tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Ventilation-induced Air-Space Enlargement during Experimental Pneumonia in Piglets
Authors: IVAN GOLDSTEIN, MARIA-TERESA BUGHALO, CHARLES-HUGO MARQUETTE, GILLES LENAOUR, QIN LU, JEAN-JACQUES ROUBY
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

Mechanical ventilation-induced air-space enlargement was investigated in a porcine model of multifocal pneumonia. Following the intrabronchial inoculation of Escherichia coli, 9 piglets (22 ± 2 kg) were ventilated with a tidal volume (Vt) of 15 ml/kg for 43 ± 15 h. Five noninoculated piglets ventilated for 60 h with the same Vt served as control animals. Following death, the lungs were fixed and lung morphometry was assessed. In inoculated animals, unventilated infected and normally ventilated noninfected pulmonary lobules coexisted. In normally ventilated lung regions (1) emphysema-like lesions were present, (2) mean alveolar area and mean linear intercept were significantly greater in inoculated than in control animals, and (3) the degree of alveolar distension correlated with the decrease in respiratory compliance. In unventilated lung areas (1) pseudocysts were frequent, (2) alveolar edema was rare, (3) bronchiolectasis was frequent, (4) mean bronchiolar area was greater in inoculated than in control animals, and (5) the degree of bronchiolar distension correlated with the increase in inspiratory plateau pressure. In conclusion, in piglets with severe bronchopneumonia, air-space enlargement rather than pulmonary edema was the major feature of mechanical ventilation-induced lung barotrauma and resembled lesions previously reported in critically ill patients ventilated using high inspiratory pressures.
The selective inhibition of serotonin-induced contractions of rabbit cerebral vascular smooth muscle by calcium-antagonistic dihydropyridines. An investigation of the mechanism of action of nimodipine.
Authors: R Towart
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

I studied the role of calcium in the activation of isolated rings of saphenous and basilar arteries of the rabbit by comparing the effect of calcium withdrawal with the effect of the calcium antagonist nimodipine [isopropyl(2-methoxyethyl)-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate]. Serotonin-induced contractions of both vessels were inhibited quickly by incubation in calcium-free solution, showing the contractions of both vessels to be dependent on extracellular calcium. Potassium-induced contractions of both vessels were inhibited markedly by nimodipine (basilar: ID50 = 1.7 X 10(-10) mol/liter; saphenous: ID50 = 2.6 X 10(-10) mol/liter), showing depolarization-induced calcium influx (probably through "potential sensitive channels", PSCs) to be sensitive to nimodipine. In the basilar artery the sustained, tonic phase of serotonin-induced contractions (probably through "receptor operated channels," ROCs) was potently inhibited (ID50 = 7.3 X 10(-10) mol/liter) by nimodipine. However, the initial short-lived phase of this contraction of the basilar artery was relatively unaffected (ID50 = 2 X 10(-6) mol/liter), indicating that the inhibitory action of nimodipine on tonic contractions of the basilar artery was not due to antagonism at the serotonin receptor level. In contrast, in the saphenous artery the serotonin-induced contractions were unaffected by nimodipine in doses up to 2.4 X 10(-5) mol/liter. It is postulated that the selective inhibition of the sustained tonic contraction of the basilar artery is due to a selective inhibition by nimodipine of calcium movement through ROCs in this vessel. Agonist-induced activation of ROCs in peripheral blood vessels does not seem to be affected by calcium antagonists.
Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro☆☆☆★★★
Authors: Takayuki Ohtoshi, Hajime Takizawa, Hitoshi Okazaki, Shin Kawasaki, Naonobu Takeuchi, Ken Ohta, Koji Ito
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1998)
Macromolecular IgA1 taken from patients with familial IgA Nephropathy or their asymptomatic relatives have higher reactivity to mesangial cells in vitro
Authors: Ka Ying Tam, Joseph C.K. Leung, Loretta Y.Y. Chan, Man Fai Lam, Sydney C.W. Tang, Kar Neng Lai
Journal: Kidney International (2009)
Baby with an abnormal head
Authors: A. R. Gatrad, G. A. Solanki, A. Sheikh
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A young couple present to their general practitioner worried that their 4 month old baby’s head “doesn’t quite look right.”

