tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Relief Agencies Face Crisis of a Lifetime
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1994)

WHEN Jeff Colyer, MD, first met his 16-year-old patient, Veronica, she might have needed a miracle more than a surgeon.  The girl had lost a hand and suffered an open skull fracture last June in a machete attack by roving killers near Kibungo, Rwanda, about 65 miles southeast of the capital of Kigali. For 2 weeks, she had been left for dead among 500 bodies piled in a church. By the time Veronica arrived at Kibungo's decimated hospital, she was catatonic and had contracted a severe infection.  After a month under Colyer's care, the Kansas City, Mo, volunteer surgeon relayed word back to the United States that Veronica was on the road to recovery. Today she smiled and told me her name, he wrote in a July 22 letter. Her wounds are healing. Veronica's miracle and her surgeon materialized thanks to the efforts of the Los Angeles, Calif—based International Medical
Prevention of Posttransfusion Hepatitis
Authors: Charles A. Janeway
Journal: JAMA (1970)

Recognized in England as a clinical entity in the late 1930s, posttransfusion hepatitis (homologous serum jaundice) has been a serious hazard in the therapeutic use of blood and its derivatives and an important deterrent to clinical investigation with blood derivatives since that time. Because it was a major complication in the treatment of wound shock in battle casualties with reconstituted pooled dried human plasma, considerable experimental work was carried out in human volunteers during and immediately after World War II. These studies led to the recognition that there were two types of hepatitis viruses: (1) that of infectious or epidemic hepatitis (IH; hepatitis A), usually transmitted by the fecal-oral route with an incubation period of approximately 30 days and only a brief period of viremia; and (2) that of posttransfusion or serum hepatitis (SH; hepatitis B), transmissible almost entirely by injection of blood or plasma, with a long incubation period
Second malignant neoplasms in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the chest wall with germline p53 mutation as a second malignant neoplasm
Authors: Carlos R. Suarez, Salvatore J. Bertolone, Ashok B. Raj, Susan Coventry
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

About 80% of children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) will be long-term survivors. Second malignant neoplasm (SMNs) are a devastating sequelae observed on these children, with an estimated cumulative risk of 2-3.3% fifteen years after diagnosis. Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of bone (PNET) is rarely observed as a SMN following treatment of childhood ALL. The authors described the occurrence of a chest wall PNET of the bone at the site of a central line placement associated with both germ-line and tumor cell p53 mutation in a 8-year-old boy 1 year after completing therapy for standard risk ALL. A review of the literature of 25,051 children treated for ALL discovered 230 SMNs (0.99%), and only one case of PNET of the bone was noted among this group. The occurrence of a SMN in children treated for ALL is a rare event. Such an occurrence, in particular the development of an unusual SMN, should be evaluated for a germline p53 mutation.
Diagnostic Cell Pathology in Tissue and Smears
Authors: John K. Frost
Journal: JAMA (1968)

This meticulous work draws from the author's vast experience in clinical cytopathology. It sets forth his principles and concepts used in interpreting morphology, and in diagnosing states and lesions encountered in clinical medicine. Cellular structures in histologic and cytologic preparations are described in detail and are correlated in a superb collection of photomicrographs of high quality. General cellular structures and their alterations associated with normalcy, inflammation, hyperplasia, atrophy, malignant transformation, and malignant tumors are covered in detail. Diagnostic significance of the morphologic alterations is discussed, and their clinical applications are evaluated. Thoroughly reviewed is the author's work on malignancy-associated changes (MAC). Interpretation of these minute structural alterations still remains extremely subjective; thus, this detailed presentation is probably not sufficient for them to bear much clinical application at the present time. For investigation in this field, however, this section will prove to be invaluable. Clinical cytological techniques are presented in
Does Adjuvant Therapy Work in Colon Cancer?
Authors: Robert J. Mayer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

