tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cell biology of liver endothelial and Kupffer cells.
Authors: B Smedsrod, P J De Bleser, F Braet, P Lovisetti, K Vanderkerken, E Wisse, A Geerts
Journal: Gut (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To explore the impact of participating in undergraduate teaching in general practice for patients with common mental disorders. <b>Design:</b> Questionnaire survey and qualitative in-depth interviews. <b>Setting:</b> Community based undergraduate teaching programme for fourth year students at a London medical school doing a psychiatry attachment. <b>Participants:</b> Questionnaire survey: all patients involved in the teaching programme over one academic year. In-depth interviews: 20 patients, 14 students, and 12 general practitioner tutors participating in the programme. <b>Results:</b> The questionnaire showed high levels of satisfaction with teaching encounters for participating patients, which were corroborated in the interviews. Many patients and general practitioners reported specific therapeutic benefits for patients from contact with students, including raised self esteem and empowerment; the development of a coherent “illness narrative”; new insights into their problems; and a deeper, more balanced, and understanding doctor-patient relationship. For a few patients the teaching caused some distress, which may relate to a lack of insight into their condition or deficits in students9 interviewing skills. <b>Conclusions:</b> Participation in teaching can have additional positive therapeutic outcomes for selected patients with common mental disorders, although a small minority report negative effects. Testing in a larger sample is needed to determine the characteristics of patients in these two subgroups and establish whether these effects persist. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Patients show high levels of general satisfaction with their participation in teaching Little is known in detail about outcomes for patients who participate in teaching—in particular, patients with common mental disorders in community settings <h3>What this study adds</h3> Patients with common mental disorders respond well to participation in undergraduate teaching in primary care Most patients value time to talk and reflect, and some gained a stronger, more balanced doctor-patient relationship In some patients the process results in higher self esteem and empowerment, a more coherent “illness narrative,” and new insights A few patients find the teaching encounter distressing
References and Reviews
Authors: Max A. Goldzieher
Journal: JAMA (1963)

To the Editor:  —In the Reference and Review section ofThe Journal( 183 :201 [March 16] 1963), in a review of the paper by Bayley et al ( J Clin Endocr  22 :1127 [Nov] 1962), the statement is made that estrogen treatment increases the rate of linear growth. This is contrary to my finding that the treatment arrests linear growth, as I have claimed in several earlier publications. The reviewer failed to note that Bayley et al did not follow the recommended treatment, ie, giving substantial doses of estrogen daily. Instead they administered the medication for only 20 days a month, leaving the adolescent girls 10 days time to rebound from the suppression of their pituitary function with acceleration of linear growth. Several other authors who have followed my recommendations of uninterrupted estrogen medication have found without exception that longitudinal growth can be arrested, thereby preventing these girls from attaining undesirable
Baroreflex sensitivity in patients with Takayasu's aortitis.
Authors: A Takeshita, S Tanaka, Y Orita, H Kanaide, M Nakamura
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Takayasu's aortitis is an arterial inflammatory disease of arteries of unknown etiology. Fainting is a common symptom and has been attributed to ypersensitivity of the baroreflex. We studied baroreflex sensitivity in 11 patients with Takayasu's aortitis and compared it with that of eight control subjects of comparable age. Baroreflex sensitivity was assessed by determining the slope of a regression line relating the rise of systolic arterial pressure to the prolongation of the R-R interval of the electrocardiogram during a transient rise of arterial pressure induced by an intravenous injection of phenylephrine. The average baroreflex slope of patients with Takayasu's arteritis (4.0 +/- 0.8 msec/mm Hg) was significantly less than that of control subjects (10.7 +/- 0.8 msec/mm Hg, P less than 0.001). Reduced baroreflex sensitivity in patients with Takayasu's aortitis may be due to the hardening of the arteries where baroreceptors lie, or to hypertension and/or cardiac disease which was present in most of the patients included in this study. Patients with Takayasu's aortitis who complained of fainting also showed the reduced baroreflex sensitivity. This indicates that fainting in this disease is not likely to be caused by the hyperreactivity of the baroreceptors as is commonly postulated.
Immunisation in a curative setting.
Authors: P E Kofoed, B Nielsen, A K Rahman
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To study the uptake of vaccination offered to women and children attending a curative health facility. DESIGN--Prospective survey over eight months of the uptake of vaccination offered to unimmunised women and children attending a diarrhoeal treatment centre as patients or attendants. SETTING--The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh. SUBJECTS--An estimated 19,349 unimmunised women aged 15 to 45 and 17,372 children attending the centre for treatment or accompanying patients between 1 January and 31 August 1989. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--The number of women and children who were unimmunised or incompletely immunised was calculated and the percentage of this target population accepting vaccination was recorded. RESULTS--7530 (84.2%) Of 8944 eligible children and 7730 (40.4%) of 19,138 eligible women were vaccinated. Of the children, 63.8% were boys, 75.9% were aged under 1 year, and 23.0% were aged 1 to 2 years. The estimated number of missed opportunities for vaccination was 716 among the children (8.0% of the target population) and 11,408 among the women (59.6% of those eligible). CONCLUSION--It is possible to establish immunisation services at a health facility treating acutely ill patients.
Informed Consent, Cancer, and Truth in Prognosis
Authors: George J. Annas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Barbara Tuchman records that during the Black Death epidemic in the early 14th century, “doctors were admired, lawyers universally hated and mistrusted”1. The great plagues and wars of the Middle Ages produced a “cult of death,” including a vast popular literature that had death as its theme. As the 20th century closes, our emphasis is on the denial of death, and the honest discussion of death remains rare both in popular literature and in conversations between physicians and patients. This is one reason why Shana Alexander shocked a national conference of bioethicists last year by saying, “I trust my . . .
NOTES ON VACCINE.
Authors: CHARLES T. McCLINTOCK
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Most of the observations recorded in this paper are not new. The literature on vaccine contains such a diversity of statements, in regard to its reactions and limitations, that one is often at a loss to know just what to believe in regard to a given statement. <h3>EXPERIMENTS.</h3> The following experiments were undertaken in order to satisfy myself in regard to the various reactions mentioned: <h3>EXPERIMENTS ON CALVES.</h3> A heifer about three months old was fed per os six ounces of an emulsion of active vaccine. Ten days later there were observed a few large, typical, umbilicated vesicles on the legs in the region of the groin and around the udder. A heifer was injected intravenously with 5 c.c. of an emulsion of active vaccine. Nine days later a large number of well-developed vesicles were discovered in the region of the injection, on the opposite side of the
Structure-function-relationship of the APP-E1-domain
Authors: Sandra Hoefgen, Sven O Dahms, Dirk Roeser, Manuel E Than
Journal: Molecular Neurodegeneration (2013)

