tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Blood gas analysis: effect of air bubbles in syringe and delay in estimation.
Authors: C K Biswas, J M Ramos, B Agroyannis, D N Kerr
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Two common sources of error in blood pH and blood gas analysis were studied. The effect of delay in estimation was studied in 10 volunteers and 40 patients. Syringes were stored at 0 degree C, (crushed ice), 4 degrees C (refrigerator) and 22 degrees C (room temperature). The pressure of oxygen (PO2) fell significantly by 20 minutes at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C but did not change significantly at 0 degree C for up to 30 minutes. Blood pH, pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), and base excess did not change significantly for up to 30 minutes at 4 degrees C and 22 degrees C and up to 60 minutes at 0 degrees C. The effect of air bubbles in the syringe was studied by leaving a single bubble or froth in contact with the blood for one to five minutes in 40 patients. Po2 rose significantly after two minutes' contact with froth and two minutes' contact with the air bubble, and PCO2 fell significantly after three minutes' contact with the air bubble. Size of the bubble had little effect on rates of change. Blood pH, bicarbonate, TCO2, and base excess did not change significantly after up to five minutes' contact. For accurate estimation of PO2 and PCO2 it is necessary to avoid frothing, to expel all air bubbles within two minutes, and to inject the sample into the machine within 10 minutes or store the syringe in crushed ice. The requirements for blood pH and base excess measurement are less exacting.
The U.K. erythropoietic protoporphyria register: a progress report
Authors: G.M. Murphy, J.L.M. Hawk, M.F. Corbett, A. Herxheimer, I.A. Magnus
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

A national register was set up in 1979 to establish the prevalence and natural history of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP). Detailed information on EPP patients has been received from dermatologists throughout the U.K. Three hundred and eighty‐two patients with confirmed EPP have been identified including two patients in clinical remission and 18 latent cases. A further 83 biochemically unconfirmed cases have been found from family studies. Seventy‐eight families have more than one affected member. The mean age of onset is 2.6 years; the mean age of patients at the time of registration was 29.5 years. Patients' symptoms occur mainly between March and September. Discomfort of the skin usually begins within 30 mins of exposure to sunlight followed sometimes by swelling and occasionally crusting and petechiae. Symptoms settle in hours to days. Shallow waxy linear, punctate or irregular scars often develop on the nose and cheeks with thickening and accentuated markings of the skin over the knuckles. This study confirms the rarity of acute liver failure in EPP. Three patients have been affected; two have died and one survives with severe liver impairment. Long‐term follow‐up of this cohort of relatively young EPP patients will aid in identification of risk factors for liver disease.
Attachment of human C5a des Arg to its cochemotaxin is required for maximum expression of chemotactic activity.
Authors: H D Perez, D E Chenoweth, I M Goldstein
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

The chemotactic activity of human C5a des Arg is enhanced significantly by an anionic polypeptide (cochemotaxin) in normal human serum and plasma. We have found that the cochemotaxin attaches to the oligosaccharide chain of native C5a des Arg to form a complex with potent chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Although capable of enhancing the chemotactic activity of native C5a des Arg, the cochemotaxin had no effect on the chemotactic activity of either deglycosylated C5a des Arg, native C5a, or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. Of the known components of the oligosaccharide chain, only sialic acid prevented enhancement by the cochemotaxin of the chemotactic activity exhibited by native C5a des Arg. Sialic acid also prevented the formation of C5a des Arg-cochemotaxin complexes, detected by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, molecular sieve chromatography on polyacrylamide gels, and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation.
It is too difficult for ill people to claim benefits
Authors: A. E. Dyson
Journal: BMJ (2012)

I have worked in the NHS as a principal and partner in general practice providing primary care for patients since 1986. I have met patients who have told me of the difficulties they’d had claiming sickness benefits, but I had previously had no personal experience of the system.

Recently I was diagnosed as having breast cancer and had to have a mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy and needed chemotherapy, trastuzumab (Herceptin), and radiotherapy to give myself the best possible chance of long term cure. This treatment meant that I have been unable to work since early July 2012 because of illness. I have regularly paid national insurance contributions throughout my working life, since 1982.

