tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Physician Use of the HIV Antibody Test
Authors: Renslow Sherer
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The author, a physician at the AIDS Service of Chicago's Cook County Hospital, examines some of the potential harms to patients of indiscriminate HIV antibody testing. He maintains that physicians have a responsibility to educate themselves about the meaning, appropriate use, and adverse consequences of the test and to encourage voluntary HIV antibody testing for persons at risk. Tests should be preceded by informed consent after full disclosure of risks and benefits, accompanied by counseling regarding HIV and AIDS transmission and prevention, and followed by post-test counseling. Strict confidentiality should be maintained at every step in the procedure. Sherer cautions physicians about confirming positive results and the occurrence of false negative tests and urges counseling concerning behavioral change for all at-risk persons irrespective of test results.
Dietary protein intake is not correlated with clinical proteinuria in NIDDM
Authors: Nauman Jameel, Jacqueline A Pugh, Braxton D Mitchell, Michael P Stern
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Objective — To determine whether dietary protein intake is correlated with clinical proteinuria in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Research Design And Methods — Cross-sectional analysis of data obtained from the San Antonio Heart Study, a population-based survey of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors. Subjects were enrolled in two phases: phase 1 between 1979 and 1982 and phase 2 between 1984 and 1988. This study was based on 376 NIDDM subjects who had both urinalysis and complete dietary protein intake information available. Dietary protein intake was measured by 24-h dietary recall in phase 1 and by food-frequency questionnaire in phase 2. An early-morning spot urine was obtained from study subjects. Clinical proteinuria was defined as ≥ 1 on Ames Albustix test. Results — In phase 1, the subjects with negative or trace proteinuria had a mean protein intake of 79.9 g/day compared with 72.1 g/day for subjects with ≥ 1 proteinuria. In phase 2, the mean protein intake was 72.2 g/day in the negative/trace group and 65.3 g/day in the ≥ 1 proteinuria group. In multivariate analysis, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, and 2-h blood glucose, we were again unable to detect a significant correlation between dietary protein intake and clinical proteinuria. Conclusions — These data do not support the hypothesis that high-protein intake is a risk factor for clinical proteinuria in NIDDM subjects. Therefore, any recommendation for protein restriction in the diets of NIDDM subjects, before the development of NIDDM-related nephropathy, must be made with caution.
CANCER OF THE OESOPHAGUS
Authors: H. S. Souttar
Journal: BMJ (1934)

Cancer of the oesophagus still presents one of the un- solved problems of surgery.The deep situation of these growths, their close proximity to the great vessels-the pleura and the bronchi and the vital importance of the oesophagus itself make surgical attack exceedingly diffi- cult.Secondary growths are, it is true, not a very marked feature, but the explanation of this is to be found rather in the fact that the patients die before any can occur than in any want of imalignancy in the growths themselves.The primary growth is ofte'n -considerable in volume, but -in general it 'is impossible during life to form any true esti'mate of its extent.This in itself adds greatly to the difficulty 'of scientific treatment, since if radium is employed it is 'im'possible to say with any certainty where' it -ought to be placed, or how much should be inserted.In 'addition, the patient is usually an elderly individual,' often in'the last stages of exhaustion from starvation, and quite unable to support any attempt at radical surge'ry.The first problem in all these cases is to enable the patient to swallow, and this we shall show it is usually possible to accomplish by comparatively simple means.On the othcr hand, the growths themselves are almost invariably squamous carcinomata, often of a baso-cellular type, such as is known to be highly sensitive to radium,
Monocyte-T lymphocyte interaction for regulation of insulin receptors of the activated T lymphocyte.
