tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Studies of cardiopulmonary bypass in children: implications for the regulation of brain natriuretic peptide
Authors: A. Ationu, D. R J Singer, A. Smith, M. Elliott, M. Burch, N. D Carter
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

Objective: The aim was to examine the influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and on hormones of importance in the control of sodium and water balance and blood volume. Methods: Nine patients (mean age 4 years, range 2-9) undergoing cardiac surgery were studied. Blood samples were taken before, during, and up to 24 h after bypass. Plasma levels of BNP, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), arginine vasopressin (AVP), plasma renin activity, aldosterone, and catecholamines were measured. Results: Preoperative concentrations of plasma BNP [573(SEM 68) pg·ml−1] and ANP [332(74) pg·ml−1] were greatly increased (p < 0.05) before bypass in all patients when compared to normal levels in children [BNP=31(4) pg·ml−1; ANP=27(3) pg·ml−1, n=28]. With general anaesthetic and sternotomy, there were large reductions (p < 0.05) in both plasma BNP [180(62) pg·ml−1] and plasma ANP [163(59) pg·ml−1]. During bypass, there were no further significant decreases in plasma ANP or BNP concentrations compared with preoperative levels. Postoperatively, plasma BNP gradually increased for 12 h, to 170(28) pg·ml−1, whereas plasma ANP showed a further small decrease, to 107(20) pg·ml−1. However, postoperative plasma levels of both ANP and BNP remained well below preoperative values (p < 0.01). Plasma AVP increased rapidly within 15 min of the onset of bypass, reaching a peak value of 153(5) pg·ml−1 after 45 min. Off bypass, plasma AVP decreased slowly and was still almost 10-fold above preoperative levels 12 h after end of bypass [137(11) pg·ml−1]. Mean central venous pressure decreased during the onset of bypass, from 4.3(1.9) to 0.4(1.1) mm Hg (p < 0.05), and increased again at the end of bypass, to 9.0(3.3) mm Hg (p < 0.05); there was little further change during the postoperative period. Conclusions: The major source of plasma BNP in patients with congenital heart disease is the cardiac ventricle. The lower plasma ANP and BNP levels and the narrow band of change in central venous pressure following surgical repair of cardiac abnormalities may be a response to improved cardiac function. Cardiovascular Research 1993;27:1538-1541
Risk stratification and prognosis in octogenarians: A stress echocardiographic study
Authors: Ehtasham A. Qureshi, Umber Burhan, Azeem Saeed, Muhammad A. Khan, Muhammad Fahimuddin, Reza Mohammadi, Siu-Sun Yao, Farooq A. Chaudhry
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
HLA-DR expression, natural killer cells and IgE containing cells in the jejunal mucosa of coeliac children.
Authors: A Arato, E Savilahti, V M Tainio, M Verkasalo, T Klemola
Journal: Gut (1987)

The expression of HLA-DR by surface and crypt epithelium and the numbers of cells of natural killer (NK) phenotype and of IgE containing cells were studied with monoclonal antisera using the peroxidase technique. We examined 48 jejunal biopsy specimens taken from 35 coeliac children before treatment (11), during gluten free diet (20) and after gluten challenge (17), and 13 control specimens. The luminal surface of the epithelial cells stained with HLA-DR antiserum in all specimens, but the cytoplasm of the surface epithelial cells took up the stain more frequently in the specimens from the controls (5/13) than those from the coeliacs (2/48) (p less than 0.01). In 21/28 specimens taken from coeliacs when on a gluten containing diet the crypt epithelium showed strong HLA-DR expression, while only 4/20 (p less than 0.01) specimens of coeliacs on a gluten free diet and 1/13 specimens of controls had similar staining. Among the intraepithelial lymphocytes no cells of NK phenotype were found in specimens from patients or controls. As compared with control specimens biopsy specimens from untreated coeliac patients showed smaller numbers of NK cells in the lamina propria. No difference was found in the numbers of IgE containing cells between the patients and controls. The strong expression of HLA-DR by the crypt epithelial cells in coeliac children on a normal diet suggest that these cells are involved in the presentation of the antigen.
Review: Inhaled medications vary substantively in their effects on mortality in COPD
Authors: Shirin Shafazand
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Source Citation Dong YH, Lin HH, Shau WY, et al. Comparative safety of inhaled medications in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: systematic review and mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Thorax. 2013;68:48-56. 23042705
Sequential versus concomitant administration of ribavirin and interferon alfa-n3 in patients with chronic hepatitis C not responding to interferon alone: Results of a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Raffaello Sostegni, Valeria Ghisetti, Fabrizia Pittaluga, Giovanna Marchiaro, Giuseppe Rocca, Elisabetta Borghesio, Mario Rizzetto, Giorgio Saracco
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

