tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Non-neoplastic liver disease associated with chronic ground squirrel hepatitis virus infection
Authors: J M Cullen, P L Marion
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

We examined 95 ground squirrels to compare the histological appearance of liver sections from animals that were chronically infected with ground squirrel hepatitis virus (GSHV) (n = 29), uninfected (n = 42), or had recovered from infection (n = 24). We studied the effects of long-term infection because these animals had been infected with GSHV for up to 10 years. Chronic infection generally produced a mild, persistent hepatitis characterized by light lymphocytic and plasmacytic portal infiltrates with occasional individual necrotic hepatocytes and small aggregates of Kupffer cells or mononuclear inflammatory cells in the parenchyma. In a few of the portal tracts from each of the more inflamed livers (grade 2), the inflammatory infiltrate penetrated the limiting plate and extended into the adjacent parenchyma. Hepatitis (grades 1 or 2) was detected more often in chronically infected animals (17 of 29) than in recovered (4 of 24) or uninfected ground squirrels (7 of 42). Fibrosis was generally not increased, but fine strands of collagen extended from the portal tracts and central veins into the parenchyma of about one quarter of the infected and recovered animals. Cytoplasmic pigment accumulation and variation in the size of hepatocyte nuclei appeared to be related to aging, not infection. Serum levels of aspartate and alanine transaminases (AST and ALT) were mildly elevated in samples from seven infected animals compared with seven control animals. Despite many years of chronic infection, liver injury was similar to that reported in previous studies on animals infected for shorter intervals, indicating that liver injury is not progressive in GSHV-infected ground squirrels.
Assessment of myelotoxicity caused by environmental chemicals.
Authors: G A Boorman, M I Luster, J H Dean, M L Campbell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

Potential antineoplastic agents must be screened for the delayed toxicity that occurs in many cases of drug-induced bone marrow aplasia. In vitro clonal assays for hematopoietic progenitor cells have been developed to assess the degree of myelotoxicity. This adverse side effect is often the limiting factor in the development of new cancer chemotherapeutics. In addition, many environmental chemicals are cytotoxic to rapidly proliferating cells, but a systematic assessment of their myelotoxicity has not been performed. We have used clonal marrow assays to investigate a panel of chemicals including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, polybrominated biphenyls, diethylstilbestrol, benzo(a)pyrene and indomethacin. All were immunotoxic, some to pleuripotent hemopoetic stem cells and other to granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, and at concentrations below those causing other toxic manifestations. This shows that these bone marrow clonal assays, and hopefully future one for erythroid, B- and T-lymphocytes, and megakaryocytes, will provide the specificity and sensitivity necessary to delineate the myelotoxicity of a broad spectrum of environmental chemicals.
Exfoliative Dermatitis in the Newborn
Authors: A. G. MacGillivray
Journal: BMJ (1942)

