tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Human Rights Violations Among Bhutanese Refugees
Authors: Munro H. Proctor
Journal: JAMA (1995)

WHILE WORKING in Kathmandu between November 1994 and January 1995,I visited the Bhutanese refugee camps in the Jhapa and Morang Districts of eastern Nepal (Figure) at the request of the Physicians for Human Rights. I found a situation there that cries out for a constructive solution. Housed in endless rows of split bamboo huts were 88 000 Nepali-speaking former residents of southern Bhutan. As of August 1995, there were 88 624 refugees in the camps.<sup>1</sup>The population increases about 2% to 3% per year as the result of births in the camps and further migration from Bhutan to unify families. An additional 30000 refugees are scattered throughout northern India. The spectrum of medical problems in the camps is fairly typical of refugee populations, according to Martin et al who performed infectious disease surveillance during 1992 and 1993.<sup>2</sup>These investigators recorded crude mortality rates of 1.15 deaths per 10
Tough quarantine plans may hurt Ebola fight, Obama administration warns
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Multiple recent studies have shown that motor activity greatly impacts the activity of primary sensory areas like V1. Yet, the role of this motor related activity in sensory processing is still unclear. Here, we dissect how these behavior signals are broadcast to different layers and areas of the visual cortex. To do so, we leveraged a standardized and spontaneous behavioral fidget event in passively viewing mice. Importantly, this behavior event had no relevance to any ongoing task allowing us to compare its neuronal correlates with visually relevant behaviors (e.g., running). A large two-photon Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging database of neuronal responses uncovered four neural response types during fidgets that were consistent in their proportion and response patterns across all visual areas and layers of the visual cortex. Indeed, the layer and area identity could not be decoded above chance level based only on neuronal recordings. In contrast to running behavior, fidget evoked neural responses that were independent to visual processing. The broad availability of visually orthogonal standardized behavior signals could be a key component in how the cortex selects, learns and binds local sensory information with motor outputs. Contrary to behaviorally relevant motor outputs, irrelevant motor signals could project to separate local neural subspaces. <b>Significance Statement</b> Recent studies have shown contextual and behavioral variables to dominate brain-wide activity, yet it is unknown what role they play across the majority of cortex. To study their impact, we leveraged a large two-photon dataset collected in mice passively viewing a battery of visual stimuli. We characterized the neuronal response of neurons of the visual cortex to a standardized fidget behavior. We found that as much as 47% of excitatory neurons show significant co-activity with fidgets. Throughout all areas and layers we recorded from, those responses were distributed across three robust neural response types. Further analysis showed no interaction between fidget neural events and cells’ visual stimulus responses, contrasting with feedback neural signals induced by running. These contrasting response distribution patterns suggest that behavioral neuronal correlates are broadly available but will modulate sensory responses depending on their relevance to local sensory inputs.
Tumor-associated B7-H1 promotes T-cell apoptosis: A potential mechanism of immune evasion
Authors: Haidong Dong, Scott E. Strome, Diva R. Salomao, Hideto Tamura, Fumiya Hirano, Dallas B. Flies, Patrick C. Roche, Jun Lu, Gefeng Zhu, Koji Tamada, Vanda A. Lennon, Esteban Celis, Lieping Chen
Journal: Nature Medicine (2002)
T cell-derived B cell growth and differentiation factors. Dichotomy between the responsiveness of B cells from adult and neonatal mice.
Authors: E Pure, P C Isakson, J W Kappler, P Marrack, P H Krammer, E S Vitetta
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

