tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THERAPY OF CONJUNCTIVITIS
Authors: Percy Fridenberg
Journal: JAMA (1934)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Permit me to add one or two random, but I think practical hints to the excellent article on the therapy of conjunctivitis by Dr. Sanford R. Gifford inThe Journal, July 7. In the treatment of gonorrheal ophthalmia, of infants and adults, as well, the chlorine compounds are very valuable, either as "drops" or diluted, as irrigation fluid. My teacher the late Dr. Emil Gruening used the official, Aqua Chlorinii (<i>recenter preparata</i>) diluted to one-tenth strength. Today there are the various calcium and soda chlorine preparations, chloramine, surgical solution of chlorinated soda, and so on, which seem to have an almost specific action against the gonococcus. Pressure on the cornea with resultant necrosis is often due, at least in part, to hot and tensely swollen lids with retention of pus secretion. A liberal tarsotomy may work wonders. Free blood-letting does no harm, and what might have seemed
Should hepatocellular carcinoma screening with ultrasound be recommended in hepatocellular carcinoma high‐incidence areas?
Authors: Xin‐wu Cui, Jian‐min Chang, Christoph F. Dietrich
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. To the Editor: We read with interest the article by Yeh et al.1 Unlike common studies focusing on the efficacy of surveillance with repeated application of ultrasonography (US) on a high‐risk population of developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the investigators applied one‐time screening with US in residents in a high‐incidence area and found a 31% reduction of HCC mortality in a risk‐score–guided invited group, compared to an uninvited control group. Guidelines2 have recommend HCC surveillance among high‐risk patients by US (with or without alpha‐fetoprotein [AFP]) every 6 months. The current study raises a question of whether HCC screening with US should also be recommended in HCC high‐incidence areas for residents who were not covered by vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. One of the major issues is cost‐effectiveness. HCC occurs in patients with liver cirrhosis in approximately 90% of cases,4 whereas the screening method described in the article1 also included many residents with a lower risk score of developing HCC. In addition, the definition of risk score needs biochemical test results (HBV and hepatitis C virus biomarkers AFP, aspartate aminotransferase, platelet count, and others) and diabetes mellitus. Both factors will increase the cost. Several issues about the study make the conclusion less convincing. First, the conclusion on HCC mortality was made by comparing the invited and uninvited group; however, the attendance rate of invited subjects for US screening was only 80.6%. Second, there is a selection bias between groups; the invited group included the majority of (extremely) high‐risk subjects, but the minority of intermediate‐ and low‐risk subjects. Third, the time interval between the last time of US examination and the time of screening was not given, which may affect the detection rate with screening. Fourth, the details of operators and US machines were not clearly described. Technical performance of the US machine and experience of the operators may influence the accuracy of US screening. Furthermore, the number of attendees for assessing the reliability of the US operators is too few (n = 35). Last, but not least, other risk factors, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or alcoholic steatohepatitis, were ignored in the risk score evaluation. Before HCC screening with US could be recommended for residents in HCC high‐incidence areas, a randomized, controlled study with long‐term follow‐up is required. Other studies are also needed on the sensitivity and specificity of HCC screening with US, defining a threshold incidence for cost‐effectiveness, the validity of the risk score assessment, and the cutoff of the score.
A HOSPITAL PHYSICAL THERAPY DEPARTMENT
Authors: JOHN S. COULTER
Journal: JAMA (1928)

The basic function of a hospital is to give its patients adequate service. Scientific investigations in the last few years have placed physical agents on an equal basis with drugs as effective curative agents. Physical therapy is of great benefit in a vast range of medical and surgical conditions. Therefore every hospital needs some physical therapy. In considering the establishment of a physical therapy department in a hospital, the following should be determined: the attitude of the hospital staff toward the subject; the class of patients treated in the hospital; the costs of the department; the equipment necessary; the location of the department in the hospital; the space necessary; the records required, and the personnel. <h3>THE HOSPITAL STAFF</h3> The medical profession is by no means in accord on the value of this form of treatment. This difference of opinion is due not to the lack of value of this form
Epstein–Barr Virus — Immortalization and Replication
Authors: George Miller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

The biology of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is fascinating even to the casual observer. To a devotee like me, it is positively gripping. The virus has a variety of remarkable potentials, including the ability to cause normal lymphocytes to grow indefinitely in a test tube, a process called immortalization. A related phenomenon, polyclonal-growth stimulation of B lymphocytes, underlies the pathogenesis of infectious mononucleosis and the diffuse lymphomas that occur in immunodeficient patients. Such B-cell stimulation is also a likely initiating event in virus-associated cases of Burkitt lymphoma.1 The virus residing in an immortalized lymphocyte is latent. That is, mature virus is . . .
