tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reversal of Aluminum-Induced Hemodialysis Anemia by a Low-Aluminum Dialysate
Authors: James A. O'Hare, Dermot J. Murnaghan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

ALUMINUM derived from tap water used to prepare dialysate is now thought to be the main cause of dialysis encephalopathy and vitamin D–resistant dialysis osteomalacia.1 2 3 4 Elliott and Macdougall5 were the first to observe a severe anemia preceding these problems; it has since been confirmed6 that the disorder is a microcytic anemia not due to iron deficiency. There was a high incidence of dialysis encephalopathy, osteomalacia, and an accompanying microcytic anemia in patients in our former chronic-hemodialysis unit. The dialysate used there was prepared from untreated tap water with high levels of aluminum. We carried out a prospective study of the . . .
Patient No More: the Politics of Breast Cancer
Authors: C. Vaughan
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Sharon Batt Scarlet Press, £10.99, pp 417 ISBN 185 727 067 3

Breast cancer should grab the headlines in the medical and lay press. It is common, it kills, and is ill understood. This book questions assumptions in the world of breast cancer. The author weaves a personal view into a historical and political perspective on the disease and its treatment and develops a feminist argument as to where out future energies might be focused. The book's great strength is that it remains a good read despite its scope.

As a doctor living with breast cancer, I feel unfortunately well qualified to look at the story so far. The …
BLOCKING OF HOG INTRINSIC FACTOR BY HUMAN GASTRIC JUICE AND CERTAIN MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES, INCLUDING BLOOD GROUP SUBSTANCE*
Authors: Zaida Castro, Victor Herbert, Louis R. Wasserman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

Intrinsic factor can bind vitamin B12 and simul- taneously attach to receptors on liver or small in- testine in a calcium-dependent manner (1).There appears to be a stoichiometric relationship between the receptors, intrinsic factor and vitamin B12 (2).This report, previously presented in preliminary form (3), is concerned with blocking of the re- ceptor sites for hog intrinsic factor by human gastric juice and certain mucopolysaccharides, in- cluding blood group substance. MATERIALS AND METHODSGastric juice was collected before and after insulin stimulation of fasting patients.A Dreiling tube (4) was used to avoid contamination with saliva and bile.1 Gas- tric juices were pooled according to the blood group of the donors, centrifuged, neutralized with NaOH (20 per cent), and frozen.Saliva was collected from blood group A-secretors and filtered through gauze.Comnmercial preparations of blood grotp A and B suib- stances 2 were obtained from large pools of equine and porcine gastric mucosa after enzymatic digestion and alcohol precipitation.Degraded blood group A and B polvsacchlarides ('P-1 fraction") were prepared from the commercial prepara- tions (Merck) by mild acid hydrolysis with dilute HCl, pH 2.0, at 1000 C for 2 hours, followed by dialysis for 4 days against 4 changes of tap water.This treatment splits off fucose and certain oligosaccharide side chains, some of which determine blood group specificity, but
Carbamazepine-Erythromycin Interaction
Authors: Bruno A. Wroblewski
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Because of significant and seemingly haphazard fluctuations in serum carbamazepine concentrations, we decided to investigate the possible link between erythromycin administration and potential changes in serum carbamazepine concentration. We studied four cases involving this combination. In every case, serum carbamazepine concentrations either rose dramatically (doubled or tripled previous steady-state concentrations) or dropped precipitously once erythromycin therapy was discontinued. In all cases, we report serum carbamazepine concentrations obtained before, during, and after concurrent erythromycin administration. We conclude that the combination of erythromycin and carbamazepine represents a clinically significant drug interaction and should be avoided where possible.
Effect of Early Life Exposure to Air Pollution on Development of Childhood Asthma
Authors: Nina Annika Clark, Paul A. Demers, Catherine J. Karr, Mieke Koehoorn, Cornel Lencar, Lillian Tamburic, Michael Brauer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

