tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Advances in radiotherapy
Authors: S. S. Ahmad, S. Duke, R. Jena, M. V. Williams, N. G. Burnet
Journal: BMJ (2012)

#### Summary points

Radiotherapy plays an important role in the care of patients with cancer and forms part of the management of 40% of patients cured of their disease.1 Advances have been made in the past two decades, as improvements in engineering and computing have enabled technologies such as intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), image guided radiotherapy (IGRT), and stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) to be used in routine clinical practice.

This article explains newer radiotherapy techniques and aims to enable general practitioners and non-specialist clinicians to advise patients who come to them with questions. It will focus on external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), which is the most common form of treatment, delivered to 125 000 patients a year in England.2

#### Sources and selection criteria

This article is an evidence based review of clinical radiotherapy. We searched PubMed and the Cochrane databases between 1990 and 2012 using the search terms radiotherapy, intensity modulated radiotherapy, image guided radiotherapy, stereotactic radiotherapy, and proton beam therapy to identify observational studies, randomised trials, meta-analyses, and systematic reviews.

X rays are a form of electromagnetic radiation that deliver their energy through waves called photons. These photons are produced by accelerating a stream of electrons and colliding them with a metal target. High energy photons produce secondary electrons in human tissue. Electrons cause DNA damage which, if not repaired, proves fatal at cell division. Absorbed …
RLIP76: A Target for Kidney Cancer Therapy
Authors: Sharad S. Singhal, Jyotsana Singhal, Sushma Yadav, Mukesh Sahu, Yogesh C. Awasthi, Sanjay Awasthi
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

RLIP76 is a multifunctional transporter protein that serves as an energy-dependent efflux mechanism for endogenously generated toxic metabolites as well as exogenous toxins, including chemotherapy drugs. Our recent studies in cultured cells, syngeneic animal tumor model, and in xenograft model have shown that RLIP76 serves a major cancer-specific antiapoptotic role in a wide variety of histologic types of cancer, including leukemia, melanoma, colon, lung, prostate, and ovarian cancer. Results of present studies in cell culture and xenograft model of Caki-2 cells show that RLIP76 is an important anticancer for kidney cancer because inhibition of RLIP76 function by antibody or its depletion by small interfering RNA or antisense DNA caused marked and sustained regression of established human kidney xenografts of Caki-2 cells in nude mouse.
Grade I Reye's Syndrome — Outcome and Predictors of Progression to Deeper Coma Grades
Authors: James E. Heubi, Cynthia C. Daugherty, Jacqueline S. Partin, John C. Partin, William K. Schubert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

We studied 83 biopsy-proved cases of Grade I Reye's syndrome to determine the outcome, possible clinical or laboratory predictors of progression to deeper coma grades, and hepatic ultrastructural findings. Seventy-eight patients had no change in coma grade during hospitalization, whereas five (6 per cent) had progression to deeper coma grades. All the patients survived without sequelae except one who sustained severe brain damage. The mean (±S.E.) level of serum ammonia on admission was significantly higher (P = 0.005) in patients whose disease progressed to deeper neurologic grades (291±42 μg per deciliter) than in those whose disease did not so progress (53±5 μg per deciliter), and the corrected prothrombin time was significantly more prolonged (P = 0.005) in patients with progressing coma (3.9±0.5 seconds) than in those whose coma grade did not change (1.6±0.2 seconds). The combination of a prothrombin time 3 seconds or longer than that of the control and a serum level of ammonia on admission of 100 μg per deciliter or more correctly predicted progression in 71.5 per cent of the cases (sensitivity, 100 per cent; specificity, 97.6 per cent). Our findings suggest that the prognosis is excellent for survival without sequelae in Grade I Reye's syndrome (98.8 per cent) when management includes hospital surveillance and intravenous glucose and electrolyte infusion. (N Engl J Med 1984; 311:1539–42.)
Prevalence of Blindness and Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Hainan Province in South China
Authors: Emmy Y. Li, Yingpeng Liu, Xingkai Zhan, Yuan Bo Liang, Xiujuan Zhang, Chongren Zheng, Vishal Jhanji, Ping Xu, David F. Chang, Dennis S.C. Lam
Journal: Ophthalmology (2013)
Transmission of Infectious Diseases in Outpatient Health Care Settings
Authors: Richard A. Goodman, Steven L. Solomon
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Increased provision of health care in outpatient settings and concerns about occupational transmission of infections have focused attention on the risk of transmission of infectious diseases in ambulatory health care settings. In contrast to inpatient nosocomial infections, infections transmitted in outpatient settings are neither systematically monitored nor likely to be detected by routine qi surveillance. To better define the spectrum of such events, we reviewed the literature to identify cases and clusters of infections associated with outpatient health care. In this review, we identified and epidemiologically characterized 53 such reports that occurred from 1961 through 1990. Transmission occurred in general medical offices, clinics, and emergency departments (23); ophthalmologists' offices and clinics (11); dental offices (13); and alternative-care settings (six). Our findings suggest that inpatient infection-control practices should be extended to outpatient health care settings by assigning specific responsibility for infection control and by adapting surveillance methods and prevention measures.
Vocal Indicators of Affective Disorders
Authors: K.R. Scherer, B. Zei
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1988)

