tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Value of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Determining the Cause but not Course of Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: J. Schölmerich, M. Lausen, L. Lay, R. Salm, K. Rückauer, V. Gross, M. Roth, H. G. Leser, E. H. Farthmann
Journal: Endoscopy (1992)

We have recently shown that ERCP is the most useful technique for detecting a biliary origin of acute pancreatitis and can be done without side effects. We now report on a second series of 50 patients with acute pancreatitis in whom ERCP, computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and clinical and laboratory assessment were performed within the first 24 to 48 hours of hospitalization. A score for ERCP, CT and US was used to assess the severity of the disease. Patients were followed up until discharge or death and their condition classified according to outcome as mild (less than or equal to 1 complication), severe (greater than 1 complication) or fatal. ERCP was superior in detecting choledochal stones (ERCP 100%, US 25%, CT 50%) and dilated intrahepatic ducts (ERCP 75%, US 75%, CT 37%) but not gallbladder stones (ERCP 70%, US 100%, CT 60%). When the ERCP severity score was calculated there was no relevant difference between patients thereafter having a mild course (0.66 +/- 0.91, range 0-3), a severe course (1.3 +/- 0.80, range 0-3), or a fatal outcome (1.0 +/- 1.1, range 0-3). In contrast, the CT score was different in all three groups (mild: 3.0 +/- 1.9; severe: 5.3 +/- 3.2; lethal: 6.3 +/- 3.1) as was the US score (mild: 1.5 +/- 1.3; severe: 3.2 +/- 2.3; lethal: 4.4 +/- 1.4). It is concluded from these results that ERCP is of value in defining the origin of acute pancreatitis. When a biliary origin is detected this can lead to immediate treatment using endoscopic sphincterotomy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Surgery of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Authors: George E. Moore
Journal: JAMA (1984)

It is a pleasure to review and recommend an excellent book on the thyroid and parathyroid glands.  This is a comprehensive clinical text rather than a surgical text. There are many authors from other specialties, some from other countries, and some of America's most thoughtful general surgeons. Indeed, the text can be faulted for slighting the importance of specific surgical techniques.  The writing is excellent. There is little repetition. Carcinogenesis, pathogenesis, and endocrine relationships are well covered. There is a good chapter on needle-aspiration biopsy from Sweden. Summary tables are excellent in most chapters. Noteworthy, however, is the dearth of data from randomized or even reasonably controlled studies and the preponderance of data from personal studies of selected patients.  This is a superb book for students, residents, and all nonendocrinologists who require a quick review and pertinent current references.
Long stay care and the NHS: discontinuities between policy and practice
Authors: A R Turrell, C M Castleden, B Freestone
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The rapid growth of residential and nursing homes in the independent sector and the absolute and relative decline in continuing care beds funded by the NHS have established the former as the major provider of long term care in the United Kingdom.1However, the distribution of homes is uneven, producing wide variations in the range and type of local provision. This presumably results in competition for places in homes and some misplacement of older people in areas where there is poor provision of places relative to demand. These outcomes are the result of a range of factors shown in the box.

#### Independent long stay care

Factors in the growth and distribution of long stay care in the independent sector include the following:

The impact of the National Health Service and Community Care Act on residents in long stay homes is unclear. Before 1993 the lowest reported percentages of independent or minimally dependent residents in residential homes and nursing homes in the United Kingdom were 19% and 12% respectively.2 The impact of needs led assessment and eligibility criteria of social services departments under the act should have increased the level of dependency of old people in long stay care. However, this assumption and its implications for the NHS, like many others, has not been explored in research published in the United Kingdom.

