tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A–Z of nutritional supplements: dietary supplements, sports nutrition foods and ergogenic aids for health and performance: Part 38
Authors: N Cermak, T Yamamoto, R Meeusen, L M Burke, S J Stear, L M Castell
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

Three amino acids are discussed in Part 38, which begins with an essential amino acid, threonine. In animal studies it is important for maintaining gut function, and also has a role in immune function. The amino acid tryptophan is a precursor of serotonin. It was first shown to be instrumental in promoting fatigue in rats, and this has since been confirmed in humans. It has mainly come to prominence in sports studies because of attempts to counteract its fatiguing effects by the use of branched chain amino acids (BCAA). Recently there has been some interest in the soporific effects of tryptophan, which were first observed in the 1960s. The third amino acid discussed is tyrosine: its increase across the blood–brain barrier can promote an increase in dopamine and norepinephrine.

### N Cermak

Threonine is one of the nine essential amino acids required by humans. As such, threonine cannot be synthesised endogenously, and thus threonine must be obtained through diet or nutritional supplementation. Foods high in threonine include cottage cheese, poultry, fish, meat, lentils and sesame seeds. In animals, threonine is a primary component of intestinal mucin protein and plasma γ-globulin required for maintaining gut function.1 Threonine supplementation in chickens, pigs and mice has been shown to elevate serum antibodies against various viruses, providing support for a role of dietary threonine in modulating immune function.1 ,2 In rats, threonine deficiency has been found to depress the synthetic rate of phospholipid and nucleoprotein …
Regional enteritis. Occurrence in a father and both siblings
Authors: A. R. Aronson
Journal: JAMA (1967)

THE SIGNIFICANCE of the genetic and environmental factors in the incidence of nonspecific inflammatory disease of the bowel continues to stimulate great interest. Studies of multiple occurrences in family units have been published.<sup>1-5</sup>Theories as to such occurrences, ranging from a common immunologic defect within a family to an environmental factor such as early weaning, have been proposed. Finding multiple cases of granulomatous enteritis within a family unit is probably more than a casual coincidence. The reported prevalence of regional enteritis in England varies from 9 per 100,000 to 14 per 100,000. Figures obtained in the United States are slightly higher.<sup>5</sup> The authors have had the opportunity of studying a family group consisting of the parents and two siblings, a son and a daughter. Only the mother escaped the presence of incapacitating regional enteritis. With an assumed prevalence in the United States of 20 per 100,000,<sup>6</sup>the
TREATMENT OF CHOREA BY INDUCED PYREXIA
Authors: J. W. Cheetham
Journal: BMJ (1933)

EasTtTSaw 81%4. The highest fatality rate occurred in the age period 21-4o.; 5.The mortality during the first year is high (75 per cent.), and thereafter diminishes rapidly with every year of survival.6.The most unfavourable type of the disease is that showing an acute onset, and the least unfavourable is that characterized by, intermittent attacks with complete freedom from symptoms in the interim.7. Various methods of treatment have been briefly reviewed.
Epidemic Typhus in the United States Associated With Flying Squirrels
Authors: Richard J. Duma
Journal: JAMA (1981)

Between July 1977 and January 1980, seven cases of sporadic, nonepidemic "epidemic" typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii) were discovered in Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina. The reservoir seemed to be the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans), an animal indigenous to the eastern United States; however, the vector or mode of acquisition was not evident. Diagnosis was established principally through complement fixation, indirect immunofluorescence, and toxin neutralization tests. Patients' ages were 11 to 81 years. Most were white women. Six had abrupt onset of illness. Headaches, fever, myalgias, and exanthems were among the presenting complaints. The disease seemed milder than classic louse-born epidemic typhus, but in some instances, it was life-threatening. All patients responded to tetracycline or chloramphenicol. This entity probably is more common than reported, is difficult to recognize, and is produced by an organism seemingly identical to that producing louse-born epidemic typhus.
Attitudes and training of research fellows in surgery: national questionnaire survey
Authors: C. S Seow, N. B Teo, C. R Wilson, K. A Oien
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Traditionally, clinical research fellowships are occupied by junior trainees and are used as a stepping stone not only to an academic career but more commonly to the higher specialist training scheme. In the United Kingdom, clinical academic medicine is having difficulties in recruitment, especially to senior posts, and in academic surgery several professorial chairs remain vacant because of a shortage of suitable candidates.1

