tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Management of Supratentorial Intracranial Abscess: A Review of 200 Cases
Authors: J. Garfield
Journal: BMJ (1969)

TWO HUNDRED CASES OF INTRACRANIAL SUPRATENTORIAL ABSCESS HAVE BEEN REVIEWED: 100 spanned the years 1951 to 1957, and 100 the years 1962 to 1967. The mortality rate of 40% was the same in both series, chiefly owing to continuing inaccurate localization of the abscess and inadequate use of antibiotics. The hazards of lumbar puncture are real, and this procedure is contra-indicated when convulsions, signs of a hemisphere disturbance, or papilloedema are present. Of the methods for localizing intracranial abscess the site of E.N.T. sepsis, ventriculography, and brain scanning were found to be the most valuable. Penicillin in high dosage continues to be the most important antibiotic. The results of assiduously repeated burrhole aspiration compare favourably with those of later excision.
UK heart surgeons improve patients' survival
Authors: Toby Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Heart surgeons in the United Kingdom have raised the standards expected of them, figures published last week by the Healthcare Commission show.

The data on survival of patients after heart surgery, issued by the independent healthcare regulator in England, cover 38 of the 39 hospitals in the UK that carry out major heart surgery (St Mary's Hospital, London, was unable to supply the data in the format required). The figures show that 96.5% of the 35 064 patients who underwent any kind of heart surgery in the year to March 2006 survived (left the hospital alive).

The commission looked in particular at survival of patients after the two most common heart operations: heart bypass and aortic valve replacement. …
HIV Infection in the Dominican Republic
Authors: W. R. Lange, S. D. Kreider
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Koenig et al<sup>1</sup>recently described the epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the Dominican Republic. In that report, among the 1656 native Dominicans who were screened, 88 (5%) had HIV antibodies; however, of 259 Haitians residing in the Dominican Republic who were screened, 25 (10%) were seropositive. If 42 of the former group who were ill with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related syndromes are excluded, the rate within healthy Dominicans drops to 3%. The Table describes further the distribution of HIV antibodies as well as the seroprevalence rate of hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers in both the Dominican Republic and Haiti (W. R. Lange, E. J. Cone, J. H. Jaffe, writtencommunication, March 1987).<sup>1-5</sup>The magnitude of disease penetration appears to be comparable in both countries, according to the overall prevalence of HBV markers (65%). However, in the presence of similar rates
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: H. P. Gilding
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

By a variety of methods necrosis of individual cells was produced in the living animal. Cell death was found to be clearly perceptible by means of the changes in the color of segregated erythrolitmin at a time when it was not as yet recognizable by ordinary histological methods. The hue of the dye pointed to an alteration in the direction of alkalinity; but the extent of this could not be determined owing to the limited range of the indicator Cartilage damaged by freezing in situ becomes alkaline, its reaction now approximating that of the blood. The findings support the view that within the body the autolysis of individual cells and of small tissue masses may take place under the circumstances of a slight alkalinity.
Subaortic stenosis, the univentricular heart, and banding of the pulmonary artery: an analysis of the courses of 43 patients with univentricular heart palliated by pulmonary artery banding.
Authors: R M Freedom, L N Benson, J F Smallhorn, W G Williams, G A Trusler, R D Rowe
Journal: Circulation (1986)

