tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Dion Ralph Bell
Authors: Nick Beeching, Geoff Gill
Journal: BMJ (2005)

In 1982, when the AIDS epidemic was in its infancy, it took an unusually prescient person to recognise that this was a disease like no other.One such person was Alvin Novick, professor of biology at Yale University and a former clinician.The term AIDS had only just been coined.President Reagan had not mentioned the word in public (that took him a further three years), though his press secretary had joked about AIDS in a press briefing.The virus had yet to be identified; the first AIDS drug, AZT (zidovudine), was not to reach the marketplace for another five years.Alvin Novick, then aged 58, ended his 30 year study of bat sonar systems to confront the crisis.He ceased doing laboratory science and devoted the rest of his life-a further 20 years-to tackling AIDS.Insightful, decisive, compassionate, and rigorous in everything he did, Novick was ahead of his time on almost every issue.From the beginning, he pressed for safeguards at blood banks.He researched the legal, ethical, public policy, and community development aspects of HIV/AIDS, and he was interested in every aspect of the disease, including AIDS education and prevention; risk reduction for people who injected drugs; the ethical issues surrounding ethnographic research; surveillance; confidentiality; testing; the conduct of clinical trials; tuberculosis and AIDS; the behavioural epidemiology of AIDS; and home and terminal care for patients-he founded Connecticut's AIDS hospice.Novick wanted drug users included in clinical trials, not least to enhance their access to health care.He also researched post-exposure prophylaxis, the use of law to regulate behaviour, the systematic oppression of people who were vulnerable to AIDS infection or were infected; drug adherence; and vertical transmission.
Respiratory Disease in the Elderly Patient
Authors: H. A. Mahdy
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Ed Martin J Connolly Chapman and Hall, £45, pp 322 ISBN 0 412 56830 6

Over the past few years interest in respiratory diseases affecting elderly people has been growing. The publication of Respiratory Disease in the Elderly Patient is timely in bringing together recent advances in respiratory physiology and pathology in a systematic fashion.

The book makes an important contribution in highlighting the somewhat atypical manifestation of asthma in the elderly. Asthma is still underdiagnosed in this group of patients, and awareness of it is …
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy
Authors: T Walley
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,--The editorial by Roger Jones1 and the guidelines for referral for endoscopy2 both suggest that endoscopy early in the management of dyspepsia is more cost effective than empirical treatment, and an article by Bytzer et al is quoted in support of this.3 As pointed out in the guidelines, Bytzer's article disagreed with an Australian study which showed …
Response of the jejunal mucosa of dogs with aerobic and anaerobic bacterial overgrowth to antibiotic therapy.
Authors: R M Batt, L McLean, J E Riley
Journal: Gut (1988)