Analysis of research papers presented at surgical meetings over the past 20 years has shown a considerable reduction in the number of randomised clinical trials and a corresponding increase in the number of basic scientific projects.2 Surgical research has recently been criticised for its poor quality and lack of evidence based “patient oriented research that matters.”3 Training in research methods is important for surgeons conducting research, and a previous survey showed that this view is shared by consultant …
Medicine Under Capitalism
Authors: Manuel P. Pardo
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Through a series of case studies and trenchant analyses, Vicente Navarro, an outstanding social analyst who has taught at academic institutions in different parts of the world, has put together in<i>Medicine Under Capitalism</i>a provocative collection of essays. Written in particular cultural and political settings and using the Marxist method, the book examines the composition, functions, and nature of the health sector by regarding society as a whole. A key question repeatedly asked is, "Who owns and who controls the income and wealth of our country and most other capitalist countries?" The obvious answer, of course, is not the working class or the middle class but the few in the corporate class or monopolistic sector of society. Navarro believes that the main health problems in America, like the maldistribution of health resources, are a result of the lack of power and control over our economic, political, and social institutions
Two Worlds of Malaria
Authors: Thomas E. Wellems, Louis H. Miller
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Cases of malaria acquired by international travelers from industrialized countries probably number 25,000 annually; of these, about 10,000 are reported, and 150 are fatal. These numbers are growing because of increased international travel, an increased risk of transmission in areas where malaria control has faded, and the spread of drug-resistant strains of malaria. Yet these numbers remain very small in comparison with the global burden of malaria in the world's malarious regions, where there are as many as 500 million cases annually and a death toll that takes the lives of 1 to 3 million children each year, mostly in . . .
[558] ASSESSMENT OF FIBROSIS DISTRIBUTION IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C USING COMPUTER-PERFORMED OPTICAL ANALYSIS OF CT OF THE LIVER (FibroCT®)
Authors: A. Madrazo, E. Gomez-Gonzalez, M. Vera, VM. Castellano, M. Nevado, J.C. Alcon, L. Rodrigo, R. Perez, R. Sola, J.M. Perez-Moreno, R.J. Andrade, M. Diago, M. Romero-Gomez
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
THE VALUE OF BLOOD EXAMINATION FOR DIAGNOSTIC PURPOSES.
Authors: JULIAN WALTER BRANDEIS
Journal: JAMA (1900)

If we pause for a moment to consider what a valuable aid to diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis is afforded by the microscopical examination of the blood—in itself a comparatively simple procedure—we can not fail to wonder at the indefiniteness of information to which most medical men must confess in regard to the subject. The cause of this shortcoming, however, need not be far sought, and lies in the fact that it is only within a short period that the medical institutions of this country have provided instruction and laboratories for study in this important branch. Indeed, the entire subject is still in its infancy of investigation. There are many important and practical instances in which this method lends a valuable aid in the establishment of accurate and scientific diagnosis, as well as assists in determining prognosis. Little is required in the way of apparatus, and only a moderate degree
Viral Dynamics of HIV: Implications for Drug Development and Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Diane V. Havlir
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

The ability to quantitate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in blood and tissues from patients at all stages of disease has provided new insights into the pathogenesis of HIV disease. There is a dynamic equilibrium between HIV production and clearance even during the period of clinical latency, which may permit resistant virus to emerge with the imposition of drug pressure. Disruption of the equilibrium with effective drugs reduces circulating levels of HIV within 1 week, thus allowing the rapid assessment of new candidate drugs. To maximize the magnitude and durability of HIV RNA suppression, therapeutic strategies must be implemented that are effective against high levels of rapidly replicating virus that consist of many genetic variants.
IL-6 polymorphisms: a useful genetic tool for inflammation research?
Authors: Patricia Woo, Steve E. Humphries
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

