tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Seroepidemiology of HTLV-III antibody in Danish homosexual men: prevalence, transmission, and disease outcome.
Authors: M Melbye, R J Biggar, P Ebbesen, M G Sarngadharan, S H Weiss, R C Gallo, W A Blattner
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Sera taken from 250 Danish homosexual men in December 1981 as part of a prospective study of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were examined for the presence of HTLV-III antibody with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibody was present in 22 (8.8%) of the men. Seropositivity was most strongly associated with sexual exposure to men in the United States (relative risk 3.5; p less than 0.007). Increased frequency of anal receptive intercourse was also independently associated with seropositivity (p less than 0.05), but age, years of homosexual experience, number of homosexual partners, and use of nitrite inhalant were not independent risk factors. The frequency of seroconversion from absence to presence of HTLV-III antibody appeared to be about 1% a month in this community during December 1981 to February 1983. Of the 22 men who were originally seropositive, two (9%) subsequently developed AIDS as defined by the Centre for Disease Control and two (9%) others the AIDS related complex. Blood was taken in addition from two of the men to develop AIDS earliest in Denmark (diagnosed 1981) at the same time as the initial survey in 1981; both were seropositive. The spread of HTLV-III from high to low risk areas and the subsequent appearance of illnesses related to AIDS in the seropositive group support the hypothesis that HTLV-III is causally related to the development of AIDS.
Recently Integrated Alu Elements and Human Genomic Diversity
Authors: A.-H. Salem
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2003)

A comprehensive analysis of two Alu Y lineage subfamilies was undertaken to assess Alu-associated genomic diversity and identify new Alu insertion polymorphisms for the study of human population genetics. Recently integrated Alu elements (283) from the Yg6 and Yi6 subfamilies were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and 25 of the loci analyzed were polymorphic for insertion presence/absence within the genomes of a diverse array of human populations. These newly identified Alu insertion polymorphisms will be useful tools for the study of human genomic diversity. Our screening of the Alu insertion loci also resulted in the recovery of several "young" Alu elements that resided at orthologous positions in nonhuman primate genomes. Sequence analysis demonstrated these "young" Alu insertions were the products of gene conversion events of older, preexisting Alu elements or independent parallel forward insertions of older Alu elements in the same short genomic region. The level of gene conversion between Alu elements suggests that it may have an influence on the single nucleotide polymorphism within Alu elements in the genome. We have also identified two genomic deletions associated with the retroposition and insertion of Alu Y lineage elements into the human genome. This type of Alu retroposition–mediated genomic deletion is a novel source of lineage-specific evolution within primate genomes.
New Observations on the Left Ventricular Contractile Response to Digitalis in Man.
Authors: A. M. Weissler
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1964)

s1 April 1964New Observations on the Left Ventricular Contractile Response to Digitalis in Man.A. M. Weissler, M.D., J. R. Snyder, M.D.A. M. Weissler, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, J. R. Snyder, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-60-4-712_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe administration of deslanoside to normal individuals is associated with a decrease in the duration of left ventricular ejection (LVET). This effect of the drug, which occurs in the absence of change in cardiac output, reflects its positive inotropic action and has been employed to study the temporal course and dose response relationships of deslanoside, ouabain and Lanoxin in man. The duration of LVET was derived from fast speed recordings of the externally derived carotid or subclavian arterial pulsation. With the intravenous administration of each of the above glycosides there is a prompt shortening in the LVET (corrected for heart... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: A. M. Weissler, M.D.; J. R. Snyder, M.D.Affiliations: Columbus, Ohio PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1964Volume 60, Issue 4Page: 712-712KeywordsCardiac outputDrugsGlycosidesHeart ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 April 1964 PDF downloadLoading ...
Use of Radioisotopes in Hematology
Authors: John H. Lawrence
Journal: JAMA (1963)

