tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Local Regulation of Effective Blood Flow in Muscle
Authors: CHESTER HYMAN, R. L. PALDINO, EMERY ZIMMERMANN
Journal: Circulation Research (1963)

The techniques of macro- and micro-tissue clearance were used to study reactive hyperemia. Clearance of radioactive iodide from gross injection sites in muscles of rabbits and clearance of micro-injected diffusible dye from the exposed, directly observed spinotrapezius of rats gave evidence for an exact quantitative repayment of effective blood flow debt. In both types of preparation a subnormal clearance followed a thermally induced hyperemia as an apparent compensation. The exact quantitative repayment and compensation support the hypothesis that local effective blood flow is in a steady-state relation to the local concentration in tissue fluid of some agent with vasodilating properties. It is suggested that an extension of this method to studies of vasodilatation induced by drugs or other chemicals might offer an approach to identification of the normal vasodilator, and to physiological proof of its exact nature.
Routes to allograft survival
Authors: Jonathan S. Bromberg, Barbara Murphy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2001)

The field of allogeneic transplantation continues in search of its holy grail — indefinite allograft survival and true alloantigen-specific tolerance without the need for chronic immunosuppression. That this goal has remained elusive reflects our fundamental uncertainty regarding the active and passive immunologic mechanisms that define the tolerant state. Diverse methods including costimulatory blockade, T-cell depletion, micro- and macrochimerism, and the induction of active, persistent regulatory mechanisms all improve allograft survival, but it is not known whether they lead to several distinct types of tolerance or whether they activate a single common pathway required for tolerance.
Associations Between Acute Kidney Injury and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes After Coronary Angiography
Authors: Matthew T. James, William A. Ghali, Merril L. Knudtson, Pietro Ravani, Marcello Tonelli, Peter Faris, Neesh Pannu, Braden J. Manns, Scott W. Klarenbach, Brenda R. Hemmelgarn
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background— Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with early mortality after percutaneous coronary revascularization procedures, but its prognostic relevance to long-term clinical outcomes remains controversial. Methods and Results— We conducted a retrospective study of 14 782 adults who received coronary angiography in the province of Alberta, Canada, between 2004 and 2006. AKI was identified on the basis of changes in serum creatinine concentration within 7 days of the procedure according to AKI Network criteria. The associations between AKI and long-term outcomes, including mortality, end-stage renal disease, and cardiovascular and renal hospitalizations, were studied with the use of Cox regression of multiple failure times. The adjusted risk of death increased with increasing severity of AKI; compared with no AKI, the adjusted hazard ratio for death was 2.00 (95% confidence interval, 1.69 to 2.36) with stage 1 AKI and 3.72 (95% confidence interval, 2.92 to 4.76) with stage 2 or 3 AKI. The adjusted risk of end-stage renal disease requiring renal replacement therapy also increased according to the severity of AKI (hazard ratio, 4.15 [95% confidence interval, 2.32 to 7.42] and 11.74 [95% confidence interval, 6.38 to 21.59], respectively), as did the risks of subsequent hospitalizations for heart failure and acute renal failure. Conclusions— These findings inform the controversy surrounding AKI after angiography, demonstrating that it is a significant risk factor for long-term mortality, end-stage renal disease, and hospitalization for cardiovascular and renal events after coronary angiography.
Joseph Asbury Bell and the birth of randomized trials
Authors: I. Chalmers
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2007)

Uniform observation of injected and noninjected groups over a period of time long enough to give an adequate experience of pertussis'Bell stressed that only two nurses, both well-trained, were engaged to follow-up the children selected for the study, and that precautions had been taken to try to ensure that
A Small-Molecule, Tight-binding Inhibitor of the Integrin α<sub>4</sub>β<sub>1</sub> Blocks Antigen-induced Airway Responses and Inflammation in Experimental Asthma in Sheep
Authors: WILLIAM M. ABRAHAM, ALAN GILL, ASHFAQ AHMED, MAREK W. SIELCZAK, ISABEL T. LAUREDO, YELENA BOTINNIKOVA, KO-CHUNG LIN, BLAKE PEPINSKY, DIANE R. LEONE, ROY R. LOBB, STEVEN P. ADAMS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