We conducted a three-arm, randomized trial in 96 patients with chronic hepatitis C who did not respond to interferon alfa to compare treatments. Group 1 (33 patients) received ribavirin alone (1,000 mg/daily for 6 months) followed by interferon alfa n-3 alone (3 MU thrice weekly for 6 months); group 2 (33 patients) received ribavirin plus interferon alfa n-3 for 6 months at the above doses; and group 3 (30 patients) received interferon alfa n-3 alone (3 MU thrice weekly for 6 months). At the end of treatment, 3 patients (10%) in group 1, 13 (41%) in group 2, and 5 (17%) in group 3 had normal alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (group 2 vs. groups 1 and 3, P = .008). After 6 months of follow-up, only 4 patients (12.5%) in group 2 still had normal ALT values ( P = .03). At the end of therapy, hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was no longer detectable by polymerase chain reaction in 4 (13%), 9 (27%), and 2 (7%) patients, respectively, in groups 1, 2, and 3 ( P = NS). Six months posttherapy, only 5 (15%) patients in group 2 were still HCV RNA negative ( P = .02). At the time of follow-up liver biopsy, performed 6 months after the end of treatment, a significant improvement of the necroinflammatory scores was observed among group 2 patients ( P = .01) but not in the other two groups. Side effects reflected the profile of each drug as monotherapy; mild hemolytic anemia was the most frequent side effect caused by ribavirin. In conclusion, concomitant administration of ribavirin and interferon alfa n-3 was significantly superior to the sequential schedule or interferon alfa n-3 monotherapy in inducing a sustained response in patients with chronic hepatitis C who had not responded to interferon alone. However, combination therapy at the dose and duration adopted in this study is capable of modifying the natural course of the disease in only a minority of these patients.
Where are the Churchills of the NHS?
Authors: Y. Drabu
Journal: BMJ (2010)

As medical director in a large acute trust, I used to hear over and over again that clinical leadership is the panacea to the problems of the NHS. When serious problems have come under scrutiny—such as at Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust and Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust—lack of clinical leadership is always identified as a key issue. But is this a 21st century solution? After all, in the early 1980s we were all assured by the Griffiths report that it was good management that would cure, once and for all, the problems of the NHS.1

As I sat in my very nice office I reflected on my personal role as a leader in moving my organisation forward. As the medical director of a merged trust in financial turnaround with a private finance initiative, an associated independent treatment centre, recruitment issues, medical performance issues, a reconfiguration agenda, an interim chairman, a high turnover in executives, seven MPs in our vicinity, and trying to achieve targets under the gaze of the strategic health authority, I wondered what …
US loses clinical research crown as trials move to eastern Europe and developing countries
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The United States “has slowly lost pace with the rest of the world,” when it comes to clinical research, a meeting heard on 7 October. 