Subaortic stenosis is well known to complicate the clinical course of patients with single ventricle or univentricular hearts, and we have previously suggested that the development of subaortic stenosis in such patients may be causal to and/or accelerated by previous banding of the main pulmonary trunk. To further define the relationship between banding of the pulmonary artery in patients with univentricular hearts and the development of subaortic stenosis, we examined the morphologic substrate and timing of the development of subaortic stenosis in 43 patients seen at our institution from January 1, 1970, through June 30, 1985. These 43 patients include all patients in this period with an unequivocal univentricular heart whose longitudinal data was available for follow-up. We excluded patients who died within 1 week of surgery, patients lost to follow-up, and patients with evidence of subaortic stenosis before banding. Thirty-one of 43 patients (72.1%) developed subaortic stenosis subsequent to banding of the main pulmonary artery. The mean age at banding of those patients who developed subaortic stenosis was 0.21 years, and subaortic stenosis was recognized at a mean age of 2.52 years. For the specific cohort of patients whose ventricular morphology was a main chamber of left ventricular type supporting the pulmonary artery and a rudimentary right ventricle supporting the transposed aorta (32 patients), 27 developed subaortic stenosis (84.4%). Subaortic stenosis in the classic form of single ventricle usually results from progressive restriction of a wholly muscular interventricular communication. Banding of the pulmonary artery by producing myocardial hypertrophy undoubtedly accelerates the potential for subaortic stenosis in these patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low back pain: Author's reply
Authors: Cathy Speed
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Background</h3> Burnout is widespread among healthcare providers and is associated with adverse safety behaviours, operational and clinical outcomes. Little is known with regard to the explanatory links between burnout and these adverse outcomes. <h3>Objectives</h3> (1) Test the psychometric properties of a brief four-item burnout scale, (2) Provide neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) burnout and resilience benchmarking data across different units and caregiver types, (3) Examine the relationships between caregiver burnout and patient safety culture. <h3>Research design</h3> Cross-sectional survey study. <h3>Subjects</h3> Nurses, nurse practitioners, respiratory care providers and physicians in 44 NICUs. <h3>Measures</h3> Caregiver assessments of burnout and safety culture. <h3>Results</h3> Of 3294 administered surveys, 2073 were returned for an overall response rate of 62.9%. The percentage of respondents in each NICU reporting burnout ranged from 7.5% to 54.4% (mean=25.9%, SD=10.8). The four-item burnout scale was reliable (α=0.85) and appropriate for aggregation (intra-class correlation coefficient-2=0.95). Burnout varied significantly between NICUs, p&lt;0.0001, but was less prevalent in physicians (mean=15.1%, SD=19.6) compared with non-physicians (mean=26.9%, SD=11.4, p=0.0004). NICUs with more burnout had lower teamwork climate (r=−0.48, p=0.001), safety climate (r=−0.40, p=0.01), job satisfaction (r=−0.64, p&lt;0.0001), perceptions of management (r=−0.50, p=0.0006) and working conditions (r=−0.45, p=0.002). <h3>Conclusions</h3> NICU caregiver burnout appears to have ‘climate-like’ features, is prevalent, and associated with lower perceptions of patient safety culture.
AIDS: Modern Concepts and Therapeutic Challenges
Authors: Paul A. Volberding
Journal: JAMA (1987)

