tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Integrating HIV Prevention and Treatment: From Slogans to Impact
Authors: Joshua A Salomon, Daniel R Hogan, John Stover, Karen A Stanecki, Neff Walker, Peter D Ghys, Bernhard Schwartländer
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

Through major efforts to reduce costs and expand access to antiretroviral therapy worldwide, widespread delivery of effective treatment to people living with HIV/AIDS is now conceivable even in severely resource-constrained settings. However, the potential epidemiologic impact of treatment in the context of a broader strategy for HIV/AIDS control has not yet been examined. In this paper, we quantify the opportunities and potential risks of large-scale treatment roll-out.We used an epidemiologic model of HIV/AIDS, calibrated to sub-Saharan Africa, to investigate a range of possible positive and negative health outcomes under alternative scenarios that reflect varying implementation of prevention and treatment. In baseline projections, reflecting "business as usual," the numbers of new infections and AIDS deaths are expected to continue rising. In two scenarios representing treatment-centered strategies, with different assumptions about the impact of treatment on transmissibility and behavior, the change in the total number of new infections through 2020 ranges from a 10% increase to a 6% reduction, while the number of AIDS deaths through 2020 declines by 9% to 13%. A prevention-centered strategy provides greater reductions in incidence (36%) and mortality reductions similar to those of the treatment-centered scenarios by 2020, but more modest mortality benefits over the next 5 to 10 years. If treatment enhances prevention in a combined response, the expected benefits are substantial-29 million averted infections (55%) and 10 million averted deaths (27%) through the year 2020. However, if a narrow focus on treatment scale-up leads to reduced effectiveness of prevention efforts, the benefits of a combined response are considerably smaller-9 million averted infections (17%) and 6 million averted deaths (16%). Combining treatment with effective prevention efforts could reduce the resource needs for treatment dramatically in the long term. In the various scenarios the numbers of people being treated in 2020 ranges from 9.2 million in a treatment-only scenario with mixed effects, to 4.2 million in a combined response scenario with positive treatment-prevention synergies.These analyses demonstrate the importance of integrating expanded care activities with prevention activities if there are to be long-term reductions in the number of new HIV infections and significant declines in AIDS mortality. Treatment can enable more effective prevention, and prevention makes treatment affordable. Sustained progress in the global fight against HIV/AIDS will be attained only through a comprehensive response.
Bone marrow-derived myocyte-like cells and regulation of repair-related cytokines after bone marrow cell transplantation
Authors: Y MISAO, G TAKEMURA, M ARAI, S SATO, K SUZUKI, S MIYATA, K KOSAI, S MINATOGUCHI, T FUJIWARA, H FUJIWARA
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

