tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Somatization in survivors of catastrophic trauma: a methodological review.
Authors: Carol S North
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

The literature on mental health effects of catastrophic trauma such as community disasters focuses on posttraumatic stress disorder. Somatization disorder is not listed among the classic responses to disaster, nor have other somatoform disorders been described in this literature. Nondiagnostic "somatization," "somatization symptoms," and "somatic symptoms" form the basis of most information about somatization in the literature. However, these concepts have not been validated, and therefore this work suffers from multiple methodological problems of ascertainment and interpretation. Future research is encouraged to consider many methodological issues in obtaining adequate data to address questions about the association of somatization with traumatic events, including a) appropriate comparison groups, b) satisfactory definition and measurement of somatization, c) exclusion of medical explanations for the symptoms, d) recognition of somatizers' spurious attribution of symptoms to medical causes, e) collection of data from additional sources beyond single-subject interviews, f) validation of diagnosis-unrelated symptom reporting or reconsideration of symptoms within diagnostic frameworks, g) separation of somatization after an event into new (incident) and preexisting categories, h) development of research models that include sufficient variables to examine the broader scope of potential relationships, and i) novel consideration of alternative causal directionalities.
Endoscopic Ultrasound Imaging of the Adrenals
Authors: P. Kann
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) imaging of the adrenal glands and the systematic use of EUS imaging in the diagnosis of adrenal diseases have been frequently described since the initial report in 1996 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]. The present article aims to provide an overview of the technique and procedure of endoscopic ultrasound imaging of the adrenals, illustrating typical findings and discussing the clinical indications for adrenal EUS.
Interactions between response to inhaled prostaglandin E2 and chronic beta-adrenergic agonist treatment.
Authors: E H Walters, M Bevan, B H Davies
Journal: Thorax (1982)

Cumulative inhalation dose-response curves for the response to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) have been constructed in normal subjects and patients with mild, stable asthma. In normal subjects cumulative inhalation dose-response curves were also constructed for salbutamol. In normal subjects dose-related bronchodilatation occurred in response to both PGE2 and salbutamol, although both the within-subject and the between-subject variation was significantly greater with salbutamol. Most asthmatic subjects gave a biphasic response to PGE2 on at least one occasion, PGE2 being a bronchoconstrictor above a certain level of specific airways conductance (sGaw) and a bronchodilator below. Chronic treatment with inhaled salbutamol (400 micrograms four times a day) had no effect on the normal subjects' response to salbutamol but there was a significant shift of the PGE2 dose-response curve to the left, indicating increased bronchodilatation (p less than 0.02). Stabilisation of the asthmatics' dose-response curve in the direction of bronchodilatation also occurred and was more pronounced (p less than 0.005). In the normal subjects PGE2 may be concerned in the control of airway smooth-muscle tone and in limiting bronchoconstriction induced by mediators such as histamine, and chronic salbutamol treatment may be important in enhancing these effects of PGE2. 80 mg oral propranolol given one and a half hours before had no effect on PGE2-induced bronchodilatation; but the question whether chronic treatment with beta-blockers has any effect needs investigation.
The immunophenotype of antigen presenting cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system in normal human liver – A systematic review
Authors: Otto Strauss, P. Rod Dunbar, Adam Bartlett, Anthony Phillips
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)

The mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS), comprised of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, is essential in tissue homeostasis and in determining the balance of the immune response through its role in antigen presentation. It has been identified as a therapeutic target in infectious disease, cancer, autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. Here, we review the current understanding of the immunophenotype and function of the MPS in normal human liver. Using well-defined selection criteria, a search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases identified 76 appropriate studies. The majority (n=67) described Kupffer cells (KCs), although the definition of KC differs between sources, and little data were available regarding their function. Only 10 papers looked at liver dendritic cells (DCs), and largely confirmed the presence of the major dendritic cell subsets identified in human blood. Monocytes were thoroughly characterized in four studies that utilized flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy and highlighted their prominent role in liver homeostasis and displayed subtle differences from circulating monocytes. There was some limited evidence that liver DCs are tolerogenic but neither liver dendritic cell subsets nor macrophages have been thoroughly characterized, using either multi-colour flow cytometry or multi-parameter fluorescence microscopy. The lobular distribution of different subsets of liver MPS cells was also poorly described, and the ability to distinguish between passenger leukocytes and tissue resident cells remains limited. It was apparent that further research, using modern immunological techniques, is now required to accurately characterize the cells of the MPS in human liver.
Intra-Arterial Injections of Oral Medications
Authors: Thomas D. Lindell, John M. Porter, Claire Langston
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

