tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Of Men and Galaxies
Authors: Lawrence J. Dirksen
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Widely known for his bold theories of cosmology, Professor Hoyle emerges here as an extraordinarily persuasive spokesman for the humanists. With the caution expected of a seasoned researcher, he suggests the benefits to be derived from exploration of space and, more particularly, from communication with the intelligent life which must exist there. In the first of three chapters, "Motives and Aims of the Scientist," he states and develops his hypothesis: that the first 30 years of this century were the great age of science, and that this was no accident. Combining historical perspective with factual information, in "An Astronomer's View of Life" he discusses the possibility of creating life, the relevance of limiting population growth, and the inevitability of intelligent life on other planets. In "Extrapolations Into the Future" Hoyle argues that the immediate future (and perhaps the distant future also) is not really under the control of the scientist,
Commentary: The ethical issue is deceit
Authors: D D Raphael
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The article of Logmans et al is presented as “an ethical dilemma.” The chief point that strikes me is its apparent blindness to the real ethical issue involved. It considers and rightly rejects two objections to reconstructing the hymen—firstly, that it is analogous to clitoridectomy, which is agreed to be reprehensible, and, secondly, that it does not benefit the physical wellbeing of the patient. But these objections are trivial. The real ethical difficulty is that the operation involves collusion with deceit. Should a doctor …
Modern Trends in Cardiology
Authors: Richard Gorlin
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Dr. A. Morgan Jones has edited an excellent compendium on cardiology. He has invited contributions in the specific disciplines of cardiology from 19 different authorities. Each author has written from a personal point of view, with the result that many articles are pithy and easy to read. The emphasis has been more to supply perspective and depth in a subject than to give extensive bibliographic documentation. As a result, the textbook is extremely readable and covers a rather broad array of subjects. The chapters, a large amount of heretofore widely scattered material, are put together in sensible arrangement. The book might have benefitted from chapters on the myocardiopathies and perhaps on hypertension ( insofar as therapy has affected cardiac complications ). This book is highly recommended to anyone interested in cardiac disease, particularly if one is seeking more than the usual information found in a standard textbook. Although the book has an
CLINICAL NOTES ON DIGITOXIN.
Authors: JOHN P. SAWYER
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Among the few really indispensable drugs which we have, digitalis would be placed in the very front rank by most medical men, and this is true in spite of the fact that its use is attended by certain disadvantages, and that these disadvantages are not regularly to be estimated, owing to the complex nature of the constituents of the drug, and the varying proportions in which these are present in the crude leaves. The various alkaloids and glucosids, obtained from the crude drug, have not been widely known because of technical difficulties in preparation, and have not made their way into general favor. Moreover, the exceeding smallness of the dose, and the considerable risk of cumulative effect have added to the distrust with which most practitioners have looked on these drugs. But the evident gain from the use of a definite active principle is so great that determined efforts have
Use of Glargine Insulin Before and During Pregnancy in a Woman With Type 1 Diabetes and Addison’s Disease
Authors: Maria Dolci, Mary Mori, Fabio Baccetti
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

We report a case of a 31-year-old Caucasian woman (weight 50 kg, height 148 cm) with type 1 diabetes diagnosed 27 years ago and Addison’s disease discovered 5 years ago, who had a pregnancy with normal outcome treated with lispro and glargine insulin.

For years, the patient has followed a regimen of multiple daily injections of lispro before meals, NPH at bedtime, and 75 mg/day cortone acetate. Her metabolic control has been constantly altered (April 2002 A1C, 8.4%), and she has had frequent episodes of mild and at times severe hypoglycemia, especially at night. At morning, glycemia was often high. When NPH was changed to insulin glargine, hypoglycemic episodes were drastically …
518 THE SPANISH–LATIN AMERICAN DILI NETWORK: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM A COLLABORATIVE STRATEGIC INITIATIVE
Authors: F. Bessone, N. Hernandez, A. Sanchez, M. di Pace, M. Arrese, J.R. Brahm, A. Ruiz, J. Arancibia, D. Kershenobich, A. Loaeza del Castillo, M. Girala, R. Paraná, M.I. Schinoni, N. Mendez-Sanchez, I. Medina-Cáliz, A. González-Jiménez, C. Stephens, M. Robles-Díaz, M.I. Lucena, R.J. Andrade
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Urinary stress incontinence
Authors: G J Maddern
Journal: BMJ (2002)

New minimal access surgical sling procedures such as the tension-free vaginal tape procedure are now being used to treat urinary stress incontinence in women. These procedures use minimal tension—urethral support is perhaps achieved from a tissue reaction to the tape, which produces a collagen scar along the length of the tape and increases support of the bladder when the rectus muscle contracts. The tension-free vaginal tape procedure is often carried out under regional or local anaesthesia. Many women would undoubtedly welcome the choice of a less invasive procedure than open retropubic colposuspension—as long as the minimal procedure cures urinary incontinence and does not result in major complications.

