tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ONTOGENY OF BURSAL FUNCTION IN CHICKEN
Authors: Paavo Toivanen, Auli Toivanen, Robert A. Good
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

To study the occurrence of immunocompetent cells directly responsible for antibody production, cells from yolk sac, embryonic liver, bursa of Fabricius, bone marrow, spleen, or thymus were injected together with SRBC and Brucella abortus into 4-day old cyclophosphamide-treated chicks. A second stimulation was given 4 days later, and samples taken 4 days thereafter were used for antibody titrations. During ontogeny, immunocompetent cells appeared in significant numbers first in the spleen for anti-SRBC responses, but in the bursa for anti-Brucella responses. Later these cells were also found in thymus and bone marrow. In the bursa, cells immunocompetent for anti-SRBC response were not encountered in significant numbers. The slight response to SRBC by transferred bursa cells reflects the presence of stem cells and their immediate descendents in the bursa at different stages of development. These findings are compared with the development and maturation of the stem cell responsible for humoral immunity. In the bursa, development of the stem cell population precedes that of immunocompetent cells. The opposite relationship was found in bone marrow, spleen, and thymus where immunocompetent cells were always present some weeks before the appearance of cells capable of achieving a long-lasting reconstitution of bursa-dependent functions. These observations reveal that the bursa seeds out immunocompetent cells during its entire postembryonic development, but does not release the lymphoid stem cell population before this population has matured sufficiently and before the bursa itself, after fulfilling its function, starts to involute.
Risks in the Practice of Modern Obstetrics
Authors: George D. Wilbanks
Journal: JAMA (1973)

<i>Risks in the Practice of Modern Obstetrics</i>contains more information than the title would indicate. After a slow beginning, subsequent chapters deal concisely with pressing problems not extensively treated in common obstetrics and gynecologic texts. The editor has achieved his goal of reviewing problems related to gestation that are "relatively new to the practicing obstetrician or have seen major changes over the traditional concepts of obstetric care" in a manner suitable for seasoned practitioners or new students. The first chapter, by Douglas, provides an excellent general statement of the prenatal risks, from the obstetrician's point of view. The following two chapters, "Prenatal Risks: A Pediatrician's Point of View" and "Risks in Prenatal Obstetrics" add little to the initial, inclusive statement other than a slightly different orientation and a few illustrative case reports. One could have wished for more details from Yaffe and Catz on the effects of drugs and the
ANTIMONY IN LEPROSY
Authors: F. G. Cawston
Journal: BMJ (1920)

_EDICAL JMaH& J die.Somue appeae to escape.but the period of activity is considerably dimiuishied by the an'imonv in every ease.In rnaking thlese observations with billharzia the varia- tion in resisting pow^er of the clifferent individual ova or ei&ibr`ys or nir acidia 'Was sttrikng.Some ova hatched very fiitCic sooner tllan others iunder normal conditions, and somc miracidia appeared to be mor'e active than otlhers, and tome appe'ared to have a lonaer life, this quite apart from any accidental e-xternal circumstance suclh as becoming entangled in a wisp of mucus.Thlerefore, jud1giing, fromn direct experiments iii vitro witlh antimony tartrate, and from clinical results, one arrives'at the conclusion tllat antimony tartrate lhas a profound and clirect specific effect on bilharzia in all its stages.It kills the parent vorm iin sitit in tlle portal tributaries."It pentrates tlje ova as they lie cleposited in tlle tissue wall and kills the enclosed embryo.It has also the power of killing the free miracidi-trm.As no experinments lhave been made in vitro on the action of the antinmony tartrate on the adult wornms the matter cannot be considlered settled.I lhave not had the opportunity of makling them myself, but it would not be difficult to do the tests, obtaining tlle worms from animals experimentally infectedl.We (Mr. Newlove and J. B. C.) concluded (spealking inder correction and frcom clinical evidence only regarding the parent worLms) that:
Sequential combination of azacitidine and lenalidomide in del(5q) higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia: a phase I study
Authors: U Platzbecker, F Braulke, A Kündgen, K Götze, G Bug, C Schönefeldt, K Shirneshan, C Röllig, M Bornhäuser, R Naumann, J Neesen, A Giagounidis, W-K Hofmann, G Ehninger, U Germing, D Haase, M Wermke
Journal: Leukemia (2013)

