tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of thiazides and amiloride in treatment of moderate hypertension.
Authors: J P Thomas, W H Thomson
Journal: BMJ (1983)

The biochemical disturbance produced by thiazide diuretics and by amiloride during treatment of moderate hypertension were compared. Two parallel studies were initiated. In one 40 patients with newly diagnosed hypertension were treated with metoprolol and a diuretic, either hydrochlorothiazide or amiloride. In a second study 38 patients receiving longstanding treatment with hypotensives and thiazides either continued the treatment or replaced the thiazide with amiloride. Initial biochemical assessments were compared with those after two years in the study. In previously untreated patients, thiazide produced a significant fall in plasma potassium and hyperuricaemia that did not occur with amiloride (p less than 0.001). Those patients receiving long term treatment for their hypertension who continued to take thiazides had persistent hypokalaemia and hyperuricaemia. Substitution with amiloride corrected the hypokalaemia and serum uric acid returned toward normal ranges, but this change was not statistically significant. Patients receiving long term treatment also had impaired glucose tolerance, this remained unchanged in those receiving thiazide but was corrected in those receiving amiloride. Compared with amiloride thiazides produced undesirable but reversible biochemical changes. As control of hypertension was equally effective with both preparations, we suggest that a combination of amiloride with a beta blocker in treatment of moderate hypertension in preferred.
BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRMARY. CASE OF MELANOTIC DEPOSIT IN THE LUNGS, WITH PURPURIC SPOTS UPON THE PART, AND MALIGNANT DISEASE
Authors: F. Brittan
Journal: BMJ (1856)

life.He still continued to follow the dirtions I had given him to introduce the bougie once a week; which, on former ocasions he had neglected.Nevertheless, we know prao- tically that, owing perhaps to the inattention of the patient, the bougie often fails to afford more than temporary relief, and that, in hospital practice paticularly, the real cures bear but a small proportion to the cases treated.I thinlk that Mr. Byme has conferred a great boon upon the public by forcing this opeation upon the notice of the profession, and believe that its merits will ensure its more general adoption.In conclusion, I cannot forbear just directing atten- tion to a fact of extreme practical importance in Case .It is this: although the retention was most urgent and agonising, and would probably have proved fatal, there was no evidence of distension of the bladder, and less than a pint of fluid escaped when that viscus was opened.I have met with the same thing in other similar cass, when the bladder was thickened and inflamed, and, consequently, did not admit of dilatation.
Abstract A14: microRNA-mediated interactions regulate established oncongenic pathways in cancer
Authors: Pavel Sumazin, Hua-Sheng Chiu, Andrea Califano
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract By analyzing gene expression data in gliobastoma in combination with matched microRNA profiles, we have uncovered a post-transcriptional regulation layer of surprising magnitude, comprising hundreds of thousands of microRNA -mediated interactions. These include ~7,000 genes whose transcripts act as microRNA ‘sponges’ and 148 genes that act through alternative, non-sponge interactions. Biochemical analyses in cell lines confirmed that this network regulates established drivers of tumor initiation and subtype, including PTEN, PDGFRA, RB1, VEGFA, STAT3, and RUNX1, suggesting that these interactions mediate crosstalk between canonical oncogenic pathways. RNA silencing of 13 microRNA-mediated PTEN regulators, whose locus deletions are predictive of PTEN expression variability, was sufficient to downregulate PTEN in a 3′ UTR-dependent manner and to increase tumor-cell growth rates. Thus, this microRNA-mediated network provides a mechanistic, experimentally validated rationale for the loss of PTEN expression in a large number of glioma samples with an intact PTEN locus. Recently, we extended this work to three other tumor types, showing that microRNA-mediated interactions propagate the effects of genetic alterations to regulate distal oncogenes and tumor suppressors in multiple cancers. Our results suggest that, although implemented by context-specific factors, hundreds of thousands of these interactions are context-independent. Note: This abstract was not presented at the conference because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: Pavel Sumazin, Hua-Sheng Chiu, Andrea Califano. microRNA-mediated interactions regulate established oncongenic pathways in cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr A14.
Differential effects of apolipoprotein E isoforms on lipolysis of very low-density lipoprotein triglycerides
Authors: Masumi Hara, Naoyuki Iso-O, Hiroaki Satoh, Hiroshi Noto, Masako Togo, Shun Ishibashi, Satoshi Kimura, Takashi Kadowaki, Yoshiaki Hashimoto, Kazuhisa Tsukamoto
Journal: Metabolism (2006)
Multiple Sclerosis in South Africa
Authors: J. F. Kurtzke
Journal: BMJ (1967)

