tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Der Bandscheibenvorfall (Nucleus Pulposus und Discus-Hernie)
Authors: L. Michaelis
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1952)

In this monograph, the author, a neurosurgeon, intends to bring the prolapse of intervertebral disks to the notice of surgeons and practitioners in Germany.His own experience appears to be very limited-only statistics taken from the predominantly American and British literature are given-and it is often not easy to discern whether he describes his own or quoted material and experience.The book takes the form of a collection of lectures, beginning with a chapter on the pathology and physiology of the disk, followed by discussions of the diagnosis, indications for, and technique of the operation, and the results as shown in the work of others.
An 85-Year-Old Women With a History of Falls
Authors: Edison H. Wong
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To the Editor.  —In his article on falls in the geriatric population, Dr Lipsitz 1 presents a comprehensive approach for diagnosis and management except for 1 important aspect: since everybody ages, some falls may be prevented, but many are inevitable. Thus, critical adjunctive treatment should include 2 more issues.  Minimization of injury during falls may reduce morbidity and mortality. For example, martial arts such as judo and aikido teach techniques for falling into a roll, preventing injury, and allowing resumption of an upright stance. Some cultures even teach techniques for falling that can minimize injury from great heights. Unfortunately, most physical therapists are not aware of such methods, much less how to adapt them for the elderly.  In addition, proper mobility strategies after a fall may minimize complications. Although resumption of upright stance for ambulation is optimal, even crawling or change of positions on the ground is usually preferable to lying stationary to
Investigation of (pseudo) outbreaks of salmonella in hospitals.
Authors: A T Chin, B S Azadian
Journal: BMJ (1983)

become highly prized only when they are no longer available.A few psychiatric hospitals have small museums and the various medical schools and colleges have theirs, but these are for restricted professional use and do not offer the public a more general folk museum approach.A National Museum of Health could fill the gap and become a repository of the history and progress in health and welfare.
Questions over human papillomavirus vaccine in the US and Australia
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Officials in Nigeria have filed criminal and civil charges against Pfizer for its role in the deaths and disabilities of children who were treated with an experimental drug during a meningitis outbreak in Kano in 1996.The charges, filed by government prosecutors in Nigeria, follow three attempts by families of the children to sue in US courts.All three attempts were denied after Pfizer successfully argued that the US courts were not an appropriate forum.Four separate legal actions have been filed in Nigeria, including 31 criminal counts against 10 people, according to the Washington Post (www.washingtonpost.com, 2 Jun, "Pfizer faces new charges over Nigerian drug test").The plaintiffs also seek a total of $9bn (£4.5bn; €7bn) in civil suits.The charges stem from Pfizer's test of its unlicensed drug, trovafloxacin (Trovan) to treat 100 children with meningitis.A comparator group of 100 children were treated with a low dose of ceftriaxone.Suits on appeal in US courts charge Pfizer with causing harm to the children in both arms of the trial, alleging that a number of the children either died or were left deaf, mute, or brain damaged.The families allege that the company failed to tell them that their children were being enrolled in an experimental drug trial and that free, effective treatment was available from Médecins Sans Frontières at the same hospital.Five children in the trovafloxacin arm and six in the ceftriaxone arm died, according to Pfizer.Pfizer issued a statement in response to the charges, saying "Pfizer continues to emphasise-in the strongest terms-that the 1996 Trovan clinical study was conducted with the full knowledge of the Nigerian government and in a responsible and ethical way consistent with the company's abiding commitment to patient safety."Any allegations in these lawsuits to the contrary are simply untrue." Niger�ia files cr�iminal char�ges against Pfizer�
Osteoclastic Bone Resorption and the Hypercalcemia of Cancer
Authors: H. Bryan Brewer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