The rapid growth of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic has led to a corresponding increase in medical and scientific information available about the disease and our prospects of controlling it. Numerous resources, including several regular publications, are available to fill this need for professional communication. Given the pace of change in the field of AIDS, the quality and usefulness of these efforts require that the authors be at the forefront of their field and that the publication be rapid. This book accomplishes some of these requirements well. It has been edited by Dr Samuel Broder, the acknowledged leader in the development of anti-HIV therapy, who has assembled an impressive set of contributors to his book. The authors come primarily from the National Institutes of Health but are not limited to that institution. To the extent that AIDS research has generated some scientific controversy, however, it is not surprising that
Abstract P5-14-05: Compliance with radiation therapy in breast cancer patients in Southeastern Kentucky
Authors: R Elsoueidi, E Adane, M Dignan
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Background: Nearly a quarter of Americans live in rural areas, which consistently report higher cancer mortality rates than urban and suburban areas. The worse outcome for cancer patients in these areas has been attributed in part to compliance with treatment recommendations. Southeastern Kentucky is a rural area with a low income population and barriers such as distance and lack of public transportation to access health care and compliance with treatment is a major concern. Methods: Data on patients with breast cancer treated with radiation therapy at Appalachian Regional Healthcare cancer center which serves the area of Southeastern Kentucky were collected. Age, economic status (measured by availability of medical insurance), distance of patient's residence from the hospital, were evaluated as potential predictors of compliance with recommendations to obtain radiation therapy. Data were analyzed with Fisher's exact test. Results: A total of 80 patients with breast cancer received adjuvant radiation treatment from 2008 to 2011. Of these 80 patients, 24 (30%) had Medicaid, 31 (39%) had Medicare, and 25 (31%) had commercial health insurance. Only two (2.5%) patients did not complete treatment due to transportation. An additional 10 patients (13%) had treatment interruption due to weather, transportation or other financial reasons. In patients who completed treatment, a total of 2640 days of treatment were provided. A total of 55 (2.1%) days of treatment were missed. Of the 10 patients who had interruption, 5 of them had Medicaid and the number of missed days by the Medicaid patients was (37/55), which is 67% of the total days missed. No statistically significant difference was detected in the number of patients missing treatment between Medicaid and other insurance types (p = 0.16). None of the factors evaluated predicted patient compliance, although a trend toward lower compliance was noted in patients who had Medicaid. Conclusion: Despite being a rural area with multiple barriers to access healthcare, the rate of full compliance (defined as completion of the entire course of radiation therapy) with adjuvant radiation therapy in breast cancer patients in Southeastern Kentucky was 97.5%, which is similar to the rates in clinical trials that generally exceed 90%. A trend toward lower compliance was noted in patients who had Medicaid although it was not statistically significant. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-14-05.
CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRAST ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY FOR DETECTING STRESS INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT
Authors: Geu-Ru Hong, Jong-Ho Nam, Kyu-Hwan Park, Chang-Woo Sohn, Jung-Hyeon Choi, Sang-Hee Lee, Jong-Sun Park, Dong-Gu Shin, Young-Jo Kim, Bong-Sup Shim
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Prevention of deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement: randomised comparison between unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparin.
Authors: P F Leyvraz, F Bachmann, J Hoek, H R Buller, M Postel, M Samama, M D Vandenbroek
Journal: BMJ (1991)

OBJECTIVE--To evaluate the efficacy and safety of two subcutaneous prophylactic regimens for postoperative deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. DESIGN--Prospective open randomised multicentre trial. SETTING--28 European departments of orthopaedic surgery. INTERVENTION--All patients had bilateral phlebography 10 days after surgery. 31 patients receiving low molecular weight heparin and 29 receiving unfractionated heparin were excluded from the efficacy analysis for various reasons. PATIENTS--349 patients undergoing total hip replacement between September 1988 and May 1989. 174 patients received subcutaneously a low molecular weight heparin (Fraxiparine) with anti-factor Xa activity of 41 IU/kg/day for three days, then 62 IU/kg/day from day 4 to day 10. 175 patients received subcutaneous unfractionated heparin at intervals of eight hours; doses were adjusted to maintain the activated thromboplastin time at two to five seconds above control values. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Total incidence of deep vein thrombosis and incidence of proximal deep vein thrombosis on bilateral phlebography. RESULTS--The total incidence of deep vein thrombosis was 16% in patients receiving unfractionated heparin and 12.6% in patients receiving low molecular weight heparin (p = 0.45), and the incidence of thrombosis of the proximal veins was 13.1% and 2.9% respectively (p less than 0.001). Four patients receiving unfractionated heparin and one receiving low molecular weight heparin developed pulmonary embolism. The incidence of bleeding complications was low and comparable in the two groups. CONCLUSION--Low molecular weight heparin is at least as effective as unfractionated heparin in preventing deep vein thrombosis and is more effective at preventing thrombosis of the proximal veins in patients undergoing hip replacement. Low molecular weight heparin is not more likely to cause bleeding complications and is simpler to give than unfractionated heparin.
Urinary markers for measuring exposure to endogenous and exogenous alkylating agents and precursors.
Authors: D E Shuker, V Prevost, M D Friesen, D Lin, H Ohshima, H Bartsch
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Noninvasive methodologies for measuring carcinogen exposure in humans, based on the use of urinary markers, are being developed and validated for use in molecular epidemiological studies. A range of 3-alkyladenines can be determined in urine samples by an immunoaffinity purification-GC/MS approach [3-methyladenine, 3-ethyladenine, 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)adenine, and 3-benzyladenine]. Using this method, recent results in human subjects suggest that urinary 3-alkyladenines are potentially useful markers of alkylating agent exposure, particularly where the backgrounds of such adducts are much lower than 3-methyladenine. Urinary excretion of S-benzylmercapturic acid has been studied in experimental animals as a marker of exposure to benzylating agents such as N-nitroso-methylbenzylamine. 3-Nitrotyrosine (NTyr) is formed in vivo in tissue or blood proteins after exposure to nitrosating and/or nitrating agents such as tetranitromethane. After turnover of proteins, NTyr is released and excreted in urine as metabolites 3-nitro-4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid and 3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, which are determined by GC with a thermal energy analyzer. The sensitivity and specificity, combined with ease of use, of these noninvasive biomonitoring approaches means that they may be readily incorporated into molecular epidemiological studies in which exposure to nitrosating and alkylating agents may be important risk factors.
DES EPITHAELIOMES PRIMITIFS DE LA PEAU.*
Authors: J. DARIER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1922)

