tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Digoxin Serum Levels
Authors: Jerry W. Taylor
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by James E. Doherty, MD, "How and When To Use the Digitalis Serum Levels" (239:2594, 1978), presents brief but concise guidelines in the interpretation of serum digitalis measurements. Dr Doherty's discussion of the pitfalls of interpretation includes medications known to interfere with digoxin absorption, but fails to include other commonly used medications reported to give falsely elevated serum digoxin assay results. The radioimmunoassay of digoxin can be performed using tritiated digoxin (<sup>3</sup>H) or a radioiodinated tracer (<sup>125</sup>I monoiodinated 3-succinyl digoxigenin-1-tyrosine).<sup>1</sup>A number of investigators<sup>2-4</sup>have reported various factors affecting the results for radioimmunoassay of digoxin using the tritiated tracer. Human steroids and drugs with a steroid structure similar to that of digoxin can interfere because of cross-reaction.<sup>2</sup>Drugs reported to cross-react with the radioimmunoassay using the tritiated tracer include spironolactone,<sup>2-4</sup>prednisone,<sup>2,3</sup>prednisolone,<sup>2,3</sup>and the cardiac glycosides.<sup>1,3,4</sup>
The Body Snatchers
Authors: Rachie Parker Howland
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Your story of Castleton Medical College, and the front cover illustration (<b>204</b>:698, 1968) brought to mind the body snatching episode at Castleton, told to me 75 years ago by an old man then probably in his nineties. Called by everyone Grandpa Peters, his farm surrounded the little East Hubbardton cemetery, and his home was only a few rods distant. He had known that bodies were being stolen from the cemetery. On the occasion of one raid, the body of a recently buried woman was robbed from the East Hubbardton cemetery by Castleton medical students. A large group of East Hubbardton citizens went to Castleton (led by Edgar Ganson, Myron Dikeman, and Allen St. John) and recovered the body, found hidden in the Medical College. The woman's head had been removed and slipped out by one of the students. It was a practice at that time for
Reply to Tomasz Drewa's Letter to the Editor re: Udo Nagele, Sabine Maurer, Gerard Feil, et al. In Vitro Investigations of Tissue-Engineered Multilayered Urothelium Established from Bladder Washings. Eur Urol 2008;54:1414–22
Authors: Udo Nagele
Journal: European Urology (2008)
Maternal Immunization to Prevent Neonatal Infections
Authors: Richard A. Insel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

The concept of preventing neonatal infections by immunizing pregnant women has been appreciated for over a century and has been studied extensively in the prevention of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis infections.1 Protective antibodies in the pregnant woman, induced by routine immunization or natural antigenic exposure, are transferred across the placenta to the fetus and transiently protect the newborn from a variety of childhood infections. Transfer is initiated by the binding of immunoglobulins to Fc receptors on the membrane of trophoblasts in the placenta, followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis and active transport. IgG is the only immunoglobulin isotype transported, and IgG1 . . .
Heart Disease in Black and White
Authors: John Z. Ayanian
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Despite the dismantling of legal barriers that enforced segregation and limited opportunity for black Americans, racial disparities persist in all areas of American society1. Health care is no exception. Two studies in this issue of the Journal2,3 demonstrate striking racial differences in the incidence and treatment of cardiovascular disease. These findings raise broader questions about racial disparities in access to care and the effectiveness of communication between doctors and patients. Such disparities also compound the underlying ill effects of limited socioeconomic opportunities on the health of black Americans.Becker and colleagues report that the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac . . .
Tetanus in Drug Addicts
Authors: Percy Mason
Journal: JAMA (1968)

To the Editor:.—  In reference to the article by Dr. Henry Brown, relative to the clinical management of Tetanus ( 204 :614, 1968), the author omitted to mention the cause of many cases of tetanus seen in large metropolitan areas, namely chronic drug (especially heroin) addiction. This appears to be quite frequent in addicts of long standing, with an unusually high percentage of women affected, who have used the subcutaneous route for administration (skin popping). It is a much more lethal illness under these circumstances, frequently provoking much more severe respiratory difficulties than are usually seen.  It may also be of interest to note that the so-called minor tranquilizers (chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride [Librium], diazepam, etc) have been used by other authors with good results, although no controlled studies are available as yet. It would seem reasonable to use these drugs in preference to those which depress respiration.
Iodides during Pregnancy
Authors: Morton P. Galina, Norman L. Avnet, Arnold Einhorn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