Jeffrey Drazen, editor in chief of the New England Journal of Medicine , who made the comments, added, “We were at one time seven leagues ahead of everyone else, and now I think we are in a horse race where we can see the competition.” He was speaking at the opening of an Institute of Medicine workshop designed to examine the state of clinical research in the US, to identify strengths and weaknesses, and to consider transformative strategies for improving the ways …
Vasodilatation to Arachidonic Acid in Humans
Authors: Kiran Bhagat, Joe Collier, Patrick Vallance
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells synthesize prostanoids. Several of these have been implicated in the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of vascular tone; however, there is no direct evidence that human blood vessels synthesize sufficient prostanoid to alter vessel tone. Methods and Results We explored the effects of local infusions of arachidonic acid on the tone of preconstricted superficial hand veins in healthy volunteers. Aspirin was used to assess the contribution of prostanoids to the responses seen. Local infusion of arachidonic acid produced a dose-dependent dilatation of preconstricted veins. This was abolished by local infusion of aspirin. Oral aspirin was also effective: a high (anti-inflammatory) dose of aspirin (1 g) taken 2 hours before the experiment blocked the arachidonic acid–induced venodilatation; however, a low (cardioprotective) dose of aspirin (75 mg) did not. Unlike the responses to arachidonic acid, responses to glyceryltrinitrate and bradykinin were unaltered by aspirin (1 g). Ex vivo platelet aggregation was inhibited by aspirin in both high and low doses. Aspirin (1 g) inhibited arachidonic acid–induced venodilatation for up to 5 days. The time course was similar for vascular and platelet effects. Conclusions The present findings demonstrate that local generation of prostanoids in a human vessel in vivo alters vascular tone. The predominant prostanoid synthesized is a dilator and its synthesis can be blocked by an anti-inflammatory but not a cardioprotective dose of aspirin. The results suggest that selective inhibition of platelet aggregation by oral aspirin might be a function of dose rather than the interval between doses.
Renal dopamine receptors: mechanisms of action and developmental aspects
Authors: P.-Y. Cheung, K. J. Barrington
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Dopamine is important for renal perfusion, natriuresis, and the control of blood pressure. Modulation of the activities of adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C and protein kinases is involved in the signal transduction pathway of dopamine. Peripheral dopamine receptors are classified as the DA1 and DA2 subtypes on the basis of synaptic localization and their pharmacological profiles. In the kidney, DA1 receptors are localized in the medial layer of the renal vasculature and along the nephron; DA2 receptors are found in the glomerulus and the nerves surrounding renal blood vessels. While DA1 receptor stimulation results in renal vasodilatation and natriuresis, DA2 receptors may play a synergistic role in the DA1 modulated natriuresis. There is increasing evidence that these effects of dopamine are attenuated in younger than in older animals. Future studies should be directed to identify the ontogenic differences in vascular and tubular dopamine receptors (density and affinity) and their coupling mechanisms, in order to evaluate the role of dopamine which is frequently used in the management of shock in newborns.
Long-term cost-effectiveness of clopidogrel given for up to one year in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation
Authors: William S. Weintraub, Elizabeth M. Mahoney, Andre Lamy, Steven Culler, Yong Yuan, Jaime Caro, Sylvie Gabriel, Salim Yusuf
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Imitation and mirror self-recognition may be developmental precursors to theory of mind in human and nonhuman primates
Authors: Kim A. Bard
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Heyes argues that nonhuman primates are unable to imitate, recognize themselves in mirrors, and take another's perspective, and that none of these capabilities are evidence for theory of mind. First, her evaluation of the evidence, especially for imitation and mirror self-recognition, is inaccurate. Second, she neglects to address the important developmental evidence that these capabilities are necessary precursors in the development of theory of mind.
Papular and annular fixed urticarial eruption: A characteristic skin manifestation in patients with relapsing polychondritis
Authors: Anne-Fleur Tronquoy, Julie de Quatrebarbes, Damien Picard, Philippe Courville, Xavier Balguerie, Marie Claude Boullie, Fabienne Leonard, Philippe Bernard, Pascal Joly
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
329 BREAKING T CELL TOLERANCE IN A HBV-TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL
Authors: M. Di Scala, I. Gil-Fariña, L. Vanrell, M.R. Scarpino, C. Olagüe, A. Vales, M. Galarraga, L. Guembe, J. Prieto, G. Gonzalez- Aseguinolaza
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
The<i>British Journal of Dermatology:</i>the early years
Authors: A. Anstey
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2013)

