tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Miracle AIDS cure hits the South African press
Authors: P. Sidley
Journal: BMJ (1997)

“Aids cure: Trick or Treat?” said a poster for the Mail ' Guardian two days after the dramatic announcement of the discovery of a cheap drug that could help AIDS sufferers. The poster neatly outlined the problems surrounding “scientific breakthroughs” that are reported in the media without first undergoing scientific vetting.

The unfolding story in the media over the next week provided sad pictures and sound bites of desperate AIDS victims seeking the new treatment, as well as angry denouncements from the medical and scientific establishment of publicity seeking and greedy quackery. It was probably the announcement that South Africa's “miracle” AIDS drug team–as a mass circulation Sunday newspaper billed them–had appointed an American publicist to promote their work which tipped guarded optimism about the discovery into cynicism. The research team had appointed Larry Heidebrech, who previously handled Olympian runner Ben Johnson.

For the previous 10 days South African newspapers, television, and radio had had major “splashes” about the …
The Purpose of Advance Medical Planning — Autonomy for Patients or Limitation of Care?
Authors: Norman G. Levinsky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

Methods for advance medical planning were originally developed to ensure that patients' preferences would guide the nature and intensity of their future medical care. Increasingly, however, advance planning is viewed as a tool to limit care. For example, a study of the effects of advance directives on medical treatments and costs was performed, the authors said, with the "hope that executing the California Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care might provide a more ethical approach to reducing health care costs."1 Even when the purpose is not cost containment, there may be a philosophical emphasis on limiting, rather than maintaining, . . .
Reversible segmental left ventricular dysfunction after coronary angioplasty.
Authors: E K van den Berg, J J Popma, G J Dehmer, F R Snow, S A Lewis, G W Vetrovec, J V Nixon
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Patients with chronic segmental myocardial dysfunction may demonstrate improvement after coronary revascularization. To evaluate the early effects of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) on resting left ventricular segmental function, we obtained serial two-dimensional echocardiograms 1.1 +/- 0.9 days before and 3.1 +/- 2 days after elective PTCA in 40 patients. Echocardiograms were reviewed in a blind fashion; left ventricular segmental wall motion was analyzed in four short-axis views, and a score was assigned to each region (0, normal; 1, hypokinetic; and 2, akinetic). Abnormal regional wall motion was present in 20 of the patients before PTCA. Summed segment scores in these 20 patients showed an improvement in regional wall motion from 4.5 +/- 2.5 to 1.6 +/- 2.1 (p less than 0.01) after successful PTCA. Similar results were obtained when the patients were divided into those with or without a previous myocardial infarction. Improvement occurred in the seven patients without a previous myocardial infarction; the summed segment score decreased from 4.2 +/- 3.4 to 0.86 +/- 1.6 (p less than 0.05) after PTCA. Ten of the 13 patients with a prior myocardial infarction demonstrated improvement in wall motion after PTCA; the summed segment scores decreased 54% (p less than 0.001). Of the 260 segments analyzed in the study, 180 were normal before and after PTCA. Forty-nine of the 69 hypokinetic segments were normal, and 10 of 12 akinetic segments were hypokinetic after successful coronary revascularization. There was no deterioration in wall motion after PTCA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Increased Fluorodeoxyglucose-Uptake in Positron Emission Tomography with an Endobronchial Schwannoma Occluding the Left Main Stem Bronchus
Authors: Ryota Nakamura, Shigemi Ishikawa, Mitsuaki Sakai, Yukinobu Goto, Yuko Minami
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
Patient centred death
Authors: J. Clark
Journal: BMJ (2003)

We need better, more innovative research on patients' views on dying 

A good death has always been important in all cultures. To achieve your chosen afterlife you died either well (euthanatos) or nobly (kalosthanein). But what is a good death in a world that for many is post-religious and medicalised? We know something from research on patients and their families—but not nearly enough. We need much better research that uses innovative and different methods.

We don't have good data on how people die (as opposed to what they die of), but there is a strong impression that many die badly.1 People do not die in the places they wish or with the peace they desire. Probably too many die alone, in pain, terrified, mentally unaware, without dignity, or feeling alienated. People who are poor, from ethnic minorities, or marginalised may have even worse deaths.