Abstract 47: Cancer-associated fibroblasts mediate extracellular matrix remodeling and three-dimensional invasion of scirrhous gastric carcinoma cells
Authors: Hideki Yamaguchi, Kazuyoshi Yanagihara, Masakazu Yashiro, Ryuichi Sakai
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Scirrhous gastric carcinoma (SGC; also called diffusely infiltrative carcinoma, Borrmann's type-IV carcinoma, or the linitis plastica-type carcinoma) have the worst prognosis among various types of gastric cancer, owing to highly progressive invasion, frequent metastasis to lymph nodes, and high incidence of peritoneal dissemination. SGC cells rapidly and diffusively infiltrate through the submucosa without forming obvious tumor mass and induce extensive stromal fibrosis, resulting in thickening and stiffening of the gastric wall. Because histophathological analyses have shown that massive proliferation of stromal fibroblasts occur within lesions of SGC, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been proposed to support the progression of SGC. However, biological and molecular basis of the interaction between SGC cells and CAFs remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of CAFs in invasion and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling by SGC cells. When 44As3 SGC cells were co-cultured with CaF37 SGC-derived fibroblasts on 3D Matrigel, they formed large cell aggregates that invade into the Matrigel. Other SGC cell lines, HSC59 and HSC44PE, but not differentiated non-SGC gastric caner cell lines, MKN7, MKN1, and MKN74, formed invasive cell aggregate with CaF37 cells. Time-lapse imaging of SGC and CaF37 cells, and of fluorescent microsphere embedded in the Matrigel revealed that this process is associated with extensive contraction and remodeling of ECM. In order to further characterize the ECM remodeling activity of CAFs, we cultured 44As3 and CaF37 cells on fluorescent gelatin-coated coverslips. CaF37 cells caused disruption of the gelatin matrix and this activity was further promoted by co-culturing them with 44As3 cells. Immunoblotting and immnofluorescence analyses revealed that phosphorylation of myosin light chain was significantly increased in CaF37 cells co-cultured with 44As3 cells. Finally, a myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin blocked the three-dimensional invasion and ECM remodeling by 44As3 and CaF37 cells. These results indicate that SGC cells promote actomyosin-mediated contractility of stromal fibroblasts to remodel ECM during invasion. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 47. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-47
LUBAC: A new function in immunity
Authors: Bertrand Boisson, Jean-Laurent Casanova
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2014)

![Figure][1] 

Insight from Bertrand Boisson (left) and Jean-Laurent Casanova (right)



In this issue, [Rodgers et al.][2] report a new substrate of the linear ubiquitin assembly complex (LUBAC) and a new function of this complex in mice. Linear ubiquitination has been implicated as a key
Phosphatidylcholine Synthesis for Lipid Droplet Expansion Is Mediated by Localized Activation of CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase
Authors: Natalie Krahmer, Yi Guo, Florian Wilfling, Maximiliane Hilger, Susanne Lingrell, Klaus Heger, Heather W. Newman, Marc Schmidt-Supprian, Dennis E. Vance, Matthias Mann, Robert V. Farese, Tobias C. Walther
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2011)
Pregnancy-Associated Deaths due to AIDS in the United States
Authors: Lisa M. Koonin
Journal: JAMA (1989)

From 1981 to 1988, eighty percent of all women with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reported to the Centers for Disease Control were of reproductive age. Six pregnancy-associated deaths due to AIDS in this country have been reported in the medical literature. We identified 20 unpublished cases of women who died of AIDS during or within one year after termination of pregnancy. Analysis showed that these women were mostly black or Hispanic, half were intravenous drug abusers, and most died of<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>pneumonia. Each pregnancy had an obstetric complication, primarily preterm delivery. The interval between diagnosis of AIDS and the death of these women ranged from one day to 15 months, with a mean interval of 113 days. Multiple reporting sources increased case detection and should be used for future investigations. Prospective case-control studies are needed to determine any further relationship between pregnancy complications and AIDS. (<i>JAMA</i>1989;261:1306-1309)
308Cardiac fibroblasts as inflammatory supporter cells trigger cardiac inflammation in heart failure
Authors: D Lindner, C Zietsch, N Fluschnik, S Blankenberg, HP Schultheiss, C Tschoepe, D Westermann
