tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hyperbaric oxygen: a novel modality to ameliorate experimental colitis
Authors: D Rachmilewitz, F Karmeli, E Okon, I Rubenstein, O S Better
Journal: Gut (1998)

Background —Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) has been suggested to be beneficial in inflammatory bowel disease but the mechanisms responsible for its therapeutic effects have not been elucidated. Aim —To assess the effect of HBO treatment on colonic damage in two models of experimental colitis, and to examine whether this effect is mediated by modulation of NO synthesis. Methods —Colitis was induced by either flushing the colon with 2 ml 5% acetic acid or intracolonic administration of 30 mg trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNB) dissolved in 0.25 ml 50% ethanol. Rats were exposed to HBO (100% oxygen at 2.4 atmosphere absolute) for one hour twice on the day of colitis induction and once daily thereafter. Control rats were treated only with acetic acid or TNB. Rats were killed 24 hours after acetic acid administration or one and seven days after TNB treatment. The colon was isolated, washed, and weighed, the lesion area was measured, and mucosal scrapings were processed for determination of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and NO synthase (NOS) activities, prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) and leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) generation. Results —In control rats exposed for seven days to HBO, colonic NOS activity was significantly decreased by 61%, compared with its activity in untreated rats (2.93 (0.17) nmol/g/min). HBO significantly reduced by 51 and 62% the extent of injury induced by acetic acid and TNB respectively. The protection provided by HBO was accompanied by a significant decrease in colonic weight, PGE 2 generation, MPO, and NOS activities. In acetic acid colitis, LTB 4 generation was also significantly decreased. Conclusions —(1) HBO effectively decreases colitis induced by acetic acid and TNB. (2) The decreased NOS activity induced by HBO suggests that reduction in NO generation may be among the mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of HBO. (3) HBO may be considered in the treatment of patients with refractory inflammatory bowel disease.
Endoscopic Treatment of Bleeding Peptic Ulcers. Good in Every Situation?
Authors: José Cotter
Journal: Endoscopy (1990)

See also: Is the Forrest Classification a Useful Tool for Planning Endoscopic Therapy of Bleeding Peptic Ulcers?Endoscopy 1989; 21(06): 258-262DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1010729 See also: Endoscopic Treatment of Bleeding Peptic Ulcers. Good in Every Situation?Endoscopy 1990; 22(04): 201-202DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1012846
G.P. Unit in East Birmingham Hospital
Authors: A. C. Houghton
Journal: BMJ (1970)

a very obvious reference number so that further information could be obtained from the records library, if required.This would save a great deal, not only of time, but of tattered and bulging records envelopes, which become like a maze when some ear- lier information is required.I make these suggestions having seen this problem from two points of view, and because, from my experience,
Cool and Sweet
Authors: Robert Klein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

IN this issue of the Journal, Baum, Dillard and Porte report serum immunoreactive insulin levels in children undergoing cardiac surgery under hypothermia. In their previous publication of studies in the same patients Baum et al. showed that glucose infusion during hypothermia might lead to increases in blood glucose concentrations extreme enough to cause marked hyperosmolarity with its attendant dangers.1 They also showed that only insignificant hyperglycemia occurred if glucose infusions were minimized. They thus demonstrated a possible danger of this relatively new procedure before clinical catastrophe made it obvious. So often studies of possible side effects of new technics . . .
Endocrine Parameters and Phenotypes of the Growth Hormone Receptor Gene Disrupted (GHR−/−) Mouse
Authors: Edward O. List, Lucila Sackmann-Sala, Darlene E. Berryman, Kevin Funk, Bruce Kelder, Elahu S. Gosney, Shigeru Okada, Juan Ding, Diana Cruz-Topete, John J. Kopchick
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2010)