Whether bone marrow cells injected following acute myocardial infarction (MI) transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes remains controversial, and how these cells affect repair-related cytokines is not known.Autologous bone marrow-derived mononuclear cells (BM-MNCs) labeled with DiI, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-1 to 3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, or saline were intravenously injected into rabbits 5 h following a 30-min ischemia and reperfusion protocol, and cardiac function and the general pathology of the infarcted heart were followed up 1 and 3 months post-MI. To search for regenerated myocardium, electron microscopy as well as confocal microscopy were performed in the infarcted myocardium 7 days post-MI. Expression levels of repair-related cytokines were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.Improvements in cardiac function and reductions in infarct size were observed in the BM-MNC group 1 month and 3 months post-MI. Using electron microscopy 7 days after infarction, clusters of very immature (fetal) and relatively mature cardiomyocytes undergoing differentiation were identified in the infarcted anterior LV wall in the BM-MNC group, though their numbers were small. These cells contained many small and dense DiI particles (a BM-MNC marker), indicating that cardiomyocytes had regenerated from the injected BM-MNCs. The expression of both transforming growth factor-beta, which stimulates collagen synthesis and matrix metalloproteinase-1, a collagenase, were both down-regulated 7 days and 1 month post-MI in the BM-MNC group. Stromal cell-derived factor-1, which is known to recruit BM-MNCs into target tissues, was overexpressed in the infarcted areas of BM-MNC hearts 7 days post-MI.Intravenous transplantation of BM-MNCs leads to the development of BM-MNC-derived myocyte-like cells and regulates the expression of repair-related cytokines that facilitate repair following myocardial infarction.
What is successful ageing and who should define it?
Authors: Ann Bowling, Paul Dieppe
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A definition of successful ageing needs to include elements that matter to elderly people The substantial increases in life expectancy at birth achieved over the previous century, combined with medical advances, escalating health and social care costs, and higher expectations for older age, have led to international interest in how to promote a healthier old age and how to age “successfully.” Changing patterns of illness in old age, with morbidity being compressed into fewer years and effective interventions to reduce disability and health risks in later life, make the goal of ageing successfully more realistic. Debate continues about whether disability has been postponed,1 although the Berlin ageing study2 and the US MacArthur study of ageing3 showed that greater longevity has resulted in fewer, not more, years of disability. A forward looking policy for older age would be a programme to promote successful ageing from middle age onwards, rather than simply aiming to support elderly people with chronic conditions. But what is successful ageing? And who should define it? We discuss existing models of the constituents of successful ageing from the social, psychological, and medical sciences. We undertook a systematic literature review, searching PubMed, PsycINFO, and SocioFile (all years) for “successful ageing.” We included 170 papers presenting reviews or overviews of the topic, data from cross sectional and longitudinal surveys, and qualitative studies (full list available on request, but the main ones are listed here2–22). We also included lay definitions elicited from our own recent survey of successful ageing. The main themes emerging from the theoretical literature reflected psychosocial or biomedical approaches, or combinations of these (see box). There was some overlap with lay views; although the latter were more comprehensive and multidimensional.
Angiogenesis and Vasculogenesis Are Impaired in the Precocious-Aging <i>klotho</i> Mouse
Authors: Toshifumi Shimada, Yoshiaki Takeshita, Toyoaki Murohara, Ken-ichiro Sasaki, Kimiyasu Egami, Satoshi Shintani, Yosuke Katsuda, Hisao Ikeda, Yo-ichi Nabeshima, Tsutomu Imaizumi
Journal: Circulation (2004)

The effects of aging on angiogenesis (vascular sprouting) and vasculogenesis (endothelial precursor cell [EPC] incorporation into vessels) are not well known. We examined whether ischemia-induced angiogenesis/vasculogenesis is altered in klotho (kl) mutant mice, an animal model of typical aging.After unilateral hindlimb ischemia, laser Doppler blood-flow (LDBF) analysis revealed a decreased ischemic-normal LDBF ratio in kl mice. Tissue capillary density was also suppressed in kl mice (+/+>+/kl>kl/kl). Aortic-ring culture assay showed impaired angiogenesis in kl/kl mice, accompanied by reduced endothelium-derived nitric oxide release. Moreover, the rate of transplanted homologous bone marrow cells incorporated into capillaries in ischemic tissues (vasculogenesis) was lower in kl/kl mice than in wild-type (+/+) mice, which was associated with a decrease in the number of c-Kit+CD31+ EPC-like mononuclear cells in bone marrow and in peripheral blood. Finally, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor cerivastatin restored the impaired neovascularization in kl/kl mice, accompanied by an increase in c-Kit+CD31+ cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood, and enhanced angiogenesis in the aortic-ring culture.Angiogenesis and vasculogenesis are impaired in kl mutant mice, a model of typical aging. Moreover, the age-associated impairment of neovascularization might be a new target of statin therapy.
Characterization of plasma lipoproteins in patients heterozygous for human plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency: Plasma CETP regulates high-density lipoprotein concentration and composition
Authors: Shizuya Yamashita, David Y. Hui, John R. Wetterau, Dennis L. Sprecher, Judith A.K. Harmony, Naohiko Sakai, Yuji Matsuzawa, Seiichiro Tarui
Journal: Metabolism (1991)
Isolation of a Novel Glycoprotein from the Urine of a Patient with Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Daniel Rudman, Rajender K. Chawla, Alejandro E. Del Rio, Bettye Hollins
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