#### Summary points

The independent sector now provides most long stay care for elderly people

The ageing population in homes will result in greater demands for NHS support

Failure to maintain best nursing practices and lack of specialist knowledge in many homes places special demands …
Evaluating the Impact of MRP1 and MRP2 Polymorphisms on the Pharmacoresistance to Imatinib Treatment Among CML Patients
Authors: A. Au, A.A. Baba, S.A. Goh, F.S.A. Wahid, A. Teh, M.H. Elias, R. Ankathil
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2013)
Neuropilin-1 Identifies a Subset of Bone Marrow Gr1− Monocytes That Can Induce Tumor Vessel Normalization and Inhibit Tumor Growth
Authors: Alessandro Carrer, Silvia Moimas, Serena Zacchigna, Lucia Pattarini, Lorena Zentilin, Giulia Ruozi, Miguel Mano, Milena Sinigaglia, Federica Maione, Guido Serini, Enrico Giraudo, Federico Bussolino, Mauro Giacca
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Improving tumor perfusion, thus tempering tumor-associated hypoxia, is known to impair cancer progression. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that VEGF-A165 and semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) promote vessel maturation through the recruitment of a population of circulating monocytes expressing the neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) receptor (Nrp1-expressing monocytes; NEM). Here, we define the characteristics of bone marrow NEMs and assess whether these cells might represent an exploitable tool to induce tumor vessel maturation. Gene expression signature and surface marker analysis have indicated that NEMs represent a specific subset of CD11b+ Nrp1+ Gr1- resident monocytes, distinctively recruited by Sema3A. NEMs were found to produce several factors involved in vessel maturation, including PDGFb, TGF-β, thrombospondin-1, and CXCL10; consistently, they were chemoattractive for vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. When directly injected into growing tumors, NEMs, isolated either from the bone marrow or from Sema3A-expressing muscles, exerted antitumor activity despite having no direct effects on the proliferation of tumor cells. NEM inoculation specifically promoted mural cell coverage of tumor vessels and decreased vascular leakiness. Tumors treated with NEMs were smaller, better perfused and less hypoxic, and had a reduced level of activation of HIF-1α. We conclude that NEMs represent a novel, unique population of myeloid cells that, once inoculated into a tumor, induce tumor vessel normalization and inhibit tumor growth.
Art tells the story of vaccines
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Th17 cells are a unique subset of proinflammatory cells conferring protection against extracellular bacteria and fungi, but have been also implicated in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. IL-1β is critical for the differentiation, expansion, <i>in vivo</i> survival, and effector function of Th17 cells. Among components of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R), decoy IL-1RII is a negative regulator of functional IL-1RI-mediated IL-1β signaling. Given its preferential expression on Treg cells, IL-1RII has been suggested to play a role for controlling the Th17 and Treg balance. However, little is known about a molecular mechanism underlying IL-1RII expression and its contribution to modulation of Th17 responses. Here, we found that IL-1RI and IL-1RII expression were rapidly induced by memory CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells after stimulation with TCR alone. Cyclosporin A reduced IL-1RII expression, whereas an augmented FOXP3 was associated with enhanced IL-1RII expression. This finding was corroborated by <i>in vitro</i> assays using NFAT inhibitor, dNP2-VIVIT and an inhibitor of FOXP3/NFAT1 interaction, peptide FOXP3 393–403. Moreover, reporter assay suggests that NFAT/FOXP3 binding sites in <i>IL-1RII</i> promoter are critical for its transcription. At day 2 post-stimulation, there were three distinct subsets; IL-1RI<sup>+</sup>IL-1RII<sup>−</sup>, IL-1RI<sup>+</sup>IL-1RII<sup>+</sup>, and IL- 1RI<sup>−</sup>IL-1RII<sup>−</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells, having unique features including cytokine production profile, the expression of Tregassociated genes, and responsiveness to IL-1β, suggesting a pivotal regulatory role of IL-1RII for human Th17 responses. Our findings will be beneficial to understanding a modulatory mechanism on Th17 response and IL- 1β-mediated IL-1R signaling contributing to pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
Abstract P5-19-02: Selective PI3K and dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors enhance the efficacy of endocrine therapies in breast cancer models
Authors: L Friedman, LB Ross, J Wallin, J Guan, WW Prior, E Wu, M Nannini, D Sampath
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Purpose: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) are lipid kinases that can regulate breast tumor cell growth, migration and survival. Standard of care drugs such as estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists including fulvestrant and tamoxifen, and aromatase inhibitors such as letrozole are indicated for the treatment of hormone receptor positive breast cancer. The current study is focused on investigating preclinical activity in breast cancer models, for GDC-0941, a class I PI3K inhibitor, GDC-0032, a PI3K inhibitor, and GDC-0980, a dual mTOR kinase and class I PI3K inhibitor. Investigation into PI3K inhibitor efficacy in combination with endocrine therapies is also explored. Experimental Design: A panel of ER+ breast cancer cell lines were treated with GDC-0941, GDC-0032 and GDC-0980 either as single agents or in combination with fulvestrant or tamoxifen and assayed for cellular effects. MCF-7 cells ectopically expressing aromatase were utilized to test the efficacy of aromatase inhibitors in combination with PI3K inhibitors in vitro. In addition, human xenografts of breast cancer cell lines were employed to assess combination efficacy of PI3K inhibitors with fulvestrant and tamoxifen in vivo. Results: Combination of GDC-0941, GDC-0032 or GDC-0980 with endocrine therapies resulted in a decrease in cellular viability and an increase in cell death. Synergy of PI3K inhibitor combinations with fulvestrant or tamoxifen was assessed using Combination Index (C.I.), and C.I. values as low as 0.1 indicated strong synergy in some contexts. Combination activity of PI3K inhibitors and letrozole was also observed in MCF7 cells expressing aromatase. In MCF-7 xenografts, the combination of GDC-0980, GDC-0032 and GDC-0941 enhanced activity of fulvestrant resulting in tumor regressions and tumor growth delay (116% tumor growth inhibition (TGI) for GDC-0980 and 91% TGI for GDC-0941 and GDC-0032). In addition, the combination of GDC-0941 or GDC-0032 with tamoxifen enhanced the efficacy of tamoxifen in vivo (83%TGI for GDC-0941 and 102%TGI for GDC-0032). Mechanism of action and biomarker studies are underway. Conclusion: Collectively, the non-clinical efficacy data provide a strong rationale to evaluate the combination of PI3K inhibitors with anti-estrogen therapy in hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-19-02.
Adenovirus and Intussusception
Authors: P. S. Gardner
Journal: BMJ (1961)