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Purpose: Cardiac remodeling and inflammation are hallmarks of cardiac failure and correlate with outcome in patients. However, the basis for the development of both remains unclear. We have previously reported that cardiac inflammation triggers transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and therefore increase accumulation of cardiac collagen deposition, one key pathology in cardiac remodeling. Identifying key pathways in inflammation would therefore be beneficial for patients suffering from heart failure. Here, we investigate the role of fibroblasts in the inflammatory process. Methods and Results: We address for the first time the role of fibroblasts as inflammatory supporter cells in heart failure. Using endomyocardial biopsies from patients with heart failure and dilated cardiomyopathy, we created a primary human cardiac fibroblasts cell culture system. To stimulate the primary fibroblasts we used the flexercell system with increasing stretch intensities. We found that mechanical stretch mimicking cardiac dilation in heart failure induce activation of fibroblasts and not only stimulates production of extracellular matrix but more importantly up-regulates chemokine production and triggers typical inflammatory pathways in vitro. Furthermore different pathways inhibitors were used to determine the signaling pathway involved in the chemokine production induced by mechanical stretch. Moreover, the cell culture supernatant of stretched fibroblasts activates inflammatory cells and induces further recruitment of monocytes by allowing transendothelial migration into the cardiac tissue. Experiments with other cardiac cells exposed to mechanical stretch revealed that the induction of chemokine expression by mechanical stretch seems to be specific for fibroblasts. Conclusion: Our findings reveal that cardiac fibroblasts are chemoactive sentinel cells activated by mechanical stress and are able to recruit inflammatory cells into the cardiac tissue, a process known to aggravate prognosis of patients. This might be important in different forms of heart failure and therefore may be one general mechanism specific for fibroblasts.
A modern approach to mental health
Authors: F. Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Does psychoanalysis have a place in modern medicine? Peter Fonagy and Alessandra Lemma do their best to make the case that it does. They argue that evidence of its usefulness is “on its way,” that it continues to enhance therapeutic relationships, that it’s central to our understanding of the influence of early life experience, and that it is the basis for cognitive behavioural therapy (doi:10.1136/bmj.e1211). But for my money they are outflanked by Paul Salkovskis and Lewis Wolpert (doi:10.1136/bmj.e1188). Psychoanalysis has had its day, these critics say. It should be given credit for establishing a new paradigm over a century ago, but it has now been supplanted by …
The Pharmacokinetics of Zidovudine Administered by Continuous Infusion in Children
Authors: Frank M. Balis
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To define the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (azidothymidine) in children with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Design: Plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid were obtained following a single 80 mg/m2 body surface dose infused over 1 hour (n = 9), and during a continuous infusion of 0.5 (n = 3), 0.9 (n = 8), 1.4 (n = 7), or 1.8 (n = 3) mg/kg body weight per hour. Setting: Outpatient clinic and inpatient ward of the Pediatric Branch of the National Cancer Institute. Patients: Twenty-one children (seventeen boys) ranging in age from 14 months to 12 years with symptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection who were being treated on a phase I-II study of continuous intravenous infusion zidovudine. Measurements and Main Results: Zidovudine disappearance following bolus administration was rapid and biexponential with half-lives of 9.6 and 92 minutes, and a total clearance of 705 ± 330 mL/min · m2. Zidovudine remained above 1 µmol/L, the optimal virostatic concentration in vitro, for only 1.5 hours. In contrast, with continuous infusion steady-state plasma zidovudine concentrations (Css) were maintained above 1 µmol/L continuously, even at the lowest infusion rate. At steady state the ratio of cerebrospinal fluid zidovudine concentration to plasma was 24% ± 9%. Patients who developed severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count < 0.5 X 109L) on the continuous, infusion regimen had significantly higher plasma Css. Six of eight had a Css greater than 3.0 µmol/L. Conclusions: Pharmacokinetic parameters show that continuous infusion is better than an intermittent schedule in maintaining minimal virostatic concentrations of the drug with a lower daily dose.
