tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Three Out of Four
Authors: Richard M. Gash
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  In an editorial Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (236:292, 1976), Dr Hussey makes a minor geographical error when he refers to Hawaii as the farthest west of the United States.  May I point out that Alaska, not Hawaii, is indeed the farthest west of the United States. This, of course, is by virtue of the fact that the Aleutian Islands, which are a part of Alaska, extend beyond 180° longitude west. Thus, Alaska is not only our farthest north and west state, but, interestingly enough, our farthest east as well.
On the Diacetic Acid Reaction in the Urine, with Especial reference to Gastric Ulcer
Authors: H. D. Rolleston, B. N. Tebbs
Journal: BMJ (1904)

pathology of chronic articular disease, involving the examination of over 200 subjects, I was impressed by the fact that the gross changes in the bone marrow exceeded in severity the lesions in the articulations.The fuller consideration of these points is beyond the scope of the present paper, the main object of which has been toprove that th& tout ensemble of the pathological picture of chronic gout is strikingly similar to that seen in chronic infective-diseases.From this point of view the presence of uric acid is regarded as the feature which gives " the inflammation its specific character" (Garrod).Let me, in concluding, draw special attention to the subject title of this paper, which I trust is sufficient to show that the author regards the bacterial element in the disease only as one of the factors in its production.X have pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to Mr. Alexis Thomson, F .R.C.S.E., for the tissues which have formed the basis of this investigation; and also to Mr.
Carcinoembryonic Antigen Assay of Ascites and Detection of Malignancy
Authors: M. S. LOEWENSTEIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) activity were measured in 105 unselected samples of ascitic fluid submitted for routine cytologic analysis to ascertain whether this assay was useful in the detection of malignancy. The highest CEA level found in the 70 specimens of "benign" ascites was 10 ng/ml. Using values > 10 ng/ml as indicating a cancerous effusion, CEA assay successfully detected 14 of the 29 malignant ascites studied. Cytology, on the other hand, detected only 12 of these fluids. Combining the two methods increased the yield to 20. The CEA assay alone thus detected more than one fourth of these malignant fluids. The assay was particularly useful in detecting malignant transudates, nearly half of which had elevated CEA levels despite negative cytologic findings. The CEA assay of ascites thus showed promise as an adjunct to cytology in the detection of malignant ascites when used as part of a complete clinical and laboratory assessment.
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor stimulation of biliary epithelial cells and its effect on bile secretion in the isolated perfused liver
Authors: C Elsing, C Hubner, B A Fitscher, A Kassner, W Stremmel
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

The aim was to explore whether biliary epithelial cells show muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and to investigate their role in ductular bile formation. In both, isolated rat biliary epithelial cells and Mz-Cha-1 cells, a biliary epithelial cell line, binding of [ 3 H]N-methyl-scopolamine occurred with 0.718 ± 0.08 and 0.482 ± 0.05 fmol per 10(6) cells, respectively. To characterize the involved second messenger, intracellular Ca 2+ levels were monitored by confocal microscopy. Stimulation of biliary epithelial cells with carbachol produced an increase in free cytosolic Ca 2+ levels that declined to baseline values describing a sinusoidal oscillation curve. Increasing concentrations of the agonist decreased latency of the response and increased oscillation frequency. Similar results were obtained in Mz-Cha-1 cells. The intracellular Ca 2+ originated from IP3 sensitive intracellular stores and from the extracellular medium. The Ca 2+ response could partially be blocked by atropine and completely by pirenzepine, a specific muscarinic receptor-type M1 antagonist. The presence of M1 receptor messenger RNA (mRNA) in biliary epithelial cells was confirmed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. In the isolated perfused guinea pig liver, a model with high ductular bile flow, carbachol induced a dose dependent decrease of bile flow by 79.6% ± 9.8% at 50 μmol/L carbachol ( P &lt; .001), without affecting perfusion pressure or biliary electrolyte concentrations. It is concluded that biliary epithelial cells express muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Stimulation of this receptor leads to cholestasis. This could be because of changes in peribiliary permeability and/or inhibition of biliary epithelial cell secretory function.
