CTL occur frequently in proteins. These findings further suggest that T cells might encounter a variety of such sequences in vivo, and that epitope mimicry may play a role in modulating the CTL response to MART-1(27-35).
The Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity in Congenital and Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: J. HOWLAND AUCHINCLOSS, ROBERT GILBERT, ROBERT H. EICH
Journal: Circulation (1959)

The pulmonary diffusing capacity was determined both in patients with intracardiac septal defects and in patients with valvular heart disease in an effort to find out whether pulmonary congestion and hyperemia as they occur ill cardiac disease have different effects on the process of gas diffusion and whether these effects vary at different stages of the disease process.
1170-147 Effect of tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, on myocardial blood flow in patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Kathleen Hickey, Sabahat Bokhari, Jonathan Weinsaft, Arsalan Shahzad, Jeffrey T Emmick, Alun Bedding, Timothy M Costigan, Steven R Bergmann
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
987-106 Accuracy of Aortic Valve Area Measurement by Multiplane Transesophageal Echocardiography in Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Yvette F. Bernard, Nicolas F. Meneveau, Thierry J. Anguenot, Jian Zhang, François Schiele, Alain Vuillemenot, Jean-Pierre Bassand
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Spurious hyperglycaemia and icodextrin in peritoneal dialysis fluid
Authors: S. G Riley
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Diabetes mellitus, in particular type 2, has become more common, and the trend is likely to continue.1 Associated comorbidity is also more common—for example, diabetes is now the most common cause of dialysis dependent renal failure in the Western world.2 In the United Kingdom between 1991 and 1998, the incidence of new patients on dialysis increased from 67 to more than 90 patients per million population, and the prevalence of diabetes in people receiving dialysis has increased from 16% to 19%.3

The increasing demand for dialysis and slower growth in capacity for haemodialysis has reinforced the need for an integrated approach to providing dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis is the preferred option for a proportion of patients with end stage renal failure.4 A subgroup of patients has difficulties with removing fluid. This can be improved with an alternative osmotic agent based on a polymer of glucose—icodextrin.5 We report a severe potentially clinical consequence of using icodextrin in a diabetic patient, which although mentioned in a specialist journal is still not widely recognised. This issue is even more important given the increasing number of diabetic patients with end stage renal failure. About 500 patients in …
Late Recurrence in Pediatric Cancer: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: K. Wasilewski-Masker, Q. Liu, Y. Yasui, W. Leisenring, L. R. Meacham, S. Hammond, A. T. Meadows, L. L. Robison, A. C. Mertens
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2009)

BackgroundAn increasing percentage of childhood cancer patients are surviving their disease, but there is limited research on late recurrence. We sought to estimate late recurrence rates for the most common pediatric cancers and to determine risk factors for late recurrence.
Hereditary (primary) haemochromatosis.
Authors: I Kelly, R Dick
Journal: BMJ (1990)