What specifically is worrying the parents?— Parents sometimes get concerned that their baby’s head looks smaller or bigger than it should be, is flattened on one side, or is bumpy in places; they may also be worried about the presence or size of the “soft spot” (fontanelle).

Is it posture related?— Many babies have a postural asymmetry of the head (plagiocephaly). The main risk factor is the baby’s preferred resting head position, both in utero and in the first few months after birth, while the skull bones are still malleable.

Are other family members affected?— Microcephaly (head circumference  97th centile) can run in families and are generally without consequence. Spontaneous microcephaly is often indicative of a serious underlying problem such as a neurodevelopmental disorder or craniosynostosis (premature fusion of sutures). Although spontaneous macrocephaly is seldom of clinical relevance, identifying secondary causes is important as this may be due to increased intracranial volume, such as in hydrocephalus or a subdural haematoma as a result of birth trauma, or more rarely congenital tumours. A wide fontanelle that is bulging or other sutures widely open can indicate clinically important macrocephaly, as would any evidence of neurodevelopmental issues such as altered tone or convulsions.

Do the parents have any concerns about the baby’s development?— If so, this may indicate a serious underlying cerebral problem.

Are parents consanguineous?— Metabolic disorders and syndromic disorders occur more commonly in children from …
The Mechanism of the Brain and the Function of the Frontal Lobes.
Authors: Leonardo Bianchi, James H. MacDonald, C. Lloyd Morgan
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Effect of Ca <sup>++</sup> upon Contractility of Small Arteries from DCA-Hypertensive Rats
Authors: JOSEPH A. M. HINKE
Journal: Circulation Research (1966)

Segments of the ventral tail artery from DCA-hypertensive and normotensive rats were artificially perfused at pressures from 60 to 120 mm Hg. Contraction of the segments was induced by the addition of norepinephrine to the perfusate or by increasing the K+ concentration of the perfusate. Contraction was abolished by removing Ca ++ from the perfusate and re-established by addingCa ++ to the Ca ++ -free perfusate. The experiments demonstrate hyperresponsiveness of the hypertensive artery in three ways: first, the hypertensive artery performed more work than the normotensive artery; second, contraction in the hypertensive artery was more difficult to abolish during zero Ca ++ perfusion; and third, less Ca ++ was required to re-establish the abolished contraction in the hypertensive artery. When the artificially perfused artery segments were analyzed for cations, the hypertensive arteries were found to contain increased amounts of Na + , K + , Mg ++ , and Ca ++ . After zero Ca ++ -Krebs perfusion, the hypertensive and normotensive arteries contained similar amounts of Ca ++ and Mg ++ , indicating that more Ca ++ was removed from the hypertensive artery. The results suggest that hyperresponsiveness may be due to an increased efficiency in either Ca ++ utilization during excitation coupling or in the contractile mechanism itself.
Bran and diverticular disease.
Authors: T L Cleave
Journal: BMJ (1972)

MAY 1972 then be easily passed through after lifting the staples in one corner.The observation room is completely blacked out and the room under observation brightly illuminated.The observers should preferably wear dark clothes or a dark smock as white or pale colours will reflect the light coming through from the interview room.The screen is not, of course, sound-proof; while this means the observers must keep still, it obviates the need for microphones, amplifiers, etc.
Effects of Beta-Blocker Therapy on Ventricular Repolarization Documented by 24-h Electrocardiography in Patients With Type 1 Long-QT Syndrome
Authors: Matti Viitasalo, Lasse Oikarinen, Heikki Swan, Heikki Väänänen, Jere Järvenpää, Harri Hietanen, Jouko Karjalainen, Lauri Toivonen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
Leukaemia update. Part 2: managing patients with leukaemia in the community
Authors: N. F. Grigoropoulos, R. Petter, M. B. Van 't Veer, M. A. Scott, G. A. Follows
Journal: BMJ (2013)