Mentoring in Academic Medicine
Authors: Dario Sambunjak, Sharon E. Straus, Ana Marušić
Journal: JAMA (2006)

Mentoring, as a partnership in personal and professional growth and development, is central to academic medicine, but it is challenged by increased clinical, administrative, research, and other educational demands on medical faculty. Therefore, evidence for the value of mentoring needs to be evaluated.To systematically review the evidence about the prevalence of mentorship and its relationship to career development.MEDLINE, Current Contents, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases from the earliest available date to May 2006.We identified all studies evaluating the effect of mentoring on career choices and academic advancement among medical students and physicians. Minimum inclusion criteria were a description of the study population and availability of extractable data. No restrictions were placed on study methods or language.The literature search identified 3640 citations. Review of abstracts led to retrieval of 142 full-text articles for assessment; 42 articles describing 39 studies were selected for review. Of these, 34 (87%) were cross-sectional self-report surveys with small sample size and response rates ranging from 5% to 99%. One case-control study nested in a survey used a comparison group that had not received mentoring, and 1 cohort study had a small sample size and a large loss to follow-up. Less than 50% of medical students and in some fields less than 20% of faculty members had a mentor. Women perceived that they had more difficulty finding mentors than their colleagues who are men. Mentorship was reported to have an important influence on personal development, career guidance, career choice, and research productivity, including publication and grant success.Mentoring is perceived as an important part of academic medicine, but the evidence to support this perception is not strong. Practical recommendations on mentoring in medicine that are evidence-based will require studies using more rigorous methods, addressing contextual issues, and using cross-disciplinary approaches.
Fusion of NUP214 to ABL1 on amplified episomes in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: C. Graux, J. Cools, C. Melotte, H. Quentmeier, A. Ferrando, R. Levine, J.R. Vermeesch, M. Stul, B. Dutta, N. Boeckx, A. Bosly, P. Heimann, A. Uyttebroeck, N. Mentens, R. Somers, R.A.F. MacLeod, H.G. Drexler, A.T. Look, D.G. Gilliland, L. Michaux, P. Vandenberghe, I. Wlodarska, Peter Marynen, Anne Hagemeijer
Journal: Nature Genetics (2004)
Endogenous nitric oxide protects against platelet aggregation and cyclic flow variations in stenosed and endothelium-injured arteries.
Authors: S K Yao, J C Ober, A Krishnaswami, J J Ferguson, H V Anderson, P Golino, L M Buja, J T Willerson
Journal: Circulation (1992)

BACKGROUND This study was designed to test the hypothesis that endogenously produced nitric oxide protects against platelet aggregation and cyclic flow variations in stenosed and endothelium-injured arteries of mongrel dogs. METHODS AND RESULTS NG-Monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), an inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, was administered at 5 mg/kg to 15 dogs after the left anterior descending coronary artery was mechanically injured and narrowed by external constrictors and to nine dogs before endothelial injury of the femoral artery and after injury and moderate arterial constriction. Treatment with L-NMMA resulted in cyclic flow variations (as detected by external Doppler flow probes) in the left anterior descending artery of seven of 15 dogs and in the femoral artery of four of nine dogs after endothelial injury. L-Arginine, the precursor for nitric oxide synthesis, was administered at 60 mg/kg and abolished cyclic flow variations in each of the 11 dogs. D-Arginine did not change the L-NMMA-induced cyclic flow variations. Saline infusion did not induce or change cyclic flow variations in any of the animals. Acetylcholine (1, 10, and 100 micrograms/min; n = 9) was administered in the femoral artery of nine additional dogs before and after endothelial injury in moderately stenosed femoral arteries. Acetylcholine did not induce cyclic flow variations in any animal; however, it did increase the severity of cyclic flow variations that developed in severely stenosed arteries. The diameter of the femoral artery was measured by intravascular ultrasound imaging. L-NMMA caused vasoconstriction of normal arteries, but no change was detected in endothelium-injured arteries. In contrast, L-arginine caused vasodilation of normal arteries, but, again, no change was noted in endothelium-injured arteries. Acetylcholine dilated normal femoral arteries but constricted arteries with endothelial injury. In both in vitro and ex vivo platelet studies, L-NMMA enhanced platelet aggregation, whereas L-arginine significantly reduced platelet aggregation. D-Arginine and acetylcholine showed no effect on platelet aggregation. CONCLUSIONS Promotion of nitric oxide production decreases platelet aggregation and may eliminate cyclic flow variations, whereas a reduction in nitric oxide formation enhances platelet aggregation and may induce cyclic flow variations. Acetylcholine causes vasoconstriction at the femoral arterial site of endothelial injury and may increase the severity of cyclic flow variations.
