tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cancer Surveillance Series: Changing Patterns of Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma Mortality Rates Among Whites in the United States
Authors: A. Jemal, S. S. Devesa, T. R. Fears, P. Hartge
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2000)

Background: Mortality from melanoma among whites is still increasing in the United States. In this study, we describe the changing patterns of melanoma mortality rates among whites by demographic factors and geography and further assess the relationship between the geographic patterns and the UV radiation (UV-B) level. Methods: Age-adjusted incidence and mortality rates were computed by use of the 1970 U.S. population standard. Annual percent changes of mortality were estimated by fitting regression lines to the logarithm of rates. The relationships between melanoma mortality rates and UV-B level over time were assessed by weighted regressions. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results: From 1950–1954 through 1990–1994, melanoma mortality rates increased by 191% and 84% among males and females, respectively. Mortality rates peaked in the 1930 through 1950 birth cohorts for females and in the 1935 through 1950 birth cohorts for males. In the 1950 through 1969 study period, melanoma mortality rates showed a strong North–South gradient, but the gradient weakened in recent periods. The absolute change in mortality for a 10% increase in UV-B among females decreased from 0.08 additional deaths per 100 000 person-years in 1950-1959 to 0.01 additional deaths in 1990-1995. In contrast, the absolute change in mortality among males showed little change over time; additional deaths increased from 0.11 to 0.12 per 100 000 person-years. Conclusions: Melanoma mortality in the United States reflects the complex interplay of UV radiation levels in each geographic region, the sun-protection behaviors of each generation of males and females in childhood and adulthood, the geographic mobility of the population, and the risk awareness and early detection.
Rugby World Cup 2011: International Rugby Board Injury Surveillance Study
Authors: Colin W Fuller, Kelly Sheerin, Steve Targett
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

Objective To determine the frequency and nature of injuries sustained during the IRB 2011 Rugby World Cup. Design A prospective, whole population survey. Population 615 international rugby players representing 20 teams competing at the IRB 2011 Rugby World Cup in New Zealand. Method The study was implemented according to the international consensus statement for epidemiological studies in rugby union; the main measures included the players' age (years), stature (cm) and body mass (Kg) and the incidence (number of injuries/1000 player-hours), mean and median severity (days absence), location (%), type (%) and cause (%) of match and training injuries. Results The incidences of injuries were 89.1/1000 player-match-hours (forwards: 85.0; backs: 93.8) and 2.2/1000 player-training-hours (forwards: 2.7; backs: 1.7). The mean severity of injuries was 23.6 days (forwards: 21.2; backs: 26.2) during matches and 26.9 (forwards: 33.4; backs: 14.3) during training. During matches, lower-limb muscle/tendon (31.6%) and ligament (15.8%) and, during training, lower-limb muscle/tendon (51.4%) and trunk muscle/tendon (11.4%) injuries were the most common injuries. The most common cause of injury during matches was the tackle (forwards: 43.6%, backs: 45.2%), and during training was full and semicontact skills activities. Conclusion The results confirm that rugby, like other full-contact sports, has a high incidence of injury: the results from IRB Rugby World Cup (RWC) 2011 were similar to those reported for RWC 2007.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIBROIDS OF THE UTERUS AFTER ABLATION OF THE APPENDAGES.
Authors: J. WESLEY BOVÉE
Journal: JAMA (1905)