What does the currently available evidence say? Two recent systematic reviews concluded that, although the minimal access surgical sling procedures (and particularly tension-free vaginal tape) may be promising, the quality of the evidence available so far is not conclusive. 1 2 So far almost all the evidence has come from case series. So the six month results for the first multicentre randomised trial of tension-free vaginal tape have been eagerly awaited,3 since only preliminary results could be included in these systematic reviews.

Ward et al concluded that in their trial …
Erythropoietin deficiency decreases vascular stability in mice
Authors: Jing Chen, Kip M. Connor, Christopher M. Aderman, Lois E.H. Smith
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Erythropoietin (Epo), a hormone known to stimulate bone marrow erythrocyte production, is widely used to treat anemia in patients at risk for vascular disease. However, the effects of Epo on angiogenesis are not well defined. We studied the role of Epo in a mouse model of retinopathy characterized by oxygen-induced vascular loss followed by hypoxia-induced pathological neovascularization. Without treatment, local retinal Epo levels were suppressed during the vessel loss phase. Administration of exogenous Epo prevented both vessel dropout and subsequent hypoxia-induced neovascularization. Early use of Epo also protected against hypoxia-induced retinal neuron apoptosis. In contrast, retinal Epo mRNA levels were highly elevated during the retinopathy neovascular phase. Exogenous late Epo treatment did not protect the retina, but rather enhanced pathological neovascularization. Epo's early protective effect occurred through both systemic retinal recruitment of proangiogenic bone marrow–derived progenitor cells and activation of prosurvival NF-κB via Epo receptor activation on retinal vessels and neurons. Thus early retinal Epo suppression contributed to retinal vascular instability, and elevated Epo levels during the proliferation stage contributed to neovascularization and disease. Understanding the role of Epo in angiogenesis is critical to timing its intervention in patients with retinopathy or other diseases in which pathological angiogenesis plays a significant role.
A History of the National Library of Medicine: The Nation's Treasury of Medical Knowledge
Authors: Paul G. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1983)

ABSTRACT As a repository and a disseminator of health information worldwide, the National  of Medicine plays a vital role in the medical sciences. In his introduction to this history, William B. Bean, MD, of the University of Iowa rightly compares the  to the central nervous system in terms of medical thought and research. It is gratifying to report that the writing of this official account has been carried out so well by Wyndham D. Miles, a professional historian at the National Institutes of Health. The book is a thoroughly documented, profusely illustrated work. As a chronological narrative, it is replete with dramatic episodes and witty sketches of personalities and situations.In the early years, the  was known as the Library of the Surgeon General's Office. The name provided a literal description of the collection before the Civil War, when it was housed on bookshelves in offices rented for
Review: Nutritional supplementation has uncertain effects on patient-important outcomes in COPD
Authors: Christine McDonald
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

ACP Journal Club21 May 2013Review: Nutritional supplementation has uncertain effects on patient-important outcomes in COPDChristine McDonald, MBBS (Hons), FRACP, PhD, FCCPChristine McDonald, MBBS (Hons), FRACP, PhD, FCCPAustin Hospital Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (C.M.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-10-201305210-02005 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationFerreira IM, Brooks D, White J, Goldstein R. Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(12):CD000998. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23235577Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Pulmonology: Reference1 Ferreira IM, Brooks D, Lacasse Y, Goldstein RS, White J. Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;(2):CD000998. [PMID: 15846608] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Austin Hospital Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (C.M.)This article was published at Annals.org on 7 May 2013. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 21 May 2013Volume 158, Issue 10Page: JC5KeywordsBody weightChronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseDietExerciseNutritionQuality of lifeQuestionnairesResearch designWeight gain ePublished: 21 May 2013 Issue Published: 21 May 2013 CopyrightCopyright © 2013 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Gene silencing below the immune radar
Authors: Gunther Hartmann
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2009)