Authors: J H Helderman, R Ayuso, J Rosenstock, P Raskin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

During activation the lymphocyte attains functional insulin receptors with precise regulation, a consequence of insulin concentration manipulations. These studies test the hypothesis that insulin receptor (+) monocytes monitor insulin concentrations, so instructing the T lymphocytes. Monocyte-enriched populations were incubated with insulin (0-10(-6) M) followed by co-culture with T lymphocytes and an activating stimulus. A dose-related fall in T lymphocyte insulin receptor binding was observed that was specific for the monocyte as the signalling cell and for insulin as the signal received. Monocytes from normal volunteers during a euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp were cultured with T lymphocytes and an activating stimulus. A decline in specific insulin receptor binding on T lymphocytes was observed, which Scatchard analysis demonstrated to be a consequence of reduction in receptor numbers. These studies demonstrate that the receptor (+) monocyte perceives the concentration of insulin and passes this information to T lymphocytes regulating the number of activation-induced insulin receptors. The interplay between the monocyte and T lymphocyte parallels the interaction of these cell types for recognition of antigen.
Incidence of Breast Cancer and Its Subtypes in Relation to Individual and Multiple Low-Penetrance Genetic Susceptibility Loci
Authors: Gillian K. Reeves, Ruth C. Travis, Jane Green, Diana Bull, Sarah Tipper, Krys Baker, Valerie Beral, Richard Peto, John Bell, Diana Zelenika, Mark Lathrop, for the Million Women Study Collaborators
Journal: JAMA (2010)

There is limited evidence on how the risk of breast cancer and its subtypes depend on low-penetrance susceptibility loci, individually or in combination.To analyze breast cancer risk, overall and by tumor subtype, in relation to 14 individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously linked to the disease, and in relation to a polygenic risk score.Study of 10,306 women with breast cancer (mean age at diagnosis, 58 years) and 10,393 women without breast cancer who in 2005-2008 provided blood samples for genotyping in a large prospective study of UK women; and meta-analysis of these results and of other published results.Estimated per-allele odds ratio (OR) for individual SNPs, and cumulative incidence of breast cancer to age 70 years in relation to a polygenic risk score based on the 4, 7, or 10 SNPs most strongly associated with risk.Odds ratios for breast cancer were greatest for FGFR2-rs2981582 and TNRC9-rs3803662 and, for these 2 SNPs, were significantly greater for estrogen receptor (ER)-positive than for ER-negative disease, both in our data and in meta-analyses of all published data (pooled per-allele ORs [95% confidence intervals] for ER-positive vs ER-negative disease: 1.30 [1.26-1.33] vs 1.05 [1.01-1.10] for FGFR2; interaction P < .001; and 1.24 [1.21-1.28] vs 1.12 [1.07-1.17] for TNRC9; interaction P < .001). The next strongest association was for 2q-rs13387042, for which the per-allele OR was significantly greater for bilateral than unilateral disease (1.39 [1.21-1.60] vs 1.15 [1.11-1.20]; interaction P = .008) and for lobular than ductal tumors (1.35 [1.23-1.49] vs 1.10 [1.05-1.15]; interaction P < .001). The estimated cumulative incidence (95% confidence interval) of breast cancer to age 70 years among women in the top and bottom fifths of a polygenic risk score based on 7 SNPs was 8.8% (8.3%-9.4%) and 4.4% (4.2%-4.8%), respectively. For ER-positive disease the corresponding risks were 7.4% (6.9%-8.0%) and 3.4% (3.1%-3.8%), respectively; while for ER-negative disease they were 1.4% (1.2%-1.6%) and 1.0% (0.8%-1.2%). The findings did not differ materially according to the number of SNPs included in the polygenic risk model.The polygenic risk score was substantially more predictive of ER-positive than of ER-negative breast cancer, particularly for absolute risk.
Left ventricular aneurysm and the prediction of left ventricular enlargement studied by two-dimensional echocardiography: quantitative assessment of aneurysm size in relation to clinical course.