Sequential combination of azacitidine and lenalidomide in del(5q) higher-risk myelodysplastic syndromes or acute myeloid leukemia: a phase I study
Estimating the age of the common ancestor of a sample of DNA sequences
Authors: Y. X. Fu, W. H. Li
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1997)

We present a simple Monte Carlo method for estimating the age of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of a sample of DNA sequences. We show that Templeton's (1993) estimator of the age of the MRCA based on the maximum number of nucleotide differences between two sequences in a sample is inaccurate, and we demonstrate the new method by reanalyzing a sample of DNA sequences from human Y chromosomes and a sample of human Alu sequences.
A Program of Crisis Intervention in the Emergency Medical Setting
Authors: L. D. HANKOFF, MARIE T. MISCHORR, KARLE TOMLINSON, SHEILA A. JOYCE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1974)

The general hospital emergency room provides an excellent opportunity for the conduct of crisis intervention toward a goal of primary psychiatric prevention. The authors describe the development of a collaborative program involving psychiatric staff as consultants and emergency room nurses as crisis intervention counselors. Patients were readily located and engaged, nurses effectively conducted counseling, and families often reported benefit from their contact with the nurses.
SHORT- AND LONG-TERM PROGNOSTIC IMPACTS OF METABOLIC SYNDROME AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE IN PATIENTS AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Nobuaki Kokubu, Yoritaka Otsuka, Yukiko Oe, Takafumi Yamane, Futoshi Yamanaka, Nobuhito Yagi, Yoichiro Kasahara, Yu Kataoka, Yoichi Goto, Hiroshi Nonogi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Structural adjustment: the wrong prescription for Africa?
Authors: D E Logie, J Woodroffe
Journal: BMJ (1993)

The medical and social consequences and the wide effects of the African structural adjustment program (SAP), specifically for women and children, and examples of the impact in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Senegal, are discussed. Structural adjustment is defined and the history of its inception is provided. Significant economic and social welfare improvement occurred during the 1960s and 1970s, and considerable decline occurred during the 1980s. The present reality is that Africa,m contrary to popular myths about being a "bottomless pit of Western charity," transfers $10 billion/year to the rich North. Debtor countries are 61% more indebted in 1990 than they were in 1982. During the 1980s, oil prices and interest rates rose dramatically, African export prices dropped, and industrialized countries set up protectionist policies. In addition, there was civil war, drought, poor leadership which put military spending before poverty reduction, and the AIDS epidemic. The Western response was to restructure debt payments in return for implementation of SAPs. Structural adjustment involved a package of trade liberalization, devaluation, removal of government subsidies and price controls, privatization, credit shortages, higher interest rates, and "cost recovery" in health and education. The theory is that economic growth will "ultimately" lead to poverty reduction. A critical view is that SAP insures debt repayment, export of cheap raw materials to the North, and may not sustain longterm economic growth. The results for the poor have been high prices for food, transportation, school and medical fees, and a decline in wages and unemployment. Land is used for exports. A solution is to reduce the debt burden, to place the needs of the poor as a top priority in SAPs, and to put pressure on the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and governments to consider health outcomes. Other alternatives noted in the African Framework to SAPs are to place well being and self-reliance as development goals and outcome as a product of the society's value system. Education and training and food self-sufficiency need to be assured fully. The poor need better access to land and employment opportunities. The environment must be managed effectively. Economic development must expand beyond the export of cheap primary commodities.
Differentiation of Interatrial Communications by Clinical Methods
Authors: JAMES W. DUSHANE, WILLIAM H. WEIDMAN, ROBERT O. BRANDENBURG, JOHN W. KIRKLIN
Journal: Circulation (1960)

