tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fasting Plasma Homocysteine Levels in the Insulin Resistance Syndrome
Authors: James B. Meigs, Paul F. Jacques, Jacob Selhub, Daniel E. Singer, David M. Nathan, Nader Rifai, Ralph B. D’Agostino, Peter W.F. Wilson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

OBJECTIVE—Insulin resistance, associated metabolic abnormalities, and elevated homocysteine levels are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined relationships between homocysteine levels and features of insulin resistance syndrome (IRS). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We measured clinical characteristics, plasma levels of fasting homocysteine, folate, B vitamins, creatinine, and fasting and 2-h insulin and glucose levels after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test in 2,214 subjects without CVD at the fifth examination (1991–1995) of the Framingham Offspring Study. After excluding 203 subjects with diabetes, the remaining 2,011 subjects were categorized as having none, one, two, or all three of the phenotypes of IRS: impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, and/or a central metabolic syndrome (two or more traits: obesity, dyslipidemia, or hyperinsulinemia). In addition, in 1,592 subjects attending the sixth examination (1995–1998), we measured the urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR). Age-, sex-, creatinine-, vitamin-, and UACR-adjusted mean homocysteine levels or proportions with homocysteine &amp;gt;14 μmol/l in each phenotypic category and differences between categories were assessed with regression models. RESULTS—The mean age of the subjects was 54 years (range 28–82); 55% were women, 12.3% had hyperinsulinemia, and 15.9% had two or more of the IRS phenotypes. Adjusted mean homocysteine levels were higher comparing those with hyperinsulinemia (9.8 μmol/l) and those without (9.4 μmol/l, P = 0.04) and were higher among subjects with two or more IRS phenotypes (9.9 μmol/l) compared with those with 1 or no phenotype (9.3 μmol/l, P = 0.003). Mean UACR levels were also higher among subjects with two or more IRS phenotypes (7.2 mg/g) compared with those with 1 or no phenotype (5.5 mg/g, P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS—Hyperhomocysteinemia and abnormal urinary albumin excretion are both associated with hyperinsulinemia and may partially account for increased risk of CVD associated with insulin resistance. Because hyperhomocysteinemia and microalbuminuria also reflect endothelial injury, these observations also support the hypothesis that endothelial dysfunction is associated with expression of the IRS.
Serial Development of Teeth in an Ovarian Teratoma
Authors: Ernest Wollin, M. B. Ozonoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE radiologic identification of teeth and bone in teratomas and the demonstration of organized structures in pathological specimens are routine occurrences. Recently, we reviewed a series of roentgenograms of a female pelvis, recorded over a period of thirteen years. These showed successive progressive development of several teeth in an ovarian teratoma. This record of development provides an insight into the nature and origin of teratomas, "one of the most controversial subjects in embryological pathology."1 Case ReportA 40-year-old Caucasian woman was first seen at the University of California Medical Center in 1948 at the age of 28 because of pain . . .
Mucosal immunodeficiency in smokers, and in patients with epithelial head and neck tumours.
Authors: J R Barton, M A Riad, M N Gaze, A G Maran, A Ferguson
Journal: Gut (1990)

Cigarette smoking influences the risk of orogastrointestinal disease in both protective (ulcerative colitis), and inductive (squamous tumours of the head, neck and oesophagus) roles. In order to study the effects of smoking on mucosal immunity, salivary immunoglobulins were measured in pure parotid saliva from groups of healthy non-smokers, smokers, and exsmokers and from patients with epithelial head and neck tumours, both untreated and after radiotherapy. Of the healthy individuals, smokers had significantly lower salivary IgA and higher IgM concentrations than did non-smokers. The effect on IgA was dose related, and reversible after cessation of smoking. Likewise, in patients with head and neck tumours (the majority being smokers), salivary IgA concentration was reduced and IgM increased when compared with non-smoking controls. Results were similar before and after radiotherapy. This study provides evidence of the effects of smoking on mucosal immunity as evaluated by parotid salivary immunoglobulins. Further studies of the influence of smoking on secretory immunity are indicated.
EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS SIMULATING ACUTE SURGICAL LESIONS OF THE ABDOMEN
Authors: G. H. Stevenson
Journal: BMJ (1925)

ENCEPHALITIS SIMULATING ACUTE SURGICAL LESIONS. TMzICBSnmou figures were 69, 37.5, and 31.5.According to the Regis- trar--General's records, deaths during the first month are mainily due to birth injuries and prematurity.Pr obably much can be done to reduce mortality by improved miiethods at and after birth, but ante-natal treat- mi1enit is the real remedy.The future of successful obstetric practice lies in skilled supervision during the ante-natal pelo(d.It is obvious that an infant whose mother has sufferled during pregnancy from toxaemias or any consti- tutionial disease has a reduced vital capacity.Any form of ante-natal treatment, therefore, wllich improves the iiiotlici's general condition and reduces the possible com- p)licatioDs of labour will have a miiarked effect upon the newborn child.Ainte-natal correction of malpresenitations, the treatment of calaldiac complicationis by rest, the reduction of pain bv t'le administration of sedatives during labour, and the stimulation of a failing foetal heart by strychnine, stropl)alithus, etc., must have a beneficial effect upon the wielfare of tlle infant. SHOCK IN THE NEWBORN.The treatment of white asplhyxia demands freslh consi(leratioii.As a rule blue asphyxia can be treated by clearinig out the air passages and stimulating the skin reflexes.In wlhite asphyxia the uisuial metlhod is to clear the air passages and immerse the infanlt in a warm bath, sometimes witl the applicationi of cold water to the head, followed by artificial respirationi of varyinig and progressive degrees of severity, finally culminating in the SciUiltze method.
Chemical contaminants in breast milk and their impacts on children's health: an overview.
Authors: Philip J Landrigan, Babasaheb Sonawane, Donald Mattison, Michael McCally, Anjali Garg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Human milk is the best source of nutrition for infants. Breast milk contains the optimal balance of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins for developing babies, and it provides a range of benefits for growth, immunity, and development. Unfortunately, breast milk is not pristine. Contamination of human milk is widespread and is the consequence of decades of inadequately controlled pollution of the environment by toxic chemicals. The finding of toxic chemicals in breast milk raises important issues for pediatric practice, for the practice of public health, and for the environmental health research community. It also illuminates gaps in current knowledge including a) insufficient information on the nature and levels of contaminants in breast milk; b) lack of consistent protocols for collecting and analyzing breast milk samples; c) lack of toxicokinetic data; and d) lack of data on health outcomes that may be produced in infants by exposure to chemicals in breast milk. These gaps in information impede risk assessment and make difficult the formulation of evidence-based health guidance. To address these issues, there is a need for a carefully planned and conducted national breast milk monitoring effort in the United States. Additionally, to assess health outcomes of toxic exposures via breast milk, it will be necessary to examine children prospectively over many years in longitudinal epidemiologic studies that use standardized examination protocols that specifically assess breast milk exposures. Finally, current risk assessment methods need to be expanded to include consideration of the potential risks posed to infants and children by exposures to chemical residues in breast milk.