WITH the ever growing problems of drug abuse, new patterns of complications have appeared. The increasingly common practice among drug abusers of intravenous injection of oral drug preparations has inevitably led to an occasional inadvertent intra-arterial injection. Although numerous reports in the literature describe the consequences of the intra-arterial injection of various parenteral preparations, only a few deal with the complications of the intra-arterial injection of oral medications (Table 1). Recent experience with three such cases, including two with tissue loss, prompted this report.Case ReportsCase 1. A 32-year-old addict injected 2 50-mg pentazocine tablets (Talwin) dissolved in tap . . .
Hip Surgery and Venous Thrombosis: Effect of Anesthesia-Reply
Authors: Russell D. Hull
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> The patients in our randomized trial received general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia was not in use for patients undergoing hip replacement at our center during the period of study (1978 to 1986). We agree with Dr Schultheis that the effect of anesthetic management on recovery from hip surgery remains controversial. Randomized clinical trials suggest that the frequency of deep-vein thrombosis may be reduced by the use of spinal anesthesia, but the absolute rate of thrombosis remains relatively high (29%).<sup>1</sup>In the study by Davis et al,<sup>2</sup>spinal anesthesia was associated with an apparently low rate of deep-vein thrombosis (13%). However, this latter trial underestimated the frequency of deepvein thrombosis because venography was not performed in patients with negative findings by fibrinogen leg scanning and impedance plethysmography; we and others<sup>3,4</sup>have reported that these noninvasive tests fail to identify 30% to 54% of patients with deep-vein
Emerging mechanisms of molecular pathology in ALS
Authors: Owen M. Peters, Mehdi Ghasemi, Robert H. Brown
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2015)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating degenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. Although defined as a motor disorder, ALS can arise concurrently with frontotemporal lobal dementia (FTLD). ALS begins focally but disseminates to cause paralysis and death. About 10% of ALS cases are caused by gene mutations, and more than 40 ALS-associated genes have been identified. While important questions about the biology of this disease remain unanswered, investigations of ALS genes have delineated pathogenic roles for (a) perturbations in protein stability and degradation, (b) altered homeostasis of critical RNA- and DNA-binding proteins, (c) impaired cytoskeleton function, and (d) non-neuronal cells as modifiers of the ALS phenotype. The rapidity of progress in ALS genetics and the subsequent acquisition of insights into the molecular biology of these genes provide grounds for optimism that meaningful therapies for ALS are attainable.
THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE ON THE FUNCTION OF THE NORMAL AND THE PATHOLOGIC KIDNEY
Authors: IRA R. SISK
Journal: JAMA (1928)