Of 128 children with anatomically confirmed interatrial communications 74 had ostium secundum, 37 had ostium primum defects, 5 had common atrium, and 12 had total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Analysis of the medical history, physical examination, roentgenogram, and electrocardiogram resulted in accurate diagnosis in most instances. In 6 of the 128 patients the proper diagnosis was not made: 3 infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection died within a few hours after admission to the hospital and did not have proper diagnostic evaluation; the condition of 3 other patients with ostium secundum defects was misdiagnosed as ostium primum defect before surgical treatment. In patients with ostium secundum and ostium primum defects the symptoms, signs, roentgenologic data, and findings at cardiac catheterization are similar, but differences in respect to the electrocardiograms are striking when the latter are subjected to vectorial analysis. The QRS loop is clockwise in the presence of ostium secundum defect and counterclockwise when ostium primum defect is at hand. Clinical and roentgenologic manifestations also are noted among patients with common atrium and total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, and the findings at cardiac catheterization likewise may be similar, but the electrocardiographic differences are significant. The QRS loop is counterclockwise in patients with common atrium and clockwise in patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
Longitudinal Effects of Dietary Sodium and Potassium on Blood Pressure in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Justin R. Buendia, M. Loring Bradlee, Stephen R. Daniels, Martha R. Singer, Lynn L. Moore
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

Identification of risk factors early in life for the development of high blood pressure is critical to the prevention of cardiovascular disease.To study prospectively the effect of dietary sodium, potassium, and the potassium to sodium ratio on adolescent blood pressure.The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Growth and Health Study is a prospective cohort study with sites in Richmond, California; Cincinnati, Ohio; and Washington, DC. Participants included 2185 black and white girls initially aged 9 to 10 years with complete data for early-adolescent to midadolescent diet and blood pressure who were followed up for 10 years. The first examination visits were from March 1987 through February 1988 and follow-up continued until February 1999. Longitudinal mixed models and analysis of covariance models were used to assess the effect of dietary sodium, potassium, and the potassium to sodium ratio on systolic and diastolic blood pressures throughout adolescence and after 10 years of follow-up, adjusting for race, height, activity, television/video time, energy intake, and other dietary factors.Mean dietary sodium and potassium intakes and the mean potassium to sodium ratio in individuals aged 9 to 17 years. To eliminate potential confounding by energy intake, energy-adjusted sodium and potassium residuals were estimated.Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures throughout adolescence and at the end of follow-up (individuals aged 17-21 years).Sodium intakes were classified as less than 2500 mg/d (19.4% of participants), 2500 mg/d to less than 3000 mg/d (29.5%), 3000 mg/d to less than 4000 mg/d (41.4%), and 4000 mg/d or more (9.7%). Potassium intakes ranged from less than 1800 mg/d (36.0% of participants) to 1800 mg/d to less than 2100 mg/d (26.2%), 2100 mg/d to less than 2400 mg/d (18.8%), and 2400 mg/d or more (19.0%). There was no evidence that higher sodium intakes (3000 to <4000 mg/d and ≥4000 mg/d vs <2500 mg/d) had an adverse effect on adolescent blood pressure and longitudinal mixed models showed that those consuming 3500 mg/d or more had generally lower diastolic blood pressures compared with individuals consuming less than 2500 mg/d (P = .18). However, higher potassium intakes were inversely associated with blood pressure change throughout adolescence (P < .001 for systolic and diastolic) and at the end of follow-up (P = .02 and P = .05 for systolic and diastolic, respectively). While the potassium to sodium ratio was also inversely associated with systolic blood pressure (P = .04), these effects were generally weaker compared with effects for potassium alone.In this study of adolescent girls, consumption of 3500 mg/d of sodium or more had no adverse effect on blood pressure. The beneficial effects of dietary potassium on both systolic and diastolic blood pressures suggest that consuming more potassium-rich foods during childhood may help suppress the adolescent increase in blood pressure.
The caring doctor is an oxymoron
Authors: G. M Mackenzie
Journal: BMJ (1997)

My title is the opening hypothesis for what I see as one of the problems with medicine and general practice, especially in Britain. I would like to challenge the basis of how we work: the relationship between doctors and patients.