Speech consists not only of linguistic elements such as phonemes – it also contains features which carry nonlinguistic information. These features, e.g. voice quality and prosody, either occur spontaneously and are related to the speaker's emotional and/or physiological state or are produced intentionally and related to the speaker's attitudes or interaction strategies (even though the latter often include features that are meant to appear as unintentional). Acoustic analysis of the human voice thus allows the identification of vocal correlates of the speaker's emotional and/or physiological state as well as of his social intentions.
Evaluation of a Psychiatric Service for Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Authors: ARTHUR H. NORTON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1967)

Inpatient treatment of disturbed children, adolescents, and adults may be enhanced and complemented when they are housed together. Some advantages include more levels of communication for the children, lessening of contagious elements in destructive acting out, and greater facility for family therapy. Potential problems and disadvantages, such as staff competitiveness, are also reviewed.
The effect of the work environment on future sleep disturbances: a systematic review
Authors: Steven J. Linton, Göran Kecklund, Karl A. Franklin, Lena C. Leissner, Børge Sivertsen, Eva Lindberg, Anna C. Svensson, Sven O. Hansson, Örjan Sundin, Jerker Hetta, Cecilia Björkelund, Charlotte Hall
Journal: Sleep Medicine Reviews (2014)
Non-Invasive Measurement of Pathological Heterogeneity of Cancer Tissues Using Water State Information from Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging.
Authors: S. Chung, S. Chung, A. Cerussi, D. Hsiang, B. Tromberg, B. Tromberg, B. Tromberg
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: In our previous work, we have shown that biochemical tissue water state correlates with histopathological scores of breast cancer (R=-0.96). Based on the result, we extended our research to test whether the tissue water measurement can differentiate heterogeneous pathological structures of cancer tissues of different grades. Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging (DOSI) measures water molecular vibrational states associated with macro-molecular complexes in tissues such as proteins in a non-invasive way without compression of the breast. For DOSI measurements, a large region over breast tumors is scanned using a hand-held probe and spectral information on each point is spatially mapped to generate an image.Subjects and Methods: DOSI was employed to measure 19 primary cancers (18 IDC and 1 ILC). The spectral features of tissue water absorption from 935 nm to 998nm were compared to those of a pure water spectrum measured at body temperature in order to acquire the Bound Water Index (BWI: the residual between tissue and pure water spectra). In the spectroscopic images, the average and standard deviation of the pixels less than 20% of the range of the BWI in the image were calculated based on our previous finding that carcinoma tissues have lower BWI (more free water). The same parameters were calculated on normal tissues from the same patients in order to compare the tissue heterogeneity. The standard deviation was divided by the average value of each tissue type, and this value is communicated as a Heterogeneity Index (HI).Results: In our in vivo clinical studies, the cancer tissues showed 51% higher heterogeneity than the normal tissues (cancer HI: 0.046±0.018, normal HI: 0.024±0.018, p&amp;lt;0.001). Furthermore, the low (N=4), medium (N=9) and high grade (N=6) tumors, defined by the Nottingham Bloom-Richardson histopathological scores (3-5: low, 6-7: med and 8-9: high), demonstrated increasing heterogeneity in the water disposition with the tumor grade. The medium and high grade tumors had 10.5 and 28% more heterogeneity than the low grade tumors in average (low grade HI: 0.041±0.015, med: 0.045±0.02 and high: 0.052±0.017).Discussion: The tissue water measurement using DOSI showed its ability to measure increased pathological heterogeneity in more invasive cancer tissues. This result supports our earlier finding that the BWI can report on histopathological grades of cancer tissues. These pathological properties were acquired in a completely non-invasive way with non-ionizing low power light. The results of this study suggest that the water state measurement using DOSI may be used as a non-invasive optical biopsy with high specificity. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 5008.
Pulmonary Hypertensive Medical Therapy in Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Before Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy
Authors: Kurt W. Jensen, Kim M. Kerr, Peter F. Fedullo, Nick Hyong Kim, Victor J. Test, Ori Ben-Yehuda, William R. Auger
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— The currently recommended treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE). No convincing evidence for the use of pulmonary hypertensive medical therapy (PHT) exists in operable candidates. We sought to determine the prevalence of the use of PHT on referral for PTE and the effects on pre-PTE hemodynamics and post-PTE outcomes/hemodynamics. Methods and Results— We performed a retrospective analysis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients referred for PTE during 2005–2007. The prevalence of PHT was determined for all patients referred to our institution. Hemodynamic and outcomes analysis involved only those undergoing PTE. Data included baseline demographics, PHT medication(s), dosage, duration of therapy, and time to referral. Hemodynamic data were acquired from the time of diagnosis, the time of referral visit, and after PTE. Outcomes included intensive care unit, hospital, and ventilator days; bleeding and infection rates; incidence of reperfusion lung injury; and in-hospital mortality. The control group (n=244) was compared with the PHT group (n=111); subgroups included monotherapy with bosentan, sildenafil, or epoprostenol and combination therapy. The prevalence of PHT significantly increased from 19.9% in 2005 to 37% in 2007. There was minimal benefit of treatment with PHT on pre-PTE mean pulmonary artery pressure, but its use was associated with a significant delay in time to referral for PTE. Both groups experienced significant improvements in hemodynamic parameters after PTE. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in any post-PTE outcome. Similar results were obtained for each subgroup. Conclusions— Our results suggest that PHT use has minimal effect on pre-PTE hemodynamics and no effect on post-PTE outcomes/hemodynamics.
A Good Hand From a Full Deck
Authors: Mary L. Marshall
Journal: JAMA (1986)

