tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Contraception for women: an evidence based overview
Authors: J.-J. Amy, V. Tripathi
Journal: BMJ (2009)

#### Summary points

Contraception allows parents to choose the number and spacing of children. Each year, family planning programmes prevent an estimated 187 million unintended pregnancies, including 60 million unplanned births and 105 million abortions, and avert an estimated 2.7 million infant deaths and 215 000 pregnancy related deaths.1

The prevalence of contraceptive use differs across the world owing to differences in desired number of children, awareness, funding, and service delivery, with an overall prevalence of use worldwide of 63%. Female sterilisation and intrauterine devices account for nearly 40% in less developed regions, and pills, intrauterine devices, and condoms for the same proportion in more developed regions.2 This article reviews evidence based information on contraceptive methods currently available for women.

#### Sources and selection criteria

We prepared this review by searching Cochrane reviews, PubMed, and our personal archives of references.

### Counselling

Counselling is thought to enable clients to make contraceptive choices that best fit their values and needs; it should lead to greater satisfaction and more correct and longer use of contraception, particularly when partners are involved. However, a Cochrane review of randomised controlled trials that acknowledged heterogeneity between studies found …
Overregulation of Opioid Analgesics
Authors: M. J. Friedrich
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Estimation of Isonicotinic Acid Hydrazide in Blood Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: G. Hunter
Journal: BMJ (1955)

Cuthbertson and his colleagues (1954) described a method of estimating isonicotinic acid hydrazide (I.N.H., isoniazid) in blood plasma and urine that marked a considerable advance on previous methods.Their method, however, requires about 10 ml. of blood and is rather elaborate for routine purposes.Our interest in the subject has been confined to blood and cerebrospinal fluid (C.S.F.), for which it has been possible to shorten the procedure in a manner that may be of interest to others.Method for Serum and C.S.F.Reagents.-Aceticacid, 0.OSN.Phosphate buffer pH 6.5: 3 vol.M/S Na2HPO4 and 7 vol.M/5 KH2PO4.Picryl chloride solution: 35 mg.(B.D.H.) in 10 ml.ethanol.Acetic acid, SN. n-Butanol.Pr-otein Precipitation (in test-tube, 16 by 125 mm.).Seruim.-To 1.25 ml. of serum add 7.5 ml. of water and
DISTINGUISHING ISCHEMIC FROM NONISCHEMIC LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH BLOCK BY TRANSTHORACIC ENHANCED CORONARY ECHO DOPPLER IN CONVERGENT COLOR DOPPLER MODE
Authors: Carlo Caiati, Mario Lepera, Daniela Santoro, Fortunato Iacovelli, Dario Grande, Antonio Tito, Nicola Tarantino, Alessandro De Santis, Filippo Masi, Stefano Favale
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Replication of Genetic Polymorphisms Reported to Be Associated with Taxane-Related Sensory Neuropathy in Patients with Early Breast Cancer Treated with Paclitaxel—Response
Authors: Qi Guo, Jean E. Abraham, Carlos Caldas, Helena M. Earl, Paul P.D. Pharoah
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2015)

