tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ventricular proarrhythmic effects of ventricular cycle length and shock strength in a sheep model of transvenous atrial defibrillation.
Authors: G M Ayers, C A Alferness, M Ilina, D O Wagner, W A Sirokman, J M Adams, J C Griffin
Journal: Circulation (1994)

Synchronized cardioversion is generally accepted as safe for the treatment of ventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation when shocks are synchronized to the R wave and delivered transthoracically. However, others have shown that during attempted transvenous cardioversion of rapid ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation (VF) may be induced. It was our objective to evaluate conditions (short and irregular cycle lengths [CL]) under which VF might be induced during synchronized electrical conversion of atrial fibrillation with transvenous electrodes.In 16 sheep (weight, 62 +/- 7.8 kg), atrial defibrillation thresholds (ADFT) were determined for a 3-ms/3-ms biphasic shock delivered between two catheters each having 6-cm coil electrodes, one in the great cardiac vein under the left atrial appendage and one in the right atrial appendage along the anterolateral atrioventricular groove. A hexapolar mapping catheter was positioned in the right ventricular apex for shock synchronization. In 8 sheep (group A), a shock intensity 20 V less than the ADFT was used for testing, and in the remaining 8 sheep (group B), a shock intensity of twice ADFT was used. With a modified extrastimulus technique, a basic train of eight stimuli alone (part 1) and with single (part 2) and double (part 3) extrastimuli were applied to right ventricular plunge electrodes. Atrial defibrillation shocks were delivered synchronized to the last depolarization. In part 4, shocks were delivered during atrial fibrillation. The preceding CL was evaluated over a range of 150 to 1000 milliseconds. Shocks were also delayed 2, 20, 50, and 100 milliseconds after the last depolarization from the stimulus (parts 1 through 3) or intrinsic depolarization (part 4). The mean ADFT for group A was 127 +/- 48 V, 0.71 +/- 0.60 J and for group B, 136 +/- 37 V, 0.79 +/- 0.42 J (NS, P > .15). Of 1870 shocks delivered, 11 episodes of VF were induced. Group A had no episodes of VF in part 1, two episodes of VF in part 2 (CL, 240 and 230 milliseconds with 2-millisecond delay), and one episode each in parts 3 (CL, 280 milliseconds with 2-millisecond delay) and 4 (CL, 240 milliseconds with 100-millisecond delay). Group B had two episodes in part 1 (CL, 250 and 300 milliseconds with 20-millisecond delay), three episodes in part 2 (CL, 230, 230, and 250 milliseconds with 2-millisecond delay), and one episode each in parts 3 (CL, 260 milliseconds with 2-millisecond delay) and 4 (198 milliseconds with 100-millisecond delay). No episodes of VF were induced for shocks delivered after a CL > 300 milliseconds.Synchronized transvenous atrial defibrillation shocks delivered on beats with a short preceding ventricular cycle length (< 300 milliseconds) are associated with a significantly increased risk of initiation of VF. To decrease the risk of ventricular proarrhythmia, short CLs should be avoided.
The Specter of Financial Armageddon — Health Care and Federal Debt in the United States
Authors: Michael E. Chernew, Katherine Baicker, John Hsu
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

The most important force shaping the U.S. health care system over the coming decades may well be the federal debt. The government now pays for approximately half of all health care costs in the United States, and projections of growing federal debt largely reflect anticipated increases in health care spending. Because federal debt and health care policy in the United States are so deeply entwined, it is important to understand the basics of deficits and debt and their implications for health care reform.The deficit is the gap between expenditures and revenues in any given year ($1.4 trillion in the . . .
MILK IDIOSYNCRASIES IN CHILDREN.
Authors: LOUIS FISCHER
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Some children will not tolerate milk; physicians frequently report an intolerance of milk or its dilutions in children. This condition has long been known among adults. We frequently hear adults say that milk makes them bilious, that it is not tolerated and that they feel uncomfortable after a milk diet. While this condition is of much rarer occurrence in children, certain cases are met in which milk is not tolerated. It has been the milk itself or the component parts of the same that has disagreed in certain children under the treatment of the writer. Breast milk and several changes of wet-nurses gave the same distressing symptoms. Cow's milk was not tolerated and was discontinued after various dilutions. The following case will serve to illustrate what is meant by the above condition: <h3>Case 1.</h3> —An infant, M. L., was born in July, 1901. The weight at birth was about six
Development of a bioartificial liver: Properties and function of a hollow-fiber module inoculated with liver cells
Authors: Jacek Rozga, Frederick Williams, Man-Soo Ro, Daniel F. Neuzil, Todd D. Giorgio, Gisela Backfisch, Albert D. Moscioni, Raymond Hakim, Achilles A. Demetriou
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