I attended medical school at the time when a college education was considered to be the right of every child. I embraced this premise. I even envisioned that a youth's horizons were virtually limitless so long as he or she was willing to put forth the effort and make the necessary sacrifices. Reality intruded abruptly at my graduation exercises when the speaker pointed out that as much as 50% of the population is of below-average intelligence and unsuited for a college education. I'd been among peers long enough to lose sight of the fact that the foundation and framework of self-determination are predetermined. To this day, I still tend to forget this elementary truth, but the fact remains that I am a very privileged person for reasons completely beyond my control. I can't help but feel that this status is shared by all who are apt to read this.  I
T lymphocyte interaction with immunoglobulin G antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: K Okudaira, R P Searles, K Tanimoto, Y Horiuchi, R C Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with multiple immune disturbances whose mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the interaction of antilymphocyte antibodies with cultured normal T lymphocytes. T cells were prepared by E-rosetting after petri-dish removal of adherent cells and cultured for 2-7 d in the presence of SLE sera or normal human sera. Cultured T cells were washed and sonicated, and the amount of cell-associated IgG was quantitated by radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) methods. T cells cultured with 27 of 39 SLE sera showed marked increments of associated immunoglobulin G (IgG) although this was not observed with sera from mixed connective tissue disease patients containing high titers of ribonucleoprotein antibody or normal donors. The effective factors for IgG association in SLE sera were absorbed with normal peripheral blood lymphocytes or T cells. Anti-T cell IgG cytotoxic activity strongly correlated with T cell IgG association (P less than 0.01). T cell-associated IgG was not removed by stripping of cell membrane IgG from living cells by acid buffer treatment; indirect immunofluorescence of cells fixed after 2-4 d of culture revealed cytoplasmic IgG staining. IgG anti-T cell antibodies appeared to associate inside the cell membrane or to penetrate into the cytoplasm of cells. T cell Fc receptor blocking by heat-aggregated IgG or anti-beta 2-microglobulin antibody did not alter IgG cell association. Since pepsin-digested SLE sera showed no T cell association activity, whole IgG antibody molecules appeared to be necessary for interaction with cultured T cells. In addition, reduction and alkylation of active SLE sera completely nullified T cell reactivity. When normal T cells were cultured with SLE sera showing marked IgG T cell association, viability of cultured T cells decreased rapidly after 4 d, which suggests that IgG anti-T cell antibodies were associated with cell destruction. IgG cell-associating antilymphocyte antibodies present in SLE sera may cause T cell disturbances in vivo and may be related to the lymphocytopenia present in SLE patients.
Insights into the poor prognosis of allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions: the impact of renal insufficiency, high plasma levels of oxypurinol and granulysin
Authors: Wen-Hung Chung, Wan-Chun Chang, Sophie L Stocker, Chiun-Gung Juo, Garry G Graham, Ming-Han H Lee, Kenneth M Williams, Ya-Chung Tian, Kuo-Chang Juan, Yeong-Jian Jan Wu, Chih-Hsun Yang, Chee-Jen Chang, Yu-Jr Lin, Richard O Day, Shuen-Iu Hung
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2014)