ARTIFICIALLY CREATED RADIOISOTOPES have been available for biological and medical studies since 19351when they were first produced by cyclotron bombardments. Since the end of World War II and since the volumed production of isotopes by nuclear reactors as well as cyclotrons, they have been available for much more widespread use. In the past few years, these materials have been distributed in ever-increasing numbers of shipments from the Oak Ridge reactor facilities. Through the efforts of a number of drug companies, which have taken over standardization and preparation of pharmaceutical grade products from the Oak Ridge materials, many of the isotopes are available now in convenient form for use of a qualified physician, even though he may have relatively limited radioisotope laboratory facilities.  There are over 100 elements in the periodic table, and radioisotopes of each of these are available. A great many of them are of convenient
Sunscreens Cause Coral Bleaching by Promoting Viral Infections
Authors: Roberto Danovaro, Lucia Bongiorni, Cinzia Corinaldesi, Donato Giovannelli, Elisabetta Damiani, Paola Astolfi, Lucedio Greci, Antonio Pusceddu
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Coral bleaching (i.e., the release of coral symbiotic zooxanthellae) has negative impacts on biodiversity and functioning of reef ecosystems and their production of goods and services. This increasing world-wide phenomenon is associated with temperature anomalies, high irradiance, pollution, and bacterial diseases. Recently, it has been demonstrated that personal care products, including sunscreens, have an impact on aquatic organisms similar to that of other contaminants.Our goal was to evaluate the potential impact of sunscreen ingredients on hard corals and their symbiotic algae.In situ and laboratory experiments were conducted in several tropical regions (the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, and the Red Sea) by supplementing coral branches with aliquots of sunscreens and common ultraviolet filters contained in sunscreen formula. Zooxanthellae were checked for viral infection by epifluorescence and transmission electron microscopy analyses.Sunscreens cause the rapid and complete bleaching of hard corals, even at extremely low concentrations. The effect of sunscreens is due to organic ultraviolet filters, which are able to induce the lytic viral cycle in symbiotic zooxanthellae with latent infections.We conclude that sunscreens, by promoting viral infection, potentially play an important role in coral bleaching in areas prone to high levels of recreational use by humans.
Adult sea lamprey tolerates biliary atresia by altering bile salt composition and renal excretion
Authors: Shi-Ying Cai, Daniël A. Lionarons, Lee Hagey, Carol J. Soroka, Albert Mennone, James L. Boyer
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) is a genetically programmed animal model for biliary atresia, as it loses its bile ducts and gallbladder during metamorphosis. However, in contrast to patients with biliary atresia or other forms of cholestasis who develop progressive disease, the postmetamorphosis lampreys grow normally to adult size. To understand how the adult lamprey thrives without the ability to secrete bile, we examined bile salt homeostasis in larval and adult lampreys. Adult livers were severely cholestatic, with levels of bile salts >1 mM, but no evidence of necrosis, fibrosis, or inflammation. Interestingly, both larvae and adults had normal plasma levels (∼10 μM) of bile salts. In larvae, petromyzonol sulfate (PZS) was the predominant bile salt, whereas the major bile salts in adult liver were sulfated C27 bile alcohols. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that PZS was highly toxic. Pharmacokinetic studies in free-swimming adults revealed that ∼35% of intravenously injected bromosulfophthalein (BSP) was eliminated over a 72-hour period. Collection of urine and feces demonstrated that both endogenous and exogenous organic anions, including biliverdin, bile salts, and BSP, were predominantly excreted by way of the kidney, with minor amounts also detected in feces. Gene expression analysis detected marked up-regulation of orthologs of known organic anion and bile salt transporters in the kidney, with lesser effects in the intestine and gills in adults compared to larvae. These findings indicate that adult lampreys tolerate cholestasis by altering hepatic bile salt composition, while maintaining normal plasma bile salt levels predominantly through renal excretion of bile products. Therefore, we conclude that strategies to accelerate renal excretion of bile salt and other toxins should be beneficial for patients with cholestasis. (HEPATOLOGY 2013;57:2418-2426).
Evaluation and Management of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Authors: DAVID OST, ALAN FEIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