The leukocyte integrin very late antigen-4 (alpha(4)beta(1), CD49d/CD29) is an adhesion receptor that plays an important role in allergic inflammation and contributes to antigen-induced late responses (LAR) and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In this study, we show that single doses of a new small-molecule, tight-binding inhibitor of alpha(4), BIO-1211, whether given by aerosol or intravenously, either before or 1.5 h after antigen challenge blocks allergen- induced LAR and post-antigen-induced AHR in allergic sheep. Multiple treatments with doses of BIO-1211 that were ineffective when given singly, were protective. BIO-1211 also provided dose-dependent inhibition of the early airway response (EAR) to antigen. In conjunction with the functional protection against the antigen-induced LAR and AHR, sheep treated with BIO-1211 before challenge showed significantly reduced: (1) numbers of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), (2) BAL levels of the inflammatory marker tissue kallikrein, and (3) numbers of inflammatory cells (lymphocytes, eosinophils, metachromatic staining cells, and neutrophils) in bronchial biopsies obtained after challenge when compared with corresponding biopsies after vehicle treatment. More importantly, we show for the first time that an inhibitor of alpha(4) was able to reverse post-antigen-induced AHR, thereby decreasing the time of recovery from the normal period of > 9 d to 3 d. Our results show that effective inhibition of antigen-induced airway responses can be achieved with single doses of a potent small-molecule inhibitor of alpha(4) and that such agents may be used therapeutically, as well as prophylactically, to alleviate allergen- induced inflammatory events. These data provide further support and extend the evidence for the role of alpha(4) integrins in the pathophysiologic events that follow airway antigen challenge.
Dissection of Signaling Cascades through gp130 In Vivo
Authors: Takuya Ohtani, Katsuhiko Ishihara, Toru Atsumi, Keigo Nishida, Yukiko Kaneko, Takaki Miyata, Shousaku Itoh, Masahiro Narimatsu, Hisoka Maeda, Toshiyuki Fukada, Motoyuki Itoh, Hideyuki Okano, Masahiko Hibi, Toshio Hirano
Journal: Immunity (2000)
Contrasting Patterns of Ascites Formation in Hepatic Cirrhosis
Authors: Marlys Hearst Witte
Journal: JAMA (1969)

In two patients with hepatic cirrhosis and massive ascites, the composition of lymph (thoracic duct, intestinal, and hepatic) and ascitic fluid pointed to a different pathogenesis of ascites and portal hypertension. Measurements of hepatic blood flow, splenoportography, selective arteriography, and laparotomy delineated the contrasting portal circulatory dynamics. The data suggest that in the first patient excess thoracic duct lymph and ascitic fluid originated primarily from the liver in response to increased resistance to hepatic venous outflow. In the second patient these fluids originated primarily from the extrahepatic portal bed in response to increased resistance to portal venous inflow. Portal hypertension in the first patient was due to moderately increased postsinusoidal resistance coupled with high portal blood flow, and in the second it was due to very high presinusoidal resistance but low portal blood flow. Surgical treatment was designed accordingly.
Erythroid-specific expression of the erythropoietin receptor rescued its null mutant mice from lethality
Authors: Norio Suzuki, Osamu Ohneda, Satoru Takahashi, Masato Higuchi, Harumi Y. Mukai, Tatsutoshi Nakahata, Shigehiko Imagawa, Masayuki Yamamoto
Journal: Blood (2002)
Abstract B42: An integrated view on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms revealed aberrant DNA methylation as an important source for miRNA deregulation in prostate cancer
Authors: Olga Bogatyrova, Daniela Wuttig, Lei Gu, Yassen Assenov, Ruprecht Kuner, Constance Baer, Lars Feuerbach, Clarissa Gerhäuser, Dieter Weichenhan, Thorsten Schlomm, Ronald Simon, Guido Sauter, Holger Sültmann
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) the most common malignant tumor in males and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths in Western developed countries. The clinical spectrum of PCa ranges from indolent tumors requiring no therapy to highly aggressive and often metastatic diseases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important regulators in human tumorigenesis and tumor progression during the last decade. miRNA expression is strongly deregulated in many human cancers including PCa. We investigated the contribution of genetic and epigenetic events to the deregulation of miRNAs in PCa by utilizing the profiling data of 19 Early-Onset Pca (EOPC) from International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) (http://www.icgc.org). For 31% (154/491) of the downregulated miRNAs and for 23% (133/578) of the upregulated miRNAs, DNA hyper- and hypomethylation respectively of a promoter region was observed in at least one of the 13 PCa. Deletions were detected for 26% (126/491) of the downregulated miRNAs in at least one sample. We observed a single translocation event leading to disruption of miR-1244-2 from its putative regulatory region that might contribute to expression decrease. We did not detect any SNV within miRNA precursors. Only one miRNA precursor (miR-4307) was amplified in one patient, but the corresponding mature miRNA was not expressed at all. We demonstrated that, among deletions, methylation of miRNA promoters is one of the major mechanisms leading to miRNA silencing or activation, respectively in PCa. 37 miRNA were downregulated by hypermethylation of regulatory regions and 10 miRNAs were upregulated by hypomethylation in both the ICGC EOPC cohort and the validation dataset on 50 prostate cancer and 48 normal prostate tissues. 82% (9/11) of the miRNAs/miRNA clusters analyzed regulate genes that are involved in PI3K/AKT/PTEN signaling, which represents one of the PCa key pathways being deregulated in more than one third of primary PCa. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference. Citation Format: Olga Bogatyrova, Daniela Wuttig, Lei Gu, Yassen Assenov, Ruprecht Kuner, Constance Baer, Lars Feuerbach, Clarissa Gerhäuser, Dieter Weichenhan, Thorsten Schlomm, Ronald Simon, Guido Sauter, Holger Sültmann. An integrated view on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms revealed aberrant DNA methylation as an important source for miRNA deregulation in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr B42.
Acute changes in high energy phosphates, nucleotide derivatives, and contractile force in ischaemic and nonischaemic canine myocardium following coronary occlusion
Authors: C. E. JONES, J. X. THOMAS, J. C. PARKER, R. E. PARKER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1976)

