tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Health Promotion in the Workplace
Authors: Charles A. Mead
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This is a timely publication that addresses the important topic of containment of medical care costs and improvement in general health and fitness of the work force in order to improve productivity and decrease costs that are health or injury related.  This is a comprehensive volume covering all aspects of health promotion and contains state-of-the-art descriptions of these programs. It is well organized, and, despite the fact that it has 30 contributing authors, each author's contribution is balanced with the general theme of the text and there is a minimum of repetition.  Of particular value are the appendices of resources available to a corporate medical director or chief executive officer for use in addressing health promotion in their particular work force. The volume is well indexed and has an individual bibliography for each section, making it easy for the manager to present a proposal or produce a position paper on
Man and His Future. A Ciba Foundation Volume
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Scientists, who normally are concerned with verifiable facts and their objective interpretation, undoubtedly wish sometimes to be free to speculate and to express subjective opinions. The Ciba Foundation gave such an opportunity to 27 scientists, inviting them to a symposium to discuss the future of man. This book contains 16 prepared papers and skillfully edited material of seven discussion periods. Striking differences of opinion were evident. Colin Clark presented an optimistic picture of agricultural productivity in relation to population. He suggested that, with improved methods of farming and food processing, the earth could support 45,000 million people on a diet comparable to the present North American average. Several discussants raised objections, and possibilities of reproduction control were discussed by Pincus and others. That the population explosion might be less threatening than the growth of science and technology was mentioned by J. de S. Price. Szent-Györgyi professed to be frightened by
Human leukocyte antigen typing of siblings in hereditary hemochromatosis: A cost approach
Authors: Paul C. Adams, Ann E. Kertesz
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

To assess the clinical value of human leukocyte antigen typing in the diagnosis and management of hereditary hemochromatosis, 105 siblings of 35 proband cases of hemochromatosis were retrospectively analyzed to study whether the exclusion of human leukocyte antigen typing would have adversely affected management. All siblings and probands had already been tested for human leukocyte antigen-A and human leukocyte antigen-B typing, serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. The median age of siblings was 55 yr (range = 11 to 82). Siblings were categorized according to putative genotype (homozygote, heterozygote and normal) using human leukocyte antigen typing. Phenotypic expression of hemochromatosis was considered to be iron overload as indicated by an elevated ferritin (male = greater than 350 micrograms/L, female = greater than 200 micrograms/L) and/or transferrin saturation (greater than 55%). Six of 37 homozygotes had a normal ferritin and transferrin saturation, with five of these patients under 32 yr old. No putative heterozygotes with both an abnormal ferritin and transferrin saturation were seen, although 12 of 48 (25%) heterozygotes had either an elevated ferritin or transferrin saturation. Twenty of 20 normal siblings had a normal ferritin and transferrin saturation. To assess the cost of screening with and without human leukocyte antigen typing, a cost model simulation was used that compared the costs of both methods in a hypothetical family (proband, homozygote, heterozygote and normal sibling).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thyrotoxicosis as a Disease of Mitochondria
Authors: Frederic L. Hoch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

Glycogen SynthesisSince glycogen is the polymeric end product of the energy-requiring assembly of hexoses, just as fats and proteins are the end products of acetate and amino acid assemblies, glycogen synthesis should be similarly affected by thyroid hormones — that is, both increased and decreased synthesis should be observed, as predicted from Table 1. Most of the available evidence indicates decreased synthesis of glycogen in thyrotoxicosis. The glycogen contents of liver and muscle, especially the metabolically active forms of glycogen,146 are markedly diminished in hyperthyroid subjects.140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Glycogen synthesis is decreased in human thyrotoxicosis140 and in the muscles of hyperthyroid . . .
Isocapnic Hyperpnea Accelerates Carbon Monoxide Elimination
Authors: JOSEPH A. FISHER, JOSHUA RUCKER, LEEOR Z. SOMMER, ALEX VESELY, ELANA LAVINE, YOEL GREENWALD, GEORGE VOLGYESI, LUDWIK FEDORKO, STEVE ISCOE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

A major impediment to the use of hyperpnea in the treatment of CO poisoning is the development of hypocapnia or discomfort of CO2 inhalation. We examined the effect of nonrebreathing isocapnic hyperpnea on the rate of decrease of carboxyhemoglobin levels (COHb) in five pentobarbital-anesthetized ventilated dogs first exposed to CO and then ventilated with room air at normocapnia (control). They were then ventilated with 100% O2 at control ventilation, and at six times control ventilation without hypocapnia ("isocapnic hyperpnea") for at least 42 min at each ventilator setting. We measured blood gases and COHb. At control ventilation, the half-time for elimination of COHb (t1/2) was 212 ± 17 min (mean ± SD) on room air and 42 ± 3 min on 100% O2. The t1/2 decreased to 18 ± 2 min (p < 0.0005) during isocapnic hyperpnea. In two similarly prepared dogs treated with hyperbaric O2, the t1/2 were 20 and 28 min. We conclude that isocapnic hyperpnea more than doubles the rate of COHb elimination induced by normal ventilation with 100% O2. Isocapnic hyperpnea could improve the efficacy of the standard treatment of CO poisoning, 100% O2 at atmospheric or increased pressures.
General Practitioners and Hospital Beds in the United Kingdom
Authors: J. H. Hunt
Journal: BMJ (1961)

