tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cost effectiveness of strategies to combat road traffic injuries in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: mathematical modelling study
Authors: D. Chisholm, H. Naci, A. A. Hyder, N. T. Tran, M. Peden
Journal: BMJ (2012)

To identify and estimate the population costs and effects of a selected set of enforcement strategies for reducing the burden of road traffic injuries in developing countries.Cost effectiveness analysis based on an epidemiological model.Two epidemiologically defined World Health Organization sub-regions of the world: countries in sub-Saharan Africa with very high adult and high child mortality (AfrE); and countries in South East Asia with high adult and high child mortality (SearD).Enforcement of speed limits via mobile speed cameras; drink-drive legislation and enforcement via breath testing campaigns; legislation and primary enforcement of seatbelt use in cars; legislation and enforcement of helmet use by motorcyclists; legislation and enforcement of helmet use by bicyclists.Patterns of injury were fitted to a state transition model to determine the expected population level effects of intervention over a 10 year period, which were expressed in disability adjusted life years (DALYs) averted. Costs were expressed in international dollars ($Int) for the year 2005.The single most cost effective strategy varies by sub-region, but a combined intervention strategy that simultaneously enforces multiple road safety laws produces the most health gain for a given amount of investment. For example, the combined enforcement of speed limits, drink-driving laws, and motorcycle helmet use saves one DALY for a cost of $Int1000-3000 in the two sub-regions considered.The potential impact of available road safety measures is inextricably bound by the underlying distribution of road traffic injuries across different road user groups and risk factors. Combined enforcement strategies are expected to represent the most efficient way to reduce the burden of road traffic injuries, because they benefit from considerable synergies on the cost side while generating greater overall health gains.
Successful treatment of autoimmunity in NZB/NZW F1 mice with monoclonal antibody to L3T4.
Authors: D Wofsy, W E Seaman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1985)

Autoimmune NZB/NZW mice were treated with weekly injections of monoclonal antibody (mAb) to L3T4, an antigen expressed on a distinct subpopulation of T cells that respond to class II major histocompatibility antigens. Treatment with anti-L3T4 depleted circulating target cells, reduced autoantibody production, retarded renal disease, and prolonged life relative to control mice treated either with saline or with purified nonimmune rat IgG. These findings establish that autoimmune disease in NZB/NZW mice is regulated by T cells. In contrast to mice treated with nonimmune rat IgG, mice treated with rat anti-L3T4 mAb developed little or no antibody to rat Ig. Thus, the benefits of treatment with anti-L3T4 were achieved while minimizing the risks associated with a host immune response to therapy. This study raises the possibility that treatment with mAb against Leu-3/T4, the human homologue for L3T4 might be effective in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases in people.
Aneurysm of the Splenic Artery
Authors: P. D. Bedford, B. Lodge
Journal: Gut (1960)

This paper records an incidence of 10.4% of aneurysm of the splenic artery in 250 consecutive routine post-mortem examinations. Medial degeneration seemed to be the commonest cause of such aneurysms and although a number were associated with other intraabdominal pathology, including portal hypertension, the association may be fortuitous and not causal.
Perinatal brain damage: predictive value of metabolic acidosis and the Apgar score.
Authors: V. J. Ruth, K. O. Raivio
Journal: BMJ (1988)

To assess the predictive value for perinatal brain damage of acidosis at birth, alone or in combination with the Apgar score at 5 minutes, a cohort of 982 liveborn infants delivered over two months was studied prospectively. The umbilical cord was double clamped, and arterial acid-base values were successfully determined in 964 infants and lactate concentration in 931. Reference values defining acidosis (mean +/- 2 SD) were obtained from a subset of 127 term infants who had no complications. The incidence of a low pH was 12% (111 out of 964), high base deficit 7% (70 out of 964), high lactate concentration 9% (83 out of 931), and low Apgar score at 5 minutes (less than or equal to 7) 3% (32 out of 982). Twelve of the 111 infants (11%) with acidosis had a low Apgar score, and 12 out of 29 infants (41%) with low Apgar scores had acidosis. At one year of age 35 infants were lost to follow up and 22 had an adverse outcome unrelated to asphyxia; 883 infants showed normal development but the possible sequelae of asphyxia were four deaths, slight abnormalities in 28 infants, and clear abnormalities in 10. The sensitivity and the positive predictive value of low pH for adverse outcome were, respectively, 21 and 8%, of high lactate concentration 12 and 5%, and of low 5 minute Apgar score 12 and 19%. Metabolic acidosis determined in blood from the umbilical artery at birth is a poor predictor of perinatal brain damage.
Expression of mRNA for interleukin-5 in mucosal bronchial biopsies from asthma.
Authors: Q Hamid, M Azzawi, S Ying, R Moqbel, A J Wardlaw, C J Corrigan, B Bradley, S R Durham, J V Collins, P K Jeffery
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