Personal care is always seen as a lofty aim. But overpersonalising care can result in poor delivery of appropriate medicine. I can write only about general practice but I think the problem is most rife in primary care.

I have recently decided that being a doctor is a lot less about being caring and a lot more about the hard headed organisation of information with a view to making a decision. Overegging the caring pudding of general practice interferes with the process of decision making, with inherent dangers that the wrong decision is made or perhaps the more likely outcome that no decision is made.

Isolated consultations are an interesting, challenging assimilation of information with a view to making a decision. Attach to that consultation the baggage of long term relationships, heartsink feelings, overfamiliarity with medical history, personal feelings of inconvenience at dealing with particular problems at particular times and we spoil what in essence is an important, useful, and fascinating process: deciding what, if anything, is wrong with …
Infected site-restricted Foxp3+ natural regulatory T cells are specific for microbial antigens
Authors: Isabelle J. Suffia, Stacie K. Reckling, Ciriaco A. Piccirillo, Romina S. Goldszmid, Yasmine Belkaid
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2006)

Natural regulatory T (T reg) cells are involved in control of the immune response, including response to pathogens. Previous work has demonstrated that the repertoire of natural T reg cells may be biased toward self-antigen recognition. Whether they also recognize foreign antigens and how this recognition contributes to their function remain unknown. Our studies addressed the antigenic specificity of natural T reg cells that accumulate at sites of chronic infection with Leishmania major in mice. Our results support the idea that natural T reg cells are able to respond specifically to foreign antigens in that they strongly proliferate in response to Leishmania-infected dendritic cells, they maintain Foxp3 expression, and Leishmania-specific T reg cell lines can be generated from infected mice. Surprisingly, the majority of natural T reg cells at the infected site are Leishmania specific. Further, we showed that parasite-specific natural T reg cells are restricted to sites of infection and that their survival is strictly dependent on parasite persistence.
Heterotopic Ossification Mimicking Infection Scintigraphic Evaluation
Authors: NIRMALA NAGARAJ, ABDELHAMID H. ELGAZZAR, MARIANO FERNANDEZ-ULLOA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1995)

Heterotopic ossification is a disorder of unknown etiology characterized by bone formation in the mesenchymal tissues. It occurs most commonly in patients who have had traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, or joint trauma or surgery.
Beyond HIV Viral Load Testing
Authors: Brigid Kane
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Currents19 October 1999Beyond HIV Viral Load TestingBrigid KaneBrigid KaneSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-131-8-199910190-00102 SectionsAboutFull Text ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Given the fast pace of drug development and improvement in our understanding of the biology of HIV and AIDS, it is not surprising that the standard of care for HIV-infected persons is moving to the next level. Routine measurements of plasma HIV RNA levels to provide information on control of viral replication over time were declared an essential part of HIV disease management in 1996 (Nature Med. 1996; 2:625-9), and two widely used sets of treatment guidelines recommend initiating or changing antiretroviral regimens on the basis of a patient's viral load (Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128:1079-99; JAMA. 1998; 280:78-86). Recently, ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited BySkepticism: A Lost Clinical Art 19 October 1999Volume 131, Issue 8Page: 637-638KeywordsAntiretroviral therapyAntiretroviralsBlood plasmaDrugsHIVLymphocytesMutationRNATreatment guidelinesViral load Issue Published: 19 October 1999 CopyrightCopyright © 1999 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.Loading ...
SOME PHASES OF MALARIA.
Authors: J. B. McELROY
Journal: JAMA (1901)

