tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prospective pregnancy study designs for assessing reproductive and developmental toxicants.
Authors: Germaine M Buck, Courtney D Lynch, Joseph B Stanford, Anne M Sweeney, Laura A Schieve, John C Rockett, Sherry G Selevan, Steven M Schrader
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

The determinants of successful human reproduction and development may act as early as periconceptionally, underscoring the need to capture exposures during these critical windows when assessing potential toxicants. To identify such toxicants, couples must be studied longitudinally prior to conception without regard to a couple's ability to ascertain a clinically recognized pregnancy. We examined the utility and feasibility of prospective pregnancy study designs by conducting a systematic review of the literature to summarize relevant information regarding the planning, implementation, and success of previously published prospective pregnancy studies. Information concerning design elements and participation was abstracted from 15 eligible studies (from a total of 20 identified studies) using a standardized form. The primary author of each study was contacted to review our summary of their work and obtain missing information. Our findings confirm the ability to recruit women/couples from diverse populations using a variety of recruitment strategies. Among the studies we reviewed, 4-97% of eligible individuals were successfully contacted, with enrollment rates ranging from 42 to 100%. Length of follow-up varied from 3 to 12 months. A high percentage of women provided urine (57-98%) and blood (86-91%) specimens and most male partners (94-100%) provided semen samples. These data support the feasibility of this design.
Disease and Disorder
Authors: James G. Roney
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Usually Ashley Montagu contributes to progress in whatever field he ventures. However, in his one-page discussion, "On the Distinction Between Disease and Disorder," (<i>JAMA</i><b>179</b>:826 [March 10] 1962), he has not been particularly enlightening. His distinction between disease (morbid change in tissue due to specific microorganisms) and disorder (disturbance in structure or function from any cause) is an artificial one, and one which defeats the purposes of many medical educators in attempting to develop in medical students a way of looking at disease. This approach regards disease as a deviation from optimal levels of health, regardless of causation. Thus, fractures, appendicitis, tuberculosis, schizophrenia, sickle-cell anemia, etc., are all diseases. The viewpoint also considers disease as a breakdown in the balance between the host and environment, the latter including or not including a specific agent. Another important part of the viewpoint is the so-called spectrum of disease
Alternatively spliced, truncated GCSF receptor promotes leukemogenic properties and sensitivity to JAK inhibition
Authors: H M Mehta, M Futami, T Glaubach, D W Lee, J R Andolina, Q Yang, Z Whichard, M Quinn, H F Lu, W M Kao, B Przychodzen, C A Sarkar, A Minella, J P Maciejewski, S J Corey
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
Prevalence of factor V G1691A (factor V‐Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A gene mutations in a recurrent miscarriage population
Authors: Ramzi R. Finan, Hala Tamim, Ghada Ameen, Huda E. Sharida, Mooza Rashid, Wassim Y. Almawi
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract Factor V G1691A (FV‐Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A mutations are major inherited risk factors for venous thrombosis. Recently, it was suggested that both mutations, through stimulation of venous and placental thrombosis events, were strongly associated with recurrent idiopathic miscarriages, although other studies disputed such a link. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prothrombin G20210A and factor V G1691A (R506Q, FV‐Leiden) mutations in women with recurrent idiopathic abortions and to recommend management for high‐risk mutation carriers. One hundred ten women with two or more consecutive unexplained first‐trimester miscarriages (mean age ± SD, 32.3 ± 5.3) were compared to 67 parous women with uncomplicated pregnancies (mean age ± SD, 33.9 ±7.3) ( P = 0.134) from the same ethnic background. The presence or absence of the prothrombin G20210A and FV‐Leiden mutations was assessed by PCR and RFLP analysis, using Hin dIII and Mnl I digestion, respectively. In women with primary habitual abortion, 45 (40.91%) carried the FV‐Leiden mutation, of whom 7 were in the homozygote and 38 were in the heterozygote states, and 15 (13.64%) carried the prothrombin G20210A mutation all as heterozygotes, compared to 16.42% and 2.99% carrier rates among controls, respectively, all of whom were heterozygote carriers. Of the other risk factors analyzed, smoking (OR 1.76; 95% CI = 0.79–3.94) was more prevalent in habitual aborters compared to controls. Both FV‐Leiden and factor II G20210A mutations are major inherited risk factor associated with primary recurrent miscarriages. Women with a family or personal history of thrombosis should be screened before or early in the pregnancy for FV‐Leiden and factor II G20210A mutations. Am. J. Hematol. 71:300–305, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smoking is causing impotence, miscarriages, and infertility
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2004)