Objective Allopurinol, an antihyperuricaemic agent, is one of the common causes of life-threatening severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCAR), including drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrosis (TEN). The prognostic factors for allopurinol-related SCAR remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of dosing, renal function, plasma levels of oxypurinol and granulysin (a cytotoxic protein of SJS/TEN), the disease severity and mortality in allopurinol-SCAR. Methods We prospectively enrolled 48 patients with allopurinol-SCAR (26 SJS/TEN and 22 DRESS) and 138 allopurinol-tolerant controls from 2007 to 2012. The human leucocyte antigen ( HLA ) -B*58:01 status, plasma concentrations of oxypurinol and granulysin were determined. Results In this cohort, HLA-B*58:01 was strongly associated with allopurinol-SCAR (p&lt;0.001, OR (95% CI) 109 (25 to 481)); however, the initial/maintenance dosages showed no relationship with the disease. Poor renal function was significantly associated with the delayed clearance of plasma oxypurinol, and increased the risk of allopurinol-SCAR (p&lt;0.001, OR (95% CI) 8.0 (3.9 to 17)). Sustained high levels of oxypurinol after allopurinol withdrawal correlated with the poor prognosis of allopurinol-SCAR. In particular, the increased plasma levels of oxypurinol and granulysin linked to the high mortality of allopurinol-SJS/TEN (p&lt;0.01), and strongly associated with prolonged cutaneous reactions in allopurinol-DRESS (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions Impaired renal function and increased plasma levels of oxypurinol and granulysin correlated with the poor prognosis of allopurinol-SCAR. Allopurinol prescription is suggested to be avoided in subjects with renal insufficiency and HLA-B*58:01 carriers. An early intervention to increase the clearance of plasma oxypurinol may improve the prognosis of allopurinol-SCAR.
Antagonistic implications of sarcopenia and abdominal obesity on physical performance in COPD
Authors: Coby van de Bool, Erica P.A. Rutten, Frits M.E. Franssen, Emiel F.M. Wouters, Annemie M.W.J. Schols
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2015)