Background Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most frequent forms of dementia in the elderly population affecting about 25 % of people in the age of 80 to 90 years [1]. Due to the more and more ageing society the importance of dementia is increasing. The brain of affected patients is characterized by the deposition of senile plaques containing the neurotoxic peptide Ab40-42 that is derived out of its precursor, the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) [2]. Beside its role in Alzheimer’s pathology many physiological functions, like stimulation of synaptogenesis and signal transduction in a receptor-like manner are discussed for APP [3]. However, until now it was not possible to correlate the known structures of subdomains with most of the proposed physiological functions of APP.
Tobacco smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: C Kolappan
Journal: Thorax (2002)

<b>Background:</b> The prevalence of tuberculosis in adult men in India is 2–4 times higher than in women. Tobacco smoking is prevalent almost exclusively among men, so it is possible that tobacco smoking may be a risk factor for developing pulmonary tuberculosis. A nested case control study was carried out to study the association between tobacco smoking and pulmonary tuberculosis. <b>Methods:</b> A tuberculosis disease survey was carried out in two Panchayat unions in the Tiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu in India. Eighty five men aged 20–50 years with bacteriological tuberculosis (smear and/or culture positive) were selected as cases and 459 age matched men without tuberculosis were selected randomly as controls. Information on smoking status, type of tobacco smoked, quantity of tobacco smoked, and duration of tobacco smoking was collected from cases and controls using a questionnaire. <b>Results:</b> The estimated crude odds ratio (OR) of the association between tobacco smoking and bacillary tuberculosis was 2.48 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.42 to 4.37), p&lt;0.001.The age adjusted OR (Mantel-Hanszel estimate) was 2.24.(95% CI 1.27 to 3.94), p&lt;0.05. The ORs for mild (1–10 cigarettes/day), moderate (11–20/day), and heavy (&gt;20/day) smokers were 1.75, 3.17, and 3.68, respectively (p&lt;0.0001 test for linear trend). The ORs for smokers with &lt;10 years, 11–20 years, and &gt;20 years of smoking were 1.72, 2.45, and 3.23, respectively (p&lt;0.0001 test for linear trend). <b>Conclusion:</b> There is a positive association between tobacco smoking and pulmonary (bacillary) tuberculosis (OR 2.5). The association also shows a strong dose-response relationship.
Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Lead and Other Toxic Heavy Metals: The Next Generation of Personal Exposure Biomonitors
Authors: Wassana Yantasee, Yuehe Lin, Kitiya Hongsirikarn, Glen E. Fryxell, Raymond Addleman, Charles Timchalk
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