Disruption of the GH receptor (GHR) gene eliminates GH-induced intracellular signaling and, thus, its biological actions. Therefore, the GHR gene disrupted mouse (GHR-/-) has been and is a valuable tool for helping to define various parameters of GH physiology. Since its creation in 1995, this mouse strain has been used by our laboratory and others for numerous studies ranging from growth to aging. Some of the most notable discoveries are their extreme insulin sensitivity in the presence of obesity. Also, the animals have an extended lifespan, which has generated a large number of investigations into the roles of GH and IGF-I in the aging process. This review summarizes the many results derived from the GHR-/- mice. We have attempted to present the findings in the context of current knowledge regarding GH action and, where applicable, to discuss how these mice compare to GH insensitivity syndrome in humans.
Can Rural Health Education Centers Influence Physician Distribution?
Authors: Paul C. Royce
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The Carnegie Commission on Higher Education recommends establishment of health education centers in "inner cities" and in localities unable to support medical schools as one means of attracting health personnel to physiciandeficient areas.<sup>1</sup>The records of the Robert Packer Hospital, Sayre, Pa, provide an opportunity to evaluate the potential of rural health centers to effect more equitable physician distribution. Specifically, they are used in this study to determine the extent to which physicians attracted to the center for graduate training ultimately practice within the area served by it. The Robert Packer Hospital is a 323-bed general hospital situated on the Pennsylvania side of the New York-Pennsylvania border between Binghamton and Elmira, NY. Its orientation is rural. About 50% of its patients originate in Sayre or its sister towns, Athens, Pa, and Waverly, NY (combined population, 18,161). The remainder come as far as several hundred miles. The Robert Packer Hospital
A dose‐escalation phase IIa study of 2,2‐dimethylbutyrate (HQK‐1001), an oral fetal globin inducer, in sickle cell disease
Authors: Abdullah Kutlar, Marvin E. Reid, Adlette Inati, Ali T. Taher, Miguel R. Abboud, Amal El‐Beshlawy, George R. Buchanan, Hedy Smith, Kenneth I. Ataga, Susan P. Perrine, Richard G. Ghalie
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2013)

2,2-Dimethylbutyrate (HQK-1001), an orally-bioavailable promoter-targeted fetal globin gene-inducing agent, was evaluated in an open-label, randomized dose-escalation study in 52 subjects with hemoglobin SS or S/β(0) thalassemia. HQK-1001 was administered daily for 26 weeks at 30 mg/kg (n = 15), 40 mg/kg (n = 18) and 50 mg/kg (n = 19), either alone (n = 21) or with hydroxyurea (n = 31). The most common drug-related adverse events were usually mild or moderate and reversible. Gastritis was graded as severe in three subjects at 40 mg/kg and was considered the dose-limiting toxicity. Subsequently all subjects were switched to the maximum tolerated dose of 30 mg/kg. Due to early discontinuations for blood transfusions, adverse events or non-compliance, only 25 subjects (48%) completed the study. Drug plasma concentrations were sustained above targeted levels at 30 mg/kg. Increases in fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) were observed in 42 subjects (80%), and 12 (23%) had increases ≥4%. The mean increase in Hb F was 2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8-3.2%] in 21 subjects receiving HQK-1001 alone and 2.7% (95% CI, 1.7-3.8%) in 31 subjects receiving HQK-1001 plus hydroxyurea. Total hemoglobin increased by a mean of 0.65 g/dL (95% CI, 0.5-1.0 g/dL), and 13 subjects (25%) had increases ≥1 g/dL. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of HQK-1001 in sickle cell disease. .
What about the evidence base for homoeopathy?
Authors: P. A. Fisher
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Since intestinal fluid production in experimental cholera can be limited by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, the same agent was used to determine whether there are similar mechanisms for fluid production in response to an osmotic gradient. Intestinal fluid production was measured by perfusion of paired rabbit jejunal loops (10 cm) <i>in vivo</i>, in controls, and in animals receiving 20 mg/kg intravenous cycloheximide one hour before perfusion. In each animal one loop was perfused with isotonic Ringer9s lactate and the other with a hypertonic glucose-Ringer9s lactate solution, 563 mOsm/litre. In control animals mean fluid production in the hypertonic loop was seven times that in the isotonic loop. Cycloheximide decreased the fluid response to the hypertonic stimulus by one half (p &lt; 0·001). In a separate measurement of bidirectional sodium fluxes, using sodium<sup>22</sup>, it was shown that the decreased net sodium movement into the lumen observed after cycloheximide was the result of decreased flux from blood to lumen. The major histological alteration after cycloheximide was on the crypt epithelial cells with sparing of villus crests. Glucose absorption was unaffected. These data parallel the observed effect of cycloheximide on cholera exotoxin induced secretion, suggesting that a process requiring continued protein synthesis is also necessary for the intestinal fluid response to an osmotic gradient.
Physicians and Nurses in Opera
Authors: Benno Safier
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The Book Number contained a literary quiz by Miss Jeanne Berman (<b>216</b>:98, 1971) which was interesting and clever. It prompted me to prepare a test for physicians and nurses, similar in form but different in content. Characters are physicians and nurses in opera.
New draft on European directive on confidential data
Authors: E. Lynge
Journal: BMJ (1995)

The council of the European Union has just agreed and published a new draft of the European directive on “protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.”1 Earlier drafts (in 1990 and 1992) caused considerable concern for the future of epidemiological research.2 3 4 5 6 Compared with previous versions, the new, third draft allows member states more leeway over decisions on many important issues related to scientific research and government statistics.