We have attempted to identify mRNA for IL-5 in endobronchial mucosal biopsies from asthmatics and controls, using the technique of in situ hybridization. Bronchial biopsies were obtained from 10 asthmatics and 9 nonatopic normal controls. A radio-labeled cRNA probe was prepared from an IL-5 cDNA and hybridized to permeabilized sections. These were washed extensively before processing for autoradiography. An IL-5-producing T cell clone derived from a patient with the hyper-IgE syndrome was used as a positive control. As a negative control, sections were also treated with a "sense" IL-5 probe. Specific hybridization signals for IL-5 mRNA were demonstrated within the bronchial mucosa in 6 out of the 10 asthmatic subjects. Cells exhibiting hybridization signals were located beneath the epithelial basement membrane. In contrast, there was no hybridization in the control group. No hybridization was observed with the sense probe. The six IL-5 mRNA-positive asthmatics tended to have more severe disease than the negative asthmatics, as assessed by symptoms and lung function, and showed a significant increase in the degree of infiltration of the bronchial mucosa by secreting (EG2+) eosinophils and activated (CD25+) T lymphocytes. Within the subjects who showed positive IL-5 mRNA, there was a correlation between IL-5 mRNA expression and the number of CD25+ and EG2+ cells and total eosinophil count. This study provides evidence for the cellular localization of IL-5 mRNA in the bronchial mucosa of asthmatics and supports the concept that this cytokine regulates eosinophil function in bronchial asthma.
Effect of HIV Antibody Testing and AIDS Education on Communication about HIV Risk and Sexual Behavior
Authors: Neil S. Wenger, Jerome M. Greenberg, Lee H. Hilborne, Francoise Kusseling, Maureen Mangotich, Martin F. Shapiro
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

▪ Objective: To evaluate the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing and education about HIV infection on communication about sexual risk behaviors for HIV transmission. ▪ Design: Randomized, controlled trial with three arms. ▪ Setting: University student health center. ▪ Patients: Of 2196 heterosexual university students attending the student health clinic for medical care, 435 were interested in education about HIV and HIV testing and were randomly assigned to three groups. Follow-up at 6 months was done in 370 subjects (85%): 90 control subjects, 144 subjects who received education alone, and 136 subjects who received education plus HIV testing. ▪ Measurements and Results: Subjects who received HIV testing plus education questioned sexual partners about their HIV status more than subjects receiving education alone or those in the control group (56%, 42%, and 41% of subjects, respectively; P = 0.01). No consistent differences among groups in the number of sexual partners or in the use of condoms were found at follow-up. ▪ Conclusions: Heterosexual university students who received education about HIV infection plus HIV testing had increased communication with sexual partners about the risk for HIV infection after 6 months. Further reduction in risk behaviors for HIV transmission may require additional interventions in this population.
DIAGNOSTIC PROBLEMS IN PNEUMONIA
Authors: DAVID RIESMAN
Journal: JAMA (1924)

In this paper I shall endeavor to set down some of the accumulated thoughts on the diagnosis of pneumonia that the years have brought me. The nature of the subject will compel me to roam over a wide, more or less formless, field. I shall not attempt a formal presentation of the subject, but shall consider those manifestations of the disease that do not have their diagnosis written plainly on them. Typical cases of pneumonia, like typical cases of any other disease, are easy of recognition, provided we are sufficiently alert. But a curious amaurosis occasionally afflicts the wisest physicians and makes them temporarily blind to the obvious. They do not see the forest for the trees. In a measure, we can guard against such a psychic lapsus by doing what Sir William Osler once advised a student to do when the latter failed to see some large glands on
Effect of Psoriasis Severity on Hypertension Control
Authors: Junko Takeshita, Shuwei Wang, Daniel B. Shin, Nehal N. Mehta, Stephen E. Kimmel, David J. Margolis, Andrea B. Troxel, Joel M. Gelfand
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