The British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis begat the British Association of Dermatology and Syphilology, with Malcolm Morris overseeing events; this, in essence, is Archibald Gray's account of events leading to the foundation of the British Association of Dermatology and Syphilology in 1921.1 Archibald Gray, a gifted leader, made significant contributions to the rise of U.K. medical institutions in the early 20th century, including the Royal Society of Medicine, the Royal College of Physicians and the British Association of Dermatologists.2 3 4 His multiple successes were built upon outstanding skills as an administrator. To be effective as an administrator, Gray knew that institutional funds and the annual budget must be secure, in order to permit the executive to get on with the business of leadership. Thus, his evident anxiety when describing the hand‐to‐mouth existence of the early years of the British Journal of Dermatology (BJD) is no surprise.1 Indeed, Gray's account of these early years focuses almost exclusively on finances, or lack of them, and how the journal still managed to survive. Within 2 years of launching, the founders of the BJD, Malcolm Morris and Henry Brooke, had lost £100. This was clearly unsustainable, and led to wider sharing of financial liability for the journal, initially by six dermatologists, and subsequently among a further 13. By 1906, the journal accounts showed losses of about £1000 for the previous 11 years, funded by these 19 altruistic dermatologists.
Distinct effects on gene expression of chemical and genetic manipulation of the cancer epigenome revealed by a multimodality approach
Authors: David Gius, Hengmi Cui, C.Matthew Bradbury, John Cook, DeeDee K. Smart, Shuping Zhao, Lynn Young, Sheri A. Brandenburg, Yali Hu, Kheem S. Bisht, Allen S. Ho, David Mattson, Lunching Sun, Peter J. Munson, Eric Y. Chuang, James B. Mitchell, Andrew P. Feinberg
Journal: Cancer Cell (2004)
Comparative effects of pretreatment with captopril and losartan on cardiovascular protection in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion
Authors: Bo-qing Zhu, Yi-ping Sun, Richard E Sievers, Amanda E.M Browne, Satyavardhan Pulukurthy, Krishnankutty Sudhir, Randall J Lee, Tony M Chou, Kanu Chatterjee, William W Parmley
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
Whither Multiphasic Screening?
Authors: Robert M. Thorner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Abstract Renewed interest in multiphasic screening has been stimulated by the development of automated technics. However, unresolved problems remain and include unavailability of a method for integrating multiphasic screening into the medical-care system, lack of a continuum of financing through follow-up diagnosis and treatment and lack of scientifically based and controlled evaluations of the effectiveness of multiphasic screening. In spite of these handicaps, multiphasic screening has been undergoing rapid changes in concept. Tests are becoming more sophisticated, quantitative and diagnostic; they are also becoming more riskfactor oriented, and aimed at primary prevention. Most current programs include elements of both new concepts, and differ from earlier programs concerned only with presumptive identification of asymptomatic disease in presumably well persons.
LATEST MECHANICAL ACTIVATION MAPPING BY THREE DIMENSIONAL STRAIN ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND FEASIBILITY OF FUSION IMAGING WITH FLUOROSCOPY TO GUIDE LEFT VENTRICULAR LEAD POSITIONING FOR CARDIAC RESYNCHRONIZATION THERAPY
Authors: John Gorcsan, Keiko Ryo, Toshinari Onishi, Tetsuari Onishi, Josef Marek, Mohamed Ahmed, Samir Saba
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Polymorphism in the Androgen Receptor and Mammographic Density in Women Taking and Not Taking Estrogen and Progestin Therapy
Authors: Elizabeth Osth Lillie, Leslie Bernstein, Sue Ann Ingles, W. James Gauderman, Guillermo E. Rivas, Virgilio Gagalang, Theodore Krontiris, Giske Ursin
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract There is some evidence that women with a higher number of CAG repeat lengths on the androgen receptor (AR) gene have increased breast cancer risk. We evaluated the association between AR-CAG repeat length and mammographic density, a strong breast cancer risk factor, in 404 African-American and Caucasian breast cancer patients. In postmenopausal estrogen progestin therapy users, carriers of the less active AR-CAG had statistically significantly higher mean percentage of density (41.4%) than carriers of the more active AR-CAG (25.7%; P = 0.04). Our results raise the question of whether the number of AR-CAG repeats predicts breast cancer risk in estrogen progestin therapy users.
The Susannah Shandy Sash Syndrome
Authors: R. R. R. Raleigh
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  Your editorial suggests that (1) somewhere in the medical literature this condition must have been described and that (2) an eponym should be derived for prudish mothers who wish to discuss domestic disasters.  A search of the medical literature was fruitless, as usual, However, on Aug 10,1761, Laurence Sterne, a gentleman of the cloth in the Church of England, set down this account of his experience with a nanny named Susannah:  —'Twas nothing,—I did not lose two drops of blood by it—'twas not worth calling in a surgeon, had he lived next door to us—thousands suffer by choice, what I did by accident... O 'twould provoke a stone, to see how things are carried on in this world!—The chamber-maid had left no******* ***under the bed:—Cannot you contrive, master, quoth Susannah, lifting up the sash with one hand, as she spoke, and helping me up into the window
Severe phenotype of severe combined immunodeficiency caused by adenosine deaminase deficiency in a patient with a homozygous mutation due to uniparental disomy
Authors: Joyce Geelen, Rolph Pfundt, Judith Meijer, Frans W. Verheijen, Andre B.P. van Kuilenburg, Adilia Warris, Carlo Marcelis
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Foreign Body Removal with the Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscope
Authors: C. Hiller, S. Lerner, R. Varnum, R. Bone, W. Pingelton, G. Kerby, W. Ruth
Journal: Endoscopy (1977)