We have developed a bioartificial liver support system utilizing hollow-fiber bioreactor, plasmapheresis and microcarrier cell culture technologies. Liver cells were obtained through portal vein perfusion with ethylenediaminetetraacetate or ethylenediaminetetraacetate/collagenase. A mathematical model of mass transport in a hollow-fiber module, at various plasma flow velocities and system configurations, was developed. The bioartificial liver's ability to carry out specific differentiated metabolic liver functions was tested in vitro and in vivo . A reproducible large-animal model of acute ischemic liver failure was developed. Most major first-generation cyclosporine and 19- nor terstosterone metabolites were isolated after substrate addition to the bioartificial liver in vitro . After bioartificial liver treatment for 6 hr (with dog or pig liver cells), dogs with acute liver failure had significantly lower serum ammonia and lactate levels and significantly higher serum glucose levels than did control animals treated with a bioartificial liver system inoculated with microcarriers alone. In addition, bioartificial liver-treated animals had significantly higher mean systolic blood pressures than did controls. Liver cell viability at the end of the 6-hr in vivo experiment was greater than 90%. (Hepatology 1993;17:258-265.)
THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC LEUKEMIA BY SMALL DOSE ROENTGEN RAY TECHNIC
Authors: ANDREW H. DOWDY
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Leukemia is one of the most fatal of all diseases. No known cure exists. Once the diagnosis is established there is no ultimate hope for the patient, and the attending physician finds small comfort in the palliative role that his therapy plays. There is perhaps no disease to which the human body is heir which has shown so little progress in response to therapeutic measures. There is a fairly general agreement that the life expectancy is little if any prolonged by any known therapeutic procedure. Roentgen therapy is the accepted method today, and if it is properly administered and adjusted in amounts and frequency the comfort and efficiency of the patient can be increased by approximately 60 per cent.1If this cannot be accomplished, there is little justification for treatment. Acute leukemia should not be treated with roentgen rays, as there is seldom much response.  Despite the fact that
IP-10 differentiates between active and latent tuberculosis irrespective of HIV status and declines during therapy
Authors: I. Wergeland, N. Pullar, J. Assmus, T. Ueland, K. Tonby, S. Feruglio, D. Kvale, J.K. Damås, P. Aukrust, T.E. Mollnes, A.M. Dyrhol-Riise
Journal: Journal of Infection (2015)

Biomarkers for diagnosis and therapy efficacy in tuberculosis (TB) are requested. We have studied biomarkers that may differentiate between active and latent TB infection (LTBI), the influence of HIV infection and changes during anti-TB chemotherapy.Thirty-eight plasma cytokines, assessed by multiplex and enzyme immunoassays, were analyzed in patients with active TB before and during 24 weeks of anti-TB chemotherapy (n = 65), from individuals with LTBI (n = 34) and from QuantiFERON-TB (QFT) negative controls (n = 65). The study participants were grouped according to HIV status.Plasma levels of the CXC chemokine IP-10 and soluble TNF receptor type 2 (sTNFr2) significantly differentiated active TB from the LTBI group, irrespective of HIV status. In the HIV-infected group the sensitivity and specificity was 100% for IP-10 with a cut-off of 2547 pg/mL. Plasma IP-10 declined gradually during anti-TB chemotherapy (12-24 weeks, p = 0.002) to a level comparable to LTBI and QFT negative control groups. sTNFr2 fluctuated throughout therapy, but was decreased after 12-24 weeks (p = 0.006).IP-10 distinguished with high accuracy active TB from LTBI irrespective of HIV infection and declined during anti-TB chemotherapy. Plasma IP-10 may serve as a diagnostic biomarker to differentiate between the stages of TB infection and for monitoring therapy efficacy.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS.
Authors: JAMES B. HERRICK
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The crucial test in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus is the examination of the urine for sugar and the determination of the question as to whether the glycosuria is transitory or not. In practice, however, it is impossible to examine the urine of all patients. While the routine first examination of the urine of every new patient and the frequent examination of the urine of old patients will detect many cases of diabetes that might otherwise escape notice, one must of necessity be directed toward the uranalysis by certain symptoms that lead one to suspect the existence of this disease. The common symptoms are great thirst, weakness and emaciation in spite of an excessive appetite, subnormal temperature and polyuria. With these classical symptoms well-marked, the attention is quickly drawn to the probable nature of the malady and the sugar found. But in many cases these symptoms are not prominent or
COST-EFFECTIVE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN INTERMEDIATE RISK PATIENTS: UNIVERSAL ASPIRIN AND STATINS IS SUPERIOR TO PREVENTION GUIDED BY STRESS TESTING
Authors: Benjamin Z. Galper, Andrew Moran, Mark J. Pletcher, Pamela Coxson, Lawrwence Lazar, Y. Claire Wang, Paul Heidenreich, Lee Goldman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Prevalence of abnormal iron studies in heterozygotes for hereditary hemochromatosis: An analysis of 255 heterozygotes
Authors: Paul C. Adams
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