Hypertension is prevalent among patients with psoriasis. The effect of psoriasis and its severity on hypertension control is unknown.
High EVI1 levels predict adverse outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: prevalence of EVI1 overexpression and chromosome 3q26 abnormalities underestimated
Authors: Sanne Lugthart, Ellen van Drunen, Yvette van Norden, Antoinette van Hoven, Claudia A. J. Erpelinck, Peter J. M. Valk, H. Berna Beverloo, Bob Löwenberg, Ruud Delwel
Journal: Blood (2008)
Ultrasonic duplex scanning for disease of the carotid artery.
Authors: G Fell, D J Phillips, P M Chikos, J D Harley, B L Thiele, D E Strandness
Journal: Circulation (1981)

The duplex ultrasonic scanner combines real-time B-mode imaging with a single-gate, variable-range pulsed Doppler. The detection and categorization of the severity of carotid artery atherosclerosis is achieved by performing spectral analysis of the pulsed Doppler velocity signal obtained from vessels of interest. Using this technique, 750 patients with suspected extracranial carotid artery disease were evaluated between January 1978 and January 1980. One hundred thirty-five of these 750 patients (18%) underwent cerebral arteriography performed with biplanar views of the carotid bifurcation. The degree of stenosis was measured independently in these patients and was available for comparison with the results of duplex scanning and spectral analysis. Duplex scanning correctly detected the presence of disease in 252 of 259 carotid arteries studied (97%). The extent of involvement varied from plaques that produced less than 10% diameter reduction to those that resulted in a total occlusion. The technique was less accurate with lesions that produced less than 10% diameter reduction.
Small hepatocellular carcinomas in cirrhotic explant livers: Identification by macroscopic examination and lipiodol localization
Authors: S Bhattacharya, A P Dhillon, J Rees, K Savage, J Saada, A Burroughs, K Rolles, B Davidson
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in cirrhotic livers are difficult to detect. This study aimed to assess if small HCCs can be better identified using specific macroscopic sampling criteria and Lipiodol (iodized oil) localization on radiographs, and to evaluate thereby their incidence and morphology. Prospective cirrhotic recipients of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) were administered hepatic arterial Lipiodol at angiography. Posttransplantation, the explant livers were sliced and inspected as per routine for unusual nodules. If unusual nodules were found or HCC clinically suspected, the slices underwent soft-tissue radiography. Tissue samples were then taken as per protocol from all nodules with diameter > or =1 cm/unusual appearance/exophytic bulge, and from foci of radiographic Lipiodol uptake or high soft-tissue density. One hundred three lesions were assessed and classified histologically as HCC (n = 55) or regenerative nodule (n = 39) or borderline (n = 9). Sampling according to predetermined macroscopic criteria proved an effective method for identifying small HCCs: 44 cancers were detected, most <5 mm in diameter, additional to those picked up on routine assessment. Green nodules were more likely to be HCC (P < .0001). The cancers were all multifocal, and had characteristic histological features of HCC except for 12 unusual fibrotic cancers in livers with alcoholic cirrhosis. Lipiodolization alone identified one additional HCC. Lipiodol retention on x-ray is fairly specific for HCC (83%), and can even identify lesions 2 mm in diameter. But its sensitivity is poor (45%), and its routine use to identify HCCs in explant livers is not recommended.
Elucidating Pretreatment Cognitive Impairment in Breast Cancer Patients: The Impact of Cancer-related Post-traumatic Stress
Authors: Kerstin Hermelink, Varinka Voigt, Judith Kaste, Franziska Neufeld, Rachel Wuerstlein, Markus Bühner, Karin Münzel, Dorothea Rjosk-Dendorfer, Susanne Grandl, Michael Braun, Franz Edler von Koch, Kristin Härtl, Stephan Hasmüller, Ingo Bauerfeind, Gerlinde Debus, Peter Herschbach, Nadia Harbeck
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2015)