The advantages to the patient of the liberal use of morphine sulphate after operation are obvious, but many genito-urinary surgeons have hesitated to use it in sufficient quantity to control pain because of the possibility of interfering with the function of the kidney.    Haines and Milliken, 1 in their experiments, using indigo carmine as an indicator, concluded that a single dose of morphine and atropine did not impair the function of the kidney.  The work herein reported was undertaken primarily for the purpose of determining the safety of administering morphine sulphate in quantities sufficient to insure comfort to patients who had been subjected to operations on organs of the genito-urinary tract, and who had some impairment of the kidney function. Preliminary to work on surgical patients, a series of nonsurgical patients with normal kidneys (as shown by the excretion of phenolsulphonphthalein and the estimation of nonprotein nitrogen of the blood)
Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Serum Lipids in Elderly Women
Authors: Ellen F. Binder, Daniel B. Williams, Kenneth B. Schechtman, Donna B. Jeffe, Wendy M. Kohrt
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death among older women. In observational studies, the incidence of CHD has been reduced in postmenopausal women who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT). A low serum level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol is one of the risk factors predictive of death from CHD. Objective: To determine the effects of HRT on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in elderly women. Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Setting: University research center. Participants: 59 sedentary women 75 years of age or older. Intervention: Participants were assigned to 9 months of oral therapy with placebo or conjugated estrogens, 0.625 mg/d, plus trimonthly medroxyprogesterone acetate, 5 mg/d for 13 days. Measurements: Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels. Results: After 9 months of treatment, women in the HRT group compared with women in the placebo group had decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (mean change [±SD], −0.47 ± 0.69 mmol/L [−18.2 ± 26.5 mg/dL] vs. −0.06 ± 0.32 mmol/L [−2.2 ± 12.2 mg/dL], respectively; between-group difference, 0.41 mmol/L [95% CI, 0.09 to 0.74 mmol/L], 16 mg/dL [95% CI, 3.5 to 28.5 mg/dL]; P = 0.01) and increased HDL cholesterol levels (mean change, 0.21 ± 0.27 mmol/L [8.1 ± 10.5 mg/dL] vs. 0.06 ± 0.11 mmol/L [2.4 ± 4.3 mg/dL], respectively; between-group difference, 0.15 mmol/L [CI, 0.008 to 0.29 mmol/L], 5.7 mg/dL [CI, 0.8 to 10.6 mg/dL]; P = 0.02). The observed changes were independent of age at menopause onset, baseline lipid values, body weight, waist circumference, percentage body fat, and peak aerobic power. Conclusions: In women 75 years of age or older, HRT improved the lipoprotein profile to the extent observed previously in younger postmenopausal women. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether these effects protect against CHD in this population.
Lipid Lowering Does Not Improve Endothelial Function in Subjects With Poorly Controlled Diabetes
Authors: Jacques Mansourati, Lisa G. Newman, Sheila H. Roman, Arlene Travis, Mohammad Rafey, Robert A. Phillips
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

Cutaneous microangiopathy is suspected to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers (1). Because microcirculatory flow is regulated in part by the endothelium and prior studies of the coronary microcirculation showed significant improvement in endothelium-dependent vasodilatory responses with lipid-lowering therapy (2), we examined the effect of lipid lowering on endothelial function in cutaneous microcirculation in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Patients aged 21–80 years with diabetes and LDL cholesterol >3.4 mmol/l were randomized in a double-blind fashion to treatment with either simvastatin 40 mg daily or placebo and followed for 3 months after randomization. All patients received dietary counseling with regard to lowering LDL, but no attempt was made to alter glycemic control. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine, and informed consent was obtained before enrollment.

Cutaneous microcirculatory flow from the same site of the dorsum of the foot was measured with the Periflux System PF3 (Perimed, Jarfalla, Sweden) at every visit in all patients. The flow response to heating was recorded …
Correlation in restricted ranges of data
Authors: J. M. Bland, D. G. Altman
Journal: BMJ (2011)

In a study of 150 adult diabetic patients there was a strong correlation between abdominal circumference and body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.85).1 The authors went on to report that the correlation differed in different BMI categories as shown in the table.⇓

View this table:

Correlation between abdominal circumference and body mass indeed (BMI) in 1450 adult patients with diabetes



The authors’ interpretation of these data was that in patients with low or high BMI values (BMI  35 kg/m2) the correlation was strong, but in those with BMI values between 25 and 35 kg/m2 the correlation was weak or missing. They concluded that measuring abdominal circumference is of particular importance in subjects with the most frequent BMI category (25 to 35 kg/m2).