#### Summary points

Although curative chemotherapy is typically delivered in the inpatient setting, patients are at home for substantial periods of time while they progress through treatment. Patients with chronic leukaemia are usually treated entirely as outpatients. Almost all of these patients will develop complications from their disease or its treatment, and after completing chemotherapy, some patients will experience late complications. A balance between hospital and community based care is vital to optimise treatment efficacy and avoid unnecessary hospital admissions. This article reviews some of the adverse effects of leukaemia chemotherapy that non-specialists should be aware of and considers the longer term problems seen in survivors.

#### Sources and selection criteria

We searched PubMed for clinical trials and the Cochrane Library for meta-analyses. We also sought expert opinion from experienced consultant haematologists. Keywords used were leuk(a)emia, chemotherapy, supportive care, and community care. We also reviewed guidelines from the British Committee for Standards in Haematology and the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.

### Treatment and prevention of infection including neutropenic sepsis

Neutropenic sepsis is a medical emergency, and prompt treatment with intravenous antibiotics is usually life saving.1 Although incidence depends on regimen intensity, all patients on chemotherapy are at risk. Patients may present with non-specific symptoms, rigors, or symptoms associated with the infection site. Patients are advised to contact the acute oncology service available at their local treatment centre, and to monitor …
Health System Reform
Authors: Timothy Stoltzfus Jost
Journal: JAMA (1994)

IN HIS September 22,1993, health system reform speech to the nation, President Clinton stated: "If we reformed everything else in health care, but failed to preserve and enhance the high quality of our medical care, we will have taken a step backward, not forward." The Health Security Act that the president actually submitted to Congress, however, largely dismantles the system that has evolved for external oversight of the quality of health care in the United States without putting in its place an adequate alternative means to assure health care quality. The most popular congressional alternatives to the Clinton plan give even less attention to quality issues. Indeed, health system reform threatens to take us backward rather than forward with respect to external quality oversight. The field of health care quality oversight has long been characterized by a certain faddishness. Ideologies, methodologies, and programs have come and gone with astonishing rapidity,
The Frequency and Natural History of Diabetes Insipidus in Children with Langerhans-Cell Histiocytosis
Authors: David B. Dunger, Valerie Broadbent, Elizabeth Yeoman, Jonathan R. Seckl, Stafford L. Lightman, David B. Grant, Jon Pritchard
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

Diabetes insipidus is a well-recognized complication of Langerhans-cell histiocytosis (histiocytosis X), but its frequency and natural history are not well defined. Of 52 children with histiocytosis whom we studied, 12 (23 percent) had diabetes insipidus. Only two children had diabetes insipidus at presentation with histiocytosis, but the cumulative risk that it would develop during the first four years after the presentation and diagnosis of histiocytosis was found to be 42 percent. Diabetes insipidus occurred most often among children with multisystem disease and those with proptosis. To determine the natural history of diabetes insipidus in children with histiocytosis, we measured the response of urinary arginine vasopressin to water deprivation every six months in 21 children who did not have diabetes insipidus and who had had histiocytosis for less than four years. Five of the 21 children (24 percent) had subnormal responses during the initial test. One subsequently had spontaneous improvement in the functioning of the posterior pituitary, and diabetes insipidus subsequently developed in two, as it did in one of the children who initially had normal function of the posterior pituitary. Two of the children received irradiation to the pituitary within two to four weeks after diabetes insipidus developed, but they had no improvement in pituitary function. However, diabetes insipidus improved transiently during prednisolone therapy in one of these children and improved permanently after etoposide therapy in another child. We conclude that prospective study with the use of a simple water-deprivation test will allow partial defects of posterior-pituitary function to be detected in patients with histiocytosis and will permit a more appropriate evaluation of the effects of therapeutic intervention.
Effect of dopamine on hemodynamics and myocardial metabolism in shock following acute myocardial infarction in man.
Authors: H S Mueller, R Evans, S M Ayres
Journal: Circulation (1978)

