tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE CELLULAR CHANGES PRODUCED IN TISSUE CULTURES BY HERPES B VIRUS CORRELATED WITH THE CONCURRENT MULTIPLICATION OF THE VIRUS
Authors: Magdalena Reissig, Joseph L. Melnick
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1955)

A sequential study is reported of the morphological changes occurring after herpes B virus infection of cells as revealed in ultrathin sections under the electron microscope. Monolayer cultures of renal epithelial cells prepared from the natural host of the virus, the monkey, were infected, and the cellular alterations were correlated with the appearance of infective virus in the culture fluids. The morphological changes consisted in swelling of the cells and disappearance of the nucleolus, followed by margination and gradual decrease of the nuclear chromatin. The inclusion material corresponded to the clear central areas of the nucleus, where the chromatin had disappeared. In the late stages of infection this inclusion material filled the nucleus and formed a classical type A inclusion body. Characteristic particles appeared in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the infected cells a few hours after inoculation. They had a dense center surrounded by one or two membranes. Those with one membrane ranged in size from 60 to 100 mmicro and those with two from 120 to 180 mmicro. Particles showing the same wide variation in size and structure were seen both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. They were first visible on the external surface of the swollen but intact cells at about the same time new infective virus became detectable in the culture fluid. A small number of the extracellular, and cytoplasmic, virus particles appeared "binucleated," containing two central bodies, each having its own membrane, both being surrounded by a single external coat. About 180 mmicro in diameter, they were randomly distributed among the "mononucleated" particles.
Endothelial Function Predicts Future Development of Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Raffaele Bugiardini, Olivia Manfrini, Carmine Pizzi, Fiorella Fontana, Gianluigi Morgagni
Journal: Circulation (2004)

The prognosis for women with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries is believed to be totally benign. Previous studies, however, did not account for the delay of a decade or so in the development of coronary artery disease that women may experience.This study assessed long-term follow-up of 42 women with de novo angina, evidence of reversible myocardial perfusion defects on SPECT, and normal coronary angiograms. At recruitment, all women underwent endothelial function testing (intracoronary acetylcholine) during catheterization. Patients were followed up for >10 years. Angiography was repeated at the end of the follow-up in 37 patients. At recruitment, 22 patients developed diffuse vasoconstriction during acetylcholine in the absence of identifiable focal coronary spasm (acetylcholine-positive group). The remaining 20 patients showed vasodilation (acetylcholine-negative group). At the end of follow-up, in the acetylcholine-positive group, 1 patient developed cardiac death, 13 still complained of chest pain, and 8 had remission of symptoms. In the acetylcholine-negative group, all patients showed complete resolution of chest pain beginning 6 to 36 months after baseline assessment. Angiography showed development of coronary artery disease in the 13 symptomatic patients in the acetylcholine-positive group.In women with angiographically normal-appearing coronary arteries, persistence of chest pain over the years often relates to development of coronary artery disease. Endothelial dysfunction in a setting of normal coronary arteries is a sign of future development of atherosclerosis.
Endoscopic Treatment of Anastomotic Strictures in Crohn's Disease
Authors: B. Blomberg, P. Rolny, G. Järnerot
Journal: Endoscopy (1991)