New figures show that smoking is having a far more serious effect on sexual health than previously thought and is responsible for many thousands of cases of impotence, cervical cancer, miscarriages, and infertility in the United Kingdom each year.

More needs to be done to protect people from the harmful effects of passive smoking and also …
Respiratory sensation related to resistive loads in lung transplant recipients.
Authors: C Peiffer, D Silbert, J Cerrina, F L Ladurie, P Dartevelle, A Chapelier, P Hervé
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

In order to assess the contribution of pulmonary afferent nerves to the processing of respiratory sensation, we compared sensation related to inspiratory resistive loaded breathing in 14 lung transplant recipients with normal lung function with that in 14 matched healthy control subjects. Respiratory sensation was characterized for each subject by the correlation coefficient and slope of the linear relationship between the intensity of sensation (expressed as Borg scores [BSc]) and peak inspiratory mouth pressure (peak Pm), which was considered the main physical stimulus of the sensation. Individual correlation coefficients were very high and did not differ between lung transplant recipients and controls. In contrast, individual slopes of BSc as a function of peak Pm (BSc/peak Pm slopes) were significantly lower in lung transplant recipients than in controls (0.63 versus 1.26; p < 0.01). Furthermore, ventilatory responses to external loads differed significantly between lung transplant recipients and controls in terms of higher values and ranges of generated peak Pm and peak inspiratory flow in lung transplant recipients than in controls (all p < 0.05). These results suggest that pulmonary afferent nerves may contribute to ventilatory and sensory responses to external loads. However, as suggested by the inverse relation between BSc/peak Pm slopes and peak Pm ranges, higher stimulus ranges in lung transplant recipients may also have contributed to intergroup differences in respiratory sensation related to loaded breathing.
Primary adhalinopathy: a common cause of autosomal recessive muscular dystrophy of variable severity
Authors: F. Piccolo, S.L. Roberds, M. Jeanpierre, F. Leturcq, K. Azibi, C. Beldjord, A. Carrié, D. Récan, M. Chaouch, A. Reghis, F. El Kerch, A. Sefiani, T. Voit, L. Merlini, H. Collin, B. Eymard, J.S. Beckmann, N.B. Romero, F.M.S. Tomé, M. Fardeau, K.P. Campbell, J-C. Kaplan
Journal: Nature Genetics (1995)
High Incidence of Maternal Transmission of Diabetes in Obese Uruguayan Children
Authors: Raúl Pisabarro, Alicia Recalde, Yenica Chaftare
Journal: Diabetes Care (2001)

Metabolic experiences in utero, as reflected by a high amniotic fluid insulin concentration, may condition diabetes-associated risk factors such as high BMI (1).

As part of our survey (performed between June and September 2000) of overweight and obese Uruguayan children (age 9–12 years) and the contributing factors of their condition, we evaluated the incidence of maternal transmission of diabetes.

The cross-sectional survey comprised 886 children (452 boys and 434 girls), living in Montevideo, Uruguay, and other …
Filmmaker focuses on female infanticide
Authors: Sanjit Bagchi
Journal: BMJ (2005)