Dogs with naturally occurring aerobic or anaerobic bacterial overgrowth have been examined before and after antibiotic therapy in order to assess reversibility of damage to the jejunal mucosa. Histological changes in peroral jejunal biopsies were relatively minor before and after treatment, but sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed specific biochemical abnormalities that responded to antibiotic therapy. Aerobic overgrowth was initially associated with a marked loss of the main brush border component of alkaline phosphatase activity; this recovered following treatment, suggesting that aerobic bacteria may cause reversible damage to the hydrophobic region of the brush border membrane. In contrast, anaerobic overgrowth was initially associated with a marked reduction in brush border density, indicative of a considerable fall in the glycoprotein-to-lipid ratio of the membrane. Density increased from 1.17 to 1.21 g/ml after antibiotic therapy, consistent with recovery from this relatively severe damage to the brush border caused by anaerobic bacteria. Reductions in soluble and peroxisomal catalase activities which could compromise mucosal protection against free radicals in dogs with aerobic overgrowth, and a loss of particulate malate dehydrogenase activity indicative of mitochondrial disruption in dogs with anaerobic overgrowth, were also reversed after treatment. These findings indicate that aerobic and anaerobic bacterial overgrowth can result in contrasting but potentially reversible damage to the jejunal mucosa which would not be detected by conventional investigative procedures.
Human Bubonic Plague Transmitted by a Domestic Cat Scratch
Authors: Bruce G. Weniger
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Bubonic plague was transmitted to a 10-year-old girl in Oregon by a scratch wound inflicted by a domestic cat. The cat probably was infected by contact with infected wild rodents or their fleas. Yersinia pestis was identified in Diamanus montanus fleas collected from an abandoned burrow near the patient's home. Domestic cats may infect humans with Y pestis by inoculation from a scratch.
Characterization Of Immune Cytokine Profiles In Food Allergic And Food Sensitized Tolerant 12 Month Old Infants
Authors: T.D. Dang, P.V. Licciardi, P.E. Martin, J.J. Koplin, T. Tan, N.J. Osborne, M. Tang, K.J. Allen
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Renal ischemia/reperfusion and ATP depletion/repletion in LLC-PK1 cells result in phosphorylation of FKHR and FKHRL1
Authors: Michele Andreucci, Ashour Michael, Cornelis Kramers, Kwon Moo Park, Ang Chen, Tilman Matthaeus, Alessandro Alessandrini, Syed Haq, Thomas Force, Joseph V. Bonventre
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition modulates endogenous endothelin in chronic canine thoracic inferior vena caval constriction.
Authors: A L Clavell, M T Mattingly, T L Stevens, A Nir, S Wright, L L Aarhus, D M Heublein, J C Burnett
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

Endothelin (ET) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide which is elevated in plasma in congestive heart failure. Recent studies suggest an important role for angiotensin II (AII) in the activation of ET in cultured cardiomyocytes. Chronic thoracic inferior vena caval constriction (TIVCC) is a model of reduced cardiac output that mimics the neurohumoral activation observed in congestive heart failure. We hypothesized that activation of the renin-angiotensin system in TIVCC plays a role in the activation of ET and that the elevation of endogenous ET contributes to the systemic and renal vasoconstriction that characterizes this model of venous congestion. We studied conscious dogs after 7 d of TIVCC in the presence or absence of chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition with enalapril. TIVCC resulted in marked activation of plasma AII and ET in plasma, right atrium, lung, and renal medulla which was further localized to cardiomyocytes, pulmonary, and renal epithelial cells. Chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition abolished the increases in plasma AII and ET during TIVCC. Acute endothelin A receptor blockade with FR-139317 resulted in significant decreases in mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance in TIVCC. We conclude that activation of the renin-angiotensin system contributes to the activation of circulating and local ET in TIVCC and that this activation plays an important role in the regulation of arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance in this model of congestive failure.
A real or imagined ailment?
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Guy de Maupassant (1850-93) wrote two versions of one of his best known stories, Le Horla . In the first version, published in 1886, Dr Marrande, “the greatest and most famous alienist,” invites three of his medical colleagues and four non-medical scientists to listen to one of his patients in his asylum, “the most bizarre and disturbing case that I have ever known.”

It seems to us odd that the doctor should have arranged the evening, and invited laymen, almost as if to an entertainment. But Maupassant himself had attended the lectures and demonstrations of Charcot at La Salpetriere, complete with clinical demonstrations of patients. Clearly the division between the medical and …
THE EFFECT OF CYTOCHROME C UPON THE RESPIRATION OF TISSUE SLICES
Authors: William R. Christensen, Olof H. Pearson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1947)

