tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bentham's head
Authors: Fiona Godlee
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Not far from the BMJ , near the entrance hall of University College London, sits Jeremy Bentham, the great 18th century educator and benefactor–and the father of utilitarianism. His body was preserved on his own instruction as an “auto-icon” but his head, damaged in the preservation process and for a long time stored under his chair, is now locked away safe from student pranks. The head on his body is made of wax. Why do I mention all this? Because this week's journal echoes Bentham's philosophy–that our aim should be to acheive the greatest good for the greatest number of people. It's a philosophy that seems hard …
In vivo analysis of Fas/FasL interactions in HIV-infected patients.
Authors: A D Badley, D H Dockrell, A Algeciras, S Ziesmer, A Landay, M M Lederman, E Connick, H Kessler, D Kuritzkes, D H Lynch, P Roche, H Yagita, C V Paya
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Recent insights into the pharmacological control of HIV replication and the molecular mechanisms of peripheral T cells homeostasis allowed us to investigate in vivo the mechanisms mediating T cell depletion in HIV-infected patients. Before the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a high degree of lymphoid tissue apoptosis is present, which is reduced upon HAART initiation (P < 0.001) and directly correlates with reduction of viral load and increases of peripheral T lymphocytes (P < 0.01). Because Fas/FasL interactions play a key role in peripheral T lymphocyte homeostasis, we investigated the susceptibility to Fas-mediated apoptosis in peripheral T lymphocytes and of FasL expression in lymphoid tissue before and during HAART. High levels of Fas-susceptibility found in peripheral CD4 T lymphocytes before HAART were significantly reduced after HAART, coinciding with decreases in viral load (P = 0.018) and increases in peripheral CD4 T lymphocyte counts (P < 0.01). However, the increased FasL expression in the lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected individuals was not reduced after HAART. These results demonstrate that lymphoid tissue apoptosis directly correlates with viral load and peripheral T lymphocyte numbers, and suggest that HIV-induced susceptibility to Fas-dependent apoptosis may play a key role in the regulation of T cell homeostasis in HIV-infected individuals.
Interleukin-10 Production by Th1 Cells Requires Interleukin-12-Induced STAT4 Transcription Factor and ERK MAP Kinase Activation by High Antigen Dose
Authors: Margarida Saraiva, Jillian R. Christensen, Marc Veldhoen, Theresa L. Murphy, Kenneth M. Murphy, Anne O'Garra
Journal: Immunity (2009)

CD4(+) T cells producing interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) are reported in chronic infections. However, the signals that direct the development of IL-10-producing T helper 1 (Th1) cells are undefined. We showed that development of IL-10-producing Th1 cells required high T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, sustained ERK1 and ERK2 MAP kinases phosphorylation, and IL-12-induced STAT4 transcription factor activation. Repeated TCR triggering led to enhanced IL-10 production by Th1 cells, and continued IL-12 action and high-dose TCR signaling were required for the development and maintenance of IL-10-producing Th1 cells. Although Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells require the activation of distinct STATs for their differentiation, activation of ERK1 and ERK2 was a common requirement for production of IL-10 by all Th cell subsets. IL-10 expression also correlated with c-maf expression. Despite having distinct functions in protection against pathogens, all Th cells share the important task of controlling overexuberant immune responses by means of IL-10 production.
An Unusual 131I-Avid Adrenal Metastasis From Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma Identified by 131I-SPECT/CT
Authors: Yan-Li Xue, Hong-Jun Song, Zhong-Ling Qiu, Quan-Yong Luo
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

The adrenal gland is an uncommon site of metastasis from differentiated thyroid carcinoma, and I-avid adrenal metastatic lesions are even rarer. Here, we describe a 54-year-old woman with I-avid adrenal metastasis from follicular thyroid carcinoma identified using I whole-body scan (I-WBS) and I-SPECT/CT. I-SPECT/CT allowed superior localization of the equivocal I uptake in the I-WBS. It provides metabolic and anatomic information about a lesion, resulting in accurate localization and improved definition of I-WBS findings.
Effects of Breathing Carbon Dioxide upon the Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: ALFRED P. FISHMAN, HARRY W. FRITTS, ANDRÉ COURNAND
Journal: Circulation (1960)