Medical literature teems with papers, discussions, essays and books on the subject of fibroids of the uterus in their multiform variations. Fifty-three pages of the Index Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General's office were required to list the titles of the literary productions on tumors of the uterus received in that magnificent library previous to 1893. Of these, fully three-fourths are concerning fibromata and myomata. In the Index Medicus, the list is ever increasing and probably twice as many treatises have been published since, as before, the year mentioned. Nor does the search for knowledge of uterine fibroids lose any of its energy. New facts concerning these tumors are constantly coming to light; formerly they were considered benign from beginning to end, and they were supposed never to begin before puberty or after the menopause; all these points have been absolutely refuted, at least from a practical
Immunogenicity of liposome-bound hyaluronate in mice. At least two different antigenic sites on hyaluronate are identified by mouse monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: H M Fillit, M Blake, C MacDonald, M McCarty
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Hyaluronate (HA) was previously demonstrated to be immunogenic in rabbits. The immunogenicity of HA in mice was studied. Hyaluronidase-digested streptococcal HA (IA1) covalently linked to liposomes (IA1-liposomes) were produced for immunization. Mice immunized with IA1-liposomes developed measurable serum antibodies to IA1, while mice immunized with IA1 in Freund's adjuvant did not. mAbs produced by two stable hybridomas (10G6 and 5F11) from mice immunized with IA1-liposomes produced IgG antibody reactive with HA in ELISA. 10G6 had a much higher avidity for liposome-bound IA1 than free IA1, while 5F11 did not, suggesting that the mode of presentation of IA1 is important in HA immunogenicity and antigenicity. Both mAbs recognized terminal HA immunodeterminants exposed by hyaluronidase treatment. Sonication had no effect on HA reactivity for either mAb. However, ascorbic acid treatment significantly reduced the antigenicity of HA for mAb 5F11, but not 10G6. Only 10G6 was inhibited by glucuronic acid. Electrostatic forces appear to play a role in the binding site of 5F11, but not 10G6. 5F11 crossreacts with heparan sulfate and phosphorylcholine, while 10G6 did not crossreact with any glycosaminoglycans or phosphorylated compounds tested. These results confirm that HA is immunogenic. They suggest that the mode of presentation of HA is important for the induction of the immune response, and in HA antigenicity. At least two different antigenic sites on HA were demonstrated. 10G6 recognizes a terminal HA antigenic site expressed on IA1-liposomes that contains glucuronic acid in its immunodominant site. 5F11 recognizes an HA antigenic site in which electrostatic forces appear to play a role, is sensitive to ascorbic acid treatment, and is crossreactive with heparan sulfate. The use of mAbs should facilitate immunologic studies of HA.
Courvoisier??s Gallbladder in Calculous Choledochal Obstruction: Ultrasound and 111In-Phenolphthalexon Studies
Authors: MAX S. LIN, LESLIE M. ZATZ, JON C. KOSEK, KEITH B. TAYLOR
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

Gray-scale ultrasonography and biliary scanning using 111In-phenolphthalexon both demonstrated a dilated gallbladder in a vagotomized cirrhotic with progressive painless cholestasis, which proved to be due to a calculous choledochal obstruction. This case violated Courvoisier's law. Analysis of the 111In excreted in a series of fecal specimen showed a wide variation from high-activity dark feces to low-activity pale ones, compatible with an intermittent choledochal patency suggestive of calculous obstruction.
High density lipoprotein reverses inhibitory effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein on endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation.
Authors: Y Matsuda, K Hirata, N Inoue, M Suematsu, S Kawashima, H Akita, M Yokoyama
Journal: Circulation Research (1993)

We have recently reported that oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) inhibits endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation through its increased lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC). In this study we examined whether high density lipoprotein (HDL) has any effect on the inhibition of endothelium-dependent relaxation by ox-LDL in isolated strips of rabbit thoracic aorta. Both low density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL were isolated from normal human plasma, and LDL was oxidized by exposure to copper. Preincubation of arterial strips with ox-LDL (0.1-0.5 mg protein/ml) inhibited endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh) in a concentration-dependent manner. HDL (1 mg protein/ml) by itself had no effect on the relaxation to ACh. In the presence of HDL, the inhibition by ox-LDL was markedly reduced. Although synthetic L-alpha-palmitoyl LPC (5 micrograms/ml) completely abolished a relaxation to ACh, the preincubation of arterial strips with HDL completely prevented the LPC-induced inhibition. Moreover, a relaxation to ACh was almost completely recovered when the strips were washed with buffer containing HDL even after LPC-induced inhibition had occurred. HDL markedly reduced the incorporation of [1-14C]palmitate-labeled LPC ([14C]LPC) into cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells and promoted the release of cell-incorporated [14C]LPC into the medium, resulting in a reduction of the remaining [14C]LPC in the cells. Agarose electrophoresis after incubation of a mixture of ox-LDL labeled with [14C]LPC and unlabeled HDL demonstrated a transfer of [14C]LPC from ox-LDL to HDL. These results indicate that HDL reverses the ox-LDL-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation by removing LPC from ox-LDL and preventing LPC from acting on the endothelium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A host of hypercholesterolaemic homozygotes in South Africa.
Authors: H C Seftel, S G Baker, M P Sandler, M B Forman, B I Joffe, D Mendelsohn, T Jenkins, C J Mieny
Journal: BMJ (1980)