When we restrict the range of one of the variables, a correlation coefficient will be reduced. For …
Crosstalk between tumor and endothelial cells promotes tumor angiogenesis by MAPK activation of Notch signaling
Authors: Qinghua Zeng, Shenglin Li, Douglas B. Chepeha, Thomas J. Giordano, Jong Li, Honglai Zhang, Peter J. Polverini, Jacques Nor, Jan Kitajewski, Cun-Yu Wang
Journal: Cancer Cell (2005)
What makes a just healthcare system?
Authors: S. R Benatar
Journal: BMJ (1996)

What makes a just healthcare system?Broader professional ethics, including considerations of the public interest and the common good * Access to an "adequate level" of care * Access without excessive burdens * Fair distribution of the financial costs of ensuring universal access to an adequate level of health care * Fair distribution of the burdens of rationing care * Capacity for improvement toward a more just system * Education and training of appropriate numbers and types of healthcare providers * Effective pursuit of high quality biomedical research * Cost effective use of results of biomedical research
Choice and Interpretation of Statistical Tests Used When Competing Risks Are Present
Authors: James J. Dignam, Maria N. Kocherginsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

In clinical cancer research, competing risks are frequently encountered. For example, individuals undergoing treatment for surgically resectable disease may experience recurrence near the removed tumor, metastatic recurrence at other sites, occurrence of second primary cancer, or death resulting from noncancer causes before any of these events. Two quantities, the cause-specific hazard function and the cumulative incidence function, are commonly used to summarize outcomes by event type. Tests for event-specific differences between treatment groups may thus be based on comparison of (a) cause-specific hazards via a log-rank or related test, or (b) the cumulative incidence functions via one of several available tests. Inferential results for tests based on these different metrics can differ considerably for the same cause-specific end point. Depending on the questions of principal interest, one or both metrics may be appropriate to consider. We present simulation study results and discuss examples from cancer clinical trials to illustrate these points and provide guidance for analysis when competing risks are present.
From rationality to coordination
Authors: Paul Weirich
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

Game theory's paradoxes stimulate the study of rationality. Sometimes they motivate the revising of standard principles of rationality. Other times they call for revising applications of those principles or introducing supplementary principles of rationality. I maintain that rationality adjusts its demands to circumstances, and in ideal games of coordination it yields a payoff-dominant equilibrium.
Screening for cardiovascular risk in general practice
Authors: N Stott
Journal: BMJ (1994)

One of the most controversial components of the new contract imposed on British general practitioners in 1990 was the requirement to offer regular health checks to the public. This requirement came even though multiphasic health checks had been shown to be ineffective in terms of their impact on morbidity and mortality.1,2

During the 1970s case finding and health promotion had become to be regarded as options available to general practitioners during consultations,3 but during the 1980s the value of blanket (population) screening of all adults was disputed.4,5 The professional and scientific concerns were, nevertheless, ignored when the government required general practitioners (or their staff) to perform health checks of the population and also to identify cardiovascular risk factors for all adults and intervene appropriately.6

