tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Detection of Lipid Pool, Thin Fibrous Cap, and Inflammatory Cells in Human Aortic Atherosclerotic Plaques by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Pedro R. Moreno, Robert A. Lodder, K. Raman Purushothaman, William E. Charash, William N. O’Connor, James E. Muller
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background — A method is needed to identify nonstenotic, lipid-rich coronary plaques that are likely to cause acute coronary events. Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can provide information on the chemical composition of tissue. We tested the hypothesis that NIR spectroscopy can identify plaque composition and features associated with plaque vulnerability in human aortic atherosclerotic plaques obtained at the time of autopsy. Methods and Results — A total of 199 samples from 5 human aortic specimens were analyzed by NIR spectroscopy. Features of plaque vulnerability were defined by histology as presence of lipid pool, thin fibrous cap (&lt;65 μm by ocular micrometry), and inflammatory cell infiltration. An InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer was used. Spectral absorbance values were obtained as log (1/R) data from 1100 to 2200 nm at 10-nm intervals. Principal component regression was used for analysis. An algorithm was constructed with 50% of the samples used as a reference set; blinded predictions of plaque composition were then performed on the remaining samples. NIR spectroscopy sensitivity and specificity for histological features of plaque vulnerability were 90% and 93% for lipid pool, 77% and 93% for thin cap, and 84% and 89% for inflammatory cells, respectively. Conclusions — NIR spectroscopy can identify plaque composition and features associated with plaque vulnerability in postmortem human aortic specimens. These results support efforts to develop an NIR spectroscopy catheter system to detect vulnerable coronary plaques in living patients.
Secret report surfaces showing that Pfizer was at fault in Nigerian drug tests
Authors: Jeanne Lenzer
Journal: BMJ (2006)

A secret Nigerian government report concluded that the drug manufacturer Pfizer undertook an “illegal trial of an unregistered drug” when the company enrolled nearly 100 Nigerian children with meningitis in a trial testing its antibiotic trovafloxacin (Trovan) against ceftriaxone during a 1996 meningitis epidemic.

Families of the children, their attorneys, and the media have been seeking the results of the report for five years without success until the report was leaked last week to the Washington Post (7 May, sect A: 1) by a source who asked to remain anonymous because of “personal safety” concerns.

The Washington Post article said that “aspects of the affair remain mysterious, such as why the report remains confidential.” The head of the investigative panel behind the report, Abdulsalami Nasidi, a virologist and senior Nigerian health official, told the Washington Post he did not know why the report was never released. The panel was set up in 2001 to determine whether the trial was conducted legally ( BMJ 2001;322:194).

A class action suit filed on …
The three must-do's of intervention reporting: enhancing sports injury prevention research: Table 1
Authors: James O'Brien, Alex Donaldson, Gaery Barbery, Caroline F Finch
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Injuries in team ball sports (eg, soccer, handball, volleyball and basketball) are common, accounting for 44% of all non-fatal sports injuries in the 27 EU Nations.1 Combined with high participation rates, this gives team ball sports the potential to pose significant health burdens, and highlights the importance of preventing injuries in this context.

As neuromuscular injury prevention programmes for team ball sports gain increasing attention,2–⇓⇓⇓⇓7 the need to establish the effectiveness of these interventions in real-world sports settings has been emphasised.8–⇓⇓⇓⇓13 Conceptual models and frameworks from the broader field of health promotion can potentially facilitate the translation of efficacious interventions into practice, and examples of applying implementation science to sports injury prevention have been reported.9 ,14 ,15 