Previous threats to epidemiological research included limits on how long data could …
Persistent Polyclonal Lymphocytosis of B Lymphocytes
Authors: David S. Gordon, Bonnie M. Jones, Sandra W. Browning, Thomas J. Spira, Dale N. Lawrence
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

IMMUNOLOGIC evaluation of lymphocytes from peripheral blood or other tissues in a patient with a lymphoproliferative disorder may be helpful in establishing the benign or malignant nature of the process. In this regard, the ability to document monoclonal B cells by immunoglobulin-light-chain typing in a lymphoproliferative process is strong evidence of the presence of neoplasia.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Our own experience has been that most patients with chronic peripheral lymphocytosis have an underlying monoclonal malignant proliferation.Recently, however, we evaluated three patients who appeared to have had a unique stable lymphoproliferative disease for as long as 15 years. Several singular clinical and laboratory . . .
Visualization, characterization, and turnover of CD8+ memory T cells in virus-infected hosts.
Authors: C Zimmerman, K Brduscha-Riem, C Blaser, R M Zinkernagel, H Pircher
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

The cellular basis of T cell memory is a controversial issue and progress has been hampered by the inability to induce and to trace long-term memory T cells specific for a defined antigen in vivo. By using the murine model of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and an adoptive transfer system with CD8+ T cells from transgenic mice expressing an LCMV-specific T cell receptor, a population of authentic memory T cells specific for LCMV was generated and analyzed in vivo. The transgenic T cells that have expanded (1,000-fold) and then decreased (10-fold) in LCMV-infected C57BL/6 recipient mice exhibited the following characteristics: they were (a) of larger average cell size than their naive counterparts but smaller than day 8 effector cells; (b) heterogeneous with respect to expression of cell surface "memory" markers; and (c) directly cytolytic when isolated from recipient spleens. The time-dependent proliferative activity of these LCMV-specific memory T cells was analyzed in the recipients by bromodeoxyuridine labeling experiments in vivo. The experiments revealed that LCMV-specific CD8+ memory T cells can persist in LCMV-immune mice for extended periods of time (>2 mo) in the absence of cell division; the memory population as a whole survived beyond 11 mo.
Hypersensitivity of megakaryocyte progenitors to thrombopoietin in essential thrombocythemia
Authors: Hirohide Kawasaki, Takahide Nakano, Urara Kohdera, Yohnosuke Kobayashi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2001)

Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder characterized by an elevation of platelets in peripheral blood and excessive proliferation of megakaryocytes in bone marrow. The pathological mechanisms for the elevation of megakaryocytes and platelets in ET remain unclear. To study the hypersensitivity of megakaryocyte progenitors to thrombopoietin (TPO), a 9-year-old girl, diagnosed with ET, underwent dose-response experiments with recombinant human TPO, using her bone marrow non-adherent mononuclear cells and CD34 positive cells. Spontaneous colony-forming unit-megakaryocytes (CFU-Meg) were observed in serum-deprived cultures of non-adherent mononuclear cells, whereas they disappeared in cultures of CD34 positive cells. The patient's CFU-Meg showed maximal growth at concentrations of TPO lower than those for normal children. Dose-response curves demonstrated a 50-80 fold increase in sensitivity of the patient's CFU-Meg to TPO. We observed hypersensitivity of megakaryocyte progenitors to TPO in a child with ET. Our results suggest that spontaneous CFU-Meg formation in patients with ET may be due to hypersensitivity to TPO.
The Dead Donor Rule and Organ Transplantation
Authors: Robert D Truog, Franklin G Miller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

Organ Donation after Cardiac DeathIn this issue of the Journal, Boucek et al. (pages 709–714) report on three cases of heart transplantation from infants who were pronounced dead on the basis of cardiac criteria. The three Perspective articles and a video roundtable discussion at www.nejm.org address key ethical aspects of organ donation after cardiac death. Bernat and Veatch comment on the cases described by Boucek et al.; Truog and Miller raise a fundamental question about the dead donor rule. In a related Perspective roundtable, moderator Atul Gawande, of Harvard Medical School, is joined by George Annas, of the Boston University School of Public Health; Arthur Caplan, of the University of Pennsylvania; and Robert Truog. Watch the roundtable online at www.nejm.org.Since its inception, organ transplantation has been guided by the overarching ethical requirement known as the dead donor rule, which simply states that patients must be declared dead before the removal of any vital organs for transplantation. Before the development of modern critical care, the diagnosis of death was relatively straightforward: patients were dead when they were cold, blue, and stiff. Unfortunately, organs from these traditional cadavers cannot be used for transplantation. Forty years ago, an ad hoc committee at Harvard Medical School, chaired by Henry Beecher, suggested revising the definition of death in a way that would make some . . .
A1.47 BRAF (v raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1) mutations in rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Fanny Arnoux, Nathalie Lambert, Marielle Martin, Sami B. Kanaan, Nathalie Balandraud, Jean Roudier, Isabelle Auger
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