There is increasing recognition of the importance of early environmental exposures in the development of childhood asthma. Outdoor air pollution is a recognized asthma trigger, but it is unclear whether exposure influences incident disease. We investigated the effect of exposure to ambient air pollution in utero and during the first year of life on risk of subsequent asthma diagnosis in a population-based nested case-control study.We assessed all children born in southwestern British Columbia in 1999 and 2000 (n = 37,401) for incidence of asthma diagnosis up to 34 years of age using outpatient and hospitalization records. Asthma cases were age- and sex-matched to five randomly chosen controls from the eligible cohort. We estimated each individual's exposure to ambient air pollution for the gestational period and first year of life using high-resolution pollution surfaces derived from regulatory monitoring data as well as land use regression models adjusted for temporal variation. We used logistic regression analyses to estimate effects of carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter <or= 10 microm and <or= 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter (PM10 and PM2.5), ozone, sulfur dioxide, black carbon, woodsmoke, and proximity to roads and point sources on asthma diagnosis.A total of 3,482 children (9%) were classified as asthma cases. We observed a statistically significantly increased risk of asthma diagnosis with increased early life exposure to CO, NO, NO2, PM10, SO2, and black carbon and proximity to point sources. Traffic-related pollutants were associated with the highest risks: adjusted odds ratio = 1.08 (95% confidence interval, 1.041.12) for a 10-microg/m3 increase of NO, 1.12 (1.071.17) for a 10-microg/m3 increase in NO2, and 1.10 (1.061.13) for a 100-microg/m3 increase in CO. These data support the hypothesis that early childhood exposure to air pollutants plays a role in development of asthma.
Explaining variations in general practice prescribing costs per ASTRO-PU (age, sex, and temporary resident originated prescribing unit)
Authors: D. K Whynes, D. L Baines, K. H Tolley
Journal: BMJ (1996)

care make interpretation of mismatches difficult and require judgments based on the strength of the evi- dence in different settings, feasibility, and potential dangers.There is little evidence to support many guideline recommendations about what general prac- titioners should do, including routine examination, educational advice or advice on activities advice, and back exercises.General practitioners should probably be more aware of danger symptoms, advise patients with uncomplicated back pain to mobilise themselves early, and, with some reservations, consider arranging manipulation for persisting symptoms.Guidelines should be audited: standards should include accepted criteria,"5 discussion study methodology and the setting of evidence, and clear referencing of recom- mendations.More research based in general practice is needed to inform general practitioner assessment and management ofback pain.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor as a risk factor for the development of anemia, and the impact of incident anemia on mortality in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Areef Ishani, Eric Weinhandl, Zihong Zhao, David T. Gilbertson, Allan J. Collins, Salim Yusuf, Charles A. Herzog
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Antidepressant Medications and the Relative Risk of Suicide Attempt and Suicide
Authors: Shitij Kapur
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Suicide by drug overdose is a major public health problem, and antidepressant medications are the most common agent involved. European studies suggest differences in the rates of suicide by overdose among antidepressants, but no reports have been published for the United States. We estimated the comparative risks of suicide attempts and suicides, and the relative risk of fatality in the event of an overdose for the major antidepressants currently marketed in the United States.Information regarding suicide attempts and suicides by antidepressant overdose was obtained from the published reports of the Drug Abuse and Warning Network and the annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers, and corrected for differences in total annual prescriptions using data from the National Prescription Audit.The risk of a suicide attempt did not appear to differ among antidepressants. The tricyclic antidepressants were associated with a higher rate of death in the event of an overdose than the newer nontricyclic antidepressants in both the annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers and the Drug Abuse and Warning Network data. The chance of death after an overdose was greater for desipramine hydrochloride than for other tricyclics.The higher risk of suicide with tricyclics vs nontricyclics may be explained by a higher rate of death from overdose rather than more suicide attempts. Tricyclics carry the risk of greater cardiotoxicity. The basis for the even higher rate of death/overdose of desipramine is not known and requires further research. If these findings are replicated in a case-control study design, they have important implications for the choice of an antidepressant for the depressed patient at risk for suicidal behavior.
ET block and the neointima: not the B, that is the answer
Authors: H. A. Coleman, H. C. Parkington
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

This editorial refers to ‘Non-endothelial cell endothelin-B receptors limit neointima formation following vascular injury’ by N. S. Kirkby et al ., pp. 19–28, this issue. 