The RE-AIM framework16 ,17 was developed to enhance the translation of research into practice, and has been applied in such diverse fields as falls prevention,18 weight loss19 and mental health.20 Recently, an extension of the framework specific to the community sport context, the RE-AIM Sports Setting Matrix, has also been developed (table 1).14 The RE-AIM framework can be applied across all research phases, from planning and implementation, to reporting and reviewing.17 However, there have been very few assessments of how RE-AIM has actually been used in any context. Recently, the RE-AIM Model Dimension Items Checklist (MDIC) was developed to assist the reviewing of project grant applications.21 This checklist comprises 31 items covering the five RE-AIM dimensions of Reach (4 items), Effectiveness (5 items), Adoption (8 items), Implementation (5 items) and …
Unusual Skin Sensitivity
Authors: A. Bigham
Journal: BMJ (1942)

respectively.All our cases were seen and investigated only in the later stages-1 to 1 years after the acute onset.In one case only was there decided x-ray evidence of disease.This was in the same man described by Dr. Castleden as his Case IV, whose x-ray film was reproduced as Fig. 8.Our film, taken three weeks after Dr. Castleden's, was identical.Dr. Castleden's interpretation is that this case '"may be going
Abstract 2877: Dual role of mast cells in prostate tumors.
Authors: Mario P. Colombo, Paola Pittoni, Sabina Sangaletti, Claudio Tripodo
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Prostatic carcinoma is most often a multifocal disease, with areas of localized, well-differentiated adenocarcinomas coexisting with poorly differentiated lesions within the same tumor. Mast cells (MC), classically known as the primary responders in allergic reactions, have been recently indicate of prognostic value in prostate cancer. We have evidence of a dual role of MC in prostate cancer. Within the same human tumor, MC are specifically enriched and degranulated in areas of adenocarcinoma, whereas few around anaplastic foci. This observation has been confirmed in tumors from TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate) mice, and in two novel tumor cells lines, derived from them, phenocopying well and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma: T1525 and T23, respectively. MC promote the growth of the well-differentiated adenocarcinoma T1525 that does not develop when transplanted into MC-deficient mice, or when MC degranulation is pharmacologically inhibited with sodium cromoglycate. In particular, mast cells are essential for the outgrowth of early-stage tumors due to their matrix metalloproteinase-9 production, become dispensable in advanced-stage, post-epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and are protective against neuroendocrine prostate tumor variants. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of MC in TRAMP mice results in early development of undifferentiated tumors characterized by marked anaplasia, suggesting that the growth of anaplastic clones may be antagonized by MC. Our data demonstrate that MC can influence the histotype of tumor arising from the prostate and that their targeting may change tumor outcome. As a possible corollary, MC depletion might favor the growth of more undifferentiated and aggressive variants. The common expression of c-Kit by mast cells and neuroendocrine clones suggests a possible competition for the ligand Stem Cell Factor and offers the chance of curing early-stage disease while preventing neuroendocrine tumors using c-Kit-targeted therapy. Citation Format: Mario P. Colombo, Paola Pittoni, Sabina Sangaletti, Claudio Tripodo. Dual role of mast cells in prostate tumors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2877. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2877
Letter: Spasmolytics for postoperative bowel contractions.
Authors: E N Fry
Journal: BMJ (1976)

low.It is difficult to know what the second figure "1 in 450 000 to 1 in 1 800 000" is intended to denote.It is presumably meant to imply that the average size of population expected to include nine such patients is 450 000-1 800 000.This figure is probably too high but in any case the total population from which the nine patients were ascertained is undefined and presumably unknown.The probability that the size of this population falls within 95% confidence limits of the above estimate is likely to be quite high.Moreover, three specialised rheumatological centres were involved so that the likelihood of biased ascertainment is considerable.Among 104 successive men with ankylosing spondylitis ascertained here, one has sero- positive peripheral erosive polyarthritis with a rheumatoid olecranon nodule, his HLA typing including B27.The prevalence of this grade of rheumatoid arthritis is 1 00' in males.4We therefore interpret the evidence as providing no support for a non-random association of the two diseases and indeed it would be surprising and even more interesting if such cases were not encountered.All the present clinical, immunological, and genetic evidence points to the likelihood that there is no aetiological connection between rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Quantitation of hepatitis C virus RNA in serum of asymptomatic blood donors and patients with type C chronic liver disease
Authors: Hideki Hagiwara, Norio Hayashi, Eiji Mita, Masafumi Naito, Akinori Kasahara, Hideyuki Fusamoto, Takenobu Kamada
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