Pretreatment cognitive impairment in cancer patients is well established but unexplained. Similar cognitive compromise has been observed in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients, and PTSD symptoms are a frequent concomitant of cancer diagnosis. We tested the hypothesis that pretreatment cognitive impairment is attributable to cancer-related post-traumatic stress. Women aged 65 years or younger who were diagnosed with breast cancer (case patients) or had undergone negative routine breast imaging (control patients) at one of six participating breast centers underwent traditional and computerized neuropsychological testing, clinician-administered diagnostic assessment of stress disorders, and self-report assessments of cognitive function and depression. To minimize confounding, case patients were evaluated prior to any local or systemic treatment. Cognitive indices of case patients, control patients, and normative samples were compared. The patients' risk of overall cognitive impairment was determined. Linear regression and a mediation model were used to test the study hypothesis. All statistical tests were two-sided. The 166 case patients and 60 well-matched control patients showed near-identical deviations from population norms. Case patients scored worse than control patients on two of 20 cognitive indices (Go/Nogo commission errors, Go/Nogo omission errors). Self-reported cognitive problems were associated with Go/Nogo omission errors and more pronounced in case patients. Only PTSD symptoms (Beta = 0.27, P = .004) and age (Beta = 0.22, P = .04) statistically significantly predicted Go/Nogo errors. The effect of having cancer on Go/Nogo errors was mediated by PTSD symptoms. Case patients did not have an increased risk of overall cognitive impairment. Prior to any treatment, breast cancer patients may show limited cognitive impairment that is apparently largely caused by cancer-related post-traumatic stress.
S54 Preservation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity in critically ill patients balances reduction in mitochondrial biogenesis
Authors: R Astin, Z Puthucheary, S Saeed, C Velloso, M McPhail, J Rawal, J Skipworth, M Singer, S Harridge, H Montgomery, N Hart
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Background and Aims</h3> In severe sepsis, early mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle is associated with decreased biogenesis and adverse patient outcome. We hypothesised that reduction in mitochondrial content during critical illness would be balanced by enhanced capacity to produce ATP achieved by switching from glucose to fatty acid oxidation as the preferred metabolic substrate. <h3>Methods</h3> 30 critically ill patients (70% male, age 56.4 ± 19.7 years, APACHE II score 22.4 ± 6.6) were prospectively recruited &lt;24 hours following intensive care admission from August 2009 to April 2011. Quadriceps vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were taken on day 1 and 7 and concentrations of mitochondrial respiratory complex proteins and key proteins of the β-oxidation pathway were determined using a Luminex assay normalised to an internal control (NNT). Mitochondrial DNA content (mtDNA), PGC1-α, β and PPRC mRNA concentrations were determined contemporaneously by RT-qPCR. <h3>Results</h3> There were reduction in both skeletal muscle mtDNA (p = 0.04) and PGC1-α (p = 0.02) from day 1 to day 7, with fold change in PGC1α correlated with the fold change in mtDNA (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.65, p &lt; 0.001, n = 19). PGC1-β and PPRC did not change. In ICU survivors, neither PGC1-α or mtDNA fold change predicted hospital or 18 month mortality (p &gt; 0.1). Protein levels of mitochondrial respiratory complexes I-V did not change significantly from day 1 to day 7 and mtDNA fold change did not correlate with fold change in complex I-V (p &gt; 0.1). There was a weak positive correlation between feeding (protein delivered) and fold change in complex I (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.20, p = 0.014) and complex III protein level (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.20, p = 0.016). Overall levels of mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway proteins (CPT1, MCAD, ETF, DecR1) did not change whilst peroxisomal MEFII increased significantly (p &lt; 0.01). <h3>Conclusion</h3> These data suggest decreased mitochondrial biogenesis over the first week of critical illness. The increase in β-oxidation proteins combined with the lack of change in respiratory chain complex concentrations during the first week suggests that the oxidative capacity of the remaining mitochondria was enhanced with increased capacity to metabolise fatty acids. These data support our hypothesis that the decreased cellular energy utilisation accompanying decreased mitochondrial biogenesis is offset by increased capacity to produce ATP through the β-oxidation of fats.
Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w are not equivalent targets of ABT-737 and navitoclax (ABT-263) in lymphoid and leukemic cells
Authors: Delphine Mérino, Seong L. Khaw, Stefan P. Glaser, Daniel J. Anderson, Lisa D. Belmont, Chihunt Wong, Peng Yue, Mikara Robati, Belinda Phipson, Walter D. Fairlie, Erinna F. Lee, Kirsteen J. Campbell, Cassandra J. Vandenberg, Suzanne Cory, Andrew W. Roberts, Mary J. C. Ludlam, David C. S. Huang, Philippe Bouillet
Journal: Blood (2012)
Current strategies for drug delivery to the inner ear
Authors: Hongzhuo Liu, Jinsong Hao, Kevin S. Li
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2013)

