tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diet and cancer: future etiologic research.
Authors: A Schatzkin, J Dorgan, C Swanson, N Potischman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

In light of several credible diet and cancer hypotheses, we suggest strategies for advancing our understanding in this area. Two conceptual approaches can be taken in defining dietary exposure: the decompositional approach focuses on specific nutrients and other chemical constituents of food, whereas the integrative approach emphasizes the action of whole foods or food patterns (cuisines). Diet-cancer hypotheses can be organized according to this conceptual framework. We review four types of scientific investigation available to us for advancing the diet and cancer field: metabolic (clinical nutrition) studies; animal studies; observational epidemiologic investigations; and clinical trials. Each of these designs has its strengths and limitations. Observational epidemiologic studies and trials have the particular advantage of examining explicit cancer end points in humans. Results from metabolic and animal research, however, can complement the findings from epidemiologic studies and trials. Finally, we briefly review strategies for evaluating promising hypotheses linking diet to cancers of the large bowel, lung, breast, and prostate.
Suppuration and Calcification of the Liver and Spleen Due to Long Standing Infection with<i>Brucella suis</i>
Authors: Wesley W. Spink
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

HUMAN brucellosis in the United States is rarely associated with suppurative complications, probably because the vast majority of cases are due to Brucella abortus, the least invasive of the three species of brucellae, and because of the efficacy of the antibiotics in the therapy of the acute illness. When chronic suppuration and caseation of tissues and organs do occur, the disease is usually caused by Br. suis. It is of historical interest that the first human case of brucellosis due to Br. suis was reported by Dr. Chester S. Keefer,1 when he was a resident physician at Johns . . .
Negative chemical ionization of alcohols.
Authors: R Houriet, D Stahl, F J Winkler
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1980)

Reactions of the oxygen radical anion at low pressure (ICR conditions) with aliphatic alcohols are seen to give a limited number of product anions which allows for unambiguous determination of the structure of the neutral. The reactions of OH- are also investigated and mechanisms of reactions are discussed. Analytical application of NCI is also considered. OH- negative chemical ionization mass spectra, negative metastable ion spectra, and negative collisional activation spectra (negative product from negative precursor ions) have been applied to stereochemical problems of cyclic diols. The spectra of the cis and trans isomers of 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexanediols and 1,2- cyclopentanediols show substantial and characteristic differences. The (M-H)- alkoxide anions produced by OH- reagent ions are stabilized for the cis isomers by formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bridge involving both oxygen functions. However, trans geometry of the (M-H)- ions is indicated by abundant (M-H3)- and/or (M-H-H2O) fragment ions. The stereospecificity increases with ion internal energy (high temperature, collisional activation) or especially with ion life times (metastable ions). It is shown that in F- negative chemical ionization the relative intensities of the fluoride attachment ions MF- and of the proton abstraction ions (M-H)- reflect the stereochemistry of the cyclic diols. The results demonstrate the potential of negative ion mass spectrometry for stereochemical investigations.
Is quantum probability rational?
Authors: Alasdair I. Houston, Karoline Wiesner
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2013)