Dans la ipiestiun des caucerK dc la peau rinteivt de l'lieiire actuelle se purte priiicipaletneiit sur lt'iir etiologie, siir !cs cniiditioiiis <Ie leiiv iiialignite relativej ct .-iurla riiclioseiisibilite des divcraes especes.Les acquisitions recentes relatives a la prudiictiuii experimentale de ces cancers ont renove le siijet et l'ont particnlierement mis a Tordre du jour.Nous avons actuellcment trois inoyens pour cveev du cancer : Les rayons X, avec lesquels on reiissit rareinent, la iiietliorle n'etant pas reglee ; un parasite animiil, le spiroptera iieoplastica qiii a doinu' des siicces dans pres de la moitie des eas eliez les rats pies a Fibiger de Copenliagen ; les badigeonnages de goudron, inaugiires par les Japonais, et repris par Fibiger, qu'on esperimente aetuelKnneiit dans tons les pays, et par lesquels on obtient des cancers de la peau vraiment malins avec une reelle Constance sur les sonris.II ressort de ces experiences que k-s causes dii eancersuiit luidtiplus; qu'une meme espece de cancer pent etre pru<Uiite par des causes diverses et qu'iin memo agent pent prodnire de.s tiiiiieurs differentes.Elles ont aussi mis en lumJere le rule d'nne preilisposition diverse de certaines races et certaines families d'aniinanx.
Targeting the tumor vasculature with TEM8-specific T cells
Authors: LaTerrica C Williams, Sunitha Kakarla, Simone Krebs, Thuy Phung, David Rowley, Stephen Gottschalk
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts T cell immunotherapy with genetically modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has shown promise in preclinical models as well as early clinical studies. However, patients with solid tumors often do not respond as well as patients with hematological
Book Review The Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurological Disease Edited by Roger N. Rosenberg, Stanley B. Prusiner, Salvatore Dimauro, Robert L. Barchi, and Louis M. Kunkel. 1023 pp., illustrated. Boston, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1993. $225. 0-7506-9069-0 Molecular Basis of Neurology (Molecular Basis of Clinical Medicine.) Edited by P. Michael Conneally. 296 pp., illustrated. Boston, Blackwell Scientific, 1993. $39.95. 0-86542-150-1
Authors: Rudolph E. Tanzi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)
Respiratory Mechanics During Ventricular Asystole in Dogs with Complete Heart Block
Authors: Emile M. Scarpelli, Madison S. Spach
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

Eleven mongrel dogs were studied in which complete heart block had been produced surgically. Ventricular rate was maintained by artificial stimulation until the time of study. Each experiment involved abrupt cessation of stimulation and the monitoring of pulmonary mechanical behavior during the ensuing period of ventricular asystole. These studies have shown that all aspects of the mechanical behavior of the lungs are altered during ventricular asystole in complete heart block. The changes which occur during this short interval of time are basically attributable to the systemic, stagnant hypoxia and the central vascular congestion. The pulmonary changes produced include augmentation of the rate and depth of breathing, reduction of the functional residual capacity, decreased pulmonary compliance, and increased pulmonary airway resistance. The result is that both the inspiratory and expiratory work of breathing are increased, while the efficiency of breathing is decreased. All of these alterations occur within the 20-second period of ventricular asystole and are restored to control levels soon after the re-establishment of a normal ventricular rate. The possible mechanisms involved are discussed.
Rickets Due to Calcium Deficiency
Authors: Sang Whay Kooh, Donald Fraser, Bernard Joseph Reilly, John Richard Hamilton, Donald Grant Gall, Louise Bell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

The importance of an adequate intake of calcium for normal skeletal growth and mineralization is well known. However, the dietary requirement for calcium is hard to define,1 2 3 4 5 6 and whether an inadequate intake causes osteoporosis or rickets has not been established.6 7 8 9 10 Maltz et al.11 described one child with rickets that they concluded was caused by a deficient intake of calcium, but biochemical confirmation of the adequacy of the vitamin D intake was lacking. That patient represents the only human case of calcium deficiency rickets cited in reviews on this subject.6 , 7 In the infant with severe rickets described below, who had received . . .
Crusading for change in the Catholic Church
Authors: Rhett S Kahn
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Secondary prevention of heart disease with statins Groups were as different as chalk and cheeseEditor-Wei et al say that the results of their observational study of treatment with statins in routine clinical practice in Tayside are consistent with, and similar to, those reported in clinical trials. 1 This conclusion is hardly justified.A cohort of patients, defined by a discharge diagnosis of myocardial infarction between January 1993 and December 2001, was studied to compare the outcomes in those treated with statins and those not receiving these drugs.The data clearly show that the two groups differed substantially in terms of age, sex, comorbidity, and other cardiovascular drug treatment-all of these factors were biased in favour of a poorer outcome in patients not given statins.Furthermore, the two groups belonged to different time periods, most of the untreated patients to the earlier part and most of those given statins to the later part of the study.Given the changes between 1993 and 2001-including, for example, those related to the management of acute myocardial infarction and the criteria for diagnosis-it is only to be expected that the untreated group would have a higher risk of subsequent cardiovascular events.Multivariate analysis was reported as showing that statins reduced all cause mortality by 31% and the composite end point of myocardial infarction plus cardiovascular mortality by 18%.These results should be greeted with scepticism.Firstly, many trials of statins have failed to show any reduction whatsoever in all cause mortality. [2]][4][5] Secondly, as observed in other studies, any reduction in all cause mortality would be expected to be much less than that for composite cardiovascular end points. 2 4 5 The two groups in this study were as different as chalk and cheese.It should come as no surprise, therefore, that the results were anomalous.In such circumstances, no amount of statistical trickery could be expected to furnish anything of value.
Primary Teratomatous Chorionepithelioma of the Ovary
Authors: Howard M. Oliver, Elwood O. Horne
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1948)

CHORIONEPITHELIOMA of the ovary may arise from two fundamental sources: a pregnancy, uterine or ectopic; and a teratoma. It is our purpose to discuss only the latter, and to add a case to the literature.Pick,1 in 1904, described a nine-year-old girl whose abdomen revealed a teratoma of the ovary with mesodermal, entodermal and ectodermal components, and pure chorionepithelioma. Since then 12 other proved cases have been reported,2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 only 3 of which are reviewed in the American literature.3 , 12 , 13 A few other cases must be eliminated because they followed pregnancies and may have represented metastases from uterine chorionepitheliomas that regressed spontaneously, . . .
An evaluation of a videobronchoscopy-based autofluorescence system in lung cancer
Authors: E. J. Cetti, A. G. Nicholson, S. Singh, A. U. Wells, P. L. Shah
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2010)

An evaluation of a videobronchoscopy-based autofluorescence system in lung cancerTo the Editors: Autofluorescence (AF) has improved the sensitivity of bronchoscopy for pre-invasive cancer but has reduced specificity.Whether this applies to videobronchoscopy systems or depends on operator experience is unknown.We used a novel ''slide-bank'' model in order to evaluate the diagnostic performance of a video/AF bronchoscopy (AFI) system in lung cancer (refer to online supplementary material).AF bronchoscopy systems are designed to enhance the detection of pre-invasive lesions.Abnormal bronchial epithelium fluoresces at an altered wavelength when illuminated by blue light.AF systems process and display these changes visually, revealing occult pre-invasive lesions.