tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Right Aortic Arch
Authors: LAURA KNIGHT, JESSE E. EDWARDS
Journal: Circulation (1974)

An analysis was made of 78 pathologic specimens in which a right aortic arch was present. In four, the right arch was part of a double aortic arch. In 74 cases the right aortic arch was the only arch. The cases of right aortic arch could be subdivided into two groups as follows: (1) that with a retroesophageal aortic segment (three cases) and (2) that without a retroesophageal segment (71 cases). The latter cases could be subdivided according to the nature of the origin of the branches of the arch as follows: (1) mirror image branching (60 cases), (2) aberrant left subclavian artery (ten cases) and (3) isolation of left subelavian artery (one case). Congenital heart disease, of which the tetralogy of Fallot was the most common, was observed in each of the cases of right arch without retroesophageal aortic segment. Such an association was seen in one of three cases of right aortic arch with retroesophageal aortic segment and in three of the four cases of double aortic arch. The potential for significant tracheal and esophageal obstruction is present in double aortic arch, in right aortic arch with retroesophageal segment and in right aortic arch without retroesophageal segment but with an aberrant left subelavian artery. In the latter condition, significant esophageal and tracheal compression depends upon the presence of a left-sided ductus arteriosus. This state was observed in five of ten cases with right aortic arch and aberrant left subelavian artery.
Effect of side chain length on biotransformation, hepatic transport, and choleretic properties of chenodeoxycholyl homologues in the rodent: Studies with dinorchenodeoxycholic acid, norchenodeoxycholic acid, and chenodeoxycholic acid
Authors: H Yeh, C D Schteingart, L R Hagey, H Ton-Nu, U Bolder, M A Gavrilkina, J H Steinbach, A F Hofmann
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

To assess the effect of side chain length on the metabolism and physiological effects of homologues of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), dinorCDCA, the C22 homologue, was synthesized and its hepatic biotransformation, transport kinetics, and choleretic properties were defined in rat and hamster biliary fistula and in isolated perfused rat liver. Results were compared with those of norCDCA, the C23 homologue, and of CDCA, the natural C24 homologue. In the rat, dinorCDCA was secreted mostly in unconjugated form (the majority as dinor-α- muricholic acid); the remainder was glucuronidated. In the hamster, glucuronidation was greater, and the unconjugated fraction contained equal parts of dinorCDCA and 5β-hydroxy-dinorCDCA. NorCDCA was glucuronidated extensively (70%, rat; 40%, hamster). CDCA, in contrast, was efficiently amidated with taurine or glycine. In the perfused liver, the initial uptake rate of all three homologues was identical; later, regurgitation and/or cholehepatic shunting of dinorCDCA and norCDCA, but not of CDCA, occurred. In rats and hamsters with biliary fistulas, dinorCDCA and norCDCA, but not CDCA, induced a bicarbonate-rich hypercholeresis of canalicular origin. Hypercholeresis was not induced by the taurine conjugate of dinorCDCA. Hepatobiliary retention of both dinorCDCA and norCDCA occurred, consistent with efficient ductular absorption (calculated to be 94%) and cholehepatic cycling of the unmetabolized bile acids. It is concluded that dinorCDCA, as norCDCA, is inefficiently amidated, is metabolized as a xenobiotic, and induces hypercholeresis. DinorCDCA is the first dihydroxy bile acid to be identified that is secreted largely in unconjugated form in bile.
Complement activation and HLA-B27.
Authors: S Meri, J Partanen, M Leirisalo-Repo, H Repo
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1988)