Ten cases of intussusception are reported.An adeno- virus was isolated from the faeces of six of these patients and herpes simplex from the faeces of one.Thirteen subjects of a similar age examined as controls were negative.The possible role of adenovirus in the aetiology of intussusception is discussed.I am indebted to the Child Health Department, Newcastle upon Tyne, and the clinicians at Sheriff Hill Hospital, Gateshead, from whom specimens were obtained.ADDENDUM.-Since this investigation was completed three further cases of intussusception have been examined; two were associated with adenovirus excretion.
BK-Related Polyomavirus Vasculopathy in a Renal-Transplant Recipient
Authors: Tina Petrogiannis-Haliotis, George Sakoulas, James Kirby, Igor J. Koralnik, Ann M. Dvorak, Rita Monahan-Earley, Paola C. De Girolami, Umberto De Girolami, Melissa Upton, Eugene O. Major, Luz-Andrea Pfister, Jeffrey T. Joseph
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Human polyomaviruses include JC virus, which can cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and BK virus, which can cause severe allograft dysfunction in renal-transplant recipients. This report describes a renal-transplant recipient in whom a disseminated BK virus infection with vascular tropism developed, resulting in systemic vasculopathy, the capillary leak syndrome, and death.
Burn Therapy and Research
Authors: Martin S. Litwin
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Treatment of the severely burned patient constitutes an international problem. Advances in burn treatment made in Edinburgh; Birmingham, Ala; San Antonio, Tex; and the Shriner's Burn Units are well known to those who read the English literature. However, as the authors state, "The literature on burns is very extensive, and acquaintance with its entirety is impossible (for language reasons among others)." In this small volume, scientists in the Western world can for the first time become acquainted with techniques for the treatment of burns in Eastern Europe. Ordinarily, the information contained in the well-written text would be available only to those who could afford the time to travel extensively through Eastern European countries. Of particular value are the detailed historical descriptions in almost every chapter of the development of modern methods of diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Chapter 5 contains an exceedingly good history and explanation of all burn-treatment formulas. Several
Complexity of Atherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease and Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Unprotected Left Main Disease Treated With Drug-Eluting Stents or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Duk-Woo Park, Young-Hak Kim, Sung-Cheol Yun, Hae Geun Song, Jung-Min Ahn, Jun-Hyok Oh, Won-Jang Kim, Jong-Young Lee, Soo-Jin Kang, Seung-Whan Lee, Cheol Whan Lee, Seong-Wook Park, Seung-Jung Park
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Removal of Iatrogenic Foreign Bodies within Cardiac Chambers and Great Vessels
Authors: C. WALTON LILLEHEI, RAYMOND C. BONNABEAU, SERGIO GROSSLING
Journal: Circulation (1965)

