tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Chloroplast Genealogy of Hordeum (Poaceae): Long-Term Persisting Haplotypes, Incomplete Lineage Sorting, Regional Extinction, and the Consequences for Phylogenetic Inference
Authors: Sabine S. Jakob, Frank R. Blattner
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2006)

To analyze reasons for inconclusive results of earlier chloroplast phylogenies in the grass genus Hordeum, we established a genealogy of chloroplast haplotypes by sequencing the trnL–trnF region in 875 individuals, covering all 31 species of the genus. Although the outcomes of phenetic and parsimony analyses of 88 haplotypes were ambiguous, a network approach showed that in Hordeum ancient chloroplast types co-occur with their descendants. Moreover, we found up to 18 different chloroplast haplotypes within a single species and up to 6 species sharing single haplotypes. Persisting polymorphisms together with incomplete lineage sorting occurred preferentially in the rapidly speciating New World taxa of the genus, where ancient chloroplast types have survived for at least 4 Myr. Lineages-through-time plots and a high number of missing chloroplast haplotypes indicated far-reaching extinction of chloroplast lineages in Europe and particularly the Mediterranean. Survival of these lineages in East Asia and North America resulted in chloroplast relationships that markedly differed from nuclear estimations of species relationships. Thus, even for the deepest splits in the genus, reaching back more than 9 Myr, no safe phylogenetic inference from chloroplast data is possible in Hordeum. The chloroplast genealogy, however, revealed biogeographic patterns and indicated processes involved in speciation in Hordeum. We conclude that the described phenomena are not restricted to Hordeum and that the knowledge of the chloroplast relationships within a genus is indispensable to prevent misinterpretation of phylogeographic data within single species.
Potential chlorpyrifos exposure to residents following standard crack and crevice treatment.
Authors: S L Byrne, B A Shurdut, D G Saunders
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

Multipathway exposures were evaluated for residents of houses over a 10-day period following a crack and crevice application of a chlorpyrifos-based formulation. Three multiroom houses with two adults each were treated. Air concentration, total deposition, and dislodgeable residues on horizontal surfaces were measured to assess potential respiratory, oral, and dermal exposures, respectively, in treated and untreated high activity rooms. In addition, urine samples collected from the adults were analyzed for the primary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol, to determine absorbed dose. The maximum chlorpyrifos air concentration observed was 2.3 microgram/m3, with air concentrations generally decreasing to levels ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 microgram/m3 within 10 days. Carpet dislodgeable residues, used to evaluate the amount of residues potentially transferred upon contact, were less than the analytical method limit of quantitation (1.6 microgram/m2). Hard plastic balls placed in the homes on the day before application contained no detectable dislodgeable residues (<6.5 microgram/m2). Ten-day cumulative nontarget residues deposited on surfaces, as determined by deposition pads, were less than 2.3 microgram/100 cm2. Deposition samples from all living area floors collected 2 hr after application contained less than 9.9 microgram/100 cm2. Therefore, contact with household surfaces and subsequent hand-to-mouth activity are not expected to significantly contribute to overall exposure. Estimated exposures to children, based on the passive dosimetry measurements, ranged from 0.26 to 2.1% of the no observed effect level for plasma cholinesterase depression. In addition, potential exposures to the adult residents, as indicated by the urinary 3,5,6-TCP biomonitoring, did not increase as a result of the application.
Abstract 4554: Regulation of intracrine androgen synthesis by NF-kappaB2/p52
Authors: Nagalakshmi Nadiminty, Ramakumar Tummala, Jae Yeon Chun, Christopher P. Evans, Allen C. Gao
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction: Benign prostatic hyperplasia and the initial stages of prostate cancer (CaP) exhibit androgen dependence, but androgen ablation results only in temporary regression of CaP, with progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains active in CRPC due to aberrant activation of the AR. Synthesis of intracrine androgens has emerged as one of the mechanisms by which AR is activated in CRPC after androgen ablation. Even though levels of androgen biosynthetic enzymes have been shown to be elevated in CRPC, their regulation is not completely understood. In this study, we examined the role of NF-kappaB2/p52 in intracrine androgen synthesis and castration-resistant progression of CaP. Methods: Expression levels of androgen biosynthetic enzymes were measured in CaP cells with or without expression of NF-kappaB2/p52 using real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. Regulation by NF-kappaB2/p52 was examined using luciferase reporter assays and plasmids containing regulatory elements of androgen biosynthetic enzymes. Intracrine levels of androgens were measured using EIA in tumors obtained from castrated mice. Results: Expression levels of androgen biosynthetic enzymes including AKR1C3, CYP17A1, HSD3B2, and SRD5A1 were found to be elevated in CaP cells expressing NF-kappaB2/p52. Luciferase assays showed that NF-kappaB2/p52 regulates their expression directly by binding to their promoters and inducing transcription. The levels of total testosterone in CaP cells expressing NF-kappaB2/p52 were approximately 3-fold higher than control cells as measured using EIA. Intraprostatic androgen levels were found to be at 1002 ± 232 pg/g tissue, compared to 377.8 ± 105 pg/g tissue in control tumors obtained by orthotopic implantation of CaP cells expressing NF-kappaB2/p52. These data suggest that CaP cells synthesize detectable levels of testosterone in the absence of exogenous steroid precursors and overexpression of NF-kappaB2/p52 can increase this process, possibly by enhancing the expression of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes. Conclusions: Intraprostatic androgen synthesis in recurrent prostate tumors contributes significantly to resistance to androgen ablation and development of CRPC. NF-kappaB2/p52 regulates the expression levels of steroidogenic enzymes and thereby enhances synthesis of intracrine androgens and aberrant activation of the AR. Coupled with our previous studies, these data suggest that antagonizing NF-kappaB2/p52 signaling may prove beneficial in CRPC therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4554. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4554
Effect of Intravenous Streptokinase on Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Meir J. Stampfer, Samuel Z. Goldhaber, Salim Yusuf, Richard Peto, Charles H. Hennekens
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