Abstract We concentrate on two aspects of the article by Pothos &amp; Busemeyer (P&amp;B): the relationship between classical and quantum probability and quantum probability as a basis for rational decisions. We argue that the mathematical relationship between classical and quantum probability is not quite what the authors claim. Furthermore, it might be premature to regard quantum probability as the best practical rational scheme for decision making.
Should Antipyrin be Used During Parturition or Gestation?
Authors: E. Stuver
Journal: JAMA (1889)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —During the last year or two I have quite frequently noticed in current medical literature references to the beneficent influence exerted by antipyrin in modifying the pain and suffering of labor. In one case in my own practice I administered it with decided advantage, the suffering being much mitigated, and were it not for one question that presented itself to me, would have used and continue to use it frequently. The question to which I refer is this: May not the influence of the drug in inhibiting or suppressing the secretion of the milk more than counterbalance all advantages derived from it as a pain obtunder? How much influence it exerts over the lacteal secretion has not as yet been clearly determined, but I have recently seen in the medical journals a number of laudatory notices of its marked effect in suppressing milk secretion. In the<i>Medical</i>
ESBACH'S ALBUMIN TEST COMPLICATED BY KREATININ.
Authors: W. J. CALVERT
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Incomplete precipitation of albumin in Esbach's test is mentioned. One reason for this partial precipitation was observed in a rapidly fatal case of typhoid. A small amount of albumin was constantly present which gave a small precipitate in the Esbach's tube, but the fluid in the tube remained cloudy for days. With the assistance of Dr. W. Koch, it was found that a very large amount of kreatinin was present. Kreatinin gives with picric acid, in an acid solution (as citric acid), a yellow precipitate which remains in suspension for a long period of time. Perhaps this reaction explains the incomplete precipitation in other cases.
Nonceliac Gluten Sensitivity: Sense or Sensibility?
Authors: Antonio Di Sabatino, Gino Roberto Corazza
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Recent studies support the existence of a new condition, nonceliac gluten sensitivity, which manifests as intestinal or extraintestinal symptoms that improve or disappear after gluten withdrawal in individuals with normal small-bowel mucosa and negative results on serum antitransglutaminase and antiendomysial antibody testing. Although the clinical value of this concept is under debate, the prevalence of nonceliac gluten sensitivity in the general population is supposed to be many times higher than that of celiac disease. The lack of an unambiguous definition of nonceliac gluten sensitivity, a major pitfall, is primarily related to the heterogeneous cause of this condition, whose symptoms are presumed to be caused by different mechanisms. If nonceliac gluten sensitivity is an etiologically heterogeneous syndrome, then management options should vary according to the predominant or concomitant underlying pathogenic pathways.
The Problem of Caries
Authors: R. B. D. Stocker
Journal: BMJ (1948)

measurements of the thickness of the muscles in the abdominal wall, the curvature of the linea alba, and the absolute muscle force, or maximum force per unit of cross section of the fibres, he arrived at the impressively exact figure of 32.926 lb. per sq.in.(1702 mm.Hg).The figure for the absolute muscle force which he used was 102.55 lb. per sq.in.(7.21 kg.sq.cm.), and this is nearly double my own figure,2 which took into considera- tion many more factors.Allowing for this discrepancy, however, Haughton's figure for the intra-abdominal pressure would still be many times greater than the systolic blood pressure.If this were actually
Decreased mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids in pregnant mice: Possible relevance to development of acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Authors: Sylvie Grimbert, Bernard Fromenty, Cecile Fisch, Philippe Letteron, Alain Berson, Anne Marie Durand-Schneider, Gerard Feldmann, Dominique Pessayre
Journal: Hepatology (1993)

Severe impairment of the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, as a consequence of a single factor or a combination of different causes, leads to microvesicular steatosis of the liver. In an effort to understand the mechanism(s) leading to the development of acute fatty liver of pregnancy in some women, we determined the effects of pregnancy on the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids in mice. In vivo, the rate of oxidation of the whole fatty-acid chain length was determined by measuring the rate of exhalation of [14C]CO2 after intragastric administration of a tracer dose of [U-14C]palmitic acid. [14C]CO2 exhalation was not significantly decreased at 14 days of gestation, but it had declined by 40% at 18 days of gestation (i.e., 24 to 48 hr before delivery). The rate of first beta-oxidation cycle was assessed by measuring the rate of [14C]CO2 exhalation after administration of [1-14C]octanoic acid, [1-14C]butyric acid or [1-14C]palmitic acid. [14C]CO2 exhalation had declined by 60%, 46%, and 24% after administration of [1-14C]octanoic acid, [1-14C]butyric acid and [1-14C]palmitic acid, respectively, in 18-day-pregnant mice. Total hepatic lipids and triglycerides, expressed per gram of liver, remained unchanged in 18-day-pregnant mice. In vitro, the rate of mitochondrial beta-oxidation (expressed per milligram of protein) had decreased by 47% at 18 days' gestation with [U-14C]palmitic acid as substrate and by 33% with [1-14C]octanoic acid but remained unchanged with [1-14C]palmitic acid. The activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, assessed by the formation of [14C]CO2 from [1-14C]acetic acid, had decreased by 24%. We conclude that the mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids decreased during late-term pregnancy in mice as a consequence of both decreased mitochondrial beta-oxidation of medium-chain fatty acids, and decreased activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. We suggest that this effect, in combination with other factors, may contribute to the development of fatty liver of pregnancy in some pregnant women.
The selective eosinophil chemotactic activity of histamine.
Authors: R A Clark, J I Gallin, A P Kaplan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1975)