In these studies we have determined the molecular weights of B cell growth factor (BCGF) (less than 20,000), and B cell differentiation factors (BCDF) that induce immunoglobulin M (IgM) secretion (BCDF mu) (30-60,000) and IgG secretion (BCDF gamma) (less than 20,000). Thus, the molecular weight of BCDF mu is distinct from that of BCGF and BCDF gamma; BCGF and BCDF gamma cannot be distinguished. In addition, BCGF, BCDF mu, and BCDF gamma are distinguishable by their presence or absence in different supernatants from a panel of mitogen-induced T cell clones. These results suggest that the three lymphokines are different. This conclusion is supported by their differential biological effect on B cells from adult and neonatal mice. Thus, treatment with anti-Ig induces B cells from adult mice to proliferate and this proliferation is sustained by BCGF. In contrast, even in the presence of BCGF, anti-Ig does not induce B cells from neonatal mice to proliferate. However, BCDF mu and BCDF gamma induce IgM and IgG secretion in B cells, respectively, from both adult and neonatal mice. Thus, mature B cells can both clonally expand and differentiate in response to anti-Ig, BCGF, and BCDF, whereas immature B cells can only differentiate. The poor response of neonatal B cells to anti-Ig and BCGF may partially explain the relative immunoincompetence of immature B cells.
P2-193: Anaemia as prognostic and predictive factor of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemo and radiotheraphy — retrospective analysis
Authors: Dariusz M. Kowalski, Pawel Badurak, Piotr Jaskiewicz, Marek Wierzchowski, Anna Janowicz-Zebrowska, Maciej Krzakowski
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis using sequence capture polymerase chain reaction.
Authors: O Brugière, M Vokurka, D Lecossier, G Mangiapan, A Amrane, B Milleron, C Mayaud, J Cadranel, A J Hance
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Techniques based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used to rapidly identify DNA from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples from patients with tuberculosis, but prior studies evaluating this approach in the diagnosis of paucibacillary forms of pulmonary tuberculosis have reported poor sensitivity and/or specificity. We have developed a procedure in which mycobacterial DNA in crude samples is specifically captured prior to amplification, thereby concentrating the target sequences and removing irrelevant DNA and other inhibitors of the amplification reaction (sequence capture PCR). To evaluate the usefulness of this approach in the diagnosis of paucibacillary forms of pulmonary tuberculosis, sequence capture PCR was performed prospectively on samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from consecutive patients suspected of having pulmonary tuberculosis but for whom three consecutive samples of respiratory secretions were smear negative. Of the 27 patients evaluated, active tuberculosis was diagnosed in nine; sequence capture PCR was positive for all of these patients, including the three for whom all specimens submitted for culture were negative. No positive results were obtained for lavage fluid from the 18 patients for whom the diagnosis of active tuberculosis was subsequently excluded or 25 additional patients undergoing bronchoalveolar lavage for evaluation of other pulmonary problems, even though many of these patients had a history of prior tuberculosis or radiographic evidence of prior tuberculous infection. Paucibacillary forms of pulmonary tuberculosis can be rapidly identified with high sensitivity and specificity using sequence capture PCR performed on samples obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage.
Comparison of atenolol and propranolol during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.
Authors: S P Deacon, D Barnett
Journal: BMJ (1976)