Hypercalcemia, osteolytic lesions, and bone pain occur frequently in patients with a wide variety of neoplastic diseases. Within the last few years it has become increasingly apparent that hypercalcemia in cancer may occur without direct bone metastasis but indirectly through humoral mediators that appear to stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption. The humoral mediator in some patients has been ectopic parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathyroid-like substances produced by tumor tissues. Initial attempts to differentiate true ectopic PTH production from nonparathyroid substances have been hampered by the complexity of the measurement of immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) in the peripheral circulation. A review of the . . .
Reversible and Irreversible Airflow Obstruction as Predictor of Overall Mortality in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: EJVIND FRAUSING HANSEN, KLAUS PHANARETH, LARS C. LAURSEN, AXEL KOK-JENSEN, ASGER DIRKSEN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

The importance of reversible airflow obstruction to the prognosis of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not clear. We tested the hypothesis that reversibility to corticosteroid and bronchodilator is not an independent predictor of prognosis, but merely reflects a component of the maximal attainable lung function, which is the best spirometric predictor of survival. During a 6-yr period (1983-1988), 1,586 subjects with asthma or COPD underwent standardized bronchodilator and corticosteroid reversibility tests at a chest clinic in Copenhagen. The vital status was obtained by September 1997. The relationship between mortality and age, gender, smoking, FEV1, and reversibilities was examined by Cox proportional hazards analyses. Of 1,586 subjects, 850 had died before September 1997. Age, smoking, and FEV1 were significant predictors of mortality. After controlling for baseline FEV1, bronchodilator and corticosteroid reversibility were significantly associated with better survival. However, after controlling for best FEV1 all reversibilities became nonsignificant and nonpredictive. The combined use of corticosteroid and bronchodilator reversibility in survival analyses is a novel approach, and we have shown that both contribute to survival prediction to the extent that they modify FEV1. However, reversibility per se does not influence survival in subjects with moderate to severe asthma or COPD.
Medicalisation of ageing: plastic people
Authors: D. Spence
Journal: BMJ (2010)

I walk behind two women in the street. I know nothing of fashion, but even to my untrained eye they carry the stigmata of the fashionable: gold and leather handbags, figure hugging clothes, straightened hair, wretchedly thin. I guess they are in their early 20s but wonder why they are so dolled up at 10 am. They turn, and my face becomes a Munch masterpiece, because they have palsied, expressionless faces, anaphylactic lips, the busts of lactating mothers of two, and teeth so white I swear they are false. …
Physician-Competitor's Advice to Colleagues: Steroid Users Respond to Education, Rehabilitation
Authors: Virginia Cowart
Journal: JAMA (1987)

IN THE SPRING of 1976, Craig Brigham was headed for the Olympic track and field trials with the second highest score (after Bruce Jenner) in the decathlon. His Olympic hopes were dashed when, almost on the eve of the trials, he contracted mononucleosis. Although he competed, he placed 13th in the standings, and did not make the 1976 Olympic team. Brigham, who set a high school decathlon record in Oregon that still stands, now lives in Chicago where he is finishing a residency in orthopedic surgery at Northwestern University. As a world-class athlete and now as a physician, he has a particular perspective on the anabolic steroid issue. (Please see accompanying article.) "People generally have no conception of what it takes to be an Olympic champion," Brigham says. "I can't speak for all athletes, but I do realize it's a full-time job and that the competition is with athletes who
Colour blind cricketers and snowballs
Authors: N. Goddard, D. Coull
Journal: BMJ (1994)

To determine whether colour blindness affects batting in professional cricketers.Comparison of batting averages of colour blind cricketers and those with normal vision.Players on 18 first class county cricket teams.280 of 306 players were tested.Results of Isihara colour blindness tests.Batting average for the colour blind group (12 players) was slightly lower than for players with normal vision (20.88 v 26.31). There was no difference in the number of batsmen and bowlers affected. Batting averages before and after the introduction of the white ball into Sunday League cricket did not differ significantly.That batting performance is not significantly impaired by colour blindness suggests that to some extent these players are self selected. Routine testing of cricketers for colour blindness is not recommended.
Intersectin links WNK kinases to endocytosis of ROMK1
Authors: Guocheng He, Hao-Ran Wang, Shao-Kuei Huang, Chou-Long Huang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

