tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF CHOLELITHIASIS.
Authors: W. J. MEANS
Journal: JAMA (1900)

An early diagnosis of cholelithiasis is important for the welfare of the patient. When we consider the complications and sequelæ that may arise after prolonged irritation from the presence of gall-stones in the bladder or ducts, this becomes more apparent. These complications may be septicemia, ulceration of the gall-bladder and ducts, permitting the calculi to escape into the adjoining viscera, derangement of the liver from obstruction or abscess, cancer from irritation, obstruction of the pylorus, various nervous phenomena, and general debility. Unfortunately there are no pathognomonic symptoms in the early stages that serve to make a positive diagnosis. From a careful study of 20 cases coming under my notice in the last few years, of which full clinical records are made, I have been able to make some deductions that may prove interesting and valuable to the profession. My records show quite a number of other cases in which the
Finger Necrosis Due to Mittens
Authors: A. Bremner
Journal: BMJ (1964)

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and a leading cause of death in women worldwide. It is heterogeneous in nature, comprising multiple subtypes with varying clinical features, treatment responses, and insufficient treatment regimens. The present study aims to identify early-stage candidate genes for efficiently managing this disease. For this, first, we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) which followed the construction and analysis of seven gene regulatory networks (GRNs), including five subtypes (viz. Basal, Her2, LuminalA, LuminalB, and Normal-Like), one adjacent normal (ANT), and one normal tissue using the gene expression and regulatory information. Further, the DEGs of each subtype and ANT were analyzed using differential correlation, disease annotation, and functional enrichment analysis. The topologies of these GRNs enabled us to identify tumor-specific features of different subtypes and ANT networks. Further, GRN analysis using escape velocity centrality (EVC+) identified 24 common functionally significant genes, including well-known genes such as E2F1, FOXA1, JUN, BRCA1, GATA3, ERBB2, and ERBB3 across subtypes and ANT responsible for the cancer development and progression. Similarly, the EVC+ also helped us to identify subtype-specific key genes (Basal: 18, Her2: 6, LuminalA: 5, LuminalB: 5, Normal-Like: 2, and ANT: 7). Moreover, the differential correlation and functional enrichment analysis also highlighted the cancer-associated role of these genes. Thus, it can be concluded that these common and ANT-specific genes have therapeutic potential, which can be explored further using in vitro and in vivo experiments to develop more accurate and effective early-stage diagnosis and treatment strategies for better disease management.
Secretagogue-induced changes in membrane calcium permeability in chicken and chinchilla ileal mucosa. Selective inhibition by loperamide.
Authors: E B Chang, D R Brown, N S Wang, M Field
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), bombesin (BB), serotonin (5HT), and carbamylcholine (CCH) transiently increase electrogenic anion secretion in chinchilla and chicken ileum. SP and CCH also transiently inhibit amiloride-sensitive Na/H exchange in isolated chicken enterocytes. Loperamide (LP) inhibits the short-circuit current responses caused by SP, NT, and BB, but not those caused by CCH, 5HT, Ca ionophore, or cyclic nucleotides. Similarly, LP inhibits the effects of SP, but not those of CCH, on Na/H exchange. LP inhibition of the SP effects was further studied in isolated chicken enterocytes. CCH and SP transiently increased cytosolic Ca activity by 20-50 nmol/liter, but only the response to SP was inhibited by LP (10(-5) M) and by the absence of extracellular Ca. We conclude SP and CCH effects on intestinal electrolyte transport are mediated by increasing enterocyte Ca activity and LP specifically inhibits peptide hormone-activated Ca entry by an opiate receptor-independent mechanism.
Clinical and Physiologic Relationships in Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: PHILIP SAMET, ROBERT S. LITWAK, WILLIAM H. BERNSTEIN, EUGENE M. FIERER, LEONARD M. SILVERMAN
Journal: Circulation (1959)

Physiologic data obtained during right and combined right and left heart catheterization are presented in a variety of subjects with mitral valve disease. These studies have led to a broader understanding of the pathophysiology of this disease. The clinical value of combined heart catheterization is illustrated.
Direct comparison among oral hypoglycemic agents and their association with insulin resistance evaluated by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp: the 60's study
Authors: Giuseppe Derosa, Pamela Maffioli, Sibilla A.T. Salvadeo, Ilaria Ferrari, Alessia Gravina, Roberto Mereu, Ilaria Palumbo, Angela D'Angelo, Arrigo F.G. Cicero
Journal: Metabolism (2009)
F-18 FDG PET/CT Detection of Mediastinal Malignancy in a Patient With Dermatomyositis
Authors: Nicholas Liau, Colin Ooi, Catherine Reid, Ian D. Kirkwood, Dylan Bartholomeusz
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an inflammatory myopathy that in adults is strongly associated with malignancy. The authors present a case of a man with dermatomyositis in which PET/CT imaging revealed diffuse proximal muscle hypermetabolism in keeping with the inflammatory nature of DM and was instrumental in the diagnosis of an underlying adenocarcinoma involving the mediastinum. Whole body PET/CT imaging may offer clinicians and patients an alternative to lengthy investigations in the search for occult malignancy.
An Atlas of Congenital Heart Disease; Compiled from the Museum of Congenital Heart Disease at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh.
Authors: Maurice Lev
Journal: JAMA (1963)