Colorectal carcinoma is second only to lung cancer as a cause of death from cancer in the United States. Although the majority of patients found to have a large-bowel tumor successfully undergo a removal of all gross tumor, 40 to 50 percent are found at the time of surgery to have invasion of the tumor through the serosa (Stage B2) or spread to regional lymph nodes (Stage C). The prognosis after such "complete" resection is closely related to surgical stage. The prognosis for each stage appears to have improved somewhat in recent years, most likely because of more . . .
Genetic Trickery — Escape of Leukemia from Immune Attack
Authors: John Barrett, Bruce R. Blazar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

It is increasingly clear that neoplastic cells and the immune system are locked in a struggle in which each attempts to outmaneuver its opponent. One tactic that tumors use to avoid attack by T cells and natural killer cells is the suppression of immune-recognition molecules.1 Evasion by this means is possible when cancer cells lose an HLA haplotype that was inherited from one of the patient's parents and replace it with a haplotype from the other parent (Figure 1). The loss occurs during mitotic recombination, leaving the daughter cell with two HLA haplotypes derived from only one parent — hence . . .
US unveils new DNA database
Authors: F. Charatan
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The US Federal Bureau of Investigation has developed a national DNA index system to enable public forensic laboratories throughout the United States to exchange and compare DNA profiles electronically to link unsolved crimes to each other and to known offenders.

The bureau's director, Louis Freeh, said: “The National DNA index system will be of great value to city, county, state and federal law enforcement agencies as they work together to apprehend violent criminals. There should also be a significant crime …
The Trauma Score as a Triage Tool in the Prehospital Setting
Authors: John A. Morris, Paul S. Auerbach, Gregory A. Marshall, Raymond F. Bluth, Lynda G. Johnson, Donald D. Trunkey
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Implementation of a regional trauma care system requires a field triage tool that identifies the severely injured patient and transports him to a trauma center, while preserving the flow of minimally injured patients to community hospitals. We prospectively tested the Trauma Score (TS) as a field triage tool and evaluated its accuracy against that of the Injury Severity Score (ISS), calculated after the patients' injuries were fully defined. During an 18-month period, 1106 patients admitted to the trauma center at San Francisco General Hospital had a TS determined in the field (TS1) and on arrival at the emergency department. A TS1 of 14 or less defined a subgroup of 222 patients in whom 93% of the deaths occurred. Using an ISS of 20 or more as an indicator of life-threatening injury, we determined the predictive value of TS1. There were 66 false-negatives (ISS, greater than or equal to 20; TS1, 15 or 16) and 107 false-positives (ISS, less than 20; TS1, less than or equal to 14). Using a prehospital TS of 14 or less as an indicator of serious injury, only 20% of a major urban trauma population would qualify for diversion to a trauma center.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF RHEUMATOID JOINT AFFECTIONS.
Authors: JAMES B. HERRICK
Journal: JAMA (1907)

The title of this paper, if liberally interpreted, might lead one to discuss the differential diagnosis of a great variety of joint affections that present certain features resembling those of true rheumatism and which might, therefore, be called rheumatoid. Rather arbitrarily, perhaps, I shall narrow the discussion and not consider such conditions as sarcoma of the joint, ordinary monarticular tuberculosis, sprains and other traumatic arthritides, though, as is well known, there is often a necessity for differentiating between rheumatism and these conditions. Nor shall I do more than mention the arthritides occurring in connection with definite infectious diseases, such as scarlatina, pneumonia, epidemic meningitis, septicemia, pyemia, etc. Here diagnosis is comparatively easy if the existence of the primary disease is known, though in some instances, e. g., during convalescence from a mild and ambulatory scarlet fever, diagnosis may not be simple. In epidemic meningitis, too, joint pains with articular and
Value of Kleihauer testing after administration of anti-D immunoglobulin
Authors: J K M Duguid, I Bromilow
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The standard dose of 500 IU of anti-D immunoglobulin given in Britain to Rh D negative mothers postnatally is lower than that used in Europe, the United States, and Canada, where 1000-1500 IU is the routine dose. In Britain a Kleihauer test is performed after the 500 IU dose is given.1 The results of this test should indicate the volume of fetomaternal haemorrhage that has occurred and whether a further dose of anti-D immunoglobulin is required. Kleihauer testing is not performed routinely in Europe, the United States, or Canada as the higher dose of anti-D immunoglobulin used prevents Rh sensitisation in all but 0.3% of cases.