We thank Apellániz-Ruiz and colleagues (1) for their interest in our study (2) and for their thoughtful comments.Both maximum taxane-related sensory neuropathy (TRSN) and cumulative dose TRSN analysis have been conducted under an additive genetic model, as described in our article (2), for three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP; rs7349683, rs301927, and rs209709). We have now performed both analyses under a recessive model for these SNPs.The SNP rs7349683 in EPHA5 was associated with decreased risk of both maximum TRSN (T-allele homozygote, OR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.38–0.87; P = 0.009) and cumulative TRSN (T-allele homozygote, HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48–0.97; P = 0.035). This is consistent with the results previously reported (1).However, rs301927 in EPHA6 was associated with decreased risk of both maximum TRSN (A-allele homozygote, OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52–0.89; P = 0.004) and cumulative TRSN (A-allele homozygote, HR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.57–0.88; P = 0.002). This association had a discordant direction of effect to the results reported in the article (1). We found no evidence of association for rs209709 in EPHA8 under a recessive model (P = 0.97 for maximum TRSN and P = 0.94 for cumulative TRSN).See the original Letter to the Editor, p. 3092No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
MORTALITY AFTER PROSTATECTOMY.
Authors: BENJAMIN TENNEY
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Anyeration whose mortality varies between 15 per cent, and 30 per cencent.titutionwork and 4.4 per cent, incent.ofan individual does not seem to be based on uniform details.We have had no deaths as yet in our own prostatectoave to report fatal casesthe hope of making them as few as possible, we have gathered from recent literature andrsonal communications of others interested in this line of work more than a thousand cases of prostatectomyerence to the mortality and its causes.
What are the mechanics of quantum cognition?
Authors: Daniel Joseph Navarro, Ian Fuss
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract Pothos &amp; Busemeyer (P&amp;B) argue that quantum probability (QP) provides a descriptive model of behavior and can also provide a rational analysis of a task. We discuss QP models using Marr's levels of analysis, arguing that they make most sense as algorithmic level theories. We also highlight the importance of having clear interpretations for basic mechanisms such as interference.
Dopamine and Polyuria
Authors: DANIEL POLANSKY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Letters and Corrections1 December 1987Dopamine and PolyuriaDANIEL POLANSKY, M.D., NANCY EBERHARD, Pharm. D., ROLLY MCGRATH, M.D.DANIEL POLANSKY, M.D., NANCY EBERHARD, Pharm. D., ROLLY MCGRATH, M.D.Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-107-6-941_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We would like to report the case of a patient with an unusual but important association with dopamine.A 75-year-old black man was evaluated for obtundation. He was found to have a left frontoparietal encephalitis and presumed endocarditis despite negative blood cultures. He developed hypotension during his hospitalization and was begun on a dopamine infusion. Before this hypotensive episode his intake and output were approximately equal. His renal function was stable; a calculated creatinine clearance rate was 80 mL/min. The urine specific gravity was between 1.020 and 1.030.During the dopamine infusion, which ranged from 9 to...References1. GOLDBERG L. Cardiovascular and renal actions of dopamine: potential clinical applications. Pharmacol Rev. 1972;24:1-24. MedlineGoogle Scholar2. FLISSCOBLINONCOBASTLPOPUVTZER RDCM. Dopamine related polyuria in patients with gram negative infection. Arch Intern Med. 1977;137:1547-50. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. ROSENBERGGUPTALUCAS ISC. Renal insufficiency after trauma and sepsis. Arch Surg. 1971;103:175-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. BERLHARBOTTLESCHRIER TJR. Effect of alpha and beta-adrenergic stimulation on renal water excretion in man. Kidney Int. 1974;6:247-53. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. BERLCADNAPAPHORNCHAIHARBOTTLESCHRIER TPJR. Mechanism of suppression of vasopressin during alpha-adrenergic stimulation with norepinephrine. J Clin Invest. 1974;53:219-27. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Wishard Memorial Hospital Indiana University Medical Center Indianapolis, IN 46202 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byDexmedetomidine-induced polyuric syndrome and hypotension 1 December 1987Volume 107, Issue 6Page: 941-941KeywordsBloodCreatinineDopamineEncephalitisEndocarditisHospitalizationsHypotensionHypotensive episodesUrine ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 December 1987 PDF downloadLoading ...
Global health: what's in it for us?
Authors: K S Brown
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