The walls of blood vessels are a hive of activity. Components, including the endothelium, internal elastic lamina, smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of the media, and the adventia with its nerves, are all involved in a complexity of interacting functions. These include, but are not limited to, regulation of blood pressure and tissue perfusion, mechanosensation of flow and stretch, release of various relaxing and contracting factors, and modulation of inflammatory processes. Significant two-way communication between the main players, the endothelium and SMC, involves paracrine factors and hormonal signalling but can also involve direct physical contact and electrical and chemical continuity via myoendothelial gap junctions (MEGJs).1 Additional signalling can arise from sympathetic and sensory nerves.2 Compounding the situation can be various pathologies that include inflammatory processes involving leucocytes and macrophages and release of cytokines and various growth factors.3 Perhaps not surprisingly, SMCs exposed to such an environment can go walkabout. Compelling evidence indicates that SMCs have a highly plastic phenotype. Although they normally take the form of differentiated, contractile cells, changes in the environmental milieu, such as from injury, can switch the cells to a range of phenotypes that can include migrating de-differentiated cells with a synthetic and proliferative phenotype, macrophage-like, foam-like, phagocytic-like,4–7 and chondrocyte-like cells.8 Many of these effects are mediated intracellularly by a host of microRNAs interacting with a multitude of cellular messenger …
Nitrous Oxide as an Analgesic in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Peter L. Thompson
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Nitrous oxide in a concentration of 35% has been shown to ameliorate the pain of acute myocardial infarction. This conclusion was reached on the basis of a double-blind study in 69 patients and a clinical study in an additional 42 patients. The use of nitrous oxide was not accompanied by hemodynamic changes or significant adverse reactions. (<i>JAMA</i>235:924-927, 1976)
Which contacts of patients with meningococcal disease carry the pathogenic strain of Neisseria meningitidis? A population based study
Authors: B.-E. Kristiansen, Y. Tveten, A. Jenkins
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To determine the prevalence of the pathogenic strain of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> in contacts of patients with meningococcal disease, and to determine which contact groups are likely to be carriers and warrant chemoprophylaxis. <b>Design:</b> Population based study. <b>Setting:</b> Norwegian county of Telemark. <b>Subjects:</b> 1535 primary contacts of 48 patients with meningococcal disease, and 78 secondary contacts. <b>Interventions:</b> Carriers of the pathogenic strain were treated with rifampicin. All household members and kissing contacts under 15 years of age were treated with oral penicillin. Contacts were taught to recognise the symptoms of meningococcal disease. <b>Results:</b> In 27 of 48 cases investigated, contacts carrying the pathogenicstrain of <i>N meningitidis</i> were found. A total of 42 such contacts were identified.Contacts were stratified into three classes according to the assumed closeness of contactwith patients. In class 1 (household members and kissing contacts) the prevalence of the pathogenic strain was 12.4% (95% confidence interval 5.5% to 19.3%). In classes 2 and 3 the prevalence was 1.9% (0.9% to 3.4%) and 1.6% (0.14% to 3.1%). <b>Conclusions:</b> There is a high rate of carriage of the pathogenic strain of <i>N meningitidis</i> in patients9 household members and kissing contacts, and this supports the practice of giving chemoprophylaxis to these contacts. The prevalence of carriage among other contacts is 2-3 times that found in the general population (0.7%); the benefits of chemoprophylaxis to these contacts may be marginal.
Atopy, Specific Sensitization and Respiratory Symptoms In Apprentices of Furniture Industry Exposed to Diisocyanates And Wood Dust
Authors: P. Campo, A. Aranda, C. Rondon, I. Doña, F. Lisbona, J. Rodriguez-Bada, M. Blanca
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)