Intracoronary infusion of streptokinase in patients with acute myocardial infarction is an exciting and innovative technique for reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium,1 2 3 4 but its net benefits have not yet been reliably estimated.Intravenous infusion of streptokinase is less invasive, less expensive, and easier than intracoronary infusion, and its effects have already been studied in randomized trials. Inevitably, when several trials address the same or a similar question, they are unlikely to yield identical results, and in these circumstances an overview of the results of all the strictly randomized trials can be useful.5 6 7 Although the play of chance may well produce . . .
Hypothermia and Hyperbaria
Authors: William G. Manax
Journal: JAMA (1965)

A method for successful in vitro organ preservation using hypothermia and hyperbaric oxygen is described. Dog kidneys, hearts, and distal small bowel segments have been successfully preserved by this method for as long as 48 hours. Generally, increasing the atmospheric pressure of oxygen promotes longer storage. Oxygen can be provided to the core of stored tissues by diffusion under conditions of low temperature and high pressure. Hypothermia preserves tissue for limited periods by decreasing metabolic activity. Superimposed hyperbaricity may act by supplying oxygen for reduced metabolism or actually may further inhibit oxidative metabolism by virtue of its toxicity. Three clinical cases are cited in which application of this experimental method of preservation has been used in human homotransplantation involving cadaveric kidneys.
From the authors
Authors: J-M. Vergnon
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2006)

specimen quality in forceps biopsy and cryobiopsy, we found the cryobiopsy technique to have a superior diagnostic quality [3].In summary, the use of the flexible cryoprobe for mechanical removal of obstructive exophytic bronchial tumours is a good alternative to laser therapy or electrocautery in planned bronchoscopic interventions as well as in patients with acute dyspnoea and tumorous bronchial obstruction.Cryorecanalisation is safe, cheap and readily applicable with an immediate success and relief of symptoms.
Death toll climbs and healthcare needs escalate in Japan
Authors: P. Moszynski
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Bad weather continues to disrupt emergency relief operations in Japan and is compounding the misery of the hundreds of thousands of people who survived but lost their homes in the 11 March earthquake and tsunami in the northeast of the country.

The number of documented casualties continues to rise. As at 21 March 8649 deaths had been confirmed, 13 262 people are officially missing, and 2644 people are injured. The final death toll is expected to be above 20 000.

More than 350 000 evacuees continue to endure cold weather at 2131 evacuation centres while blankets and other desperately needed relief supplies start to arrive.