et al. which we used.It may well be more appropriate to the inhabitants of South Wales (upon whom it was presumably based), but it compares unfavourably with Baldwin's formula when applied to the healthy Lancastrians who served as our normal controls.It is on this evidence that Drs.Field and Cotes have attributed the disability of our miners either to non-industrial lung disease or to psychological factors.In doing so they appear to have ignored one of their own subgroups of our miners (those with neither x-ray changes nor signs of bronchitis).As a group these men have relatively little evidence of airways obstruction, but their average total lung capacity is larger than in either of the other groups considered by the writers and nearly 21 litres greater than for our nor- mal subjects.This cannot be attributed to bronchitis, in which the total lung capacity is usually normal even when there is gross air- ways obstruction.'Nor indeed to psycho- logical factors-for what man, by taking thought, can add 21 litres to his total lung capacity ?We agree (and indeed admitted in our paper)5 that we have not made a "good case " for the existence of focal emphysema among our miners because, to achieve this, we must wait until they are dead.What we do claim to have shown is that the great majority of the miners have a degree of lung overinflation which is greater in relation to airways obstruction than in any published series of patients with chronic non-industrial lung disease-including our own.-Weare, etc
'First-in-man': characterising the mechanosensitivity of human colonic afferents
Authors: W. Jiang, I. J. Adam, P. Kitsanta, J. Tiernan, C. Hill, A. Shorthouse, D. Grundy
Journal: Gut (2010)

The gastrointestinal tract receives an extensive sensory innervation, crucial both for reflex control and perception of abdominal discomfort and pain. Our understanding of sensory signalling is based almost exclusively on animal studies.1 The paper by Peiris et al ( in press ) described recording of afferent impulse traffic from segments of the human bowel.2 Such recordings have enormous potential; first, from the perspective of understanding the stimulus transduction processes that operate in human gastrointestinal (GI) sensory endings; and second, enable the pharmacological screening of novel visceral analgesics. The need for the latter arises from the apparent lack of translation from animal models to humans with a number of novel drugs failing in the clinic despite good mechanistic data from animals (eg, Houghton et al 3). This has motivated our efforts to record from human GI afferents and here we describe a methodology that shares some similarity with that described by Peiris et al but also some notable differences.

