tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Medical Research and the Golden Rule
Authors: Michael E. De Bakey
Journal: JAMA (1968)

Recentnovations and discoveries in medical science have prompted reexamination of ethical standards in experimentation. In the ensuing discussions and controversies, medical ethics has been defined in moral, legal, sociologic, theologic, and many other terms, and its limitations, flexibility, and function have been widely articulated and debated. But the essence of medical ethics, the golden rule, has been largely overlooked or undervalued: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them" (Matthew 7:12). If man lived alone, a code of ethics would be superfluous; only in society does it become requisite and intelligible. Society, in fact, regulates human ethics. The canon of ethics of all communal living— regarding material possessions, etiquette, family or international relations, and other forms of social behavior—emanated from the golden rule. In medical science, the myriad considerations that affect the behavior of the physician toward his patient require some elaboration of
The Cocoon Abdomen
Authors: Gary B. Deutsch, Jaime Shamonki, Anton J. Bilchik
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Surgery HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Surgery journal
Physicians' Recommendations to Patients for Use of Antibiotic Prophylaxis to Prevent Endocarditis
Authors: Todd B. Seto
Journal: JAMA (2000)

The American Heart Association recommendations for infectious endocarditis (IE) prophylaxis, published in June 1997, sought to improve patient and physician compliance by simplifying the dosing regimen and clarifying endocarditis risk. Adherence to these updated recommendations in patients with echocardiographic verification of their endocarditis risk profile is unknown.To determine the recommended and actual use of IE prophylaxis as reported by patients undergoing echocardiography.All patients who underwent outpatient transthoracic echocardiography at a university-based tertiary hospital in Boston, Mass, during December 1997 were contacted 6 to 9 months later to respond to a survey, completed by 218 (80%) eligible subjects.Patients' report of their physicians' instructions on actual use of IE prophylaxis in accordance with patient risk category, determined by echocardiographic data.One hundred eight patients (49.5%) had clinical or echocardiographic findings for which prophylaxis was indicated. Of these 108 patients, 71 (65.7%) reported that they were instructed to take IE prophylaxis. Sixteen high-risk patients (88. 9%) but only 55 moderate-risk patients (61.1%) reported that they were instructed to take prophylaxis. Among the 110 negligible-risk patients, 29 (26.4%) reported that they had been instructed to take IE prophylaxis. Overall, 100 patients (45.9%) reported that they received physician instructions to take IE prophylaxis. Of those who subsequently underwent a procedure for which IE prophylaxis was indicated (n=68), 9 (13.2%) elected not to follow their physician's advice to take prophylaxis.We found that although most patients reported receiving instructions for IE prophylaxis use consistent with American Heart Association guidelines, IE prophylaxis overuse among negligible-risk patients and underuse among moderate-risk patients was common. Continued physician and patient education may lead to improved adherence to the current American Heart Association recommendations. JAMA. 2000;284:68-71
SP0074 Changing health behaviours with social marketing
Authors: M. Suarez-Almazor
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