The effects of inhaling 5 per cent carbon dioxide in air on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure and flow were studied in 5 subjects with normal pulmonary circulations and in 10 patients with chronic pulmonary emphysema. In the 5 control subjects, with an average increase in arterial P CO CO2 of 6 mm. Hg (37 to 43) and a 3-fold increase in minute ventilation, both pulmonary arterial blood pressure and flow remained unchanged. In the 10 patients with chronic pulmonary emphysema with a similar increase in arterial P CO CO2 (45 to 52) and a 2-fold increase in minute ventilation, there was a 14 per cent increase in cardiac output and a rise in pulmonary arterial mean pressure of 4 mm. Hg. In these patients an increment in pulmonary arterial pressure was invariably associated with an appreciable increment in blood flow. The present study affords no support for the view that the breathing of air enriched with carbon dioxide elicits pulmonary vasoconstriction in either normal subjects or in patients with chronic pulmonary disease.
Phenotypes of the heavy chains of immunoglobulins in patients with diabetic microangiopathy: evidence for an immunogenetic predisposition.
Authors: C Mijovic, J A Fletcher, A R Bradwell, A H Barnett
Journal: BMJ (1986)

The B3 allotype of the fourth component of complement (C4B3) is associated with microangiopathy. As C4 is important in the humoral immune response phenotypic variation of other inherited components of the response such as the immunoglobulins could also be associated with microangiopathy. Phenotypes of the heavy chains of immunoglobulins (Gm) were compared in 48 insulin dependent diabetics with and 74 without microangiopathic complications. The Gm(zafnbg) phenotype was found significantly more often in insulin dependent diabetics with complications than in those without (16 (33%) out of 48 v 7 (9%) out of 74, respectively, p less than 0.01). Insulin dependent diabetics with both C4B3 and Gm(zafnbg) had an increased risk of complications compared with insulin dependent diabetics with neither or only one factor. Statistical analysis suggested that these two associations were additive, indicating that they increased risk by independent mechanisms. These findings suggest that susceptibility to diabetic microangiopathy is influenced by genes at or in linkage disequilibrium with both the major histocompatibility complex and the Gm loci.
Comparative efficacy of transvenous cardioversion and pacing in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia: a prospective, randomized, crossover study.
Authors: S Saksena, P Chandran, Y Shah, R Boccadamo, D Pantopoulos, S T Rothbart
Journal: Circulation (1985)

We performed a prospective, randomized crossover study to evaluate the comparative efficacy of transvenous cardioversion and rapid ventricular pacing for termination of induced ventricular tachycardia in patients with spontaneous ventricular tachycardia and organic heart disease. Sixty-two episodes of ventricular tachycardia were induced in 15 patients, mean age 60 +/- 10 years, during electrophysiologic studies. All patients underwent a preselected electrical therapy protocol in a randomized crossover sequence. Transvenous cardioversion was performed by an incremental protocol of three sequential shocks (0.5, 1.1, and 2.7 J). Six asynchronous sequential bursts of rapid ventricular pacing (10 and 15 paced stimuli at 90%, 75%, and 65% of ventricular tachycardia cycle length) were used. Mean cycle length of ventricular tachycardia for the study population was 391 +/- 85 msec. The morphology of the tachycardia was left bundle branch block in 27, right bundle branch block in 32, and indeterminate in three. Characteristics of ventricular tachycardia terminated by the two techniques were comparable. Rate of success for termination of tachycardia with the two methods was also comparable (transvenous cardioversion 83%, rapid ventricular pacing 80%; p greater than .1) and these responses were concordant in 78%. The modes of termination of ventricular tachycardia were similar. The incidence of acceleration of ventricular tachycardia per episode with these preselected protocols was also comparable (transvenous cardioversion 11%, rapid ventricular pacing 6%; p greater than .2). Transient supraventricular tachyarrhythmias were more frequent after transvenous cardioversion (23%) than after rapid ventricular pacing (3%). Significant patient discomfort occurred only after transvenous cardioversion (incidence of 57%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Regional differences in cerebral blood flow and cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Björn Ahl, Karin Weissenborn, Jörg van den Hoff, Daniela Fischer-Wasels, Herbert Köstler, Hartmut Hecker, Wolfgang Burchert
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Clinical and histopathological findings hint at regional differences in the brain's sensitivity to metabolic changes in cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to examine regional differences in cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with cirrhosis and grade 0-to-I hepatic encephalopathy (HE). (13)N-ammonia, (15)O-water positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. Quantitative values of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and the initial cerebral ammonia uptake rate (K1) were derived for several regions of interest from images of the desired parameters after interactive coregistration with the patients' MRI-studies. CBF (mL/mL/min), K1 (mL/mL/min), and the ammonia extraction fraction (K1/CBF) showed marked regional variance with the highest levels in the thalamus, the lenticular nucleus, and the cerebellum. In conclusion, the regional differences in cerebral ammonia uptake correspond to the distribution of histopathological changes in the brain of patients with cirrhosis as well as clinical features of HE, characterized by signs of basal ganglia and cerebellar dysfunction with corresponding signs of functional impairment, especially of the frontal cortex and cingulate gyrus.
Women will do it in the long run
Authors: R Beneke, R M Leithäuser, M Doppelmayr
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2005)