We describe a method for quantifying hepatitis C virus RNA in serum. This competitive assay combines reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction and is based on coamplification of the target RNA with known amounts of synthetic mutated RNA. We tested serum samples from 104 hepatitis C virus carriers (9 asymptomatic blood donors and 95 patients with type C chronic liver disease) to determine the relationship between the replicative level of hepatitis C virus and various stages of the carrier states. The amount of circulating hepatitis C virus RNA ranged from 10 4 to 10 9.5 genomes/ml serum. The titer of hepatitis C virus RNA (logarithmic transformed copy numbers of RNA per milliliter of serum) was lower in asymptomatic blood donors (5.4 ± 2.0) and in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (7.3 ± 1.1) than in patients with chronic active hepatitis (7.9 ± 0.8), cirrhosis (7.8 ± 0.7) or hepatocellular carcinoma (7.9 ± 0.7). The titer of hepatitis C virus RNA was significantly lower in carriers younger than 40 yr old and correlated positively with the logarithmic transformed serum ALT level. Logistic regression showed that age and titer of hepatitis C virus RNA correlated independently with the stages of liver disease. These results showed that the replicative level of hepatitis C virus is higher in advanced liver disease and that elevation of viral replication may play an important role in liver injury and progression of liver disease. This competitive assay is useful in evaluating the state of viral replication in hepatitis C virus infection. (Hepatology 1993;17:545-550.)
Microdistribution of Targeted, Fluorescently Labeled Anti–Carcinoembryonic Antigen Antibody in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Radioimmunotherapy
Authors: Elena F. Fidarova, Ethaar El-Emir, Geoffrey M. Boxer, Uzma Qureshi, Jason L.J. Dearling, Mathew P. Robson, Richard H.J. Begent, Klaus R. Trott, R. Barbara Pedley
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Most radioimmunotherapy studies on radiolabeled antibody distribution are based on autoradiographic and radioluminographic data, which provide a lack of detailed information due to low resolution. We used fluorescently labeled anti–carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) antibody (A5B7) to investigate quantitatively the kinetics and microdistribution of antibody in a clinically relevant orthotopic colorectal cancer model (LS174T) using high-resolution digital microscopy. Experimental Design: Nude mice bearing LS174T liver orthotopic tumors received a single i.v. injection of fluorescently labeled A5B7 and were sacrificed at 10 minutes, 1 hour, or 24 hours postinjection. Before sacrifice, mice were injected with the perfusion marker Hoechst 33342. An anti-CD31 antibody was used to detect blood vessel distribution. Cryostat sections were processed with immunofluorescence procedures and analyzed with fluorescence microscopy and image analysis techniques. The fluorescence images were related to morphologic images of the same or adjacent tumor sections. Results: Fluorescently labeled antibody showed rapid, selective uptake into tumor deposits, with a strong negative correlation with tumor size at 10 minutes and 1 hour (P ≤ 0.01). By 24 hours, the correlation was no longer significant. The study showed movement of antibody across the tumor with time and a tendency to localize more uniformly by later time points (24 hours). The rate of antibody motility was similar in small and large tumor metastases, but small deposits showed more rapid antibody localization. Intratumoral vessels were positively related to tumor size (P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: The obtained data suggest that radioimmunotherapy can be highly efficient in an adjuvant or minimal residual disease setting.
The Long-Term Response of Diabetes Mellitus to Salicylate Therapy
Authors: Sheldon G. Gilgore
Journal: JAMA (1962)

SALICYLATES, like the sulfonylurea drugs, lower the blood sugar levels of diabetics whether given by the intravenous or oral route. Salicylates, unlike the sulfonylureas, do not appear to affect the blood sugars of normals. The potential usefulness of these drugs in the treatment of diabetes mellitus has been indicated by the results of several short-term clinical trials. The effectiveness of salicylates in the treatment of diabetes for longer periods of time is suggested by our observations in 8 patients whose blood sugars were maintained at satisfactory levels for from 3 to 28 months. We wish to report in detail the case study of one patient who, following a secondary failure of tolbutamide, has been effectively controlled with oral acetylsalicylic acid for 28 months. Report of a Case A 69-year-old housewife was first admitted to the Jefferson Medical College Hospital in 1954, when a diagnosis of pernicious anemia was made, and
Size Reduction of Extrasellar Pituitary Tumors During Bromocriptine Treatment
Authors: FLEMMING WOLLESEN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1982)