The government has established a special task force for livelihood support of the affected populations, which is …
ABC of complementary medicine: Homoeopathy
Authors: A. Vickers, C. Zollman
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Background</h3> Until now there are no unequivocal prognostic parameters predicting reliably treatment success or failure in early RA patients. Ultrasound (US) predicts progression to RA in undifferentiated patients (1,2) and flare and erosive progression in RA patients in remission.(3) In early RA patients treated to target the added value of US to predict clinical outcomes has not been investigated. <h3>Objectives</h3> We investigated whether in newly diagnosed RA patients findings of an US examination of joints at baseline added to clinical, laboratory and radiographical baseline findings would improve prediction of failure to reach DAS28 remission (&lt;2.6) after one year. <h3>Methods</h3> A multicentre cohort of newly diagnosed RA patients was followed prospectively for one year. US of hands (longitudinal (dorsal and palmar)), wrists and feet (longitudinal (dorsal)) was performed at baseline using an Esaote MyLab 60 (LA6-18MHz). Grey scale (GS) and power Doppler (PD) US was scored semiquantitatively (0-3). A joint was considered to be ultrasonographically inflamed if GS&gt;1 and/or PD&gt;0. Clinical, laboratory and radiographical parameters were recorded. Primary outcome was the absence of DAS28 remission 12 months after diagnosis, analysed using logistic regression. <h3>Results</h3> 194 patients were included, of whom 174 patients were left for the analysis, with complete data for 158. The addition of US results (OR (95% CI) 0.96; 0.89-1.04) to a multivariate model already including DAS28 at time of diagnosis (OR (95% CI) 1.6; 1.2-2.2), female gender (OR (95% CI) 1.9; 0.91-4), presence of rheumatoid factor (OR (95% CI) 2.3; 1.1-5.1) and type of monitoring strategy (OR (95% CI) 0.2; 0.05-0.85), did not significantly improve prediction of failure to reach DAS28 remission. This resulted in a non-significant Likelihood ratio test: 1.04 (p=0.31). <h3>Conclusions</h3> In conclusion, in an early RA population, treated according to the “treat to target” paradigm, adding an ultrasound examination of joints at baseline to the prognostic workup did not improve prediction for not reaching DAS28 remission. <h3>References</h3> Filer et al (2011) ARD. Salaffi et al (2010) CER. Foltz et al (2012) A&amp;R. <h3>Acknowledgements</h3> Dr. Naredo and the Ultrasound School of the Spanish Society of rheumatology, for use of their GSUS scoring system Funding: This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from Roche Nederland B.V. Roche had no involvement in the study design; in collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; and decision to submit for publication. The corresponding author had full access to all data and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. The US machines were granted by (in alphabetical order) Abbott, MSD, Pfizer, Schering Plough and UCB. These companies did not have any involvement in the study design; in collection, analysis and interpretation of data; writing of the report; and decision to submit for publication. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None declared
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE DUODENUM
Authors: S. Hastings
Journal: BMJ (1910)

THE DUODENUM.[FEB.I2, I9IO.3. That all doubtful cases should be submitted to exploratory operation, unless the body weight rises under medical treatment.4. That even exp'oratory operations often leave the diagnosis doubtful.In such circumstances the case should be seen at frequent intervals or else treated by excision.5. Mortality after resection of cancer of the stomach is about 50 per cent.This is caused by peritonitis, shock, and lang complications.6.The immediate mortality can be greatly reduced by adopting the two-stage method.7. That mortality can be further much reduced by excluding cases where the colon, pancreas, or posterior lymph glands are seriously involved.8. That the adequate removal of the associated lymph areas demands that -the great omentum and the tissues in front of the pancreas should be taken away. 9.This can be done by the above-described operation.10. Remote results of radical operations only give a percentage of 7.6 three-year recoveries of those operated upon.This low figure may in part be due to the inadequate removal of lymphatic tiLsues.
Abstract 3314: Side population in renal cell carcinoma cell line is enriched with drug resistant, but not tumor initiating cells
Authors: Choon Kiat Ong, Bernice Hui Min Wong, Jacey Jing Chii Wong, Da Chuan Huang, Aik Seng Ooi, Miles Chao Nan Qian, Bin Tean Teh
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Several lines of evidences suggested the presence of tumor initiating cells in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and side population (SP) may be enriched with these “cancer stem cells (CSC)”. Herein we demonstrated the presence of Side population in 10 RCC cell lines ranging from 0.19 - 36.1%. Lineage tracing experiments showed that the SP can be enriched through sequential sorting and can differentiate into non-SP (NSP) which constitutes the bulk of the cells. The NSP can also formed back the original population of the SP in CRL1611 cells. Interestingly, the presence of NSP seem to prevent the SP from differentiating into NSP. The SP cells have about 15% higher proliferation rate and 50% greater colony forming efficiency which are reported characteristics of CSC. SP expresses higher level of cMyc, but lower level of CD105 as compared to the NSP. On the contrary, there is no difference in tumorigenic potential between SP and NSP using both correlation and in vivo studies. However, we verified that SP are 10% more resistance to mTOR inhibitor, RAD001 which coincide with higher expression of drug resistance membrane transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 in SP cells. Treatment with RAD001 increases the amount of SP concomitantly up regulate ABCB1 and ABCC1 significantly. Taken together, Hoechst dye exclusion did not define tumor initiating cells, but is a valuable technique for identifying drug resistance cells in RCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3314.
Protein synthesis in pulmonary, cardiac, and skeletal muscle in acute hypertension induced by aortic constriction in the rat
Authors: T. Siddiq, P. J Richardson, R. A Sherwood, V. R Preedy
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