In long distance races female runners can beat male runners

Will female athletes ever outpace male athletes in running events? Time and again this question has caused the most ambitious debates with considerable recognition in the “lay”1 and sports science society.2–5 Although serious consideration does not indicate the slightest chance of a woman being the fastest human on the planet at distances of 100–200 m, there are …
TRIM5αrh expression restricts HIV-1 infection in lentiviral vector-transduced CD34+-cell-derived macrophages
Authors: Joseph Anderson, Ramesh Akkina
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Species-specific innate resistance against viral infections offers novel avenues for antiviral therapeutic and prophylactic approaches. The retroviral and lentiviral restriction factors Ref1 and Lv1 are variants of the tripartite motif protein TRIM5α, a component of cytoplasmic bodies. TRIM5α severely restricts productive retroviral infections at the postentry and preintegration steps by destabilizing the incoming viral capsid via ubiquitination. Using this approach, resistance to HIV-1 infection could be conferred by TRIM5αrh expression in otherwise susceptible cells. Here we show that stable expression of simian TRIM5αrh via a lentiviral vector in a permissive cell culture line, Magi-CXCR4, conferred resistance to HIV-1. To translate these findings into a stem cell gene therapy setting, the TRIM5αrh transgene was stably introduced into CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells to derive transgenic macrophages. Upon viral challenge, TRIM5αrh-expressing macrophages were highly resistant to HIV-1 infection compared to control cells. Human macrophages expressing TRIM5αrh were also found to be phenotypically and functionally normal, expressing the characteristic surface markers CD14, CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, MHC II, and B7.1. These results demonstrate that the species-specific restriction factor TRIM5αrh is effective in conferring HIV-1 resistance in a stem cell setting, thus paving the way for its application in AIDS gene therapy.
A phase 1/2 study of chemosensitization with the CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Geoffrey L. Uy, Michael P. Rettig, Ibraheem H. Motabi, Kyle McFarland, Kathryn M. Trinkaus, Lindsay M. Hladnik, Shashikant Kulkarni, Camille N. Abboud, Amanda F. Cashen, Keith E. Stockerl-Goldstein, Ravi Vij, Peter Westervelt, John F. DiPersio
Journal: Blood (2012)
Levels of C-reactive Protein Are Associated With Response to Infliximab Therapy in Patients With Crohn's Disease
Authors: Matthias Jürgens, Jestinah M. Mahachie John, Isabelle Cleynen, Fabian Schnitzler, Herma Fidder, Wouter van Moerkercke, Vera Ballet, Maja Noman, Ilse Hoffman, Gert van Assche, Paul J. Rutgeerts, Kristel van Steen, Severine Vermeire
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2011)
Cause for concern. Dealing in brucella-infected cattle
Authors: R. J. Henderson
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The practice of selling Brucella-infected cattle in the open market appears to be widespread in Britain and is increasing. The introduction of an infected cow into a herd can cause serious economic loss to the farmer and often compels him to resell despite the risk of spreading the infection. It is suggested that markets should be more closely controlled by veterinary surgeons; certificates of freedom from brucellosis should accompany animals for sale; and some compensation should be paid to prevent infected animals from being sold.
Domiciliary General Practice in Prevention and Treatment of Illness
Authors: R. N. Theakston
Journal: BMJ (1957)