The effects of atenolol, a new beta1-blocking drug, on pulse rate, sweating, and blood glucose levels during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia were studied in a double-blind crossover trial in eight normal subjects using placebo and propranolol as reference agents. The intensity of induced hypoglycaemia was identical for atenolol, propranolol, and placebo. Propranolol prolonged hypoglycaemia, but atenolol did not. Atenolol may therefore be safe for use in patients receiving insulin.
Involvement of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the pressure control of renin secretion from isolated perfused kidney.
Authors: H Scholz, A Kurtz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Using isolated rat kidneys perfused at controlled pressure, we examined a potential role of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in the pressure control of renin secretion. We found that stimulation of EDRF release by acetylcholine (1 mumol/liter) increased mean perfusate flow rates from 15.0 +/- 0.5 to 18.0 +/- 0.5 ml/min per g and average renin secretion rates from 3.5 +/- 0.5 to 16.0 +/- 2.0 ng angiotensin I/h per min per g at a perfusion pressure of 100 mmHg (mean +/- SEM, n = 6). Those effects of acetylcholine were significantly reduced during inhibition of EDRF formation with NG-nitro-L-arginine (100 mumol/liter), but they were not affected with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 mumol/liter). Lowering of the perfusion pressure from 100 mmHg to 40 mmHg resulted in an increase of average renin secretion rates from 3.5 +/- 0.5 to 79 +/- 12 ng AngI/h per min per g under control conditions (n = 8), and to 171 +/- 20 ng AngI/h per min per g in the presence of 10 mumol/liter acetylcholine (n = 3). The rise of renin secretion in response to a reduction of the renal artery pressure was markedly attenuated with inhibitors of EDRF formation such as NG-nitro-L-arginine (100 mumol/liter) and related compounds. During inhibition of EDRF formation, addition of sodium nitroprusside (10 mumol/liter) increased mean perfusate flow rates from 12.0 +/- 0.5 to 23.0 +/- 2.0 ml/min per g and average renin secretion rates from 2.0 +/- 0.5 to 18.0 +/- 1.5 ng AngI/h per min per g at 100 mmHg (n = 5). Lowering of the perfusion pressure from 100 mmHg to 40 mmHg under those conditions increased average renin secretion rates to 220 +/- 14 ng AngI/h per min per g (n = 5). Taken together, our findings suggest that EDRF and related activators of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulate renin secretion from isolated kidneys, predominantly at lower perfusion pressure. Moreover, pressure control of renin secretion appears to require the tonical stimulation by intrarenal EDRF.
The Role of CC Chemokine Receptor 6 in Host Defense in a Model of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Anagha P. Phadke, Gangaram Akangire, Stacy J. Park, Sergio A. Lira, Borna Mehrad
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Rationale: Invasive aspergillosis is a severe fungal infection afflicting immunocompromised patients, particularly patients with neutrophil defects. CCR6, a β-chemokine receptor, mediates migration of dendritic cells (DCs) and several lymphocyte subsets to sites of epithelial inflammation, but its role in infections has not been examined extensively.Objectives: To test the hypothesis that CCR6-mediated leukocyte recruitment is necessary for effective host defense in neutropenic hosts with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.Methods: Neutropenic wild-type mice and mice with targeted deletion of CCR6 were infected with Aspergillus fumigatus. The host responses to the infection were compared in vivo and leukocyte responses to the fungus were examined in vitro.Measurements and Main Results: In the context of infection, immature myeloid DCs were the major population of CCR6-expressing cells in the lungs. As compared with wild-type animals, CCR6-deficient mice developed a more severe infection when challenged with A. fumigatus conidia, as documented by a higher mortality rate and greater lung fungal burden. This was associated with reduced accumulation of DCs in the lungs. CCR6-deficient and wild-type DCs did not differ in their phagocytosis of conidia, cytokine response, or maturation in vitro. In adoptive transfer experiments, however, DCs from CCR6-deficient donors showed lesser accumulation in the lungs of infected mice as compared with wild-type cells, and transfer of wild-type, but not CCR6-deficient, DCs resulted in attenuated severity of infection in CCR6-deficient recipients.Conclusions: Taken together, these results implicate CCR6-mediated DC influx into the lung in the initial host defense in invasive aspergillosis.
MASTOIDITIS WITHOUT APPARENT INVOLVEMENT OF THE MIDDLE EAR
Authors: BERT E. HEMPSTEAD
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Three cases of definite mastoiditis, in which there was no apparent involvement of the middle ear, have been observed in the Mayo Clinic. The incidence of this condition is low, when compared with the 500 cases in which there was involvement of the middle ear observed during the same period. The term primary mastoiditis, as it has been designated in the literature, is misleading in such cases since the infection must be primarily in the mastoid cells, and not secondary to an inflammation of the middle ear that has cleared up. It is possible to conceive of a blood-borne infection, after a severe local injury, as in osteomyelitis of other bones, although there is no more reason to expect such an infection in the mastoid than in other cavities, for example, the accessory sinuses. In 1915, Dabney<sup>1</sup>reviewed the literature on this subject. He classified the condition as idiopathic
Significance of High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Toru Kubo, Hiroaki Kitaoka, Shigeo Yamanaka, Takayoshi Hirota, Yuichi Baba, Kayo Hayashi, Tatsuo Iiyama, Naoko Kumagai, Katsutoshi Tanioka, Naohito Yamasaki, Yoshihisa Matsumura, Takashi Furuno, Tetsuro Sugiura, Yoshinori L Doi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Rationale for Treatment of Patients With Chronic Heart Failure With Adrenergic Blockade
Authors: Jonathan D. Sackner-Bernstein
Journal: JAMA (1995)

Chronic heart failure is the leading cause of hospital admissions in patients older than 65 years. Heart failure due to systolic dysfunction is accompanied by activation of the sympathetic nervous system that contributes to progressive symptoms and an increased risk of death. While several clinical trials have suggested that antagonizing this sympathetic activation with beta-blocking agents may provide clinical benefit, no clear consensus exists regarding use of beta-blockers for congestive heart failure. Therefore, we review the pathophysiology of the sympathetic nervous system as a basis for examining these clinical trials in order to understand the rationale for beta-blockade as a treatment for heart failure.English language journal articles and reviews from a MEDLINE search and abstracts published at major cardiology meetings that related either to pathophysiology of the sympathetic nervous system or to therapy of patients with chronic heart failure with beta-blockers.Uncontrolled trials describing the initial use of this therapy and the subsequent randomized, placebo-controlled trials of beta-blockers were included.Sympathetic nervous system activation in patients with chronic heart failure is a major contributor to the severity of disease as well as its progression over time. Antagonism of its effects, via beta-blocker therapy, appears overall to improve both quality of life and survival. However, its place as a cornerstone in the therapy of this disease depends on the results of large-scale, randomized, placebo-controlled trials.
Glomerular basement membrane: biosynthesis and chemical composition in the streptozotocin diabetic rat.
Authors: P J Beisswenger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