Secondary Syphilis With Unusual Clinical and Laboratory Findings
Authors: Laszlo Biro
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Physical examination of a patient yielded cutaneous findings suggestive of lymphoma or sarcoidosis. A roentgenogram of the chest revealed nodular infiltrates at the bases of both lungs, lending support for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. On biopsy, skin lesions showed noncaseating granulomata. The correct diagnosis of syphilis was first suspected on the basis of a reactive Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test. Clinically, atypical forms of syphilis may be on the rise because of short-term antibiotic treatment given to patients during the incubation period of the disease.
Drug-resistant malaria raises concern, controversy
Authors: Heather Carswell
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The unrelenting spread of resistance to drugs used for prophylaxis of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>malaria, the most virulent of the four species affecting humans, has become a focus of increasing concern, according to experts from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in Atlanta. Reports to the annual meeting of the American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, held recently in Cleveland, indicate that Americans traveling to the East African countries of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Madagascar, Mozambique, and the Comoro Islands are at particular risk for slipping through the veil of drug protection and acquiring the illness. These findings prompted a recent revision of the CDC's recommended prophylaxis policy for<i>P falciparum</i>in visitors to these regions, according to Malaria Branch chief C. C. Kent Campbell, MD (<i>MMWR</i>1982;31:No. 24 [June 25]). Despite the advisory, however, new cases of malaria among US travelers continue to be reported. (One pair of researchers has determined
Relationship between genotype for the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 and susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: C Beyeler, M Armstrong, H A Bird, J R Idle, A K Daly
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1996)

OBJECTIVES--To determine whether particular genotypes for the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2D6, a polymorphic enzyme, are associated with susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), or linked with any specific clinical or familial features of the two conditions. METHODS--CYP2D6 genotypes were determined in 54 patients with AS, 53 patients with RA, and 662 healthy controls. Leucocyte DNA was analysed for the presence of mutations by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis with the restriction enzyme Xbal and by two separate polymerase chain reaction assays. RESULTS--On the basis of odds ratio (OR), individuals with two inactive CYP2D6 alleles were more susceptible to AS than controls (OR 2.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04 to 7.08), with a stronger effect for the CYP2D6B allele (OR 4.11, 95% CI 1.54 to 11.0). No significant differences in the distribution of overall genotypes and allele frequencies were observed between RA and controls. No significant relationships were found between the skeletal, extraskeletal or familial features of AS or RA (iritis, psoriasis, inflammatory enteropathy and rheumatoid nodules, kerato-conjunctivitis sicca, pleuritis, rheumatoid and antinuclear factors) and the overall genotype. CONCLUSIONS--Our findings suggest a modest association between homozygosity for inactive CYP2D6 alleles, particularly CYP2D6B alleles, and susceptibility to AS. However, our results fail to demonstrate a genetic link between CYP2D6 genotype and RA.