The finding of a solitary pulmonary nodule (SPN) on a chest radiograph is a common problem in pulmonary medicine. SPNs are seen in 0.09 to 0.2% of chest radiographs and are caused by a variety of conditions, ranging from benign granulomas to lung cancer (1–3). Because solitary nodules are often malignant and because 5-yr survival after resection of a solitary bronchogenic carcinoma is 40 to 80%, it is important to promptly identify malignant nodules to ensure optimal treatment (4, 5). Similarly, it is important to avoid the morbidity and mortality associated with thoracotomy in patients with benign disease. Therefore, the goal of the evaluation and management of solitary pulmonary nodules is to promptly identify and bring to surgery all patients with operable malignant nodules while avoiding thoracotomy in patients with benign nodules. Traditional approaches have emphasized assessment of the probability of malignancy, the so-called Bayesian approach. The Bayesian approach estimates the prevalence of malignancy in the population, assesses risk factors predictive of malignancy as demonstrated by history and chest radiograph, and selects a management strategy based on the adjusted probability of malignancy. The development of new diagnostic tests and surgical techniques requires that this traditional approach be reevaluated. This commentary will focus on the role of newer imaging methods in this process and on strategies for SPNs of indeterminate origin.
Insulin resistance as an independent predictor of acute coronary syndrome: an intravascular ultrasound study with clinical correlations
Authors: Takashi Yoshitama, Masato Nakamura, Taro Tsunoda, Yoko Kitagawa, Masanori Shiba, Suguru Yajima, Masamichi Wada, Raisuke Iijima, Rintaro Nakajima, Takuro Takagi, Hitoshi Anzai, Takahiro Nishida, Tetsu Yamaguchi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
PREVENTION OF GRAFT FAILURE BY AN ANTI-HLFA-1 MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY IN HLA-MISMATCHED BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
Authors: Alain Fischer, Stéphane Blanche, Florence Veber, Michel Delaage, Claude Mawas, Claude Griscelli, Françoise Le Deist, Manuel Lopez, Daniel Olive, George Janossy
Journal: The Lancet (1986)
The Metabolic Syndrome as Predictor of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Carlos Lorenzo, Mayor Okoloise, Ken Williams, Michael P. Stern, Steven M. Haffner
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

OBJECTIVE—The oral glucose tolerance test identifies high-risk subjects for diabetes, but it is costly and inconvenient. To find better predictors of type 2 diabetes, we evaluated two different definitions of the metabolic syndrome because insulin resistance, which is commonly associated with this clustering of metabolic factors, frequently precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We compared the ability of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) definition, a modified version of the 1999 World Health Organization (WHO) definition that excludes the 2-h glucose requirement, and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) to predict incident type 2 diabetes. In the San Antonio Heart Study, 1,734 participants completed a 7- to 8-year follow-up examination. RESULTS—IGT and the NCEP definition had higher sensitivity than the modified WHO definition (51.9, 52.8, and 42.8%, respectively). IGT had a higher positive predictive value than the NCEP and modified WHO definitions (43.0, 30.8, and 30.4%, respectively). The combination of the IGT and NCEP definitions increased the sensitivity to 70.8% with an acceptable positive predictive value of 29.7%. Risk for incidence of type 2 diabetes using the NCEP definition was independent of other risk factors, including IGT and fasting insulin (odds ratio 3.30, 95% CI 2.27-4.80). The NCEP definition performed better with fasting glucose ≥5.4 mmol/l (sensitivity 62.0% and positive predictive value 30.9%). CONCLUSIONS—The metabolic syndrome predicts diabetes independently of other factors. However, the NCEP definition performs better than the modified 1999 WHO definition. Lowering the fasting glucose cutoff to 5.4 mmol/l improves the prediction of diabetes by the metabolic syndrome.
Eating Disorders in 12- to 16-Year-Old Diabetic and Nondiabetic Adolescents From Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Norma García-Reyna, Sandra Gussinyer, Miquel Gussinyer, Rosa Raich, Josep Tomás, Antonio Carrascosa
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

Although eating disorders are common in late adolescent diabetic patients, the occurrence in younger populations, particularly male diabetic patients, is not well documented (1,2). The prevalence was studied in 60 boys and 38 girls (13.78 ± 1.05 years of age, range 12–16) with diabetes duration 1.5 ± 3.35 years and in 321 boys and 254 girls as nondiabetic peers (13.73 ± 0.63 years of age, 12–16).

