tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The literature on inhibitors: Articles that influence my management of patients with hemophilia A and high‐titer inhibitors
Authors: Cindy A. Leissinger
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2012)

High-titer inhibitors represent the greatest management challenge faced by clinicians who treat patients with hemophilia A, as bleeding episodes no longer respond to standard factor VIII replacement therapy. Over the last seven decades, major strides have been made in inhibitor treatment. This article focuses on the seminal clinical observations and studies that provided the foundation for these advances in hemophilia care.
Development Of An In Vivo Model For Non Allergic Rhinitis Using MRI To Quantify The Nasal Parasympathetic Reflex Response Following Capsaicin, Hypertonic Saline and Cold Dry Air Challenges
Authors: K. Changani, S.P. Campbell, S. Hotee, K. Pindoria, N.A. Buxton, A.L. Busza, J.C. Denyer
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Parathyroid hormone related protein and hypercalcaemia in breast cancer.
Authors: N J Bundred, W A Ratcliffe, R A Walker, S Coley, J M Morrison, J G Ratcliffe
Journal: BMJ (1991)

OBJECTIVE--To see whether parathyroid hormone related protein has a humoral role in breast cancer. DESIGN--Plasma concentrations and tumour expression of parathyroid hormone related protein were determined (by two site immunoradiometric assay and immunohistochemistry respectively) in women with breast cancer and related to the presence of bone metastases and serum calcium concentrations. SUBJECTS--Plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone related protein were measured in 57 women with early breast cancer without apparent bone metastases, 28 women with bone metastases, and 13 women with bone metastases and hypercalcaemia. Tissue positivity for parathyroid hormone related protein was determined retrospectively in 106 primary breast tumours from women without apparent bone metastases and 72 tumours from women with bone metastases, 25 of whom subsequently developed hypercalcaemia. RESULTS--Plasma parathyroid hormone related protein concentrations were detectable (greater than 0.23 pmol/l) in 12 (92%) of the 13 hypercalcaemic patients with bone metastases compared with 10 (36%) of the 28 normocalcaemic patients with bone metastases and five (9%) of the 57 normocalcaemic patients without bone metastases. Parathyroid hormone related protein concentrations were significantly higher in hypercalcaemic than normocalcaemic patients with bone metastases. Tumour staining was positive for parathyroid hormone related protein in 22 (88%) of the 25 primary breast cancers from patients with bone metastases. Tumour staining was positive for parathyroid hormone related protein in 22 (88%) of the 25 primary breast cancers from patients with bone metastases who later developed hypercalcaemia compared with 25 (53%) of the 47 from women in this group who remained normocalcaemic and 55 (52%) of the 106 early breast cancers from women without known metastases. CONCLUSION--Tumour derived parathyroid hormone related protein may have an important humoral role in hypercalcaemia associated with metastatic breast cancer.
WHO responds to major polio outbreak in Angola
Authors: P. Brown
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Angola is experiencing one of the most severe polio epidemics that international organizations have seen worldwide in a decade. By May 11, 1999, the World Health Organization (WHO) had received official reports of 818 cases of polio (up from 200 in early April), almost all in young children. Resumption of civil war has facilitated the epidemic. Thousands of unimmunized children from rural families that migrated to Lusanda are living in severely crowded conditions with inadequate sanitation. The Angolan health ministry has immunized more than 635,000 children in Lusanda and a further 300,000 in Benguela. A nationwide campaign is planned to reach more than 3 million children under 5 years of age. WHO hopes that truces will be negotiated to enable immunization teams to reach children in the most disrupted parts of the country.
Increased risk of respiratory symptoms in young smokers of low tar cigarettes.
Authors: A H Rimpela, M K Rimpela
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The effect of cigarettes yielding less than 10 mg tar was investigated in a representative sample (n = 4729) of 16 and 18 year old Finns. The rate of response was 80%. Cough and phlegm were significantly increased in young people smoking low tar cigarettes. When more than nine cigarettes were smoked daily respiratory symptoms were 2.4-6.2 times more prevalent among those who smoked low tar cigarettes than among those who never smoked. No differences were found between the smokers of low tar and medium tar cigarettes (yielding tar 10-18 mg). These data disagree with the hypothesis that the new low tar brands of cigarettes are less likely to cause respiratory symptoms than the old medium tar brands.