With-no-lysine (WNK) kinases are a novel family of protein kinases characterized by an atypical placement of the catalytic lysine. Mutations of 2 family members, WNK1 and WNK4, cause pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2 (PHA2), an autosomal-dominant disease characterized by hypertension and hyperkalemia. WNK1 and WNK4 stimulate clathrin-dependent endocytosis of renal outer medullar potassium 1 (ROMK1), and PHA2-causing mutations of WNK4 increase the endocytosis. How WNKs stimulate endocytosis of ROMK1 and how mutations of WNK4 increase the endocytosis are unknown. Intersectin (ITSN) is a multimodular endocytic scaffold protein. Here we show that WNK1 and WNK4 interacted with ITSN and that the interactions were crucial for stimulation of endocytosis of ROMK1 by WNKs. The stimulation of endocytosis of ROMK1 by WNK1 and WNK4 required specific proline-rich motifs of WNKs, but did not require their kinase activity. WNK4 interacted with ROMK1 as well as with ITSN. Disease-causing WNK4 mutations enhanced interactions of WNK4 with ITSN and ROMK1, leading to increased endocytosis of ROMK1. These results provide a molecular mechanism for stimulation of endocytosis of ROMK1 by WNK kinases.
A novel strategy inducing autophagic cell death in Burkitt's lymphoma cells with anti-CD19-targeted liposomal rapamycin
Authors: K Ono, T Sato, S Iyama, A Tatekoshi, A Hashimoto, Y Kamihara, H Horiguchi, S Kikuchi, Y Kawano, K Takada, T Hayashi, K Miyanishi, Y Sato, R Takimoto, M Kobune, J Kato
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2014)

Relapsed or refractory Burkitt's lymphoma often has a poor prognosis in spite of intensive chemotherapy that induces apoptotic and/or necrotic death of lymphoma cells. Rapamycin (Rap) brings about autophagy, and could be another treatment. Further, anti-CD19-targeted liposomal delivery may enable Rap to kill lymphoma cells specifically. Rap was encapsulated by anionic liposome and conjugated with anti-CD19 antibody (CD19-GL-Rap) or anti-CD2 antibody (CD2-GL-Rap) as a control. A fluorescent probe Cy5.5 was also liposomized in the same way (CD19 or CD2-GL-Cy5.5) to examine the efficacy of anti-CD19-targeted liposomal delivery into CD19-positive Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, SKW6.4. CD19-GL-Cy5.5 was more effectively uptaken into SKW6.4 cells than CD2-GL-Cy5.5 in vitro. When the cells were inoculated subcutaneously into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice, intravenously administered CD19-GL-Cy5.5 made the subcutaneous tumor fluorescent, while CD2-GL-Cy5.5 did not. Further, CD19-GL-Rap had a greater cytocidal effect on not only SKW6.4 cells but also Burkitt's lymphoma cells derived from patients than CD2-GL-Rap in vitro. The specific toxicity of CD19-GL-Rap was cancelled by neutralizing anti-CD19 antibody. The survival period of mice treated with intravenous CD19-GL-Rap was significantly longer than that of mice treated with CD2-GL-Rap after intraperitoneal inoculation of SKW6.4 cells. Anti-CD19-targeted liposomal Rap could be a promising lymphoma cell-specific treatment inducing autophagic cell death.
Cutaneous Interferon Production in Patients with Hodgkin's Disease and Other Cancers Infected with Varicella or Vaccinia
Authors: Robert W. Armstrong, Marc J. Gurwith, Dorothy Waddell, Thomas C. Merigan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