See also: Steroid Injection Improves Outcome in Crohn's Disease StricturesEndoscopy 1994; 26(04): 366-366DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1008995
Immune Activation Resulting From NKG2D/Ligand Interaction Promotes Atherosclerosis
Authors: Mingcan Xia, Nadia Guerra, Galina K. Sukhova, Kangkang Yang, Carla K. Miller, Guo-Ping Shi, David H. Raulet, Na Xiong
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background— The interplay between the immune system and abnormal metabolic conditions sustains and propagates a vicious feedback cycle of chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction that is critical for atherosclerotic progression. It is well established that abnormal metabolic conditions, such as dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia, cause various cellular stress responses that induce tissue inflammation and immune cell activation, which in turn exacerbate the metabolic dysfunction. However, molecular events linking these processes are not well understood. Methods and Results— Tissues and organs of humans and mice with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia were examined for expression of ligands for NKG2D, a potent immune-activating receptor expressed by several types of immune cells, and the role of NKG2D in atherosclerosis and metabolic diseases was probed with the use of mice lacking NKG2D or by blocking NKG2D with monoclonal antibodies. NKG2D ligands were upregulated in multiple organs, particularly atherosclerotic aortas and inflamed livers. Ligand upregulation was induced in vitro by abnormal metabolites associated with metabolic dysfunctions. Using apolipoprotein E–deficient mouse models, we demonstrated that preventing NKG2D functions resulted in a dramatic reduction in plaque formation, suppressed systemic and organ inflammation mediated by multiple immune cell types, and alleviated abnormal metabolic conditions. Conclusions— The NKG2D/ligand interaction is a critical molecular link in the vicious cycle of chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction that promotes atherosclerosis and might be a useful target for therapeutic intervention in the disease.
BACTERIUM LEPISEPTICUM INFECTION
Authors: Leslie T. Webster, Caspar Burn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

In this paper we have attempted to describe the manner of spread of an endemic, native, respiratory infection and a method for its control. The essential factor determining the prevalence of such an endemic disease is, we believe, host susceptibility, which is controlled by hereditary and environmental influences. Furthermore, it seems probable that the amount of this population susceptibility determines the dosage of specific microbes available to the population. An increase in dosage in the herd is followed by an increase in the spread and severity of the infection, and a decrease by a corresponding alleviation. Hence, two methods for the prevention of epidemics are available: (1) an enhancement of population resistance, and (2) the reduction to a minimum of available dosage. These procedures have proved successful for 3 years in maintaining a population of breeding rabbits, in the midst of a badly infected community, entirely free from Bact. lepisepticum infection. Confirmation of the above conclusions has been gained from other studies in the field of experimental epidemiology. Dr. D. T. Smith (2), at Saranac, New York, found that changes in population susceptibility were responsible for a severe outbreak of Bact. lepisepticum infection and septicemia. Freund (3), at Berlin, has just published an interesting account of respiratory epidemics of rabbits and guinea pigs, apparently brought about by sudden changes in temperature and housing conditions. Pneumonia and Pasteurella infection, endemic in the population, increased suddenly in extent and severity. Nevertheless, neither endemic nor epidemic strains of the microorganisms were found to be especially virulent. Dr. Theobald Smith (4), in a study of paratyphoid epidemics of guinea pigs, has made similar observations. He noted that pregnant females acted as the foci of infection, and that from these individuals, presumably of lessened resistance, the bacteria were given off and infection was spread. The studies in experimental epidemiology are rapidly reaching a stage where they may be applied to the problems of human disease. Indeed, more recent observations of the mode of spread of pneumonia (5-7), scarlet fever (8), typhoid (9, 10), plague (11), diphtheria (12-14), measles (15), and tuberculosis (16-18) increasingly show a tendency to discard the theory of fluctuating microbic virulence and to emphasize the importance of the host factors.
Increasing the Effort Toward Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: Michael D. Wertheimer
Journal: JAMA (1986)

IN 1985, cancer continued to be the second-leading cause of death in the United States, and cancer of the breast accounts for more deaths of American women than any other malignancy except for lung cancer. It is estimated that, in 1986, a total of 119,000 women will develop cancer of the breast, and approximately 39,000 women will die of this disease.<sup>1</sup>Because breast cancer will develop in one of every 11 women (9%),<i>all</i>women should be considered at risk for the development of breast cancer.<sup>2</sup>Women themselves are well aware of the breast cancer problem. In a survey done by the National Institutes of Health in 1979, over three fourths of the respondents thought that cancer was the greatest health concern for women today, and nearly half mentioned breast cancer specifically.<sup>3</sup>Since the five- and ten-year survival of women with breast tumors relates directly to tumor
Adult Leukaemias and Diagnostic X Rays
Authors: A. Stewart, W. Pennybacker, R. Barber
Journal: BMJ (1962)