Effects of asbestos on the random migration of rabbit alveolar macrophages.
Authors: Q N Myrvik, E A Knox, M Gordon, P S Shirley
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

The toxicity of sized and characterized chrysotile, crocidolite, and amosite preparations obtained from Dr. K. R. Spurny have been evaluated using alveolar macrophage (AM) migration inhibition assays and viability tests. These results have been compared with asbestos samples obtained from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). These latter samples are designated chrysotile A (RT), crocidolite (RT), and amosite (RT). In addition, filter-isolated preparations of chrysotile A (RT) that consisted mainly of large nonphagocytosable fibers were also tested. Chrysotile (Spurny) and sonicated chrysotile A (RT) produced 50% migration inhibition at about 115 micrograms/mL. Spurny crocidolite produced 50% migration inhibition at about 340 micrograms/mL, whereas RT crocidolite produced 50% migration inhibition at about 230 micrograms/mL. RT amosite caused 50% migration inhibition at about 180 micrograms/mL, whereas Spurny amosite was inactive up to 500 micrograms/mL. The large nonphagocytosable chrysotile A (RT) fibers produced 50% migration inhibition at about 66 micrograms/mL. This indicates that fibers can be toxic for AM through extracellular membrane contact. In general the results from the viability studies paralleled the migration inhibition observations. None of the asbestos preparations induced a burst in the hexose monophosphate shunt of BCG-immune AM at 1 mg/mL. BCG-immune AM were more susceptible to cell death than normal AM when incubated with chrysotile A (RT), amosite (RT) and zymosan. Migration inhibition induced by asbestos fibers probably reflects toxicity of the asbestos preparations and could play an important role in blocking normal alveolar clearance of inhaled particles.
Kenyan doctors meet political deadlock
Authors: B. Mseteka
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Doctors working in the public sector in Kenya are now in the third week of a strike in protest at the government's refusal to register their trade union. They are also demanding better conditions of service, particularly with regard to salaries and housing. The 3000 striking doctors want to be able to bargain for their rights in the future and have asked the government …
HFEA is to launch public debate on hybrid animal-human embryos
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), the United Kingdom's fertility regulator, has launched a public debate on the ethics of creating hybrid animal-human embryos for research.

The decision to consult the public comes after a provisional proposal by the government last December to ban the creation of hybrid and chimera embryos, which brought an outcry from MPs and scientists ( BMJ  2007;334:12, 6 Jan doi: doi: 10.1136/bmj.39080.500648.DB).