Social marketing in health uses systematic commercial marketing techniques to promote the adoption healthy lifestyle behaviors and attitudes. Commercial advertising aims to increase the sales of a product by convincing potential buyers of the merits of its attributes. While a commercial ad campaign can be mostly based on the features of the product of interest (cognitive appeal), it often also engages viewers by appealing to their emotions, presenting situations or data that can trigger a desire to buy a given product (e.g. warm family scenes centered around the product). In social marketing, the overall goal is the adoption by the population of interest of behaviors leading to better health. A social marketing campaign goes beyond solely raising awareness of an issue, and attempts to bring about long-term health behavior changes. As in traditional marketing, social marketing campaigns are developed and implemented on the <i>four P's strategy:</i> Product, Price, Place, and Promotion. In social marketing, the <i>Product</i> presented most often is a behavior being encouraged, which often entails a change in lifestyle (e.g. exercise) or a change in healthcare use (e.g. screening). The <i>Price</i> to pay is not just monetary, it involves giving something up that is satisfying (e.g., smoking). <i>Place</i> refers to where and when to deploy the marketing message. People will not go out of their way, so the message must reach them where they can pay attention, and most importantly, in situations when they might be ready to make a decision or to change health habits (e.g. physician office). Finally, <i>Promotion</i> stands for the techniques and media used to disseminate the social marketing message. With the explosion of multimedia into everyday's life, newer media such as Web marketing and social networks are being increasingly explored. Given the increased recognition of the role of comorbidities on the outcomes of patients with rheumatic disease, attention to a healthy lifestyle, and behaviors promoting well-being, are of paramount importance. This presentation will discuss how social marketing strategies might be implemented to improve the overall health of patients with rheumatic disease. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
Idiopathic heart block: association with vitiligo, thyroid disease, pernicious anaemia, and diabetes mellitus.
Authors: A J Fairfax, A Leatham
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Out of 100 patients with chronic heart block 16 had one or more autoimmune disorders-namely, vitiligo (5,) hypothyroidism (4), Graves's disease (1), pernicious anaemia (2), and diabetes mellitus (9). All these disorders occurred with greater frequency than normal and were more prevalent than in a group of hospital inpatients of comparable age. Autoantibodies were not increased. We suggest that among patients with idiopathic heart block there is a subgroup with multiple autoimmune disorders.
The Double-Hit Effect of Childhood Maltreatment on Drug Relapse
Authors: Sonia J. Lupien
Journal: JAMA Psychiatry (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Psychiatry HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Psychiatry journal
Adiponectin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through AMPK- and COX-2–dependent mechanisms
Authors: Rei Shibata, Kaori Sato, David R Pimentel, Yukihiro Takemura, Shinji Kihara, Koji Ohashi, Tohru Funahashi, Noriyuki Ouchi, Kenneth Walsh
Journal: Nature Medicine (2005)
Increasing dietary cholesterol induces different regulation of classic and alternative bile acid synthesis
Authors: Guorong Xu, Gerald Salen, Sarah Shefer, G. Stephen Tint, Lien B. Nguyen, Thomas S. Chen, David Greenblatt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

We investigated the effect of increasing dietary cholesterol on bile acid pool sizes and the regulation of the two bile acid synthetic pathways (classic, via cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, and alternative, via sterol 27-hydroxylase) in New Zealand white rabbits fed 3 g cholesterol/per day for up to 15 days. Feeding cholesterol for one day increased hepatic cholesterol 75% and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity 1.6 times without significant change of bile acid pool size or sterol 27-hydroxylase activity. After three days of cholesterol feeding, the bile acid pool size increased 83% (P < 0.01), and further feeding produced 10%–20% increments, whereas cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity declined progressively to 60% below baseline. In contrast, sterol 27-hydroxylase activity rose 58% after three days of cholesterol feeding and remained elevated with continued intake. Bile drainage depleted the bile acid pool and stimulated downregulated cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity but did not affect sterol 27-hydroxylase activity. Thus, increasing hepatic cholesterol does not directly inhibit cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and initially favors enzyme induction, whereas increased bile acid pool is the most powerful inhibitor of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase. Sterol 27-hydroxylase is insensitive to the bile acid flux but is upregulated by increasing hepatic cholesterol.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ASSOCIATIVE REACTIONS OF PNEUMONIA VIRUS OF MICE (PVM) AND INFLUENZA VIRUSES
Authors: Fred M. Davenport, Frank L. Horsfall
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1950)

Tissue particles from a wide variety of animal tissues possess the capacity to combine with PVM. Various adsorbents also combine with the virus. Elution of PVM from combination with either tissue particles or adsorbents can be achieved by appropriately altering the ionic environment. Influenza viruses also are adsorbed on and eluted from adsorbents under similar conditions. Reasons are presented for thinking that combination of PVM with tissue particles results from the action of adsorptive forces between virus and tissue particles.
Airborne dissemination of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia from adult patients with cystic fibrosis.
Authors: H Humphreys, D Peckham, P Patel, A Knox
Journal: Thorax (1994)