This paper reports six cases (age range 8 months to 69 years) of iatrogenic foreign bodies lodged within the heart or great vessels. Four cases were produced during left heart catheterization by breakage of a metal stylet, and two after the insertion of a Pudenz valve (for hydrocephalus) which embolized into the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. In five of these patients, the foreign body was intracardiac (three in the left ventricle and two in the right ventricle and pulmonary artery) and the open-heart surgery was utilized for successful removal. In the sixth patient, the stylet was removed from the innominate artery via a closed procedure. Five of the six patients survived (including the youngest and oldest) and their postoperative course was uneventful. The one death followed removal of the right-left atrial foreign body and total aortic valve replacement for calcific stenosis, and failure appeared related to the basic disease rather than to the foreign body. Such complications have rarely been reported in the literature. The high ratio of success, if treatment is prompt before the formation of clots (which is rapid), needs full appreciation, and emphasis is given to the benefits of prompt surgery for removal.
Myocardial hibernation in the ischemic neonatal heart.
Authors: S E Downing, V Chen
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

We explored the effects of sustained low-flow ischemia on function and metabolism in isolated neonatal hearts. The hearts were extracted from 21 piglets (1-12 days old) and set up as modified Langendorff preparations beating isometrically. They were perfused with red blood cell-enhanced buffer at controlled rates of coronary flow. Mechanical measurements, O2 usage, and substrate oxidation were determined simultaneously at 30-minute intervals for 2 hours. In control hearts, coronary flow was maintained at 1.8 ml/min/g. There was no significant change in mechanical function, diastolic compliance, or O2 or substrate metabolism after 2 hours. In the ischemia group, coronary flow was reduced to 0.2 ml/min/g and sustained for 2 hours. With the onset of ischemia, mechanical function promptly fell to 20% of control. Although O2 delivery was reduced to 11%, O2 extraction doubled so that myocardial O2 consumption was 22% of control, matching mechanical function. Glucose oxidation fell from 37 to 12 nmol/min/g, and lactate release appeared. These measures and ventricular compliance remained constant for the full 2 hours. Concentrations of glycogen and creatine phosphate did not differ from the control group; ATP was 76% of controls. These studies indicate that when myocardial O2 supply is limited, mechanical function rapidly diminishes, largely preserving critical energy stores and preventing irreversible myocellular injury. Although the signal remains to be determined, the strategy is similar to that employed by hibernating species to survive extended periods of O2 deprivation.
On the Need for Interprofessional Collaboration: Psychiatry and Architecture
Authors: A. R. FOLEY, BILL N. LACY
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1967)