Peiris et al focused on ‘normal’ tissue but the potential is evident for investigation of the mechanisms that give rise to hypersensitivity arising from inflammation. In this respect ‘normal’ refers to tissue from hemicolectomy patients in which normal tissue is available at a distance …
Abstract 2369: Molecular biological characterization of newly established epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell lines : The cyclin-dependent kinase 1 pathway
Authors: wookyeom yang, hanbyoul Cho, hayeon Shin, eunju Lee, hyunja Kwon, sol Kim, jaehoon Kim
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background Gene expression pattern analysis comparing normal cells with cancer cells are performed by many competitors in the worldwide lab. Cancer has many different species in itself due to its individual differences, variations and heterogeneity. Therefore, it is necessary to spend more time in gene expression pattern analysis using microarray or whole genome sequencing. The purpose of this study was to identify genes and proteins that are highly differentially expressed in newly established epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell lines, and to use this knowledge for the development of novel diagnostic and prognostic markers for EOC. We further performed the validation studies of several candidate genes. Results Comparison of gene expression patterns using microarray analysis enabled us to identify 84 genes that were commonly up-regulated and 132 genes that were down-regulated in cancer cell lines (up; &amp;gt; 2-fold, down; &amp;lt; 3-fold, P &amp;lt; 0.05). In 2-DE and MALDI-TOF/PMF, 31 up-regulated spots that had at least two-fold differences between the 3 EOC cell lines and HOSE cells used as controls were observed. 15 up-regulated genes in cell cycle related genes and 9 down-regulated genes in apoptosis related confirmed gene expression using quantitative RT-PCR. Pathway analysis was validated in cell cycle related genes in six EOC cell lines. Conclusions The data shows the aberrant expression of several cell cycle related genes in EOC and that Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) pathway may play a significant role in ovarian carcinogenesis, implying that CDK1 pathway could be used as a novel therapeutic target for ovarian cancer treatment. Citation Format: wookyeom yang, hanbyoul Cho, hayeon Shin, eunju Lee, hyunja Kwon, sol Kim, jaehoon Kim. Molecular biological characterization of newly established epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cell lines : The cyclin-dependent kinase 1 pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2369. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2369
Prostate Cancer Transmitted in an Orthotopic Heart Transplant
Authors: Harold T. Pretorius
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To the Editor.  —Dr Loh and colleagues 1 carefully documented a devastating complication of orthotopic cardiac transplantation: donor-derived transmission of malignancy. It is remarkable that their report of prostate cancer transmission is the only one known, since prostate cancer is the most common malignancy of men in the countries where most transplants are performed.  Our interest is not only the medicolegal issues that may arise after organ transplants, but the potential to avoid them. The incidence of melanoma, one of the first tumors reportedly involved in donor transmission of cancer, 2 is increasing, 3 and it characteristically metastasizes widely throughout the donor's body. Recently, Ciaran et al 4 described a very sensitive nuclear scan for melanoma using a radiolabeled benzamide. Such a scan performed on potential organ donors would be likely to detect clinically significant melanoma with potential to metastasize to a transplantable organ.  The logistics of transplanting organs, as well summarized by
Improving survival after sepsis
Authors: Hema Bashyam
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2007)

The only drug that can save patients from severe sepsis carries a risk of internal bleeding. Kerschen et al. (page 2439) have now engineered a variant version that offers the same benefits as the original but minimizes the risk.






Figure 1

Mice are protected from sepsis-induced death by an APC variant that lacks its anticlotting activity (circle).




Sepsis is a system-wide inflammation that occurs when an infecting microbe enters the bloodstream. The inflammation is meant to fight the pathogen, but it also triggers widespread clotting. Clotting proteins, in turn, reinforce inflammation by activating oxidants and proteases, ultimately causing organ failure. Because the exact cause of death in sepsis patients is unknown, scientists don't know what problem to target when designing an effective therapy.

Antiinflammatory agents such as steroids and cytokine antagonists have failed as therapies. So too have anticlotting agents. The only treatment that has had any degree of success is activated protein C (APC).

APC is both a clot-busting enzyme and a signaling molecule that blocks apoptosis, inflammatory cytokine production, and immune cell recruitment. APC is therefore thought to work against sepsis by breaking the inflammation/clotting cycle. But patients dosed with APC can experience internal bleeding thanks to the drug's anticlotting activity.

Kerschen and colleagues now test whether APC might still be effective but less dangerous if its anticlotting activity is reduced. They engineered an APC variant that was 90% less effective at stopping clotting. This variant was just as good as normal APC at saving septic mice, suggesting that the protective effect of APC did not stem from its anticlotting function but from its signaling ability.