Patient B. J. with chronic myelocytic leukemia excreted 0.5-1.1 g protein per day in the urine. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 showed about one-third of this protein to be in molecular weight range 20,000-40,000 (fraction BJC). BJC, prepared from 9 liters of urine by gel filtration, was chromatographed on carboxymethylcellulose. Two proteins were eluted from the resin in pure form (as shown by zone and immunoelectrophoresis) in yields representing 8 and 3 mg/liter of urine: BJC1 and BJC2. Their amino acid compositions were identical. BJC1 contained 61% carbohydrate (33% hexose, 11% sialic acid, 13% glucosamine, 5% galactosamine). BJC2 contained one-fourth to one-half as much of each carbohydrate. Molecular weight of BJC1 was estimated at 29,000 by gel filtration. Neither glycoprotein reacted with rabbit antiserum to normal human serum.Antiserum to BJC1 was made in the rabbit. Immunoelectrophoresis with this antiserum showed a faint precipitin line, corresponding in mobility to BJC1, in normal human plasma, and a stronger line in most leukemic plasmas. By immunodiffusion, BJC1 was not detectable in normal human urine, but a positive reaction occurred in the following conditions: leukemia, 64-72%; other types of disseminated neoplastic disease, 36-78%; regional ileitis, 45%; ulcerative colitis, 38%; tuberculosis, 33%; during the 1st wk after major surgery, 33%.BJC2 was found in the urine by immunoelectrophoresis in 10% of patients with neoplastic disease and was not observed in urine of other patients or in human plasma. Amino acid composition, carbohydrate content, and antigenic specificity indicate BJC1 is a previously unrecognized member of the system of normal human plasma glycoproteins. Like certain other glycoproteins, its plasma concentration frequently increases in patients with neoplastic disease, chronic inflammatory disease, or tuberculosis and after surgery. Because molecular weight is 29,000, increased plasma concentration readily causes its appearance in the urine.
ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH INTESTINAL CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS: POSSIBLE TRANSMISSION BY HAITIAN WHOLE BLOOD
Authors: Tony Andreani, Yves Le Charpentier, Jean-Claude Brouet, Jean-René Lachance, Robert Modigliani, Annie Galian, Martine Liance, Bernard Messing, Bernard Vernisse
Journal: The Lancet (1983)
Book Review Dermatology Edited by Milton Orkin, Howard I. Maibach, and Mark V. Dahl. 696 pp., illustrated. Norwalk, Conn., Appleton and Lange, 1991. $37.95. Immunologic Diseases of the Skin Edited by Robert E. Jordon. 646 pp., illustrated. Norwalk, Conn., Appleton and Lange, 1991. $125.
Authors: Walter H.C. Burgdorf
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)
Long-term oral administration of L-arginine reduces intimal thickening and enhances neoendothelium-dependent acetylcholine-induced relaxation after arterial injury.
Authors: M Hamon, B Vallet, C Bauters, N Wernert, E P McFadden, J M Lablanche, B Dupuis, M E Bertrand
Journal: Circulation (1994)

Nitric oxide (NO), in addition to its potent vasorelaxant properties, may participate in growth regulation of cultured smooth muscle cells. It was recently demonstrated that in vivo endothelial injury induces the production of NO from L-arginine in the arterial wall.We studied the effects of long-term administration of L-arginine, the precursor of NO, on neointimal thickening and on neoendothelium-dependent vasorelaxation 4 weeks after balloon denudation of normocholesterolemic rabbit iliac arteries. Rabbits were fed with either a standard diet or a diet supplemented with L-arginine (2.25%) in their drinking water 3 days before and during 4 weeks after balloon denudation. The effectiveness of L-arginine supplementation was confirmed by measurement of plasma arginine levels. L-Arginine had no effect on hemodynamic parameters. All animals were killed 4 weeks after balloon denudation, and a digital histomorphometric analysis of three serial nonconsecutive histological cross sections per iliac artery was performed. Intimal thickening was reduced (P < .05) from 0.43 +/- 0.08 (SE) mm2 in controls (n = 8) to 0.24 +/- 0.02 mm2 in treated animals (n = 8). Ten animals (n = 5 in each group) were used for in vitro vasoreactivity assessment 4 weeks after balloon denudation. Neoendothelium-dependent acetylcholine-induced relaxation (10(-8) mol/L to 3.10(-5) mol/L) in treated animals (Emax = -24.1 +/- 5.5%) was significantly greater than in controls (Emax = -8.9 +/- 2.2%). Endothelium-independent relaxation did not differ between groups (Emax = -58.1 +/- 6.5% in L-arginine-supplemented animals versus -52.9 +/- 6.8% in controls).Our results demonstrate that L-arginine, a precursor of NO, reduces neointimal thickening after balloon denudation and improves neoendothelial-dependent acetylcholine-induced relaxation.
Antibodies in Anti-HBe—positive patient sera bind to an HBe protein expressed on the cell surface of human hepatoma cells: Implications for virus clearance
Authors: Hans-jürgen Schlicht, Albrecht von Brunn, Lorenz Theilmann
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