<h3>Background</h3> BRAF (v raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homologue B1) is an attractive new autoantigen with the ability to identify rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who do not have the classical ACPAs (anti citrullinated protein antibodies) in their sera. BRAF is a kinase involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway. BRAF is also mutated at high frequency in cancers. Because mutations can alter protein function and conformation, they may trigger autoantibody production. Here, we tested whether RA patients with anti BRAF had BRAF mutations in peripheral blood cells (PBMCs). <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> Genomic DNA from PBMCs from 61 RA patients and 30 controls were screened for germline mutations through the 7 exons of BRAF gene (exons 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16) containing the 26 known mutations of BRAF by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products. An enriched real time polymerase chain reaction that amplifies variant but blocks wild type sequence was used to detect the predominant BRAF mutation at nucleotide 1799 which converts valine 600 to glutamic acid and accounts for 90% of BRAF mutations in human cancers. After melting curve analysis, variant was then identified by sequencing. <h3>Results</h3> No BRAF mutation was detected by classical PCR and sequencing (10% of sensitivity). However, by using enriched PCR (0.1% of sensitivity), we found that 51% (23/45) of RA patients have V600 mutation versus 18% (9/49) of controls. In most patients the valine residue at position 600 was substituted by an alanine. In RA patients, BRAF was mutated in a fraction (1%) of PBMCs. The presence of V600A mutation was not correlated with the presence of autoantibodies to BRAF. Of interest, 68% (19/28) of RA patients positive for ACPAs have V600A mutation versus 24% (4/17) of RA patients negative for ACPAs. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Most RA patients positive for ACPAs have V600A mutation in BRAF gene. The presence of V600A mutation may explain BRAF overexpression and BRAF tolerance defect in RA patients.
Lasofoxifene reduced vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis
Authors: Carolyn J. Crandall
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

ACP Journal Club20 July 2010Lasofoxifene reduced vertebral fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosisCarolyn J. Crandall, MD, MSCarolyn J. Crandall, MD, MSUniversity of California, Los Angeles, California, USA (C.J.C.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-153-2-201007200-02011 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationCummings SR, Ensrud K, Delmas PD, et al. Lasofoxifene in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:686-96. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20181970Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Endocrinology: Geriatrics: Rheumatology: Reference1 Ettinger B, Black DM, Mitlak BH, et al. Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators. JAMA. 1999;282:637-45. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Carolyn J. Crandall, MD, MSAffiliations: University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA (C.J.C.)This article was published at Annals.org on 6 July 2010. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 20 July 2010Volume 153, Issue 2Page: JC1-11KeywordsBreast cancerCancer preventionCoronary heart diseaseEstrogensMortalityMyocardial infarctionOsteoporosisResearch designSpineStroke ePublished: 20 July 2010 Issue Published: 20 July 2010 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2010 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Quadruple Primary Malignancies
Authors: Elmer A. Hankins
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE POSSIBILITY of a patient having more than one primary malignancy should always be considered. Pickren recently disclosed results of a study of more than 2,000 autopsies and case histories in which 11% had second, third, or fourth cancers that were overlooked after diagnosis of first cancers. A review of the literature nearly 30 years ago by Warren and Gates reported an incidence of 1.84% multiple malignancies. In a very recent review of the literature Werthamer and others found an incidence of multiple malignancies varying from 0.2% to 7.8%. In his review no report was found of a patient having more than 4 separate primary malignant growths.  In the presentation of a case having quadruple primary malignancies, and in searching the literature for similar cases, Werthamer et al. decided to insist that each case conform to 6 criteria. These are as follows: (1) The malignancies must be primary in different
Clinical Ecology and the Open Mind
Authors: Charles Harris
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Letters and Corrections15 October 1989Clinical Ecology and the Open MindCharles Harris, MDCharles Harris, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-111-8-690_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor: Kahn and Letz (1) properly think that the practice of clinical ecology should be validated by controlled, reproducible clinical trials. It is true, as they say, that clinical medicine discarded tonsillectomy as a routine procedure, but only after antibiotics rendered it useless. Its worth before the advent of antibiotics has not been determined. Radical mastectomy was given up only begrudgingly after its routine and thoughtless use for about 80 years. After all, it was never designed for the small lump, but rather for massive tumors that extended into the axilla and sometimes into the neck.I once...Reference1. Kahn E and Letz G. Clinical ecology: environmental medicine or unsubstantiated theory. Ann Intern Med. 1989;111:104-6. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Charles Harris, MDAffiliations: Island Heights NJ 08732 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 October 1989Volume 111, Issue 8Page: 690-690KeywordsAntibioticsClinical trialsEcology ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 15 October 1989 PDF downloadLoading ...