A new report, America's Vital Interest in Global Health, released in June by the Institute of Medicine's (IOM) Board on International Health, calls for increased U.S. foreign health care spending to fund research and education about diseases of the developing world, a global surveillance system to spot environmental changes and emerging disease conditions, public and private sector partnerships to distribute vaccines and drugs overseas, and a new government body to help coordinate these efforts. The report argues that, in an increasingly global society, the United States can't afford to ignore its neighbors' problems, for economic as well as social reasons.
Abstract 495: Inhibition of the prolyl isomerase Pin1 reduces CD133 and Sox2 expression and enhances radiosensitivity in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Edmund I. T. Chen, Yu-Wen Huang, Li-Chuan Lai
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Pin1, a prolyl isomerase, specifically recognizes the phosphorylated Ser/Thr-Pro motifs and induces cis/trans isomerization of its target proteins. Such conformational changes have profound effects on the function of Pin1 substrates. Pin1 has been shown to be overexpressed in many human cancers, and Pin1 over-expression is often associated with up-regulation of cyclin D1 and β-catenin. Here we report that, in cell culture studies, enhanced Pin expression occurs in radiation-resistant glioblastoma cells (GBM-R) or CD133-expressing glioblastma cells (S1) compared with controls. Ectopic expression of Pin1 but not mutated Pin1(K63A) increased the viability of GBM cells to IR.CD133-expressing glioma cells are known to play a key role in tumor recovery after treatment and are resistance to radiotherapy. Here we showed that Pin1 knock-down in GBM-R or GBM-CD133 (+) cells enhanced their sensitivities to radiation or anti-GBM drug TMZ. Moreover, Pin1 knockdown increased apoptopic population in GBM-CD133 (+) cells. It appeared that Pin1 knockdown reduced the ability of S1 cells to repair double-stranded breaks. Interestingly, Pin1 knockdown decreases the expression of stemness genes including CD133, Sox-2, Bmi1 and c-Myc etc., and silencing of Pin1 can interfere with sphere formation in S1 cells. Our results suggest that Pin1 is an important regulator of the resistance of GBM-R or GBM-CD133 (+) to radiotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 495.
Education of health professionals for the 21st century: a global independent Commission
Authors: Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Lincoln Chen, Jordan Cohen, Nigel Crisp, Tim Evans, Harvey Fineberg, Julio Frenk, Patricia Garcia, Richard Horton, Yang Ke, Patrick Kelley, Barry Kistnasamy, Afaf Meleis, David Naylor, Ariel Pablos-Mendez, Srinath Reddy, Susan Scrimshaw, Jaime Sepulveda, David Serwadda, Huda Zurayk
Journal: The Lancet (2010)
Adaptation of rabbit cortical collecting duct HCO3- transport to metabolic acidosis in vitro.
Authors: S Tsuruoka, G J Schwartz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Net HCO3- transport in the rabbit kidney cortical collecting duct (CCD) is mediated by simultaneous H+ secretion and HCO3- secretion, most likely occurring in a alpha- and beta-intercalated cells (ICs), respectively. The polarity of net HCO3- transport is shifted from secretion to absorption after metabolic acidosis or acid incubation of the CCD. We investigated this adaptation by measuring net HCO3- flux before and after incubating CCDs 1 h at pH 6.8 followed by 2 h at pH 7.4. Acid incubation always reversed HCO3- flux from net secretion to absorption, whereas incubation for 3 h at pH 7.4 did not. Inhibition of alpha-IC function (bath CL- removal or DIDS, luminal bafilomycin) stimulated net HCO3- secretion by approximately 2 pmol/min per mm before acid incubation, whereas after incubation these agents inhibited net HCO3- absorption by approximately 5 pmol/min per mm. Inhibition of beta-IC function (luminal Cl- removal) inhibited HCO3- secretion by approximately 9 pmol/min per mm before incubation, whereas after incubation HCO3- absorption by only 3 pmol/min per mm. After acid incubation, luminal SCH28080 inhibited HCO3- absorption by only 5-15% vs the circa 90% inhibitory effect of bafilomycin. In outer CCDs, which contain fewer alpha-ICs than midcortical segments, the reversal in polarity of HCO3- flux was blunted after acid incubation. We conclude that the CCD adapts to low pH in vitro by downregulation HCO3- secretion in beta-ICs via decreased apical CL-/base exchang activity and upregulating HCO3- absorption in alpha-ICs via increased apical H+ -ATPase and basolateral CL-/base exchange activities. Whether or not there is a reversal of IC polarity or recruitment of gamma-ICs in this adaptation remains to be established.
Analytic isomorphism and speech perception
Authors: Irene Appelbaum
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