Eight patients in shock associated with acute myocardial infarctions were treated with dopamine. We titrated the dopamine dose to increase mean arterial pressure to 65-70 mm Hg and urine output to greater than 40 ml/hr. Increase of heart rate to 120-125 beats/min and occurrence of potentially dangerous arrhythmias were limiting end-points. Dopamine administration averaged 17.2 microgram/kg/min. Heart rate increased from 95 to 118 beats/min (P less than 0.001), and mean arterial pressure rose from 60 to 65 mm Hg (P less than 0.05). Dopamine increased myocardial contractility as indicated by increase in cardiac index and systolic ejection rate, with only moderate decrease in systemic vascular resistance. Pulmonary wedge pressure and right atrial pressure decreased from 23 to 18 mm Hg (P less than 0.05) and from 10 to 8 mm Hg (P less than 0.001) respectively. Improvement in hemodynamic status by dopamine was associated with deterioration of myocardial metabolism. Myocardial oxygen extraction ratios and arterial-coronary sinus oxygen differences increased from 73 to 76% (P less than 0.05) and from 13.02 to 14.19 ml/100 ml (P less than 0.02) respectively. Myocardial lactate production increased from -8 to -15% (P = 0.05). We conclude that dopamine improved cardiac performance at the expense of myocardial oxygenation and that dopamine is potentially harmful to acutely ischemic myocardium.
Social adversity, low birth weight, and preterm delivery.
Authors: A Stein, E A Campbell, A Day, K McPherson, P J Cooper
Journal: BMJ (1987)

A prospective study of 483 pregnant women was undertaken to examine possible associations of social and psychiatric factors with both low birth weight (less than 2500 g) and preterm delivery (less than 37 weeks9 gestation). As few babies were born before term (n = 14) or with a low birth weight (n = 14) further analyses were conducted to investigate predictors of absolute birth weight and gestational age. Low income was found to be an independent predictor of birth weight when birth weight was treated both as a dichotomous and as a continuous variable. Unemployment was found to be associated with absolute birth weight. Although this effect was statistically accounted for by low income, a low income was frequently caused by unemployment. Smoking independently predicted absolute birth weight and tended to be associated with preterm delivery. None of the factors investigated was associated with gestational age. In contrast with previous findings, factors such as social class, adverse life events, and psychiatric state were not associated with birth outcome. The mechanism underlying the association between low income and low birth weight requires further investigation.
AN EFFICIENT SUPPORT FOR SACROILIAC RELAXATION
Authors: W. BARNETT OWEN
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The importance of sacro-iliac strain or relaxation in the production of partial invalidism has been recognized for several years. The frequency of occurrence and the persistence of pain and discomfort incident to relaxation of the sacro-iliac joint following childbirth, prolonged illness, and also from excessive pelvic strain and distortion, has necessitated the devising of a more efficient type of support than has hitherto been obtainable, that is, one which can be worn continuously and maintained in the proper position. The greatest difficulty that has beeen experienced in the use of previously devised types of support, including the various belts, braces, etc., has been the maintenance of sufficient continuous support over the sacroiliac joint. While I claim no originality for the type of support herewith exhibited, I have never seen another just like it. However, should other identical devices be in existence, I can recommend them most highly in the treatment
Fas Determines Differential Fates of Resident and Recruited Macrophages during Resolution of Acute Lung Injury
Authors: William J Janssen, Lea Barthel, Alaina Muldrow, Rebecca E Oberley-Deegan, Mark T Kearns, Claudia Jakubzick, Peter M Henson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