The relevance of the recently described membrane-bound form of the HBe protein for the antiviral immune response was examined. The data show that antibodies in anti-HBe, but not in anti-HBc-positive human sera efficiently bind to the membrane expressed HBe. No evidence was obtained that the HBc can reach the cell surface in a form that can be detected with human antibodies. The findings suggest that the decline of virus titer that is usually observed after seroconversion from HBe to anti-HBe might be the result of an antibody-mediated elimination of infected cells.
The Safety of Irradiated Foods-Reply
Authors: Herbert L. DuPont
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The topic of food irradiation is timely and important. We will respond to the specific points raised by Dr Tritsch rather than provide an overview of the technology and its feasibility and the associated nutritional and micro-biological aspects. Those interested in the topic are referred to general reviews.<sup>1-3</sup> Irradiation produces radiolytic, not radioactive, products in foods. In a comprehensive review sponsored by the Food and Drug Administration,<sup>3</sup>it was concluded that the available evidence failed to show that radiolytic substances, which are not unique to irradiated foods (they are found in foods subjected to other accepted types of food processing), were harmful to people in the amounts consumed. Specifically, the Food and Drug Administration indicated that there was no evidence that they posed a cancer hazard, interfered with reproduction, caused birth defects, or posed other long-term hazards. The report specifically indicated that formaldehyde, present in many
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Bone Can Mimic Osteomyelitis on FDG PET
Authors: Wichana Chamroonrat, Mohamed Houseni, Zhanyong Bing, Hua Yang, Abass Alavi, Hongming Zhuang
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

FDG can accumulate in the sites of both malignant and benign inflammatory/infectious processes. It is well known that increased FDG activity caused by inflammatory or infectious lesions can result in false-positive interpretation of PET images when a potential malignancy is being evaluated. However, less has been emphasized about the possibility that a malignant lesion can also be interpreted as infection when such a disorder was highly suspected. We report one such case in which a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma at the site of chronic osteomyelitis was mistaken as recurrent infection of the tibia.
The Genesis of the Aortic Standing Wave
Authors: ROBERT S. ALEXANDER
Journal: Circulation Research (1953)

On the basis of observations of arterial pulse forms in anesthetized dogs, a hypothesis is developed to account for the genesis of the aortic standing wave which is responsible for the dicrotic characteristics of pulses recorded from the abdominal-femoral system. A sudden lowering of resistance to pulse wave propagation in the region of the diaphragm and an increase in resistance in the peripheral femoral bed produce reflections which, because of the equivalent wave-lengths of the thoracic and abdominal-femoral segments of the aortic system, create a resonant oscillation of the aortic blood column between the root of the aorta and the femoral bed.
Myocardial Thinning in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease—Reply
Authors: Dipan J. Shah, Han W. Kim, Raymond J. Kim
Journal: JAMA (2013)

In Reply We agree that following an acute MI, infarct healing and wall thinning may not be completed for weeks to months. In our population, patients with an acute MI within 2 weeks of potential enrollment were excluded, and 71% of enrolled patients had a history of prior MI.
MRC did not fund IVF pioneers' research because they weren't in "medical establishment"
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The researchers whose work led to the birth of the world’s first baby conceived as a result of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) in 1978 were refused funding from the UK Medical Research Council because they worked outside established centres and because the priority at the time was on limiting fertility rather than treating infertility, a detailed review of archive material shows.

Medical Research Council (MRC) reviewers were also concerned about the safety of embryo transfer and disapproved of the researchers’ high profile in the media. They also did not welcome efforts by the researchers to promote public discussion of the science and ethics of treating infertility, the documents show, which also highlight how prevailing attitudes and personal factors can influence decisions affecting the direction that scientific research is encouraged to take ( Human Reproduction doi:10.1093/humrep/deq155).