For many years, drug delivery to the inner ear has been a challenge to physicians in the treatment of inner ear disorders. In the past decade, the field of inner ear drug delivery has emerged with the development of new biomaterials and drug delivery technologies to improve the effectiveness of inner ear drug therapy. This paper reviews a number of inner ear drug delivery strategies including systemic, intratympanic, and intracochlear delivery. A focus of this review is the recent advances in intratympanic delivery of medications; approaches utilizing novel biomaterials as well as other recent developments are also discussed. Biotechnology-based approaches, such as gene and stem cell therapy methods are also reviewed. Among the various strategies, local drug delivery approaches including intratympanic and intracochlear drug delivery methods that limit systemic exposure are particularly promising. These inner ear drug delivery systems provide a new opportunity to improve the treatment of inner ear disorders.
Pressure Flow Studies in Patients Having a Pressor Response to the Valsalva Maneuver
Authors: JEROME RUSKIN, ALEXANDER HARLEY, JOSEPH C. GREENFIELD
Journal: Circulation (1968)

Blood pressure and flow were measured in the ascending aorta by means of the pressure-gradient technique in five patients with congestive heart failure manifesting a pressor response to the Valsalva maneuver. Beat-to-beat changes in stroke volume, blood pressure, pulse pressure, peak blood flow, duration of systole, duration of ejection, and heart rate were calculated. Stroke volume and blood pressure rose with the onset of straining; blood pressure rose slightly further as stroke volume fell to below control levels at the end of the straining period. Pulse pressure, peak blood flow, and duration of ejection tended to follow stroke volume. Heart rate was unchanged throughout. All parameters returned toward control after release of the strain.
Mutagenic and carcinogenic risks associated with halogenated olefins.
Authors: P F Infante
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

Recent experimental evidence indicates that structural analogs of vinyl chloride namely, vinylidene chloride and trichloroethylene, are mutagenic. Carcinogenic response also has been observed in experimental animals following exposure to vinylidene chloride, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethylene. More recent observations demonstrate low-level vinyl chloride-induced mammary carcinoma. An additional chlorinated olefin, chloroprene, has demonstrated a mutagenic response in several test systems. Likewise, several studies have indicated significant excesses of chromosomal aberrations as well as adverse effects on reproductive function following male exposure to chloroprene. Although reports have indicated an increased incidence of lung and skin cancer among workers occupationally exposed to chloroprene, adequately designed studies have not been carried out which would allow the development of valid inferences regarding its carcinogenicity. The question facing the scientific community and society is whether observations in subhuman species are adequate to institute prudent public health practice by controlling these agents as carcinogens or mutagens or whether, once again, epidemiologic enumeration of the toll will be required.
Points from Letters: Loin Percussion in Kidney Disease
Authors: L. Katsilabros
Journal: BMJ (1973)

relevant to the choice of treatment and might explain why the pseudomonas in the sputum of one patient "showed no sign of suppression by colistin aerosol."Also, many pseudomonas (60%) are sensitive to tetra- cydline and this might explain the finding that tetracycline is "less likely to be interfered with by pseudomonas" in the treatment of underlying infection.I would question the presumption that pseudomonas can reach the pharynx by ascending the oesophagus.Though I have cultured many different organisms from the small intestine, I have never found pseudomonas as high as the duodenum in the gastrointestinal tract.There are many other more likely sources of infection, as pseudomonas conmnonly contaminates hospital equipment (especially ventilators, humidifiers, and suction apparatus), contaminates hos- pital food,' and is carried on the hands of staff, contaminated by an infected patient.-I
HOXB2 as a Novel Prognostic Indicator for Stage I Lung Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Kentaro Inamura, Yuki Togashi, Michiyo Okui, Hironori Ninomiya, Miyako Hiramatsu, Yukitoshi Satoh, Sakae Okumura, Ken Nakagawa, Takashi Shimoji, Tetsuo Noda, Yuichi Ishikawa
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)