During acute lung injury (ALI) the macrophage pool expands markedly as inflammatory monocytes migrate from the circulation to the airspaces. As inflammation resolves, macrophage numbers return to preinjury levels and normal tissue structure and function are restored.To determine the fate of resident and recruited macrophages during the resolution of ALI in mice and to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for macrophage removal.ALI was induced in mice using influenza A (H1N1; PR8) infection and LPS instillation. Dye labeling techniques, bone marrow transplantation, and surface immunophenotyping were used to distinguish resident and recruited macrophages during inflammation and to study the role of Fas in determining macrophage fate during resolving ALI.During acute and resolving lung injury from influenza A and LPS, a high proportion of the original resident alveolar macrophages persisted. In contrast, recruited macrophages exhibited robust accumulation in early inflammation, followed by a progressive decline in their number. This decline was mediated by apoptosis with local phagocytic clearance. Recruited macrophages expressed high levels of the death receptor Fas and were rapidly depleted from the airspaces by Fas-activating antibodies. In contrast, macrophage depletion was inhibited in mice treated with Fas-blocking antibodies and in chimeras with Fas-deficient bone marrow. Caspase-8 inhibition prevented macrophage apoptosis and delayed the resolution of ALI.These findings indicate that Fas-induced apoptosis of recruited macrophages is essential for complete resolution of ALI.
The origin and use of the word 'acne'
Authors: S.K. GOOLAMALI, A.C. ANDISON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1977)

Journal Article The origin and use of the word ‘acne’ Get access S.K. GOOLAMALI, S.K. GOOLAMALI Department of Dermatology, Central Middlesex and Wembley Hospitals, London, and Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, Middlesex Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.C. ANDISON A.C. ANDISON Director of the Language Centre, University of Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne, Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 96, Issue 3, 1 March 1977, Pages 291–294, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1977.tb06140.x Published: 01 March 1977
The Synaptic Organization of the Brain
Authors: Frank R. Freemon
Journal: JAMA (1980)

The first edition of this book reconciled new findings in synaptic physiology with classic neuron theory. For each of several brain regions such as hippocampus or cerebellum, Shepherd described the major neurons, illustrated their synaptic interrelationships, and diagramed a "basic circuit." This second edition expands to include other brain regions such as the basal ganglia and to communicate new findings, especially regarding neurotransmitter substances. For some brain regions, contrary to the classic view, the dendrite rather than the entire neuron is the basic information-processing unit. The dendrite summates synaptic influences on it and, by way of dendrodendritic synapses, transfers this processed input to another dendrite, without necessarily affecting the potential on the neuronal cell body or axonal membrane. In fact, for the granule cell of the olfactory bulb and the amacrine cell of the retina, dendrodendritic action is the only neuronal communication that can occur; these cells have no axons.
The Effect of Transition from Traditional to Urban Life-Style on the Insulin Secretory Response in Australian Aborigines
Authors: Kerin O'Dea, Randolf M Spargo, Kim Akerman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1980)

Recent epidemiologic studies have revealed a high prevalence of maturity-onset diabetes in certain populations that have undergone comparatively rapid urbanization. There is evidence suggesting that Australian Aborigines may respond to urbanization in this way. Thirteen full-blood Aborigines from the Mowanjum Community, Derby, Western Australia, cooperated in the present study. They spent 3 mo living in their traditional hunter-gatherer life-style, after which their insulin response to glucose was measured in a starch tolerance test. The findings were compared in follow-up studies conducted 3 mo after returning to their urban environment. Similar studies were conducted in Caucasians of comparable age and weight. Fasting glucose concentrations were lower in Aborigines than in Caucasians and were unaffected by life-style changes. Although basal insulin levels were similar in the three groups, there were striking intergroup differences in the insulin responses to glucose. The areas under the insulin curves in the first hour after starch ingestion were: urban Aborigines 4478 +/- 465 microU/ml-1/min, traditional Aborigines 2959 +/- 301 microU/ml-1/min, and Caucasians 2097 +/- 224 microU/ml-1/min. This appeared to reflect differences in the early rates of change of glucose concentrations. The data suggest that these Aborigines have an abnormally high insulin response to glucose, which is ameliorated, but not normalized, by reverting to their traditional life-style.