The suggestion that analytic isomorphism should be rejected applies especially to the domain of speech perception because (1) the guiding assumption that solving the lack of invariance problem is the key to explaining speech perception is a form of analytic isomorphism, and (2) after nearly half a century of research there is virtually no empirical evidence of isomorphism between perceptual experience and lower-level processing units.
Serial Lung Function and Responsiveness in Cystic Fibrosis during Early Childhood
Authors: Kim G. Nielsen, Tacjana Pressler, Bent Klug, Christian Koch, Hans Bisgaard
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

In a 4-year prospective study, we evaluated specific airway resistance (sRaw) by whole-body plethysmography, respiratory resistance by the interrupter technique, and respiratory resistance and reactance at 5 Hz by the impulse oscillation technique combined with measurement of responsiveness to bronchodilators and cold air in 30 children (mean [range] age 5.7 [2 to 8] years) with cystic fibrosis (CF). Spirometry was done at school age. Mean sRaw was consistently abnormal: the mean z score (SD) was 2.52 (2.02) (p < 0.001) at the start and was unchanged 36 months later at 2.74 (2.02). Mean z score (SD) for FEV(1) at first satisfactory measurement, at a mean age (range) of 6.1 (4.9-7.5) years was -1.2 (1.2) and was further reduced to -1.85 (1.2) 4 years from inclusion at a mean age (range) of 9.9 (6.8-12) years. Neither respiratory resistance by the interrupter technique nor the impulse oscillation technique demonstrated consistent abnormal levels. Patients with CF as a group did not differ from healthy subjects in responsiveness to bronchodilators and cold air. sRaw may be a useful tool in CF during early childhood. Reduced lung function was documented from consistently abnormal levels of sRaw and FEV1 during the study. Bronchodilator responsiveness and response to cold air challenge were normal.
Functional Analysis of the Vasomotor Innervation of the Dog's Hind Footpad
Authors: W. C. RANDALL, W. F. ALEXANDER, J. W. Cox, A. B. HERTZMAN
Journal: Circulation Research (1953)

Vascular responses in the large central pad of the dog's foot were recorded during stimulation of the lumbosacral sympathetic trunk and correlated with the site of stimulation and the subsequent histologic analysis of the excised trunk. The resulting description of the preganglionic inflow and postganglionic outflow from the trunk demonstrated marked variations in the anatomic patterns of the vasomotor innervation of the footpad in various animals. Complete preganglionic denervation of this vascular bed required extirpation of the entire lumbar trunk caudalward as far as L-7 in addition to the interruption of those preganglionic pathways through the spinal nerves which do not pass through the sympathetic trunk.
The synovitis of "non-inflammatory" orthopaedic arthropathies: a quantitative histological and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: F Pessler, L Dai, C Diaz-Torne, C Gomez-Vaquero, M E Paessler, D-H Zheng, E Einhorn, U Range, C Scanzello, H R Schumacher
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2008)

To quantify inflammatory changes in synovial membranes from orthopaedic "non-inflammatory" arthropathies (Orth. A).Synovial membranes from patients with femur fracture, avascular necrosis of the femur, plica syndrome, and meniscus and/or ligament injury (n = 23); rheumatoid arthritis (n = 28); osteoarthritis (OA; n = 25); and from normal controls (n = 10) were assessed by light microscopy, a histological synovitis score, immunostaining for CD3, CD20, CD38, CD68, Ki-67 and von Willebrand factor, and with an immunohistochemical inflammation score.Orth. A histology varied between normal and markedly inflamed. Predominant abnormalities were mild lining hyperplasia, scattered inflammatory cells and small perivascular infiltrates. The synovitis score classified Orth. A as "mild synovitis". Inflammatory cells occurred frequently: CD68+ cells in 100% of Orth. A specimens; CD3+, 91%; CD38+, 70%; and CD20+, 39%. Orth. A had 36% greater lining thickness (p = 0.04), 40% higher vascular density (p = 0.009) and 51.3-fold higher CD38+ cell density (p = 0.02) than normal controls; and 60% fewer subintimal Ki-67+ cells (p = 0.003), 42% fewer CD68+ lining cells (p<0.01) and 40% fewer subintimal CD68+ cells (p<0.01) than OA. The immunohistochemical inflammation score was 2.2-fold higher in Orth. A than in controls (p = 0.048) and similar to OA, with three Orth. A specimens showing marked inflammation.Synovial membranes from "non-inflammatory" arthropathies featured neovascularisation and inflammation intermediate between normal and OA synovium. These results expand previous findings that mechanical joint injury may lead to a mild-to-moderate synovitis.
SC-01 * RalA IN BIOLOGY AND THERAPY OF MPNST IN CORRELATION TO CANCER STEM CELLS
Authors: K. Terai, E. Borrego-Diaz, D. Lovick, M. Salacz, A. R. Moghadam, Z. Sanaat, R. Dolatkhah, E. Patrad, M. Amani, W. Peng, T. Esfandyari, F. Farassati
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2015)