With a prevalence of 10 to 11% in the general population, it is likely that many patients with chronic kidney disease will visit or reside in mountainous areas. Little is known, however, about whether short- or long-duration, high-altitude exposure poses a risk in this patient population. Given that many areas of the kidney are marginally oxygenated even at sea level and that kidney disease may result in further renal hypoxia and hypoxia-associated renal injury, there is concern that high altitude may accelerate the progression of chronic kidney disease. In this review, we address how chronic kidney disease and its management is affected at high altitude. We postulate that arterial hypoxemia at high altitude poses a risk of faster disease progression in those with preexisting kidney disease. In addition, we consider the risks of developing acute altitude illness in patients with chronic kidney disease and the appropriate use of medications for the prevention and treatment of these problems.
Tree Pollen Allergy
Authors: N. E. Eriksson, J.‐Å. Wihl, H. Arrendal, S.‐O. Strandhede
Journal: Allergy (1984)

In a multi‐centre study, comprising 16 clinics, 871 adult hay fever patients were studied. Most patients included had springtime hay fever. Skin prick tests were performed with 20 different tree or bush pollen (lignoses) allergens. RAST determinations were done with eight different tree pollen allergens in 590 patients. Birch pollen (BP) allergen gave the highest frequency of positive test results. The test results with the various tree pollen allergens in patients with BP allergy were compared with those in patients without BP allergy. With all the allergens a significantly higher frequency of positive test results was found in those with BP allergy than in those without. Only very small differences were noted between various parts of the country, and sensitization against various tree pollens was common even in regions where the corresponding trees do not grow. It was concluded that a high degree of cross‐sensitization exists among tree pollens, and testing with BP allergen is sufficient for the diagnostic screening of tree pollen allergy.
Systemic treatment of psoriasis with an oral retinoic acid derivative (Ro 10-9359)
Authors: ALLAN LASSUS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1980)