Exactly why APC's antiinflammatory signaling activity succeeds in treating sepsis where other antiinflammatory drugs have failed is unclear, but this might be due to its broader effects on both the inflammatory and apoptotic pathways.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Selective Coronary Cinearteriography
Authors: HARVEY G. KEMP, HILARY EVANS, WILLIAM C. ELLIOTT, RICHARD GORLIN
Journal: Circulation (1967)

The premortem selective coronary cinearteriograms of 29 patients who subsequently died of their underlying disease have been compared to findings at postmortem examination. Only three errors of functional significance were found. Possible sources of these errors were analyzed. The most important single factor in determining the accuracy was the radiographic quality of the arteriogram. The data support the conclusion that selective coronary cinearteriography is a highly accurate means of evaluating the morphology of both normal and diseased coronary vessels, but high quality arteriograms and experienced interpreters are required.
MicroRNAs: Mechanisms, Functions and Progress
Authors: Tongbin Li, William C.S. Cho
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2012)

In 1993 when Ambros and co-workers [1] discovered that a mysterious Caenorhabditis elegans gene, lin-4, does not encode a protein, but acts in the form of a small RNA and represses the expression of its target gene, lin-14, through base-pairing with its 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR), nobody would imagine that 20 years later, this category of small RNAs – now widely known as microRNAs (or miRNAs), has ∼2000 known members in the human genome (and counting), and that miRNA-mediated gene regulation is deeply involved in virtually all important biological processes in animals and plants.
Mental Health: Philosophical Perspectives
Authors: Leon D. Hankoff
Journal: JAMA (1978)

This volume, the proceedings of a symposium held at the University of Texas, is the fourth in the series<i>Philosophy and Medicine</i>, edited by Engelhardt and Spicker. The unifying theme of this volume is the attempt to conceptualize mental illness in the light of contemporary mental science. The stage is set by two opening chapters on 19th century views of insanity by Chester R. Burns and Corinna Delkeskamp, followed by an extremely impressive and wide-ranging consideration of mental illness by a diverse group of capable scholars. The symposium form is unusually well suited to exploration of the subject. There are seven key essays, accompanied by careful critiques by other symposium members. A final round table discussion provides an interesting interchange between participants. The organization and editing of the symposium is unusually well done. As might be expected, the efforts of the philosopher and scientist to conceptualize mental illness become the
Thrombolytic Therapy of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Robert C. Schlant
Journal: JAMA (1990)

In this issue ofThe Journal, Naylor and Jaglal<sup>1</sup>report the results of their meta-analysis of patients with acute myocardial infarction who were enrolled in seven randomized control trials of thrombolytic therapy with either tissue plasminogen activator or streptokinase between March 1982 and November 1987. The authors did a meta-analysis of the number of procedures (cardiac catheterization, coronary angioplasty, or surgical coronary revascularization) performed within 6 weeks of myocardial infarction in the patients in each study treated either with or without thrombolytic therapy. Overall, in the seven trials there was a relative increase of 80% in the number of revascularization procedures (angioplasty or bypass surgery) performed on the patients treated with thrombolytic therapy; the relative increase in the number of procedures was higher in patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator than in patients treated with streptokinase. A similar increase in coronary revascularization procedures after thrombolytic therapy for myocardial infarction
Difference in Filtered-Back Projection and Iterative Reconstruction in a Patient With Increased Splanchnic Uptake
Authors: Christopher T. Kitchens, Raghuveer K. Halkar, Naomi P. Alazraki, James Galt
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