Iron studies were compared in 434 patients from 80 hemochromatosis families classified as putative homozygotes, heterozygotes, and normal by HLA typing. There were 28 of 255 (11%) heterozygotes with an elevated serum ferritin and 22 of 255 (8.6%) with an elevated transferrin saturation. Serum ferritin (140 +/- 10.2 micrograms/liter; mean +/- standard error) was greater in heterozygotes than in normal subjects (87 +/- 8.5 micrograms/liter; P < .05, Mann Whitney test). Transferrin saturation was greater in heterozygotes (38% +/- 0.88%) than in normal patients (29% +/- 1.1%; P < .0001). Mean hepatic iron concentration was 54 +/- 6 mumol/g (n = 17), and the hepatic iron index was < 2 in these patients. Most heterozygotes for hemochromatosis have a normal serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Heterozygotes with minor elevations in serum ferritin or transferrin saturation do not have significant iron overload as assessed by hepatic iron concentration.
Tumor targeting and MR imaging with lipophilic cyanine-mediated near-infrared responsive porous Gd silicate nanoparticles
Authors: Chen-Sheng Yeh, Chia-Hao Su, Wen-Yueh Ho, Chih-Chia Huang, Jui-Cheng Chang, Yi-Hsin Chien, Shu-Ting Hung, Min-Chiau Liau, Hsin-Yi Ho
Journal: Biomaterials (2013)
Eye Injuries Caused by Bungee Cords
Authors: Michael J. Cooney, Dante J. Pieramici
Journal: Ophthalmology (1997)

Bungee cords are common workplace and household items that have many uses. Despite their utility, they represent a potential source of severe ocular injury.A retrospective review was conducted to identify patients presenting to an ocular emergency department with bungee cord-related eye injuries over a 42-month period.The authors identified 17 patients with bungee cord-related ocular injuries.In identified patients, the hospital inpatient and outpatient charts were reviewed in detail.Patient demographics, mechanism of injury, use of ocular protection, presenting and final best-corrected visual acuity, associated ocular injuries, therapeutic interventions, and anatomic results were noted.Fourteen (82%) of the patients had closed globe injuries and 3 (18%) had open globe injuries. A wide array of periocular, anterior segment, and posterior segment injuries were identified with hyphema being the most common associated ocular injury. Ten patients (59%) had a final visual acuity of 20/25 or better. Five patients (29%) had a final visual acuity that was less than or equal to 20/60, with three of these patients having a final visual acuity less than or equal to 4/200. Two of the three patients with open globe injuries had a final visual acuity of 20/60 or better, whereas one had no light perception. Poor visual outcome was associated with posterior segment involvement.The authors advocate the use of printed warnings on the packaging of bungee cords and extreme caution by those who use them. A modification in design and the use of certified safety glasses may help to decrease the incidence of bungee cord-related ocular trauma.
Doctor who sent patients for stem cell injections is accused of exploitation
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Despite the worldwide efforts to avoid disease progression of COVID-19 into a severe acute respiratory syndrome and avoid its severe impact on health systems; the situation remains critical. Effective diagnosis, treatment, and prophylactic measures are required to meet the worldwide demand: recombinant antibodies such as alpaca Nanobodies fulfill these requirements. Here, we develop a fast track for nanobody isolation against the receptor-binding-domain (RBD) SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein following an optimized immunization, efficient construction of the VHH library for <i>E. coli</i> surface display, and single-step selection of high-affinity nanobodies using a simple density gradient centrifugation of the bacterial library. Following this procedure, we isolate and characterize an alpaca Nanobody against Spike RBD of SARS-CoV-2 in the sub-nanomolar range.
INDICATIONS FOR THE EMPLOYMENT OF ADRENALIN CHLORID, IN CONJUNCTION WITH COCAIN, IN OPERATIONS ON THE EYE.
Authors: SAMUEL THEOBALD
Journal: JAMA (1907)