Overall effects of lowering cholesterol on coronary heart disease.(Results of six trials, n= 12457 in treated groups, n= 12 390 in control groups)No of events Sum of Overall odds ratio Type of coronary event (treated/control) observed-expected events* (95% confidence interval) p ValueNon-fatal 368/495 -63 5 0 73 (0-64 to 0 84) 0 00 Fatal 169/197 -14-0 0 85 (069 to 1-05) 0-06 All 523/670 -73 5 0 77 (0-68 to 0 86) 0 00 *The sum of observed-expected events in the combined trials, as used in the meta-analysis, is half of the actual difference in events (treated -control) when the treated and control groups are of equal size.
Abstract 4016: Large scale, domain-based comparative protein interaction mapping in cancer cell signaling
Authors: Valerie Hindie, Petra Tafelmeyer, Alain Meil, Vincent Collura, Alexandre Hamburger, Jérôme Wojcik, Emmanuel Barillot, Guillaume Boissy, Jacques Camonis, Laurent Daviet, Etienne Formstecher
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Protein interaction mapping has proven instrumental for the delineation and understanding of cancer signaling pathways, both in Homo sapiens and model organisms. We have recently published a drosophila protein interaction map centered on fly orthologs of human cancer-related and signaling proteins1. We now report the completion of the cognate human interaction map using the same high-throughput, domain-based yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) technology. 149 human homologs of the 102 drosophila proteins, including 29 human oncogenes and tumor suppressors2, were used as entry points to screen a highly complex, random-primed placenta cDNA library comprised of 10 million independent fragments in yeast. In order to strictly parallel the drosophila study, the same domains were selected as baits on human orthologs, resulting in 230 different screens. To ensure reproducible and exhaustive Y2H results, the library was screened at saturation using an optimized mating procedure that allowed for testing on average 50 million interactions per screen, corresponding to a 5-fold coverage of the library. As a consequence, multiple, independent fragments of the same interactant could be isolated, enabling the delineation of a minimal interacting domain and the computation of a confidence score. We identified 4,089 protein-protein interactions (PPI) connecting 2,412 human proteins. 1,212 PPI (30%) are of high confidence and connect 998 proteins. Interestingly, 54 additional human oncogenes or tumor suppressors were identified in the screening, and a sub-network of 1089 PPI linking at least one cancer protein was derived from the full map. The features of the drosophila and human parallel interaction maps were compared. Orthology relationships were combined with Y2H data and the conservation of interaction networks across evolution was examined. Experimentally determined interacting domains were also systematically confronted to known functional domains in both species, pointing to a significant enrichment of domains involved in protein binding. Finally, both experimental protein interaction maps were extended by including protein interaction data from the literature. We believe that this protein interaction map centered on human cancer signaling pathways will be an invaluable resource for researchers in the field. References : 1. Formstecher et al., 2005, Genome Research, 15:376 2. Futreal et al., 2004, Nature Review Cancer, 4(3):177 Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4016.
The Determination of Cardiac Output by a Continuous Recording System Utilizing Iodinated (I <sup>131</sup> ) Human Serum Albumin
Authors: WALTER H. PRITCHARD, WILLIAM J. MACINTYRE, WILLIAM C. SCHMIDT, BERNARD L. BROFMAN, DOUGLAS J. MOORE
Journal: Circulation (1952)

A method previously described for the determination of cardiac output by the injection of iodinated (I 131 ) human serum albumin has been extended to a study of its application to patients. A technic suitable for clinical use has been described and values obtained have been compared with those simultaneously determined by cardiac catheterization. The average deviation from Fick principle values was ±8.3 per cent over a range from –8.4 per cent to +18.7 per cent. Certain precautions in technic necessary for accuracy have been stressed.
Surgeons cleared of manslaughter after removing wrong kidney
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Background</h3> Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) correlates with a worse prognosis, but whether it also predicts responsiveness to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy remains unclear. Most studies of PD-L1 are limited by evaluation in primary rather than metastatic sites, and in biopsy samples, which may not be representative. These limitations may be overcome with immuno–positron emission tomography (iPET), an emerging tool allowing the detection of cell surface proteins with radiolabeled antibodies. Here, we report iPET studies of PD-L1 in a preclinical tumorgraft model of clear cell RCC (ccRCC) from a patient who had a favorable response to anti-PD-1 therapy. <h3>Case presentation</h3> A 49-year-old man underwent a cytoreductive nephrectomy in 2017 of a right kidney tumor invading into the adrenal gland that was metastatic to the lungs and a rib. Histological analyses revealed a ccRCC of ISUP grade 4 with extensive sarcomatoid features. IMDC risk group was poor. Within two hours of surgery, a tumor sample was implanted orthotopically into NOD/SCID mice. Consistent with an aggressive tumor, a renal mass was detected 18 days post-implantation. Histologically, the tumorgraft showed sarcomatoid differentiation and high levels of PD-L1, similar to the patient’s tumor. PD-L1 was evaluated in subsequently transplanted mice using iPET and the results were compared to control mice implanted with a PD-L1-negative tumor. We labeled atezolizumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody with a mutant Fc, with zirconium-89. iPET revealed significantly higher <sup>89</sup>Zr-atezolizumab uptake in index than control tumorgrafts. The patient was treated with high-dose IL2 initially, and subsequently with pazopanib, with rapidly progressive disease, but had a durable response with nivolumab. <h3>Conclusions</h3> To our knowledge, this is the first report of non-invasive detection of PD-L1 in renal cancer using molecular imaging. This study supports clinical evaluation of iPET to identify RCC patients with tumors deploying the PD-L1 checkpoint pathway who may be most likely to benefit from PD-1/PD-L1 disrupting drugs.
Recent Singapore SARS case a laboratory accident
Authors: Kathryn Senio
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2003)