In 1998, we described a novel polymorphism in the promoter (G>C, rs1800795) of the IL-6 (IL6) gene. The common allele, G, exhibited higher transcriptional activity in gene reporter assays and was associated with higher serum IL-6 levels in a small cohort of healthy subjects. We explored the ethnic distribution of these alleles and found significant differences among people of mixed European descent, Africans, and Gujarati Asians. Disease association was established in a cohort of 92 children of mixed European descent from the United Kingdom with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA), with the GG genotype being significantly increased in sJIA cases compared with that in 383 controls, especially in those under 6 years old (P = 0.01). This polymorphism has since been used as a functional variant to explore the role of elevated IL-6 levels in many common disease states, confirming the key causal role of IL-6 in human health and disease.
Detection of Phenylketonuria in Autistic and Psychotic Children
Authors: Thomas L. Lowe
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Sixty-five children with pervasive developmental disturbance (autism and atypical childhood psychosis) were screened by standard urinary amino acid detection testing methods. Three of the children showed abnormalities in these screening tests, leading to the diagnosis of phenylketonuria. This was verified by repeated urinary testing and blood phenylalanine determinations. The children with phenylketonuria were treated with low-phenylalanine diets and have shown improvement in functioning and developmental level since treatment. Urinary genetic screening should be a standard test for all children being evaluated for serious developmental disturbances of childhood. (<i>JAMA</i>243:126-128, 1980)
An unusual case of jejunal choriocarcinoma detected by single-balloon endoscopy
Authors: Y.-J. Tai, T.-C. Lee, L.-H. Tseng, L.-H. Wei
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

A 41-year-old woman was admitted to our institution because of massive melena and symptomatic anemia (Hb 5.3 g/dL). The patient had previously undergone a cesarean section and tubal ligation 3 years ago while giving birth to her second child.
Transcriptional regulation of c-jun gene expression by arabinofuranosylcytosine in human myeloid leukemia cells.
Authors: S M Kharbanda, M L Sherman, D W Kufe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1990)

Previous studies have demonstrated that 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) induces terminal differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells. Other studies have shown that the c-jun protooncogene is expressed during phorbol ester-induced myeloid differentiation. This work examines the effects of ara-C on c-jun gene expression in human KG-1 myeloid leukemia cells. The results demonstrate that c-jun transcripts are undetectable in uninduced KG-1 cells and that ara-C induces expression of this gene in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Ara-C treatment was also associated with increases in c-jun transcripts in U-937, THP-1, and HL-60 myeloid leukemia cells. Furthermore, transcriptional run-on analysis has demonstrated that exposure to ara-C increases the rate of c-jun gene transcription. The results also demonstrate that while inhibition of protein synthesis superinduces c-jun mRNA levels in phorbol ester-treated KG-1 cells, cycloheximide had no effect on the induction of c-jun transcripts during ara-C treatment. Moreover, the half-life of c-jun transcripts in ara-C-treated KG-1 cells was 42 min. These findings suggest that the increase in c-jun mRNA observed during ara-C treatment is regulated by a transcriptional mechanism, and that c-jun may be involved in the induction of differentiation and regulation of gene expression by ara-C.
Revision of the Code of Ethics.
Authors: John H. Blackburn
Journal: JAMA (1893)

To the Editor of the Journal of the American Medical Association:  I wish to suggest a method of dressing the cord in midwifery cases, which I think, will be an improvement over the ordinary way, as we know it. Thus, the cord is cleansed, and tied in the usual place, then a thick pad of aseptic lint with a hole in it is put on over it, then a small metallic plate of lead or zinc (par ex.) with a hole in it is put on close to the pad. The cord is secured to this plate by a rubber band or ligature around the legs ( aa ). If the rubber band is used, hitch a loop of it over one leg, tighten it around the cord and secure it to the other leg ( a ). Then, bend the legs down to the plate for fixing it. Now, carry the cord down
Impairment of Carbohydrate Metabolism by Thiazides.
Authors: John M. Weller
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1965)