BACKGROUND--Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia is an increasingly important pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis but it is unclear how it spreads from patient to patient. A study was undertaken to determine whether B cepacia could be recovered from room air occupied by colonised adult patients with cystic fibrosis. METHODS--Air samples were obtained consecutively from an enclosed room or isolation cubicle before, during, and after occupation by six patients on nine occasions using a surface air sampler incorporating contact plates with selective medium. Settle plates were also used and sputum from five patients was cultured. RESULTS--B cepacia was recovered from room air during occupation by five of six patients, the number of bacteria ranging from 1 to 158 cfu/m3 (mean 32 cfu/m3). The number of bacteria isolated was greater when patients were coughing. B cepacia persisted in room air on four occasions after the patient left the room, on one occasion for up to 45 minutes. CONCLUSIONS--The isolation of B cepacia from the air of rooms occupied by colonised patients suggests that dissemination might occur by aerosol as well as by direct physical contact with patients or contaminated environmental sites.
Kinins: Possible Mediators of Neonatal Circulatory Changes in man
Authors: Kenneth L. Melmon, Martin J. Cline, Trevor Hughes, Alan S. Nies
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

Bradykinin is a potent constrictor of the human umbilical artery and vein and the ductus arteriosus of the lamb in vitro at oxygen tensions above 40 mm Hg (comparable to those in the newborn infant). Bradykinin is also capable of producing remarkable dilatation of the pulmonary vasculature of the lamb. Theoretically, kinins are capable of effecting some of the rapid circulatory changes required of the neonate. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of kinins as mediators of such changes. The concentration of bradykinin in the cord blood of 56 newborn infants at the time of birth was significantly higher than the blood level in adult subjects (12.8 +/- 4.3 ng/ml compared with 2.0 ng/ml or less). Cord arterial blood contained inactive kinin precursor (kininogen) and inactive kinin-releasing enzyme (kallikrein). Plasma kallikrein was activated, with subsequent kinin formation and kininogen depletion, by exposure to neonatal granulocytes or by a decrease in the temperature of cord blood from 37 to 27 degrees C. A comparable decrease in the temperature of umbilical arterial blood occurs at the time of birth. Activation of kallikrein by neonatal granulocytes was dependent on cell concentration and required oxygen tensions comparable to those in the neonate but above the range in the fetus. Granulocytes of the neonate, unlike those of adult subjects, lacked kininase activity.Thus, bradykinin can constrict and dilate vessels as required for the transition of fetal to neonatal circulation. Bradykinin can be produced in plasma of the newborn by decreases in temperature, such as occur in the umbilical blood at birth, and by exposure to granulocytes which are present in the circulation in increased numbers shortly after birth. We propose that bradykinin is produced at birth and may be a mediator of neonatal circulatory changes.
Homosexual behaviour after vasectomy.
Authors: C Bass, D Rees
Journal: BMJ (1980)

the lesion, therefore, cannot be used as evidence of any cause and effect relationship to drug treatment.Fibroblastic reactions in other areas have been associated with the beta-blocker practolol,4 and psoriatic skin lesions and dry eyes have occurred after treatment with oxprenolol.5 But, so far as we know, retroperitoneal fibrosis has not been reported in association with oxprenolol.Retroperitoneal fibrosis is a serious condition which is easily overlooked.It has been reported in association with another beta-blocker, and it should be considered in any patient taking a beta-blocker who develops chronic impairment of renal function.Graham JR.Methysergide for prevention of headache: experience in five hundred patients over three years.
Safety Profile of Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy: A Standardized Report of Complications in 3317 Patients
Authors: Piyush K. Agarwal, Jesse Sammon, Akshay Bhandari, Ali Dabaja, Mireya Diaz, Stacey Dusik-Fenton, Ramgopal Satyanarayana, Andrea Simone, Quoc-Dien Trinh, Brad Baize, Mani Menon
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Identification of genes up-regulated by histone deacetylase inhibition with cDNA microarray and exploration of epigenetic alterations on hepatoma cells
Authors: Tetsuhiro Chiba, Osamu Yokosuka, Makoto Arai, Motohisa Tada, Kenichi Fukai, Fumio Imazeki, Masaki Kato, Naohiko Seki, Hiromitsu Saisho
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Evaluating Education in Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: James Davis
Journal: JAMA (2007)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Prolongation of the QT Interval and the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Jeffrey A. Towbin, Richard A. Friedman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

