tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE PLATING OF TUMOR COMPONENTS ON THE SUBCUTANEOUS EXPANSES OF YOUNG MICE
Authors: James S. Henderson, Peyton Rous
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1962)

A procedure analogous to the plating of bacteria is described whereby some complex tumors have been taken apart and their components separately propagated. It was the outcome of finding that the forcible injection of Locke's solution followed by air can be used to split the subcutaneous connective tissue of sucklings and weanlings horizontally over the entire expanse of their backs or bellies, without inducing any complicating inflammation. Tumor fragments suspended in Locke's were widely scattered on the surfaces thus exposed. Most of them remained where they had lodged on the body wall, and rapidly becoming fixed in place, formed growths protected by the overlying cutaneous layer—which, throughout many weeks, remained unattached either to the wall or to them. The procedure is more searching in its disclosure of tumor constituents than those currently employed, and it has the advantage that it preserves the neoplastic components that it reveals. It has been used thus far only to rescue for experimental purposes transplantable, benign, epidermal papillomas from the hidden carcinomas deriving from their cells, and to set free and maintain the neoplastic components of complex mammary tumors of milk factor type. Success was obtained with such of the latter as were chosen for separate propagation, though successive platings were sometimes required for their isolation. Incidentally the procedure revealed two components in the mammary growths which could not have been discerned by previous methods of search. Each formed tumors peculiar to itself.
Cyclooxygenase-2 Silencing for the Treatment of Colitis: A Combined In Vivo Strategy Based on RNA Interference and Engineered Escherichia Coli
Authors: Enzo Spisni, Maria C Valerii, Luigia De Fazio, Elena Cavazza, Francesca Borsetti, Annamaria Sgromo, Marco Candela, Manuela Centanni, Fernando Rizello, Antonio Strillacci
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2014)

Nonpathogenic-invasive Escherichia coli (InvColi) bacteria are suitable for genetic transfer into mammalian cells and may act as a vehicle for RNA Interference (RNAi) in vivo. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), two inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine grouped as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We engineered InvColi strains for anti-COX-2 RNAi (InvColishCOX2), aiming to investigate the in vivo feasibility of a novel COX-2 silencing strategy in a murine model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Enema administrations of InvColishCOX2 in DSS-treated mice led to COX-2 downregulation, colonic mucosa preservation, reduced colitis disease activity index (DAI) and increased mice survival. Moreover, DSS/InvColishCOX2-treated mice showed lower levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and a reduced colitis-associated shift of gut microbiota. Considering its effectiveness and safety, we propose our InvColishCOX2 strategy as a promising tool for molecular therapy in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Nonpathogenic-invasive Escherichia coli (InvColi) bacteria are suitable for genetic transfer into mammalian cells and may act as a vehicle for RNA Interference (RNAi) in vivo. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), two inflammatory conditions of the colon and small intestine grouped as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We engineered InvColi strains for anti-COX-2 RNAi (InvColishCOX2), aiming to investigate the in vivo feasibility of a novel COX-2 silencing strategy in a murine model of colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Enema administrations of InvColishCOX2 in DSS-treated mice led to COX-2 downregulation, colonic mucosa preservation, reduced colitis disease activity index (DAI) and increased mice survival. Moreover, DSS/InvColishCOX2-treated mice showed lower levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and a reduced colitis-associated shift of gut microbiota. Considering its effectiveness and safety, we propose our InvColishCOX2 strategy as a promising tool for molecular therapy in intestinal inflammatory diseases.
A RAPID METHOD FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL TUBERCULOSIS BY THE USE OF THE X-RAYED GUINEA PIG
Authors: John J. Morton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1916)

It is possible to reduce the resistance of guinea pigs to tuberculosis by x-ray exposures, so that when animal inoculation is required for a diagnosis a much quicker result may be had than by the use of normal animals. In renal tuberculosis when it is necessary to resort to the use of animals, it ordinarily requires from 5 to 7 weeks, while by the use of x-rayed guinea pigs the diagnosis can be made in from 8 to 10 days. The resistance can be sufficiently lowered by one massive dose of x-ray administered either shortly before or after the inoculation of the material to be tested. The lesions are so marked in these animals that the diagnosis is certain after the interval indicated above.
ERYTHEMA NODOSUM AND TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: E. Ward
Journal: BMJ (1919)