s1 May 1965Impairment of Carbohydrate Metabolism by Thiazides.John M. Weller, M.D., F.A.C.P.John M. Weller, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-62-5-1076_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptHyperglycemia has been reported after the administration of thiazide drugs to patients. After a carbohydrate load, we have been able to demonstrate that blood sugar levels are higher when patients or animals are receiving chlorothiazide than when they are not taking the drug. Additional studies in vitro on adipose tissue show that fat from rats given chlorothiazide has a decreased rate of utilization of glucose compared with that from control animals. Similarly adding chlorothiazide to the incubating medium reduces the glucose disappearance rate caused by fat tissue of normal rats.When enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism are examined in liver... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: John M. Weller, M.D., F.A.C.P.Affiliations: Ann Arbor, Michigan PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byCLINICAL PRINCIPLES OF DRUG INTERACTIONS IN THE ADULT PATIENT 1 May 1965Volume 62, Issue 5Page: 1076-1077KeywordsBlood sugarCarbohydrate metabolismCarbohydratesDrug administrationDrugsEnzymesFatsGlucoseHyperglycemiaLiver ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1965 PDF downloadLoading ...
False-Positive V/Q Scan Mimicking Massive Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: RENATO R. ARMAS
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Technical error is not usually considered among the many possible causes of false-positive lung scans. A case is presented where the inadvertent injection of Tc-99m MAA through a Swan-Ganz catheter resulted in radionuclide imaging mimicking massive pulmonary embolism. After reinjection in a peripheral vein, a repeat perfusion scan showed unremarkable findings. Lack of the appropriate clinical presentation and the rarity of massive perfusion defects are important clues to recognizing this unusual but misleading situation.
Retinal Arteriolar Occlusions during a Sickle Cell Crisis
Authors: Stephen James Davis, Ammar Safar
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

A 44-year-old black man with sickle cell disease presented to the eye clinic and reported that he had noticed acute, painless vision loss in his right eye when he awoke at 3 a.m. He reported drinking a “fair amount” of alcohol before going to sleep. On examination, the visual acuity in his left eye was 20/25 but in his right eye was limited to counting fingers directly in front of him. An examination of the anterior segment of both eyes was unremarkable. Intravenous fluorescein angiography was performed, and the angiogram showed multiple complete arteriolar occlusions in the retina of his . . .
Nuclear expression of S100A4 calcium-binding protein increases cholangiocarcinoma invasiveness and metastasization
Authors: Luca Fabris, Massimiliano Cadamuro, Lidia Moserle, James Dziura, Xiangyu Cong, Luisa Sambado, Giorgia Nardo, Aurelio Sonzogni, Michele Colledan, Alberto Furlanetto, Nicolò Bassi, Marco Massani, Umberto Cillo, Claudia Mescoli, Stefano Indraccolo, Massimo Rugge, Lajos Okolicsanyi, Mario Strazzabosco
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) carries a severe prognosis because of its strong invasiveness and early metastasization. In several patients, otherwise eligible for surgical resection, micrometastasis are already present at the time of surgery. The mechanisms responsible for CCA invasiveness are unclear. S100A4, a member of the S100 family of small Ca(2+)-binding proteins, is expressed in mesenchymal cells, regulates cell motility in several cell types, and is expressed in some epithelial cancers. Thus, we aimed to study the role of S100A4 in CCA invasiveness and metastasization. The expression of S100A4 was studied by immunohistochemistry in 93 human liver samples of CCA patients undergoing surgical resection and correlated with metastases development (67 cases) and patient survival following surgery using log rank tests and multivariate analysis. S100A4 expression was studied in EGI-1 and TFK-1, human CCA cell lines with and without nuclear S100A4 expression, respectively. Metastatic properties of CCA cells were assessed by xenotransplantation in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice after transduction with lentiviral vectors encoding firefly luciferase gene. Proliferation, motility (wound healing), invasiveness (Boyden chamber), and metalloproteinases (MMPs) secretion were studied in CCA cells, with or without lentiviral silencing of S100A4. Nuclear expression of S100A4 by neoplastic ducts was a strong predictor of metastasization and reduced survival after resection (P < 0.01). EGI-1 CCA cells showed stronger metastatic properties than TFK-1 when xenotransplanted in SCID mice. S100A4-silenced EGI-1 cells showed significantly reduced motility, invasiveness, and MMP-9 secretion in vitro, without changes in cell proliferation.Nuclear S100A4 identifies a subset of CCA patients with a poor prognosis after surgical resection. Nuclear expression of S100A4 increases CCA cells invasiveness and metastasization, indicating that S100A4 may also represent a potential therapeutic target.
THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST DIABETES
Authors: Elliott P. Joslin
Journal: JAMA (1942)