This week's BMJ publishes the early results of two large scale evaluations of health checks and interventions …
Septicemia in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Jay F. Dobkin, Michael H. Miller, Neal H. Steigbigel
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Bacterial sepsis, a major complication of chronic hemodialysis, is due mainly to infections of the vascular access site despite increasing use of internal fistulas. Sixty episodes of septicemia occurred in two chronic dialysis centers, with an incidence of 0.15 episodes of significant bacteremia per patient-dialysis-year in each. Forty-four of the 60 episodes were judged to be due to vascular access site infection by clinical, bacteriologic, and histologic criteria. Seventy percent (31 of 44) of the vascular access site-related episodes were due to staphylococci and 25% (11 of 44) to Gram-negative bacilli; nonvascular access site-related episodes were often due to transplant site infections caused by Gram-negative bacilli or streptococci. Mortality was about 18% in both vascular access site-related and nonrelated septic episodes. Bovine heterograft arteriovenous fistulas more often led to sepsis than did Brescia arteriovenous fistulas. Treatment with appropriate antibiotics was successful in most cases. Routine removal or ligation of the vascular access site was not necessary.
Molecular properties of the Ro/SSA antigen and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of antibody.
Authors: H Yamagata, J B Harley, M Reichlin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Antibodies to the Ro/SSA antigen occur in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. An immunoaffinity method for the preparation of electrophoretically homogeneous Ro/SSA antigen is described. Several molecular properties of the antigen have been determined. The native RNA protein particle has a molecular weight of approximately 100,000 D determined by gel filtration. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-analysis of the purified Ro/SSA antigen and analysis by staining of bands with silver and Coomassie Blue, Western blotting, and RNAase treatment leads to a hypothesis for the structure of the particle in which an antigenic 60,000 protein is bound to 24,000-27,000 RNA molecules which are not antigenic. An enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay method for assay of anti-Ro/SSA is also described which sensitively measures antigen binding at dilutions of sera containing anti-Ro/SSA precipitins up to 10(7) fold. Normal sera on average have 10(3) less binding activity.
MicroRNA-21 is overexpressed in human cholangiocarcinoma and regulates programmed cell death 4 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3
Authors: Florin M. Selaru, Alexandru V. Olaru, Takatsugu Kan, Stefan David, Yulan Cheng, Yuriko Mori, Jian Yang, Bogdan Paun, Zhe Jin, Rachana Agarwal, James P. Hamilton, John Abraham, Christos Georgiades, Hector Alvarez, Perumal Vivekanandan, Wayne Yu, Anirban Maitra, Michael Torbenson, Paul J. Thuluvath, Gregory J. Gores, Nicholas F. LaRusso, Ralph Hruban, Stephen J. Meltzer
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are aggressive cancers, with high mortality and poor survival rates. Only radical surgery offers patients some hope of cure; however, most patients are not surgical candidates because of late diagnosis secondary to relatively poor accuracy of diagnostic means. MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in every cancer examined, but they have not been evaluated in primary CCA. In this study, miR arrays were performed on five primary CCAs and five normal bile duct specimens (NBDs). Several miRs were dysregulated and miR-21 was overexpressed in CCAs. miR-21 differential expression in these 10 specimens was verified by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To validate these findings, qRT-PCR for miR-21 was then performed on 18 additional primary CCAs and 12 normal liver specimens. MiR-21 was 95% sensitive and 100% specific in distinguishing between CCA and normal tissues, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.995. Inhibitors of miR-21 increased protein levels of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP3). Notably, messenger RNA levels of TIMP3 were significantly lower in CCAs than in normals.MiR-21 is overexpressed in human CCAs. Furthermore, miR-21 may be oncogenic, at least in part, by inhibiting PDCD4 and TIMP3. Finally, these data suggest that TIMP3 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene in the biliary tree.
ACUTE LEUKEMIA IN TWINS
Authors: Jean V. Cooke
Journal: JAMA (1953)

The rare observation of more than one person with leukemia in the same family has suggested this report. Acute leukemia affected each of fraternal twins during their second year of life. One twin died at the age of 18 months and the other at the age of 24 months. <h3>REPORT OF CASES</h3> Members of the family included the father, 29 years of age; mother, 32; a son, 9; three daughters, 8, 5, and 4; and the twin boys. The family lived in a small Illinois town. The twin boys, Terry and Jerry, were born Aug. 4, 1943. These twins did not resemble each other closely and were said, by the attending physician, to be fraternal and not identical twins. During pregnancy, the mother was said to have had toxemia with edema, albuminuria, and pyuria. Jerry weighed 5 lb. 8 oz. (2,494.8 gm.) at birth and gained weight regularly and satisfactorily.
An outbreak of Mycobacterium chelonae infection after LASIK
Authors: Denise Freitas, Lênio Alvarenga, Jorge Sampaio, Mark Mannis, Elcio Sato, Luciene Sousa, Luiz Vieira, Maria C. Yu, Maria C. Martins, Ana Hoffling-Lima, Rubens Belfort
Journal: Ophthalmology (2003)
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Trachea Treated with PET-CT Based Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy
Authors: Kunhi Parambath Haresh, Ramachandran Prabhakar, Goura K. Rath, Daya Nand Sharma, Pramod K. Julka, V Subramani
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2008)