Discussion R.S.V. was first found in human beings by Chanock et al. (1957), who isolated it from two children with pneumonia.Since then its association with many cases of bronchiolitis has been shown by workers in America, and Peacock and Clarke (1961) have recorded its isolation from two cases in this country.To ensure isolation, specimens should not be frozen before being cultured, and a special strain of tissue culture cells known to be sensitive to R.S.V. must be used.These factors would account for failure to isolate it from the infants in the Birmingham outbreak of 1956-7.All specimens were frozen several times before they were put on to tissue cultures and those used were probably insensitive to R.S.V.But the fact that 68.7% of the 32 convalescent sera tested have shown significant, and mostly very considerable, rises in complement-fixing antibody to R.S.V. indicates that it was the primary cause of the bronchiolitis in the majority of the infants in this outbreak.As might be expected, better serological responses were given by the older infants, though one only 2 months old attained a titre of 1/256.The reactions shown by the infant of 3 weeks with titres of 1/16 in both sera must have been due to maternal antibody, as were possibly those shown by the two with titres of 1/4 and 1/8 in their paired sera; otherwise this common difficulty in interpreting serological reactions in the very young was refreshingly absent.Respiratory infection, often of the common-cold type, is frequently present in other members of the household when an infant goes down with bronchiolitis.R.S.V. in older children and adults, many of whom have demonstrable antibodies, usually produces a common- cold type of infection.It is possible that further investigation of winter respiratory infections will show that epidemics of infantile bronchiolitis occur when the prevailing virus in the general population is R.S.V., while the sporadic cases may be associated with other types of respiratory virus.Summary Stored sera collected during an investigation of epidemic infantile bronchiolitis in 1956-7 have been investigated for evidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection.The original investigation had failed to show any evidence of a virological cause for the condition.Out of 32 pairs of sera tested for complement-fixing antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus, 22 have been found to show significant rises of titre.Thus it is shown that respiratory syncytial virus must have been the main aetiological factor in the outbreak.
Association Between Circulating Levels of Sex Steroid Hormones and Barrett’s Esophagus in Men: A Case–Control Analysis
Authors: Michael B. Cook, Shannon N. Wood, Brooks D. Cash, Patrick Young, Ruben D. Acosta, Roni T. Falk, Ruth M. Pfeiffer, Nan Hu, Hua Su, Lemin Wang, Chaoyu Wang, Barbara Gherman, Carol Giffen, Cathy Dykes, Veronique Turcotte, Patrick Caron, Chantal Guillemette, Sanford M. Dawsey, Christian C. Abnet, Paula L. Hyland, Philip R. Taylor
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2014)
CARCINOMA OF THE COLON
Authors: R. P. Rowlands
Journal: BMJ (1927)

The recent work of Fellenberg, MeCleadon, Hercus, and others, having emphasized the difficulties attendant on the estimation of iodine in soils and water, led rue to thlinlk tllat miore refiined methods of analysis might possibly reveal significant differences in the iodinie CoiiteInt of tlhe two waters.Accordingly on nmy return to Ildia in 1925, so as to settle the matter finally, I secured the co-operaittio of three chenmists: Major C. Newcomlb, M.D., F.I.
Early Results of Selective Treatment of Spina Bifida Cyctica
Authors: J. Lorber
Journal: BMJ (1973)

The results of a policy of "selection" in treating infants with spina bifida cystica over 21 months are presented. Of 37 newborn infants referred on the first day of life 25 were not treated because of the severity of their condition, as defined by exact criteria. All died under 9 months of age. In contrast, only one treated infant died and the rest are either normal or moderately handicapped. Selection for treatment is offered as the best but not a good solution to an insoluble problem.
GMC suspends doctor for describing gay people as "twisted" group who "prey on society"
Authors: O. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