THERE has recently been an increasing awareness of the effect on the fetus of certain medications given to the mother during pregnancy. If a drug passes the placenta, a dosage that may be safe for the mother may be toxic for the fetus because of its smaller body mass and its physiologic state. Knowledge of which drugs pass the placenta and may have a deleterious effect on the fetus is essential if such effects are to be avoided.There are numerous reports of goiter formation secondary to prolonged administration of iodides in adult patients with conditions such as asthma,1 2 3 but . . .
Influence of membrane sodium transport upon the relation between blood lead and blood pressure in a general male population.
Authors: T Moreau, P Hannaert, G Orssaud, G Huel, R P Garay, J R Claude, B Juguet, B Festy, J Lellouch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1988)

Five red blood cell cation transport systems (RBCTS), together with blood lead level and blood pressure, were measured in 129 male adult subjects who were not occupationally exposed to lead or subsequent to a course of treatment for hypertension. Blood lead was positively related with systolic blood pressure, and to a lesser degree with diastolic blood pressure. Blood lead was found significantly negatively related to one of the RBCTS, Na+,K+ cotransport, and in addition, Na+,K+ cotransport appeared negatively related to blood pressure. Final results showed that blood lead no longer accounts for an increase in systolic blood pressure when Na+,K+ cotransport was taken into account; the same trend was observed with diastolic blood pressure. These findings suggest that a blood lead-related Na+,K+ cotransport impairment could explain the blood pressure increase observed to parallel the blood lead increase.
Differential regulation of miR-21 and miR-146a by Epstein–Barr virus-encoded EBNA2
Authors: P Rosato, E Anastasiadou, N Garg, D Lenze, F Boccellato, S Vincenti, M Severa, E M Coccia, R Bigi, M Cirone, E Ferretti, A F Campese, M Hummel, L Frati, C Presutti, A Faggioni, P Trivedi
Journal: Leukemia (2012)

The discovery of microRNA (miR) represents a novel paradigm in RNA-based regulation of gene expression and their dysregulation has become a hallmark of many a tumor. In virally associated cancers, the host–pathogen interaction could involve alteration in miR expression. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-encoded EBNA2 is indispensable for the capacity of the virus to transform B cells in vitro. Here, we studied how it affects cellular miRs. Extensive miR profiling of the virus-infected and EBNA2-transfected B lymphoma cells revealed that oncomiR miR-21 is positively regulated by this viral protein. Conversely, Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cell lines infected with EBNA2 lacking P3HR1 strain did not show any increase in miR-21. EBNA2 increased phosphorylation of AKT and this was directly correlated with increased miR-21. In contrast, miR-146a was downregulated by EBNA2 in B lymphoma cells. Low miR-146a expression correlates with an elevated level of IRAK1 and type I interferon in EBNA2 transfectants. Taken together, the present data suggest that EBNA2 might contribute to EBV-induced B-cell transformation by altering miR expression and in particular by increasing oncomiR-like miR-21 and by affecting the antiviral responses of the innate immune system through downregulation of its key regulator miR-146a.
Common protective antigens of group A streptococcal M proteins masked by fibrinogen.
Authors: E Whitnack, J B Dale, E H Beachey
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

The influence of fibrinogen on the opsonization of Group A streptococci by type-specific and cross-reactive anti-M protein antisera was investigated. As previously reported for type 24 streptococci, fibrinogen inhibited the complement-mediated opsonization of types 5, 6, and 19 organisms. Rabbit antisera against large peptide fragments of purified homologous M proteins (pep M proteins) overcame the anti-opsonic effect of fibrinogen in a dose-dependent manner. In the presence of optimal amounts of antibody, bacterial uptake by PMN was equal in serum and plasma, and greater than could be obtained in serum in the absence of antibody. Polyclonal anti-pep M sera contained antibodies directed against fibrinogen-binding as well as fibrinogen-nonbinding sites or regions of the M protein molecule. Three cross-reactive anti-pep M sera included antibodies directed against fibrinogen binding sites or regions of the cross-reacting M proteins. In the two sera studied in detail, these antibodies accounted for a large part of the cross-reacting anti-M antibody present in the sera. We suggest that fibrinogen binding sites on different serotypes of M protein may be structurally and therefore antigenically similar. Conservation of fibrinogen binding sites on M proteins may be related to their protective anti-opsonic function.
Letter from Mr. Harvey on Assurance Office Fees
Authors: G. Harvey, W. Webb
Journal: BMJ (1841)