In vertebrates, the detection of viral nucleic acids is the first step toward innate and subsequent adaptive antiviral immune responses. A sophisticated,protein receptor-based sensor system has evolved to recognize viral nucleic acids and to trigger a variety of antiviral defense mechanisms. The more we learn about this elaborate sensor system, the more it becomes evident how difficult it is to introduce exogenous nucleic acids such as siRNA into cells without triggering antiviral immunoreceptors. In this issue of the JCI, Judge and colleagues provide evidence that siRNA can be designed and delivered in a way that allows specific and successful silencing of target genes in tumor cells in vivo, leading to tumor cell death and prolonged survival of tumor-bearing mice in the absence of immune activation. This study represents a major technological advance, setting new standards for well-controlled siRNA applications in vivo, and has the potential to guide clinical development toward siRNA therapeutics with well-defined and selective gene-silencing activities.
Cimetidine and ranitidine in duodenal ulcer.
Authors: M J Langman, D A Henry, G B Bell, W R Burnham, A Ogilvy
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Two histamine H2 antagonists, cimetidine and ranitidine, given in doses of 1 g daily and 200 mg daily to 18 and 20 patients respectively proved equivalent in promoting healing of duodenal ulcer. No adverse effects occurred during the trial, though serum urea and creatinine concentrations tended to rise slightly during treatment with cimetidine but not ranitidine. Choice between the two drugs is likely to be influenced by overall patterns of adverse effects rather than considerations of individual potency.
Interleukin 2 Therapy for Disseminated Cancer
Authors: Fred P. Rosenfelt
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> As practicing oncologists, we read with interest the editorial<sup>1</sup>concerning the preliminary report of the National Cancer Institute's (NCI) study of interleukin 2 (IL-2).<sup>2</sup>We share the author's view about the possible detrimental effects on cancer patients of widely publicized reports of early results in the treatment of cancer. Although claims of breakthroughs have become common, our patients react strongly to such reports from the NCI. In addition, the appearance of the investigators from the NCI on television and in many national publications led to heightened expectations from many individuals. We have all seen patients whose quality of life is lessened by unrealistic hopes. These individuals often believe that lifesaving treatments are being withheld or are unavailable because of the advanced nature of their cancers. Such patients may refuse traditional treatments that are effective and less toxic than IL-2. In fact, some individuals mistakenly feel
Surveillance of congenital rubella in Great Britain, 1971-96
Authors: P. A Tookey, C. S Peckham
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Before rubella vaccine was introduced for schoolgirls and susceptible women in 1970, 200-300 babies were born annually in England and Wales with congenital defects associated with maternal rubella.In 1988 the combined measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine was introduced for all 1 year olds; in 1994, to help avert a predicted measles epidemic, all 5-16 year olds were offered combined measles and rubella vaccine.The schoolgirl immunisation programme has now ceased, but antenatal screening continues, with postpartum vaccination for susceptible women.We report the findings from the national congenital rubella surveillance programme from 1971 to 1996.
Viruses in Circulating Lymphocytes
Authors: James B. Hanshaw
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

The knowledge that certain common viruses may reside for a long time in man's circulating lymphocytes has been acquired too recently for its immunobiologic implications to be fully appreciated. There are indications that the virus could have an effect on the immunologic competence of the lymphocyte.1 It may also be possible that virus antigens, derived in part from host cell membranes, trigger abnormal immune responses and disease.2 Two common viruses capable of remaining in lymphocytes for long periods are the Ebstein—Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). It is interesting, and undoubtedly meaningful, that these two viruses have remarkably similar characteristics: . . .
Are biochemical tests of thyroid function of any value in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement?
Authors: W D Fraser, E M Biggart, D S O'Reilly, H W Gray, J H McKillop, J A Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1986)

To establish their role in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement biochemical tests of thyroid function were performed in 148 hypothyroid patients studied prospectively. Measurements of serum concentrations of total thyroxine, analogue free thyroxine, total triiodothyronine, analogue free triiodothyronine, and thyroid stimulating hormone, made with a sensitive immunoradiometric assay, did not, except in patients with gross abnormalities, distinguish euthyroid patients from those who were receiving inadequate or excessive replacement. These measurements are therefore of little, if any, value in monitoring patients receiving thyroxine replacement. To stop doing thyroid function tests in these cases would result in considerable savings nationally in the cost of reagents in laboratories using commercial kits.
Functional Status and Quality of Life After Emergency Revascularization for Cardiogenic Shock Complicating Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lynn A. Sleeper, Krishnan Ramanathan, Michael H. Picard, Thierry H. LeJemtel, Harvey D. White, Vladimir Dzavik, Deborah Tormey, Nancy E. Avis, Judith S. Hochman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Thrombocytopenia due to aurothioglucose, sulphasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine.
Authors: M J Wijnands, W A Allebes, A M Boerbooms, L B van de Putte, P L van Riel
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