_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EIA ORAservice, but, unlike the patients of 1914-18 with such obvious physical signs as paralysis or contracture, they could not be calm and confident.There was fear, also unconscious, that they would not attain their desire.Hysteria was the reaction of the man of subnormal intelligence when conditions became too unpleasant or difficult to cope with.In several the reaction was only episodic, and if they could be helped through the crisis by a change of conditions, or advice on their worries, or encouragement, they would settle down again.It is debatable whether this is a sound policy, as there is no sure means of gauging if the soldier will remain stable in the stress of battle.The medical officer must weigh the patient's present against his potential value as a soldier, and must also consider the effect on morale.Few can watch an unemotional hysteric return to civilian life without questioning the genuineness of his disability, whereas the man with an acute anxiety state is obviously ill.Transfer to the Pioneer Corps and recategorization to C are a partial solution, but there are still some men who, though physically sound, are psychologically unfit for military service.Capt.G. R. Peberdy, R.A.M.C.; deserves my thanks for much help and
Is ambient ethene a cancer risk factor?
Authors: M Törnqvist
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Ethene is, on a molar basis, a major urban air pollutant. It has been shown beyond doubt that a fraction of inhaled ethene is metabolized in mammals (including humans) via ethylene oxide, an electrophilic reagent that has been shown to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. To the extent that the linearity hypothesis for dose-response relationships at low levels is accepted, exposure to ethene is therefore expected to lead to a risk increment. In order to judge whether ethene as a single compound should be considered a risk factor, it has to be evaluated whether this risk increment is negligibly small or of concern to individuals or societies. The magnitude of the cancer risk from ethene cannot be inferred from animal experiments. Because of saturation of the metabolism of ethene, sufficient statistical power cannot be attained in long-term animal tests with about 100 animals per dose. By application of the radiation-dose equivalent of the unit of target dose of ethylene oxide and using the best (although still uncertain) value for the conversion factor (about 5%), exposure to 10 ppb ethene--a level occurring in urban areas--is expected to lead to a lifetime risk of cancer death amounting to approximately 70 per 100,000. According to a recent estimate the average exposure in Sweden to ethene is some six times lower. These figures are uncertain by a factor of at least three. They indicate ethene to be a risk factor of concern.
Effect of dietary fat on the small intestinal mucosa.
Authors: D G Maxton, E U Cynk, A P Jenkins, R P Thompson
Journal: Gut (1989)

The presence of food within the small intestinal lumen promotes mucosal cell proliferation. To define the trophic role of triglycerides, three groups of eight female Wistar rats were isocalorically fed for four weeks with either Vivonex, or Vivonex with 50% calorie substitution with an essential fatty acid mixture, or Vivonex with 50% calorie substitution with a saturated fatty acid mixture. Although Vivonex caused greater body weight gain, both essential fatty acids and saturated fatty acids increased small intestinal weight, mucosal weight, protein and DNA overall, and in each of three intestinal segments (proximal, middle and distal), compared with Vivonex. Mucosal indices were similar for essential fatty acids and saturated fatty acids. These results show that triglycerides, regardless of essential fatty acid content, are trophic to the rat small intestinal mucosa.
Activation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes reduces their adhesion to P-selectin and causes redistribution of ligands for P-selectin on their surfaces.
Authors: D E Lorant, R P McEver, T M McIntyre, K L Moore, S M Prescott, G A Zimmerman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

In acute inflammatory responses, selectins mediate initial rolling of neutrophils (PMNs) along the endothelial surface. This is followed by tight adhesion that requires activation-dependent up-regulation of CD11/CD18 integrins on PMNs. For emigration to occur, the initial bonds that are established at the endothelial surface must be disengaged. We show that activation of PMNs results in their detachment from P-selectin, a glycoprotein expressed at the surface of inflamed endothelium that mediates initial tethering of PMNs. Loosening of the bond occurs when PMNs are activated by platelet-activating factor, which is coexpressed with P-selectin, or by other signaling molecules. The time course of reduced adhesion to P-selectin, when compared to up-regulation of CD11/CD18 integrins, suggests that "bond trading" may occur as activated PMNs transmigrate in vivo. Activation of PMNs did not alter binding of fluid-phase P-selectin, indicating that the ligand(s) for P-selectin is not shed or internalized. Using microspheres coated with P-selectin, we found that ligands for P-selectin were randomly distributed over the surfaces of rounded, unactivated PMNs. An antibody against P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) completely inhibited binding of P-selectin-coated beads suggesting that P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 is the critical binding site in this assay. In contrast to the dispersed pattern on unactivated PMNs, the ligands for P-selectin were localized on the uropods of activated, polarized cells. Pretreating PMNs with cytochalasin D before activation prevented the change in cell shape, the redistribution of binding sites for P-selectin-coated beads, and the decrease in cellular adhesiveness for P-selectin. These experiments indicate that the distribution of ligands for P-selectin is influenced by cellular activation and by cytoskeletal interactions, and that redistribution of these ligands may influence adhesive interactions. Activation of PMNs may cause loosening or disengagement of bonds between P-selectin and its ligands, facilitating transendothelial migration.
Early Treatment of Poliomyelitis
Authors: G. P. Mitchell
Journal: BMJ (1952)