Histamine diphosphate was shown to selectively attract human eosinophils from mixed granulocyte populations when over 20% eosinophils were used in a modified Boyden chamber chemotactic assay system. This effect of histamine is abolished by incubation with diamine oxidase (histaminase) and was generated by decarboxylation of L-histidine. A linear dose dependent increase in eosinophil migration was observed between 3 X 10(-7) M and 1.25 X 10(-6) M, while higher concentrations of histamine inhibited the migration of eosinophils. The attractant activity of histamine was not inhibited by H-1 or H-2 receptor antagonists, however, the inhibition of migration observed at higher histamine concentrations was reversed by metiamine, an H-2 receptor antagonist. The effects of histamine upon eosinophil migration were demonstrable using three different assays: (a) counting cells that had traversed 5-mum pore, 12-mum thick polycarbonate filters, (b) counting cells that had migrated various distances into a 3-mum pore, 145-mum cellulose nitrate filters, or (c) measuring the number of cells that had traversed an upper polycarbonate filter and migrated into a lower cellulose nitrate filter using 15Cr-labeled cells. The ability of histamine to enhance eosinophil migration was shown to be dependent upon the presence of a concentration gradient; histamine did not cause a dose-dependent increase in random motility. Furthermore, preincubation of the eosinophils with histamine deactivate the cells to further stimulation by histamine or by C5a. It is concluded that in low doses histamine is a chemoattractant for human eosinophils, while in higher doses histamine inhibits eosinophil migration. These observations may relate to the influx and localization of eosinophils in immediate hypersensitivity reactions.
The role of calpains in myocardial remodelling and heart failure
Authors: E. Letavernier, L. Zafrani, J. Perez, B. Letavernier, J.-P. Haymann, L. Baud
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

Calpains are cytosolic calcium-activated cysteine proteases. Recently, they have been proposed to influence signal transduction processes leading to myocardial remodelling and heart failure. In this review, we will first describe some of these molecular mechanisms. Calpains may contribute to myocardial hypertrophy and inflammation, mainly through the activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB. They play an important role in the fibrosis process partly by activating transforming growth factor β. They are also implicated in cell death as they cause the breakdown of sarcolemma and sarcomeres. Nevertheless, a key to understanding the molecular basis of calpain-mediated myocardial remodelling likely lies in the identification of mechanisms involved in calpain secretion, since cytosolic and extracellular proteases would have different functions. Finally, we will provide an overview of the available evidence that calpains are indeed actively involved in the common causes of heart failure, including hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischaemia-reperfusion, atrial fibrillation, congestive failure, and mechanical unloading.
Obstacles to maintaining licensure in the United States
Authors: Frances E Cain, Regina M Benjamin, James N Thompson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