Doxorubicin-loaded human serum albumin nanoparticles surface-modified with TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and transferrin for targeting multiple tumor types
Authors: Sungho Bae, Kyungwan Ma, Tae Hyung Kim, Eun Seong Lee, Kyung Taek Oh, Eun-Seok Park, Kang Choon Lee, Yu Seok Youn
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
Peripheral monocytes and CD4<sup>+</sup> cells are potential Sources for increased circulating levels of TGF‐β and substance P in autoimmune myelofibrosis
Authors: Jonathan S. Harrison, Kelly E. Corcoran, Deval Joshi, Constantin Sophacleus, Pranela Rameshwar
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2005)

Abstract Myelofibrosis is an uncommon phenomenon associated with a variety of neoplastic and inflammatory processes. Although there is evidence that cytokines elaborated by clonal malignant hematopoietic cells are implicated in myelofibrosis in primary hematologic disorders, there has been little data to date on the pathophysiology of myelofibrosis in autoimmune disorders. Here we report a case of autoimmune myelofibrosis with pancytopenia. Peripheral blood monocytes and CD4‐positive lymphocytes produced significantly elevated levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) compared to similar cells from healthy volunteer controls. TGF‐β has been implicated in the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis associated with primary hematological malignancies. Furthermore, substance P, previously linked to myelofibrosis, was also detected in elevated levels in the patient's serum and correlated negatively with the levels of the patient's blood counts. These findings suggest a role for both TGF‐β and substance P in the pathophysiology of autoimmune myelofibrosis. This is the first report of deregulated production of TGF‐β by monocytes in the pathobiology of autoimmune myelofibrosis. Am. J. Hematol. 81:51–58, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depsipeptide (FR901228) Enhances the Cytotoxic Activity of TRAIL by Redistributing TRAIL Receptor to Membrane Lipid Rafts
Authors: Rebecca L. VanOosten, Jill M. Moore, Aaron T. Ludwig, Thomas S. Griffith
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) induces apoptosis in various tumor cell types and is under investigation as a cancer therapeutic. The development of a recombinant adenovirus encoding the full-length human TRAIL gene (Ad5-TRAIL) replaces the need for large quantities of soluble TRAIL protein in tumor suppressive therapies. However, the full potential of Ad5-TRAIL has not yet been maximized. Recent investigation of a histone deacetylase inhibitor, depsipeptide (FR901228), has demonstrated that it increases cellular susceptibility to adenovirus infection and augments adenoviral transgene expression. Thus, studies were initiated to evaluate the ability of depsipeptide to enhance the cytotoxic activity of Ad5-TRAIL against human prostate tumor cells. In vitro, depsipeptide increased expression of coxsackie-adenovirus receptor, leading to increased adenoviral infection and transgene expression. Additionally, tumor cell killing by Ad5-TRAIL was higher following depsipeptide pretreatment. More surprisingly, depsipeptide also increased prostate tumor cell sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Investigation into the mechanism responsible for increased TRAIL responsiveness revealed increased levels of TRAIL-R1 and -R2 in membrane lipid rafts following depsipeptide treatment. These results indicate that depsipeptide is a potent agent for enhancing the activity of Ad5-TRAIL by multiple mechanisms, allowing for a more efficient use of Ad5-TRAIL as an antitumor therapy.
An Introduction to Pharmacology
Authors: Cedric M. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1963)

J. J. Lewis, MSc, Senior Lecturer in Experimental Pharmacology at the University of Glasgow, has made a valiant effort to write a much needed book, a concise (926 pages!), really up-to-date textbook of pharmacology. It "concentrates upon site, mode and type of action and pays some attention to chemical action relationships" and was presumably designed primarily for use in the teaching of medical students. The classification and organization are conventionally arranged according to the predominant action or uses of the agents. A major asset of the text is the discussion of an extensive number of experimental compounds and newly introduced drugs, but this may also limit the book's usefulness to beginning medical students. A brief introduction to biostatistical procedures and simple assay systems is included. The author perceptibly struggles to find an optimum on the treacherous fine line between dogmatic generalization and experimentally demonstrated fact. Although the object of the
What we need is theory of human cooperation (and meta-analysis) to bridge the gap between the lab and the wild
Authors: Paul A. M. Van Lange, Daniel P. Balliet, Hans IJzerman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract This commentary seeks to clarify the potential discrepancy between lab-based and field data in the use and effectiveness of punishment to promote cooperation by recommending theory that outlines key differences between the lab and field, such as the shadow of the future and degree of information availability. We also discuss a recent meta-analysis (Balliet et al. 2011) that does not support all conclusions outlined in Guala's target article.
Counselling should be provided before parents are told of presence of ultrasonographic "soft markers" of fetal abnormality
Authors: G. Mason, C. Baillie
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor—Martin Whittle alluded to the anxiety caused to parents after the disclosure of a “soft marker”—that is, “a minor … structural change which may indicate a risk of serious fetal anomaly but … is probably inconsequential”—following a routine ultrasound scan.1 The anxiety caused can be both considerable and long lasting, as shown by the following case.