The well-known size-reducing effect of bromocriptine on prolactinomas was tested on five types of large, extrasellar pituitary tumors. Twenty patients were treated prospectively for up to 4.5 years with bromocriptine, 30 or 60 mg/d (two patients received 15 mg and 160 mg, respectively). The effect on the size of the pituitary tumors was quantitated by planimetry of computed tomographic scans before and during treatment. The immediate success rate was 16 of 20 tumors. Eleven nonsecreting tumors were reduced by a median of 32% (range of reduction for 50% of cases, 18%-41%) with an immediate success rate of nine of 11. Nine secreting tumors (four that secreted prolactin; three, growth hormone; one, adrenocorticotropic hormone; and one, thyroid stimulating hormone) were reduced by a median of 51% (range of reduction for 50% of cases, 25%-72%). The reduction in tumor size was significantly associated with pretreatment size (r= 0.6360, p < 0.005), but not with the serum concentration of any hormones assayed or previous radiation treatment. Bromocriptine causes a clinically significant reduction in size of nonsecreting as well as secreting pituitary tumors with the same success rate as that of conventional treatments.
Venezuela: Health Care and Medical Education
Authors: BERNARDO RODRÍGUEZ-ITURBE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Abroad1 January 1978Venezuela: Health Care and Medical EducationBERNARDO RODRÍGUEZ-ITURBE, M.D.BERNARDO RODRÍGUEZ-ITURBE, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-88-1-125 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptVenezuelans have a life expectancy of 65 years, and they are most likely to die from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, accidents, or from childhood diseases. Infant mortality represents 26.2% of the total death rate, and neonatal respiratory problems and gastroenteritis are the two major killers in this age group.In 1977 the Ministry of Health (Public Health Department) of Venezuela will spend $552 600 000. This figure represents 7.2% of the national budget but is only one half to two thirds of the total official expenditure for health care. The remaining expenditure is by social-protection institutions funded jointly by the government... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: BERNARDO RODRÍGUEZ-ITURBE, M.D.Affiliations: Universidad del Zulia Maracaibo Venezuela PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1978Volume 88, Issue 1Page: 125-126KeywordsCardiovascular diseasesChild healthDeath ratesGastroenteritisHealth careInfantsLife expectancyMedical educationMortalityPrevention, policy, and public health ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...
Improved Survival of Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS): 1983-1993
Authors: John A. Milberg, Donna R. Davis, Kenneth P. Steinberg, Leonard D. Hudson
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To analyze temporal trends in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) fatality rates since 1983 at one institution. <h3>Design.</h3> —Cohort. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Intensive care units of a large county hospital. <h3>Patients.</h3> —Consecutive adult patients (≥18 years of age) meeting ARDS criteria were identified through daily surveillance of intensive care units (N=918 from 1983 through 1993). The major causes were sepsis syndrome in 37% and major trauma in 25%; 37% had other risks. Sixty-five percent were male. The median age was 45 years (range, 18 to 92 years); 70% were younger than 60 years. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Hospital mortality. <h3>Results.</h3> —Overall fatality rates showed no trend from 1983 to 1987, declined slightly in 1988 and 1989, and decreased to a low of 36% in 1993 (95% confidence interval, 25% to 46%). The crude rates were largely unchanged after adjustment for age, ARDS risk, and gender distribution. While patients both younger than 60 years and 60 years or older experienced declines in fatality rate, the larger decrease occurred in the younger cohort. In sepsis patients, ARDS fatality rates declined steadily, from 67% in 1990 to 40% in 1993 (95% confidence interval, 23% to 57%). The decline in sepsis-related ARDS fatality was confined largely to patients less than 60 years of age. Trauma patients and all other patients also experienced declines in fatality rates after 1987, although these trends were not as strong and consistent as in the sepsis population. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —In this large series, we observed a significant decrease in fatality rates occurring largely in patients younger than 60 years and in those with sepsis syndrome as their risk for ARDS. We are unable to determine the extent to which experimental therapies or other changes in treatment have contributed to the observed decline in the ARDS fatality rate. Institution-specific rates and temporal trends in ARDS fatality rates should be considered in clinical trials designed to prevent ARDS and the high mortality associated with this syndrome. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;273:306-309)
An Innocent Thrill
Authors: Wilma Bujack
Journal: JAMA (1976)