Poliomyelitis in this country did not assume epidemic proportions until 1947.Experience since then seems to indicate a greater endemicity than in the past, with a greater liability to seasonal epidemics in various areas.To ensure good treatment and to obtain accurate information from a relatively small number of cases, it is essential that the care of the patients be delegated to a team composed of members from all branches of
Genetic determination of adiponectin and its relationship with body fat topography in multigenerational families of African heritage
Authors: Iva Miljkovic-Gacic, Xiaojing Wang, Candace M. Kammerer, Clareann H. Bunker, Victor W. Wheeler, Alan L. Patrick, Lewis H. Kuller, Rhobert W. Evans, Joseph M. Zmuda
Journal: Metabolism (2007)
The Do-Not-Resuscitate Order in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Steven H. Miles, Ronald Cranford, Alvin L. Schultz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

We present a policy for implementing the do-not resuscitate orders by medical residents in a teaching hospital, and discuss decision making, legal and ethical considerations, the primary physician's responsibility, and record documentation. THe establishment of a policy and procedure for implementing do-not-resuscitate orders resulted in greater consideration of patient and family rights and improved communication and sensitivity in dealing with those concerned with the patient's medical care and welfare.
Tuberculosis of the Genitourinary Tract among Soldiers in World War II
Authors: Richard Chute
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

IN World War II, in the United States Army, all patients with tuberculosis — whether pulmonary or otherwise — were sent either to Fitzsimons General Hospital, Denver, Colorado, or to Bruns General Hospital, Santa Fe, New Mexico. Of the two hospitals the former was considered the senior and more important, since it was older and larger and was a permanent installation. The treatment of tuberculous patients at Fitzsimons General Hospital was typical of that in the majority of cases in the Army, and as chief of the Section of Urology from January to December, 1945, I had the opportunity to . . .
Scapular Hibernoma Fortuitously Discovered on Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Through Tc-99m Tetrofosmin
Authors: JUAN DÍAZ OLLER, JUAN DAVID TUTOSAUS GÓMEZ, JOSÉ FOMBELLIDA KORTAZAR, JUAN de DIOS BARRANCO GARCÍA, ANGEL ARCOS NAVARRO, RICARDO J. VÁZQUEZ ALBERTINO, JUAN J. ALÍA DÍAZ, JUAN A. ASANZA LLORENTE, MARGARITA NUMANCIA ANDREU, RAFAEL FLORES ARCAS, TERESA MEDINA, RESTITUTO J. MOYA VÁZQUEZ
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2001)

