tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Does bronchography have a role in the assessment of patients with haemoptysis?
Authors: D K Jones, P Cavanagh, J M Shneerson, C D Flower
Journal: Thorax (1985)

The results of bronchography in 96 consecutive patients investigated for haemoptysis at Papworth Hospital from 1975 to 1983 were reviewed. None of the patients included in this study gave a history suggestive of bronchiectasis and neither chest radiography nor fibreoptic bronchoscopy had shown a cause for the bleeding. Bronchography was performed through the fibreoptic bronchoscope and all included in the study showed both lungs adequately. The chest radiographic appearances were compared with the bronchographic findings. Seven of 12 patients with appearances suggesting old fibrosis showed bronchiectasis, as did eight of 10 with radiographic appearances suggestive of bronchiectasis. Eleven out of 74 patients with normal chest radiographs, however, also showed bronchiectasis. This group of 11 was compared with the other 63 but no clinical feature was found to be significantly associated with the presence of bronchiectasis. Although bronchography is now rarely used in the investigation of haemoptysis, this high yield (15%) of bronchiectasis indicates that its use should be reappraised. Follow up of the patients indicated that bronchography was not reliable at diagnosing peripheral bronchial carcinomas, which became evident later in two cases, and that asthma was present in 15 (24%) of the 63 patients with both normal chest radiographs and normal bronchograms.
Gadolinium‐Functionalized Aggregation‐Induced Emission Dots as Dual‐Modality Probes for Cancer Metastasis Study
Authors: Kai Li, Dan Ding, Chandrasekharan Prashant, Wei Qin, Chang‐Tong Yang, Ben Zhong Tang, Bin Liu
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2013)

Understanding the localization and engraftment of tumor cells at postintravasation stage of metastasis is of high importance in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Advanced fluorescent probes and facile methodologies for cell tracing play a key role in metastasis studies. In this work, we design and synthesize a dual-modality imaging dots with both optical and magnetic contrast through integration of a magnetic resonance imaging reagent, gadolinium(III), into a novel long-term cell tracing probe with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) in far-red/near-infrared region. The obtained fluorescent-magnetic AIE dots have both high fluorescence quantum yield (25%) and T1 relaxivity (7.91 mM(-1) s(-1) ) in aqueous suspension. After further conjugation with a cell membrane penetrating peptide, the dual-modality dots can be efficiently internalized into living cells. The gadolinium(III) allows accurate quantification of biodistribution of cancer cells via intraveneous injection, while the high fluorescence provides engraftment information of cells at single cellular level. The dual-modality AIE dots show obvious synergistic advantages over either single imaging modality and hold great promises in advanced biomedical studies.
Endorectal ultrasound in the diagnosis of rectal cancer: Accuracy and criticies
Authors: Alessandra Surace, Alessia Ferrarese, Silvia Marola, Alessandro Borello, Jacopo Cumbo, Matteo Rivelli, Mario Solej, Valter Martino, Marco Ferronato, Herbert Dal Corso, Mario Nano
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
The divergence of major histocompatibility complex class I genes in Sciurus aberti
Authors: P. J. Wettstein, M. Strausbauch, S. L. Johnston, J. States
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1996)

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I genes encode cell surface molecules that bind and present immunogenic peptides to cytolytic T lymphocytes. We have developed a model using the MHC (Scab) of tassel-eared squirrels, Sciurus aberti, to investigate the evolution of MHC genes in subspecies that have been effectively isolated in comparable, if not identical, environments. Class I cDNAs from single S. aberti aberti and S. aberti kaibabensis squirrels were cloned and sequenced. These two cDNA transcripts differed by nucleotide substitutions that were predominantly located in codons impacting the peptide binding site, and nonsynonymous substitutions exceeded synonymous substitutions at these sites. These sequences also differed by the insertion of two amino acids in a beta-strand adjacent to position 45 in pocket B of the peptide binding site that may result in a deeper pocket with altered peptide specificity. This indel is present in additional Scab class I sequences, and class I sequences in five subspecies carry identically sized insertions. Phylogenetic analyses of exons 2, 3, and 4 with neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods depict that Scab class I sequences diverged at a point intermediate between murid class I sequences and class I sequences of primates, carnivores, and artiodactyls. The relative relatedness of Scab class I sequences to those in the latter group appears to be founded in relative similarities in exons 2 and 3, which encode the peptide binding site. These results bring into question the use of a single model for rodent class I sequences. Moreover, they demonstrate that the inclusion of exons 2 and 3 in phylogenetic analyses of class I may obscure true phylogenetic relationships, perhaps due to convergence through strong selective pressure.
889. Lanthanum Enhances Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer
Authors: Oliver B. Betz, Glyn D. Palmer, Volker M. Betz, Keith Crawford, Christopher Niyibizi, Mark S. Vrahas, Christopher H. Evans
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Top of pageAbstract
Introduction: In this study we investigated the use of lanthanum for improved efficiency of adenoviral gene transfer. Lanthanum ions, La 3+, are stable inorganic ions with a high charge to volume ratio enabling them to bind to negatively charged proteins with high efficiency.