Modern dying involves a struggle for control. Some doctors fear failure when they cannot keep their patients …
Catholics sue Obama over provision of contraception in health insurance policies
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Leading Roman Catholic organisations have sued the Obama administration over the requirement that health insurance policies must cover contraception for their workers from 1 August. They claim that the requirement violates their religious beliefs as protected under the first amendment to the US Constitution.

Separate lawsuits were filed on 21 May in a dozen federal courts across the country by 43 prominent Roman Catholic organisations, including the archdiocese of New York and the University of Notre Dame, Indiana.

“We do not seek to impose our religious beliefs on others. We simply ask that the government not impose its values on the university when those values conflict with our religious …
Respiratory Function in Disease
Authors: Thomas L. Petty
Journal: JAMA (1990)

In all, 23 well-organized and readable chapters are provided, ranging from airway structure and function and basic pulmonary physiology to syndromes of respiratory failure. Abnormalities in pulmonary function in relation to all of the major pulmonary disease states are thoroughly discussed. There is more emphasis on certain disease states than others, eg, two chapters and 42 pages on chronic airflow limitation but only three pages in a very abbreviated chapter on the adult respiratory distress syndrome. A masterful commentary on an astonishing number of citations of relevant clinical studies that link structure and function of the lung in various disease states is provided in this edition. No fewer than 115 pages contain 5418 citations. Most of this bibliography refers to work published since 1970. Even then, only about half of the annotated references are included in the final list of references. Indeed, the entire bibliography is available on two diskettes
Cardiovascular involvement in osteogenesis imperfecta.
Authors: J Hortop, P Tsipouras, J A Hanley, B J Maron, J R Shapiro
Journal: Circulation (1986)

While aortic root dilatation and valvular dysfunction have been well-documented in osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), the nature and extent of cardiovascular involvement in OI have not been clearly delineated. A clinical and echocardiographic survey involving 109 individuals with various nonlethal OI syndromes from 66 separate families was undertaken. Clinically discernible valvular dysfunction was encountered in only four of the 109 individuals (aortic regurgitation in two, aortic stenosis in one, and mitral valve prolapse in one), none of whom were related. Aortic root dilatation was recognized echocardiographically in eight (12.1%) of 66 individuals comprising a subset of the sample in which each family was represented by a single individual. The extent of the aortic root dilatation was mild (the largest dimension measuring 4.3 cm) and was unrelated to the age of the individual. Dilatation was seen in each of the different OI syndromes but was strikingly segregated within certain families (p less than .001). In the same subset of 66 individuals, mitral valve prolapse was encountered in two or 6.9% of the 29 individuals aged 15 years or greater in whom adequate studies were obtained. This observed frequency was not different from that seen in a normal adult population. Aortic root dilatation appears to represent a distinct phenotypic trait in patients with OI that is nonprogressive and occurs in about 12% of affected individuals. Whether mitral valve prolapse should be considered as a part of the cardiovascular phenotype in OI, or alternately segregates as an independent autosomal dominant trait has yet to be determined.
Activation of the <i>Enhancer of Zeste Homologue 2</i> Gene by the Human Papillomavirus E7 Oncoprotein
Authors: Daniela Holland, Karin Hoppe-Seyler, Bettina Schuller, Claudia Lohrey, Julia Maroldt, Matthias Dürst, Felix Hoppe-Seyler
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract The malignant phenotype of human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cancer cells is maintained by the activity of the viral E6 and E7 genes. Here, we identified the polycomb group gene enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) as a novel downstream target for the viral oncogenes in HPV-transformed cells. EZH2 expression was activated by HPV16 E7 at the transcriptional level via E7-mediated release of E2F from pocket proteins. RNA interference analyses showed that continuous EZH2 expression is required for the proliferation of HPV-positive tumor cells by stimulating cell cycle progression at the G1-S boundary. In addition to its growth-promoting activity, EZH2 also contributed to the apoptotic resistance of cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, we found that HPV-positive dysplastic and tumorigenic cervical lesions were characterized by high levels of EZH2 protein in vivo. We conclude that the E7 target gene EZH2 is a major determinant for the proliferation of HPV-positive cancer cells and contributes to their apoptotic resistance. Moreover, EZH2 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of cervical cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(23):9964–72]
Systemic delivery of siRNA nanoparticles targeting RRM2 suppresses head and neck tumor growth
Authors: Mohammad Aminur Rahman, A.R.M. Ruhul Amin, Xu Wang, Jonathan E. Zuckerman, Chung Hang J. Choi, Bingsen Zhou, Dongsheng Wang, Sreenivas Nannapaneni, Lydia Koenig, Zhengjia Chen, Zhuo (Georgia) Chen, Yun Yen, Mark E. Davis, Dong M. Shin
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
Lack of clear diagnoses leaves incontinence untreated
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Too many people with bladder or bowel incontinence are not being given a diagnosis for their problem or treated for it, especially if they are frail and elderly or young with learning disabilities, an audit of NHS services in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland has found.