SPIROCHAETOSIS conveyed by ticks has been recognized in Africa since 1904 owing to the researches of Ross, Dutton, and others, wlho incriminated thie tick Ornithodoro8 niwubata; similarly, Miana fever in Persia was found by Baifour to be a form of relapsing -fever transmitted by Argecs per8icus.I do not tlhink that the relapsing fever whichl occurs in Pa,estine lhas previously been traced to infeetion by ticks, and tlle following.notesmay therefore have somne interest.
MULTIPLE NEUROMATA OF THE SKIN.
Authors: WILLIAM EDGAR DARNALL
Journal: JAMA (1906)

This subject is one that is noticed in very few textbooks of medicine and very scant attention is given to it in those that do refer to it. From the quotations given below it may be seen that the affection is not common, even in the broadest application of the term. I have collected three cases, reported herewith. This form of tumor presents itself in the form of multiple hard spindle-shaped masses, varying in size from that of a small pea to that of a walnut, and distributed along the course of a single nerve, or of all the nerves of an extremity, or even the whole body. It originates from the connective tissue of the nerve sheaths and usually contains within its substance a certain number of nerve fibers included by the tumor in the course of its development. "Painful neuroma of the skin is an exceedingly rare form
An unusual case of haemorrhagic stroke
Authors: H. Marcus, I. Jalloh, R. Roberts, P. Martin
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A 50 year old right handed woman presented to the emergency department with her first generalised tonic clonic seizure, followed by a severe unremitting headache and neck stiffness. The seizure was preceded by a three week history of pain around the left ear and nausea, which her general practitioner had diagnosed as otitis media and had treated with a course of amoxicillin. She had no history of trauma and her medical history was otherwise unremarkable. 

On examination the patient had a low grade fever but her pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation on air were all normal. She had also developed a global dysphasia and a right sided homonymous hemianopia. The patient’s head computed tomogram⇓ and digital subtraction angiogram⇓ are shown in the two images.



Fig 1 The patient’s head computed tomogram





Fig 2 The patient’s digital subtraction angiogram





### Short answers

### Long answers

#### 1 Diagnosis of subarachnoid haemorrhage

Unenhanced computed tomography of the brain is the investigation of choice for the assessment of acute haemorrhage and bony injury. A good quality non-contrast high resolution computed tomogram can …
Race, Ethnic Group, and Disease
Authors: Steven J. Adler
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent letter to the editor, the propriety of racial or ethnic identification of patients in published medical reports was questioned. Dr Negre<sup>1</sup>states that mention of such racial or ethnic heritage is "litigious, improper, and useless." I am unaware of the ethnic homogeneity of the population in Finland whence Dr Negre writes, but in the melting pot of the United States with its peoples of such diverse ancestry, racial or ethnic identification may be a significant piece of medical data. Rather than the "rare cases" in which Dr Negre would condone such usage, there are many fairly common diseases with an ethnic bias (note: it is the disease that has the bias, not the investigator). Sarcoidosis, cystic fibrosis, malignant hypertension, senile osteoporosis, sickle cell disease, and congenital hip dislocation come to mind. Of course some quite rare anomalies such as Tay-Sachs disease or Ellis-van
THE STARVATION OPERATION FOR MALIGNANCY IN THE EXTERNAL CAROTID AREA.ITS FAILURES AND SUCCESSES.
Authors: ROBERT H. M. DAWBARN
Journal: JAMA (1904)