Fifty years and more ago the farming community was prevented by bad roads and poor communications from travelling far from home. The local market town might be visited once a week in good weather only. In times of sickness the doctor generally went out to the patients, and a wide range of procedures were performed with a high standard of skill in their homes. In spite of keeping a number of horses, the doctor's area was limited to that over which he could travel in bad weather. Better roads, motor-cars, and public transport have opened up the countryside and widened the range of travel for patient and doctor alike. Health insurance legislation from 1911 onwards has put the patient under an obligation to attend at a surgery unless prevented by illness. Although at first rather less than a third of the population were covered by insurance, the encourage ment of surgery attendance enabled the doctor to draw his patients from a wider area. The tendency has there fore been for fewer doctors to serve a country district now than formerly.
DISTURBANCE OF NAILS AND NAIL BEDS PRODUCED BY ARTIFICIAL FINGERNAILS
Authors: Gerald M. Frumess
Journal: JAMA (1952)

During the latter months of 1947 and in 1948, a new disease of the fingernails was widely reported in the medical literature.<sup>1</sup>It was caused, invariably, by nail "undercoats" or "base-coats" and was manifested by pigmentation of the fingernails, separation of the nails from the nail beds (onycholysis), accumulation of warty debris beneath the free edges of the nails (hyperkeratosis), and tenderness of the finger tips. The cause was obviously local and not systemic.<sup>2</sup>No dermatitis of the face, eyelids, neck, or conchae was associated, as in the common type of allergic-eczematous dermatitis due to nail polish.<sup>3</sup>It was generally agreed that the mechanism responsible for the newly described disorder was on an allergic-eczematous rather than on a primary irritant basis. In the case herein reported, there were identical clinical manifestations following the use of artificial fingernails. <h3>REPORT OF A CASE</h3> M. F., a 36-year-old housewife, consulted
Job Corps Patients: The Impact of Psychiatric Care
Authors: ALAN L. MORGENSTERN, GERALD LANGAN, DENNIS O. MAYER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

In four years' with 168 adolescent male Job Corps patients, the authors found that a warm, supportive therapeutic relationship contributed to treatment success. Sixty percent of the patients were self-referred; these were generally treatment successes. Patients who were retarded, homosexual, or had antisocial personalities had low success rates; the remaining patients were helped substantially. The authors feel that the crucial component of successful treatment lies in the synergism of psychiatric care and the growth-enhancing qualities of the Job Corps environment.
X-ray Examination of the Chest
Authors: Victor A. Gilbertsen
Journal: JAMA (1964)

IN THE MEDICAL LITERATURE of the past several years there have been a number of communications cautioning against the increasing medical use of irradiation. Several authorities have warned of "indiscriminate" use of x-rays in diagnosis and especially in screening programs undertaken for the purpose of early detection of cancer of the lung. Basic to the evaluation of such screening programs, as well as to the evaluation of such criticisms, however, is some assessment of the presumption that radiologic chest examinations have merit in the detection of early or asymptomatic lung cancer. In spite of rather widespread acceptance of this presumption, there appears to be little evidence offered as proof. Conclusions drawn from series of cases comprised of both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, doubtless, have been responsible for much of the existing confusion regarding the value of x-ray examination as a screening measure in groups of symptom-free persons. The diagnostic usefulness
Global Health Delivery 2.0: Using Open-Access Technologies for Transparency and Operations Research
Authors: Duncan Smith-Rohrberg Maru, Aditya Sharma, Jason Andrews, Sanjay Basu, Jhapat Thapa, Shefali Oza, Chhitij Bashyal, Bibhav Acharya, Ryan Schwarz
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

The Health in Action section is a forum for individuals or organizations to highlight their innovative approaches to a particular health problem.
Trends in paediatric admissions
Authors: A J Martin
Journal: BMJ (1989)