The efficiency of complement activation was studied in sera from HLA-B27 positive and negative subjects (27 with previous yersinia arthritis and 35 controls). Activation of complement with zymosan induced higher mean levels of the anaphylatoxin C3a in HLA-B27 positive sera (mean (SD) 7.40 (1.66) mg/l) than in HLA-B27 negative sera (6.41 (1.79) mg/l). Similarly, higher levels of C3d,g, another C3 breakdown fragment, were obtained in HLA-B27 positive sera after Escherichia coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharide treatment (17.6 (3.7)% v 15.0 (3.8)%). The differences occurred irrespective of previous arthritis, complement C4 or Bf phenotype, or variation in background complement levels. The findings suggest that an increased responsiveness to complement activators may contribute to the pathogenesis of HLA-B27 associated inflammatory diseases.
Pharmacology and the Treatment of Complicated Skin and Skin-Structure Infections
Authors: Henry F Chambers
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2014)

Skin and skin-structure infections are estimated to cause more than 15 million infections1 and 870,000 hospital admissions2 annually in the United States. Rates of these infections are substantially higher than they were 10 to 20 years ago, owing in part to the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the community.3 Two articles in this issue of the Journal report the results of phase 3, randomized, double-blind clinical trials (one of dalbavancin4 and the other of oritavancin5) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections. Although neither antibiotic agent is new (both date to the 1990s), they could . . .
Critical: What We Can Do About the Health-Care Crisis
Authors: Joseph J. Fins
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
GENERAL AND LOCAL ANESTHESIA IN LARYNGOLOGY AND RHINOLOGY.
Authors: JOSEPH S. GIBB
Journal: JAMA (1898)

In March, 1889<sup>1</sup>, a very interesting discussion on the proper form of anesthesia to employ in nose and throat operations, took place in London. The discussion developed the widest differences of opinion among the eminent gentlemen participating in the debate. It seems odd that notwithstanding our experience in these operations has so markedly increased since this memorable debate, there should still exist great differences of opinion. This is to be deplored. While it is of very little moment as to the particular form of anesthesia an individual specialist uses in his practice, it is of vital importance as to the teaching of the great mass of our profession by whom these operations are being performed in increasing numbers year by year. If some order could be brought out of this chaos of opinion; a few plain and safe lines to guide the busy practitioner a good work would be performed.
Tissue-specific Temporal Exome Capture Revealed Muscle-specific Genes and SNPs in Indian Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)
Authors: Subhash J. Jakhesara, Viral B. Ahir, Ketan B. Padiya, Prakash G. Koringa, Dharamshibhai N. Rank, Chaitanya G. Joshi
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2012)

Abstract Whole genome sequencing of buffalo is yet to be completed, and in the near future it may not be possible to identify an exome (coding region of genome) through bioinformatics for designing probes to capture it. In the present study, we employed in solution hybridization to sequence tissue specific temporal exomes (TST exome) in buffalo. We utilized cDNA prepared from buffalo muscle tissue as a probe to capture TST exomes from the buffalo genome. This resulted in a prominent reduction of repeat sequences (up to 40%) and an enrichment of coding sequences (up to 60%). Enriched targets were sequenced on a 454 pyro-sequencing platform, generating 101,244 reads containing 24,127,779 high quality bases. The data revealed 40,100 variations, of which 403 were indels and 39,218 SNPs containing 195 nonsynonymous candidate SNPs in protein-coding regions. The study has indicated that 80% of the total genes identified from capture data were expressed in muscle tissue. The present study is the first of its kind to sequence TST exomes captured by use of cDNA molecules for SNPs found in the coding region without any prior sequence information of targeted molecules.
High-Yield Referral Criteria for Posttraumatic Skull Roentgenography
Authors: Richard O. Cummins, James P. LoGerfo, Thomas S. Inui, Noel S. Weiss
Journal: JAMA (1980)