Recent studies of the effect of added Cytochrome C upon the respiration of tissue homogenates (1, 2) have led to the conclusion that the organ content of this respiratory enzyme is less than optimum (2, 3).This has led to intensive investigation of the results of its parenteral administration to normal and anoxic animals and its effectiveness in clinical conditions characterized by tissue an- oxia (2 to 8).In view of the theoretical and practical implications of these observations, the effect of Cytochrome C upon the respiration of normal and anoxic tissue slices has been investi- gated. EXPERIMENTALWistar strain rats, varying in weight from 100 to 400 grams, were used throughout this study.They were fed Purina Dog Chow ad lib, and were not fasted before sac- rifice.In all experiments the rats were killed by a sharp blow on the head.The heart or liver was excised as rap- idly as possible and placed in an iced, phosphate-buffered medium which contained 0.2 per cent glucose and whose ionic composition was as follows.Cation Concentration Anion , Concentration meq.per 1. meq. per 1.
Time to Renal Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in PROFILE: A Multiethnic Lupus Cohort
Authors: Graciela S Alarcón, Gerald McGwin, Michelle Petri, Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman, Barri J Fessler, Luis M Vilá, Jeffrey C Edberg, John D Reveille, Robert P Kimberly
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Background Renal involvement is a serious manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); it may portend a poor prognosis as it may lead to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The purpose of this study was to determine the factors predicting the development of renal involvement and its progression to ESRD in a multi-ethnic SLE cohort (PROFILE). Methods and Findings PROFILE includes SLE patients from five different United States institutions. We examined at baseline the socioeconomic–demographic, clinical, and genetic variables associated with the development of renal involvement and its progression to ESRD by univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analyses. Analyses of onset of renal involvement included only patients with renal involvement after SLE diagnosis (n = 229). Analyses of ESRD included all patients, regardless of whether renal involvement occurred before, at, or after SLE diagnosis (34 of 438 patients). In addition, we performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis of the variables associated with the development of renal involvement at any time during the course of SLE. In the time-dependent multivariable analysis, patients developing renal involvement were more likely to have more American College of Rheumatology criteria for SLE, and to be younger, hypertensive, and of African-American or Hispanic (from Texas) ethnicity. Alternative regression models were consistent with these results. In addition to greater accrued disease damage (renal damage excluded), younger age, and Hispanic ethnicity (from Texas), homozygosity for the valine allele of FcγRIIIa (FCGR3A*GG) was a significant predictor of ESRD. Results from the multivariable logistic regression model that included all cases of renal involvement were consistent with those from the Cox model. Conclusions Fcγ receptor genotype is a risk factor for progression of renal disease to ESRD. Since the frequency distribution of FCGR3A alleles does not vary significantly among the ethnic groups studied, the additional factors underlying the ethnic disparities in renal disease progression remain to be elucidated.
Cardiac Abnormalities in Poisoning with Tricyclic Antidepressants
Authors: J. W. Freeman, G. R. Mundy, R. R. Beattie, C. Ryan
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Of 80 consecutive admissions to a general hospital for drug overdose, 10 had taken one or other of the tricyclic antidepressants. All 10 had abnormalities of cardiac conduction as shown by prolonged Q–T<sub>e</sub> intervals, and eight had S–T segment and T-wave changes. Five of the 10 patients had arrhythmias and two of these died. Continuous electrocardiographic monitoring is recommended in patients with overdosage of tricyclic antidepressants.
TEN-YEAR OUTCOMES AFTER STENT IMPLANTATION VERSUS CORONARY-ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING FOR UNPROTECTED LEFT MAIN CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Duk Woo Park, Jung-Min Ahn, Won-Jang Kim, Jong-Young Lee, Sung-Cheol Yun, Soo-Jin Kang, Seung-Whan Lee, Young-Hak Kim, Cheol Whan Lee, Seong-Wook Park, Seung-Jung Park
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Registry of Angiofollicular Lymph Node Hyperplasia
Authors: Dennis D. Weisenburger
Journal: JAMA (1985)

To the Editor.—  A registry of cases of localized and multicentric angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (AFH) has been established at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha. Localized AFH (Castleman's disease) is thought to be a benign process that occurs as solitary lymphoid mass in young patients (median age, 23.5 years). These patients are usually cured of the disorder by local excision of the mass.  Recently, a multicentric form of AFH with significant patient morbidity and mortality has been reported. 1,2 Patients with multicentric AFH are generally older (median age, 56 years), and they frequently have constitutional symptoms, generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, and bone marrow plasmacytosis. Patients with multicentric AFH can be placed into three different clinical groups based on their presentation and course: stable disease, chronic relapsing disease, and aggressive disease. 2 Patients with multicentric AFH appear to be predisposed to the development of opportunistic infections, malignant lymphoma,
DDT and Malaria Prevention: Addressing the Paradox
Authors: Hindrik Bouwman, Henk van den Berg, Henrik Kylin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