Methods: First generation adenoviruses encoding human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 (Ad-BMP-2) or Green Fluorescence Protein (Ad-GFP) cDNA were used. Osteoprogenitor cells were obtained from Osteogenesis Imperfecta Mice (OIM). La3+/virus complexes were prepared by adding the vectors to serum-free DMEM. LaCl3 was then added (200 |[mu]|M). Viral doses ( 10-300 MOI) were used for infection in 24-well plates. Non-lanthanum groups contained adenoviral vector and serum-free DMEM only. The viral mixtures were added to OIM cells and incubated. OIM cells in 24 well cell culture plates were infected with Ad-GFP with and without Lanthanum. (MOI = 300, 100, 30, 10). After 48 h, the samples were analyzed on FACScan. The induction of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity was assessed at 5 days.

Results: Flow Cytometry showed, that Lanthanum enhanced transduction efficiency for all viral doses. The effect was highest at 10 MOI (12-fold increase) and diminished slightly with increasing viral dose (Fig. 1). The mean fluorescence intensity within transduced cells also increased in all lanthanum groups (Fig.2). However this effect decreased dramatically with viral dose, ranging from 18-fold at 300 MOI to only 3-fold at 10 MOI. To determine if La-Ad complexes could enhance a biological response, BMP-2 induction of Alkaline Phosphatase Activity was measured in OIM cells in the presence and absence of La3+. Alkaline phosphatase activity increased dose-dependently with Ad.BMP-2 infection, with a peak activity of 310 U/L at 100 MOI. Addition of La3+, increased alkaline phosphatase activity at 10 MOI and 30 MOI compared to virus only, suggesting enhanced adenoviral-mediated expression of BMP-2 at these doses. Moreover, equivalent levels of alkaline phosphatase activity, |[sim]|300 U/L, could be generated with 3-fold less viral vector in the presence of La3+.

Discussion: Our findings indicate that the addition of lanthanum to adenoviral vectors can increase their transduction efficiency. This may allow for a reduction in the number of adenoviral particles, reducing viral production costs and immunological burden of virus.
ATP depletion in rat cholangiocytes leads to marked internalization of membrane proteins
Authors: Brian R. Doctor, Rolf H. Dahl, Kelli D. Salter, Laura Fouassier, Jing Chen, Gregory J. Fitz
Journal: Hepatology (2000)