Martin Johnson, professor of reproductive sciences at the University of Cambridge, and colleagues were working on a study looking at …
FGF9 monomer–dimer equilibrium regulates extracellular matrix affinity and tissue diffusion
Authors: Masayo Harada, Hirotaka Murakami, Akihiko Okawa, Noriaki Okimoto, Shuichi Hiraoka, Taka Nakahara, Ryogo Akasaka, Yo-ichi Shiraishi, Noriyuki Futatsugi, Yoko Mizutani-Koseki, Atsushi Kuroiwa, Mikako Shirouzu, Shigeyuki Yokoyama, Makoto Taiji, Sachiko Iseki, David M Ornitz, Haruhiko Koseki
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Biostatistics in Clinical Medicine.
Authors: Joseph A. Ingelfinger
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

The text prepares students and physicians to use applications of probability and statistics in the care of the individual patient. The emphasis is on using this data in problems of diagnosis, treatment and follow up care. Each chapter includes a clinical case that demonstrates the application of biostatistics in the daily practice of medicine. The text is distinguished by its focus on epidemiological data as it relates to biostatistics, and by its clinically oriented approach. This edition features all new references to the literature and many new clinical case examples.
How to Interpret Electrocardiograms in Terms of Vectors: A Practical Manual
Authors: William H. Wehrmacher
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The augmented unipolar extremity leads (aVR, aVL, and aVF) devised by Emanuel Goldberger in 1942 are now recorded in almost every electrocardiogram. With these and other unipolar leads, Goldberger provided support for the vector concept of cardiac activation, demonstrated the electrical position of the heart, and distinguished normal from abnormal lead patterns. During the following years, he trained students who have since become leading electrocardiographers and clinicians. Now he emphasizes the superiority of visualizing the entire electrical field of the heart by the vectorcardiogram over visualizing the limited field provided by the electrocardiogram. Dr. Goldberger has provided a new and rather elementary book to show the principles of vector analysis, the normal cardiac vectors, and the abnormal cardiac vectors. Clearly and simply written with a minimum of confusing mathematics, the book serves to introduce the subject very well for beginners. Dr. Goldberger devotes considerable attention to the construction of vectorcardiograms
Effect of incisional biopsy on subsequent histology of melanocytic naevi
Authors: R.K. CURLEY, M.E. FALLOWFIELD, M.G. COOK, R.A. MARSDEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article Effect of incisional biopsy on subsequent histology of melanocytic naevi Get access R.K. CURLEY, R.K. CURLEY Department of Dermatology, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, U.K. Dr R.K. Curley, Consultant Dermatologist, St Helens Hospital, Marshalls Cross Road, St Helens, Merseyside WA9 3DA, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.E. FALLOWFIELD, M.E. FALLOWFIELD Department of Histopathology, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.G. COOK, M.G. COOK Department of Histopathology, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.A. MARSDEN R.A. MARSDEN Department of Dermatology, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 123, Issue 4, 1 October 1990, Pages 503–506, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1990.tb01456.x Published: 01 October 1990
Therapy of basal cell carcinoma—treatment in 1980–81 compared with 1985–86 and advantages of shave excision for smaller tumours
Authors: P.V. HARRISON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1987)

A survey of basal cell carcinoma treatments in two 12‐month periods, 1980–81 and 1985–86, revealed that more tumours and an older age group of patients were presenting to the Lancaster dermatology department in the latter period. Whereas the most frequent surgical treatment in 1980–81 was curettage and cautery, shave excision and cautery was the treatment of choice in 1985–86. Shave excision is quick, easy to perform and gives good specimens for histological assessment. The method is suitable for smaller tumours but not for more difficult tumours or tumours in difficult sites.
Resumption of treatment with penicillamine after proteinuria.
Authors: H Hill, A Hill, A M Davison
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1979)

Penicillamine has been successfully reintroduced and continued for a minimum of 13 months in 5 patients who developed proteinuria during the first course of the drug. The daily maintenance dose during the second course was 150--250 mg taken midway between 2 meals. Proteinuria did not recur; no significant excretion of fibrin degradation products occurred; complement, urea, creatinine, and serum albumin remained within normal limits. Urine microscopy showed no abnormality.