We performed a dual isotope, gated adenosine stress myocardial perfusion study on a 44-year-old man. Using filtered-back projection, images showed an inferior wall defect. However, intense liver uptake during adenosine stress was suspected to inaccurately cause diminished inferior wall counts. The patient has end-stage renal disease, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The excessive hepatic uptake was noted on planar rotating images and is likely related (at least in part) to reduced renal uptake (not shown subsequently). Using iterative reconstruction, the inferior cardiac defect was markedly reduced. The patient subsequently underwent surgery without complication.
The Management of Cancer Metastatic to Bone
Authors: Alan D. Aaron
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>SELECTED CASE</h3> A 61-year-old woman with a 4-year history of breast cancer and known metastatic bone disease presented with bilateral hip pain for 3 months. Roentgenograms of the left hip revealed a destructive lesion involving the inter-trochanteric region of the left proximal femur. The left femoral lesion measured approximately 2 by 3 cm and involved 60% of the cortex. Right hip roentgenograms demonstrated an acetabular lesion of unknown extent. Bone scan revealed no other lesions. The patient subsequently underwent irradiation of both hips with excellent pain relief on the left but continued symptoms on the right. Orthopedic consultation was requested to evaluate the patient's risk for pathological fracture on the left. Computed tomography (CT) of the pelvis demonstrated a pathological fracture of the right acetabulum. Since the patient was free of pain on the left hip, a cemented total-hip arthroplasty was performed on the right hip. The patient did well
Acute liver injury related to the use of niperotidine
Authors: Giovanni Gasbarrini, Nicola Gentiloni, Stefania Febbraro, Antonio Gasbarrini, Cristiana Di Campli, Marina Cesana, Federico Miglio, Mario Miglioli, Florio Ghinelli, Alessandro D'Ambrosi, Pietro Amoroso, Franco Pacini, Giuseppe Salvadori
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1997)
Abstract 1711: Establishment and characterization of docetaxel resistant prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Martin Puhr, Su Jung Oh, Holger Erb, Ilaria T. Cavarretta, Alfred Hobisch, Zoran Culig
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction: For treatment of castration-refractory prostate cancer (CRPC) patients a systemic chemotherapy and a second line hormone therapy have been developed in the last years. The administration of the chemotherapeutic drug docetaxel in combination with prednisone given to patients with CRPC on the basis of its improved survival, pain reduction, PSA response, and quality of life is the state of the art treatment at the moment. However, many patients do not respond to docetaxel or develop a resistance during treatment. Due to the low overall response survival of the patient is prolonged just for a few months. Until now, not much of molecular characteristics for docetaxel resistance is known in prostate cancer. Therefore, the main aim of the study was the establishment and characterization of docetaxel resistant cell lines. For this reason we generated docetaxel resistent sub cell lines of DU-145 and PC3 cells, which are considered models for an advanced disease. Methods: PC3 and DU-145 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of docetaxel (up to 12,5nM). The resistance of the newly established sub lines was determined by testing cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and cell cycle regulation with MTT, [3H]thymidine incorporation assay and FACS measurement, respectively. Results: Treatment of parental PC3 and DU-145 cells with 12,5nM docetaxel up to 4 days leads to a significant decrease in cell viability. An increase of cleaved PARP protein after 48h for DU-145 and after 72h for PC3 cells could confirm this observation. In contrast to parental cells, the newly established PC3-DR and DU-145-DR docetaxel resistant cells have a different cell morphology. Treatment with docetaxel did not result in increased cPARP levels. Moreover, we could not detect a significant difference in proliferation, basal apoptosis and cell cycle regulation in a direct comparison between parental PC3 and PC3-DR cells. DU-145-DR cells showed a slight increase in apoptosis and a significant decrease in proliferation after docetaxel treatment. However, we still observed a higher viability compared to parental DU-145 cells treated with 12.5nM docetaxel. Conclusions: The generated sub lines are less sensitive to docetaxel compared to the parental cells. However, DU-145-DR cells are more sensitive to docetaxel than PC3-DR cells. Taken together, we report on successful establishment and characterization of docetaxel-resistant PC3 and DU-145 cells. These cells represent a promising cellular model to investigate the responsible molecular mechanism for docetaxel resistance in prostate cancer cells in vitro. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1711. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1711
Postoperative Problems of Ileostomy and Colostomy
Authors: John E. Ray
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The major cutaneous problems formerly associated with ileostomy have been virtually eliminated by appliances that can be held in place by adhesives. Advances in surgical procedures for initial establishment, subsequent care, and occasionally necessary revision of the stoma have rendered possible the complete rehabilitation of most ileostomy patients. Improved surgical methods have similarly been found to prevent or correct complications of colostomy, e. g., necrosis, retraction, or stenosis of the stoma. The colostomy patient can usually attain control of feces by regular irrigations without the need of wearing a bag and thereafter rarely has psychological or social problems.