The present status of the starvation plan of treating malignant growths in certain regions adapted to it anatomically may, with entire truth, be said to be that of an untried plan, to all intents; and the chief reason for the present paper is to call attention to this fact, and to ask for it the justice of a thorough study, to corroborate or to overturn the views of its originator, as the results may warrant. That the method is still practically untried, so far as the great body of the profession is concerned, has two reasons, both quite obvious. The first of these is the fact that, except in my Gross prize essay, I have never yet written on the subject. Indeed, to-day's paper may accurately be said to be the first public presentation of this subject that I have made. Repeated illnesses and the rigorous demands of professional work
Mebendazole in Enterobiasis
Authors: E. Fierlafijn
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Brugmans et al's article ( 217 :313-316, 1971) on mebendazole in enterobiasis prompts us to comment on our experience with the drug in a general practice.  Brugmans et al's paper concerns a large-scale statistical study but lacks clinical observations. At the start of our study, we were surprised to find eggs and sometimes even living worms up to three days after treatment with mebendazole. Biochemical studies, 1 however, showed that mebendazole inhibits the glucose uptake by parasites which then live from their reserve glycogen. Glycogen depletion reduces the generation of ATP required for survival and replication. This is probably the reason why the parasites die or are immobilized slowly so that their clearance from the gastrointestinal tract may not be complete until the third day after treatment.  The authors, using experimental batches, report 91% efficacy with a single dose of 100 mg. With production batches containing micronized mebendazole,
Diagnosis of beta thalassemia major from bone marrow morphology
Authors: Abbas Hashim Abdulsalam, Nafila Sabeeh, Barbara J. Bain
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

This bone marrow aspirate is from a 3-month old Iraqi female infant with fever, anaemia and splenomegaly. She lived in a rural area of Iraq where leishmaniasis is endemic and a bone marrow aspirate was performed because this diagnosis was suspected. Instead changes typical of beta thalassemia major were found. This image shows micronormoblastic, hyperplastic erythropoiesis; three erythroblasts each contain an alpha chain inclusion (arrows) and two late erythroblasts show very scanty, inadequately hemoglobinized cytoplasm. In addition there was basophilic stippling, dyserythropoiesis and numerous smear cells. Smear cells are not diagnostically specific; they can be seen in conditions with erythroid hyperplasia as some erythroblasts are mechanically fragile. In this baby the suspicion of leishmaniasis led to a bone marrow diagnosis of beta thalassemia major before any transfusion had taken place. In Iraq it is common for babies with this condition to be repeatedly transfused before the diagnosis is made and in this circumstance recognition of the typical bone marrow features is important in diagnosis.
The gene number dilemma: Direct evidence for at least 19,000 protein-encoding genes in C. elegans and implications for the human genome
Authors: J. Reboul, P. Vaglio, N. Tzellas, C. Jackson, T. Moore, Y. Kohara, J. Thierry-Mieg, D. Thierry-Mieg, J. Hitti, L. Doucette-Stamm, J. Hartley, G. Temple, M. Brasch, D.E. Hill, M. Vidal
Journal: Nature Genetics (2001)
The Cooperative Italian FLIN Study Group: prevalence and clinico-pathological features of colorectal laterally spreading tumors
Authors: G. Rotondano, M. Bianco, F. Buffoli, G. Gizzi, F. Tessari, L. Cipolletta
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