from a bleed), we need decisive evidence of benefit in this age group before exposing large numbers of healthy people to potential harm.In my view, therefore, we should not contemplate an age threshold approach to primary prevention with aspirin until we have much better evidence of its benefits in older people.We therefore need further randomised trials comparing low dose aspirin with placebo, such as the aspirin in reducing events in the elderly (ASPREE) study, 11 which aims to randomise 15 000 people aged 70 or over to aspirin 100 mg daily versus placebo.A recommendation that aspirin be used for primary prevention of vascular disease in unselected people over a certain age could result in net harm, and we must have very good evidence to the contrary before instituting such a policy.-ColinBaigent Contributors and sources: CB coordinates the Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration, which is currently reviewing the evidence from the primary prevention trials of aspirin versus placebo.Competing interests: None declared.
Contribution of the 5-HT <sub>1B</sub> Receptor to Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Alan Keegan, Ian Morecroft, Diane Smillie, Martin N. Hicks, Margaret R. MacLean
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) 1B receptors mediate contraction in human pulmonary arteries, and 5-HT 1B receptor-mediated contraction is enhanced in pulmonary arteries from hypoxic rats. Here we further examine the role of this receptor in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PHT) by examining (1) the effects of a 5-HT 1B/1D -receptor antagonist (GR127935) on hypoxia-induced PHT (CHPHT) in rats and (2) CHPHT in 5-HT 1B -receptor knockout mice. In rats, hypoxia increased right ventricular pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy and induced pulmonary vascular remodeling associated with an increase in pulmonary arterial wall thickness. GR127935 (3 mg · kg −1 · d −1 ) reduced all of these indices. 5-HT 1 -mediated contraction was enhanced in pulmonary arteries of the CHPHT rats. The effects of GR127935 on PHT indices were associated with an attenuation of the enhanced contractile responses to 5-HT and the 5-HT 1 -receptor agonist, 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT), in isolated pulmonary arteries. In wild-type mice, hypoxia increased right ventricular hypertrophy, which was absent in 5-HT 1B -receptor knockout mice. Hypoxia increased pulmonary vascular remodeling in wild-type mice, and this was reduced in the 5-HT 1B -receptor knockout mice. Hypoxia increased 5-HT 1 -mediated contraction in pulmonary arteries from the wild-type mice and this was attenuated in the 5-HT 1B -receptor knockout mice. In conclusion, the 5-HT 1B receptor plays a role in the development of CHPHT. One possible mechanism may be via enhanced 5-HT 1 receptor-mediated contraction of the pulmonary arterial circulation.
Fatal Delayed Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction without Previous Blood Transfusion
Authors: Thomas F. Schorn
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Excerpt Delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions are extremely rare and are usually due to the transfusion of incompatible blood as a result of clerical errors (1). Most of these reactions are mild and unrecognized because they occur a long time after the causative transfusion (2-7). The primary immunizing events—pregnancy or a previous transfusion—may have occurred a long time ago and are often missed when the history is obtained. Only a few cases have been reported in which death could be attributed to a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction as a result of shock, renal failure, and disseminated intravascular hemolysis (1, 6, 8). Case
The Practice of Cancer Surgery
Authors: Edward L. Felix
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In the past decade, and especially within the last five years, as interest has increased in malignant diseases, many books have appeared that have attempted to guide the overall treatment of cancer. Most are large and encompass vast amounts of material, but are not designed as guides for the practicing surgeon. The surgeon confronted with a patient in whom an oncological diagnosis is suspected or established needs to have a basic knowledge and background in this area to afford the patient the maximum chance of success. Successful treatment not only requires basic technical skill, but appropriate judgment in the application of surgical therapy as well as appropriate alternatives at each stage of the disease. <i>The Practice of Cancer Surgery</i>by Antonio Alfonso and Bernard Gardner has been written with this goal in mind. The book emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach and discusses the type of surgical therapy at different stages of
Report of the Conference on Uses and Possible Abuses of Biosynthetic Human Growth Hormone
Authors: Louis E. Underwood
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

When unlimited quantities of biosynthetic human growth hormone become available, how will physicians decide which children should receive therapy? Is it ethical to administer growth hormone to short children who are believed not to be deficient in the hormone according to current criteria? Will such treatment produce taller (or better) adults? What are the possible adverse side effects of pharmacologic doses of growth hormone, and what should physicians, growth hormone producers, and regulatory agencies do to prevent misuse? These are but a few of the questions that were addressed by a panel of nearly 50 experts convened November 22 and . . .
Reduction of Biofilm Infection Risks and Promotion of Osteointegration for Optimized Surfaces of Titanium Implants
Authors: Michael Gasik, Lieve Van Mellaert, Dorothée Pierron, Annabel Braem, Dorien Hofmans, Evelien De Waelheyns, Jozef Anné, Marie‐Françoise Harmand, Jozef Vleugels
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2011)