A couple were referred for amniocentesis during the wife's second pregnancy on the grounds of maternal age (35 years) and anxiety. Their 3 …
Modulation of liver canalicular transport processes by the tyrosine-kinase inhibitor genistein: Implications of genistein metabolism in the rat
Authors: W Jager, O Winter, B Halper, A Salamon, M Sartori, L Gajdzik, G Hamilton, G Theyer, J Graf, T Thalhammer
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Rat liver cells express the multispecific organic anion transporter (cmoat, cmrp, mrp2) and P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in their canalicular membranes, proteins that are homologous to the multidrug-resistance related protein (MRP) and multidrug resistance (MDR) gene products in multidrug resistant tumor cells. We tested whether genistein, a modulator of drug resistance in tumor cells, affects biliary secretion of substrates of canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cmoat) (glucuronides of bilirubin and rhodamine, glutathione conjugate of bromsulphthalein) and of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) (rhodamine), respectively. Using the isolated perfused rat liver of control Wistar rats (TR + ) and of a mutant strain (TR - ) that expresses Pgp but not cmoat, we show that genistein effectively inhibits the secretion of anionic substrates of cmoat in Wistar rats but stimulates secretion of cationic rhodamine in TR-rats. Genistein is subject to glucuronidation and sulfatation and secretion of genistein and its metabolites stimulates bile flow in Wistar rats, but secretion is nearly absent in TR-rats. Because genistein and its metabolites are substrates for cmoat, inhibition of anion secretion by genistein is partially explained by competition for this transporter. Genistein is also a substrate of uridindiphosphate (UDP)-glucuronyltransferase isoenzyme(s). Inhibition of glucuronidation reduces the availability of bilirubin and rhodamine glucuronates for transport via cmoat, but unconjugated cationic rhodamine becomes available for transport via Pgp at an increased cellular concentration. Daidzein, a genistein analogue with no effect on protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) shows Similar effects on secretion of organic anions and cations supporting the conclusion that genistein affects transport in liver mainly through competition with other substrates at the sites of glucuronidation and transport via cmoat.
Relation between private health insurance and high rates of caesarean section in Chile: qualitative and quantitative study
Authors: S. F Murray
Journal: BMJ (2000)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To explore the circumstances and factors that explain the association between private health insurance cover and a high rate of caesarean sections in Chile. <b>Design:</b> Qualitative analysis of audiotaped in-depth interviews with obstetricians and pregnant women; quantitative analysis of data from face to face semistructured interview survey conducted postnatally (with women who had given birth in the previous 24-72 hours), and of a review of medical notes at a public hospital, a university hospital, and a private clinic. <b>Setting:</b> Santiago, Chile. <b>Participants:</b> Qualitative arm: 22 obstetricians, 21 pregnant women; quantitative arm: 540 postnatal women. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Rates of caesarean section in different types of institutions; consultants9 views on private practice; work patterns in private practice; women9s reasons for choosing private care; women9s preferences on method of delivery. <b>Results:</b> Private health insurance cover requires the primary maternity care provider to be an obstetrician. In the postnatal survey, women with private obstetricians showed consistently higher rates of caesarean section (range 57-83%) than those cared for by midwives or doctors on duty in public or university hospitals (range 27-28%). Only a minority of women receiving private care reported that they had wanted this method of delivery (range 6-32%). With the diversification in the healthcare market, most obstetricians now have demanding peripatetic work schedules. Private maternity patients are a lucrative source of income. The obstetrician is committed to attend these private births in person, and the "programming" (or scheduling) of births is a common time management strategy. The rate of elective caesarean sections was 30-68% in women with private obstetricians and 12-14% in women not attended by private obstetricians. <b>Conclusions:</b> Policies on healthcare financing can influence maternity care management and outcomes in unforeseen ways. The prevailing business ethos in health care encourages such pragmatism among those doctors who do not have a moral objection to non-medical caesarean section.
[306] EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS DOWN-REGULATES Oatpl BY TNF-ALPHA SIGNALLING WITHOUT AFFECTING Oatp2 AND Oatp4 EXPRESSION AND SODIUM-INDEPENDENT BILE SALT UPTAKE IN RAT LIVER
Authors: A. Geier, C.G. Dietrich, M. Trauner, C. Gartung
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Sarcoidosis of the Heart
Authors: WILLIAM E. KULKA
Journal: Circulation (1950)

Sarcoidosis (Benier-Boeck's disease) is not limited to skin or eye as once thought. Now it is known to be a chronic granuloma of the reticulo-endothelial system, dispersing tubercle-like nodes over all organs. Assumption of benignity had to be abandoned. Supporting proof that it can be the cause of death is this report of an autopsy of a young woman following sudden death due to extensive sarcoidosis of the heart, with miliary nodes scattered in most of the organs. No signs of tuberculosis could be found.