<b>Background and study aims:</b> Laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) are increasingly recognized as important precursors of colorectal carcinoma. The clinical behavior of these large nonpolypoid lesions is still uncertain. The aim of the present study was to assess prevalence and clinico-pathological features of LSTs in a large Italian cohort of patients. <b>Methods:</b> The study was a subgroup analysis of a large database of patients undergoing total colonoscopy. The database originated from a multicenter cross-sectional observational study involving 80 centers throughout Italy. <b>Results:</b> Data from 27 400 total colonoscopies were analyzed. Precancerous lesions were detected in 5609 patients. Of these, LSTs were identified in 254 patients (4.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.5–6.2). Granular-type LSTs (G-LSTs) accounted for 83% of the cases (211/254). LSTs were predominant in the proximal colon (154, 60.6%). A total 231 lesions were endoscopically removed, with histology being available for 242. Neoplasia was confirmed in 225 lesions (93.4%) (143 low grade adenoma, 76 high grade adenoma, and six submucosal cancer). The six cases of submucosally invasive carcinoma were diagnosed in five G-LST and one nongranular LST (NG-LST). The risk of containing advanced histology was not increased in G-LST compared with NG-LST (odds ratio [OR] 1.55, 95%CI 0.73–3.27); it was significantly higher in lesions with large nodules (OR 3.09, 95%CI 1.05–9.04; P = 0.041) or depressed surface (OR 4.27, 95%CI 1.24–14.61; <i>P</i> = 0.021). <b>Conclusions:</b> LSTs represent approximately 5% of all precancerous colorectal lesions in the Italian population and are prevalent in the proximal colon. These lesions are no more likely to harbor advanced histology than similar-sized polypoid lesions. Large nodularity or depressed surface are risk factors for advanced histology.
Is This Patient Malnourished?
Authors: Allan S. Detsky
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>PATIENTS</h3><h3>Case 1</h3> Ten days prior to being seen a 65-year-old man suffered a Wallenberg stroke involving the lateral medulla. This left him with difficulty swallowing. Since that time he had been treated with intravenous fluids, and attempts at eating led to mild aspiration with pneumonia. In that period he lost 6% of his usual body weight and was continuing to lose weight. He felt weak and was able to ambulate only with difficulty, both because of his stroke-related ataxia and generalized weakness. On physical examination there was an obvious squared-off appearance to his shoulders from subcutaneous tissue and muscle wasting. There was no edema. <h3>Case 2</h3> A 63-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for gastric resection of an obstructing gastric carcinoma. He was well until 6 weeks prior to admission when he began to notice the rapid onset of early satiety. This progressed to the point where he
Abstract 9520: Dapagliflozin, a Novel Antihyperglycemic Agent that Promotes Urinary Glucose Excretion, Reduces Systolic Blood Pressure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Vincent Woo, Anna Maria Langkilde, Jennifer Sugg, Shamik Parikh
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background: Obesity and hypertension commonly occur in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Dapagliflozin (DAPA), a selective inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), reduces hyperglycemia in T2DM by increasing urinary glucose excretion leading to osmotic diuresis, caloric loss, and weight loss. Using prospective exploratory analyses from 3 Phase III studies in patients with T2DM, we evaluated whether DAPA also reduces blood pressure (BP). Methods: Seated systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate, proportion of patients with measured orthostatic hypotension, and adverse events of hypotension, dehydration or hypovolemia were assessed in each study. Study 1 ( NCT00660907 ): randomized to DAPA or glipizide added to open-label metformin; both treatments were up-titrated, based on tolerability and glycemic response, to a maximum of 10 mg/day or 20 mg/day, respectively. Study 2 ( NCT00680745 ): randomized to DAPA 2.5, 5, or 10 mg or placebo added to open-label glimepiride. Study 3 ( NCT00673231 ): randomized to DAPA 2.5, 5, or 10 mg or placebo added to open-label insulin ± oral antidiabetic agents. Use of anti-hypertensive medication was not controlled in these studies. Results: DAPA reduced mean systolic BP, and to a lesser extent diastolic BP (Table), without increasing mean heart rate or proportions of patients experiencing orthostatic hypotension. Adverse events of hypotension, dehydration or hypovolemia were reported in 1.5%, 0.4%, and 1.6% of patients receiving DAPA vs 0.7%, 0%, and 1% receiving glipizide or placebo in studies 1, 2 and 3, respectively. These episodes were of mild or moderate intensity and none led to study discontinuation or hospitalization. Conclusions: DAPA modestly reduces systolic BP in patients with T2DM who were mostly receiving treatment for hypertension. Further studies employing controlled antihypertensive therapy are required to validate the BP-lowering effect of dapagliflozin in T2DM patients with hypertension.
Impact of a home-based physical activity intervention upon exercise behaviors and anthropometric measures in women undergoing treatment for early stage breast cancer.
Authors: JA Ligibel, N Campbell, G Anita, L Shockro, T Salinardi, EP Winer
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #1117 Women who gain weight after breast cancer diagnosis have a worse prognosis compared to women who avoid weight gain. Weight gain is especially common in women treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, many of whom develop sarcopenic obesity which involves an increase in body fat and loss of lean muscle mass. This type of weight gain has been associated with increases in insulin and other metabolic hormones linked to breast cancer risk and prognosis. Studies have demonstrated that weight gain in breast cancer patients occurs, at least in part, due to decreases in physical activity during and after treatment.&amp;#x2028; Methods: In this single arm pilot study, sedentary women with early stage breast cancer participated in a home-based exercise intervention during adjuvant chemotherapy and/or radiation. The target activity goal was 150 minutes of aerobic exercise per week. Participants underwent evaluation of anthropometric measures, fitness (measured by modified Bruce ramp protocol treadmill test), fatigue and quality of life at baseline and after the 12 week intervention. Change in these measures over time was assessed using Wilcoxon signed rank test of the change scores (post-pre values).&amp;#x2028; Results: Forty-one women were enrolled in the study and 33 (80%) completed the 12 week protocol. Average age of participants was 47, and women were an average of 4.5 months from diagnosis at the time of enrollment. All but one of the women (98%) received adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Baseline and week 12 values for study variables are presented in table 1. Participants were sedentary at baseline, engaging in an average of 13 minutes of weekly activity. Physical activity increased significantly during the study period, with participants averaging 105 minutes of activity per week. Participants avoided weight gain and increases in body fat over the course of the study, and experienced significant improvements in fitness, quality of life and fatigue scores.&amp;#x2028; &amp;#x2028; Discussion: Women who completed a 12-week home-based exercise intervention during adjuvant therapy significantly increased activity and avoided weight gain, which has been associated with poor prognosis in early stage breast cancer. This trial, in conjunction with other exercise studies in breast cancer patients, provides preliminary data to help guide the design of randomized trials examining the impact of exercise upon breast cancer outcomes. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 1117.
TGF-β Receptor Deletion in the Renal Collecting System Exacerbates Fibrosis
Authors: Leslie Gewin, Nada Bulus, Glenda Mernaugh, Gilbert Moeckel, Raymond C. Harris, Harold L. Moses, Ambra Pozzi, Roy Zent
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2010)