Use of the Kleihauer test in Rh D negative mothers who have been given anti-D immunoglobulin is intrinsically incorrect as the test measures fetal haemoglobin and not …
Left ventricular thrombus incidence and behavior studied by serial two-dimensional echocardiography in acute anterior myocardial infarction: left ventricular wall motion, systemic embolism and oral anticoagulation
Authors: Albert J. Funke Küpper, Freek W.A. Verheugt, Cathinka H. Peels, Tjebbe W. Galema, Jan P. Roos
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1989)
Promising Practices in Mammography Recruitment, Retention and Rescreening for Breast Cancer Early Detection among Community-Based Programs Supported by the Avon Foundation Breast Care Fund.
Authors: M. Hurlbert, C. McDonnell, K. Gates-Ferris, K. Opdyke, M. Pagaduan, B. Chi
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background/Significance: National guidelines recommend women age 40 and older have mammograms every 1-2 years. Since 2000, the Avon Foundation Breast Care Fund (AFBCF), a project of Cicatelli Associates Inc., has supported nonprofit community-based organizations (CBOs) to provide breast health education and outreach to link medically underserved women with free/low-cost breast cancer screening services. These organizations have developed effective strategies for recruiting, retaining and rescreening clients. This evaluation study aims to identify promising practices for effective mammography recruitment, retention and rescreening among un/underinsured, low-income, and racial and/or ethnic minority women.Methods: Twenty of 144 AFBCF-funded CBOs were selected to participate in a retrospective study to determine clients' rescreening rates.CBOs provided de-identified data on mammography screening by age and visit date to determine their rescreening rate, defined as the proportion of female outreach clients age 40+ years receiving a mammogram and subsequent mammogram through that agency within the following 6-18 and/or 18-30 months. CBOs also completed a qualitative survey about program strategies and systems. Qualitative data were linked with rescreening rates to identify promising practices. Survey results were also used to develop a discrete questionnaire administered to 144 AFBCF-funded CBOs to identify which agencies currently employ identified promising practices.Results: Data analysis will be completed in September 2009.Preliminary results indicate that rescreening rates vary widely across agencies, from 15% to over 90%. In addition, findings indicate that some CBOs lack mechanisms to routinely monitor client rescreening. Utilizing unique client identifiers in conjunction with the use of electronic data tracking systems would facilitate tracking clients over time and improve targeted outreach efforts to increase rescreening rates.Discussion: Combined qualitative and quantitative analyses of differences in practices directed at encouraging mammography rescreening among medically underserved women will enable a description of promising practices for increasing rescreening rates in this population. Analysis will include an explanation of mammography rescreening rates among medically underserved women. Agencies with high rescreening rates will be identified and discussion regarding organizational characteristics and practices will be presented. Additionally, unique and innovative strategies for reaching specific populations will be examined. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 3080.
Coronary Revascularization before Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Mauro Moscucci, Kim A. Eagle
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The evaluation of cardiac risk before noncardiac surgical procedures and interventions aimed toward reducing that risk have become an integral part of the contemporary practice of medicine. In the nonoperative setting, it is generally accepted that the pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction is usually due to the disruption of a vulnerable coronary-artery plaque followed by coronary-artery thrombosis. Histopathological analyses of coronary arteries in patients who had a fatal myocardial infarction soon after noncardiac surgery have confirmed this pathophysiology, with evidence of an unstable plaque present in more than half of patients.1 An association between fatal perioperative myocardial infarction and advanced . . .
Akt Activation Suppresses Chk2-Mediated, Methylating Agent–Induced G2 Arrest and Protects from Temozolomide-Induced Mitotic Catastrophe and Cellular Senescence
Authors: Yuchi Hirose, Makoto Katayama, Olga K. Mirzoeva, Mitchel S. Berger, Russell O. Pieper
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Pharmacologic inhibition of the DNA signal transducers Chk1 and p38 blocks G2 arrest and sensitizes glioblastoma cells to chemotherapeutic methylating agent-induced cytotoxicity. Because Akt pathway activation has been suggested to also block G2 arrest induced by DNA-damaging agents and because glioma cells frequently have high levels of Akt activation, we examined the contribution of the Akt pathway to methylating agent-induced G2 arrest and toxicity. U87MG human glioma cells containing an inducible Akt expression construct were incubated with inducing agent or vehicle, after which the cells were exposed to temozolomide and assayed for activation of the components of the G2 arrest pathway and survival. Temozolomide-treated control cells activated the DNA damage signal transducers Chk1, Chk2, and p38, leading to Cdc25C and Cdc2 inactivation, prolonged G2 arrest, and loss of clonagenicity by a combination of senescence and mitotic catastrophe. Temozolomide-treated cells induced to overexpress Akt, however, exhibited significantly less drug-induced Cdc25C/Cdc2 inactivation and less G2 arrest. Akt-mediated suppression of G2 arrest was associated not with alterations in Chk1 or p38 activation but rather with suppression of Chk2 activation and reduced recruitment of Chk2 to sites of damage in chromatin. Unlike bypass of the G2 checkpoint induced by pharmacologic inhibitors of Chk1 or p38, however, Akt-induced bypass of G2 arrest suppressed, rather than enhanced, temozolomide-induced senescence and mitotic catastrophe. These results show that whereas Akt activation suppresses temozolomide-induced Chk2 activation and G2 arrest, the overriding effect is protection from temozolomide-induced cytotoxicity. The Akt pathway therefore represents a new target for the sensitization of gliomas to chemotherapeutic methylating agents such as temozolomide.
Note on the Transfusion of Reconstituted Dried Human Serum
Authors: H. A. Brown, P. L. Mollison
Journal: BMJ (1940)