A THRILL is usually considered to be pathognomonic of an organic heart lesion; however, during the past 18 years one of the authors (G.G.C.) has examined more than 500 children who had innocent thrills associated with venous hums. Because a thrill associated with a venous hum had never been reported, the first five patients examined by G.G.C. were suspected of having arterial venous fistulae and consequently these five patients had complete cardiac catheterization and angiographic studies that were entirely normal. The purpose of this communication is to report the incidence of an "innocent" thrill associated with venous hum. During October and November 1975, 100 consecutive children with venous hum (from 2 to 15 years of age) were examined carefully for the presence of a thrill. The Table lists the incidence of thrill in these 100 patients and also lists the number of patients according to age and sex. Thus, a
Cefaclor and Serum Sickness-Like Reaction-Reply
Authors: Leslie C. Grammer
Journal: JAMA (1996)

In Reply.  —Dr Reynolds is certainly correct that cefaclor is the most common cause of serum sickness and is more commonly implicated than any other β-lactam drug. However, as I stated in my initial opinion, at present there are no large series of patients reported who have had serum sickness to cefaclor and subsequently tolerated administration or another β-lactam, nor has the mechanism been reported to be attributable to contaminants unique to cefaclor.  The case report that Reynolds describes in his letter is quite interesting. Accompanied by the other 9 cases that he and his partners have seen, this would probably be publishable and would begin to fill the void of published large series of patients who have had cefaclor serum sickness and then tolerated other β-lactam drugs. Until there are literature reports of large series of such patients or of unique contaminants as the cause of cefaclor serum sickness, it seems
Treatment of Depression
Authors: Steven A. Cohen-Cole
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  In recent editorials, George Lundberg, MD, and E. H. Uhlenhuth, MD, both argue that the apparent undertreatment of major depressive illness in the community (reported by Keller et al) may not result from physicians' lack of knowledge but rather from a balanced consideration of the costs v benefits of antidepressant drugs (eg, side effects and suicide risk).  There are data, however, that support the view that physicians may not possess adequate knowledge. Gottlieb et al 1 administered a written test of the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety and depression to 97 medical students, medical house staff, psychiatry residents, and faculty psychiatrists at Montefiore Hospital. While there were no differences among the groups in their performance on questions concerning the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety, medical students and medical house staff performed poorly (and substantially less well than psychiatrists) on questions concerning the diagnosis and drug treatment of
213 THE EFFICACY OF NEW THERAPEUTIC METHOD, EVPLO (ENDOSCOPIC VARICEAL PERIPHERAL LIGATION AND OBTURATION), IN THE TREATMENT OF GASTRIC VARICEAL BLEEDING
Authors: S.H. Park, K.R. Huh, K.H. Lee, J.-W. Ha, G. Jeon, T.-H. Hahn, M.K. Jang, D.J. Kim, M.S. Lee, C.K. Park
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
George Engelmann (1809–1884), Botanist of the West
Authors: F. P. Bornstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

IF fate or an adventurous spirit should induce some of my Eastern colleagues to brave the wildernesses of the Southwest and if, in this process, they should come into unpleasant contact with some of the spinous outshoots of the local flora, it might be of some consolation to them that the painful agent was probably a spine of the common prickly pear, Opuntia engelmanni (variation, Thurber or Bigelow). This botanical specimen is identified with their illustrious colleague, George Engelmann (Fig. 1), former member of the St. Louis Medical Society and founder of the St. Louis Academy of Science, whose . . .