Ninety-seven patients with severe psoriasis took part in a 1-year study to evaluate the effect of a new oral synthetic retinoid (Ro 10-9359). The trial was performed in a double-blind cross-over fashion. The treatment started with either 100 mg daily of Ro10-9359 or placebo and the maintenance dose was in most cases 50 mg. Follow-up examinations were performed monthly and the parameters erythema, desquamation, infiltration and extent of the lesions were followed. Throughout the study there was a significant to highly significant preference for Ro 10-9359 shown by all parameters. More patients were in complete remission after Ro 10-9359 periods than after placebo periods. The side-effects of Ro 10-9359 on uninvolved skin and mucous membranes seemed to be largely dose-dependent. Twenty-three patients interrupted the study, four of them because of side-effects, mainly alopecia. Laboratory examinations revealed no aberrations which could be attributed to the therapy. One patient developed hepatitis during a placebo period.
PTU-203 Colonoscopic indications and outcomes in patients aged over 80: are we complying with BSG guidelines?
Authors: I Stasinos, C Sieberhagen, T Shirazi, A Forbes, S Prasad
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Colonoscopy in patients aged over 80 can be a high risk procedure due to increased comorbidity and risk of procedural complications. This audit was carried out to ensure that colonoscopies were being performed appropriately, with respect to the indication, in accordance with BSG guidance; with the aim of improving safety and appropriateness of procedure for this sensitive group of patients. <h3>Methods</h3> We retrospectively reviewed 158 colonoscopies over a 16-month period in patients over the age of 80. Data were collected from medical records, the Endoscopy Reporting System, referral letters and the Pathology system. Audit measures included the indications for colonoscopy, comorbidity, outcome, completion rate and complications such as; renal impairment due to bowel preparation, readmissions within 8 days from the procedure and mortality within 30 days. <h3>Results</h3> 6.33% (10/158) of colonoscopies were carried out inappropriately in relation to the indication. Inappropriate indications included normocytic anaemia, abdominal pain, weight loss, short history (&lt;6 weeks) of a change in bowel habit. The rate of inappropriate colonoscopy in relation to co morbidity was 5.06% (5/158). Significant co-morbidities included triple vessel disease and ongoing angina, recent myocardial infarction, symptomatic heart failure, pulmonary embolism and previous stroke. The rate of inappropriate colonoscopy with respect to outcome was 5.7% (9/158) due to a combination of inappropriate indication and high risk procedure with normal findings. 18% (29/158) of colonoscopies were incomplete due to; severe diverticulosis, obstructive malignancy, adhesions, excess looping, high risk of perforation and instrument inadequacy. Renal impairment (serum creatinine rise ≥1.5-fold from the reference value within 8 days) was identified in 1 case due to bowel preparation. Of note, only 29.1% (46/158) of patients had their creatinine measured within a month prior to and following the procedure. The 8-day post procedure readmission rate was 2.35% (4/158). Three of the readmissions were directly related to the colonoscopy. The mortality rate within 30 days was 0%. 28% (45/158) of procedures were carried out via the fast track referral pathway; of these nine cases were diagnosed with malignancy (20%), 9 were found to be normal (20%), 18 had diverticulosis (40%), 8 had polyps (18%), 2 had colitis (4%) and 1 had angiodysplasia (2%). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Colonoscopy can be a high risk procedure in patients over the age of 80. Patients should be selected carefully to ensure that the benefits from the procedure outweigh the risks. The need for colonoscopy should be questioned in elderly patients in whom colonoscopy findings will not significantly affect management and for such patients alternative methods of imaging may be more appropriate. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared.
713 FACTORS DETERMINING BONE MINERAL DENSITY LOSS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS: IS TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL FUMARATE THE MAIN CULPRIT?
Authors: U.S. Gill, S. Al-Shamma, K. Burke, V. Ross, P. Kooner, R. Marley, G.R. Foster, P.T.F. Kennedy
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Gene–Environment Studies: Who, How, When, and Where?
Authors: Angela Spivey
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Who, How, When, and Where?With the sequencing of the human genome completed, the question becomes: what now?Many common diseases are known to be associated with genetic variants, or changes in single nucleotides of the DNA making up the human genome.However, scientists still have many questions about how individual gene variants, and interactions between variants and environmental factors, contribute to an individual's risk of developing common diseases such as cancer, obesity, and heart disease.Some scientists believe the only way to answer those questions is through a large prospective cohort study, collecting DNA samples and information about exposure to a variety of environmental factors from 500,000 to 1 million participants and following this random sampling of the population over a number of years.But such a study would require a huge investment of time, effort, and money; the DHHS Secretary's Advisory Committee on Genetics, Health, and Society (SACGHS) estimates the cost at roughly $3 billion, possibly more.In addition, such an endeavor would likely raise significant social, legal, and ethical issues concerning privacy, consent, public involvement, and communication.Now a new draft report by the SACGHS examines the policy issues related to such a study.The report concludes that, although conducting a large prospective study presents major challenges, it also has the potential to result in significant health benefits.
Diffuse Liver Uptake of Tc-99m Phosphate Compound Associated with Intravenous Injection of Iron Colloid Solution
Authors: MARI ESHIMA, HIROSHI SHIOZAKI, YOICHI ISHINO, HAJIME NAKATA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

Presented are two cases that show a diffuse liver uptake on bone scintigraphy using Tc-99m HMDP following an intravenous injections of iron colloid solution. Although the true mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown, it seems that a Tc-99m iron colloid complex was formed and taken up in Kupffer cells of liver.
Results of surgical treatment for extrahepatic biliary atresia in United Kingdom 1980-2. Survey conducted on behalf of the British Paediatric Association Gastroenterology Group and the British Association of Paediatric Surgeons.
Authors: J W McClement, E R Howard, A P Mowat
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A postal survey identified 114 infants with biliary atresia (roughly one in 21 000 live births). Biliary operations were performed on 107. Of the 105 infants who were followed up, 35 were free of jaundice at 10 months to 3 1/2 years. Good results occurred most often in those operated on by 12 weeks and were also related to the number of cases operated on in each centre. Only two of 18 infants treated in centres dealing with one case a year were free of jaundice compared with 11 of 38 at centres treating two to five cases a year and 22 of 49 in a centre treating more than five cases a year. Jaundice in an infant of more than 2 weeks associated with yellow urine or pale stools is never physiological and requires urgent investigation to identify causes for which effective treatment may be possible. Identification of suspected cases by 4 weeks of age and a greater concentration of investigative and surgical skills should improve the short term results of surgery and the long term prognosis of biliary atresia.
Describing race, ethnicity, and culture in medical research
Authors: K. McKenzie, N S Crowcroft
Journal: BMJ (1996)

The terminology of race, ethnicity, and culture is a source of continuing debate and will change because of fashion and politics.1 Given our diversity, the fact that ethnicity is now most often self classified, and that both ethnicity and culture are dynamic it seems unlikely that an agreed taxonomy can be achieved. But if researchers want to be able to compare results of studies now and in the future a framework is needed for the classification of ethnic or cultural groups.