Abstract Titanium‐based implants are widely used in modern clinical practice; however, complications associated with implants due to bacterial‐induced infections arise frequently, caused mainly by staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas spp. and coliform bacteria. Although increased hydrophilicity of the biomaterial surface is known to be beneficial in minimizing the biofilm, quantitative analyses between the actual implant parameters and bacterial development are scarce. Here, the results of in vitro studies of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis proliferation on uncoated and coated titanium materials with different roughness, porosity, topology, and hydrophilicity are shown. The same materials have been tested in parallel with respect to human osteogenic and endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. The experimental data processed by meta‐analysis are indicating the possibility of decreasing the biofilm formation by 80–90% for flat substrates versus untreated plasma‐sprayed porous titanium and by 65–95% for other porous titanium coatings. It is also shown that optimized surfaces would lead to 10–50% enhanced cell proliferation and differentiation versus reference porous titanium coatings. This presents an opportunity to manufacture implants with intrinsic reduced infection risk, yet without the additional use of antibacterial substances.
Tumor Vascular Targeted Delivery of Polymer-conjugated Adenovirus Vector for Cancer Gene Therapy
Authors: Xinglei Yao, Yasuo Yoshioka, Tomohiro Morishige, Yusuke Eto, Shogo Narimatsu, Yasuaki Kawai, Hiroyuki Mizuguchi, Jian-Qing Gao, Yohei Mukai, Naoki Okada, Shinsaku Nakagawa
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2011)

Previously, we generated a cancer-specific gene therapy system using adenovirus vectors (Adv) conjugated to polyethylene glycol (Adv-PEG). Here, we developed a novel Adv that targets both tumor tissues and tumor vasculatures after systemic administration by conjugating CGKRK tumor vasculature homing peptide to the end of a 20-kDa PEG chain (Adv-PEG(CGKRK)). In a primary tumor model, systemic administration of Adv-PEG(CGKRK) resulted in ~500- and 100-fold higher transgene expression in tumor than that of unmodified Adv and Adv-PEG, respectively. In contrast, the transgene expression of Adv-PEG(CGKRK) in liver was about 400-fold lower than that of unmodified Adv, and was almost the same as that of Adv-PEG. We also demonstrated that transgene expression with Adv-PEG(CGKRK) was enhanced in tumor vessels. Systemic administration of Adv-PEG(CGKRK) expressing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk) gene (Adv-PEG(CGKRK)-HSVtk) showed superior antitumor effects against primary tumors and metastases with negligible side effects by both direct cytotoxic effects and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. These results indicate that Adv-PEG(CGKRK) has potential as a prototype Adv with suitable efficacy and safety for systemic cancer gene therapy against both primary tumors and metastases.
Achieving quality of care in dementia by appropriate and timely diagnosis
Authors: A. Burns, J. Hughes, J. Rasmussen
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Brunet thinks that current interest in dementia will lead to harm and overdiagnosis.1 This current awareness is a triumph for a concerted approach from patients, carers, the public, professionals, charities, policy makers, and politicians. There is great dissatisfaction with existing services, especially regarding delays in diagnosis and support immediately after diagnosis and throughout the illness. People involved in dementia practice and policy want to improve this situation so that patients with dementia, families, and carers feel supported at every stage of …
Adding endovascular therapy to t-PA did not improve 90-day survival or functional independence after stroke
Authors: Graeme J. Hankey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Source Citation Broderick JP, Palesch YY, Demchuk AM, et al; Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III Investigators. Endovascular therapy after intravenous t-PA versus t-PA alone for stroke. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:893-903. 23390923
PDGFR blockade is a rational and effective therapy for NPM-ALK–driven lymphomas
Authors: Daniela Laimer, Helmut Dolznig, Karoline Kollmann, Paul W. Vesely, Michaela Schlederer, Olaf Merkel, Ana Iris Schiefer, Melanie R. Hassler, Susi Heider, Lena Amenitsch, Christiane Thallinger, Philipp B. Staber, Ingrid Simonitsch-Klupp, Matthias Artaker, Sabine Lagger, Suzanne D. Turner, Stefano Pileri, Pier Paolo Piccaluga, Peter Valent, Katia Messana, Indira Landra, Thomas Weichhart, Sylvia Knapp, Medhat Shehata, Maria Todaro, Veronika Sexl, Gerald Höfler, Roberto Piva, Enzo Medico, Bruce A. Ruggeri, Mangeng Cheng, Robert Eferl, Gerda Egger, Josef M. Penninger, Ulrich Jaeger, Richard Moriggl, Giorgio Inghirami, Lukas Kenner
Journal: Nature Medicine (2012)