A 49-year-old man was hospitalized for precordial pain. The result of a resting electrocardiograph was normal. Tc-99m tetrofosmin stress myocardial imaging was performed and uptake in the area of the left scapula was seen. The abnormality was caused by a subcutaneous tumor. Histologic examination revealed a hibernoma.
Prognosis of angina with and without a diagnosis: 11 year follow up in the Whitehall II prospective cohort study
Authors: H. Hemingway
Journal: BMJ (2003)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To investigate the prognosis of angina among people with and without diagnosis by a doctor and an abnormal cardiovascular test result. <b>Design</b> Prospective cohort study with a median follow up of 11 years. <b>Setting</b> 20 civil service departments originally located in London. <b>Participants</b> 10 308 civil servants aged 35-55 years at baseline. <b>Main outcome measures</b> Recurrent reports of angina; quality of life (SF-36 physical functioning); non-fatal myocardial infarction; death from any cause (n = 344). <b>Results</b> 1158 (11.4%) participants developed angina, and 813 (70%) had no evidence of diagnosis by a doctor at the time of the initial report. Participants without a diagnosis had an increased risk of impaired physical functioning (age and sex adjusted odds ratio of 2.36 (95% confidence interval 1.91 to 2.90)) compared with those who had neither angina nor myocardial infarction throughout follow up. Among reported cases of angina without a diagnosis, the 15.5% with an abnormality on a study electrocardiogram had an increased risk of death (hazard ratio 2.37 (1.16 to 4.87)). These effects were similar in magnitude to those in participants with a diagnosis of angina. <b>Conclusion</b> Undiagnosed angina was common and had an adverse impact on prognosis comparable to that of diagnosed angina, particularly among people with electrocardiographic abnormalities. Efforts to improve prognosis among people with angina should take account of this submerged clinical iceberg.
Characterization of colonic polyps at conventional (nonmagnifying) colonoscopy after spraying with 0.2 % indigo carmine dye
Authors: S. Sonwalkar, O. Rotimi, B. Rembacken
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and study aims: Japanese endoscopists have devised a classification system based on mucosal crypt patterns which is helpful for distinguishing between hyperplastic polyps, adenomas, and invasive cancers at colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to assess how well the various types of colonic polyp could be distinguished using conventional colonoscopes after spraying with 0.2 % indigo carmine dye. Patients and methods: The endoscopic appearances of all colonic lesions were assessed in 476 unselected patients using normal-resolution, nonmagnifying colonoscopes after spraying with 0.2 % indigo carmine dye. Results: A total of 709 lesions were found in the 476 patients, and histology was available for 673 of these lesions: 187 lesions were found to be non-neoplastic (128 hyperplastic, 2 juvenile, 30 inflammatory, and 27 classified as ”others”); 467 lesions were adenomatous; and 19 lesions were carcinomas. Of the 467 adenomas, 377 were tubular, 77 were tubulovillous, 8 were villous and 5 were serrated; 423/467 were correctly identified (sensitivity 91 %). Of the 187 non-neoplastic lesions, 153 were correctly classified (specificity 82 %). A total of 343 of the 377 tubular lesions were correctly identified as tubular adenomas (sensitivity 90 %), and 46 of the 77 tubulovillous lesions were correctly identified. Conclusions: Standard colonoscopy with dye spraying can be used to differentiate colonic polyps. Magnification is not always necessary to distinguish neoplastic from nonneoplastic colonic lesions. This finding could result in resource savings in colonoscopic screening.
Use of a Disposable Sheath System for Flexible Sigmoidoscopy in Decentralized Colorectal Cancer Screening
Authors: M. Bretthauer, G. Hoff, E. Thiis-Evensen, T. Grotmol, I. K. Larsen, Ø. Kjellevold, E. Skovlund
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