From 1972 to 1979 34 patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia were seen in one clinic in Johannesburg. All were Afrikaners and most lived in Transvaal Province. Their epidemiological, genetic, clinical, and biochemical characteristics were studied. The course of the disease varied considerably among the 34 patients, with no fewer than six surviving into their fourth or fifth decades. In some patients arterial atheroma was severe while cutaneotendinous xanthomas were slight and vice versa. Coronary heart disease was common but peripheral and cerebral arterial disease was rare. Another prominent finding was high concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol coupled with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol values. The prevalences of homozygotes and heterozygotes with familial hypercholesterolaemia in Transvaal Afrikaners, calculated from this group of patients, were 1 in 30,000 and 1 in 100 respectively. These figures are the highest ever reported and may help to explain why South African whites have the highest death rate from coronary heart disease in the Western world.
Abdominal Exploration for Gastro-intestinal Bleeding of Obscure Origin
Authors: John A. Retzlaff
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The authors reviewed the records of 100 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding who had abdominal exploration performed for diagnosis. In every case thorough and often repeated medical evaluation had failed to reveal the cause of the bleeding. In 30 patients a positive diagnosis was made at exploration; in 53 patients the exploration was negative, and in the remaining 17 patients the surgical findings were indeterminate. The most frequent findings were peptic ulcer, malignant lesions of the bowel, and diffuse disease of the small bowel.
On Examination for Colour-Blindness
Authors: H. R. Swanzy
Journal: BMJ (1879)

with a contracted and contemptible class conceit, but with broad human sympathies, tempered with that just professional pride which is one of the strongest incentives to sacrifice for any work which tends to foster professional unity or to raise our calling in public usefulness or esteem.Such a professional pride is the surest safeguard of professional probity.
A NEW APPARATUS FOR USE IN BLOODCULTURES
Authors: WILLIAM LINTZ
Journal: JAMA (1913)

UP of dark sputum long after the man had .-toppedworking in the mill.Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether absorption of heavy metal ever lakes place through the '"".-s.as inspired dusl is probably ¡ill coughed up or Stored in the lymph-nodes and tissues.The gastro¬ intestinal trad is probably the portal of entry.In ihe '"sl place, manganese is soluble in hydrochloric acid :l"d thus probably much of ihe manganese content of '.'"' swallowed dusl leaves the stomach in absorbable ln|'in.The absence of gastro-inlest inal symptoms is Probably due In Ibe small amount of the poison in Ihe wtestine at any one time."I the excretion, little is known.The excretion of ¡Host mineral poisons lakes place principally through the intestines, with the kidneys as secondary.On one occa¬ sion, specimens of urine were taken from four men working on the magnetic machine, none of vffhom Bhowed an.V symptoms, and, in each of the specimens, definite traces of zinc and manganese were found.Four urines, from other workers in the mill were analyzed and showed n" trace of the metal.It was suggested thai possibly in the magnetic held ihe manganese molecule was so altered thai its solubility in blood-serum was increased.To determine this, experiments have heen made by shaking "I1 'he manganese-bearing ore in rabbit's blood-serum "<l> ¡n Ihe magnetic field ami out of it.No difference 111 'lie solubility could he determined.To speculate on ""' question why so lew of the men employed in the n'ork developed this condition takes one into the field "' individual susceptibility, and thus far from the pur-.Pose of lliis paper.CONCLUSIONS 1-This is a definite pathologic condition, recognizable '> a definite symptom-complex.'-• H is a pathologic condjtion of the central nervous system affecting principally the mechanism of walking ''""I equilibrium.t ' ' it cannot be placed under Ihe heading nf any KHOwn central nervous system disease.I-It is of toxic origin, and in greatest probability the toxic agent is manganese.'lus paper is offered as a preliminary report ol' ¡i more ^tended work now being done, together with Dr. I-'.P.'"mi', to whom my heartiest thanks are due.342 West.Fifty-Sixth Street.
SOME FEATURES OF THE RHEUMATIC INFECTION
Authors: M. Bertram
Journal: BMJ (1925)