Scabies associated with a bullous pemphigoid-like eruption
Authors: L.S. OSTLERE, D. HARRIS, M.H.A. RUSTIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

We report a patient who developed a bullous-pemphigoid-like eruption associated with scabies. A subsequent recrudescence of the scabies was associated with recurrence of the bullous eruption.
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Lifetime Suicide Attempts Among Blacks in the United States
Authors: Sean Joe, Raymond E. Baser, Gregory Breeden, Harold W. Neighbors, James S. Jackson
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Lack of data on the lifetime prevalence and age at onset of suicide ideation, plans, and attempts among blacks in the United States limits the creation and evaluation of interventions to reduce suicide among black Americans.To examine the prevalence and correlates of suicide ideation, planning, and attempts across 2 ethnic classifications of blacks in a nationally representative sample.Data are from the National Survey of American Life, a national household probability sample of 5181 black respondents aged 18 years and older, conducted between February 2001 and June 2003, using a slightly modified adaptation of the World Health Organization World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Bivariate and survival analyses were used to delineate patterns and correlates of nonfatal suicidal behavior.Self-reports of lifetime suicide ideation, planning, and attempts.Survey respondents, categorized as African Americans and Caribbean Americans, reported lifetime prevalence of 11.7% for suicide ideation and 4.1% for attempts. Among the respondents who reported ideation, 34.6% transitioned to making a plan and only 21% made an unplanned attempt. Among 4 ethnic-sex groups, the 7.5% lifetime prevalence for attempts among Caribbean black men was the highest among black Americans. The greatest risk of progressing to suicide planning or attempt among ideators occurred within the first year after ideation onset. Blacks at higher risk for suicide attempts were in younger birth cohorts, less educated, Midwest residents, and had 1 or more Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition disorders.This study documents the burden of nonfatal suicidality among US blacks, notably Caribbean black men, and individuals making planned attempts. Advancing research on the transition from suicide planning to attempt is vital to the efficacy of health care professionals' ability to screen blacks at risk for suicide.
TETANY IN INFANCY; WITH A REPORT OF SIX CASES.
Authors: JOHN LOVETT MORSE
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Very great differences of opinion exist with regard to what constitutes tetany, as well as to the frequency of its occurrence and its etiology and pathology. It is generally accepted that the most characteristic symptom of tatany is muscular rigidity, this rigidity occurring as intermittent paroxysmal contractures. The duration and intensity of the contractures vary, in some cases being long and remittent, in others fleeting and occurring at long intervals. The extent of the contractures also varies within wide limits, the seat par excellence, however, being in the muscles of the arms, especially of the fore-arms. The positions assumed by the hands and feet during these contractures are very characteristic. The fingers are flexed at the metacarpo-phalangeal joints, while the phalanges are extended. The thumb is strongly adducted in the extended position. The wrist is acutely flexed and the hand turned to the ulnar side. The elbow-and shoulder-joints are not
Contamination and restoration of groundwater aquifers.
Authors: W T Piver
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Humans are exposed to chemicals in contaminated groundwaters that are used as sources of drinking water. Chemicals contaminate groundwater resources as a result of waste disposal methods for toxic chemicals, overuse of agricultural chemicals, and leakage of chemicals into the subsurface from buried tanks used to hold fluid chemicals and fuels. In the process, both the solid portions of the subsurface and the groundwaters that flow through these porous structures have become contaminated. Restoring these aquifers and minimizing human exposure to the parent chemicals and their degradation products will require the identification of suitable biomarkers of human exposure; better understandings of how exposure can be related to disease outcome; better understandings of mechanisms of transport of pollutants in the heterogeneous structures of the subsurface; and field testing and evaluation of methods proposed to restore and cleanup contaminated aquifers. In this review, progress in these many different but related activities is presented.