The third audit of continence care since 2005 found that, in some settings, for four in 10 people with urinary incontinence no evidence is documented of the cause or type of incontinence they have. This indicates that they have not been fully assessed and that their treatment options will be limited, says the audit, which was commissioned by the Healthcare Quality Improvement Partnership and …
Mineralocorticoid effects of high dose hydrocortisone
Authors: N. A Sattar, A. Gaw
Journal: BMJ (1995)

*

EDITOR,--In their recent Lesson of the Week B H Ramsahoye and colleagues highlight the mineralocorticoid effect of high dose hydrocortisone as the principal factor that resulted in the fall in serum potassium concentrations (2.9 to 2.0 mmol/l) in their patient. …
Spleen irradiation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): Palliation in patients unfit for splenectomy
Authors: Kristian Aabo, Sven Walbom‐Jorgensen
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1985)

Abstract In 22 patients with CLL given 30 courses of spleen irradiation, 23 responses were observed (77%, 95% confidence limits, 58‐90%). Response was defined as reduction in palpable spleen size accompanied by relief of symptoms (pain, abdominal discomfort, and sweating) or improvement in hypersequestration or hemolytic anemia. Reduction in leukocyte count alone was not regarded as response. All responses were partial. The median response duration was 1 year. Subsequently, three patients underwent splenectomy. The median survival from the beginning of spleen irradiation was 2.5 years (range: 1 month‐&gt;5 years). Only six patients had minor side effects from the gastrointestinal tract. The hematologic effect was most pronounced on the white blood cell count, but also the platelet count was affected. It is concluded that spleen irradiation is a gentle and effective alternative in CLL patients suffering from splenomegaly (pain and hypersplenism), refractory to chemotherapy and glucocorti‐costeroids and unfit for splenectomy. Splenic irradiation may also be used with benefit preoperatively before splenectomy in patients with excessive splenomegaly and hypersplenism.
High Prevalence of Anal Human Papillomavirus Infection and Anal Cancer Precursors among HIV-Infected Persons in the Absence of Anal Intercourse
Authors: Christophe Piketty, Teresa M. Darragh, Maria Da Costa, Patrick Bruneval, Isabelle Heard, Michel D. Kazatchkine, Joel M. Palefsky
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