Patients and peers completed the Spanish validated …
Scoring Systems for Trauma
Authors: M. Woodford
Journal: BMJ (2014)

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Copyrighted Material, used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons Limited. For personal use only, must not be reproduced or shared with third parties. Anyone wishing to reproduce this content in whole or in part, in print or in electronic format, should contact digitalrightsuk@wiley.com

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### OVERVIEW

Trauma care systems deal with patients who have an almost infinite variety of injuries requiring complex treatment. The assessment of such systems is a major challenge in clinical measurement and audit. Which systems are most effective in delivering best outcomes? Implementing recommendations for improved procedures will often incur additional costs: will the expense be worthwhile? Clearly, casemix-adjusted outcome analysis must replace anecdote and dogma. Outcome prediction in trauma is a developing science which enables the assessment of trauma system effectiveness. An improvement in trauma care is essential; audit is one of the tools that can be used.

The effects of injury can be defined in terms of input (an anatomical component and the physiological response) and outcome (mortality and morbidity) (Box 1). These must be coded numerically before we can comment with confidence on treatment or process of care. Elderly people survive trauma less well than others, so age must be taken into account and the association between gender and age is also considered to be important. Most recent work has been concerned with measurement of injury severity and its relation to mortality. Assessment of morbidity has been largely neglected, yet for every person who dies as a result of trauma, there …