I wanted to claim employment and support allowance, which is a non-means tested benefit based on the amount of national insurance contributions that has been …
Low exposure to melamine increases the risk of urolithiasis in adults
Authors: Chia-Chu Liu, Chia-Fang Wu, Bai-Hsiun Chen, Shu-Pin Huang, William Goggins, Hei-Hwa Lee, Yii-Her Chou, Wen-Jeng Wu, Chun-Hsiung Huang, Jentaie Shiea, Chien-Hung Lee, Kuen-Yuh Wu, Ming-Tsang Wu
Journal: Kidney International (2011)
RECOMBINATIONS OF MUTANT PHAGES OF BACILLUS MEGATHERIUM 899A
Authors: James S. Murphy
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

A group of mutant phages stemming from the virus of B. megatherium 899a (lysogenic), growing on a sensitive B. megatherium strain (KM), have been studied with respect to their recombination reactions. All these mutants and many of their recombinations can be recognized by a characteristic plaque morphology. A similar group of phages have been isolated directly from a culture of B. megatherium 899a in this laboratory. Previous work has shown that when two different plaque mutant phages both infect essentially all the bacteria in a culture, a characteristic per cent of recombinants is produced. This percentage depends on the two recombinants used, each pair having its own value. Hershey and coworkers (2-5) have demonstrated with coli-phage T2, that the percentages of recombination found can be handled mathematically and that they demonstrate the existence of a relationship between the mutations entirely comparable to crossover percentages as used in gene locus maps in genetics. This has been found to hold true for the phages studied in the present work. Only one "linkage group" has been detected and all the mutants studied showed low percentages of recombination (0.8 to 7.6). B. megatherium 899a phage and some of its mutants have been examined with an electron microscope and no differences have been detected between the different mutant strains.
Percutaneous Trucut lung biopsy in the diagnosis of localised pulmonary lesions.
Authors: B D Harrison, R S Thorpe, P G Kitchener, B G McCann, J R Pilling
Journal: Thorax (1984)

In a prospective evaluation of percutaneous Trucut needle biopsy for localised intrathoracic lesions in 89 patients histological specimens were obtained in 81. Malignancy was diagnosed in 66 cases. Subsequently definitive histological reports were available in 18 of these patients with complete concordance of malignant cell type. Sixteen patients had non-malignant histological appearances, which were later confirmed objectively in six. In three patients there was no follow up information, but in the remainder the clinical course was entirely consistent with the histological appearances of the biopsy specimens. Adequate specimens were obtained from only two of the five lesions less than 2 cm in diameter. Lesions deeper than 8 cm from the site of biopsy were associated with significantly more haemorrhagic complications than more superficial lesions. Comparison with other series indicates that Trucut needle biopsy which produces histological specimens has greater diagnostic accuracy than cytological techniques for both malignant and non-malignant localised lesions. It is concluded that this technique has a definite place in the investigation of this common problem in carefully selected patients provided that strict attention is paid to the details of the technique.
Adjuvanticity of a synthetic cord factor analogue for subunit Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccination requires FcRγ–Syk–Card9–dependent innate immune activation
Authors: Kerstin Werninghaus, Anna Babiak, Olaf Groß, Christoph Hölscher, Harald Dietrich, Else Marie Agger, Jörg Mages, Attila Mocsai, Hanne Schoenen, Katrin Finger, Falk Nimmerjahn, Gordon D. Brown, Carsten Kirschning, Antje Heit, Peter Andersen, Hermann Wagner, Jürgen Ruland, Roland Lang
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2009)