coronary disease in Asians could be achieved only by a large (and expensive) prospective population based study.We believe that premature coronary disease presents the single greatest threat to the health of British Asians and many (perhaps as many as suggested by Dr McKeigue) will die at a young age from heart disease.More important than the accurate calculation of relative risk, however, is an understanding of the pathological processes which predispose Asians to coronary disease.Only then can effective preventive measures be introduced that might reverse the present unacceptable situa- tion.
An Introduction to the Fine Structure of Cells and Tissues
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<b>Cellular Fine Structure: An Introductory Student Text and Atlas.</b>By James A. Freeman. 198 pp, 202 illus. $9.50. Blakiston Division, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 W 42nd St, New York 36, 1964 <b>Electron Microscopic Anatomy.</b>Edited by Stanley M. Kurtz. 425 pp, with illus. Academic Press, 111 Fifth Ave, New York 3, 1964 Recent editions of standard histology texts have all incorporated varying amounts of information on electron microscopy. However, the student may want substantially more knowledge of ultramicroscopy than the conventional histology books can offer. The need for specialized texts is clear, and three new publications take substantial steps to satisfy this need. Two of the publications are in essence introductory student texts. Porter and Bonneville have brought out an admirable introduction to the subject, having the format of a set of loose-leaf pages (now in the second edition). The manual, admittedly a supplement to standard texts of histology, has
Diets and enteral supplements for improving outcomes in chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh, Noël J. Cano, Klemens Budde, Charles Chazot, Csaba P. Kovesdy, Robert H. Mak, Rajnish Mehrotra, Dominic S. Raj, Ashwini R. Sehgal, Peter Stenvinkel, T. Alp Ikizler
Journal: Nature Reviews Nephrology (2011)
Premature bone loss found in some nonmenstruating sportswomen
Authors: Elizabeth Rasche González
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Are some young female athletes in danger of developing early osteoporosis? This unsettling question was raised at the recent Endocrine Society meeting in San Francisco by a group from that city's University of California (UCSF) School of Medicine. Christopher E. Cann, PhD, of UCSF's Department of Radiology, reported on a study of 25 amenorrheic patients, aged 19 to 49 years, of whom seven, who were not runners, had hyperprolactinemia secondary to prolactinomas. Six additional women were runners with so-called hypothalamic amenorrhea. The remainder of the group, all nonrunners, had primary ovarian failure (premature menopause). Cann and associates found that the women in all of the subgroups had comparable bone loss, as measured by a quantitative computed tomographic technique for assessing vertebral mineral content that the investigators have described in<i>JAMA</i>(1980;244:2056-2059). The total group of 25 had a mean of 28% less bone mass than 45 age-matched control subjects. The
Platelet aggregates as markers of platelet activation: Characterization of flow cytometric method suitable for clinical applications
Authors: Wenche Jy, Lawrence L. Horstman, Haejoe Park, Wei-Wei Mao, Peter Valant, Yeon S. Ahn
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1998)

The present paper describes a flow cytometric method for assay of platelet aggregates (PAg) in blood. This method combines and simplifies previously reported techniques, simultaneously enumerating PAg formed upon platelet activation, their expression of activation marker CD62P (P-selectin), and their content of bound leukocytes (LPAg). The sensitivity of this method to low levels of agonists (ADP, collagen) is compared to conventional aggregometry and some features of platelet-leukocyte interaction are explored. The results were: (1) ADP or collagen induced a dose-dependent increase in PAg number and corresponding decline in free platelets. The ED50 for ADP (0.15 μM) and for collagen (0.2 μg/mL) was about 1/20 the ED50 found by aggregometry, indicating 20-fold greater sensitivity. (2) At higher concentrations, the fraction of PAg with bound leukocytes (LPAg) increased to 60–70%. This rise correlated with PAg size and CD62P expression, but not with the number of PAg formed. (3) The response of whole blood (WBD) to agonists was qualitatively different from that of platelet-rich plasma (PRP): in WBD the population of CD62P+ PAg was much higher than in PRP and the population of CD62P+ free platelets was much lower. This implies that leukocytes rapidly recruit activated platelets. (4) Desmopressin (DDAVP) at 5 nmol/L induced a significant rise in activated (CD62P+) PAg and platelets, even though no effect of DDAVP could be detected by conventional aggregometry; this further confirms that DDAVP acts directly on platelets. (5) Plasma samples from TTP patients induced a rise in PAg when added to normal PRP, though little or no effect could be detected by aggregometry. In summary, the flow cytometric method described here appears useful for detecting low levels of platelet activation and provides information on platelet leukocyte interaction, potentially important in identifying and differentiating thrombogenic states. Since it is rapid and economical, it is well suited for clinical implementation. Am. J. Hematol. 57:33–42, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.