RATIONALE: Exposure to either diisocyanates and wood may cause increased airway hyperresponsiveness, asthma and sensitization in predisposed subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate atopy, specific sensitization and work-related respiratory symptoms in apprentices of the furniture industry with exposure to diisocyanates and wood dust. METHODS: Forty six apprentices (44M/2F) completed an occupational and symptoms questionnaire, spirometry, skin prick tests to aeroallergens and to 14 types of wood used in the school (commercial and in house extracts respectively). Total IgE and specific IgE to diisocyanates were also measured. RESULTS: Subjectś mean age was 19.2 yrs, 37% smokers, 17% had previous history of asthma, while 39% had previous rhinitis. Positive responses to ≥1 aeroallergens were found in 44% of subjects. Mean time of exposure to diisocyanates and wood was 27.8 and 41.4 months respectively. Specific sensitization to wood was found in 2/46 (4%, 1 to pine tree and 1 to olive tree wood) and to diisocyanates in 1/46 (2%). Work-related respiratory symptoms were reported in 28/46 (60%): 7/46 (15.2%) associated to exposure to diisocyanates, 25/46 (54%) related to wood dust exposure and 4/46 (8.7%) to both. Total IgE was significantly lower in symptomatic vs. asymptomatic apprentices (p = 0.01) but no significant differences were found in terms of time of exposure, age, FEV1, smoking, previous respiratory symptoms or atopy. CONCLUSIONS: Frequency of atopy (44%) and respiratory symptoms (60%) was high among apprentices exposed to diisocyanates and wood but specific sensitization was low. Respiratory symptoms were more frequent in relation to wood exposure compared with diisocyanates.
Light-Dependent Redistribution of Arrestin in Vertebrate Rods Is an Energy-Independent Process Governed by Protein-Protein Interactions
Authors: K. Saidas Nair, Susan M. Hanson, Ana Mendez, Eugenia V. Gurevich, Matthew J. Kennedy, Valery I. Shestopalov, Sergey A. Vishnivetskiy, Jeannie Chen, James B. Hurley, Vsevolod V. Gurevich, Vladlen Z. Slepak
Journal: Neuron (2005)
Clinical Remarks on So-Called Hay-Fever or Summer Catarrh
Authors: A. T. H. Waters
Journal: BMJ (1872)

holds to anaemia.A third mode of death commencing in the lungs is that by embolism.A fibrinous clot formed in the right side of the heart, or brought from a distant vein, is carried into the pulmonary artery, and at once more or less completely arrests the circulation in * These remarks were made at the end of July of the present year.
A piece of my mind. Special delivery
Authors: D. R. Reifler
Journal: JAMA (1989)

"NPC," read the bulletin board—no prenatal care. Good, from the point of view of a medical student waiting to deliver his first baby, because there would be no private obstetrician. Bad, from the mother's standpoint, because of the increased risks. I wrote my initials in the box marked "physician" and entered the room. Mrs Cortez was a very short, bronze-skinned, black-haired woman who seemed to be in her early 20s. Apart from her height she bore physical traits of many of the Mexican women who crossed the border just in time to give birth to new US citizens. She wore tattered jeans that were slightly soiled and rolled at the cuffs. A dusty, knitted shawl draped her broad shoulders. Her fingers were calloused, as if she had long worked in the fields. Her face, which she must have protected from the sun, bore sparkling eyes and rosy skin over gentle
NLRP3 in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury: inflammasome-dependent or -independent role in different cell types
Authors: M. Takahashi
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2013)

This editorial refers to ‘The NLRP3 inflammasome is up-regulated in cardiac fibroblasts and mediates myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury’ by O. Sandanger et al. , pp. 164–174, this issue. 