To support the development and implementation of biological monitoring programs, we need quantitative technologies for measuring xenobiotic exposure. Microanalytical based sensors that work with complex biomatrices such as blood, urine, or saliva are being developed and validated and will improve our ability to make definitive associations between chemical exposures and disease. Among toxic metals, lead continues to be one of the most problematic. Despite considerable efforts to identify and eliminate Pb exposure sources, this metal remains a significant health concern, particularly for young children. Ongoing research focuses on the development of portable metal analyzers that have many advantages over current available technologies, thus potentially representing the next generation of toxic metal analyzers. In this article, we highlight the development and validation of two classes of metal analyzers for the voltammetric detection of Pb, including: a) an analyzer based on flow injection analysis and anodic stripping voltammetry at a mercury-film electrode, and b) Hg-free metal analyzers employing adsorptive stripping voltammetry and novel nanostructure materials that include the self-assembled monolayers on mesoporous supports and carbon nanotubes. These sensors have been optimized to detect Pb in urine, blood, and saliva as accurately as the state-of-the-art inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with high reproducibility, and sensitivity allows. These improved and portable analytical sensor platforms will facilitate our ability to conduct biological monitoring programs to understand the relationship between chemical exposure assessment and disease outcomes.
New international program perpetuates Takemi goals
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Taro Takemi, MD, scientist, inventor, and international medical statesman, is dead at 79 years. In his review of Takemi's last book, George D. Lundberg, MD, editor of<i>JAMA</i>, emphasizes: "Taro Takemi is one of the most remarkable physicians of this or any other century" (<i>JAMA</i>1983;249:949-950). Takemi also is credited with a key role in the establishment of the Japanese edition of<i>JAMA</i>. Takemi died Dec 20 in Tokyo, where he spent most of his adult years, in the hospital of Keio University, from which he received his medical degree in 1930 and where he was being treated for carcinoma of the bile duct. Only a few days before his death, the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, announced that a "Takemi Program in International Health" is being established there with $1.6 million in gifts from two Japanese pharmaceutical companies. In attempting "to develop improved methods for health resource allocation,"
METABOLISM OF S AND R FORMS OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Philip Finkle
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

In the present paper are given the results of studies on the respiratory and glycolytic metabolism of Pneumococcus Types I, II, and III, and of the R forms derived from these. The metabolism of the S and R forms are compared, and the relationship between changes in virulence, changes in chemical constitution, and changes in metabolism is discussed. 1. There is no respiration in Ringer solution unless sugar is added. 2. The pH (7.8) that is optimal for growth of pneumococcus is also the pH at which the maximum respiration occurs. 3. The intensity of respiration varies with type in the strains used. The respiratory capacity of Type I is 56 per cent of that of Type III, which in turn is 71 per cent of that of Type II. 4. The anaerobic glycolysis is approximately the same for all three groups. 5. Pneumococcus Type I is capable of aerobic glycolysis. 6. Pneumococcus Types II and III do not effect glycolysis aerobically. 7. The energy set free in respiration is considerably greater than that set free in glycolysis. 8. The oxidation quotient for lactic acid is of the same order as found by Meyerhof in muscle and by Warburg for mammalian tissues. 9. The respiratory capacities of Types I and III are changed on conversion of the smooth to the rough form. (a) For Type I the respiration is increased 110 per cent. (b) For Type III the respiration is diminished 45 per cent. (c) For Type II there is only a slight diminution in respiratory activity (16 per cent). 10. The anaerobic glycolysis is increased about 25 per cent on the average for all R forms irrespective of type derivation. 11. Type I on being converted to the R form, loses its capacity for aerobic glycolysis. 12. Type III, on being converted to the R form, gains the capacity for aerobic glycolysis. 13. The oxygen consumption by Pneumococcus compared with that of the human tubercle bacillus and of mammalian tissue, for the same time intervals, weight for weight, is as follows: (a) Pneumococcus Type I consumes thirteen times as much oxygen as does the tubercle bacillus (H37). (b) Pneumococcus Type II consumes thirty-four times as much oxygen as does the tubercle bacillus. (c) Pneumococcus Type II consumes over twenty times as much oxygen as does isolated rat kidney tissue, and almost 100 times as much oxygen as does isolated dog muscle.
A Token Reinforcement Ward for Young Psychiatric Patients
Authors: MICHEL HERSEN, RICHARD M. EISLER, BUREN S. SMITH, W. STEWART AGRAS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