The nearest we have to an agreed classification in the United Kingdom are the categories used by the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys in the 1991 census.2 This is a pragmatic classification that balances ease of collection against a need to produce data on the population.3 It is of limited use as a measure of sociocultural differences.3

This leaves a void in which there are many different terms used for groups. For instance, a black Baptist born in the UK but whose parents were …
Precordial ST segment depression during acute inferior myocardial infarction: Early thallium-201 scintigraphic evidence of adjacent posterolateral or inferoseptal involvement
Authors: Allan S. Lew, A. Teddy Weiss, Prediman K. Shah, Jamshid Maddahi, Thomas Peter, William Ganz, H.J.C. Swan, Daniel S. Berman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1985)
Correction: Misclassification of Clonidine
Authors: Ila V. Mehra
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

Corrections15 February 1994Correction: Misclassification of ClonidineFREEIla V. Mehra, PharmDIla V. Mehra, PharmDMedical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC 29425Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-4-199402150-00030 SectionsAboutVisual AbstractPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In their recent review of drug-induced disorders of glucose tolerance, Pandit and colleagues [1] state that clonidine is a centrally acting α-blocker. However, this is an error. Clonidine is, in fact, classified as a selective α-2 agonist. The blood pressure-lowering effects of clonidine result from activation of α-2 receptors in the central nervous system, which reduces sympathetic outflow [2].References1. Pandit MK, Burke J, Gustafson AB, Minocha A, Peiris AN. Drug-induced disorders of glucose tolerance. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118: 529-39. Google Scholar2. Goodman LS, Gilman A, eds. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1993:208-9. Google Scholar Comments0 CommentsSign In to Submit A Comment Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Medical University of South Carolina; Charleston, SC 29425 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 February 1994Volume 120, Issue 4Page: 347KeywordsBloodCentral nervous systemDrugsGlucose toleranceSympathetic nervous system ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 February 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Handbook of Endocrinology: Diagnosis and Management of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Albert B. Eisenstein
Journal: JAMA (1973)

This publication started out as a reference notebook for use of the house staff at the Philadelphia General Hospital. When first developed, it probably qualified as a handbook; however, in its present form it could be more accurately described as a textbook. Nevertheless, certain features reflect its origin, particularly the numerous tables that present guidelines to differential diagnosis, laboratory findings in various diseases, workup of patients, and treatment. The tables are well prepared and should be very useful, particularly to those who need to obtain specific information within a short time. The book is somewhat uneven in that certain topics are discussed at great length while others are more superficially presented. For example, more than 100 pages are devoted to disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, whereas anterior pituitary deficiency is discussed in less than two pages. Furthermore, the reason for devoting 14 pages to the diets used in treatment of patients
Escalation of daunorubicin and addition of etoposide in the ADE regimen in acute myeloid leukemia patients aged 60 years and older: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9720
Authors: M R Baer, S L George, B L Sanford, K Mrózek, J E Kolitz, J O Moore, R M Stone, B L Powell, M A Caligiuri, C D Bloomfield, R A Larson
Journal: Leukemia (2011)
Assisted dying: are doctors in denial?
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Every aspect of what doctors do has an ethical dimension, generating real angst and anger. The BMA currently opposes doctors’ involvement in assisted dying, but is this the right position?

The case against is very strong. Our professional duty is to preserve life; physician assisted dying would compromise our position in society and runs against our ethical duty. There are impassable religious objections focused on the sanctity of life and against doctors “playing god.” There are wider concerns: patients might be pressured by their families to end their life. Disability groups fear that society’s most vulnerable …