Intrahepatic bile ducts (BD) are a critical target of injury in the postischemic liver. Decreased vascular perfusion causes characteristic changes in the morphology of the ductular epithelia including a loss of secondary membrane structures and a decrease in plasma membrane surface area. Using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion of cultured normal rat cholangiocytes (NRC) to model ischemic ducts, the present studies examined the fate of apical membrane proteins to determine whether membrane recycling might contribute to rapid functional recovery. Apical proteins, including γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), Na + -glucose cotransporter (SGLT1), and apically biotinylated proteins, were not shed into the luminal space during ATP depletion. Instead, labeling of surface proteins after ATP depletion showed a significant decrease in GGT and SGLT1, consistent with membrane internalization. Similarly, z-axis confocal microscopy of biotinylated apical proteins also showed protein internalization. During ATP recovery, SGLT1 transport activity remained profoundly depressed even after 24 hours of recovery, indicating that the function of the internalized apical proteins is not rapidly recovered. These studies suggest that the membrane internalization in ATP-depleted cholangiocytes is a unidirectional process that contributes to prolonged functional deficits after restoration of normal cellular ATP levels. This sustained decrease in transport capacity may contribute to the development of ductular injury in postischemic livers.
Stopping Treatment Can Reverse Acquired Resistance to Letrozole
Authors: Gauri J. Sabnis, Luciana F. Macedo, Olga Goloubeva, Adam Schayowitz, Angela M.H. Brodie
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Using the intratumoral aromatase xenograft model, we have observed that despite long-lasting growth inhibition, tumors eventually begin to grow during continued letrozole treatment. In cells isolated from these long-term letrozole-treated tumors (LTLT-Ca), estrogen receptor-α (ERα) levels were decreased, whereas signaling proteins in the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade were up-regulated along with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2). In the current study, we evaluated the effect of discontinuing letrozole treatment on the growth of letrozole-resistant cells and tumors. The cells formed tumors equally well in the absence or presence of letrozole and had similar growth rates. After treatment was discontinued for 6 weeks, letrozole was administered again. Marked tumor regression was observed with this second course of letrozole treatment. Similarly, in MCF-7Ca xenografts, a 6-week break in letrozole treatment prolonged the responsiveness of the tumors to letrozole. To understand the mechanisms of this effect, LTLT-Ca cells were cultured in the absence of letrozole for 16 weeks. The resulting cell line (RLT-Ca) exhibited properties similar to MCF-7Ca cells. The cell growth was inhibited by letrozole and stimulated by estradiol. The expression of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was reduced and ERα and aromatase levels increased compared with LTLT-Ca cells and were similar to levels in MCF-7Ca cells. These results indicate that discontinuing treatment can reverse letrozole resistance. This could be a beneficial strategy to prolong responsiveness to aromatase inhibitors for patients with breast cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(12):4518–24]
Mucin gene expression in human embryonic and fetal intestine
Authors: M P Buisine, L Devisme, T C Savidge, C Gespach, B Gosselin, N Porchet, J P Aubert
Journal: Gut (1998)

Background —The intestinal epithelium is covered by a continuous layer of mucus which is secreted by well differentiated epithelial cells. Disregulation of the expression of mucins has been reported to have possible implications in the neoplastic process which affects intestinal mucosae. It is well known that preneoplastic and neoplastic tissues can express fetal phenotypic characteristics. Aims —To assess whether the expression of mucin genes in the intestinal tract is linked to the stage of cellular differentiation and tissue development, by studying the expression of six mucin genes in human fetal small intestine and colon, and also adult tissues. Methods —In situ hybridisation was used to study mRNA expression of MUC2, MUC3, MUC4, MUC5B, MUC5AC, and MUC6 in 32 human embryos and fetuses (6.5–27 weeks gestation). Normal adult mucosae were used as controls. Results —Three mucin genes, MUC2, MUC4, and MUC5AC, were differently expressed in fetal intestine compared with expression in normal adults. Conclusion —These differences in mucin gene expression suggest a possible regulatory role for these products in intestinal epithelial cell differentiation.
Spontaneous Perforation of the Gallbladder During Infancy Diagnosed on Hepatobiliary Imaging
Authors: RAJNISH SHARMA, ANUPAM MONDAL, ISHITA BARAT SEN, K. SAWROOP, L. RAVISHANKER, RAVI KASHYAP
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1997)

Spontaneous gallbladder perforation is a very rare condition in infants. Most gallbladder perforations occur in adults, frequently due to trauma. Ultrasound, peritoneal lavage, and retrograde cholangiography may give indirect evidence of the possibility of this condition. There is no definitive diagnostic modality that can definitely determine the diagnosis in such cases. A case of gallbladder perforation with localized biliary ascites detected on radionuclide hepatobiliary imaging is presented.
Gliadin-specific, HLA-DQ(alpha 1*0501,beta 1*0201) restricted T cells isolated from the small intestinal mucosa of celiac disease patients.
Authors: K E Lundin, H Scott, T Hansen, G Paulsen, T S Halstensen, O Fausa, E Thorsby, L M Sollid
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