Nearly everyone agrees that a general practitioner can help the hospital service most, in its staffing difficulties and shortage of beds, by treating his own patients well in their homes. Not all can be treated at home, however, and there are five questions about family doctors and hospital beds which must be answered soon if the proper role of the general practitioner in the health services of our country is to be recognized: (1) Should he treat any of his patients in hospital beds ? (2) If so, can he be fully responsible for their care ? (3) What part should he play in specialist teams in hospital ? (4) How many beds does he need ? (5) Where should they be situated-in general-practitioner hospitals, or in annexes or wards of general hospitals ? Sir George Schuster (1961), speaking to the General Practice Section of the Royal Society of Medicine, rightly stressed the importance of co-operation between family doctors and the hospital service. He invited comment from general practitioners on this subject, and one hopes that many will accept his invitation. Here I express my own views and offer them as a possible basis for further discussion. Advances in medical knowledge have strained to the utmost the resources of general practitioners in this country, and the National Health Service has been criticized for not bringing the benefits of modern medicine sufficiently to patients in their homes. To keep the family doctor of to-day in touch with scientific methods is one of the main arguments in favour of bringing him into closer contact with hospital work. The weakest argument, with general practice already undermanned, is that he should return to the hospitals because they are now short-staffed and rely so heavily on junior doctors imported from abroad.
Vision screening in preschool children: comparison of orthoptists and clinical medical officers as primary screeners.
Authors: P G Bolger, S L Stewart-Brown, E Newcombe, A Starbuck
Journal: BMJ (1991)

OBJECTIVE--To see if there were differences in referral rates and abnormalities detected from two areas that were operating different preschool vision screening programmes. DESIGN--Cohort study using case notes of referrals. SETTING--Community based secondary referral centres in the county of Avon. PATIENTS--263 referrals from a child population of 7105 in Southmead district, an area that used orthoptists as primary vision screeners; 111 referrals from a child population of 2977 in Weston-super-Mare, an area that used clinical medical officers for screening. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Amblyopia and squint detection rates, together with false positive referral rates. RESULTS--The amblyopia detection rate in Southmead district was significantly higher than in Weston-super-Mare (11/1000 children v 5/1000), as was the detection rate of squint (11/1000 v 3/1000). However, the false positive referral rate from Southmead was significantly lower than that from Weston-super-Mare (9/1000 v 23/1000). CONCLUSION--Preschool vision screening using orthoptists as primary screeners offers a more effective method of detecting visual abnormalities than using clinical medical officers.
Foreigner's Status in Japan.
Authors: Albert S. Ashmead
Journal: JAMA (1899)