The HFEA, which was criticised by MPs for holding up a decision on research applications from scientists at King's College London and Newcastle University, said it would take a policy decision next September …
FRONTAL KNEE ANGLE DURING SINGLE LEG SQUAT AND VERTICAL DROP JUMP; A COMPARISON OF YOUTH ATHLETES WITH OR WITHOUT A HISTORY OF KNEE INJURY
Authors: K MacDonald, J Whittaker, J Baltich, CA Emery
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background Knee joint injury has been associated with changes in hip and knee joint function and is a known risk factor for the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). The Vertical Drop Jump (VDJ) and Single Leg Squat Test (SLS) have been used to examine lower extremity neuromuscular control. Objective To determine if young adults with and without a 3–10 year history of knee joint injury differ in frontal knee angles or knee ankle ratio during VDJ and SLS. Design Historical Cohort. Setting Laboratory Setting. Participants 25 individuals with history of intra-articular knee joint injury, sustained participating in sport 3–10 years previously, and 25 matched (age, sex, sport) uninjured controls (16 males;17–26 yrs: 34 females;14–26 yrs). Risk factor assessment History or no history of intra-articular knee injury (clinical diagnosis resulting in time loss from sport). Main outcome measurements Frontal knee angle (FKA) (degrees) and knee and ankle separation distances (KAR) were measured from an image representing the lowest moment of the SLS and VDJ extracted from video and measured using ImageJ (National Institute of Health, v.1.47) software. Test-retest reliability (sub-sample n=20) was examined (ICC) and descriptive statistics (means, 95%CI) used to compare study groups. Results No differences in right to left FKA differential was found for the injured participants compared to matched controls during the SLS (ICC 0.97) [injured 5.78 ° (3.01, 8.54); uninjured 4.75 ° (1.85, 7.66) or VDJ (ICC 0.98) [injured 7.69 ° (2.58, 12.80); uninjured 9.64 ° (5.57, 13.70)]. Similarly, no between groups differences for KAR (ICC 0.99) were demonstrated [injured 1.00 (0.90, 1.09); uninjured 1.04 (0.97, 1.12)]. Conclusions Individuals with a 3–10 year history of knee injury demonstrate similar FKA and KAR during the VDJ and SLS compared to healthy controls. These finding are encouraging as the functional joint changes associated with knee joint injury do not appear to be present in this timeframe post-injury.
Exhaled breath condensate pH
Authors: R.M. Effros
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2004)

What is the economic impact of preschool viral upper respiratory infection?To the Editor:In a previous issue of the European Respiratory Journal STEVENS et al. [1] suggested that preschool children with wheeze account for a significant proportion of the UK healthcare budget.Most preschool wheezing is caused by viral infection and, therefore, we wondered how much preschool children with upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) without wheeze would cost the National Health Service?On average, a preschool child will catch 6-8 URTIs per year [2], and 11% of children v14 yrs will be taken to their family doctor when unwell.These figures may be higher in younger children [3].If a child has six colds per year and is seen by a doctor for 11% of these infections, then, based on the 2.94 million UK preschool population estimate and a £16 consultation cost estimation [1], the primary care costs of viral URTI would be £31 million.This compares to the £34 million estimated by STEVENS et al. [1] as the cost of preschool wheezing.Therefore, the additional cost burden of wheeze seems small.We believe the villains are not wheeze and asthma but the respiratory viruses!
Rearrangements and point mutations of P450c21 genes are distinguished by five restriction endonuclease haplotypes identified by a new probing strategy in 57 families with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Authors: Y Morel, J André, B Uring-Lambert, G Hauptmann, H Bétuel, M Tossi, M G Forest, M David, J Bertrand, W L Miller
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is caused by disorders of the P450c21B gene, which, with the P450c21A pseudogene, lies in the HLA locus on chromosome 6. The near identity of nucleotide sequences and endonuclease cleavage sites in these A and B loci makes genetic analysis of this disease difficult. We used a genomic DNA probe that detects the P450c21 genes (A pseudogene, 3.2 kb; B gene, 3.7 kb in Taq I digests) and the 3' flanking DNA not detected with cDNA probes (A pseudogene, 2.4 kb; B gene, 2.5 kb) to examine Southern blots of genomic DNA from 68 patients and 165 unaffected family members in 57 families with CAH. Of 116 CAH-bearing chromosomes, 114 could be sorted into five easily distinguished haplotypes based on blots of DNA digested with Taq I and Bgl II. Haplotype I (76 of 116, 65.6%) was indistinguishable from normal and therefore bore very small lesions, presumably point mutations. Haplotype II (4 of 116, 3.4%) and haplotype III (8 of 116, 6.9%) had deletions and duplications of the P450c21A pseudogene but had structurally intact P450c21B genes presumably bearing point mutations; point mutation thus was the genetic defect in 88 of 116 chromosomes (75.9%). Haplotypes IV and V lack the 3.7-kb Taq I band normally associated with the P450c21B gene. Haplotype IV (13 of 116, 11.2%) retains all other bands, indicating that the P450c21B gene has undergone a gene conversion event, so that it is now also associated with a 3.2-kb band. Haplotype V (13 of 116, 11.2%) lacks the 2.4-kb Taq I fragment and the 12-kb Bgl II fragments normally associated with the P450c21A pseudogene, as well as lacking the 3.7-kb Taq I fragment, indicating deletion of approximately 30 kb of DNA, resulting in a single hybrid P450c21A/B gene. Most (114 of 116, 98%) CAH alleles thus can easily be classified with this new probing strategy, eliminating many ambiguities resulting from probing with cDNA.