To prevent transmission of infectious agents and to reduce instrument reprocessing time, the use of disposable sheath systems instead of conventionally reprocessed endoscopes has been promoted for flexible sigmoidoscopy. This trial primarily investigated the feasibility of a disposable sheath system for flexible sigmoidoscopy in decentralized colorectal cancer screening.In an ongoing colorectal cancer screening trial, 226 consecutive participants were randomly allocated to have their flexible sigmoidoscopy performed with either a fiberoptic sigmoidoscope covered with a disposable sheath ("EndoSheath group") or a conventional video colonoscope ("standard colonoscope group"). All examinations were performed at a temporary screening center. The patients' experience was documented using a questionnaire. The feasibility of running temporary screening units was evaluated.Examinations beyond the 60-cm level were excluded. Thus, 113 patients (examined with the disposable instrument) and 87 (standard instrument) were eligible for analysis. When the sheathed system was used, all the devices needed could be satisfactorily transported. A screening center could be set up within a few hours. No differences were observed in patient discomfort. Fewer patients with polyps were observed in the EndoSheath group (48 [42%]), compared with 55 (63%) in the standard colonoscope group; P = 0.005). No significant differences were observed for polyps larger than 5 mm (14 [12%] in the EndoSheath group, 13 [15%] in the standard colonoscope group; P = 0.6).Using the disposable system, decentralized colorectal cancer screening was easily established. However, fewer polyps were found, possibly due to the fiberoptic nature of the instrument. Sheathed video instruments are desirable and may increase the diagnostic yield.
FACTORS IN THE MORTALITY OF APPENDICITIS.
Authors: JOHN B. DEAVER
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Infectious inflammation of the vermiform appendix has occupied the attention of the medical profession for many years, has been discussed and debated at hundreds of society meetings, and has furnished a fertile theme for thousands of good, bad and indifferent medical authors. Books have been written on the subject in France, in Germany, in England, and in the United States describing the historic episodes, the pathology, the diagnosis and the treatment of the disease. The vermiform has been cut off, tucked in and turned inside out; the patients have been purged, narcotized, packed in ice or baked in poultices; they have been starved or instructed to walk on all fours like quadrupeds; leucocytes have been gazed on through the barrel of the microscope and tested for glycogen, and the urine assiduously examined for indican, acetone or albumin, and yet, with all this study, all of the examinations, a fatal
Arrestin Orchestrates Crosstalk Between G Protein-Coupled Receptors to Modulate the Spatiotemporal Activation of ERK MAPK
Authors: David Cervantes, Catherine Crosby, Yang Xiang
Journal: Circulation Research (2009)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to diversified extracellular stimuli to modulate cellular function. Despite extensive studies investigating the regulation of single GPCR signaling cascades, the effects of concomitant GPCR activation on downstream signaling and cellular function remain unclear.We aimed to characterize the cellular mechanism by which GPCR crosstalk regulates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation.Adrenergic receptors on cardiac fibroblasts were manipulated to examine the role of arrestin in the spatiotemporal regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 MAPK signaling. We show a general mechanism in which arrestin activation by one GPCR is capable of regulating signaling originating from another GPCR. Activation of Gq coupled-receptor signaling leads to prolonged ERK1/2 MAPK phosphorylation, nuclear accumulation, and cellular proliferation. Interestingly, coactivation of these receptors with the beta-adrenergic receptors induced transient ERK signaling localized within the cytosol, which attenuated cell proliferation. Further studies revealed that recruitment of arrestin3 to the beta2-adrenergic receptor orchestrates the sequestration of Gq-coupled receptor-induced ERK to the cytosol through direct binding of ERK to arrestin.This is the first evidence showing that arrestin3 acts as a coordinator to integrate signals from multiple GPCRs. Our studies not only provide a novel mechanism explaining the integration of mitogenic signaling elicited by different GPCRs, but also underscore the critical role of signaling crosstalk among GPCRs in vivo.
Abuse History and Gastrointestinal Illness
Authors: Anil Minocha
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Letters15 September 1996Abuse History and Gastrointestinal IllnessAnil Minocha, MDAnil Minocha, MDUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-6-199609150-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:I congratulate Dr. Drossman for his timely review of the management of refractory functional gastrointestinal disorders [1]. He suggests that the predominant symptom should determine the best medication (for example, loperamide for diarrhea and anticholinergic agents for pain). He recommends psychoactive medications when pain is unrelated to changes in gut function, thus downplaying the role of antidepressant agents in functional gastrointestinal disorders in the presence of gut dysfunction. Greenbaum and colleagues [2] have shown a beneficial effect of desipramine on diarrhea and on the abdominal pain in diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome. Similarly, Cannon and associates [3] have ...References1. Drossman DA. Diagnosing and treating patients with refractory functional gastrointestinal disorders. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 123:688-97. Google Scholar2. Greenbaum DS, Mayle JE, Vanegeren LE, Jerome JA, Mayor JW, Greenbaum RB, et al. Effects of desipramine on irritable bowel syndrome compared with atropine and placebo. Dig Dis Sci. 1987; 32:257-66. Google Scholar3. Cannon RO, Quyyumi AA, Mincemoyer R, Stine AM, Gracely RH, Smith WB, et al. Imipramine in patients with chest pain despite normal angiograms. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330:1411-7. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Anil Minocha, MDAffiliations: University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73126 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 September 1996Volume 125, Issue 6Page: 517KeywordsAbdominal painAngiographyDiarrheaDiarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndromeDrugsIschemia ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 September 1996 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1996 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...