The unexpected and unexplained death of an infant is a tragic occurrence. When the infant is less than one year of age and the cause remains unknown despite a thorough investigation including a complete autopsy, examination of the death scene, and review of the clinical and family history, the term “sudden infant death syndrome” (SIDS) is applied.1,2 This disorder has an incidence of 1.6 per 1000 live births in the United States, 0.7 per 1000 live births in Italy, and 2.5 per 1000 live births in the United Kingdom, making it the most common cause of death among children . . .
Confirming evidence for the clonal development and stem cell origin of philadelphia chromosome‐negative chronic myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Frederic J. Kaye, Vesna Najfeld, Jack Singer, Janet Cuttner, Philip J. Fialkow
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1984)

Abstract A 74‐year old woman with Ph 1 ‐negative chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and heterozygous for glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) was studied. Both A and B types of G6PD were found in skin. In contrast, white blood cells and platelets showed only a single G6PD type A. These results provide further evidence that Ph 1 ‐negative CML has a stem cell origin and develops clonally.
Infection of pulmonary artery catheters in critically ill patients
Authors: L. Michel
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Bacteriologic cultures were performed on the tips of pulmonary artery catheters removed from 153 critically ill patients, who had required pulmonary artery catheterization for management of hypovolemic or septicemic shock or for hemodynamic monitoring during mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure. Positive results were obtained in 29 (19%) of the cases. Infection of indwelling pulmonary artery catheters may result from contamination during placement or removal or from transient or persistent bacteremia. Colonization was probable in 17 cases, and contamination in 12. There were no instances of sepsis definitely attributable to the catheter. Positive catheter-tip culture was associated significantly with known presence of a focus of infection before catheter insertion and with periods exceeding four days that the catheter remained in place. (<i>JAMA</i>1981;245:1032-1036)
The endosome effect
Authors: Ruth Williams
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Guiducci et al. report on page 1999 that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs) mount either innate or adaptive immune responses depending on the subcellular localization of foreign DNA.






Figure 1

CpG oligonucleotides locating to early or late endosomes induce innate or adaptive immune responses, respectively, in PDCs.




PDCs are very rare in the body (making up less than 1% of the cells in the blood) but are important for antiviral immune responses. Activation of the endosomal receptor TLR9 by viral DNA can induce PDCs either to mount an innate response (marked by their ability to produce IFN-α) or to mature into antigen-presenting adaptive immune cells. How these two fates are determined was unclear.

The two fates can also be induced using three different classes of synthetic oligonucleotides called CpG immunostimulatory sequences. CpG-A normally induces IFN-α production, CpG-B induces maturation, and CpG-C can induce both. Now, Guiducci et al. show that the location of the oligonucleotides appears to determine PDC response: an early endosome location leads to an innate response, and a late endosome location leads to an adaptive response.

Oligonucleotide location could be manipulated based on oligonucleotide structure. The group found that multimerizing CpG-B switched its location from late to early endosomes and switched its effect from maturation to the induction of IFN-α production. The opposite transformation was possible with the normally multimeric CpG-A: reducing it to a monomer shifted it from early to late endosomes and altered the effect from IFN-α production to maturation.

CpG-C was found in both early and late endosomes, as might be expected based on its dual effect on PDCs. By preventing its interaction with TLR9 in early endosomes, the team found that CpG-C could no longer induce IFN-α production, but its ability to induce maturation remained intact.

Multiple questions remain. It is unclear why the spatial structure of the oligonucleotides would determine location or why location would determine the type of immune response. The larger mystery is why PDCs are using such a mechanism to regulate the nature of their immune response to viruses.

What we do know is that many viruses locate to early and/or late endosomes. The authors suggest that PDCs have adapted to this behavior of viruses and are able to mount the appropriate immune response for the stage of infection or the type of virus. This, says senior author Franck Barrat, makes them “the perfect weapon against viruses.”
How do cancers attract a supporting cast?
Authors: P. Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal