tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The UGDP Controversy
Authors: Fred W Whitehouse, Ronald A Arky, Donald I Bell, Patricia A Lawrence, Norbert Freinkel
Journal: Diabetes Care (1979)

WSTEP.  Uwa?a sie powszechnie, ?e rozpoznanie zespo³u metabolicznego pozwala identyfikowaae osoby z wysokim ryzykiem
cukrzycy typu 2 i choroby uk³adu sercowo-naczyniowego. W powy?szej pracy retrospektywnie porownano warto¶ae zespo³u
metabolicznego, definiowanego wed³ug  National Cholesterol Education Program , jako czynnika prognostycznego cukrzycy i incydentow
sercowo-naczyniowych z ustalonymi schematami oceny ryzyka:  Diabetes Predicting Model  i  Framingham Risk Score .
 MATERIA£ I METODY.  Grupe 1709 pacjentow bior±cych udzia³ w badaniu  San Antonio Heart Study  (SAHS), ktorzy pocz±tkowo
nie chorowali na cukrzyce, obserwowano przez 7,5 lat. Cukrzyca typu 2 pojawi³a sie u 195 osob. W tym samym czasie u 156
spo¶rod 2570 pacjentow badania SAHS wyst±pi³ incydent sercowo-naczyniowy. Przez 6,5 roku obserwowano rownie? grupe 1353
pacjentow bior±cych udzia³ w badaniu  Mexico City Diabetes Study  (MCDS), ktorzy wyj¶ciowo nie chorowali na cukrzyce. Cukrzyca
typu 2 pojawi³a sie u 125 osob. W badaniu autorow analizowano elementy wywiadu lekarskiego, wiek, p³eae, pochodzenie etniczne,
palenie tytoniu, wska¼nik masy cia³a (BMI,  body mass index ), ci¶nienie tetnicze, ste?enie glukozy na czczo i 2 godziny po obci±?eniu,
ste?enie cholesterolu ca³kowitego, frakcji HDL i triglicerydow na czczo.
 WYNIKI.  Czu³o¶ae metody prognozowania wyst±pienia cukrzycy na podstawie obecno¶ci zespo³u metabolicznego u pacjentow
w badaniu SAHS i MCDS wynosi³a odpowiednio 66,2% i 62,4%. W powy?szych grupach odsetek wynikow fa³szywie dodatnich
wynosi³ odpowiednio 27,8% i 38,7%. Czu³o¶ae i odsetek wynikow fa³szywie dodatnich dla tej metody prognozowania incydentow
sercowo-naczyniowych w populacji badania SAHS wynosi³y odpowiednio 67,3% i 34,2%. Dla porownywalnych odsetkow wynikow
fa³szywie dodatnich dwa przyjete modele prognostyczne wykaza³y istotnie wy?sz± czu³o¶ae typowania zdarzen stanowi±cych
oba kryteria badania ni? prognozowanie na podstawie obecno¶ci zespo³u metabolicznego. Dla porownywalnej czu³o¶ci modele
prognostyczne wykaza³y istotnie ni?szy odsetek wynikow fa³szywie dodatnich ni? prognozowanie na podstawie obecno¶ci zespo³u
metabolicznego. W³±czenie zespo³u metabolicznego do ktoregokolwiek z modeli predykcyjnych nie zwieksza³o warto¶ci predykcyjnej.
 WNIOSKI.  Uznane modele prognostyczne wykazuj± wy?szo¶ae nad kryterium obecno¶ci zespo³u metabolicznego w prognozowaniu
rozwoju zarowno cukrzycy typu 2, jak i incydentow sercowo-naczyniowych.
Health library for patients in general practice.
Authors: C K Varnavides, A G Zermansky, C Pace
Journal: BMJ (1984)

We describe the establishment of a health lending library for patients in a suburban general practice. The library is housed in the surgery waiting room and comprises 413 books and 35 audio tapes on topics related to health. Analysis of the first year9s use showed 703 borrowings (677 books and 26 audio cassettes). Borrowers ranged the spectrum of social class and educational status but women predominated, and borrowers included many who admitted that they seldom read books. Most borrowings were opportunistic, though some were planned by the patient and a few recommended by a health care professional. Most readers claimed to have learned from their reading and to have found their reading useful. We think that a health library is a useful tool of primary care, particularly for prevention.
Alice Mary Sidgwick
Authors: R. Galloway
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Alice Mary Sidgwick was born in Gloucestershire, England, and raised on the grounds of Wycliffe College (which had been founded by her family), where her father was principal of the junior school. Her family encouraged intellectual, physical, and musical excellence, and held Christian values. Mary embraced all of these as a young person. She attended Cheltenham Ladies College and Cambridge University, graduating as a doctor at a time when women were “not invited” to the graduation ceremonies.

She married musician John Sidgwick …
509 TELBIVUDINE (LDT) TREATMENT EFFECT ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR) IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHB) PATIENTS WITH POTENTIAL RISKS OF RENAL DYSFUNCTION
Authors: E. Gane, D. Amarapurkar, Y.-C. Chen, Z. Yan, O. Gerasimova, V. Tetova, T. Piratvisuth, H.L. Chan, G. Deray, Y. Dong, A. Trylesinski
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Common variants on chromosomes 2q35 and 16q12 confer susceptibility to estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer
Authors: Simon N Stacey, Andrei Manolescu, Patrick Sulem, Thorunn Rafnar, Julius Gudmundsson, Sigurjon A Gudjonsson, Gisli Masson, Margret Jakobsdottir, Steinunn Thorlacius, Agnar Helgason, Katja K Aben, Luc J Strobbe, Marjo T Albers-Akkers, Dorine W Swinkels, Brian E Henderson, Laurence N Kolonel, Loic Le Marchand, Esther Millastre, Raquel Andres, Javier Godino, Maria Dolores Garcia-Prats, Eduardo Polo, Alejandro Tres, Magali Mouy, Jona Saemundsdottir, Valgerdur M Backman, Larus Gudmundsson, Kristleifur Kristjansson, Jon T Bergthorsson, Jelena Kostic, Michael L Frigge, Frank Geller, Daniel Gudbjartsson, Helgi Sigurdsson, Thora Jonsdottir, Jon Hrafnkelsson, Jakob Johannsson, Thorarinn Sveinsson, Gardar Myrdal, Hlynur Niels Grimsson, Thorvaldur Jonsson, Susanna von Holst, Barbro Werelius, Sara Margolin, Annika Lindblom, Jose I Mayordomo, Christopher A Haiman, Lambertus A Kiemeney, Oskar Th Johannsson, Jeffrey R Gulcher, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Augustine Kong, Kari Stefansson
Journal: Nature Genetics (2007)
WMA launches course to help prison doctors confronted with torture
Authors: Fiona Fleck
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The World Medical Association launched a web based course on Tuesday to help prison doctors detect torture and treat victims, in the wake of allegations that US doctors were complicit in the abuse of detainees in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Guantanamo Bay ( Lancet 2004;364:725-9).

The association's secretary general, Delon Human, said the 12 hour course, called “Lupin,” is the first one specifically designed for prison doctors and includes guidelines on ethics and human rights that are based on international declarations concerning torture in prisons.

Developed by the Norwegian Medical Association, a member of the World Medical Association, and …
Local accumulation and activation of regulatory Foxp3+ CD4 TR cells accompanies the appearance of activated CD8 T cells in the liver
Authors: Petra Bochtler, Petra Riedl, Ivan Gomez, Reinhold Schirmbeck, Jörg Reimann
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract Only small populations of nonactivated, nonproliferating Foxp3+ CD4 regulatory T cell (TR) cells are found in the nonparenchymal cell compartment of the mouse liver while liver-draining celiac nodes contain expanded, activated TR cell populations (similar to other lymph nodes). Liver Foxp3+ CD4 TR cells suppress activation of T cell responses. Polyclonal, systemic T cell activation in vivo (via anti-CD3 antibody injection) is accompanied by intrahepatic accumulation of T blasts and a rapid but transient intrahepatic increase of activated, proliferating Foxp3+ CD4 TR cells. Following vaccination, the appearance of peripherally primed, specific CD8 T blasts in the liver is preceded by a transient rise of Foxp3+ CD4 TR cells in the liver. The adoptive transfer of immune CD8 T cells into congenic hosts that express the relevant antigen only in the liver leads to the accumulation of specific donor CD8 T cells and of host Foxp3+ CD4 TR cells in the liver. Conclusion: Although it contains only a small population of quiescent Foxp3+ CD4 TR cells, the liver can rapidly mobilize and/or recruit this T cell control in response to the intrahepatic appearance of peripherally or locally generated CD8 T blasts. (Hepatology 2008;48:1954-1963.)
Prevention That Pays for Itself
Authors: Milton C. Weinstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

In these times of cost consciousness, a tension is building between the desire for better health and the limited ability of the public to pay for it. A society that wishes to achieve the greatest possible health improvement within its means is led naturally to the criterion of cost effectiveness for resource allocations. This criterion, although it must not be applied rigidly and without compassion, is nonetheless a sensible basis upon which to guide public policy toward the application of our finite health resources.Such public-health measures as improved sanitary conditions, treatment of drinking water and vitamin supplementation are remarkable . . .
INCREASED EXPRESSION AND PLASMA LEVELS OF NEOPTERIN ARE CLOSELY RELATED TO AORTIC VALVE STENOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH HEMODIALYSIS
Authors: Kazuki Mizutani, Takahiko Naruko, Kei Yunoki, Yasuyuki Kato, Ryushi Komatsu, Koji Hattori, Toshihiko Shibata, Kazuo Haze, Akira Itoh, Kenichi Sugioka, Satoko Wada, Yoko Iwasa, Mayumi Inaba, Minoru Yoshiyama, Makiko Ueda
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
THE APPARENT IMMUNIZING VALUE OF ATTENUATED TUBERCLE BACILLI.
Authors: E. A. DE SCHWEINITZ
Journal: JAMA (1903)

The recent attention which has been drawn to the dif- ference in virulence of tubercle bacilli from various ani- mals, and the publication by Behring of the production of immunity to tuberculosis in cattle by the use of tu- bercle bacilli of low virulence, have suggested that if per- haps a little more attention had been given to some work published in December, 1894, there would have been less tendency in some quarters, at any rate, to as- sume an absolute difference between tubercle bacilli obtained from men and those obtained from cattle.The published works of the writer and Dorset and Schroeder, Ravenel, Nocard and that of others, have shown so conclusively that it is possible to obtain tu- bercle bacilli, sometimes from the sputum of adults and frequently from intestinal lesions in children, which will produce tuberculosis in cat¬ tle when the latter are inoculated subcutane- ously, that it seems now almost a waste of time to discuss a question which has been so positively proved.Considering further the numerous cases of accidental infection with bovine tuberculous material, and also that monkeys are more readily infected with bovine tu¬ berculosis than with human tuberculosis, and it is well known that monkeys are more closely allied to man than any other animal, the possibility of the intercom-
927-32 Effects of Digoxin and Sotalol on Atrial Defibrillation Thresholds via Implanted Transvenous Catheter Electrodes
Authors: Shinichi Niwano, Mary C. Sokoloski, Jose Ortiz, Celeen Khrestian, Gregory M. Ayers, Albert L. Waldo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
THE EFFECT OF ORAL DOXANTRAZOLE ON ALLERGEN‐INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM
Authors: R. PAUWELS, H. LAMONT, M. VAN DER STRAETEN
Journal: Allergy (1976)

The protective effect of 200 mg doxantrazole given orally on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction has been compared with 20 mg inhaled disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) in 15 patients with bronchial asthma and immediate-type hypersensitivity. Only four out of the 15 patients showed a significant inhibition of their bronchoconstriction after the oral intake of doxantrazole. Nine patients were significantly protected by 20 mg DSCG. All patients responding to doxantrazole also responded well to DSCG.
Acid-Base Status of Adults with Sickle-cell Anaemia
Authors: H. H. Ping Kong, G. A. O. Alleyne
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Determinations of the acid-base status of 10 adult Jamaican patients with sickle-cell anaemia during "painful crisis" and after recovery showed no evidence of metabolic acidosis in the former, in contrast to reports from elsewhere. These results could explain the failure of alkalis to abort or alter the acute painful episodes of most patients with sickle-cell anaemia.
Internet-Based Psychodynamic versus Cognitive Behavioral Guided Self-Help for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Gerhard Andersson, Björn Paxling, Pie Roch-Norlund, Gunnar Östman, Anna Norgren, Jonas Almlöv, Lisa Georén, Elisabeth Breitholtz, Mats Dahlin, Pim Cuijpers, Per Carlbring, Farrell Silverberg
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2012)

&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Guided Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy (ICBT) has been tested in many trials and found to be effective in the treatment of anxiety and mood disorders. Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has also been treated with ICBT, but there are no controlled trials on guided Internet-based psychodynamic treatment (IPDT). Since there is preliminary support for psychodynamic treatment for GAD, we decided to test if a psychodynamically informed self-help treatment could be delivered via the Internet. The aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of IPDT for GAD and to compare against ICBT and a waiting list control group. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Method:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; A randomized controlled superiority trial with individuals diagnosed with GAD comparing guided ICBT (n = 27) and IPDT (n = 27) against a no treatment waiting list control group (n = 27). The primary outcome measure was the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; While there were no significant between-group differences immediately after treatment on the main outcome measure, both IPDT and ICBT resulted in improvements with moderate to large within-group effect sizes at 3 and 18 months follow-up on the primary measure in the completer analyses. The differences against the control group, although smaller, were still significant for both PDT and CBT when conforming to the criteria of clinically significant improvement. The active treatments did not differ significantly. There was a significant group by time interaction regarding GAD symptoms, but not immediately after treatment. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; IPDT and ICBT both led to modest symptom reduction in GAD, and more research is needed.
Bicuspid Aortic Valve
Authors: BRUCE F. WALLER, JOHN B. CARTER, HUGH J. WILLIAMS, KYUHYUN WANG, JESSE E. EDWARDS
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Two dominant types of congenital bicuspid valves are described. The classical type is characterized by the presence of a low ridge or raphe along the aortic aspect of the conjoined cusp. The other is characterized by a tall raphe, the upper edge of which corresponds with the upper level of the aortic cusps. Some such ridges may result from acquired fusion of the adjacent halves of two cusps (yielding an acquired bicuspid valve). In other cases, the ridge is a protrusion of the aorta and not derived from fused cuspid tissue. Such valves are considered to portray a condition which may be termed pseudoacquired congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The acquired bicuspid valve in some cases is compounded of this congenital process and acquired fusion of cuspid tissue. The ratio of classical congenital bicuspid to pseudoacquired congenital bicuspid aortic valve is 4 to 1. Exceptional forms of pseudoacquired congenital bicuspid aortic valves are also described.
Role of acid sphingomyelinase of Kupffer cells in cholestatic liver injury in mice
Authors: Yosuke Osawa, Ekihiro Seki, Masayuki Adachi, Atsushi Suetsugu, Hiroyasu Ito, Hisataka Moriwaki, Mitsuru Seishima, Masahito Nagaki
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Kupffer cells, resident tissue macrophages of the liver, play a key role in the regulation of hepatic inflammation, hepatocyte death, and fibrosis that characterize liver diseases. However, it is controversial whether Kupffer cells promote or protect from liver injury. To explore this issue we examined the role of Kupffer cells in liver injury, cell death, regeneration, and fibrosis on cholestatic liver injury in C57BL/6 mice using a model of partial bile duct ligation (BDL), in which animals do not die and the effects of BDL can be compared between injured ligated lobes and nonligated lobes. In cholestatic liver injury, the remaining viable cells represented tolerance for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and regenerative features along with AKT activation. Inhibition of AKT by adenovirus expressing dominant-negative AKT abolished the survival and regenerative properties in hepatocytes. Moreover, Kupffer cell depletion by alendronate liposomes increased hepatocyte damage and the sensitivity of TNF-α-induced hepatocyte apoptosis in ligated lobes. Kupffer cell depletion decreased hepatocyte regeneration and liver fibrosis with reduced AKT activation. To investigate the impact of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) in Kupffer cells, we generated chimeric mice that contained ASMase-deficient Kupffer cells and -sufficient hepatocytes using a combination of Kupffer cell depletion, irradiation, and the transplantation of ASMase-deficient bone marrow cells. In these mice, AKT activation, the tolerance for TNF-α-induced apoptosis, and the regenerative responses were attenuated in hepatocytes after BDL. Conclusion: Kupffer cells have a protective role for hepatocyte damage and promote cell survival, liver regeneration, and fibrosis in cholestatic liver disease. Kupffer cell-derived ASMase is crucial for AKT activation of hepatocytes that is required for the survival and regenerative responses. (Hepatology 2009.)
The contractile mechanism as an approach to building left ventricular pump models
Authors: J. A Negroni, E. C Lascano, J. G Barra, A. J Crottogini, R. H Pichel
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1993)

The aim was to construct a model linking a simplified interpretation of the contractile process at the myofilament level to the mechanical behaviour of the left ventricle to improve the ability of elastic-resistive models to represent the pumping response of the left ventricle. The mechanical model, consisting of an elastic component connected in series with a contractile component and an elastic component parallel to both the series elastic and contractile components, is able to develop pressure by the binding of a structural substance T to an excitatory substance C, the behaviour of which is a simplification of miofibrillar Ca2+ kinetics.Theoretically, the model was validated for its ability to reproduce by computer simulation, experiments that described the pumping properties of the left ventricle--namely, elasticity, resistivity, deactivating and positive effect of ejection, and the behaviour of intracellular Ca2+. Experimentally, the model was tested to fit intraventricular pressure (P(t)) and volume (V(t)) of single ejective beats in nine open chest dogs fitted with a pressure microtransducer to measure intraventricular P(t) and an aortic flowprobe to measure ventricular outflow and calculate V(t). Parameters were estimated up to maximum negative dP/dt adjusting P(t) or V(t) data of the ejective beats, and the goodness of the fit was evaluated through the root mean square error normalised with respect to the corresponding mean P(t) or V(t) in the fitting interval (NE).Descriptive validation of the model showed that the mean NE for the ejective P(t) fit was 0.03(SD 0.005) and for the V(t) fit 0.014(0.003). Predictive validation of P(t) and V(t) data of beats with partial occlusion of the aorta was performed up to end ejection, with parameters estimated from the P(t) or V(t) fit of the preceding ejective beat. Results gave a mean NE equal to 0.05(0.02) for predicted P(t) and 0.02(0.007) for predicted V(t), from either source of estimated parameters. Explanative validation showed that all the estimated parameters were in the same range used in simulation and that derived indexes [isovolumic maximum pressure (Pmax) = 166(13) mm Hg, time to maximum pressure (TPmax) = 0.186(0.012) s and the slope of the end systolic pressure volume relation (Emax) = 5.45(1.5) mm Hg.ml-1] were within reported experimental values. Finally, the model responded to increased inotropic state [dobutamine (5-35 micrograms.kg-1.min-1)] causing the estimated Pmax and Emax to increase by 33% and 25%, respectively, and TPmax to decrease by 10%.This model represented an improvement over previous pump models because (1) the model was able to represent behaviours other than purely elastic-resistive ones, such as the deactivation and positive effect of ejection; (2) left ventricular properties were the response of model behaviour and not constitutive elements of its structure; and (3) it adequately fulfilled model validation procedures.
Body Weight and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Changes After Consumption of a Low-Fat Ad Libitum Diet
Authors: Ernst J. Schaefer
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the effects of a diet restricted in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol, under weight-maintenance and ad libitum conditions on body weight and plasma lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. <h3>Design.</h3> —Dietary intervention study. <h3>Setting and Participants.</h3> —Twenty-seven free-living, healthy middle-aged and elderly men (n=13, age range, 41 to 81 years) and women (n=14, age range, 52 to 79 years) with moderate hypercholesterolemia (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] ≥3.36 mmol/L [130 mg/dL]) participated in the study. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Subjects underwent three dietary phases. First, subjects were provided with a diet similar to the average US diet (baseline diet; 35.4% total fat, 13.8% to 14.1% saturated fat, and 30 to 35 mg/1000 kJ [128 to 147 mg/1000 kcal] cholesterol). During the second dietary phase, subjects consumed a low-fat diet (15.1% total fat, 5.0% saturated fat, 17 mg/1000 kJ [73 mg/1000 kcal] cholesterol). During the baseline and low-fat diet phases, which lasted 5 to 6 weeks each, the energy intake was adjusted to keep body weight constant. During the third diet phase (low-fat ad libitum diet) subjects were given the same low-fat diet for 10 to 12 weeks, but could adjust their intake between 66% and 133% of the energy required to maintain body weight. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Body weight and plasma lipid levels. <h3>Results.</h3> —Consumption of the low-fat diet under weight-maintenance conditions had significant lowering effects on plasma total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, and highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (mean change, -12.5%, -17.1%, and -22.8%, respectively). This diet significantly increased plasma triglyceride levels (+47.3%) and the TC/HDL-C ratio (+14.6%). In contrast, consumption of the low-fat ad libitum diet was accompanied by significant weight loss (-3.63 kg), by a mean decrease in LDL-C (-24.3%), and by mean triglyceride levels and TC/HDL-C ratio that were not significantly different from values obtained at baseline. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Our results indicate that a low-fat ad libitum diet promotes weight loss and LDL-C lowering without adverse effects on triglycerides or the TC/HDL-C ratio in middle-aged and elderly men and women with moderate hypercholesterolemia. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:1450-1455)
Remarks on the Growth of Cicatrices from Wounds Made in Early Life, and the Supposed Wearing out of Some Cicatrices
Authors: W. Adams
Journal: BMJ (1873)

A GOOD deal of attention has lately been directed to the subject of cicatrices in a nmedico-legal point of view, chiefly in reference to the '-ind of wound of which they were the result, and also the possibility of their gradual disappearance in the course of time.I therefore propose to bring under the notice of the Society some facts which have fallen under my observation, in reference to the growth of cicatrices from wounds made in early life, which I am enabled to prove by a series of casts now exhibited to the Society.I also propose to offer a few ob- servations on the supposed wearing out of some cicatrices.In reference to the first part of our subject, viz., the growth of cica- trices, the four casts now exhibited were taken from the feet of the same child, at an interval of six years and a half, and prove that a cicatrix on each foot had grown during that time fully an inch in length.The child from whom these casts were taken, Master A., aged one year and nine months, was first brought to me on October igth, I852.He was