t TE BRITrsh and also perlhaps an orthopaedic hospital and a crippled children's society; and yet in a great mnany there is no adequate system for treating cases of chronic illness requiring an open-air school hospital.A patient is operated upon in one hospital and then returns home to relapse; he is then taken to another hospital as an out- patient, where he attends until the expiration of his note; he drifts into the Poor Law infirmary, where he stays for a few years; he is befriended by the cripples' society, which sends him away into the country for a few months; or he comes to the health committee, which sends hinm away to a distant county, because this seems easier at tlhe moment than the provision of efficient treatment at home.It would seem so obvious that all those who are respon- sible for the treatment of the sick ought to co-operate instead of competing with one another.But this is appar- ently impossible because their independence would be threatened if each ventured to join hands with the others, even for the common good.The Ministry of Health, one would have thought, would be the ideal agency to invoke to bring about hospital reform.But a Ministry will never take action until popular feeling is aroused, and the only way to arouse popular feeling is for the members of the medical profes- sion, who know the facts, to explain them to the public.It would seem to me that the essential needs of our long overdue hospital reform are as follows:1.All hospitals should be controlled by a single com- mittee of management in each county or administrative district.Each hospital would still require its house com- mittee, but in matters of policy the interests of each institution would be subordinated to those of the community at large. 2. The financial basis of our national hospital scheme should be made worthy of this great and rich country, and the present jumble of municipal rate aid, State aid, haplhazard philanthropy, and importunate begging or gambling should cease.National insurance should be the basis of hospital finance.3. The treatment of all cases of chronic illness should be conducted in open-air school hospitals in the country.At present only one political party, and that the socialists, have ever thought it worth while to formulate a hospital policy; and the socialists' policy is so identified with the idea of whole-time State service as to make it repugnant to the medical profession.But the essential ideals of hospital reform in no way necessitate this State service, and it is our duty to aim for these ideals in every way in our power, both in season and out of season.
PMO-036 Malnutrition in hospitalised patients: do we address the problem?: Abstract PMO-036 Table 1
Authors: M Shah, M Faimali
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Disease burden and hospital treatments are just some of the factors that contribute to the malnutrition found in hospitalised patients. Its prevalence has been documented over the years, with many studies linking its presence to a number of poorer outcomes including increased hospital stay, morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this audit was to examine whether the malnutrition universal screening tool (MUST) was used correctly and protocols followed for addressing malnutrition. <h3>Methods</h3> We analysed the notes for all inpatients on the three care of the elderly wards at Lincoln County hospital during a 2-week period in June 2010 (n=90). Each patient9s notes were evaluated to assess whether the MUST was used and if so appropriately. The audit recorded the frequency of MUST score recording and referral to dietetic/medical personnel when appropriate. <h3>Results</h3> There were 90 patients included in this audit, 27 males and 63 females. The mean age was 79.5 years (50–99). 43 patients did not have a MUST score recorded within 24 h of admission and 32 did not have a weekly MUST score. Six patients required referral to dietetic/medical personnel with only two being referred. The protocol was followed correctly in 55 of the 90 patients. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Malnutrition is a common problem within hospitalised patients. Proper nutritional care starts with the identification of at risk individuals through tools such as the MUST. In our experience the MUST tool is not used enough, delaying diagnosis with potentially worse outcomes. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared. <h3>References</h3> 1. <b>British Dietetic Association</b>. http://www.bda.uk.com/malnutrition_in_hospitals.html (accessed 20 Jan 2012). 2. <b>NICE</b>. <i>Nutrition Support In Adults; NICE Clinical Guideline 32</i>. 2006:7. 3. Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. http://scottishintensivecare.org.uk/nutrition/docs/must.pdf (accessed 20 Jan 2012).
Can the Practice of Medicine Be Fun for a Lifetime?
Authors: Samuel B. Guze
Journal: JAMA (1979)