This is an atlas compiled from the Museum of Congenital Heart Disease at the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh. As such it is a review of 503 hearts. The classification used is basically anatomic. After an introductory chapter on methods of dissection, and statistical analysis, the author deals with anomalies of (1) venous return, (2) coronary arteries, aorta, ductus arteriosus, and pulmonary arteries, (3) the atrial septum, (4) the ventricular septum, (5) transposition of the great vessels, (6) malformations of valves, (7) and endocardial fibroelastosis and metabolic diseases. These are well illustrated with actual heart specimens, drawings, and diagrams, with the more important references given at the end of each chapter. The descriptions of the anomalies are succinct. This is an excellent adjutant to previous atlases, making it possible to compare the experience in the Pittsburgh area with that in other parts of the country. It will be very useful for
[511] LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF CYTOKINE MILIEU IN PATIENTS WITH HBeAg-POSITIVE CHB TREATED WITH ORAL ANTIVIRALS, PEGINTERFERON a-2a OR A COMBINATION OF THE TWO
Authors: N. Naoumov, C.-K. Hui, J.-J. Chen, H. Cooksley, O.K. Lau
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Tc-99m MDP Uptake in a Soft Tissue Hematoma of the Chest Wall
Authors: Anish Bhattacharya, Vikas Prasad, Bhagwant Rai Mittal
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

A 52-year-old man with chronic myeloid leukemia had fever and right-side chest pain. A Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate whole-body bone scan showed diffuse, mildly increased radioactivity in the right chest wall. This was found to be secondary to a hematoma.
THE USEFULNESS OF ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS IN MENTAL DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: ISABEL MCCAFFREY, JOSEPH DOWNING
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1957)

It is recognized that different associations, or no associations, might have been found if unhospitalized cases had been added to the study. Insofar as this may be true, the identification of characteristics associated with hospitalized cases may not contribute to the epidemiology of old-age psychoses. It is concluded, however, that little would be gained in the epidemiology of old-age psychoses if it were found that the true distribution of the disease resembles that of hospitalized cases. In the first place, the evidence suggests that the associated social and economic conditions might be the results rather than the causes of the disease. In the second place, it is suggested that the initial stages of the disease might have been present at an early age and exercised an influence on the "environment" many years before diagnosis. As long as there is a possibility that the disease itself may select the environment, as suggested in parts of this study, the conditions associated with the disease at the time of diagnosis cannot be assumed to be the same as those that might have been found prior to onset. For this reason, studies limited to conditions present at the time of diagnosis cannot always be said to be concerned with the role of social and economic conditions as causative factors prior to onset. Nor can it be said, in these circumstances, that the findings either support or reject any hypothesis that any aspect of the "socio-economic environment" is a contributing factor in the onset of the disease. In fact, the populations with different rates of disease in 1940 may have been exactly alike at the time of the initial onset of the disease. Some of the difficulties in interpreting "ecological correlations" for purposes of mental disease epidemiology have been described by others (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). The chief problem, however, is believed to be related to the lack of clinical information necessary to the establishment of the time of onset of the disease. Without this information, early recognition of cases outside the hospital is not possible and the conditions prior to the development of the disease cannot be separated and studied apart from the conditions resulting from the disease. From this point of view, useful clinical data constitute the greatest need in mental disease epidemiology, regardless of the method of analysis used.
Efficacy, Safety, and Outcomes of Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Tomoko Machino-Ohtsuka, Yoshihiro Seo, Tomoko Ishizu, Akinori Sugano, Akiko Atsumi, Masayoshi Yamamoto, Ryo Kawamura, Takeshi Machino, Kenji Kuroki, Hiro Yamasaki, Miyako Igarashi, Yukio Sekiguchi, Kazutaka Aonuma
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Glomerular Hyperfiltration in NIDDM Patients Without Overt Proteinuria
Authors: Sandra P Silveiro, Rogério Friedman, Jorge L Gross
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