An accumulating body of evidence has indicated that inflammation in the absence of pathogens, which is referred to as sterile inflammation, is mediated through an inflammasome, a large multiple protein complex in the cytosol that induces caspase-1 activation. Till date, several types of the inflammasomes have been documented. The best-characterized inflammasome is the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3; also known as NALP3 and cryopyrin) inflammasome, which is known to participate in the pathophysiology of sterile inflammation.1 The NLRP3 inflammasome contains NLRP3 that interact with the adaptor molecule an apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC; also known as Pycard), which recruits and activates caspase-1. Because caspase-1 is an interleukin (IL)-1β-converting enzyme (ICE), it induces the processing of pro-IL-1β into mature IL-1β and the release of IL-1β, thereby causing inflammation and tissue damage. However, the induction of IL-1β release requires another signal provided by the transcriptional induction of pro-IL-1β. Hence, a system comprising pro-IL-1β induction and inflammasome-mediated IL-1β processing is believed to be necessary for the tight regulation of this potent inflammatory …
See one, do one, teach one?
Authors: M. I. Resnick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —I read with interest Dr Stitham's 1 article on educational practices of medical students and residents and cannot agree with his conclusions. He paints a picture of a laissez faire attitude in which faculty members appear uninterested and aloof and are more concerned with research activities and patient care. Though these latter practices are certainly of importance, I disagree with his opinion that they supersede medical education.  Much effort goes into the evaluation of students from their first day of medical school to their day of graduation. At our institution, a faculty committee in close association with the dean's office reviews all students on a regular basis and works closely with those students not making the grade. Tutorialsessions, professional counseling, and one-on-one interchange with faculty role models are encouraged and are routinely carried out in an attempt to sort out difficulties and correct them. Failing or marginal
Diagnostic value of T cell reactivity in drug induced hepatitis Reply
Authors: W R BARTLE, V A J MARIA, R M M VICTORINO
Journal: Gut (1998)

Editor,—I read with interest Maria and Victorino’s work ( Gut 1997; 41 :534–40) on the diagnostic value of specific T cell reactivity to drugs in 95 cases of drug induced liver injury. They are to be congratulated on assembling the largest group of patients with suspected drug induced hepatotoxicity and attempting to assess causality using their lymphocyte test.

In their discussion, when referring to the clinical significance of the presence of prostaglandin producing suppressor cells in vitro, they state that, “patients in which this phenomenon was detected had a less severe disease, as assessed by aminotransferase concentrations and more rapid cure.” There is another potential clinical significance to the interpretation of their in vitro results and that is …
Outpatient Management of Patients with Alcohol Problems
Authors: David A. Fiellin
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

This paper addresses the clinical presentation of patients with alcohol problems including screening, diagnosis, detoxification, treatment, referral, and longitudinal follow-up. The case-based discussion focuses on the clinical management of a patient whose hazardous drinking progresses to alcohol dependence and requires coordinated care. Ways in which internists can aid patients with alcohol problems by screening, giving brief advice, and providing appropriate referrals when indicated are discussed.
Randomized controlled trial of pegylated interferon-alfa 2a and ribavirin in treatment-naive chronic hepatitis C genotype 6
Authors: Khoa D. Lam, Huy N. Trinh, Son T. Do, Thuan T. Nguyen, Ruel T. Garcia, Tuan Nguyen, Quang Q. Phan, Huy A. Nguyen, Khanh K. Nguyen, Long H. Nguyen, Mindie H. Nguyen
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype is an important criteria in determining duration of therapy and predictor of sustained virologic response (SVR) to pegylated interferon (PEG IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) therapy. Optimal duration of therapy for patients with HCV genotype 6 is not known. We conducted a multicenter, open-label randomized controlled trial of patients with HCV genotype 6 at five gastroenterology clinics in the western U.S. Patients were stratified by viral load and histologic stage and assigned to receive PEG IFN-α2a 180 μg subcutaneously weekly and weight-based oral RBV 800 to 1,200 mg daily for 24 or 48 weeks. Primary outcome measurement was SVR rate by intention-to-treat analysis. From February 2005 to October 2007 a total of 60 patients (age 51 ± 10 years, 47% male, log HCVRNA 6.3 ± 1.1 IU/mL) were enrolled: 27 patients to 24 weeks and 33 patients to 48 weeks of therapy. In the 24-week and 48-week groups, 96% and 97% achieved early virologic response ( P = 0.90); 89% versus 94% achieved end of therapy virologic response ( P = 0.48). SVR was achieved in 70% versus 79% of patients assigned to 24 weeks versus 48 weeks ( P = 0.45). Rapid virologic response (RVR) was a significant predictor of SVR in the 48-week group and trending towards significance in the 24-week group: 82% and 83% of those with RVR achieved SVR versus 33% and 29% for the 24-week and 48-week groups, respectively ( P = 0.07 and P = 0.02). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in SVR rates in patients with HCV genotype 6 treated with PEG IFN-α2a and RBV for 24 versus 48 weeks. (Hepatology 2010;52:1573-1580)