In this paper, we draw from recent theoretical work on active perception that suggests the brain makes use of an internal (i.e., generative) model to make inferences about the causes of sensations. This view treats visual sensations as consequent on action (i.e., saccades) and implies that visual percepts must be actively constructed via a sequence of eye movements. Oculomotor control calls on a distributed set of brain sources that includes the dorsal and ventral frontoparietal (attention) networks. We argue that connections from the frontal eye fields to ventral parietal sources represent the mapping from ‘where’, fixation location to information derived from ‘what’ representations in the ventral visual stream. During scene construction, this mapping must be learned, putatively through changes in the effective connectivity of these synapses. Here, we test the hypothesis that the coupling between the dorsal frontal cortex and the right temporoparietal cortex is modulated during saccadic interrogation of a simple visual scene. Using dynamic causal modelling for magnetoencephalography (MEG) with (male and female) human participants, we assess the evidence for changes in effective connectivity by comparing models that allow for this modulation with models that do not. We find strong evidence for modulation of connections between the two attention networks; namely, a disinhibition of the ventral network by its dorsal counterpart. <b>Significance statement</b> This work draws from recent theoretical accounts of active vision and provides empirical evidence for changes in synaptic efficacy consistent with these computational models. In brief, we used magnetoencephalography in combination with eye-tracking to assess the neural correlates of a form of short-term memory during a dot cancellation task. Using dynamic causal modelling to quantify changes in effective connectivity, we found evidence that the coupling between the dorsal and ventral attention networks changed during the saccadic interrogation of a simple visual scene. Intuitively, this is consistent with the idea that these neuronal connections may encode beliefs about “what I would see if I looked there”, and that this mapping is optimised as new data are obtained with each fixation.
Appearance of First Roentgenographic Abnormalities Due to Lung Cancer
Authors: Katharine R. Boucot, David A. Cooper, William Weiss, William J. Carnahan
Journal: JAMA (1964)

To study the natural history of lung cancer, 6,137 men aged 45 years or more were followed by semiannual photofluorograms and symptom questionnaires for eight to ten years. Seventy-six histologically confirmed carcinomas developed during this period. In 45 cases the lung cancer appeared within nine months of a normal film so that the first radiological appearance of the tumor could be characterized; 27 arose peripherally and 9 as solitary nodules. More than half of the 76 cancers arose in men whose earlier films revealed abnormalities of the lungs or pleurae. Pulmonary fibrosis preceded the x-ray evidence of cancer in 24% of the cancer patients, all of whom smoked; fibrosis was present in 24% of a matched sample of smokers without cancer, and in only 13% of a matched sample of nonsmokers.
Global agreement needed to prevent trafficking in organs, says UN and Council of Europe
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A global convention is needed to prevent the growing problem of trafficking in organs, tissues, and cells to protect victims and prosecute criminal offenders, says a joint report by the United Nations and the Council of Europe.

Such an accord is necessary “not to jeopardise the donation system based on altruism, both from living and from deceased donors, which must be the basis of the organ transplantation system,” it says.