The recent case of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Singapore was the result of a laboratory accident, so concludes an 11-member review panel led by Antony Della-Porta, Biosafety Expert for the WHO, in a report produced for the Ministry of Health in Singapore. Authorities in Singapore have continued surveillance for SARS since the last reported case in May 2003 and became alarmed when, at the end of August, a 27-year-old doctoral student at the Singapore General Hospital (SGH) developed symptoms consistent with SARS.
Jammu and Kashmir faces daunting health challenges after floods
Authors: P. Chatterjee
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Floods have left a trail of death, displacement, and devastation in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. Across the border, Pakistan has also been ravaged by the heavy rain that fell on the western Himalayas earlier this month. 

The death toll in India and Pakistan has exceeded 480, although this is expected to rise as rescue and relief work continues. There is an urgent need in the area for food, drinking water, …
The Proper Method of Vaccination.
Authors: J. W. Keath
Journal: JAMA (1902)

SCHAEFFERSTOWN, Pa., Feb. 14, 1902. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —To a great many physicians a sore arm after vaccination signifies immunity, regardless of the nature of the soreness. A proper vaccination is attended with slight, or no, local or constitutional disturbances. The extreme local and constitutional disturbances, such as erysipelas, hospital gangrene, abscess, phlegmon, septicemia, pyemia, and tetanus, are due to an abrasion of the surface, admitting the entrance of the different bacteria. In my opinion the proper way to vaccinate is by means of a spring lancet, which leaves no open wound for the introduction of germs. It requires very little lymph to produce a proper vaccinia, one capillary tube being sufficient to produce half a dozen. The puncture made by the lancet is barely discernible, and leaves no abraded surface for any sort of exterior infection. During the epidemic of 1874-75, I vaccinated, by means of the lancet, over
Effect of Intravenous Injection of Marihuana
Authors: Allen B. King
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Two cases of severe illness occurred following the intravenous injection of marihuana. Injection produces immediate severe body tremors with tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Diffuse aching pains, hypotension, non-oliguric renal failure, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia follow. In the cases we saw, all changes have been reversible.
The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination: A Brief But Differentiated Approach to Cognitive Assessment
Authors: RALPH J. KIERNAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

The Neurobehavioral Cognitive Status Examination (NCSE), a screening examination that assesses cognition in a brief but quantitative fashion, uses independent tests to evaluate functioning within five major cognitive ability areas: language, constructions, memory, calculations, and reasoning. The examination separately assesses level of consciousness, orientation, and attention. This instrument quickly identifies intact areas of functioning, yet provides more detailed assessment in areas of dysfunction. Standardization data are provided for 119 healthy adults (age range, 20 to 92 years) and for 30 patients receiving neurosurgical care for brain lesions (range, 25 to 88 years). Cognitive profiles for several common neuropsychiatric conditions illustrate the usefulness of this examination in clinical practice.
Cigarette firms sue regulators over graphic warnings on packs
Authors: J. Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Five tobacco companies have filed a lawsuit in the US federal court against the Food and Drug Administration over the requirement to include graphic depictions of the risks of smoking on all cigarette packs by September 2012.

The 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act requires manufacturers to place colour pictures depicting the risks of smoking on the top half of the front and back panels of cigarette packs and in the prime 20% of print advertisements. 

The FDA says that the graphics are useful as part of a “broader strategy to …