Intrabronchial foreign bodies are occasionally encountered in adults but most available information in humans consists only of reports evaluating one or two cases. We surveyed our experience and found seven patients with intrabronchial foreign bodies who had been examined with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, six of whom were managed successfully. Nine cases have been identified in the literature. Although there were no major complications in either our cases or those in the literature, several problems were identified which under other circumstances could have caused significiant complications. We assessed all of these cases for situations which presented potential risk to the patient. These risks were grouped into the following problem categories: 1. selection of appropriate bronchoscope, 2. availability of appropriate instruments, 3. control of the foreign body, and 4. unexpected foreign bodies. Endoscopists planning to use the FFB in foreign body removal should be aware of the problems and hazards which may ensue if improperly managed, and should attempt to gain experience either in the animal laboratory or in models prior to approaching patients with foreign bodies with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope.
Abstract A16: Aberrant signaling pathways in squamous cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Nooshin Hashemi Sadraei, Ivy Shi, Zhong-Hui Duan, Ting Shi
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Lung cancer is the second most commonly occurring non-cutaneous cancer in the United States with the highest mortality rate among both men and women. In this study, we utilized three lung cancer microarray datasets generated by previous researchers to identify differentially expressed genes, altered signaling pathways, and assess the involvement of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. The three datasets contain the expression levels of tens of thousands genes in normal lung tissues and squamous cell lung carcinoma. The datasets were combined and analyzed. The dysregulated genes and altered signaling pathways were identified using statistical methods. We then performed Fisher's exact test on the significance of the association of Hh pathway downstream genes and squamous cell lung carcinoma. 395 genes were found commonly differentially expressed in squamous cell lung carcinoma. The genes encoding fibrous structural protein keratins and cell cycle dependent genes encoding cyclin-dependent kinases were significantly up-regulated while the ones encoding LIM domains were down. Over 100 signaling pathways were implicated in squamous cell lung carcinoma, including cell cycle regulation pathway, p53 tumor-suppressor pathway, IL-8 signaling, Wnt-β-catenin pathway, mTOR signaling and EGF signaling. In addition, 37 out of 223 downstream molecules of Hh pathway were altered. The pvalue from the Fisher's exact test indicates that Hh signaling is implicated in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Numerous genes were altered and multiple pathways were dysfunctional in squamous cell lung carcinoma. Many of the altered genes have been implicated in different types of carcinoma while some are organ-specific. Hh signaling is implicated in squamous cell lung cancer, opening the door for exploring new cancer therapeutic treatment using GLI antagonist GANT 61.
Unusual presentation of anorectal carcinoma.
Authors: J Drumm, I A Donovan, A Clain
Journal: BMJ (1982)

units) was chosen so that any benefit could be clearly demonstrated.Most patients had been on much higher doses previously.It is inter- esting that the significant reduction in steatorrhoea caused only a small and insignificant decrease in faecal wet weight and stool frequency which may reflect the low dosage used.The use of positioned-release capsules (whatever their mode of action may be) to deliver enzyme supplements resulted, however, in a significant reduction in steatorrhoea.