Authors: M Matsumoto, F Watanabe, A Goto, Y Hamano, K Yasui, T Minamino, H Abe, T Kamada
Journal: Circulation (1985)

A retrospective study was performed to elucidate the process of left ventricular aneurysm formation and its influence on left ventricular enlargement based on serial two-dimensional echocardiographic observations from 150 consecutive patients with first acute anterior myocardial infarction. Echocardiograms were available and interpretable through the entire period of observation in 68 patients. Because of early death in 13 patients, echocardiograms of 55 patients, 22 with and 33 without aneurysm, were analyzed from 1 to 28 days after infarction. Patients with aneurysms were separated into two groups with large (group 1, 11 patients) and small aneurysms (group 2, 11 patients) on the basis of ratios of aneurysm to overall left ventricular circumferential length [Lcf-LV(RAO)] and area [Area-LV(RAO)], i.e., Lcf(An/LV)-RAO and Area(An/LV)-RAO, respectively, in the right anterior oblique equivalent view at the time of aneurysm formation, with reference to Forrester's subset. Group 1 consisted of patients with Lcf(An/LV)-RAO of 0.4 or greater or Area(An/LV)RAO of 0.3 or greater while group 2 included patients with Lcf(An/LV)-RAO less than 0.4 or Area(An/LV)-RAO less than 0.3. In the test for time trend in these groups with a one-way analysis of variance, Lcf-LV in RAO equivalent and apical four-chamber views and Area-LV in apical four-chamber view effectively separated group 1 from groups 2 and 3 (without aneurysm) with significance (p less than .005, p less than .01, and p less than .01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Analyses of ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers and their proposed metabolites in blood and urine.
Authors: A W Smallwood, K E DeBord, L K Lowry
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1984)

Glycol ethers are known to produce embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in a variety of animal species. In addition, testicular edema and tubular atrophy have been reported. The health effects of this class of compounds are not known in humans, despite the fact that these solvents are widely used in industry. In order to evaluate potential effects in humans, it is first necessary to estimate exposure in the workplace (environmental monitoring). However, in the case of glycol ethers traditional air monitoring may be ineffective because of the low volatility of these solvents and the possible significant exposure via the skin. Biological monitoring can be used to estimate glycol ether uptake by all routes of exposure. The compounds can be measured in blood or their metabolites quantitated in urine. These procedures are suggested for measuring 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol and 2-butoxyethanol in blood. In addition, tentative procedures have been developed to measure the oxidized acidic metabolites, methoxyacetic acid and ethoxyacetic acid in urine as possible indices of exposure. All procedures have detection limits of less than 11 parts per million. These procedures are ready to be validated in workers exposed to these solvents.
Propoxyphene and Placebo
Authors: ROBERT C. BARGER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Comments and Correction1 April 1977Propoxyphene and PlaceboROBERT C. BARGER, M.S., R.PH.ROBERT C. BARGER, M.S., R.PH.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-86-4-506_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Dr. Lasagna's discussion (Ann Intern Med 85:619-621, 1976) of the poor performance of propoxyphene in single-dose trials and yet its remarkable success record may be in part explained by recently released Lilly promotional literature.Waife and associates (1) have shown that a single dose of propoxyphene only reaches 40% of its steady-state effective level of 130 to 190 µg/ml. Codeine, acetaminophen, and aspirin reach a therapeutic level with a single dose. If two 65-mg capsules are taken or if propoxyphene is given every 6 h, therapeutic blood levels are obtained. The high rate of responses to propoxyphene...References1. WAIFE S: Analgesia, plasma levels, and dosage of propoxyphene. Int J Clin Pharmacol Biopharm 13:177, 1976 MedlineGoogle Scholar2. GRUBER C: Data on file at the Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Providence Hospital Southfield, MI 48075 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1977Volume 86, Issue 4Page: 506-506KeywordsAspirinBloodCodeine Issue Published: 1 April 1977 PDF DownloadLoading ...
CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PLAQUE MORPHOLOGY IN UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS: AN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY STUDY
Authors: Masato Mizukoshi, Takashi Kubo, Atsushi Tanaka, Shigeho Takarada, Hironori Kitabata, Takashi Tanimoto, Akio Kuroi, Hideyuki Ikejima, Kenichi Komukai, Yasushi Ino, Kumiko Hirata, Hiroto Tsujioka, Keishi Okochi, Manabu Kashiwagi, Yuichi Ozaki, Aiko Shimokado, Toshio Imanishi, Takashi Akasaka
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Enticing the emigrants home again
Authors: C. C. M. Watson
Journal: BMJ (1967)

BJOuRNALwithout any deliberate limitation of polariza- tion, appearing as a deep reddish purple colour.The question of cost would no doubt be raised.Most optical devices incorporating polaroid film are very expensive, but the film itself is relatively cheap and could probably become cheaper still if millions of mass- produced devices were needed-almost cer- tainly much cheaper than many compulsory safety features already incorporated in cars.-I am, etc.,
Mononuclear phagocytes from carrageenan-induce granulomas. Isolation, cultivation, and characterization.
Authors: R J Bonney, I Gery, T Y Lin, M F Meyenhofer, W Acevedo, P Davies
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Stable cultures of mononuclear phagocytes from carrageenan-induced granulomas in mice have been established after enzymatic dispersion of these lesions. The cells can be maintained for up to 3 wk without division in serum-free media. The mononuclear phagocytes were identified by several criteria. The cells are adherent, phagocytic, contain lysosomal acid hydrolases at high specific activities, secrete lysozyme, and bind soluble aggregates of IgG. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase in the cultured granuloma cells showed that they resembled macrophages from thioglycollate-stimulated mice but not unstimulated macrophages in these respects. Supernates from the cultured granuloma cells contain factor(s) which induce the proliferation of thymocytes; the release of such factors by the cells is stimulated by lipopolysaccharide.
Mcl1 haploinsufficiency protects mice from Myc-induced acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Zhifu Xiang, Hui Luo, Jacqueline E. Payton, Jennifer Cain, Timothy J. Ley, Joseph T. Opferman, Michael H. Tomasson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Antiapoptotic BCL2 family members have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), but the functional significance and relative importance of individual proteins (e.g., BCL2, BCL-XL, and myeloid cell leukemia 1 [MCL1]) remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the expression of BCL2, BCL-XL, and MCL1 in primary human hematopoietic subsets and leukemic blasts from AML patients and found that MCL1 transcripts were consistently expressed at high levels in all samples tested. Consistent with this, Mcl1 protein was also highly expressed in myeloid leukemic blasts in a mouse Myc-induced model of AML. We used this model to test the hypothesis that Mcl1 facilitates AML development by allowing myeloid progenitor cells to evade Myc-induced cell death. Indeed, activation of Myc for 7 days in vivo substantially increased myeloid lineage cell numbers, whereas hematopoietic stem, progenitor, and B-lineage cells were depleted. Furthermore, Mcl1 haploinsufficiency abrogated AML development. In addition, deletion of a single allele of Mcl1 from fully transformed AML cells substantially prolonged the survival of transplanted mice. Conversely, the rapid lethality of disease was restored by coexpression of Bcl2 and Myc in Mcl1-haploinsufficient cells. Together, these data demonstrate a critical and dose-dependent role for Mcl1 in AML pathogenesis in mice and suggest that MCL1 may be a promising therapeutic target in patients with de novo AML.
Diagnostic amniocentesis in early pregnancy.
Authors: M Lawrence
Journal: BMJ (1977)

or antagonists depending on the test condition.7The 8-hydroxyquinolines may be acting as imitators of prostaglandin action in acro- dermatitis.It is possible that a prostaglandin deficiency may be involved in acne.Diphenylhydantoin is a drug whose long-term use is frequently associated with acne-like eruptions.Because we have shown that membrane-stabilising drugs can have prostaglandin antagonist actions7 and because diphenylhydantoin is known to be a membrane stabiliser we have recently tested it and shown it to be a com- petitive prostaglandin antagonist.We suggest that zinc is effective in acne because it stimulates prostaglandin synthesis and that this is also the basis of its action in acrodermatitis.