New York City, Nov. 11, 1899. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> This is what a foreign physician must expect to find in Japan. The Japanese themselves, in 1879, dismissed all their foreign tutors, feeling perfectly assured in their Asiatic stupidity, that they new everything worth knowing in the medical lore of "degenerate Europe" and America, and will never recur to the services of foreigners. The only chance for a foreign physician to practice his profession in Japan would be in "foreign ports," Yohohoma, for instance, where there are some 3000 foreigners, including their families, mostly English. There are more English—Americans and British—than Germans, everywhere in Japan. The medical field of Yokohama has been most ably filled by Americans for many years, by Dr. Eldridge, who is there now, and before him,<sup>1</sup>for twenty odd years, by the lamented Dr. Simmons. You see that the only chance for foreigners in Japan would be
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy for Prevention of Fractures
Authors: Deborah Grady, Steven R. Cummings
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection and disease after renal transplantation.
Authors: Y Pirson, B Leclercq, J P Squifflet
Journal: BMJ (1985)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Transcriptional profiling is a powerful tool to investigate and detect human diseases. In this study, we used bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to compare the transcriptomes in skin lesions of leprosy patients or controls affected by other dermal conditions such as granuloma annulare, a confounder for paucibacillary leprosy. We identified five genes capable of accurately distinguishing multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy from other skin conditions. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (<i>IDO1</i>) expression alone was highly discriminatory, followed by <i>TLR10</i>, <i>BLK</i>, <i>CD38</i>, and <i>SLAMF7</i>, whereas the <i>HS3ST2</i> and <i>CD40LG</i> mRNA separated multi- and paucibacillary leprosy. Finally, from the main differentially expressed genes (DEG) and enriched pathways, we conclude that paucibacillary disease is characterized by epithelioid transformation and granuloma formation, with an exacerbated cellular immune response, while multibacillary leprosy features epithelial-mesenchymal transition with phagocytic and lipid biogenesis patterns in the skin. These findings will help catalyze the development of better diagnostic tools and potential host-based therapeutic interventions. Finally, our data may help elucidate host-pathogen interplay driving disease clinical manifestations. <h3>Author Summary</h3> Despite effective treatment, leprosy is still a significant public health issue in more than 120 countries, with more than 200 000 new cases yearly. The disease is caused mainly by <i>Mycobacterium leprae</i>, a slow-growing bacillus still uncultivable in axenic media. This limitation has hampered basic research into host-pathogen interaction and the development of new diagnostic assays. Currently, leprosy is diagnosed clinically, with no standalone diagnostic assay accurate enough for all clinical forms. Here, we use RNA-seq transcriptome profiling in leprosy lesions and granuloma annulare to identify mRNA biomarkers with potential diagnostic applications. Also, we explored new pathways that can be useful in further understanding the host-pathogen interaction and how the bacteria bypass host immune defenses. We found that <i>IDO1</i>, a gene involved with tryptophan catabolism, is an excellent candidate for distinguishing leprosy lesions from other dermatoses. Additionally, we observed that a previous signature of keratinocyte development and cornification negatively correlates with epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes in the skin, suggesting new ways in which the pathogen may subvert its host to survive and spread throughout the body. Our study identifies new mRNA biomarkers that can improve leprosy diagnostics and describe new insights about host-pathogen interactions in human skin.
Abstract 2858: Relation of androgen receptor polymorphisms and prostate cancer risk by level of sex steroid hormones
Authors: Lori C. Sakoda, Noel S. Weiss, Matt Barnett, Gary E. Goodman, Chu Chen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Given that androgens exert their effects on target tissues through androgen receptor (AR) binding, polymorphic variation in the AR gene may influence prostate cancer development. Studies examining the AR CAG and GGC repeat polymorphisms in relation to prostate cancer risk, however, have yielded conflicting results. In a case-control study of prostate cancer nested in the β-carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial, we previously found suggestive evidence of reduced risk in men with a small number of AR CAG [&amp;lt;22 versus ≥22: odds ratio (OR), 0.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.65-1.23] or GGC [≤17 versus &amp;gt;17: OR, 0.80; 95% CI: 0.57-1.12] repeats. The possibility that these associations are more pronounced in certain subgroups of men, with respect to level of circulating sex steroid hormones, has not yet been examined. In the same population of 300 cases and 300 controls, we now explore whether prostate cancer risk associated with CAG or GGC repeat length may differ by levels of serum testosterone, estradiol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 3α-androstanediol glucuronide, and sex hormone binding globulin concentrations. To cases diagnosed from 1987-1998 who had blood drawn from 0.5 to 8.5 (mean: 3) years prior, controls who were free of prostate and lung cancer were matched on the basis of age, race, study center, time of blood draw, time from enrollment to blood draw, and year of randomization. We found no trend in prostate cancer risk associated with short (≤17) GGC repeat length across thirds of the distribution of the hormones, except for estradiol. For men in the lowest, middle, and highest third of total estradiol, the ORs (95% CIs) were 1.16 (0.65-2.10), 0.87 (0.50-1.72), and 0.50 (0.27-0.92), respectively (p-interaction=0.14). A similar, but weaker association pattern was noted across thirds of free estradiol. No clear differences in the relation of CAG repeat length and prostate cancer risk across levels of each hormone were found. Since the observed positive results may be due to chance, further investigation is needed to determine whether AR GGC repeat length and circulating sex steroid hormone levels interact to alter prostate cancer risk. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2858.
Evaluation of Headache-Reply
Authors: Eric B. Larson
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> As we stated in our article, a rare patient with brain tumor may have a headache and a normal neurological examination. However, such patients must be uncommon, as noted in our article and that of Lance et al.<sup>1</sup>We are not surprised that neurosurgeons see such patients in addition to patients with third ventricle cysts, subdural hematoma, and brain abscesses. The authors of the two letters perform a service for the practicing physician who sees headache patients by describing some clinical features of such patients. The problem is deciding which patients to scan from among the many patients having headaches. Our study found that abnormal findings on neurological examination distinguished patients with mass lesions from other patients. The findings alluded to by Drs Ordia, Mark, and Myers are important ones but would be more useful if presented in the broader context of all headache patients. For example,
DYNAMICS OF THE EXTRINSIC OCULAR MUSCLES.
Authors: FLAVEL B. TIFFANY
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Some years ago, when I became especially interested in the subject of the dynamics of the extrinsic ocular muscles, I read and reread the chapters on this subject. As the subject to me at that time was abstruse and puzzling I tested repeatedly the strength of the ocular muscles in my own case, and as I could only get a fractional amount of prism dynamics compared with that given in the books I concluded that mine was an exceptional case, that the strength of my extrinsic ocular muscles was greatly below the normal; but when I began to test some of my patients and found that their abduction as a rule only amounted to 6 or 8 degrees, while the adduction rarely exceeded 20 or 30 degrees, which was much less than was stated in the text-books, I began to think that there was some mistake. Either I had not
Regulation, Chamber Localization, and Subtype Distribution of Angiotensin II Receptors in Human Hearts
Authors: V. Regitz-Zagrosek, N. Friedel, A. Heymann, P. Bauer, M. Neuß, A. Rolfs, C. Steffen, A. Hildebrandt, R. Hetzer, E. Fleck
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background To assess the chamber localization, subtype distribution, and regulation of human myocardial angiotensin II receptors in heart failure, we determined the binding of angiotensin II, Sar 1 Ile 8 –angiotensin II, and the subtype-specific antagonists Dup 753 (AT1-specific) and PD 123319 (AT2-specific) in atria from patients with normal (left ventricular ejection fraction &gt;55%) or moderately impaired (left ventricular ejection fraction 30% to 55%) cardiac function and in atria and ventricles from explanted end-stage failing hearts. Sarcolemmal and combined fractions, the latter including internalized receptors, were studied. In addition, AT1 mRNA content was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. Methods and Results The number of angiotensin II binding sites (B max ) in sarcolemmal fractions was significantly reduced in explanted end-stage failing hearts in comparison with control subjects and moderate heart failure (B max 3.9±0.8 versus 11.2±1.7 and 9.6±0.8 fmol/mg protein, respectively). A comparable 65% reduction in receptor numbers was found in combined fractions from end-stage failing hearts, indicating that the loss of binding sites was not due to their internalization. The dissociation constants were comparable in sarcolemmal and combined fractions and in nonfailing and failing hearts, ranging from 0.5±0.2 to 1.2±0.5 nmol/L. In nonfailing hearts, 69±4% of binding sites were blocked by the subtype-2–specific inhibitor PD 123319 and were therefore classified as AT2; 33±5% were blocked by the subtype-1–specific inhibitor DUP 753 and thus classified as subtype 1. In explanted hearts, comparable ratios of 66±5% AT2 sites and 34±5% AT1 sites were found. AT1 cDNA amplification signals by polymerase chain reaction were reduced to about one third of the level in control subjects in end-stage failing hearts. Conclusions Angiotensin II receptors in human myocardium are present in relatively low numbers, and AT2 is the predominant subtype. A significant loss of angiotensin II receptors occurs in end stage but not in moderate heart failure. The loss of receptors affects both subtypes to a comparable degree. The data suggest that the decrease in receptor density is due to a decrease in steady-state mRNA abundance.
Fraternity Hazing Revisited Through a Drawing by George Bellows
Authors: Mark L. Taff
Journal: JAMA (1993)