We evaluated a list of high-yield criteria (HYL) as a means of reducing posttraumatic skull roentgenograms and as a diagnostic test for skull fractures. Physicians requested roentgenograms for 76.9% of head trauma patients in a four-month control period, but for only 46.1% during a four-month experimental period, a relative decrease of 40%. When the experiment ended, roentgenogram use increased to 72% of head trauma patients. The HYL accurately classified 92.5% of the patients with and 84.5% of the patients without pathological conditions. The HYL displayed substantial differences in sensitivity and specificity from HYLs used previously. Clinicians disliked the HYL, believing it was inaccurate and a monitoring device. We conclude that criteria lists can effectively decrease requests for roentogenograms and should be carefully evaluated as diagnostic tests for accuracy and adverse outcomes.
Blood Culture Phlebotomy: Switching Needles Does Not Prevent Contamination
Authors: Harlan M. Krumholz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Objective: To determine how switching to a sterile needle after phlebotomy and before the inoculation of blood culture bottles affects the rate of skin flora contamination. Design: A randomized trial. Setting: Medical inpatient services and the emergency department of a large university hospital. Participants: Housestafif, medical students, nurses, and physician assistants who draw blood cultures on the general medicine, cardiology, and renal transplant units and in the emergency department. Interventions: Phlebotomists were randomly assigned to draw blood cultures by either the conventional method or an alternative method in which the blood culture bottles were inoculated without switching needles. Measurements and Main Results: There was no difference in the rate of contamination between the conventional technique (6 of 462 cases, 1.30%) and the alternative technique (7 of 451 cases, 1.55%) (95% CI for the difference in rates, -1.8% to 1.2%). Conclusions: The needle switch in the conventional blood culture technique does not reduce the rate of skin flora contamination. Blood cultures should no longer be obtained by switching needles.
Hepatitis in Dental Professionals
Authors: Ronald E. Feldman
Journal: JAMA (1975)

To characterize some epidemiologic characteristics of viral hepatitis among dentists, information was obtained with a mailed questionnaire from 434 dentists and 787 attorneys in Dade County, Florida. Dentists had a significantly higher incidence of hepatitis than did lawyers, 6.7% vs 2.4%, with the highest rate among oral surgeons (21%). The incidence of hepatitis B antigenemia among asymptomatic dentists was not significantly higher than that of volunteer blood donors. Twenty-two percent of dentists with hepatitis reported treating more than ten drug addicts per year, as compared with 10% of those dentists without hepatitis. No differences were noted between dentists with and without hepatitis in methods of sterilization, the wearing of gloves during procedures, or the use of disposable needles. The increased risk of hepatitis among dentists, however, may be related to the omission of adequate prophylatic measures, particularly when treating high-risk patients such as drug abusers.
UK does not have distinct drug culture
Authors: K. Abbasi
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Britain does not have a distinct drug culture but is a diverse mix of local subcultures, according to a new study. The report, The Substance of Youth , suggests that the commonly held image of drug users is often incorrect.

Researchers from the independent think tank, Demos, conducted the survey on behalf of the Rowntree Foundation. They surveyed 5000 people to establish the role of illicit drugs in …
Screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in north east Scotland shows fall in incidence and mortality from invasive cancer with concomitant rise in preinvasive disease
Authors: J E Macgregor, M K Campbello, E M F Mann, K Y Swanson
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> : To assess the effect of screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia on the incidence of and mortality from invasive squamous cell carcinoma of cervix in north east Scotland and to discover why cases of invasive cancer still occur. <b>Design</b> : (a) Analysis of data on cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia obtained from the cytology data bank; (b) analysis of data on 612 women presenting with invasive squamous cancer during 1968-91, obtained from cancer registry and hospital records; (c) analysis of death rates obtained from the registrar general9s (Scotland), and annual reports, the Information Services Division of the Home and Health Department (Scotland), and local records for 1974-91; (d) case-control studies on 282 cases of invasive cancer and 108 deaths which occurred in 1982-91. Cases were matched with two controls both for age and for having a negative smear test result at the time of presentation of the case. Setting - North east Scotland (Grampian region, Orkney, and Shetland). Subjects - Women (n - 306608) who had had cervical smear tests between 1960 and 1991. <b>Results</b> : There had been substantial increase in cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III since 1982. The incidence of invasive cancer has fallen since the start of screening in 1960, the fall occuring mainly in the well screened age group 40-69 years. There was a rise in women aged under 40 and over 70. Women with invasive disease seen between 1982 and 1991 mostly presented at stage I. Of these, half were unscreened, one third were poorly screened, 11% were found in retrospect to have had abnormal cells, 3% had recurrence of disease after treamtne for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III, and 3% were lost to follow up. Death rates had fallen, most noticeably in women aged 45-64, who had had the opportunity to be screened and rescreened. There was a disturbing rise in deaths among women under 45. Most deaths (65%) occurred in unscreened women. Case-control studies showed that the longer the time and absence of a smear test before presentation the higher was the risk of invasive cancer and of death. <b>Conclusions</b> : Screening has been effective in reducising the incidence of the mortality from cervical cancer in north east Scotland. Most cases and deaths occurred in unscreened women or in those who had had few smears at long intervals. An increase in cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III in women screened for the first time occurred during 1982-91.
Pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis
Authors: James N. Baraniuk
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1997)