Novel vaccination strategies against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) are urgently needed. The use of recombinant MTB antigens as subunit vaccines is a promising approach, but requires adjuvants that activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for elicitation of protective immunity. The mycobacterial cord factor Trehalose-6,6-dimycolate (TDM) and its synthetic analogue Trehalose-6,6-dibehenate (TDB) are effective adjuvants in combination with MTB subunit vaccine candidates in mice. However, it is unknown which signaling pathways they engage in APCs and how these pathways are coupled to the adaptive immune response. Here, we demonstrate that these glycolipids activate macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) via Syk–Card9–Bcl10–Malt1 signaling to induce a specific innate activation program distinct from the response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. APC activation by TDB and TDM was independent of the C-type lectin receptor Dectin-1, but required the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif–bearing adaptor protein Fc receptor γ chain (FcRγ). In vivo, TDB and TDM adjuvant activity induced robust combined T helper (Th)-1 and Th-17 T cell responses to a MTB subunit vaccine and partial protection against MTB challenge in a Card9-dependent manner. These data provide a molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of TDB and TDM and identify the Syk–Card9 pathway as a rational target for vaccine development against tuberculosis.
Diagnosing Insulin Resistance by Simple Quantitative Methods in Subjects With Normal Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Rajaram J. Karne, Hui Chen, Michael J. Quon
Journal: Diabetes Care (2004)

Ascaso et al. (1) evaluated insulin sensitivity in 65 healthy subjects using minimal model analysis of an insulin-modified frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIVGTT) to estimate the insulin sensitivity parameter derived from minimal model (SIMM) (2), as well as simple surrogates including fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment (3), QUICKI (4), and the McAuley index (5). A statistically significant correlation was observed between SIMM and all of the other surrogate indexes examined. However, using SIMM as the reference method, the authors claim that the McAuley index has the best correlation with SI …
THE HYDROLYSIS OF HYALURONIC ACID BY BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Karl Meyer, Gladys L. Hobby, Eleanor Chaffee, Martin H. Dawson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1940)

An improved method is described for preparing the enzyme which hydrolyzes the polysaccharide acid contained in vitreous humor, umbilical cord, synovial fluid, and the mucoid phase of group A hemolytic streptococci. Preparations have been obtained from pneumococci, group A hemolytic streptococci, Clostridium welchii, and from splenic tissue, which display the same specific activity. Evidence is presented to show that the hydrolytic enzyme is not the same as that responsible for the lysis of pneumococci. In pneumococci and hemolytic streptococci the major portion of the enzyme is bound to the cell structure. The enzyme from Clostridium welchii is associated with other carbohydrate-splitting enzymes in the culture medium and not with the bacterial cells. It is suggested that the disappearance of the mucoid capsule of group A hemolytic streptococci is due to enzymatic hydrolysis of the acid polysaccharide. The relation between enzyme activity and the virulence and invasiveness of group A hemolytic streptococci is briefly considered.
PERIANAL PAGET'S DISEASE
Authors: A. GUNN, H. FOX
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1971)

Summary.— A case of perianal Paget's disease is reported and 52 similar cases described in the literature are reviewed. The disease is most commonly associated with an underlying adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands, but may also be associated with a carcinoma of the rectum.
Salazopyrin in the treatment of scleroderma
Authors: ZDENěK ŠAVA, MILOSLAVA KOBIKOVA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1977)

Following reports of successful treatment of various forms of scleroderma with salazopyrin, 13 selected patients were treated, 8 with acrosclerosis, one with sclerodermatomyositis and four with generalized morphoea. No effect was observed except in two cases of generalized morphoea which were in the acute stage of spreading to involve most of body surface. These two were more or less cured. This observation seems to warrant further trials with salazopyrin in this rare but serious form of scleroderma.
D2-05: Biomarker analysis of the TRIBUTE Trial of chemotherapy with or without erlotinib in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): FISH positivity predicts outcome
Authors: Fred R. Hirsch, Marileila Varella-Garcia, Rafal Dziadziuszko, Yun Xiao, Sujatha Gajapathy, Margaret Skokan, Ming Lin, Paul Waring, Vincent O’Neill, Paul A. Bunn
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Flt-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, is a novel cell surface marker for the lineage of monocyte-macrophages in humans
Authors: Asako Sawano, Shinobu Iwai, Yoshiko Sakurai, Mikito Ito, Kenya Shitara, Tatsutoshi Nakahata, Masabumi Shibuya
Journal: Blood (2001)
IgG opsonization of bacteria promotes Th17 responses via synergy between TLRs and FcγRIIa in human dendritic cells
Authors: Jeroen den Dunnen, Lisa T. C. Vogelpoel, Tomasz Wypych, Femke J. M. Muller, Leonie de Boer, Taco W. Kuijpers, Sebastiaan A. J. Zaat, Martien L. Kapsenberg, Esther C. de Jong
Journal: Blood (2012)
Guidelines from the British Hypertension Society: BHS is set to bankrupt NHS: Fig 1
Authors: Martin G Duerden
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—If the new British Hypertension Society (BHS) guidelines1 are evidence based I'll eat my ALLHAT.2 This and other evidence points to thiazide-type diuretics as the initial treatment of choice. New US guidelines reflect this,3 but the BHS recommends a range of initial drug types for hypertension.