Studies of ischaemic myocardium following occlusion of coronary arterial branches revealed a substantial decline in creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and total adenine nucleotide contents over 40 min. Contents of nucleotide breakdown derivatives increased significantly but transiently. Contractile force declined rapidly and stabilized at a low level. In nonischaemic muscle following occlusion creatine phosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and total nucleotide contents declined rapidly, although not to the degree seen in ischaemic muscle. Contents of derivatives increased only slightly. Contractile force increased.
Phonocardiology: Integrated Study of Heart Sounds and Murmurs
Authors: Bernard L. Segal
Journal: JAMA (1973)

The stethoscope more accurately exemplifies the physician than does the caduceus. Unfortunately, many physicians have not developed the art of cardiac auscultation to that level of competence where the instrument proves its true value as a simple, reliable means of achieving an accurate diagnosis. Dr. Jozef Wartak has written a concise book on clinical auscultation and his message is clear. He describes the current state of the art and science of auscultation, emphasizing the timing and quality of heart sounds and murmurs. The first part of this book deals with basic knowledge of cardiovascular sounds, including the psychophysics and analysis of sound; the second part with the physical, physiologic, and clinical aspects of normal and abnormal heart sounds and murmurs; and a third part, auscultatory features in patients with acquired or congenital heart disease. In the last part, Dr. Wartak explains the techniques used in clinical examination, instrumentation and phonocardiography,
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Mehtap Yeter, G�k?en Ba??�ecik
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

Fulminant Brain Lymphoid Infiltration in a Patient With Chronic Lymphocytic LeukemiaTo the Editor: Symptomatic involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is very rare.We present a TABLE I. Drugs Associated With Lymphadenopathy* Phenytoin Carbamazepine Para-amino salicylic
Development and determinants of dynamic obstruction to left ventricular outflow in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Authors: J A Panza, T J Maris, B J Maron
Journal: Circulation (1992)