Social Class and Recovery from Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Jeannette R. Ickovics
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Letters15 April 1998Social Class and Recovery from Myocardial InfarctionJeannette R. Ickovics, PhD, Catherine M. Viscoli, PhD, and Ralph I. Horwitz, MDJeannette R. Ickovics, PhDYale University; New Haven, CT 06520Search for more papers by this author, Catherine M. Viscoli, PhDYale University; New Haven, CT 06520Search for more papers by this author, and Ralph I. Horwitz, MDYale University; New Haven, CT 06520Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-128-8-199804150-00025 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:We thank Dr. Haywood for his comments and appreciate the opportunity to learn about these related findings. As we mentioned in our paper, we took advantage of the opportunity to conduct secondary analyses on the Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial because this is one of the few large studies of a clinical event to include adequate data on clinical determinants and outcomes as well as social and psychological predictors. Unfortunately, we were limited to the cohort as assembled. No women were included in the supplemental Health Insurance Plan substudy, from which the data on social class and psychosocial ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Jeannette R. Ickovics, PhD; Catherine M. Viscoli, PhD; Ralph I. Horwitz, MDAffiliations: Yale University; New Haven, CT 06520 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 April 1998Volume 128, Issue 8Page: 696KeywordsClinical trialsForecastingHealth insuranceLongitudinal studiesMyocardial infarctionPsychology ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 April 1998 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1998 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Association of polymorphism in glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene with coronary vasomotor dysfunction and myocardial infarction
Authors: Shun-ichi Koide, Kiyotaka Kugiyama, Seigo Sugiyama, Shin-ichi Nakamura, Hironobu Fukushima, Osamu Honda, Michihiro Yoshimura, Hisao Ogawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Effects of frequency and inspiratory plateau pressure during recruitment manoeuvres on lung and distal organs in acute lung injury
Authors: Paula W. Steimback, Gisele P. Oliveira, Andréia F. Rzezinski, Pedro L. Silva, Cristiane S. N. B. Garcia, Graziela Rangel, Marcelo M. Morales, José R. Lapa e Silva, Vera L. Capelozzi, Paolo Pelosi, Patricia R. M. Rocco
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2009)
BMA secretary's reply
Authors: E M Armstrong
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Primary cultured bovine brain microvessel endothelial cells (BBMECs), were used as an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier to examine the involvement of eicosanoids in the permeability and cytoskeletal structural changes observed following exposure to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Compared with control monolayers, BBMECs exposed to TNF-α formed actin filament tangles and extracellular gaps with a resultant increase in permeability. Both the permeability and cytoskeletal changes observed with TNF-α were significantly reduced following pretreatment with NS-398 or indomethacin, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX). Western blot analysis showed that TNF-α had no apparent effect on the expression of COX-1, but did induce the expression of COX-2 in the BBMECs. The induction of COX-2 expression occurred within the same time frame (2–4 h following TNF-α exposure) as the permeability increases observed with the cytokine. Consistent with the increased expression of COX-2, BBMEC monolayers exposed to TNF-α had significantly greater secretion and release of prostaglandin E<sub>2</sub> (PGE<sub>2</sub>) and prostaglandin F<sub>2α</sub> (PGF<sub>2α</sub>). Furthermore, BBMEC monolayers treated with PGE<sub>2</sub> or PGF<sub>2α</sub> showed significant increases in permeability and cytoskeletal structural changes when compared with control monolayers. Together, these results suggest that the TNF-α-induced permeability and cytoskeletal structural effects are due, in part, to an induction of the COX-2 system and increased release of prostaglandins in the cerebral microvasculature.