Adequacy of Hospital Discharge Status as a Measure of Outcome Among Injured Patients
Authors: Richard J. Mullins, N. Clay Mann, Jerris R. Hedges, William Worrall, Mark Helfand, Andrew D. Zechnich, Gregory J. Jurkovich
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—Crude mortality rates at the time of hospital discharge are commonly used to assess the quality of care provided to patients hospitalized following trauma.Objectives.—To evaluate the adequacy of hospital death rates as an outcome measure following trauma and to determine the influence of noninjury illness as a cause of hospital death and the frequency of postdischarge death.Design.—Retrospective cohort analyses using hospital discharge data for injured patients cross-linked to death certificate data that provided 1 year of follow-up for all patients discharged alive.Patients.—A total of 90048 injured patients admitted to all acute care hospitals in the state of Washington from 1991 through 1993 and discharged with at least 1 diagnosis coded in the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification to indicate trauma.Main Outcome Measures.—Death in the hospital and death within 30 days of hospital discharge.Results.—Among 1912 injured patients with in-hospital deaths, 825 death certificates (43%) listed a noninjury cause of death. The overall mortality rate at hospital discharge was 21.2 per 100000 hospitalized injured patients, and was 12.1 per 100000 for trauma deaths and 9.1 per 100000 for those designated as nontrauma deaths. Patients with trauma-related death designations were younger (mean age, 51.5 years vs 77.9 years), had shorter lengths of stay (median stay, 2 days vs 5 days), and sustained more severe injures (P<.001). Including the 1273 deaths that occurred within 30 days of hospital discharge increased rates for trauma-designated deaths to 14.1 per 100000 and increased rates for nontrauma-designated deaths to 21.3 per 100000.Conclusions.—Hospital discharge death rates are incomplete measures of death frequency for injured patients. Designation of the cause of death, especially among older, hospitalized, injured patients often reflects preexisting medical conditions. Adequate assessment of mortality following trauma requires measurement of the frequency of death following hospital discharge.
Sunlight Exposure and Risk of Lens Opacities in a Population-Based Study
Authors: Sheila K. West, Donald D. Duncan, Beatriz Muñoz, Gary S. Rubin, Linda P. Fried, Karen Bandeen-Roche, Oliver D. Schein
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Exposure to UV-B radiation in sunlight has been shown to increase the risk of cataract formation in high-risk occupational groups, but risk to the population has not been quantified.To determine the ocular exposure to UV-B radiation in sunlight for a population of older persons and to determine the association between UV-B and lens opacities.The Salisbury Eye Evaluation project, a population-based cohort of older adults.Salisbury, Md.A total of 2520 community-dwelling 65-year-old to 84-year-old adults in Salisbury, Md, from 1993 to 1995, of whom 26.4% were African Americans.Association of photographically documented cortical opacity 3/16 or greater in at least 1 eye with ocular UV-B exposure, reported in Maryland sun-years of exposure.The odds of cortical opacity increased with increasing ocular exposure to UV-B (odds ratio [OR], 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.20). The relationship was similar for women (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.00-1.30) and for African Americans (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.04-1.33). Analyses of the ocular dose by each age group after the age of 30 years showed no vulnerable age group, suggesting damage is based on cumulative exposure.Although this population of older Americans has relatively low ocular exposure to UV-B in sunlight, there is still an association between ocular exposure and increasing odds of cortical opacity. Our study found an association among African Americans, which, to our knowledge, has not been reported previously. All sex and racial groups would benefit from simple methods to avoid ocular sun exposure.
"CITROCARBONATE"—A DISCLAIMER
Authors: James H. Means
Journal: JAMA (1925)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —There is a reference to a paper by Dr. Barach and myself in the advertisements issued by the Upjohn Company. Is there any way that Dr. Barach and I can stop this company from using our names as propaganda? The paragraph reads as though we had recommended "citrocarbonate" for the treatment of pneumonia, but, as a matter of fact, I never heard of "citrocarbonate" until I got this advertisement. I don't think the matter is of vital importance, but it is annoying and I should be glad to have it stopped if there is any easy way of doing so.
Body Heat: Temperature and Life on Earth
Authors: P. G. Iatridis
Journal: JAMA (2002)

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