To the Editor:—  Your editorial of August 8 (The Journal, p. 1203) and the implication of its title, The Harmlessness of Glycosuria for a Patient Treated with Protamine Zinc Insulin, at once made me worry. Since its appearance my anxiety has increased for fear the view expressed would encourage patients and doctors to relax in their endeavor to fight diabetes tooth and nail.  For the belief which is in me I thank Naunyn, whose conception of diabetes I consider the best expression of the clinical wisdom of the past; and for the present I would cite the experimental evidence of Lukens and Dohan, which in a way is a culmination of that astute observation years ago of F. M. Allen, recently evaluated, confirmed and further developed in England at the National Research Institute by Young, in the University of Toronto by Best and his associates, and in Philadelphia at the
HOSPITAL CARS FOR RAILWAY SERVICE.
Authors: W. L. ESTES
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The end of the nineteenth century exhibits marked improvement in the means of alleviating suffering and for saving life. The sick and wounded in the last two wars have had furnished them life-saving appliances and means of transportation never dreamed of in former times. Public sentiment is so exercised in the matter of efficient attention to the needs of the sick and wounded in warfare that it is astonishing that people think or do so little in ordinary civil life in the matter of efficient first aid and comfortable transportation for the much larger number of persons who suffer injury on our railroads. The Interstate Commerce Commission shows that, in round numbers, there were 51,743 railroad casualties to persons in the year just ended. There were 7123 fatalities and 44,620 injuries. The total casualties to the British army in the war in South Africa, up to date, amount to about
Triggered harmonic power doppler imaging predicts functional recovery after revascularization in patients with left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Constadina Aggeli, Maria Bonou, George Roussakis, Costas Chatzos, Eleutherios Tsiamis, Stela Brilli, Manolis Vavouranakis, Christos Pitsavos, Christodoulos Stefanadis, Pavlos Toutouzas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 by human prostate carcinoma cells inhibits primary tumor growth, tumor-associated angiogenesis, and metastasis to lung and liver in an athymic mouse model.
Authors: G A Soff, J Sanderowitz, S Gately, E Verrusio, I Weiss, S Brem, H C Kwaan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) by malignant cells correlates with an aggressive phenotype, including increased invasiveness, tumor-associated angiogenesis, and metastases. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) is undetectable in cells of some aggressive malignancies, but present in the stroma of tumor-associated microvasculature. This analysis of an athymic mouse model of prostate carcinoma further defines the role of the uPA/PAI-1/plasmin system in primary growth and metastasis. A marked increase in PAI-1 expression was induced in clones of the aggressive human prostate carcinoma line, PC-3, by stable transfection. Primary PC-3 tumors, in mice, were significantly smaller when derived from PAI-1 expressing versus control cells. PAI-1 expression reduced the density of tumor-associated microvasculature by 22-38%. Microscopic metastases were quantitated using stable expression of the chromogenic label (beta-galactosidase) in control and PAI-1 expressing cells. PAI-1 expression resulted in a significant inhibition of lung metastases, and liver metastases. Expression of PAI-1 by malignant prostate cells resulted in a less aggressive phenotype, presumably by inhibition of uPA activity, suggesting pharmacologic or molecular inhibition of uPA activity as a potential therapeutic target.