the proportion of iirine had fallen to eight scruples; and oIn the 10th, that fluid was completely healthy.In reference to the foregoing cases, M. Bouchardat observes, that the only difference in treatment be- tween the two successfiul and two unsuccessful ones, was the use of the flannel clothing in the former.'[he skin was excited to constant diphoresis,* and thc carbonate of ammonia did not pass off by the urine, wNhich remained constantly acid.
Blue-Gray Mucocutaneous Discoloration
Authors: Tali Garin Shkolnik, Hana Feuerman, Elena Didkovsky, Ilana Kaplan, Reuven Bergman, Lev Pavlovsky, Emmilia Hodak
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Many drugs have been reported to induce skin and/or mucous membrane discoloration. Ezogabine (retigabine) was recently approved as an add-on drug for the treatment of partial seizures in adults with epilepsy. Mucocutaneous discoloration induced by antiepileptic drugs in general and ezogabine in particular has not been previously reported. <h3>Observations</h3> Two patients who had received multiple antiepileptic drugs for several years presented with a blue-gray skin dyspigmentation that was most pronounced on the face and lips and was associated with nail pigmentation, blue pigmentation on the hard palate, and black pigment deposits on the conjuctivae. The sole drug common to the therapeutic regimens of both patients was ezogabine. Histopathologically, the main finding was perivascular and periadnexal dermal cells heavily laden with coarse melanin granules, which appeared ultrastructurally as intracellular electron-dense granules. Four months after discontinuing ezogabine, our first patient showed a significant improvement in the mucocutaneous and nail dyspigmentation. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> The temporal relationship, clinical features, histologic and ultrastructure findings, and improvement following withdrawal of ezogabine indicate that the dyspigmentation was drug induced. Ezogabine should be added to the list of drugs that can induce mucocutaneous discoloration. The incidence of this significant adverse effect requires further investigation.
RADIAL, CIRCUMFERENTIAL AND LONGITUDINAL STRAIN IN SUBENDOCARDIAL AND SUBEPICARDIAL LAYERS IN PATIENTS WITH AORTIC STENOSIS AND PRESERVED LEFT VENTRICULAR EJECTION FRACTION
Authors: Yosikazu Ohara, Yohko Fukuoka, Isao Tabuchi, Shinji Sahara, Akihisa Yumoto, Mika Nishimoto, Katsuhito Yamamoto
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Evidence for prejunctional muscarinic autoreceptors in human and guinea pig trachea.
Authors: H J Patel, P J Barnes, T Takahashi, S Tadjkarimi, M H Yacoub, M G Belvisi
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Functional studies suggest the presence of prejunctional muscarinic autoreceptors on cholinergic nerves in human airways. However, these studies are an indirect method of evaluating changes in neurally evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release. We have investigated the presence of muscarinic autoreceptors in human and guinea pig trachea by comparing the effects of the muscarinic receptor antagonists pirenzepine (M1), methoctramine (M2), 4-DAMP (M3), and rispenzepine (M1/M3) on cholinergic neural contractile responses evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) and [3H]ACh release. The M1, M1/M3, or M3 antagonists inhibited the EFS-evoked cholinergic contractile response in a concentration-dependent manner (4-DAMP > rispenzepine > pirenzepine), whereas methoctramine facilitated this response at low concentrations ( < 3 microM). In ACh release studies, the M3 antagonist had no significant effect, whereas pirenzepine, methoctramine, and rispenzepine significantly increased ACh release in guinea pig trachea. In contrast, ACh release was significantly inhibited by the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine M. Methoctramine and the nonselective antagonist ipratropium bromide, but not the M1, M1/M3, or M3 antagonists, significantly increased ACh release in human trachea. These data suggest the presence of an autoinhibitory receptor on cholinergic nerve terminals in human and guinea pig trachea. In addition, the action of ipratropium bromide at the autoinhibitory receptor may limit its use in the treatment of obstructive airways disease.
Pagetoid Dyskeratosis With Parallel Ridge Pattern Under Dermoscopy
Authors: Ellen Toyonaga, Daisuke Inokuma, Yukiko Abe, Riichiro Abe, Hiroshi Shimizu
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2013)