P81 The Increasing Secondary Care Burden Of Bronchiectasis In England
Authors: V. Navaratnam, E. Millett, J. Hurst, S. Thomas, L. Smeeth, R. Hubbard, J. Brown, J. Quint
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> A recent study suggested that the bronchiectasis is now a relatively common condition in the UK.<sup>1</sup> The healthcare burden of bronchiectasis on secondary care, in terms of hospital admissions is also unknown, yet is essential for allocation of healthcare resources and planning of service pathways. We used data from Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) to determine age standardised annual hospital admission rates in England. <h3>Methods</h3> We obtained annual number of hospital admissions (finished consultant episodes), total number of bed days and mean age at time of admission where bronchiectasis was the primary reason for admission for all hospital trusts in England. The ONS mid-year England population for 2011 was used as the standard population. Age specific admission rates for bronchiectasis were calculated for each year and these rates were applied to the 2011 population in order to generate annual standardised estimated number of admissions. An estimate of the average length of stay was calculated by dividing the total number of bed days by the total number of admissions for each calendar period. Linear regression was used to test for changes over time in mean age at admission and average length of stay. <h3>Results</h3> In 2004 the total number of admissions was 8611 (11,147 after standardisation) and this increased progressively up to 2011 when the number was 15,885 (see Figure 1). The overall annual increase was 9% (Rate Ratio [RR] 1.09, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.08 to 1.10; p &lt; 0.0001). During the study period, the mean age at admission increased from 62 years to 65 years and the average length of stay decreased from 6.5 days to 4.7 days (p = 0.001). 60% of admissions were in women and admissions were more common in individuals over 60 years. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Data on hospital admissions from bronchiectasis suggest that the disease burden is increasing. The cost of inpatient care, combined with outpatient disease monitoring and prescription of antibiotics pose a large burden on healthcare services. <h3>Reference</h3> Quint J, Millett E, Hurst J, <i>et al</i>. P172 Time Trends in incidence and prevalence of bronchiectasis in the UK. <i>Thorax</i> 2012; 67:A138
Spacer devices increase dose of inhaled corticosteroids delivered
Authors: O. J Dempsey, A. M Wilson, B. J Lipworth
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—In their editorial O'Callaghan and Barry highlight several important points regarding the use of inhaled corticosteroids.1 We wish to clarify two important statements that they make.

It is incorrect to state that use of a spacer device with a pressurised metered dose inhaler does not affect the dose delivered to the airway. In vitro data showed that a 750 ml spacer device (Nebuhaler) increased the respirable fraction …
Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control
Authors: Robert F. Betts
Journal: JAMA (1990)

This 1989 third edition of Viral Infections of Humans includes some new authors replacing previous ones. New information has been added that is well outlined in the editor's preface.  However, from the initial writing to appearance in print some time elapsed, and in many chapters the references cited are from 1985 or earlier. This results in some of the information being outdated. For example, in a table on licensed antivirals, zidovudine (azidothymidine) is not included, and in the chapter on cytomegalovirus no mention is made of its role in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or of the possible value of ganciclovir or foscarnet.  The text emphasizes epidemiology, transmission, virus structure, immune response, and pathophysiology. Particularly strong is the discussion of epidemiology. For most of the chapters, incidence and prevalence are delineated nicely. Other important features are well emphasized, such as geographic distribution, temporal occurrence, and age-related and socioeconomic-related attack rates.
The Ubiquitin Ligase RNF5 Regulates Antiviral Responses by Mediating Degradation of the Adaptor Protein MITA
Authors: Bo Zhong, Lu Zhang, Caoqi Lei, Ying Li, Ai-Ping Mao, Yan Yang, Yan-Yi Wang, Xiao-Lian Zhang, Hong-Bing Shu
Journal: Immunity (2009)
A comparison of two RAST methods and skin prick testing in the diagnosis of wasp venom allergy
Authors: J. H. Heinig, H. Mosbech, T. Engel, L. Froslund, U. G. Svendsen
Journal: Allergy (1989)

With the aim of evaluating the correlation between skin prick test and two radio‐allergosorbent tests (RAST) using paper (P‐RAST) and Al (OH) 3 (Al‐RAST) as sorbent materials, 45 consecutive patients known to have been stung by wasp within 6 months were examined. Four patients had a normal reaction, four a large local reaction and 37 a systemic reaction. We found a good correlation between a systemic reaction and a positive P‐RAST. Fifty‐one per cent of patients with a systemic reaction had a negative Al‐RAST, whereas only 8% had a negative P‐RAST. Eight per cent of patients with a systemic reaction had a negative SPT. In the eight patients without a systemic reaction, the same patient reacted positively in Al‐RAST and P‐RAST.
Clinical score and rapid antigen detection test to guide antibiotic use for sore throats: randomised controlled trial of PRISM (primary care streptococcal management)
Authors: P. Little, F. D. R. Hobbs, M. Moore, D. Mant, I. Williamson, C. McNulty, Y. E. Cheng, G. Leydon, R. McManus, J. Kelly, J. Barnett, P. Glasziou, M. Mullee
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Objective</b> To determine the effect of clinical scores that predict streptococcal infection or rapid streptococcal antigen detection tests compared with delayed antibiotic prescribing. <b>Design</b> Open adaptive pragmatic parallel group randomised controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> Primary care in United Kingdom. <b>Patients</b> Patients aged ≥3 with acute sore throat. <b>Intervention</b> An internet programme randomised patients to targeted antibiotic use according to: delayed antibiotics (the comparator group for analyses), clinical score, or antigen test used according to clinical score. During the trial a preliminary streptococcal score (score 1, n=1129) was replaced by a more consistent score (score 2, n=631; features: fever during previous 24 hours; purulence; attends rapidly (within three days after onset of symptoms); inflamed tonsils; no cough/coryza (acronym FeverPAIN). <b>Outcomes</b> Symptom severity reported by patients on a 7 point Likert scale (mean severity of sore throat/difficulty swallowing for days two to four after the consultation (primary outcome)), duration of symptoms, use of antibiotics. <b>Results</b> For score 1 there were no significant differences between groups. For score 2, symptom severity was documented in 80% (168/207 (81%) in delayed antibiotics group; 168/211 (80%) in clinical score group; 166/213 (78%) in antigen test group). Reported severity of symptoms was lower in the clinical score group (−0.33, 95% confidence interval −0.64 to −0.02; P=0.04), equivalent to one in three rating sore throat a slight versus moderate problem, with a similar reduction for the antigen test group (−0.30, −0.61 to −0.00; P=0.05). Symptoms rated moderately bad or worse resolved significantly faster in the clinical score group (hazard ratio 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.03 to 1.63) but not the antigen test group (1.11, 0.88 to 1.40). In the delayed antibiotics group, 75/164 (46%) used antibiotics. Use of antibiotics in the clinical score group (60/161) was 29% lower (adjusted risk ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval 0.50 to 0.95; P=0.02) and in the antigen test group (58/164) was 27% lower (0.73, 0.52 to 0.98; P=0.03). There were no significant differences in complications or reconsultations. <b>Conclusion</b> Targeted use of antibiotics for acute sore throat with a clinical score improves reported symptoms and reduces antibiotic use. Antigen tests used according to a clinical score provide similar benefits but with no clear advantages over a clinical score alone. <b>Trial registration</b> ISRCTN32027234
Wind of Change Challenges Toxicological Regulators
Authors: Tewes Tralau, Christian Riebeling, Ralph Pirow, Michael Oelgeschläger, Andrea Seiler, Manfred Liebsch, Andreas Luch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

In biomedical research, the past two decades have seen the advent of in vitro model systems based on stem cells, humanized cell lines, and engineered organotypic tissues, as well as numerous cellular assays based on primarily established tumor-derived cell lines and their genetically modified derivatives.There are high hopes that these systems might replace the need for animal testing in regulatory toxicology. However, despite increasing pressure in recent years to reduce animal testing, regulators are still reluctant to adopt in vitro approaches on a large scale. It thus seems appropriate to consider how we could realistically perform regulatory toxicity testing using in vitro assays only.Here, we suggest an in vitro-only approach for regulatory testing that will benefit consumers, industry, and regulators alike.