THERE are four kinds of satisfaction to be derived from medicine: prestige, income, helping to relieve suffering, and intellectual effort. Despite widespread criticism of the profession, society recognizes the important contributions of medicine, and individual physicians are afforded a position in the community second to none. Respect, special privileges and considerations, and deference are the experience of nearly all doctors of medicine, who also enjoy incomes among the highest in the community. Few physicians are immune to the pleasures and benefits of money and prestige. After many years of intense competition and hard work, such rewards are sweet indeed. They begin to justify the effort and the sacrifices without which no one can become a physician. Few of us fail to respond with pleasure to being called "Doctor," and it is gratifying to be able to afford the nice things in life. We like to pay off our debts, buy
Increase in the systolic pressure of rats chronically fed cadmium
Authors: H. Mitchell Perry, Margaret Erlanger, Elizabeth F. Perry
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

In our laboratory, chronically feeding cadmium to groups of rats has been reproducibly associated with average increases of 15 to 20 mm Hg in systolic pressure. A total of 497 female Long-Evans rats were continuously provided with drinking water fortified with five essential elements and containing from 0.01 to 50 ppm cadmium, as the acetate, from weaning for as long as 30 months. These rats, plus 311 matched control animals which received fortified water without added cadmium, were fed a special low-cadmium diet. All 808 rats were weighed at least monthly as a screen for cadmium toxicity, and their systolic pressures were measured every 3 or 6 months. The two lowest concentrations of cadmium tested (0.01 and 0.03 ppm) were not pressor; the three highest concentrations (10, 25, and 50 ppm) ultimately proved to be toxic. All indirect systolic pressures (each measured in triplicate) of all rats which received 0.1 to 5 ppm cadmium (i.e., nontoxic pressor doses) averaged 15.0 mm Hg more than simultaneously measured pressures of control rats. This average increase over the control pressure is extremely significant statistically, even though it seems relatively small in absolute terms. Occasionally, however, some rats had much larger than average increases in pressure; thus, 10 of 60 rats receiving from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm cadmium for 18 months had systolic pressures that were more than 50 mm Hg above the average pressure of the control rats. Cadmium-induced hypertension is not limited to females or to a particular strain. Although we have usually used one strain of female Long-Evans rat from a single source, males of the same strain and female Sprague-Dawley rats have also developed comparable hypertension. All subgroup II elements can apparently induce similar increases in systolic pressure averaging 15 to 20 mm Hg, but cadmium is pressor in much smaller amounts than mercury or zinc. Thus, to induce a demonstrable increase in pressure requires more than ten times as much divalent mercuric ion as cadmium and more than 1000 times as much zinc as cadmium. Exposure to another metal along with cadmium can markedly alter the ability of cadmium to induce hypertension. Selenium protects against the hypertension induced by twice as much cadmium. Large excesses of both zinc and copper have also inhibited the induction of hypertension by cadmium. In contrast, lead, which like cadmium, can also induce hypertension, augments rather than inhibits cadmium-induced hypertension; thus, lead and cadmium together can induce an average increase in systolic pressure in excess of 40 mm Hg, at least twice as large as is usually induced by either metal alone.
Choosing a Psychotherapist
Authors: Nathan Schnaper
Journal: JAMA (1979)

THE PRACTICE of psychotherapy begs one and all to become practitioners of the art. The person (the consumer) who feels the need for help for emotional problems, where does he go and go with confidence? Selecting a competent physician involves many uncertainties; choosing a psychotherapist is a near impossibility. A surgeon may be judged by the neatness of the scar or the frequency of complications; the psychotherapist has no such measure. Anyone can play, and does. The question of how one chooses a therapist has plagued both helper and patient since the widespread acceptance of psychotherapy. The recent proliferation of modes of therapy and the folk culture surrounding approaches to emotional illness have compounded the difficulty. The proper approach to this problem is vital to the success of the ensuing endeavor, ie, the treatment itself. What follows is an attempt at a resolution or at least an understanding of the