The aim was to investigate nucleic acid composition and rates of protein synthesis in cardiopulmonary tissues and skeletal muscle in response to hypertension induced by aortic constriction.After five days of abdominal aortic constriction, protein, RNA, and DNA contents were measured in the lung, the left and right atria, the left and right ventricles, and gastrocnemius muscle from young male Wistar rats weighing 120-140 g. Rates of protein synthesis were also measured in these tissues with L[4-3H]phenylalanine.Aortic constriction significantly increased the right atrial weight and in contrast reduced the lung weight, compared to pair fed and sham operated controls. The wet weights of all other tissues were unaffected. The concentrations of right atrial proteins, RNA, and DNA were also significantly reduced though total protein, RNA, and DNA contents were unaltered. The left ventricular RNA concentration increased and there were variable alterations in protein and DNA composition. The protein, RNA, and DNA compositions of the other tissues showed patterned responses, which included reductions in lung and skeletal muscle DNA concentrations, reductions in the skeletal muscle RNA/DNA ratio, and a decrease in the lung protein/DNA ratio. In response to aortic constriction there were increases in the left ventricular fractional rate of protein synthesis in mixed, high salt (myofibrillar), and low salt (sarcoplasmic) fractions. Rates of protein synthesis in all other regions of the heart, lung and skeletal muscle were not significantly changed.We conclude that in abdominal aortic constriction, the left ventricles display early adaptive responses without any concomitant change in mass. Those regions of the rat cardiopulmonary system which are not directly exposed to the acute pressure overloading, ie, right atrium, lungs, and skeletal muscle, also show disturbances.
Transmyocardial Temperature Gradient in Dog and Man: Relation to the Polarity of the T wave of the Electrocardiogram
Authors: ERNEST W. REYNOLDS, PAUL N. YU
Journal: Circulation Research (1964)

The transmyocardial temperature gradient was measured in both right and left ventricles and in the septum of the dog by percutaneous ventricular puncture, using a no. 21 thin-wall needle fitted with a thermocouple stylus. The outer half of the left ventricular myocardium was invariably warmer than the endocardium. The peak temperature of the right ventricle was located midway between the endocardium and epicardium. The midseptal region was found to have a higher temperature than either its right or left endocardial aspects. The left ventricular cavity was cooler than the right ventricular cavity by a mean of 0.1°C. The transmyocardial temperature gradient was measured successfully in the left ventricle of two patients with cardiac disease. As in the dog, the outer layers of the myocardium were warmer than either the endocardium or cavity in these two patients. In one patient the T waves in the left precordial leads were negative and in the other the T waves were upright in the same lead. The location of peak temperature consistently in the outer half of the left ventricular wall may partly explain the normal upright T wave and may contribute to a more rapid recovery in the outer layers of the ventricle compared with the inner layers. However, reversal of the T wave must be explained by other factors and it is apparent that the polarity of the T wave is not governed exclusively by the transmyocardial temperature gradient. The transmyocardial temperature gradient may be explained partly on the basis of differences in heat removal by blood flow in the coronary system as well as in the ventricular cavity. The latter was found to be an important factor, because during ventricular fibrillation the transmyocardial temperature gradient was abolished.
Cervical Plasma Cell Population in Infertile Patients
Authors: R. B. Hutcheson, T. D. Anderson, E. J. Holborow
Journal: BMJ (1974)

Cervical biopsy specimens were obtained from 50 controls and 50 women attending an infertility clinic. Sections were cut and stained, by a direct immunofluorescent technique, with fluorescein-labelled sheep antihuman IgA, antihuman IgM, and antihuman IgG in an attempt to show a difference between the two groups. A significant increase in the number of plasma cells containing IgA was found in many of those infertile women in whom no other abnormality could be detected.
US health spending rises at slowest rate since 1960
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Healthcare spending in the United States grew last year at the lowest rate since records of the nation’s health expenditure began in 1960, a new analysis shows.

The analysis, conducted by the Office of the Actuary at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services,1 found that US healthcare spending increased by 3.6% in 2013 to reach $2.9 trillion (£1.85trn; €2.35trn), equal to $9255 a person. The study was published online on 3 December by the journal Health Affairs .

The 2013 rate was 0.5% lower than the 4.1% rate seen in 2012 and was consistent with a trend of slow growth in healthcare spending that has persisted in the US since the 2009 recession, during which time rates have ranged from 3.6% to 4.1%. …
Carcinoembryonic Antigen Assay in Hepatic Metastases Detection
Authors: William H. McCartney
Journal: JAMA (1976)

In a double-blind study involving 377 patients, we assessed the value of the serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) assay as an adjunct to the radio-nuclide liver scan for detection of liver metastases. Fifty-seven patients studied by both methods were ultimately proved to have liver metastases. In 28 instances in which the results of both tests were in agreement, these results were diagnostic with regard to presence or absence of hepatic involvement. The CEA assay suggested the presence of metastatic tumor in eight of the 12 patients with false-negative liver scans, thus proving to be a very useful adjunct to liver scanning in the detection of hepatic metastasis. (<i>JAMA</i>236:1023-1027, 1976)