Anal cancer and its precursor lesion, anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs), are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Anal HPV infection and anal SIL are common in HIV-positive men who have sex with men; receptive anal intercourse is presumed to be the mode of acquisition of HPV.To assess the prevalence and risk factors for anal HPV infection and anal SIL in HIV-positive men with no history of anal intercourse.Cross-sectional study.Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou outpatient clinic, Paris, France.118 HIV-infected men.50 HIV-positive heterosexual male injection drug users with no history of anal intercourse and 67 HIV-infected men who had sex with men were evaluated by using anal cytologic, anal histologic, and anal HPV DNA testing.23 of the 50 heterosexual injection drug users (46%) had anal HPV infection. Low-grade SIL (LSIL) was found in 8 patients (16%) and high-grade SIL (HSIL) in 9 patients (18%). Among the 67 men who had sex with men, anal HPV infection was found in 57 patients (85%), LSIL in 33 patients (49%), and HSIL in 12 patients (18%). In univariate analysis, risk factors for abnormal anal cytologic or histologic findings in injection drug users included CD4+ cell counts less than 250 x 10(6) cells/L (odds ratio, 5.7 [95% CI, 1.6 to 20.4]), plasma HIV RNA viral load greater than 1.7 log copies/mL (odds ratio, 8.9 [CI, 1.1 to 76.0]), previous AIDS-defining event (odds ratio, 4.3 [CI, 1.2 to 15.6]), and anal HPV detection (odds ratio, 5.7 [CI, 1.6 to 20.4]). Risk factors among men who had sex with men included having more than 10 lifetime receptive anal intercourse episodes (odds ratio, 5.6 [CI, 1.6 to 19.8]) and anal HPV detection (odds ratio, 8.7 [CI, 1.9 to 39.0]).Anal HPV infection and anal SIL may be acquired in the absence of anal intercourse in HIV-positive men. The prevalence of HSIL is high among HIV-positive injection drug users. All HIV-positive men with CD4+ cell counts less than 500 x 10(6) cells/L, regardless of history of anal intercourse, should be considered for anal cytologic screening; however, additional studies are needed to determine the efficacy of this procedure to prevent anal cancer in these populations.
Assessment of an anti-T-cell receptor variable region antibody panel in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma
Authors: P.M. McHENRY, I. CAMPELL, K.M. MACKIK
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Using a panel of seven commercially available monoclonal antibodies directed against specific sites of the T‐cell receptor variable region, we have studied the staining patterns in 15 biopsies from 11 patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL.). and in five patients with benign lymphocytic infiltrates. Eight of the 11 patients with CTCL showed staining of the majority of lymphocytes with either Vβ alone (n=2).Vβ12 alone (n=2) or with both Vβ8 and Vβ12 (n=3). None of the biopsies from patients with benign dermatoses showed staining of the majority of lymphocytes with any of the antibodies.
Racial differences in responses to therapy with interferon in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Rajender K. Reddy, Jay H. Hoofnagle, Myron J. Tong, William M. Lee, Paul Pockros, Jenny E. Heathcote, Donald Albert, Tenshang Joh
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