Thirteen of 14 persons without cancer produced at least 1000 U per 4 ml of vesicle-fluid interferon (VF-IF) during varicella infection (that is, herpes zoster or chicken pox). Three of seven patients with cancer in whom varicella infections developed were leukopenic and produced less than 100 U per 4 ml. These three patients had further viral spread, and two of them died from the infection. One of them was treated with an interferon inducer, polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid, without increasing interferon levels or clinical improvement. The other four patients were not leukopenic and had interferon levels greater than 1000 U per 4 ml when studied late during the infection, and all recovered. Between 30 and 170 U per 4 ml of interferon were demonstrated from crust extracts of three patients recovering from serious complications of smallpox vaccination. The ability to produce high levels of cutaneous interferon, perhaps related to white-cell function, may be important in determining the outcome of varicella infections.
Acknowledging the expertise of patients and their organisations
Authors: J. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The proportion of people living with a long term medical condition, both in the United Kingdom and throughout the world, is rising.1 2 By living with and learning to manage a long term illness many people develop a high degree of expertise and wisdom. This article suggests ways in which people with a long term medical condition and their organisations can help develop partnerships between healthcare professionals and patients and questions how much their potential contribution is appreciated and capitalised on.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines chronic diseases as “illnesses that are prolonged, do not resolve spontaneously and are rarely cured completely.”3 The Long-term Medical Conditions Alliance is developing a much broader definition that emphasises the effect that this type of illness has on people's emotional and social wellbeing; on their social, community, and working lives; and on their relationships. The alliance's definition emphasises the opportunities available to improve a person's quality of life, even when there is no cure for a particular condition. All these issues must be taken into account in planning when assessing a person's needs and how best to meet them.

The Long-term Medical Conditions Alliance is the umbrella body in the United Kingdom for 96 national voluntary organisations. Formed initially because of concerns arising from the reforms to the NHS in 1990, during which market principles were adopted to increase the efficiency of the service, the alliance enables organisations to work together to gain mutual support, to identify common concerns, to develop solutions, and to influence policy and practice.

#### Summary points

People living with a long term illness develop expertise and wisdom about their condition and want to play a part making decisions about their own health care

Partnerships should be encouraged between individual patients and healthcare professionals and between patients' …
Effectiveness of Nonpublic Report Cards for Reducing Trauma Mortality
Authors: Laurent G. Glance, Turner M. Osler, Dana B. Mukamel, J. Wayne Meredith, Andrew W. Dick
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3> An Institute of Medicine report on patient safety that cited medical errors as the 8th leading cause of death fueled demand to use quality measurement as a catalyst for improving health care quality. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine whether providing hospitals with benchmarking information on their risk-adjusted trauma mortality outcomes will decrease mortality in trauma patients. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Hospitals were provided confidential reports of their trauma risk–adjusted mortality rates using data from the National Trauma Data Bank. Regression discontinuity modeling was used to examine the impact of nonpublic reporting on in-hospital mortality in a cohort of 326 206 trauma patients admitted to 44 hospitals, controlling for injury severity, patient case mix, hospital effects, and preexisting time trends. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> In-hospital mortality rates. <h3>Results</h3> Performance benchmarking was not significantly associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.89; 95% CI, 0.68-1.16;<i>P</i> = .39). Similar results were obtained in secondary analyses after stratifying patients by mechanism of trauma: blunt trauma (AOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.69-1.20;<i>P</i> = .51) and penetrating trauma (AOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.44-1.28;<i>P</i> = .29). We also did not find a significant association between nonpublic reporting and in-hospital mortality in either low-risk (AOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.57-1.25;<i>P</i> = .40) or high-risk (AOR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.67-1.17;<i>P</i> = .38) patients. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Nonpublic reporting of hospital risk-adjusted mortality rates does not lead to improved trauma mortality outcomes. The findings of this study may prove useful to the American College of Surgeons as it moves ahead to further develop and expand its national trauma benchmarking program.
A Simplified Basic Classification of Spatial Alignments of the Heart, Its Chambers, and the Great Vessels
Authors: HAROLD D. ROSENBAUM
Journal: Circulation (1964)