To study the development of dynamic subaortic obstruction in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), serial echocardiograms were retrospectively analyzed in a group of 26 consecutive children with this disease who showed no evidence of dynamic outflow obstruction at their initial evaluation (age, 11 +/- 3 years).After a follow-up of 3-12 years (mean, 7 +/- 3 years), seven of the 26 patients (27%) developed echocardiographic evidence of subaortic obstruction, i.e., marked systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve with mitral-septal apposition and increased left ventricular outflow tract systolic velocities (3.8 +/- 0.3 m/sec; range, 3.1-4.5). Patients who developed SAM had smaller transverse dimension of the left ventricular outflow tract and more anteriorly displaced mitral valve when initially evaluated than did patients without development of SAM (outflow tract dimension, 19.1 +/- 4 versus 24.6 +/- 4 mm; mitral valve position index, 1.07 +/- 0.2 versus 0.73 +/- 0.3; each p less than 0.02). In patients with development of SAM, the already reduced outflow tract dimension decreased further during follow-up, and the mitral valve became even more anteriorly displaced within the left ventricular cavity. These developmental alterations in outflow tract size were associated with increases in left ventricular wall thickness, particularly of the basal anterior septum (11.0 +/- 8 mm; 72 +/- 33%) compared with control patients with HCM who did not develop SAM (3.0 +/- 3 mm; 17 +/- 10%; p less than 0.05).Development of subaortic obstruction in young patients with HCM results from a process of dynamic remodeling of left ventricular geometry over several years and is characterized by progressive narrowing of the outflow tract with anterior displacement of the mitral valve and disproportionate thickening of the basal anterior ventricular septum.
Community-driven research on environmental sources ofH. pyloriinfection in arctic Canada
Authors: Emily V Hastings, Yutaka Yasui, Patrick Hanington, Karen J Goodman, The CANHelp Working Group
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

The role of environmental reservoirs in H. pylori transmission remains uncertain due to technical difficulties in detecting living organisms in sources outside the stomach. Residents of some Canadian Arctic communities worry that contamination of the natural environment is responsible for the high prevalence of H. pylori infection in the region. This analysis aims to estimate associations between exposure to potential environmental sources of biological contamination and prevalence of H. pylori infection in Arctic Canada.Using data from 3 community-driven H. pylori projects in the Northwest and Yukon Territories, we estimated effects of environmental exposures on H. pylori prevalence, using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) from multilevel logistic regression models to adjust for household and community effects. Investigated exposures include: untreated drinking water; livestock; dogs; cats; mice or mouse droppings in the home; cleaning fish or game.Our analysis did not identify environmental exposures associated clearly with increased H. pylori prevalence, except any exposure to mice or mouse droppings (OR = 4.6, CI = 1.2–18), reported by 11% of participants. Our multilevel models showed H. pylori clustering within households, but environmental exposures accounted for little of this clustering; instead, much of it was accounted for by household composition (especially: having infected household members; number of children).Like the scientific literature on this topic, our results do not clearly implicate or rule out environmental reservoirs of H. pylori; thus, the topic remains a priority for future research. Meanwhile, H. pylori prevention research should seek strategies for reducing direct transmission from person to person.
178 IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA RECURRENCE AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: M. Rodríguez-Perálvarez, G. Pieri, M.C. Naveas, E. Tsochatzis, C. García-Caparrós, J. O'Beirne, A. Poyato-González, G. Ferrín-Sa'nchez, D. Patch, J.L. Montero-Álvarez, D. Thorburn, J. Briceño, M. De la Mata, A.K. Burroughs
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Atlas of Headache
Authors: Damian R Wren
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2003)

Dr Silberstein and his coauthors offer chapters on the history of headache and its epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. The discussion includes migraine, tension type headache and cluster headache as well as some of the more unusual primary and secondary disorders, and covers all the essential points for medical students, doctors in training and those in primary care. Each chapter has a short list of important references. But this is an atlas, and the illustrations are the main point. It includes classic images from other texts as well as new images contributed by physicians from all over the world. Headache lends itself particularly well to visual images and many of the illustrations are excellent. I have just two criticisms. First, the text and the illustrations are presented separately, so when reading the text one is continually flipping backwards and forwards trying to find the relevant images. Second, inclusion of a CD-ROM containing the images would have made the atlas not only a pleasure to look through but also a useful teaching tool. For the images alone I would recommend this collection to anyone with an interest in headache.
Small Anion Gaps
Authors: John Heffner
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We certainly enjoyed being dealt a hand in the game of the gaps (236:1594, 1976) and will only comment on the paragraph discussing small anion gaps. In addition to multiple myeloma with paraproteinemia as a cause of a low gap, three other possibilities exist: (1) A small gap is most commonly a clue to the clinician that laboratory error exists and that a second blood electrolyte study is warranted. (2) In the situation where marked hypernatremia is present, the automated system of chemical analysis has accuracy difficulty and generally undervalues the serum sodium level, thereby artifactually subtracting cations from the gap equation. (3) Finally, a small anion gap may be the only tip towards making a diagnosis in the mentally deranged patient; bromide is measured as chloride by the automated system of chemical analysis and adds measured anions, thus decreasing the gap.
Liposome encapsulation improves the effect of antifibrotic agent in rat lung fibrosis.
Authors: G J Poiani, M Greco, J K Choe, J D Fox, D J Riley
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1994)