The debate regarding dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in malaria prevention and human health is polarized and can be classified into three positions: anti-DDT, centrist-DDT, pro-DDT.We attempted to arrive at a synthesis by matching a series of questions on the use of DDT for indoor residual spraying (IRS) with literature and insights, and to identify options and opportunities.Overall, community health is significantly improved through all available malaria control measures, which include IRS with DDT. Is DDT "good"? Yes, because it has saved many lives. Is DDT safe as used in IRS? Recent publications have increasingly raised concerns about the health implications of DDT. Therefore, an unqualified statement that DDT used in IRS is safe is untenable. Are inhabitants and applicators exposed? Yes, and to high levels. Should DDT be used? The fact that DDT is "good" because it saves lives, and "not safe" because it has health and environmental consequences, raises ethical issues. The evidence of adverse human health effects due to DDT is mounting. However, under certain circumstances, malaria control using DDT cannot yet be halted. Therefore, the continued use of DDT poses a paradox recognized by a centrist-DDT position. At the very least, it is now time to invoke precaution. Precautionary actions could include use and exposure reduction.There are situations where DDT will provide the best achievable health benefit, but maintaining that DDT is safe ignores the cumulative indications of many studies. In such situations, addressing the paradox from a centrist-DDT position and invoking precaution will help design choices for healthier lives.
Inhibition of arthritis by systemic administration of endostatin in passive murine collagen induced arthritis
Authors: D Kurosaka
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2003)

To investigate the arthritis inhibiting effect of endostatin, known to have potent antiangiogenic activity, systemically given to animal models of rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Four kinds of monoclonal anti-type II collagen antibody followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) three days later were given to 6 week old, female Balb/c mice to induce arthritis. Three groups of mice received 0.2 mg/kg/day, 2 mg/kg/day, and 10 mg/kg/day of endostatin, respectively, whereas a control group received phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Endostatin or PBS was given for 13 days, starting before the development of arthritis. Arthritis was evaluated by arthritis scores and hind paw thicknesses. Mice were killed for histological examination on the 22nd day after the administration of monoclonal anti-type II collagen antibody.Arthritis developed within three days after LPS administration in both the control and endostatin treatment groups. No difference in the development rate of arthritis was noted between the control and endostatin treatment groups. Arthritis scores remained significantly lower in the endostatin 10 mg/kg/day group than in the control group. Hind paw thicknesses also remained significantly smaller in the endostatin 10 mg/kg/day group than in the control group. Histopathological examination showed that synovial thickening and subchondral bone erosion improved more in the endostatin treatment groups than in the control group.The systemic administration of endostatin had an arthritis inhibiting effect in RA animal models. Endostatin inhibited, in particular, pannus formation and bone destruction.
Prevalence of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Urban and Rural Populations in South Wales
Authors: W. E. Miall, J. Ball, J. H. Kellgren
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1958)

The wide range of estimates of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis which is evident from a study of surveys undertaken in Great Britain and other countries (Cobb and Lawrence, 1957; Cobb, Warren, Merchant, and Thompson, 1957) is open to two interpretations: either large regional differences do exist or the diagnostic criteria adopted in these surveys are insufficiently standardized for valid comparison of the findings.Though the former explanation may be the correct one, the latter is certainly true also, and differences reported at present can be attributed as much to diagnostic criteria and population selection as to true epi- demiological variations in prevalence.In a first attempt to remedy this deficiency, the Manchester University Rheumatism Centre and the Medical Research Council's Pneumoconiosis Re- search Unit have pooled their resources and carried out a number of population studies (Miall, Caplan, Cochrane, Kilpatrick, and Oldham, 1953; Kellgren and Lawrence, 1956).In this paper we summarize the results of two of these co-operative investigations.More detailed ac- counts of some of this work have already been published (Ball, 1955; Miall, 1955); reports of other joint studies will follow.The purpose of this paper is to describe the material from these two studies as a whole, and to discuss the validity of the diagnostic criteria used and methods of population sampling for this type of work. Methods(1) Choice of Population.-The prevalence of a number of common diseases has been measured by the M.R.C.
Exploratory monitoring of air pollutants for mutagenicity activity with the Tradescantia stamen hair system
Authors: L. A. Schairer, J. Van't Hof, C. G. Hayes, R. M. Burton, F. J. De Serres
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