A parallel ridge pattern under dermoscopy is a prominent dermoscopic finding in macules of malignant melanoma on the palms and soles. Herein, we present a case of pagetoid dyskeratosis with a parallel ridge pattern under dermoscopy.
A NEW INHALER FOR NITROUS OXID ANESTHESIA
Authors: Albert H. Miller
Journal: JAMA (1918)

This inhaler for nitrous oxid or for nitrous oxid with oxygen or with ether vapor comprises a celluloid face piece with an inflatable rubber rim, an inspiratory valve, an expiratory valve, and a combined supply and rebreathing bag. In the top of the face piece are two openings, in one of which is mounted the expiratory valve, closed by an outwardly opening disk of aluminum or mica controlled by a delicate and adjustable spring. The second opening communicates by a short tube with the base of a cup, open at the top and having two openings in the side, one for the admission of air and the other communicating by a short tube with the supply and rebreathing bag. A second cup is inverted and ground to fit closely into the outer cup. Diametrically opposite in the sides of the inner cup are two openings, one fitted with the inspiratory
THE COMBINATION OF INFERIOR VENA CAVA AND E/E’ IS A POWERFUL INDEX OF THE DETERIORATION OF RENAL FUNCTION AND THE PROGNOSIS AFTER A FIRST ST-ELEVATION ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Noriaki Iwahashi, Masami Kosuge, Jun Okuda, Kengo Tsukahara, Yoshio Tahara, Kiyoshi Hibi, Toshiaki Ebina, Shinichi Sumita, Kazuaki Uchino, Toshiyuki Ishikawa, Satoshi Umemura, kazuo Kimura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Induction of Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor by Fibroblast Clustering Directly Promotes Tumor Cell Invasiveness
Authors: Esko Kankuri, Dana Cholujova, Monika Comajova, Antti Vaheri, Jozef Bizik
Journal: Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract For determining the malignant behavior of a tumor, paracrine interactions between stromal and cancer cells are crucial. We previously reported that fibroblast clustering induces cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), plasminogen activation, and programmed necrosis, all of which were significantly reduced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). We have now found that tumor cell–conditioned medium induces similar fibroblast clustering. Activation of the necrotic pathway in clustering fibroblasts, compared with control monolayer cultures, induced a massive &amp;gt;200-fold production of bioactive hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF), which made human carcinoma cells spread and invade a collagen lattice. This response occurred only if a functional, properly processed c-Met receptor was present, which was then rapidly phosphorylated. The invasion-promoting activity was inhibited by a neutralizing HGF/SF antibody. NSAIDs, if added early during fibroblast aggregation, inhibited HGF/SF production effectively but had no effect at later stages of cell aggregation. Our results thus provide the first evidence that aggravated progression of tumors with necrotic foci may involve paracrine reciprocal signaling leading to stromal activation by direct cell-cell contact (i.e., nemosis).
Abstract 1424: Inhibition of M-CSF or MCP-1 expression in tumor cells reduces tumor growth and lung metastasis in a murine mammary cancer model.
Authors: Han Jin Cho, Jung Han Yoon Park
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Tumor-associated macrophages, which are derived from the infiltration of circulating bone marrow-derived monocytes, consist primarily of a polarized M2 macrophage population and are associated with poor prognosis in various cancers. We previously observed that solid tumor growth and lung metastasis were enhanced when 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells were injected with M2 macrophages into the mammary fat pad of BALB/c mice. Cancer cell proliferation and macrophage infiltration were markedly increased when M2 macrophages were co-injected with 4T1 cells. In the present study, we explored the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between 4T1 cells and M2 macrophages in tumor microenvironment. The results of in vitro experiments revealed that the migration of monocytes and the secretion of many cytokines including macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were increased when 4T1 cells were co-cultured with M2 macrophages, as compared to when the 4T1 cells were cultured alone. The mRNA expression of M-CSF and MCP-1 increased in 4T1 cells when 4T1 cells were co-cultured with M2 macrophages. To investigate the potential roles of M-CSF and MCP-1 in tumor growth and metastasis, 4T1 cells were infected with M-CSF, MCP-1, or control shRNA lentivirus particles and selected with puromycin. 4T1 cells infected with M-CSF shRNA did not grow or metastasize to the lung when injected into the mammary fat pads of BALB/c mice. Inhibition of MCP-1 expression in tumor cells also suppressed 4T1 tumor growth and metastasis, however, the degree of inhibition was much smaller than that of M-CSF inhibition. M-CSF knockdown decreased M2 macrophage (mouse mannose receptor+) population, whereas MCP-1 knockdown decreased the number of both M1 and M2 macrophages in tumor tissues. Taken together, these results indicate that M-CSF and MCP-1 are produced by the crosstalk between 4T1 cells and M2 macrophages, and these cytokines play important roles in mammary tumor progression. Citation Format: Han Jin Cho, Jung Han Yoon Park. Inhibition of M-CSF or MCP-1 expression in tumor cells reduces tumor growth and lung metastasis in a murine mammary cancer model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1424. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1424
Infarction of The Right Ventricle Caused by Multiple Coronary Vein Ligation
Authors: FERDINAND F. MCALLISTER, DAVID S. LEIGHNINGER
Journal: Circulation (1950)