We studied whether the therapeutic efficacy of the antifibrotic agent cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cHyp) in preventing bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats is enhanced by intratracheal delivery in liposomes. Dual-radiolabeled liposomes were used to study the distribution and stability of liposomes after intratracheal instillation. Lung retention was > 20% 1 wk after intratracheal instillation of 9 mumol phospholipid, and liposomes were intact as indicated by the ratio of the lipid and aqueous-phase markers remaining unchanged. For the fibrosis study, groups of rats were instilled with 1.2 U bleomycin (Bleo) and treated 1 and 2 wk later by single intratracheal instillation of test compounds. The control group received 0.3 ml saline (Bleo/sal). The treated groups received 9 mumol phospholipid in 0.3 ml of the following liposome preparations: empty liposomes (Bleo/lip), liposomes and 100 mg/kg of free unencapsulated cHyp (Bleo/lip/cHyp), and 100 mg/kg of liposome-encapsulated cHyp (Bleo/lip-cHyp). At 3 wk, fibrosis (mg hydroxyproline/g weight lung) by groups was as follows: control, 2.6 +/- 0.1 (SEM); Bleo/sal, 3.2 +/- 0.1, Bleo/lip, 3.2 +/- 0.1, and Bleo/lip/cHyp, 3.1 +/- 0.1, p < 0.05 compared with control; Bleo/lip-cHyp, 2.6 +/- 0.1, p < 0.05 compared with Bleo/sal, n = 3 to 6. Histologic grading of fibrosis did not show decreased fibrosis in the Bleo/lip-cHyp group, probably because of the focal nature of the fibrotic lesions. We conclude that cHyp encapsulated in liposomes prevents bleomycin-induced fibrosis by biochemical measurements. Delivery of antifibrotic agents to the lung in carrier vehicles promotes retention and may enhance their efficacy in treating bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
A Muscle Column Preparation from the Rat's Left Ventricle
Authors: WILLIAM C. ULLRICK, WILLIAM V. WHITEHORN
Journal: Circulation Research (1956)

A muscle preparation from the left ventricle of the rat heart suitable for in vitro studies is described. It consists of one of the trabeculae carneae of the posterior ventricular wall extending from the apex of the ventricle to the auriculoventricular junction. Studies on the excitability, extensibility, tension development, and oxygen consumption of the preparation are reported. The preparation offers economic and technical advantages over other types of isolated heart muscle preparations currently in use.
The failure of antibiotics to prevent heart attacks
Authors: David Taylor-Robinson, Jens Boman
Journal: BMJ (2005)

<h3>Objective:</h3> This article assesses direct costs of integrating a physical activity counselor (PAC) into primary health care teams to improve physical activity levels of inactive patients. <h3>Methods:</h3> A monthly cost analysis was conducted using data from 120 inactive patients, aged 18 to 69 years, who were recruited from a community-based family medicine practice. Relevant cost items for the intensive counseling group included (1) office expenses; (2) equipment purchases; (3) operating costs; (4) costs of training the PAC; and (5) labor costs. Physical and human capital were amortized over a 5-year horizon at a discount rate of 5%. <h3>Results:</h3> Integrating a PAC into the primary health care team incurred an estimated one-time cost of CA$91.43 per participant per month. Results were very sensitive to the number of patients counseled. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> The costs associated with the intervention are lower than many other intervention studies attempting to improve population physical activity levels. Demonstrating this competitive cost base should encourage additional research to assess the effectiveness of integrating a PAC into primary health care teams to promote active living among patients who do not meet recommended physical activity levels.