Trafficking in organs, tissues, and cells is responsible for massive violations of human rights and exploitation of …
Predicting Survival Time in Women Starting First Line Chemotherapy for Advanced Breast Cancer.
Authors: C. Lee, M. Stockler, H. Malcolm, A. Coates, G. Val, L. Sally, S. Richard
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Purpose: Women starting first line chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer have widely differing baseline characteristics and ultimate survival times. We sought to develop and validate a pragmatic prognostic index for clinical practice and research based on simple clinical and laboratory data.Methods: Prognostic models were developed in 378 women treated with CMF in the control groups of 3 randomized trials, and validated in 564 women treated with AC or mitoxantrone or capecitabine in the experimental groups of these trials. Multivariable censored linear regression of log-transformed survival times was used to select prognostic variables, which were then dichotomised to define negative prognostic features (NPFs). The effects of NPFs on survival time are expressed with hazard ratios (HR) and p-values from multivariable Cox models.Results: There were 7 independently significant NPFs (see table). In the development dataset, an elevated neutrophil count or history of brain metastasis approximately halved survival time, while the other NPFs reduced survival time by about one third. Women with 0 NPFs (15%) had a median survival of 18 months, about 1.4 times as long as those with 1 or 2 NPFs (63%, 13 months), and about 2.6 times as long as those with 3 or more NPFs (22%, 7 months). In the validation dataset, the effects of brain metastasis and elevated neutrophils were more modest, and most NPFs reduced survival by about one third. The median survivals of women with 0 NPFs (17%), 1 or 2 NPFs (60%) and 3 or more NPFs (23%) were 21 months, 13 months and 8 months respectively.Conclusions: A prognostic index using widely available baseline characteristics could improve prognostication in clinical practice. Stratification of patients using the prognostic index could improve the efficiency of randomised trials. Development (n=378) Validation (n=564) Negative prognostic feature% of womenHRp-value% of womenHRp-valueBrain metastasis32.410.00641.730.002Neutrophil count &amp;gt;ULN121.910.001151.350.03ALP &amp;gt;2 x ULN221.660.001201.380.008Age &amp;gt;60451.490.001451.210.05Hb &amp;lt;120g/L351.480.03291.230.05ER negative401.360.02281.52&amp;lt;0.001ECOG 2 or 3271.320.03251.500.001ULN = upper limit of normal Development (n=378) Validation (n=564) Number of NPFs% of womenHRp-value% of womenHRp-value 150.850.30170.670.0021 or 2631.00-601.00-3 or more222.11&amp;lt;0.001231.97&amp;lt;0.001NPF = negative prognostic feature Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4066.
The regulation killing health research in the UK
Authors: A. Magos, M. Mohsen, M. Mohamed
Journal: BMJ (2011)

At last, the fight back against the “complex and bureaucratic regulatory environment” of health research in the UK has begun.1 2 However, although the recommendations of the Academy of Medical Sciences are laudable, the report ignores an important aspect of the regulatory process that is a major disincentive to many NHS clinicians.1

The initial step in clinical research is to apply …
Fatal Hypernatraemia after a Saline Emetic
Authors: D. J. Ward
Journal: BMJ (1963)

Fatal Hypernatraemia after a Saline EmeticHypertonic saline can be used to provoke vomiting in cases of acute poisoning in attempted suicide.'In certain circum- stances this may lead to dangerous side-effects as illustrated by the following report.CASE REPORT A 74-year-old man was admitted to hospital, having taken 60 mg. of perphenazine (" fentazin ") and 750 mg. of imipramine (" tofranil ").This quantity had been intended to represent a ten-day supply.He had been prescribed these tablets by his general practitioner the previous day for what was considered to be mild depression.Apart from having had a transvesical prostatectomy for benign prostatic enlargement in 1957 there was no relevant history of organic disease.On examination he appeared to be well nourished.He could respond to simple questions and obey simple commands, and could hold a tumbler and drink on request.Agitation and a coarse Parkinsonian tremor of the hands were conspicuous.The pulse rate was 84/min., regular, and blood-pressure 115/80 mm.Hg (a recording the previous day by his general practitioner gave 170/90 mm.Hg).Crepitations were present at both lung bases.The pupils reacted sluggishly to direct light; there was no neck stiffness, and Kernig's sign was negative.The patient was able to move-all limbs equally.Tendon jerks in upper and lower limbs were brisk.Clonus was absent but both plantar responses were extensor.An attempt to pass a stomach-tube was unsuccessful because of resistance by the patient.To provoke vomiting a table- spoonful of NaCI (30 g.) in 300 ml. of warm water was given and the patient drank this but no vomiting occurred.The dose was repeated, and only when he lay flat did he vomit, approximately 150 ml.being recovered.There was no retching.The vomit was discarded.An intravenous infusion of NaCl 0.18% in dextrose 4.3% for the purpose of blood lavage,2 and a course of penicillin, were begun.Urethral catheterization was required 10 hours after admission for acute retention of urine.The urine output