The likelihood of a sustained response to a course of interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C correlates with several clinical and viral factors, including age, viral genotype and initial levels of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in serum. The role of race and ethnicity has not been assessed. We evaluated the association of race with response to interferon in a large randomized, controlled trial using either consensus interferon (9 μg) or interferon alfa-2b (3 million units) given three times weekly for 24 weeks. African-American patients participating in the study were similar to white patients in mean age (43 vs. 42 years) and baseline levels of HCV RNA (3.6 vs. 3.0 million copies/mL) but had lower rates of cirrhosis (5% vs. 12%) and more frequently had viral genotype 1 (88% vs. 66%: P = .004). Most strikingly, the rates of end-of-treatment and sustained virological responses were lower among the 40 African-American patients (5% and 2%) than among the 380 white patients (33% and 12%) ( P = .04 and .07). Rates of response among Hispanic and Asian-American patients were not statistically different than non-Hispanic white patients. Median viral levels decreased by week 24 of therapy by 2.5 logs in white patients (from 3.0 to 0.012 million copies/mL) but by only 0.5 logs among African- American patients (from 3.6 to 1.8 million copies/mL). Thus, there are marked racial differences in virological responses to interferon in hepatitis C that must be considered in assessing trials of interferon therapy and in counseling patients regarding treatment. The differences in response rates are as yet unexplained.
Cannabinoid receptor 1 is a major mediator of renal fibrosis
Authors: Lola Lecru, Christophe Desterke, Stanislas Grassin-Delyle, Christos Chatziantoniou, Sophie Vandermeersch, Aurore Devocelle, Amelia Vernochet, Ninoslav Ivanovski, Catherine Ledent, Sophie Ferlicot, Meriem Dalia, Myriam Saïd, Séverine Beaudreuil, Bernard Charpentier, Aimé Vazquez, Julien Giron-Michel, Bruno Azzarone, Antoine Durrbach, Hélène François
Journal: Kidney International (2015)
VARIATIONS IN THE ANASTOMOSIS OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES AND THEIR SEQUENCES
Authors: H. A. OBERHELMAN
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Anastomoses between the branches of the coronary arteries and with the arteries of surrounding structures have been quite definitely established by experimental ligation in animals, clinical observations combined with necropsy dissection, injection of the coronary arteries with subsequent corrosion of the extravascular tissues of both normal and diseased human hearts, and roentgenologic studies. Such studies have been made over a long period. Many of the earliest investigators failed to draw any conclusions at all regarding anastomoses. and simply noted that the animals died. Among these are Chirac,<sup>1</sup>who used dogs, and Ericksen<sup>2</sup>and Panum,<sup>3</sup>who used both dogs and rabbits. Panum's experiments made with living animals were ingenious, for he put black melted wax into the innominate vein and then clamped the aorta to secure its entrance into the coronary arteries. In 1880, Samuelson and Bezold,<sup>4</sup>also using dogs and rabbits, concluded that the coronary arteries
Clinical and photobiological characteristics of Japanese xeroderma pigmentosum variant*
Authors: M. ICHIHASHI, Y. FUJIWARA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Clinical and photobiological differences between Japanese patients belonging to xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) variant and complementation group A were studied, especially focussing on XP variants. All of ten XP variant patients commonly manifested a delayed onset of pigmented freckles as the initial symptom around 5–7 years old without acute sun erythema, in contrast to the early manifestation of acute solar erythema during infancy in XP group A patients. Six XP variant patients tested showed normal and three showed low minimal erythema doses (MEDs), at the 24 h reaction peak after monochromatic u.v. (280–330 nm) irradiation, while XP group A patients had definitely low MEDs (280–350 nm) with abnormally delayed peaking of the erythema reaction at 72 h. In cell culture studies, all XP variant strains exhibited normal levels of 254 nm u.v.‐induced, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), 14–2 times more accumulation of excision DNA breaks by arabinofuranosyl cytosine and hydroxyurea due to a subtle defect in the later polymerization step of excision repair, and a slightly higher sensitivity to u.v. cell killing than did normal cells. With respect to the synergistic effect of caffeine on u.v. lethality, XP variant strains could be divided into caffeine‐susceptible (eight cases) and caffeine‐resistant (two cases) subgroups. The extent of excision‐break acciunuladon was greater in the former subgroup than in the latter. All of eight XP variant patients whose cells showed caffeine potendation of u.v. lethality had already had skin malignancies, but two sib patients whose cells were caffeine‐resistant had as yet had no neoplasm. It is strongly suggested that in XP variant, caffeine‐susceptibility may be related to the development of neoplasms.
Simple fluorescent enzyme immunoassay for detection and quantification of hepatitis C viremia
Authors: Takeshi Tanaka, Johnson Y.N. Lau, Masashi Mizokami, Etsuro Orito, Eiji Tanaka, Kendo Kiyosawa, Koichiro Yasui, Yohsuke Ohta, Akira Hasegawa, Satoshi Tanaka, Michinori Kohara
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1995)
THE MUSEUM IN MEDICAL TEACHING.
Authors: MAUDE E. ABBOTT
Journal: JAMA (1905)

The stress and the high pressure of modern life is felt nowhere more keenly than in the field of higher professional education. On all sides the demand is heard for a wisely simplified curriculum, for a longer term of study, for methods that will bring the ever-widening field of knowledge to be covered within the range of the personal observation and induction of an ever-multiplying number of students. To meet the difficulties of the case, educational reforms have taken place all along the line. Teaching is becoming always more objective, illustrative, the didactic method more colloquial—socratic. The student is called on to produce, even more than to acquire, to enquire, to debate, and to himself form judgments on the facts of his own observation. The laboratory system, in short, with the symposium, is replacing the lecture room and the thesis. Nowhere are these new