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Prognostic Significance of Macrophage Infiltration in Leiomyosarcomas
Authors: Cheng-Han Lee, Inigo Espinosa, Suzan Vrijaldenhoven, Subbaya Subramanian, Kelli D. Montgomery, Shirley Zhu, Robert J. Marinelli, Johannes L. Peterse, Neal Poulin, Torsten O. Nielsen, Rob B. West, C. Blake Gilks, Matt van de Rijn
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: Macrophages are migratory cells that are frequently recruited to the site of tumors. Their presence is associated with poor clinical outcome in a variety of epithelial malignancies. The aim of this study is to examine the prognostic significance of tumor-associated macrophages in sarcomas. Experimental Design: Global gene expression profiling data of a series of soft tissue tumors were analyzed for macrophage-associated gene expression. Immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing leiomyosarcoma cases with known clinical outcome was used to verify the presence of macrophages and to examine the relationship between tumor-associated macrophages and clinical outcome. Results: Gene expression profiling revealed high-level expression of several macrophage-associated genes such as CD163 and CD68 in a subset of leiomyosarcomas, indicating the presence of variable numbers of tumor-infiltrating macrophages. This was confirmed by CD68 and CD163 immunostaining of a tissue microarray containing 149 primary leiomyosarcomas. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that high density of tumor-infiltrating macrophages as identified by CD163 or CD68 staining is associated with a significantly worse disease-specific survival in nongynecologic leiomyosarcomas, whereas leiomyosarcomas arising from the gynecologic tract showed no significant association between macrophage infiltration and survival. The presence of tumor necrosis did not correlate significantly with outcome. Conclusions: An increased density of CD163- or CD68-positive tumor-infiltrating macrophages is associated with poor outcome in nongynecologic leiomyosarcomas. This may help the clinical management of patients with leiomyosarcomas.
Abstract 953: Therapeutic significance of estrogen receptor ≤ agonists in gliomas
Authors: Gangadhara Reddy Sareddy, Binoj C. Nair, Vijaya K. Gonugunta, Quan-guang Zhang, Darrell W. Brann, Rajeshwar Rao Tekmal, Ratna K. Vadlamudi
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Purpose: Gliomas are the most common type of primary brain tumors with bleak prognosis. Gliomas exhibit gender bias with females at lower risk than males, implicating estrogen mediated protective effects. Estrogen functions are mediated by two ER subtypes: ERbeta, that functions as tumor promoter and ERbeta that function as tumor suppressor. In this study, we examined the status of ERbeta and tested whether natural ERbeta agonists have therapeutic potential on gliomas. Experimental Design: Tumor microarrays (TMAs) were utilized to determine the levels of ERbeta in gliomas. Therapeutic effect of three ERbeta agonists was determined using proliferation, foci formation and cell cycle progression assays. Functionality of ERbeta signaling in gliomas was determined by reporter assays and localization by confocal microscopy. The therapeutic potential of liquiritigenin was determined by systemic administration in a glioma xenograft model. Results: TMA analysis revealed that ERα expression is down regulated in high-grade gliomas. Glioma model cells exhibited detectable ERα with functional ERα signaling. Treatment of glioma cells with ERα agonists resulted in significant decreases in proliferation. Further, ERbeta agonist treatment induced the expression of ERα. Compared to control mice, animals treated with liquiritigenin had 50% reduction in tumor volume and size. IHC analysis of tumors revealed a significant increase in the nuclear ERα expression with a concomitant decrease in cell proliferation in the liquiritigenin-treated group. Conclusion: We found that ERα agonists promote both expression and tumor suppressive functions of ERα. Liquiritigenin, a plant-derived ERα agonist significantly reduced in vivo tumor growth in a xenograft model. Our results suggest that ERα signaling has a tumor suppressive function in gliomas and thus ERα agonists may represent a novel class of drugs for curbing glioma progression. Since ERα agonists are currently in clinical trials and are well tolerated with fewer side effects, identification of an ERα agonist as a therapeutic agent can be readily extended to clinical use with current chemotherapies, providing an additional tool for enhancing survival in glioma patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 953. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-953
De Novo Resistance to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in EGFR Mutation-Positive Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Masayuki Takeda, Isamu Okamoto, Yoshihiko Fujita, Tokuzo Arao, Hiroyuki Ito, Masahiro Fukuoka, Kazuto Nishio, Kazuhiko Nakagawa
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
Effect of aortic constriction on the oxygen supply-consumption balance in partially ischaemic myocardium
Authors: G. J GROVER, H. R WEISS
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1986)

A study was carried out to determine the effect of distal aortic constriction on the regional oxygen supply-consumption balance in ischaemic and non-ischaemic myocardium. Left anterior descending coronary artery flow was reduced by 50% in anaesthetised mongrel dogs, and half these animals were subjected to distal ascending aortic constriction (ventricular systolic-aortic systolic pressure gradient 50 mm Hg). Blood flows were determined using radioactive microspheres, and arterial and venous oxygen saturations were determined using microspectrophotometry. When left anterior descending artery flow was decreased by 50% tissue flow, as measured by microspheres in the ischaemic region in both control and aortic constricted animals, decreased. Aortic constriction increased flow in the non-ischaemic zone compared with the same region in control animals. The arteriovenous oxygen content difference increased similarly in the ischaemic region in control and aortic constricted animals compared with their respective non-ischaemic zones. Aortic constriction decreased this difference in the non-ischaemic region compared with these same regions in control animals. Oxygen consumption in the non-ischaemic and ischaemic regions of aortic constricted animals was higher than in control animals. The oxygen supply to consumption ratio was lower in the ischaemic zone in both control and aortic constricted animals than in their respective non-ischaemic regions. Aortic constriction does not appear to alter the oxygen supply-consumption balance in the ischaemic myocardium compared with control animals. Thus the increased work performed by the heart in response to the aortic constriction is adequately matched by an increased flow even in the flow restricted region.