The problems resulting from a lack of accepted terminology and a basic classification system for the various spatial alignments of the heart, its chambers and great vessels are reviewed. A basic simplified classification system founded on fundamental embryologic, clinical, and roentgenologic considerations is proposed. Terminology employed is precisely defined. The clinical studies needed to place patients in their category are enumerated and discussed. It is recognized that some forms of spatial derangement defy classification within this system. Nevertheless, this classification system with the suggested terminology, however inadequate, is offered as a means to promote clinical definition of these entities and to encourage clear discussion and a better understanding of these conditions. It is hoped that future study will add to our knowledge of the embryologic mechanisms involved and eventually lead to a more comprehensive classification embracing a larger number of congenital cardiac anomalies.
Macular Edema Reflects Generalized Vascular Hyperpermeability in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Retinopathy
Authors: Søren T. Knudsen, Toke Bek, Per L. Poulsen, Marianne N. Hove, Michael Rehling, Carl E. Mogensen
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

Diabetic maculopathy (DMa) is the most prevalent sight-threatening type of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes and a leading cause of visual loss in the western world. The disease is characterized by hyperpermeability of retinal blood vessels and subsequent formation of hard exudates and macular edema, the degree of which can be estimated by measurement of retinal thickness. We examined associations between retinal thickness as evaluated by optical coherence tomography scanning (OCT), glomerular leakage as evaluated by urinary albumin excretion rate (UAE), and general vascular leakage as evaluated by the transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TER(alb)) in type 2 diabetic patients with and without DMa.In 20 type 2 diabetic patients with DMa and 20 type 2 diabetic patients without retinopathy matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes, we performed OCT, fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement. UAE was determined by radioimmunoassay. TER(alb) was determined as the initial disappearance of intravenously injected (125)I-labeled human serum albumin.Patients with diabetic maculopathy had higher HbA(1c) (8.5 +/- 1.5 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.2%, P < 0.05) and higher total cholesterol (5.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 5.2 +/- 0.9 mmol/l, P < 0.05) than patients without retinopathy. UAE was higher in the DMa group than in the group with no retinopathy (9.3 x// 3.1 vs. 3.9 x// 1.9 micro g/min, P < 0.01). There was no difference in TER(alb) between the two groups (6.0 +/- 1.6 vs. 6.6 +/- 1.5%, NS). In the group with DMa, OCT, TER(alb), and UAE correlated significantly (OCT versus TER(alb): r = 0.55, P < 0.05; OCT versus UAE: r = 0.58, P < 0.01; UAE versus TER(alb): r = 0.81, P < 0.01). Conversely, there were no correlations between these three parameters in the group without retinopathy.Macular edema seems to reflect a generalized vascular leakage in type 2 diabetic patients.
Furuncular Dermal Myiasis From Dermatobia hominis
Authors: W. Peter Horen
Journal: JAMA (1966)

To the Editor:—  Dermal or cutaneous myiasis is caused by invasion of the skin by larvae of flies of several genera which are commonly known as bot, warble, and screwworm flies. The usual hosts are livestock and various domestic animals. Dermal myiasis has been reported in many parts of the world, including the United States.  Furuncular dermal myiasis is caused by species of Hypoderma and Wohlfahrtia and by Dermatobia hominis . The larva penetrates the skin through a hair follicle and forms a furuncle at or near the site of penetration. Hypoderma migrates extensively within the body first. Cases in the United States have been caused by species of Wohlfahrtia , particularly in children (J. R. Audy, personal communication, September 1965) 1 and by H lineatum (a common cattle grub). 2 The first case caused by D hominis was reported in 1962. 3   The gravid Wohlfahrtia fly lays its eggs on the
THE ASSESSMENT OF MECHANICAL RV DYSSYNCHRONY USING PHASE ANALYSIS OF RNV IMAGING IN SUBJECTS WITH NORMAL AND SEVERELY REDUCED LV FUNCTION
Authors: Girish Dwivedi, Tony Haddad, Rami Abo-Shasha, RG Wells, BA McArdle, R. Klein, A. Aljizeeri, L. Mielniczuk, M. Lalonde, T. Ruddy, R. Beanlands, M. Green, Benjamin Chow, H. Haddad
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)