IN 1985, Leslie et al<sup>1</sup>described a series of 168 cases of injuries and deaths related to fraternity hazing activities occurring in the United States between 1923 and 1982. This was the first article in the literature to address the medical hazards of fraternity hazing. Hazing has reportedly existed on the campuses of American universities since the mid-19th century, but documentation of a specific incident was unavailable at the time of the original research. The extent of hazing-related injuries and deaths is still unknown because of concealment of the activity by student participants and lack of recognition by professionals who treat students for a variety of injuries of undetermined origin. The types of injuries previously reported included those from blunt force (beatings, paddling, motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian accidents, and falls from height), burns (including chemical burns, branding, and immolation), cold exposure, heat exhaustion, acute ethanol intoxication, food and laxative
Trials: the next 50 years
Authors: R. Peto, C. Baigent
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Over the past half century there has been a vast proliferation first of randomised trials and now of meta-analyses, both of which (if appropriately analysed) can avoid bias. But to get medically reliable answers to previously unanswered questions about life or death treatment decisions it isn't enough just to avoid bias. We must also ensure that we are not seriously misled by the play of chance, and often the only way to do this reliably is to get appropriate analyses of really large scale randomised evidence.1

At present, many wrong, or at least unreliable, therapeutic answers are being generated by non-randomised “outcomes research,” by small randomised studies, by small meta-analyses, and by statistically inappropriate analyses. Moreover, even when large scale randomised evidence is available, wrong conclusions can be drawn from unduly selective emphasis on particular trials or subgroups—and such “selection biases” can cause even greater errors when there is only a limited amount of evidence to review.

Over the past 50 years randomisation has already delivered reliable answers to some important questions and it offers the promise of reliable answers to many more. For that promise to …