For several years, as a matter of routine, I have been employing adrenalin chlorid in conjunction with cocain in many operations on the eye. At first this was done solely to lessen hemorrhage, but for some time I have used it not only for this purpose but because it soon became evident that through its action the anesthetic effect of the cocain was definitely increased. In operations on the cornea and conjunctiva the anesthesia produced by cocain is, as a rule, so complete as to leave little to be desired, but this can not be said of certain other operations, notably those on the ocular muscles, on the lacrimal apparatus, and those done for the cure of chalazion or other tarsal cysts. Here, where much is to be desired in the direction of more perfect anesthesia, adrenalin has proved of undoubted value. That adrenalin used in conjunction with cocain facilitates,
WHAT IS THE MATTER WITH "FULL TIME"?
Authors: Graham Lusk
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —One often hears the query, "What is the matter with 'full time'"? Let us speak in parables. There was once a town called X. In that town there lived an eminent citizen engaged in professional work who was in receipt of an income of $50,000. He was also the head of a local museum of art containing some beautiful objects. The representatives of the wealthiest citizen of the town approached him and said, "Your knowledge of art is supreme. You have devoted much of your life to its cause. If you will become 'full-time' director we will give you a salary of $10,000 a year and to your institution $1,000,000; otherwise, not one cent." "Full time" never made Boerhaave or Friedrich Müller or Halsted, the great Johns Hopkins surgeon. It was the spirit that was in them. I know a man, a professor of physiologic chemistry in
Higher death rate among hospital patients admitted at weekends has several causes, report finds
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Patients admitted to hospitals as emergency cases at weekends have a greater chance of dying than those admitted during the week, concludes the health analysis company Dr Foster.

The reason could be a different patient mix caused by a lack of community and primary care services at the weekend, a lack of consultants on the wards, or changed staffing levels. The difference, says Dr Foster in its 2011 hospital guide, is “worrying”: while the overall death rate for emergency admissions is 7.4% during the week, it is 8.1% …
Structure of the human CR1 gene. Molecular basis of the structural and quantitative polymorphisms and identification of a new CR1-like allele.
Authors: W W Wong, J M Cahill, M D Rosen, C A Kennedy, E T Bonaccio, M J Morris, J G Wilson, L B Klickstein, D T Fearon
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

Structural and quantitative polymorphisms have been described in human CR1. In the former, the S allotype is larger than the F allotype by 40-50 kD, the size of a long homologous repeat (LHR). In the latter, homozygotes for a 7.4-kb Hind III fragment express fourfold more CR1 per erythrocyte than do homozygotes for the allelic 6.9-kb restriction fragment. The basis for these genomic polymorphisms has been determined by restriction mapping the entire S allele and part of the F allele. The S allele is 158 kb and contains 5 LHRs of 20-30 kb, designated -A, -B/A, -B, -C, and -D, respectively, 5' to 3'. Extensive homology was found among the LHRs in their restriction maps, exon organization, and the coding and noncoding sequences. The presence of LHR-B/A in the S allele but not in the F allele accounts for the longer transcripts and polypeptide associated with the former allotype. At least 42 exons are present in the S allele, with distinct exons for the leader sequence, the transmembrane and cytoplasmic regions and most of the SCRs comprising the extracellular portion of CR1. Consistent with the mapping of the ligand binding site to the first two SCRs in each LHR, the second SCRs in LHR-A, -B/A, -B, and -C are encoded by two exons, reflecting a specialized function for this unit. The allelic 7.4/6.9-kb Hind III fragments extend from the 3' region of LHR-C to LHR-D. The 6.9-kb restriction fragment is the result of a new Hind III site generated by a single base change in the intron between the exons encoding the second SCR of LHR-D. A second cluster of genomic clones has been identified by hybridization to CR1 probes. Although they contain regions of hybridization to the cDNA and genomic probes derived from CR1, these cannot be overlapped with the structural gene owing to their distinct restriction maps. Three genomic polymorphisms previously identified by CR1 cDNA probes map to this region. These additional clones may represent part of a duplicated allele located nearby within the CR1 locus.
Thoughts on Kawasaki Disease Etiology
Authors: David M. Morens
Journal: JAMA (1979)