Allergic rhinitis is an increasing problem for which new and exciting therapies are being developed. These can be understood through an appreciation of the newer concepts of pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. Allergen induces Th2 lymphocyte proliferation in persons with allergies with the release of their characteristic combination of cytokines including IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13. These substances promote IgE and mast cell production. Mucosal mast cells that produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and tryptase proliferate in the allergic epithelium. Inflammatory mediators and cytokines upregulate endothelial cell adhesion markers, such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Chemoattractants, including eotaxin, IL-5, and RANTES, lead to characteristic infiltration by eosinophils, basophils, Th2 lymphocytes, and mast cells in chronic allergic rhinitis. As our understanding of the basic pathophysiologic features of allergic rhinitis continues to increase, the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies may allow more effective modulation of the immune system, the atopic disease process, and the associated morbidity.
Modulation of Bacterial Growth by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α<i>In Vitro</i>and<i>In Vivo</i>
Authors: Jin-Hwa Lee, Lorenzo Del Sorbo, Aye Aye Khine, Joyce de Azavedo, Donald E. Low, David Bell, Stefan Uhlig, Arthur S. Slutsky, Haibo Zhang
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays an important role in innate immunity. Recent in vitro studies have shown that TNF-alpha may also serve as a growth factor for some bacteria. We examined the physiologic relevance of this phenomenon both in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant mouse TNF-alpha increased in vitro proliferation of Escherichia coli but not Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a concentration-dependent manner, and this effect was attenuated by anti-TNF-alpha antibodies. However, in vivo, TNF-alpha gene-deficient (TNF-alpha-/-) mice showed higher mortality than wild-type (TNF-alpha+/+) mice after inoculation of intranasal bacteria. An impaired bacterial clearance in TNF-alpha-/- mice was associated with decreased systemic concentrations of chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-2, reduced pulmonary neutrophil recruitment, and depressed expression of neutrophil CD11b and CD16/CD32, suggesting that the effect of TNF-alpha on E. coli growth was outweighed by the recruited neutrophils. We also demonstrated that neutropenic TNF-alpha+/+ mice had approximately 100-fold higher E. coli counts in their lungs than TNF-alpha-/- mice, although survival rates in both groups were similar. We conclude that TNF-alpha augments E. coli growth in vitro and in vivo. However, in vivo, this effect becomes only apparent in neutropenic animals. The relevance of these findings for immune compromised patients remains to be investigated.
Precursors of murine B lymphocytes. Physical and functional characterization, and distinctions from myeloid stem cells.
Authors: C J Paige, P W Kincade, L A Shinefeld, V L Sato
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