Active and Passive Smoking and Pathological Indicators of Lung Cancer Risk in an Autopsy Study
Authors: Dimitrios Trichopoulos
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —The association between involuntary smoking and lung cancer has been supported by most epidemiologic studies, but a number of authors and interest groups claim that the possibility of bias has not been excluded. Few autopsy-based studies have explored the role of active smoking and other exposures in lung carcinogenesis, and none has been previously done to examine the role of passive smoking. We have undertaken such an autopsy-based study in Athens, Greece. <h3>Design.</h3> —Lung specimens were taken at autopsy from 400 persons 35 years of age or older, of both genders, who had died within 4 hours from a cause other than respiratory or cancer in Athens or the surrounding area. For each person at least seven tissue blocks were taken from the main and lobar bronchi and at least five blocks from the parenchyma, including an average of about 20 smaller cartilaginous bronchi and membranous bronchioles. The specimens were examined without knowledge of the exposures of the particular subject in Turin, Italy. For 283 (71%) of the subjects the preservation of the bronchial epithelium was satisfactory for pathological examination, and for 206 among them (73%) an interview could be arranged with their next of kin, focusing on smoking habits of the deceased and their spouses, as well as other variables. The interviewers were not aware of the results of the pathological examinations. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Specimens were examined for basal cell hyperplasia, squamous cell metaplasia, cell atypia, and (in membranous bronchioles and bronchiolo-alveolar airways) mucous cell metaplasia, ie, pathological entities that may be lung cancer risk indicators or epithelial, possibly precancerous, lesions (EPPL). The gland and wall thicknesses were also measured and their ratio calculated (Reid Index). <h3>Results.</h3> —In comparison with nonsmokers, EPPL values were significantly higher among current smokers and higher, but not significantly so, among former smokers. Furthermore, EPPL values were significantly higher among deceased nonsmoking women married to smokers rather than to nonsmokers. In this set of data neither occupation nor residence was associated with EPPL, but this could be due to the poor correlation of residential history with exposure to air pollution and the lack of adequate standardization of contemporary Greek occupations. The Reid Index was higher among smokers and former smokers in comparison with non-smokers, among subjects with mainly urban residence in comparison with those with mainly rural residence, and among nonsmoking women married to smokers in comparison with those married to nonsmokers, but none of these differences was statistically significant. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —These results provide support to the body of evidence linking passive smoking to lung cancer, even though they are based on a study methodologically different from those that have previously examined this association. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;268:1697-1701)
Hepatocytes undergo phenotypic transformation to biliary epithelium in organoid cultures
Authors: George K. Michalopoulos, William C. Bowen, Karen Mulè, Juan Carlos Lopez-Talavera, Wendy Mars
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Organoid cultures of hepatocytes in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) display characteristic histologic organization. Biliary epithelium covers the surface of the tissue exposed to the culture medium. Hepatocytes, stellate cells and endothelial cells compose the underlying structures. In order to investigate the origin of the biliary epithelial cells in the organoid cultures, we utilized the retrorsine/DPPIV system of hepatocyte transplantation to create hybrid livers in which clones of DPPIV hepatocytes colonize variable portions of the lobules. We demonstrate that, as others have shown, biliary epithelium in this in vivo system remains that of the recipient (DPPIV negative) rat. Hepatocytes are the only cells positive for the DPPIV marker enzyme in the hybrid livers. Organoid cultures were prepared from the hybrid livers. Overall, 46.82% of the hepatocytes placed into culture were positive for DPPIV at time zero (after isolation). At 21 days in culture, 47.54% of the biliary epithelium on the surface of the organoid cultures was positive for DPPIV. Since the only DPPIV cells inoculated in the cultures were hepatocytes, this finding demonstrates that, in the conditions of the organoid cultures, hepatocytes do undergo phenotypic transition to biliary epithelial cells.
Glioma therapy using tumor homing and penetrating peptide-functionalized PEG–PLA nanoparticles loaded with paclitaxel
Authors: Quanyin Hu, Xiaoling Gao, Guangzhi Gu, Ting Kang, Yifan Tu, Zhongyang Liu, Qingxiang Song, Lei Yao, Zhiqing Pang, Xinguo Jiang, Hongzhuan Chen, Jun Chen
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Association between a Genome-Wide Association Study-Identified Locus and the Risk of Lung Cancer in Japanese Population
Authors: Hidemi Ito, James D. McKay, Satoyo Hosono, Toyoaki Hida, Yasushi Yatabe, Tetsuya Mitsudomi, Paul Brennan, Hideo Tanaka, Keitaro Matsuo
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
Chest Wall Pain and Rib Fracture after Stereotactic Radiotherapy for Peripheral Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Jon-Paul J. Voroney, Andrew Hope, Max R. Dahele, Thomas Purdy, Kevin N. Franks, Shannon Pearson, John B.C. Cho, Alex Sun, David G. Payne, Jean-Pierre Bissonnette, Andrea Bezjak, Anthony M. Brade
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
REGENERATIVE CHANGES IN CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER.