Management of blood pressure in primary care
Authors: R. J McManus, J. Mant
Journal: BMJ (2009)

<b>1240</b> <b>Objectives: </b>Neuroendocrine tumors (NET),rare neoplasms, which grow slowly, their identification and localisation in early stages is very diffcult. Conventional techniques are useful tools for the diagnosis of NET’s, its sensitivity is low in tumours lesser than 2cm. Receptor scintigrams may offer valuable complemantary information to evaluate NET’s. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the value of In-111 labeled octreotide scintigraphy and higher dose octreotide therapy in pts resistant to conventional therapies. <b>Methods: </b>129 pts with known or clinically suspected NET’s were investigated (82 pts with carsinoids, 31 pts with pancreatic endocrine tumours (21 gastrinoma, 3 insulinoma, 7 undetermited type), 4 pheochromositoma, 2 neuroblastoma, 3 thyroid medullary carsinoma, 2 glomus tumor, 3 hepatoceluler carsinoma and 2 timoma). Scintigraphies were done at 4 and 24 hours following the injection of 4-6 mCi In-111 octreotide. 8 pts treated with higher dose In -111 octreotide due to resistant to conventional theraphies in the 6-8 weekly period, for four times. <b>Results: </b>65/129 pts had normal octreotide scintigraphy. 64 /129 pts had In-111 octreotide scintigraphy and also CT. 16/64 pts had normal In-111 octreotide and CT. 8/64 pts had normal octreotide scintigrams but pathological CT results. (7 liver,1 retroperitoneal lesion) New lesions were seen with In-111 octreotide scintigram than CT; 4/10 had normal CT.CT and In-111 octreotide scintigraphy results were similar in 26/64 pts. 8 pts were treated with high dose In-111 octreotide. 1 pt died after one cycle.2 pts had two cycle therapy, they are still in follow up. 5 pts had 4 cycle therapies and no side effect was observed except mild hemathological effects. The new lesions were seen in whole body scintigrams 6 days after the therapy regimen in addition to known lesions. <b>Conclusions: </b>In-111 octreotide scintigraphy has a high sensitivity for NET, especially in the identification of lesions unrecognised by conventional imaging techniques. It is thought that high dose octreotide therapy may be an effective choice of NET’s therapy. It is easy to use and its side effects are acceptable.The new lesions are shown and it can be effective for the small lesions with Auger electron.
Different Quantitative Apoptotic Traits in Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaques From Patients With Stable Angina Pectoris and Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Marco L. Rossi, Nicola Marziliano, Piera Angelica Merlini, Ezio Bramucci, Umberto Canosi, Guido Belli, Dennis Zavalloni Parenti, Pier Mannuccio Mannucci, Diego Ardissino
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Apoptosis in human atherosclerotic coronary plaques possibly causes plaque destabilization by contributing to the weakening and breaking down of the fibrous cap. We tested the hypothesis that apoptosis is quantitatively increased in unstable atherosclerotic plaques.We analyzed the expression of apoptotic genes such as BAX, CASP1, FAS, FAS L, FOS, MDM2, NFkB2, P53, PCNA, TERT, and XRCC1 in coronary plaques collected with directional coronary atherectomy from 15 patients with stable angina and 15 with acute coronary syndromes without ST elevation (ACS). Total RNA was extracted and cDNA was amplified with a specific set of primers and TaqMan probes. Apoptosis was also revealed by DNA laddering. To clarify the source of mRNAs, we performed in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction coupled with immunocytochemistry and found a substantial overlap between the mRNAs of the above genes and vascular smooth muscle cells. Gene expression analysis showed that the proapoptotic genes (ie, BAX, CASP1, FAS, FAS L, FOS, NFkB2, P53, PCNA) were significantly more expressed (P<0.001) in ACS plaques, whereas the antiapoptotic genes (ie, MDM2, TERT, XRCC1) were more transcribed (P<0.001) in stable angina plaques. Total gDNA gel electrophoresis identified a laddering pattern in the ACS plaques as evidence of end-point apoptosis. Western blotting substantially confirmed the above data.Our findings support the idea that ACS plaques are committed to apoptosis through an established meshwork of gene activation and inactivation, whereas stable angina plaques retain active cell homeostasis and repair mechanisms.