Objective— To evaluate the frequency and correlates of glomerular hyperfiltration in NIDDM patients without overt proteinuria. Research Design and Methods— A cross-sectional study was conducted. Seventy-one consecutive NIDDM patients attending an outpatient clinic, with Albustix-tested negative urine and a 24-h AER &amp;lt;200 μgrams/min, were examined for long-term complications of diabetes. We measured their GFR (51Cr-EDTA single-injection method), 24-h AER (RIA), plasma creatinine, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urinary glucose, and urea. Results— GFR above the upper limit of the normal range for age-matched control subjects (137.1 ml·min−1 · 1.73 m2) was present in 15 of 71 (21%) NIDDM patients. Subjects with normal and hyperfiltration did not differ in terms of age, sex distribution, BMI, duration of NIDDM, BP, AER, or frequency of long-term complications. Plasma glucose was significantly higher in subjects with hyperfiltration (mean [range]: 12.8 [4.3–18.7] vs. 8.7 [2.6–17.5] mM). HbA1c failed to reach statistical significance, although it tended to be higher in the group with hyperfiltration (10.4 [6.7–13.9] vs. 9.4 [4.2–16.5]%, P = 0.10). Age (rS −0.37, P = 0.002), FPG (rS 0.45, P &amp;lt; 0.0005), total cholesterol (rS −0.31, P = 0.008), and glycosuria (rS 0.40, P = 0.001) correlated significantly with GFR. In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, FPG, age, and total cholesterol emerged as significant correlates of the dependent variable GFR. Conclusions— Hyperfiltration occurred in 21% of NIDDM patients without overt proteinuria. FPG and age significant correlates of the GFR in these patients. Cholesterol is significantly (although only modestly) correlated with the GFR.
Effect of smoking on skin elastic fibres: morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: M. Just, M. Ribera, E. Monsó, J.C. Lorenzo, C. Ferrándiz
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Background It has been established during recent years that smoking is an independent risk factor for the development of premature facial wrinkling. The underlying mechanism is not well known, but elastic fibres of the dermis seem to be the major target of smoke components. Objectives To determine quantitative and qualitative changes of the dermal elastic tissue of nonsun‐exposed skin induced by smoking, as well as the possible mechanisms responsible for them. Methods Sixty‐nine patients were recruited (20 nonsmokers, 19 former smokers and 30 smokers). Using static morphometry and immunohistochemistry and lectin staining we analysed elastic fibres of the dermis and their major components, elastin and microfibrillar component. Results Significantly higher values for the number of elastic fibres mm−2 and the percentage of the area filled by them in the reticular dermis were found in smokers. Cumulative tobacco dose showed statistically significant correlations with both morphological parameters (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient). Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the two main components of elastic fibres were altered in smokers. Plasma protease inhibitors and lectin staining were negative in all the samples. Conclusions Smoking is an independent risk factor for the increase of elastic fibres in the reticular dermis of nonexposed skin, and it acts on their two main structural components, elastin and microfibrillar component. This increase in the area of elastic fibres in smokers is not due to newly synthesized elastic material, but to their degradation, as occurs in solar elastosis and which acts in an additive manner.
Research in Medical Education
Authors: Charlene Breedlove
Journal: JAMA (1994)

As the term medical education continues to enlarge its compass, no activity or institution related to the life cycle of a physician's preparation and practice can be said to lie outside its scope. Lately, the assessment of professional competence at each step of the education continuum has come under closer scrutiny. Political forces, the proliferation of managed care organizations, and attempts to plan an appropriate physician workforce are propelling a need for research into reliable measures for assessing performance in a variety of health care settings.  InThe Journal's 1995 medical education issue, we would like to see articles reporting research on and analysis of current and proposed measures to assess individual physician's performance across a spectrum of practice settings. Also of special interest in 1995 are research into the impact of physician supply on health care expenditures and analysis of the impact of socioeconomic factors on rural physician
The Johnson antishear device and standard shin pad in the isokinetic assessment of the knee.
Authors: C K Li, K M Chan, S Y Hsu, P Chien, M W Wong, Y Yuan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1993)