Celiac disease (CD) is most probably an immunological disease, precipitated in susceptible individuals by ingestion of wheat gliadin and related proteins from other cereals. The disease shows a strong human HLA association predominantly to the cis or trans encoded HLA-DQ(alpha 1*0501,beta 1*0201) (DQ2) heterodimer. T cell recognition of gliadin presented by this DQ heterodimer may thus be of immunopathogenic importance in CD. We therefore challenged small intestinal biopsies from adult CD patients on a gluten-free diet in vitro with gluten (containing both gliadin and other wheat proteins), and isolated activated CD25+ T cells. Polyclonal T cell lines and a panel of T cell clones recognizing gluten were established. They recognized the gliadin moiety of gluten, but not proteins from other cereals. Inhibition studies with anti-HLA antibodies demonstrated predominant antigen presentation by HLA-DQ molecules. The main antigen-presenting molecule was established to be the CD-associated DQ(alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201) heterodimer. The gluten-reactive T cell clones were CD4+, CD8-, and carried diverse combinations of T cell receptor (TCR) V alpha and V beta chains. The findings suggest preferential mucosal presentation of gluten-derived peptides by HLA-DQ(alpha 1*0501, beta 1*0201) in CD, which may explain the HLA association.
Press Release: Kaposi Sarcoma Arises Independently From Multiple Cells
Authors: L. Savage, A. Widener
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2007)

Kaposi sarcoma is unique among cancers because most tumors grow from a small number of different cells, whereas nearly all other cancers arise from a single cell, according to a study published online July 10 in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute.Kaposi sarcoma, which is often associated with AIDS, primarily affects the skin.But as the disease progresses, it can move to the lymph nodes and internal organs as well.Renan Duprez, Ph.D., of the Institut Pasteur in Paris and colleagues performed the largest study to date on the origins of advanced Kaposi sarcoma.Biopsies from 98 Kaposi sarcoma patients were analyzed using molecular diagnostic techniques to compare the viral DNA of the tumors, which often contain human herpesvirus 8.The researchers found evidence that nearly 80% of the tumors arose independently from multiple cells.They concluded that few Kaposi sarcoma tumors originate from a single cell and that Kaposi sarcoma, especially in its advanced form, is not true metastatic cancer.In an accompanying editorial, Parkash S. Gill, M.D., of Norris Cancer Hospital and Research Institute in Los Angeles recommends what should come next in Kaposi sarcoma research."With some resolution as to the clonal nature of [Kaposi sarcoma] of the skin and lymph node, similar analysis remains to be done for visceral [Kaposi sarcoma], which can be more invasive leading at times to catastrophic organ dysfunction and even death.It is also not known if the clonal [Kaposi sarcoma] lesions identifi ed in this study were more aggressive and less likely to respond to therapy," Gill writes.
Effect of Exercise Duration and Intensity on Weight Loss in Overweight, Sedentary Women
Authors: John M. Jakicic, Bess H. Marcus, Kara I. Gallagher, Melissa Napolitano, Wei Lang
Journal: JAMA (2003)