TGF-β plays a key role in upregulating matrix production in injury-induced renal fibrosis, but how TGF-β signaling in distinct compartments of the kidney, such as specific segments of the nephron, affects the response to injury is unknown. In this study, we determined the role of TGF-β signaling both in development of the renal collecting system and in response to injury by selectively deleting the TGF-β type II receptor in mice at the initiation of ureteric bud development. These mice developed normally but demonstrated a paradoxic increase in fibrosis associated with enhanced levels of active TGF-β after unilateral ureteral obstruction. Consistent with this observation, TGF-β type II receptor deletion in cultured collecting duct cells resulted in excessive integrin αvβ6-dependent TGF-β activation that increased collagen synthesis in co-cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts. These results suggest that inhibiting TGF-β receptor–mediated function in collecting ducts may exacerbate renal fibrosis by enhancing paracrine TGF-β signaling between epithelial and interstitial cells.
Proctocolitis induced by salicylate and associated with asthma and recurrent nasal polyps.
Authors: D J Pearson, N A Stones, S J Bentley
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Proctocolitis induced by salicylate and associated with asthma and recurrent nasal polyps Sensitivity to aspirin may lead to asthma, rhinitis, urticaria, and angiooedema.1We report on a patient with proctocolitis whose gastro- intestinal symptoms went into complete remission with a diet free of salicylates and known cross reacting substances but recurred on double blind oral provocation with aspirin.
Wireless capsule retained in an ileorectal fistula in a patient with undiagnosed Crohn's disease
Authors: M. Sulz, S. Anderson
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

A 24-year-old woman with a presumed diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (with normal serum inflammatory markers, ileocolonoscopy, and small-bowel barium study) underwent video capsule endoscopy. This revealed a tight, inflamed, and ulcerated ileal stricture, which the capsule did not seem to pass through ([Video 1] [2]). An abdominal radiograph 18 hours later showed the capsule in the lower pelvis, and there were no signs of obstruction, suggesting that the capsule had passed into the distal colon ([Fig. 1]).