MEDI BRTSL 821is beginning to involve the age groups in which ulcers are common.12. Our experience proved that the sorting of serious cases in France for invaliding to this country was very efficient.Recommendations On the basis of this investigation we have submitted to the Army authorities certain recommendations on recruit- ing, treatment, and disposal.
Pain during photodynamic therapy is associated with protoporphyrin IX fluorescence and fluence rate
Authors: S.R. Wiegell, J. Skiveren, P.A. Philipsen, H.C. Wulf
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2008)

Pain during photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a considerable problem that needs to be studied to improve this otherwise attractive treatment of skin diseases.To compare pain during PDT using two different fluence rates, and also to evaluate the association between pain and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence, lesion type, lesion preparation and lesion localization.Twenty-six patients with actinic keratoses (AKs) in different localizations and 34 patients with facial acne vulgaris were treated with methyl aminolaevulinate-PDT. Patients with acne were illuminated using two different fluence rates. Pain score during PDT and PpIX fluorescence prior to illumination were measured.The study showed that pain during illumination was associated with the PpIX fluorescence in the treatment area (P = 0.0003, R(2) = 0.31). When using a fluence rate of 34 mW cm(-2) patients with acne had a pain score of 6 [interquartile range (IQR) 5-7] compared with 8 (IQR 6-10) when using a fluence rate of 68 mW cm(-2) (P = 0.018). After correcting the pain score for PpIX fluorescence no differences in pain scores were found between first and second acne treatment, locations of AK lesions or between the two types of lesions.Pain during PDT was correlated with the PpIX fluorescence in the treatment area prior to illumination. Pain was reduced using a lower fluence rate during PDT of acne.
Female pattern hair loss in complete androgen insensitivity syndrome
Authors: P. Cousen, A. Messenger
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2010)

Female pattern hair loss, also known as female androgenetic alopecia, is generally regarded as an androgen‐dependent disorder representing the female counterpart of male balding. We describe female pattern hair loss occurring in a patient with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome suggesting that mechanisms other than direct androgen action contribute to this common form of hair loss in women.
Antibiotics account for 19% of emergency department visits in US for adverse events
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Adverse events associated with antibiotics result in more than 142 000 visits a year to hospital emergency departments in the United States. The drugs were implicated in 19% of all emergency department visits for drug related adverse events.