For the last 20 years, cellular biologists have been focusing on the role of Ras signaling pathway in neurofibromatosis 1(NF1) and its lethal derivation, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). While our team has worked on the influence of Ras pathway on responsiveness of MPNST cells to therapy, we introduced a novel cell signaling pathway down-stream of Ras, i.e. Ral pathway, as an important regulator of the biological features of MPNST with potentials for being targeted for treatment of this malignancy. We have also showed that RalA is overactivated in the cancer stem cell (CSC) fraction of MPNST tumors establishing this pathway to harbor potentials for targeting MPNST CSCs. In summary our preliminary data shed light on following facts: 1- RalA signaling pathway is overactivated in differentiated MPNST cells and human tissues. 2- RalA overactivation is a characteristic of MPNST cancer stem cells. 3- RalA inhibition hinders the malignant phenotype of MPNST cells. 4- Disruption of RalA signaling results in loss of viability and invasion of MPNST cells. In this presentation, we further evaluate the mechanism of RalA overactivation and in-vivo potentials of its inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for MPNST.
P1-07-10: Validation of a Diagnostic Molecular Signature (EHT Dx14) on Fine-Needle Aspirate Samples from Breast Tumors.
Authors: S Delaloge, F André, P Fehlbaum, O Sol, P Vielh
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: A 1228-probeset molecular classifier (EHT Dx14) able to discriminate benign breast lesions from breast adenocarcinoma with a 96% performance was previously identified in a panel of 71 fine-needle aspirate (FNA) samples of nodular breast lesions collected at Institut Gustave Roussy (IGR). The microarray which enabled the signature identification was based on the genomewide RNA analysis using the ExonHit's SpliceArray™ technology. The objective of the current study was to validate the performance of the EHT Dx14 molecular classifier on an independent cohort of FNA samples stored at the Centre de Ressources Biologiques at IGR. Patients and methods: The samples were collected from women undergoing investigations for suspicious nodular breast lesions classified BIRAD ACR 4 or 5 on mammogram and/or ultrasonography. The morphological cytological analysis of FNA samples classified the lesions as either benign, malignant or indeterminate. All samples were associated with a definite clinico-pathological diagnosis of the breast lesions. The first part of the study aims at confirming the sensitivity, specificity and overall performance of EHT Dx14 among lesions clearly classified by morphological cytology. The second part aims at establishing its performance among lesions with indeterminate cytological results. Results: In the first part of the study, the EHT Dx14 transcriptomic signature was applied on a set of 94 FNA consecutive samples categorized as benign (n=47) or adenocarcinoma (n=47) on cytology. The benign/malignant status of the lesions was confirmed by subsequent investigations or follow-up. Results of EHT DX-14 assessment of the samples were respectively 97.9% (95%CI: [88.7%-99.9%]) for sensitivity and 91.5% (95%CI: [79.6%-97.6%]) for specificity. Results on indeterminate FNA samples are being investigated in the second part of the study. Conclusion: This study did confirm the high performance of EHT Dx14 signature in identifying malignant from benign breast lesions in clinically suspect lesions. EHT Dx14 may provide adequate biological diagnosis in the absence of capability of morphological evaluation. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-07-10.