The BHS recommends primary prevention use of statins for those with sustained …
Managing healthcare reform in Hungary: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Miklós K Szócska, János M Réthelyi, Charles Normand
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The reform of healthcare services is a priority in transitional Hungary, but managing these changes is fraught with difficulties due to the political climate and managerial inexperience The past 15 years in Hungary have been characterised by unique changes. Apart from democratisation and managing the immediate crises caused by the collapse of the economy in the early 1990s, a strong part of the reforms was a desire to build Western models of health care and the necessary social and economic infrastructure. Hungary was forced to start substantial reengineering of health services that requires a recognition of the interdependency between policy making and implementation and the management of change.1 Policy making and managing organisations are generally viewed as fundamentally different. Even a quick review of the reforms ongoing in Hungarian health care, however, challenges this perspective. Policy and management are highly interrelated and the management of change is critical to successful implementation of policy. We examined some of the factors that facilitate or limit change and recommend action for improving the management of these processes. To understand the interrelatedness of implementing policy and managing change, first we looked at patterns of policy development that shape the environment of change in healthcare organisations. The process of reform is part of a policy cycle (fig 1). Three key factors influenced the cycle in Hungary, and all are strongly linked to managerial constraints that affect change:
Principles of Animal Virology
Authors: Thomas G. Hull
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Virology has advanced with unprecedented rapidity in the last decade, making a second edition of this book necessary. The author states, "the etiologies are defined, the principles of immunization are well known, the routine of diagnosis, of vaccine production, of public health action, can run smoothly...." The term "animal viruses" is used to designate viruses found in the animal kingdom as opposed to "plant viruses." The first chapters on the history and general problems of animal virology are excellent as are the succeeding chapters on cellular infection, pathogenesis, and immunity. Other chapters discuss active and passive immunity, latent infections, and the ecological aspects of viral disease. The variation and evolution of the viruses are stressed, and the author predicts there will be a new influenza A virus within 20 years whereas another enterovirus will become the major cause of poliomyelitis within 50 years. The final chapter is devoted to classification
1136-85 Ischemic preconditioning increases heat shock protein-72 protein expression and reduces elevation of creatine kinase-MB following coronary artery bypass graft in humans
Authors: Christian Vahlhaus, Joachim Neumann, Tonny D Tjan, Frauke Janssen, Hans H Scheld, Wilhelm Schmitz, Günter Breithardt, Thomas Wichter
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Lack of Association Between Adrenergic Receptor Genotypes and Survival in Heart Failure Patients Treated With Carvedilol or Metoprolol
Authors: Amy J. Sehnert, Susan E. Daniels, Michael Elashoff, James A. Wingrove, Christopher R. Burrow, Benjamin Horne, Joseph B. Muhlestein, Mark Donahue, Stephen B. Liggett, Jeffrey L. Anderson, William E. Kraus
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2008)
Preventing severe infection after splenectomy: Risk of malaria and meningitis increases with asplenia
Authors: Harald M Lipman
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The release of the government's latest report on health inequalities on 11 August was curious. 1 2 Reminiscent of the covert release of the Black report on August bank holiday in 1980, the report appeared when the minister for public health was on holiday and her deputy unavailable. Personal trainersIn July 2003 the government stated that there would be an annual report from the Department of Health on health inequality indicators related to the health inequality targets.Nothing appeared for more than two years, although the data that were eventually released had been available for some time, 3 and when they did appear it was, conveniently, after the election.Even stranger, the press release for the latest report deflected attention from the key finding of widening inequalities in life expectancy and infant mortality by headlining the 12 "early adopter sites" with their "health trainers." 4 The minister said, "Many people have difficulty in changing to a healthier way of life . . .Health trainers are one of the many initiatives in the white paper which will help narrow this gap by supporting people to make healthier choices in their daily lives." 4 To Labour traditionalists, opposed to victim blaming approaches to health promotion, this may have triggered memories of Conservative minister Edwina Currie admonishing the poor to buy cheap but healthy food.To New Labour, however, it may be grist to the mill.
MDS and secondary AML display unique patterns and abundance of aberrant DNA methylation
Authors: Maria E. Figueroa, Lucy Skrabanek, Yushan Li, Anchalee Jiemjit, Tamer E. Fandy, Elisabeth Paietta, Hugo Fernandez, Martin S. Tallman, John M. Greally, Hetty Carraway, Jonathan D. Licht, Steven D. Gore, Ari Melnick
Journal: Blood (2009)
A7.15 B-cell lymphopenia is associated with a low response rate to abatacept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: P Gazeau, Y Renaudineau, V Devauchelle-Pensec, P Pochard, JO Pers, A Saraux, D Cornec
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2015)