On February 12, of this year, I was called to come quickly to see N. M., who the messenger said was speechless. He was a well-developed, strong negro man, 60 years of age, his family history good. He had smallpox about thirty years ago, since which time he has not been sick enough to require the services of a physician. He has never had syphilis, gonorrhea, nor rheumatism. He has lived in the Mississippi Valley eleven years, during which time he has had frequent attacks of "dumb chills." For four days prior to this illness, he had daily paroxysms of fever, which came on about noon. At 11 p. m., February 11, he had a hard chill which lasted for two hours. The fever rose quite high and was attended with vomiting. The patient became delirious, and from 2 a. m. to 9 a. m. he was comatose, his wife
Interruption of the Atrioventricular Bundle with Congenital Atrioventricular Block
Authors: MAURICE LEV, HUGO CUADROS, MILTON H. PAUL
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Two cases of congenital heart block were studied in which comprehensive serial section study of the conduction systems showed disruption of the penetrating portion of the atrioventricular (A-V) bundle. In one case, the branching portion of the A-V bundle was present together with the bundle branches. In the other case, the branching portion of the A-V bundle and the main left bundle branch were absent. The right bundle branch was interrupted after it gave off a tenuous connection to the septum; it began again, and finally terminated in the myocardium. In the latter case the electrocardiogram showed broad and notched QRS complexes. It is suggested that interruption of the A-V bundle may be related to abnormality in the mitral and tricuspid extensions of the central fibrous body or of the pars membranacea. This malformation of the conduction system is not related to any one type of congenital anomaly.
Enforced Bcl-2 Expression Inhibits Antigen-mediated Clonal Elimination of Peripheral B Cells in an Antigen Dose–dependent Manner and Promotes Receptor Editing in Autoreactive, Immature B Cells
Authors: Julie Lang, B. Arnold, G. Hammerling, Alan W. Harris, Stanley Korsmeyer, David Russell, Andreas Strasser, David Nemazee
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

The mechanisms that establish immune tolerance in immature and mature B cells appear to be distinct. Membrane-bound autoantigen is thought to induce developmental arrest and receptor editing in immature B cells, whereas mature B cells have shortened lifespans when exposed to the same stimulus. In this study, we used Eμ–bcl-2-22 transgenic (Tg) mice to test the prediction that enforced expression of the Bcl-2 apoptotic inhibitor in B cells would rescue mature, but not immature, B cells from tolerance induction. To monitor tolerance to the natural membrane autoantigen H-2Kb, we bred 3–83μδ (anti-Kk,b) Ig Tg mice to H-2b mice or to mice expressing transgene-driven Kb in the periphery. In 3–83μδ/bcl-2 Tg mice, deletion of autoreactive B cells induced by peripheral Kb antigen expression in the liver (MT-Kb Tg) or epithelia (KerIV-Kb Tg), was partly or completely inhibited, respectively. Furthermore, Bcl-2 protected peritoneal B-2 B cells from deletion mediated by acute antigen exposure, but this protection could be overcome by higher antigen dose. In contrast to its ability to block peripheral self-tolerance, Bcl-2 overexpression failed to inhibit central tolerance induced by bone marrow antigen expression, but instead, enhanced the receptor editing process. These studies indicate that apoptosis plays distinct roles in central and peripheral B cell tolerance.
A piece of my mind. Outside in
Authors: R. Berrien
Journal: JAMA (1992)

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The "Crisis" in Medical Education
Authors: BARRY STIMMEL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Medical education in the United States is undergoing marked changes. Curricula are being shortened, the time required for residency training is being decreased, the internship is being phased out, and track systems leading to early medical specialization are being developed. The organizations responsible for medical education (medical schools, hospitals, specialty boards, and medical associations) appear to be acting independently in modifying undergraduate and graduate training, without adequate dialogue among concerned groups. This fragmentation in the educational system may shortly precipitate a crisis in medical education of a severity comparable to that in the provision of health care.