A 56 year old woman with rheumatoid arthritis developed relapsing thrombocytopenia during successive treatments with aurothioglucose, sulphasalazine, and hydroxychloroquine. The presence of IgM or IgG antibodies or immune complexes reactive with autologous platelets could not be shown. Relapsing thrombocytopenia may indicate a genetically determined HLA-DR3 and B8 aberrant immunological response to stimuli such as certain second line drugs.
Abstract 3724: Use of aspirin, other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer
Authors: Xuehong Zhang, Stephanie Smith-Warner, Edward Giovannucci, Bernard Rosner, Walter Willett, Susan Hankinson
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background Aspirin is widely used for cardiovascular disease prevention and has been consistently shown to be associated with a 20-30% lower risk of colon cancer. However, the associations between uses of aspirin, other NSAIDs, and acetaminophen and breast cancer incidence are uncertain. In addition, limited epidemiological studies have assessed these associations with breast cancer subtypes defined by hormone receptor status. Further, no known prospective cohort studies have been conducted on other clinical relevant subtypes including Triple-negative, Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 positive, COX-2 negative and COX-2 positive. Design We followed 84,602 postmenopausal women, free of cancer in 1980, until June 2008. During this time, we prospectively collected data on analgesic use, reproductive history, and other lifestyle factors every two years. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to estimate multivariable relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by adjusting for age, reproductive factors and other important risk factors for breast cancer. Results A total of 4,754 pathologically confirmed incident invasive breast cancer cases were identified during 18 years of follow-up. Comparing with never use of aspirin, multivariable relative risks of regular aspirin use (at least 2 tablets/wk) for more than 20 years were 0.91 for overall breast cancer (95%CI: 0.81-1.01, P trend = 0.16), 0.90 for ER+PR+ breast cancer (95%CI: 0.77-1.06, P trend = 0.17), 1.03 for ER+PR- breast cancer (95%CI: 0.76-1.38, P trend = 0.94), and 0.92 for ER-PR- breast cancer (95%CI: 0.68-1.23, P trend = 0.98). Results did not vary substantially by past or current use, or frequency (days per week) of use. Use of other NSAIDs and acetaminophen also was not significantly associated with risk of breast cancer. Results were not changed after mutual adjustment for each of the drug. In addition, results were not modified by body mass index, alcohol consumption, family history of breast cancer, or postmenopausal hormone use. Further, no substantial associations were noted for other subtypes of breast cancer (ER-PR+, Triple-negative, Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 positive, COX-2 negative and COX-2 positive). Conclusions Although a small reduction in breast cancer risk cannot be excluded, our study suggest that use of aspirin, other NSAIDs, and acetaminophen was not importantly associated with incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer overall or other specific breast cancer subtypes. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3724. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3724
Where egos dare
Authors: Theodore Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Freud’s detractors, who are perhaps now more numerous than his disciples, consider that he played fast and loose with the evidence, and founded a quasi-religious sect in which he used anathema and denunciation of heresy rather than argument to maintain his priestly control. Yet even they are constrained to admire him as a writer; and no fair-minded person could deny him the status of highly cultivated and well educated man, of the kind that is rarely to be encountered nowadays.

Of all his books, Civilization and Its Discontents is the one that is most likely to draw the praise of non-Freudians. Published in 1930, not long before the European and world cataclysm, it tells us that civilisation, …
Rheumatoid arthritis in 2003: where are we now with treatment?
Authors: M E Weinblatt
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has changed considerably over the course of the century. It is difficult to fathom that 100 years ago it was directed towards removing potential sources of infection, with dental extractions and tonsillectomies. Despite appreciable advances, many of the tenets that we currently hold for the management of RA were originally proposed over 70 years ago. Russell Cecil in his Textbook of medicine published in 1931 advocated early treatment of RA “ . . . perhaps the most important factor in prognosis is the application of rational therapy early in the disease.” In 2003, we advocate early intervention with disease modifying treatment. Many of the treatments we use today have been developed over 50 years, including gold salts, sulfasalazine, and corticosteroids.

In 2003, methotrexate treatment, early institution of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), combination DMARDs, and the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α inhibitors generate the greatest amount of interest for the treatment of RA.

Despite over 20 years of research and use, there remain problems with methotrexate treatment. Rheumatologists still use doses that are subtherapeutic. In 1990, for 231 patients enrolled in long term prospective studies, the mean dose of methotrexate after 12 months’ of treatment was 10.5 mg a week, and at year 4 it was 12 mg a week.1 At year 7, the mean dose was up to 14 mg a week. These data from more than a decade ago illustrate that an increase in methotrexate dose may be required for clinical response. It is important to note that, in the initial randomised trials of methotrexate, patients were all started on a dose of 7.5 mg a week, which was increased to 15 mg a week on the basis of clinical response.2,3 Most patients had their dose increased to 15 mg …