This paper has emphasized the need for collaboration between psychiatry and architecture. It has put forth proposals designed for the purpose of implementing new approaches to the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of persons with mental disorders. Evaluation procedures, which will help to reshape the programs in light of changing needs, must be built into every aspect of all programs, including those for architectural design. Flexibility must be incorporated into the physical structure. Phased architectural design and construction can be used in the same way that psychiatric programs are implemented in stages, thus insuring meeting future program needs. The community mental health center concept is new, and many questions regarding its operation remain unanswered. Effective collaboration between psychiatrists and architects is essential to avoid repetition of past errors. Care must be taken to create a facility to survive the test of usage, as well as a building to survive the test of time.
Knowledge of tuberculosis-treatment prescription of health workers: a systematic review
Authors: Marieke J. van der Werf, Miranda W. Langendam, Emma Huitric, Davide Manissero
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

Treating tuberculosis (TB) patients with inappropriate treatment regimens can lead to treatment failure and, thus, patients who have not been cured and/or to the development of (multi)-drug resistance. A systematic review was performed to assess the knowledge of appropriate TB drug regimens among all categories of healthcare workers (HCWs). In January 2011, MEDLINE, EMBASE and other databases were searched for relevant articles. Observational studies published as of the year 2000 that assessed HCW knowledge of TB treatment were selected. A treatment regimen, drug dosage or treatment duration was considered inappropriate if it was not recommended by national guidelines or by the World Health Organization (WHO). Of 1,896 studies, 31 were included from 14 different countries. No study was performed in Europe. In all studies, HCWs with inappropriate knowledge of treatment regimens (8–100%) or treatment duration (5–99%) were observed. The few studies providing detailed data showed that HCWs mainly reported giving treatment regimens with too many drugs and for too long. Knowledge of appropriate doses was also insufficient in most studies. The available studies show that there is a lack of knowledge of national or international TB treatment guidelines and recommendations. Generalisation of the findings to other settings and countries should be done with caution.
Normal left ventricular function.
Authors: J O Parker, R B Case
Journal: Circulation (1979)

The Starling relationship in the normal human ventricle may be different than usually portrayed. In normal, resting, supine man the ventricular function curve is at its peak at a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of approximately 10 mm Hg. Below this point is a strong direct relation between filling pressure and stroke work, while at higher filling pressures, a plateau occurs. Limitation of ventricular response is related to a sharply rising ventricular pressure-volume curve at a normal level of filling pressure. Thus, in the supine position, the normal heart is not on the active portion of the ventricular function curve, but is in a unique position in which cardiac output is probably controlled by factors other than ventricular filling pressure. In ventricular failure, the peak of the ventricular function curve is displaced to a higher level.
Studies on the enteropathy associated with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia.
Authors: K Teahon, A D Webster, A B Price, J Weston, I Bjarnason
Journal: Gut (1994)

Twelve patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia with diarrhoea not associated with known microbial pathogens were investigated. Histological evidence of inflammation was common in the stomach and jejunum. Moreover, eight of 10 patients undergoing colonoscopy had low grade 'microscopic colitis' with raised intraepithelial lymphocytes and an intact crypt architecture. Five of 12 patients had small intestinal inflammation on 111indium leucocyte scintigrams and all had increased faecal excretion (normal < 1%) of 111indium (over four days), which varied in intensity from mild (faecal excretion of 111indium = 1-3%) to that comparable with moderately active (7-14.5%) Crohn's disease. Three patients had small intestinal strictures superficially resembling Crohn's disease. Histologically, however, these lacked characteristic diagnostic features of Crohn's disease in two and the third patient had non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced diaphragm like strictures. Six of seven who were most severely symptomatic were successfully treated with an elemental diet with rapid improvement of symptoms. The faecal excretion of 111indium was repeated in five and all improved but histologically the colitis remained unchanged. These studies show that some patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia have intestinal inflammation unlike that found in classic inflammatory bowel disease. Elemental diet is a useful temporary measure in the treatment of these patients.