Authors: W. G. MacCALLUM
Journal: JAMA (1904)

In the literature and in the text-books of pathology little reference is made to the evidences of regeneration in cirrhosis of the liver. It is true that it is stated that regenerative changes are evident in certain cases leading to the production of adenoma-like nodular masses of liver tissue, and there is in general a tendency to regard the bile duct-like structures which occur in the fibrous bands as newly formed and as representing an effort toward the restitution of the liver to its original bulk. Especial stress is, however, usually laid on the degenerative changes in the liver cells and the anatomic picture presented by a cirrhotic liver is commonly looked on as the expression of a steadily progressive destructive process. Kretz<sup>1</sup>only, so far as I can see in the literature at my command, has especially emphasized the importance of the regenerative changes in the ordinary
CLINICAL AND PROGNOSTIC IMPLICATIONS OF EARLY TROPONIN I INCREASE IN TRASTUZUMAB INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY.
Authors: Carlo M. Cipolla, Alessandro Colombo, Rosalba Torrisi, Maria Teresa Sandri, Maurizio Civelli, Giuseppina Lamantia, Nicola Colombo, Michela Salvatici, Sarah Cortinovis, Maria Antonietta Dessanai, Franco Nole’, Fabrizio Veglia, Daniela Cardinale
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Noninvasive Assessment of Left Ventricular Relaxation Using Continuous-Wave Doppler Aortic Regurgitant Velocity Curve
Authors: Kazuhiro Yamamoto, Tohru Masuyama, Yasuji Doi, Johji Naito, Toshiaki Mano, Hiroya Kondo, Reiko Nagano, Jun Tanouchi, Masatsugu Hori, Takenobu Kamada
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background The most established parameters of left ventricular (LV) relaxation are peak negative value of the first derivative of LV pressure (−dP/dt max ) and the time constant of isovolumic LV pressure fall. The instantaneous pressure gradient between the aorta and the LV during diastole can be calculated from the continuous-wave Doppler aortic regurgitant velocity spectrum. Because the fluctuation of aortic pressure during LV isovolumic relaxation is negligibly minor and because LV minimal pressure is negligibly low, LV pressure during the isovolumic relaxation period may be derived from the continuous-wave Doppler aortic regurgitant velocity spectrum. This study was designed to clarify whether analysis of continuous-wave Doppler aortic regurgitation recording provides accurate measures of LV relaxation over a wide range of LV function and to determine comparative values of aortic and mitral regurgitation methods in the assessment of LV relaxation. Methods and Results In eight mongrel dogs with acute ischemic LV dysfunction, the continuous-wave Doppler aortic regurgitant velocity spectrum was recorded simultaneously with high-fidelity LV and aortic pressures, while the continuous-wave Doppler mitral regurgitant velocity spectrum was recorded simultaneously with high-fidelity left atrial and LV pressures. The aortic regurgitant velocity spectrum was provided for the determination of Doppler-derived mean rate of LV pressure fall in 20 ms after the onset of aortic regurgitation (ΔP/Δt-AR) and the time interval from the onset of aortic regurgitation to the point at (1−1/ e ) 1/2 of the maximal aortic regurgitant velocity as an estimate of the time constant. The mitral regurgitant velocity spectrum was provided for Doppler-derived mean rate of LV pressure fall in 20 ms after the point of −dP/dt max (ΔP/Δt-MR) and the time interval from the point of −dP/dt max to the point with mitral regurgitant velocity of (1/ e ) 1/2 of the mitral regurgitant velocity at the point of −dP/dt max as an estimate of the time constant. ΔP/Δt-AR and ΔP/Δt-MR correlated well with catheter-derived −dP/dt max ( r =.92, r =.98, P &lt;.01, respectively). The time constant derived from aortic and mitral regurgitant velocity spectra (tau-AR and tau-MR) also correlated well with catheter-derived time constant ( r =.84, r =.76, P &lt;.01, respectively). However, a mean difference of the catheter-derived time constant minus tau-MR was larger than tau-AR (29±30 versus 4±17 ms, P &lt;.01, presented as mean±2 SD). Conclusions LV relaxation can be assessed from the continuous-wave Doppler aortic regurgitant velocity spectrum. The aortic regurgitation method provides an even more accurate estimate of the time constant compared with the mitral regurgitation method, particularly in the presence of LV dysfunction.