The authors describe the application of token reinforcement to young veteran psychiatric patients on a rapid-turnover open ward. Results indicated that reinforcement procedures doubled behavioral output when compared with data obtained in baseline phases. The use of the token economy is discussed with respect to preventing younger psychiatric patients from becoming institutionalized during their hospital stay.
CENTRAL VENOUS CATHETERISATION
Authors: PeterJ. Stow, FrederickA. Burrows, P.G. Berthelsen, Herbert Stöber, S.T.S. Durrant, A. Rahemtulla, J.C.P. Crick, J. Jackson, E.C. Gordon-Smith, R.H.R. Park
Journal: The Lancet (1986)
Clinical and molecular characterization of lipoid proteinosis in Namaqualand, South Africa
Authors: W. Van Hougenhouck-Tulleken, I. Chan, T. Hamada, H. Thornton, T. Jenkins, W.H.I. McLean, J.A. McGrath, M. Ramsay
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Background Lipoid proteinosis (LiP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by a hoarse voice, warty skin infiltration and scarring. Mutations within the extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) gene cause LiP. Since the early 1970s it has been recognized that South Africa has one of the largest groups of LiP patients worldwide, suggesting a probable founder effect. As LiP patients present with considerable clinical variability, this group of patients offers a unique opportunity for genotype–phenotype correlation. Objectives To assess the clinical features and the molecular basis of LiP in patients from the Namaqualand area of the Northern Cape province of South Africa and to examine molecular evidence for a founder effect. Subjects and methods The LiP patient cohort consisted of 29 Coloured patients from Namaqualand and a further seven Caucasoid patients from other areas of South Africa. The control group included 100 healthy geographically and ethnically matched individuals from Namaqualand. Samples were collected after informed consent and with ethics committee approval from the University of the Witwatersrand. LiP patients were examined clinically and a structured recording sheet was completed. A brief neurological evaluation was also performed. The LiP founder effect was investigated at the molecular level by ECM1 mutation detection and haplotype analysis. Results The most consistent clinical signs for a diagnosis of LiP in this group were a hoarse voice and thickened sublingual frenulum leading to restricted tongue movement. Homozygosity for a nonsense mutation in exon 7 of the ECM1 gene, Q276X, was identified in all patients (Coloured and Caucasoid). Despite this genetic homogeneity, considerable clinical variability in skin presentation and psychiatric involvement was observed. Haplotype analysis using markers from a 9·98‐Mb region around the ECM1 locus confirmed the founder effect with a founder core haplotype, 19‐Q276X‐12 (ND1‐ECM1‐D1S2343), in all but four LiP‐associated alleles (n = 58). A LiP carrier rate of 1 in 9 was observed among the 100 Namaqualand controls, predicting a LiP incidence of 1 in 324 in this community. Conclusions Although several consistent clinical features in LiP patients homozygous for the Q276X mutation in the ECM1 gene were observed, there remains considerable clinical variability. This suggests the action of genetic and environmental modifiers of disease severity. Strong molecular evidence supports a single founder effect for the high prevalence of LiP in South Africans, both Coloured and Caucasoid.
Rapid Development of Myelopathy after HTLV-I Infection Acquired by Transfusion during Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Olivier Gout, Michel Baulac, Antoine Gessain, Frank Semah, Fortuna Saal, Jorge Périès, Christian Cabrol, Catherine Foucault-Fretz, Dominique Laplane, François Sigaux, Guy de Thé
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

HUMAN T-cell lymphotropic virus Type I (HTLV-I), considered to be the causative agent of adult T-cell lymphoma/leukemia,1 , 2 is also associated with a chronic myelopathy (tropical spastic paraparesis) that is endemic in the Caribbean,3 , 4 Africa,5 6 7 and South America,8 and with HTLV-I—associated neuropathy in Japan.9 HTLV-I is transmitted sexually, chiefly from men to women, from mother to child by breast-feeding, and by blood transfusion.10 , 11 In Europe and the United States, there is a low prevalence of carriers of HTLV-I antibody (less than 0.03 percent) among blood donors. The infection is found mainly in people from areas endemic for HTLV-I and among intravenous . . .
From the National Institutes of Health
Authors: William Raub
Journal: JAMA (1989)

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The Address Delivered in the Section of Obstetric Medicine
Authors: W. S. Playfair
Journal: BMJ (1880)

Although in his time the distinction was not drawn, and both forms of mischief were included in a common term, it is not difficult, I think, in studying the cases narrated, to distinguish the two classes.Therefore, it may be said that when fever, which must be of one or other of these two forms, is encountered, the diagnosis of blood-poison- ing of the worst kind can hardly now-a-days be doubtful.The general condition of the patient, his very aspect, and the rapid change are enough; and, in cases less intense, the rigors, rise and flactuation of temperature, sweating, and the signs of local mischief elsewhere, point to the cause.But, then,in practice the question is not always so simple as this; niay, it is very frequen-tly complicated by the fact that both causes of disturbance are simullltaneously at work in the same case.It is easy to see how the same local mischief that leads to the formation of unwhole- some fluids will produce irritation of the nerves, and hence the fever which appears will be the result of these two affections in ever varying degree; and, furthermore, even when only one of these two causes is in operation at the onset, it must tend sooner or later to induce the other.Nerve-irritation, if severe and prolonged, by inducing, throulgh sym-