Ligation of the coronary sinus and all the visible anterior cardiac veins led to death in 5 out of 24 dogs. In 15 out of 17 of these dogs coming to autopsy, varying degrees of infarction of the right ventricle were found. The work emphasizes the importance of the superficial venous system in the drainage of the myocardium and reveals the inadequacy of the intramural system when the latter is forced to assume the entire outflow load.
Type A Botulism From Sauteed Onions
Authors: Kristine L. MacDonald
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Twenty-eight persons were hospitalized in Illinois with neurologic signs and symptoms compatible with botulism in October 1983. Twelve patients required ventilatory support, and 20 patients were treated with trivalent ABE antitoxin; one patient died while still in the hospital six months after onset of illness. Type A toxin and/or type A<i>Clostridium botulinum</i>were subsequently identified in specimens from 18 patients. Case-control studies implicated sauteed onions made from fresh raw onions and served on a patty-melt sandwich in a local restaurant as the vehicle of transmission. Although the original sauteed onions were not available for toxin testing, type A toxin was detected in washings from a wrapper in which a patty-melt sandwich was taken home by one of the ill persons. Also, type A<i>C botulinum</i>was cultured from five of 75 raw onions taken from the restaurant. This outbreak implicated an unusual vehicle for botulinal toxin that was initially not suspected and demonstrates the importance of considering all theoretically possible food items as potential vehicles for toxin until epidemiologic and laboratory data have been collected and analyzed. (<i>JAMA</i>1985;253:1275-1278)
Research ethical committees in Scotland.
Authors: I E Thompson, K French, K M Melia, K M Boyd, A A Templeton, B Potter
Journal: BMJ (1981)

A questionnaire was sent to 41 ethical committees in Scotland requesting information about their constitution and supervision of clinical research. Thirty-four (83%) replies were received. Committees varied in size from one to 73 members, most of whom were medical. Ten had no nurse members and only three had lay members without direct NHS connections. Sixteen saw their role as advisory rather than supervisory. Thirteen had not met in the past year whereas two had held 10 or more meetings. Limited use (12) was made of standard protocols, and only six had formal procedures for monitoring research in progress. Only seven of 370 proposals were rejected outright. Risk/benefit dilemmas and difficulties relating to informed consent were the commonest problems encountered. The committees provide only limited safeguards for patients and research workers, and more effective, standardised procedures are indicated.
Effect of Interferon-Gamma on Hepatic Fibrosis in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Hong-Lei Weng, Bao-En Wang, Ji-Dong Jia, Wan-Fen Wu, Jian-Zhong Xian, Peter R. Mertens, Wei-Min Cai, Steven Dooley
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2005)