To study the effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes on glomerular basement membrane (GBM) synthesis, an isolated rat glomerular preparation has been developed, and its metabolic properties have been defined. The chemical composition of normal rat GBM isolated from this preparation closely resembles human GBM. Incubation with [U-14C] lysine leads to prompt incorporation of label into GBM and the subsequent appearance of labeled hydroxylysine. A 1-h lag before detection of labeled hydroxylysine in GBM suggests a delay in the release of GBM precursors. Significantly lower counts appeared in the nondialyzable fraction of the medium than in insoluble GBM during pulse-chase experiments, and labeled hydroxylysine accounted for a lower portion of the total counts in the medium (0.85%) than in the GBM (1.98%). Isolated glomeruli were prepared from streptozotocin diabetic rats of 4-6 wks duration. After incubation with [ U-14C] lysine recovery of label in diabetic GBM (88.98+/-8.26 nmol/g GBM) did not differ from age matched controls (82.52 +/- 8.26 nmol/g GBM). In pulse-chase experiments recovery of label in hydroxylysine of diabetic GBM (o.473 +/- 0.082 nmol/g GBM) did not differ from age matched controls (0567+/-0.065 nmol/g GBM). These findings indicate normal rates of GBM synthesis and hydroxylation of lysine residues in animals with streptozotocin diabetes.
Biomechanical analysis of three tennis serve types using a markerless system
Authors: Geoffrey D Abrams, Alex HS Harris, Thomas P Andriacchi, Marc R Safran
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

The tennis serve is commonly associated with musculoskeletal injury. Advanced players are able to hit multiple serve types with different types of spin. No investigation has characterised the kinematics of all three serve types for the upper extremity and back.Seven NCAA Division I male tennis players performed three successful flat, kick and slice serves. Serves were recorded using an eight camera markerless motion capture system. Laser scanning was utilised to accurately collect body dimensions and data were computed using inverse kinematic methods.There was no significant difference in maximum back extension angle for the flat, kick or slice serves. The kick serve had a higher force magnitude at the back than the flat and slice as well as larger posteriorly directed shoulder forces. The flat serve had significantly greater maximum shoulder internal rotation velocity versus the slice serve. Force and torque magnitudes at the elbow and wrist were not significantly different between the serves.The kick serve places higher physical demands on the back and shoulder while the slice serve demonstrated lower overall kinetic forces. This information may have injury prevention and rehabilitation implications.
Beyond the Bench: Research Helps Clean Up A Water Supply
Authors: Tanya Tillett
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

Centered on Breast CancerA relationship between early menarche in girls and later development of breast cancer has long been observed.Some environmental factors, such as diet and exposure to endocrine disruptors and other chemicals, could affect children's timing and pace of puberty and development.This leads to the question of whether exposure to these agents may also lead to breast cancer later in life.That is the scientific premise for the establishment of the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Centers (BCERCs), which presented results of ongoing studies at their third annual meeting on 2-3 November 2006.
Is the distinction between primary and secondary sociopaths a matter of degree, secondary traits, or nature vs. nurture?
Authors: Marvin Zuckerman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Psychopathy has as its central traits socialization, sensation seeking, and impulsivity. These are combined in a supertrait: Impulsive Unsocialized Sensation Seeking (ImpUSS). Secondary types are defined by combinations of ImpUSS and neuroticism or sociability. All broad personality traits have both genetic and environmental determination, and therefore different etiologies (primary as genetic, secondary as environmental) for primary and secondary sociopathy are unlikely.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Provokes a Hypertrophic Growth Response in Adult Cardiac Myocytes
Authors: Tomoyuki Yokoyama, Masayuki Nakano, John L. Bednarczyk, Bradley W. McIntyre, Mark Entman, Douglas L. Mann
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a pleiotropic cytokine with a broad range of concentration-dependent effects. The recent observation that TNF-α is expressed by the cardiac myocyte after certain forms of stress suggests that TNF-α might contribute to the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis after environmental injury. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of TNF-α on protein synthesis in cultured adult cardiac myocytes. Methods and Results Cultured adult feline cardiac myocytes were stimulated with 10 to 1000 U/mL TNF-α to examine the effects of this cytokine on the rate of protein synthesis and degradation. Stimulation with TNF-α led to an accelerated rate of general protein synthesis and a time-dependent decrease in protein degradation in adult cardiac myocytes. The specificity of these findings was demonstrated by studies in which the effects of TNF-α on protein synthesis were blocked by a neutralizing anti–TNF-α antibody as well as studies in which TNF-α–conditioned medium had no effect on protein synthesis in myocytes. In addition to the TNF-α–induced increase in the general protein synthesis, stimulation with TNF-α led to a 2.4-fold increase in net actin protein synthesis and a 3.3-fold increase in net myosin heavy chain synthesis. Finally, the effects of TNF-α on adult cardiac myocytes were shown to be dependent on cell-substrate interaction, suggesting that the cell signaling pathways used by TNF-α are dependent on a preserved interaction between cell integrins and the extracellular matrix. Conclusions The observation that TNF-α provokes a hypertrophic growth response in cardiac myocytes suggests that TNF-α may play an important role in myocardial homeostasis after environmental stress.