The Tradescantia genetic system developed by the late Dr. Arnold H. Sparrow for the study of effects of ionizing radiation is applicable to chemical mutagen detection. Early radiobiological data demonstrated that the stamen hairs were sensitive to as little as 0.25 rad of x-rays and that the number of cells showing a phenotypic change in pigmentation from blue to pink plateaus after approximately 21 days of chronic, low-level irradiation. Exposures to the air pollutants SO2, NO2, and O3 and to vapors of mutagens such as 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE) and ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) demonstrated the usefulness of the system as a detector of chemical mutagens. A significant number of phenotypic changes was observed following exposures to as little as 0.14 ppm of DBE. The maximum sensitivity of the system is obtained with long-term or chronic exposures because the response increases linearly in proportion to the duration of exposure up to 21 days. To monitor industrial sites for atmospheric mutagens a mobile laboratory was designed to support plant culture in the field. Environment-controlled growth chambers were installed in a trailer so that both ambient air fumigations and concurrent clean-air control exposures could be made. Sites monitored by the mobile laboratory were: Elizabeth, N. J.; Charleston, W. Va.; Birmingham, Ala.; Baton Rouge, La.; Houston, Tex.; Upland, Calif.; Magna, Utah; and Grand Canyon, Ariz. The latter site at Grand Canyon served as a clean air control study. Atmospheric contaminants from petroleum and chemical processing plants generated a significant number of phenotypic pigment changes that were 17 to 31% above the control levels; contaminants from steel and copper smelters, automotive combustion products and photochemical compounds were negative. Chemical analyses are underway to identify the atmospheric mutagens at the sites that showed a positive response.
Dangers in the guidance
Authors: J. M. Glancy
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction raises important clinical concerns.1

Mandating a risk score in patients is laudable, but use of the GRACE calculator produces perverse decision making because it is so dependent on age. For example, a 49 …
Clonal expansion of CD8+ BV8 T lymphocytes in bone marrow characterizes thymoma-associated B lymphopenia
Authors: A. M. Masci, G. Palmieri, L. Vitiello, L. Montella, F. Perna, P. Orlandi, G. Abbate, S. Zappacosta, R. De Palma, L. Racioppi
Journal: Blood (2003)
Comparable Clinical Outcomes With Paclitaxel- and Sirolimus-Eluting Stents in Unrestricted Contemporary Practice
Authors: John Cosgrave, Gloria Melzi, Simon Corbett, Giuseppe G.L. Biondi-Zoccai, Pierfrancesco Agostoni, Rade Babic, Flavio Airoldi, Alaide Chieffo, Giuseppe M. Sangiorgi, Matteo Montorfano, Iassen Michev, Mauro Carlino, Antonio Colombo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2007)
Utility of Differential Leukocyte Counts in Cancer Management
Authors: Frederick P. Li
Journal: JAMA (1984)

In 1,811 adult patients receiving diverse treatments for cancers other than leukemia, the absolute neutrophil count closely paralleled the total leukocyte (WBC) count. All of the 1,260 patients with WBC counts higher than 5,000/cu mm had more than 1,500 neutrophils per cubic millimeter. Routine differential leukocyte counts are rarely useful in managing the cancer therapy for patients with a WBC count greater than 5,000/cu mm, and only add to the cost of their care.
Common genetic variants at the 11q13.3 renal cancer susceptibility locus influence binding of HIF to an enhancer of cyclin D1 expression
Authors: Johannes Schödel, Chiara Bardella, Lina K Sciesielski, Jill M Brown, Chris W Pugh, Veronica Buckle, Ian P Tomlinson, Peter J Ratcliffe, David R Mole
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)