<h3>Objectives</h3> Abatacept (CTLA4-Ig) prevents T-cell activation through the inhibition of B7-CD28 interaction. However, abatacept may also modulate B cells, which express B7 molecules. The objectives of this study were to evaluate if lymphocyte subset distribution before treatment may be associated with the clinical response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to assess the effects of abatacept therapy on the lymphocyte phenotype. <h3>Methods</h3> We included 22 patients with RA treated by abatacept in our centre with available data on lymphocyte phenotype at the moment of abatacept initiation. Among them, 16 patients had another lymphocyte phenotyping 6 months later. Patients who previously received rituximab were excluded. Response was defined at 6 months using EULAR definition. Patients were compared to 22 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Lymphocyte phenotyping was performed on peripheral blood by flow cytometry using the following surface markers: CD3, CD4, CD8, CD56, CD19, IgD, CD27, CD38, and CD24. Absolute numbers (expressed as cells/µL) of each lymphocyte subset were computed. <h3>Results</h3> Median age of the patients was 60 years (IQR 54–73.5), median disease duration 17 years (6–26.3), and 16 were females. We did not find significant differences in lymphocyte subset levels between RA patients and matched controls. 14 patients were responders at 6 months after abatacept. Responders and non-responders did not differ in terms of age, disease duration, sex ratio, ACPA positivity, previous therapies, concomitant steroids and methotrexate use, and total lymphocyte, T-cell (CD3, CD4 and CD8 subsets) and NK-cell counts. Conversely, responders had a higher CD19<sup>+</sup> B cell count at baseline than non-responders: 290 (140–370) vs. 121 (76–154), p = 0.037. Using ROC curve analysis, 250 B cells/µL was the best cut-off to predict the response at 6 months, with a sensitivity of 57% and a specificity of 100%. Switched memory B cells (IgD-CD27<sup>+</sup>) but not pre-switched memory B cells (IgD+CD27<sup>+</sup>) were higher in responders than in non-responders. In the 16 patients with baseline and 6-month lymphocyte phenotyping, we did not observe any variation in the levels of total lymphocytes, T cells or NK cells after abatacept. Conversely, a significant decrease of CD19<sup>+</sup> B cells was found in responders but not in non-responders. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The mechanism of action of abatacept in RA seems to rely largely on the presence of B cells. Further studies are needed to understand how abatacept may modulate B-cell physiology.