The emergence of functional B cells was monitored in irradiated or unirradiated CBA/N recipients of either adult bone marrow or fetal liver from CBA/HT6T6 donors. The cells that are primarily responsible for the generation of B lymphocytes, at least during the first 6 wk, are rapidly sedimenting (4.5-6 mm/h), lack surface immunoglobulin, and are found in both the adult bone marrow and the fetal liver from day 12 onward. These pre-B cells are distinct from the colony-forming unit spleen (CFU-s) as demonstrated by the following criteria: (a) absence from yolk sac (19), (b) lack of correlation between CFU-s number and the ability to generate B cells in fetal liver populations of different ages of gestation, and (c) hybridoma antibodies that significantly inhibited B cell reconstitution but have no effect on CFU-s numbers. The antigen detected by this antiserum is present on both the fetal liver and bone marrow B cell progenitor, although its expression is not restricted to the B lineage. The pre-B cells that we monitor are not homogeneous, however, as both physical and functional differences are found. These observations reinforce our thesis that committed progenitor cells for the humoral immune system are formed early in development and thereafter constitute the major precursor pool for the generation of B lymphocytes.
Metalloproteinases, inflammation, and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: F F Mohammed
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

Ideally, the inflammatory response occurs rapidly to terminate infection. It also must halt in a timely manner to stop this reaction from inflicting self damage. Such a highly regulated process results from altering balances in pro- and anti-inflammatory signals orchestrated by multiple cell types and factors within the tissue microenvironment. The discovery of new substrates of metalloproteinases within this microenvironment has disclosed a new function in inflammation. The role of these proteases now extends beyond extracellular matrix remodelling enzymes to that of mediators of inflammatory signals involving various chemokines and cytokines. As natural inhibitors of these metalloproteinases, TIMPs have the potential of regulating the inflammatory response and affecting diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. TIMP-3, in particular, stands out as an important regulator of inflammation with its ability to specifically inhibit proinflammatory cytokines and tissue destruction in the joint.
Points: Coronary prevention
Authors: D S D Jones
Journal: BMJ (1987)

maladministration of the HM(61)112 procedure or its successor.There is a parallel-the Police Complaints Board.Even worse than HM(61)112 for disciplining doctors, however, is RHB(51)81, where the employing authority can be the complainant, prosecuting council, judge, and appeal court while the suspended doctor is denied any legal repre- sentation although the lawyers acting on behalf of the employer are allowed to be present.It is difficult to have any confidence in such a system.
The Enterobacteria, 2nd Edition
Authors: P. Everest
Journal: Gut (2007)

Edited by J Michael Janda, Sharon L Abbott. Washington: ASM Press, 2006, £87 (hardback), pp 411. ISBN 978-1-55581-342-0

As a microbiologist, having collaborated with quite a few gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal surgeons on past and current research projects, I am convinced most, if not all, have a great interest in bacterial infection. They might not care to admit it, but gastroenterologists have a common interest in the microbes that both inhabit and clinically infect the gastrointestinal tract and, in my experience, leap at the chance …
GANGRENOUS MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM PERFORATED BY A TOMATO PEEL
Authors: Robert I. Hiller
Journal: JAMA (1933)

This case is not presented as propaganda against the eating of tomatoes but merely to emphasize a possible surprise that one may encounter in a case diagnosed as acute appendicitis.  History.  —J. L., a white man, aged 41, employed as the supervisor of a warehouse, seen by Dr. Bernhard, Aug. 18, 1932, complained of pain in the abdomen to the right of the umbilicus. The pain had started and remained localized in that spot. The patient's appetite was good and his bowel movements were regular. There had been no nausea or vomiting. Tomatoes had been eaten that morning, and pain had begun toward evening.  He had never been in any accidents and had never under-gone an operation. He had had mumps and measles in childhood, and a left inguinal hernia had been present for about twenty years.  The patient's mother had died at the age of 50 of pleurisy. His
MRSA infections rose by 5% between 2003 and 2004
Authors: Caroline White
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Figures released this week from the government's mandatory reporting scheme on Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia infections acquired in hospital show an increase of almost 8% between 2001-2 and 2003-4, from 17 933 to 19 311.

Forty per cent of the 19 311 infections in 2003-4 were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), making the United Kingdom's rate one of the worst in Europe. The number of MRSA infections alone rose by almost …