A higher duration and intensity of exercise may improve long-term weight loss.To compare the effects of different durations and intensities of exercise on 12-month weight loss and cardiorespiratory fitness.Randomized trial conducted from January 2000 through December 2001 involving 201 sedentary women (mean [SD] age, 37.0 [5.7] years; mean [SD] body mass index, 32.6 [4.2]) in a university-based weight control program.Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 exercise groups (vigorous intensity/high duration; moderate intensity/high duration; moderate intensity/moderate duration; or vigorous intensity/moderate duration) based on estimated energy expenditure (1000 kcal/wk vs 2000 kcal/wk) and exercise intensity (moderate vs vigorous). All women were instructed to reduce intake of energy to between 1200 and 1500 kcal/d and dietary fat to between 20% and 30% of total energy intake.Body weight, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise participation.After exclusions, 184 of 196 randomized participants completed 12 months of treatment (94%). In intention-to-treat analysis, mean (SD) weight loss following 12 months of treatment was statistically significant (P <.001) in all exercise groups (vigorous intensity/high duration = 8.9 [7.3] kg; moderate intensity/high duration = 8.2 [7.6] kg; moderate intensity/moderate duration = 6.3 [5.6] kg; vigorous intensity/moderate duration = 7.0 [6.4] kg), with no significant difference between groups. Mean (SD) cardiorespiratory fitness levels also increased significantly (P =.04) in all groups (vigorous intensity/high duration = 22.0% [19.9%]; moderate intensity/high duration = 14.9% [18.6%]; moderate intensity/moderate duration = 13.5% [16.9%]; vigorous intensity/moderate duration = 18.9% [16.9%]), with no difference between groups. Post hoc analysis revealed that percentage weight loss at 12 months was associated with the level of physical activity performed at 6 and 12 months. Women reporting less than 150 min/wk had a mean (SD) weight loss of 4.7% [6.0%]; inconsistent (other) pattern of physical activity, 7.0% [6.9%]; 150 min/wk or more, 9.5% [7.9%]; and 200 min/wk or more of exercise, 13.6% [7.8%].Significant weight loss and improved cardiorespiratory fitness were achieved through the combination of exercise and diet during 12 months, although no differences were found based on different exercise durations and intensities in this group of sedentary, overweight women.
Philadelphia Chromosome and Leukemia
Authors: NICK J. MANSOUR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Letters and Comments1 June 1970Philadelphia Chromosome and LeukemiaNICK J. MANSOUR, M.D.NICK J. MANSOUR, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-6-960_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: I agree somewhat with the author's conclusion in their paper "Philadelphia-Chromosome-Positive and -Negative Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia" (Ann Intern Med72:175-182, 1970). If one looks at their graph (Figure 1) one gets a distinct feeling there are two populations represented by the line for the Ph-negative group of patients, one by rapid fall, the other by a less steep declining line that parallels that of the Ph-positive group. If one further attempts to arrive at a numerical figure, he finds that the rapidly falling line represents about 11 patients (60% of 18). Have the authors simply selected out...References1. BLOCKJACOBSENBETHARD MLW: Preleukemic acute human leukemia. JAMA 152:1018-1028, 1953 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. TJIO J: The Philadelphia chromosome and chronic myelogenous leukemia. J Nat Canc Inst 36:567-584, 1966 CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Medical Service Pima County General Hospital Tucson, Ariz. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1970Volume 72, Issue 6Page: 960-961KeywordsChromosomesChronic myelocytic leukemiaEmotionsFallsPopulation statistics ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1970 PDF downloadLoading ...
Diversity of Human Leukemia Xenograft Mouse Models: Implications for Disease Biology
Authors: Lüder Hinrich Meyer, Klaus-Michael Debatin
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Over the past decade, xenografting human leukemia cells into mice with different levels of immunodeficiency, with or without preconditioning, has provided an important tool to study various aspects of leukemia biology and to identify distinct clinical risk groups for evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies, as well as the possibility of amplifying human leukemia cells in vivo. Interestingly, these models using human acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia cells as xenografts recapitulate many clinical features of the disease. Similar to the human environment (for example, in the bone marrow), transplanted leukemia cells in the murine setting are exposed to both favorable and unfavorable conditions for engraftment that may exert a distinct pressure for selection of subclones. Thus, results obtained in these models may vary depending on the experimental setup. The impact of in vivo growth of human leukemia cells on the background of a more or less hostile murine environment for leukemia biology and the course of the disease in patients are discussed in the context of the diversity of xenograft models.
Application of Computer Techniques to the Detection and Analysis of Spontaneous P-Wave Variations
Authors: DANIEL A. BRODY, MELVIN D. WOOLSEY, ROBERT C. ARZBAECHER, Harry A. Phillips
Journal: Circulation (1967)

A small, laboratory-oriented computer, programmed to scan highly amplified electrocardiographic signals in real-time, specifically searches for spontaneous changes in P-wave configuration. The tape-recorded bipolar extremity leads of 71 normal subjects so scanned revealed sustained periods of ectopic atrial beating in 31. There were 18 with a single well-defined ectopic focus, six with double foci, and seven with atrial activity too variable for simple categorization. Random noise was removed from atrial complexes of the classifiable groups by a discriminant procedure which averaged 50 to 100 members of a preselected P-wave family and automatically bypassed all others. The unexpectedly high incidence of variability indicates that normal atrial excitation is commonly an unstable or metastable process. Actual shifts of pacemaker location, variable exit sites from sinoatrial tissue, and preferential conduction pathways through the atria are postulated as possible explanations of the observed behavior. The richly notched configuration of normal P waves suggests that atrial depolarization proceeds through specialized conductive tissue rather than by uniform centrifugal spread.