Decreased physical performance due to loss of muscle mass (i.e. sarcopenia) is prevalent in ageing and appears more pronounced in chronic disease. A comprehensive profile of the sarcopenic phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not yet available. The aim of the present study was to characterise prevalence, functional implications and predictive value of sarcopenia with or without abdominal obesity in Dutch COPD patients eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation.505 COPD patients (aged 37-87 years; 57% male) underwent assessment of lung function, body composition and physical functioning, before entering pulmonary rehabilitation. Sarcopenia was assessed by appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI) and abdominal obesity by android/gynoid percentage fat mass (A/G%FM) using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.86.5% of patients were sarcopenic and showed lower physical functioning, while coexistent abdominal obesity (78.0%) resulted in higher physical functioning. Implications on endurance were less pronounced in women. The predictive value for physical functioning was higher for the "three-compartment" model (ASMI, bone mineral content and A/G%FM) than the "two-compartment" model (fat-free mass index and fat mass index) or "one-compartment" model (body mass index).In patients eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation, sarcopenia is highly prevalent in all body mass index categories and associated with impaired strength, and in men also with decreased endurance. Abdominal obesity seems to have protective effects on physical functioning. ASMI is a better predictor for physical functioning than fat-free mass index.
TWO CASES OF TUBERCULOUS PERITONITIS AND SALPINGITIS WITH MENSTRUAL COMPLICATIONS
Authors: W. G. Spencer
Journal: BMJ (1914)

densely adhllerent that I thought it wiser to dlesist.Eitlher it will perish, as the result of the cholecystectomy, or, slhould it suLrvive, it will require operation at a later date, when the patient is in a fit condition to stand furtler interferenice.In one case the hly(latid was so deep in tlle liver that it was deemed better to leave it alone, in the lhope that the cyst might degenerate, or that it iighlt reaclh a mllore accessible sittuation in the future.
Efficacy of IGIV in Patients With IgG Subclass Deficiency and/or Antibody Deficiency in a One-Year Open Label Study of Quality of Life, Innate Immunity, and Correction of Subclass/Antibody Levels
Authors: C.A. Greenwell, R. Mehta, J.D. Hester, G.V. Yamshchikov, J.F. Halsey, N.I. Abdou
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Abstract LB-4: Ghrelin administration suppresses inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis in mice
Authors: Hiroaki Kataoka, Makiko Kawaguchi, Ai Kanemaru, Tsuyoshi Fukushima, Nobuhiro Matsumoto, Masamitsu Nakazato
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background and aim: Ghrelin is a 28-amino-acid peptide, capable of stimulating growth hormone release. Because of its orexigenic effect, ghrelin is being developed as a therapeutic option for post-operative support and anorexia-cachexia syndrome of cancer patients. However, ghrelin has a multiplicity of physiological functions in various organs and immune system, and also affects cell proliferation. Therefore, it is important to know the effect of ghrelin administration on carcinogenesis and cancer progression in patients who are susceptible to cancer. This study aimed to test the effect of ghrelin on cancer promotion using murine intestinal carcinogenesis models. Method: Effect of ghrelin knockout or exogenous ghrelin administration (3 nmoles/day, i.p.) on intestinal tumorigenesis was analyzed in two types of murine intestinal tumorigenesis models; ApcMin/+ mice (genetic cancer susceptibility model) and AOM/DSS-treated mice (inflammation-associated colon cancer model). Results: The absence of ghrelin did not affect the number of intestinal tumors formed in ApcMin/+ mice and AOM/DSS-treated mice. Administration of ghrelin did not affect the number of intestinal tumors formed in ApcMin/+ mice, either. However, in AOM/DSS-treated mice, the administration of ghrelin significantly suppressed the formation of colon tumors (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The intestinal mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines after DSS treatment were also suppressed by the administration of ghrelin. Conclusion: Ghrelin administration suppresses inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis, which is possibly mediated by anti-inflammatory effects of ghrelin. Citation Format: Hiroaki Kataoka, Makiko Kawaguchi, Ai Kanemaru, Tsuyoshi Fukushima, Nobuhiro Matsumoto, Masamitsu Nakazato. Ghrelin administration suppresses inflammation-associated colorectal carcinogenesis in mice. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-4. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-4
Childhood tuberculosis in Leeds, 1982-90: social and ethnic factors and the role of the contact clinic in diagnosis.
Authors: J M Goldman, C Teale, D B Cundall, S B Pearson
Journal: Thorax (1994)

A retrospective analysis of childhood tuberculosis in Leeds over a nine year period (1982-90) was performed which showed that the contact clinic is important for the early detection and treatment of disease in children. Two thirds of the cases of tuberculosis in children under 15 years were diagnosed and treated at the clinic. The incidence of tuberculosis was greater in Asian than in white children and, independent of race, was greater in the most deprived area of the city.