Isokinetic training and assessment of the knee joint has been the mainstay of rehabilitation, especially in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Besides the original shin pad used, the antishear device was introduced by Johnson in 1982. This device has been shown biomechanically to prevent excessive anterior translation of force on the tibia during training. However, there is a need to compare the antishear device and the standard shin pad in the isokinetic assessment. Hence, the major objective of this study is to define, if any, the difference in patient assessment between the new double pad device and the old single shin pad. Ten subjects with no previous history of injury on either knee were tested with the Cybex Isokinetic Dynamometer. There were four men and six women and the mean age was 25.2 years. They were randomized into different test sequences with different shin pads at different speeds. Correlation and paired t tests (P) were performed to find out the correlation and difference between the two devices. There was significant difference in performance assessment between the two devices in knee extension (P &lt; 0.05) but no significant difference in knee flexion (P &gt; 0.05). There was also a high correlation (r &gt; 0.75) between the two devices. It is concluded that because of the significant difference of data generated between the two devices, it is important to select one single device with each patient during a series of testings.
Institutional Review Boards-Reply
Authors: Robert M. Veatch
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> I concur with the conclusion of Assistant Secretary for Health Edward N. Brandt, Jr, that IRBs are providing important protections of the rights and welfare of subjects, and I agree that the Goldman and Katz study took place at a time of some uncertainty about the mandate for IRBs. 'I am particularly in agreement with the observation that decentralized review is designed to reflect prevailing community ethical standards, for example, any centrally written informed-consent document for a multicenter randomized clinical trial that is not evaluated for possible modifications to meet community standards. These clarifications, however, should not cloud the important and provocative conclusions of the study. Each individual IRB does vary from one time to another in the way it assesses protocols, and IRBs also vary from one to another in the way they apply nationally mandated ethical standards. It is unreasonable to attribute all of these variations
The Patient and the Plastic Surgeon
Authors: Richard C. Schultz
Journal: JAMA (1992)

Reviewing the second edition of an unusual medical book ten years after reviewing the first edition is a rare privilege. Like the first, the new edition of<i>The Patient and the Plastic Surgeon</i>is primarily a philosophical and personal monograph filled with "eternal truths" about medicine and life in general. I believe it is aimed at the plastic surgeon in training, attempting to put into perspective the many recent social and economic changes in the practice of medicine and plastic surgery in particular. The book begins with a short "antecedent" chapter identifying the author and the discipline of plastic surgery. It is followed by four long chapters, "The Initial Consultation," "Plastic Surgery: Reconstructive and Esthetic Surgery," "Types of Operations and Types of Patients," and "Stages in the Professional Life of the Plastic Surgeon." The second edition is larger. It has 100 more pages, more references, a larger appendix with more
A Plaque-Specific Antibody Clears Existing β-amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer's Disease Mice
Authors: Ronald B. DeMattos, Jirong Lu, Ying Tang, Margaret M. Racke, Cindy A. DeLong, John A. Tzaferis, Justin T. Hole, Beth M. Forster, Peter C. McDonnell, Feng Liu, Robert D. Kinley, William H. Jordan, Michael L. Hutton
Journal: Neuron (2012)

SummaryAβ Immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease. Preclinical studies demonstrate that plaque prevention is possible; however, the more relevant therapeutic removal of existing plaque has proven elusive. Monoclonal antibodies in development target both soluble and insoluble Aβ peptide. We hypothesized that antibody specificity for deposited plaque was critical for plaque removal since soluble Aβ peptide would block recognition of deposited forms. We developed a plaque-specific antibody that targets a modified Aβ peptide (Aβp3-42), which showed robust clearance of pre-existing plaque without causing microhemorrhage. Interestingly, a comparator N-terminal Aβ antibody 3D6, which binds both soluble and insoluble Aβ1-42, lacked efficacy for lowering existing plaque but manifested a significant microhemorrhage liability. Mechanistic studies suggested that the lack of efficacy for 3D6 was attributed to poor target engagement in plaques. These studies have profound implications for the development of therapeutic Aβ antibodies for Alzheimer's disease.Highlights•Antibodies that bind soluble and insoluble Aβ lack therapeutic plaque lowering•Plaque-specific anti-Aβp3-42 antibody removes pre-existing plaque•Anti-Aβp3-42 antibody does not increase microhemorrhage•Soluble Aβ binding will block target engagement in existing plaque
Staphylococcal Septicaemia with Pyoarthrosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: J. R. De Andrade, C. R. Tribe
Journal: BMJ (1962)

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS MEDICALJORNALosteoporosis of senile type; the age and sex of the other patients suggest that these may be important under- lying factors.The onset of sudden pain in rheumatoid arthritis may lead one to suspect such a fracture, although initially the radiograph may be normal, as the fractures often seem to develop slowly.Some features of these fractures are discussed.We thank Mr. M. F. Pilcher for permission to publish these cases and for his help and advice, and Dr.
Awareness About Depression
Authors: Richard M. Glass
Journal: JAMA (2003)

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