It has been 4 1/2 years since Kawasaki disease was first recognized in the United States<sup>1</sup>and 11 years since its recognition in Japan.<sup>2</sup>Despite more than a decade of observations, countless investigations, and well over 200 publications on the subject, Kawasaki disease is as much an enigma as ever. Perhaps the most elemental mystery is its cause or causes. Most investigators have hypothesized infectious, toxic, or allergic causes. But streptococci, leptospira, common rickettsiae, and the known exanthem-producing viruses of childhood appear to have been ruled out. Neither mercury nor cadmium toxicity have been incriminated, nor have drug reactions, since many patients have not received antibiotics before onset of diagnostic symptoms. The observation that in Japan Kawasaki disease appears to be associated with HLA antigen Bw22, especially subtype<i>j2</i>, has added little to our understanding of the disease, since most cases clearly are not associated with the antigen,
Clinical Evaluation of a New Dextran Plasma Expander
Authors: Everett L. Dargan
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE EFFICACY of various dextrans as plasma-volume expanders has been well established. Commercial dextran solutions have proved to be safe and effective plasma-volume expanders, but the many chemical procedures required in producing dextran of proper molecular weight for clinical use makes the product rather expensive.  A single bacterial strain ( Streptococcous sp. , Strain DS-50) has been found which has the unique property of converting sucrose directly into a dextran of the appropriate clinical molecular weight. Clinical evaluation of this new dextran as a plasma expander was undertaken in 25 subjects. Immediate volume expansion, expansion maintenance, disappearance from the circulation, renal excretion, and efficacy in clinical shock were determined. In addition, patients were monitored for any allergic, anaphylactic, or other toxic manifestations.  Materials and Methods  A batch of Streptococcus-50 dextran was produced by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It was then processed and bottled as a 5.8% solution by a private laboratory,
Urinary CYFRA 21.1 Is Not a Useful Marker for the Detection of Recurrences in the Follow-Up of Superficial Bladder Cancer
Authors: Jesus Fernandez-Gomez, Juan J. Rodríguez-Martínez, Safwan Escaf Barmadah, Jorge García Rodríguez, Dra. Maite Allende, Antonio Jalon, Roberto Gonzalez, Miguel Álvarez-Múgica
Journal: European Urology (2006)
Baroreceptor Activity in Normotensive and Hypertensive Uremic Patients
Authors: J. M. LAZARUS, C. L. HAMPERS, E. G. LOWRIE, J. P. MERRILL
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Baroreceptor activity and postural blood volume changes were evaluated in four normotensive and nine hypertensive uremic patients before and after bilateral nephrectomy. Baroreceptor activity, reflected by the slope of linear regression of R-R interval with drug-induced systolic blood pressure elevation, was significantly lower in hypertensive than in normotensive patients. Six of nine patients had normal blood pressure following bilateral nephrectomy; however, the mean slopes of all nine patients, irrespective of postnephrectomy blood pressure, approached that of normotensive uremic patients. The slopes of both normotensive and hypertensive patients, before and after bilateral nephrectomy, were significantly less than normal controls. Similar results were found in lowering blood pressure with amyl nitrite. Depressed baroreceptor activity is suggested to be secondary to neuropathy of the autonomic nervous system, chronic hypertension, heart disease, and anemia. It is speculated that this reduced baroreceptor sensitivity may accentuate the postural symptoms primarly induced by volume reduction on hemodialysis. There is no evidence in this study that depressed baroreceptor activity, as opposed to a reset baroreceptor, is a cause of hypertension in patients with chronic renal failure.
Effects of Discontinuing Anti–Tumor Necrosis Factor Therapy During Pregnancy on the Course of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Neonatal Exposure
Authors: Zuzana Zelinkova, Cokkie van der Ent, Karlien F. Bruin, Onno van Baalen, Hestia G. Vermeulen, Herman J.T. Smalbraak, Rob J. Ouwendijk, Aad C. Hoek, Sjoerd D. van der Werf, Ernst J. Kuipers, C. Janneke van der Woude
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2012)