The rate of 10.5 emergency department visits per 10 000 outpatient prescriptions of antibiotics “was higher than expected,” says the paper in Clinical Infectious Diseases (doi: 10.1086/591126). That was about half the rate of events attributed to “high risk” drugs such as warfarin, insulin, and digoxin (20.6 visits per 10 000 prescriptions), the authors write. 

The rate among infants aged …
New plant‐origin food allergens
Authors: E. A. Pastorello, V. Pravettoni, A. M. Calamari, E. Banfi, A. M. Robino
Journal: Allergy (2002)

Plant‐origin foods, especially nuts and seeds, are the most important sources of food allergic reactions. An important characteristic is the quantitative and qualitative variability of their content in allergenic molecules, depending on plant growth, ripening, environmental stresses or industrial processing. In this review we will focus on newly identified allergens. Recent research have characterized and extensively studied their biochemistry, structure and immunological properties.
Cancer in Pregnancy
Authors: Clyde L. Randall
Journal: JAMA (1968)

This conveniently small volume, well organized and easy to read, will prove a valuable addition to the obstetrician's library. Not a definitive text, it is nevertheless a convenient reference. It reviews malignancies which complicate pregnancy and outlines the management. The book provides a welcome amount of information, particularly in regard to the malignancies which more frequently complicate pregnancy. Comment on the risks of pregnancy in a patient recently treated for a malignancy of the breast is supported by adequate statistics. Supporting data are given in regard to pregnancy complicated by cancer of the cervix, sigmoid-rectum, and thyroid. Leukemias, lymphomas, and malignant melanoma are also discussed. The introduction advises the reader not to regard an occasional case report as a reliable basis upon which to determine the management, yet the author finds it necessary to refer to the outcome of only one or two reported cases as the apparent basis for
Diagnostic Accuracy of Computed Tomography-Guided Percutaneous Biopsy of Renal Masses
Authors: Joerg Schmidbauer, Mesut Remzi, Mazda Memarsadeghi, Andrea Haitel, Hans Christoph Klingler, Daniela Katzenbeisser, Helene Wiener, Michael Marberger
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Somatic Mutations and Altered Expression of the Candidate Tumor Suppressors <b> <i>CSNK1ε</i> </b>, <b> <i>DLG1</i> </b>, and <b> <i>EDD/hHYD</i> </b> in Mammary Ductal Carcinoma
Authors: Tannin J. Fuja, Fritz Lin, Kathryn E. Osann, Peter J. Bryant
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract We report somatic mutations in three genes (CSNK1ε, encoding the Ser/Thr kinase casein kinase I ε; DLG1, encoding a membrane-associated putative scaffolding protein; and EDD/hHYD, encoding a progestin induced putative ubiquitin-protein ligase) in mammary ductal carcinoma. These genes were suspected of playing a role in cancer because loss-of-function mutations in their Drosophila homologues cause excess tissue growth. Using DNA from 82 laser-microdissected tumor samples, followed by microsatellite analysis, denaturing HPLC and direct sequencing, we found multiple somatic point mutations in all three genes, and these mutations showed significant association with loss of heterozygosity of closely linked polymorphic microsatellite markers. For CSNK1ε and DLG1, most of the mutations affected highly conserved residues, some were found repetitively in different patients, and no synonymous mutations were found, indicating that the observed mutations were selected in tumors and may be functionally significant. Immunohistochemical reactivity of each protein was reduced in poorly differentiated tumors, and there was a positive association between altered protein reactivity, loss of heterozygosity, and somatic mutations. There was a statistically significant association of hDlg staining with p53 and Ki67 reactivity, whereas CSK1ε and EDD/hHYD staining levels were associated with progesterone receptor status. The results provide strong indications for a role of all three genes in mammary ductal carcinoma. They also justify additional studies of the functional significance of the changes, as well as a search for additional changes in these and other genes identified from studies on model systems.
John Stephens Bryden
Authors: G. Bryden
Journal: BMJ (2013)

John Stephens Bryden’s school life was varied as he lived first in Glasgow and then in a country village from which he travelled to Kirkcudbright Academy before moving to Millport on the island of Cumbrae. He enjoyed going by paddle steamer to Rothesay Academy despite a predawn start on Monday mornings and a late Friday evening return. As a student his holiday jobs …