tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Type of skin eruption is an independent prognostic indicator for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
Authors: Yu Sawada, Ryosuke Hino, Kayo Hama, Shun Ohmori, Haruna Fueki, Shigenori Yamada, Shoko Fukamachi, Makiko Tajiri, Rieko Kubo, Manabu Yoshioka, Daiki Nakashima, Kazunari Sugita, Ryutaro Yoshiki, Takatoshi Shimauchi, Tomoko Mori, Kunio Izu, Miwa Kobayashi, Motonobu Nakamura, Yoshiki Tokura
Journal: Blood (2011)
Delirium: Acute Confusional States
Authors: Joseph Francis
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Clinicians have noted for centuries that physical factors could cause mental changes. A paradigm for these organic mental disorders is delirium, the acute confusional state that often accompanies fever, intoxication, and other medical problems. This book is, to my knowledge, the only English-language monograph on the subject and is a revision of the author's earlier<i>Delirium: Acute Brain Failure in Man</i>(Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas Publisher; 1980). The first half describes in detail the history of delirium, its epidemiology, clinical features, causes, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. The hallmarks of delirium are acute onset, global impairment of cognitive functions, reduced level of consciousness, attentional abnormalities, psychomotor changes, and a disordered sleep-wake cycle. Delirium is not failure of the entire brain (a valid criticism of the first edition's title) but, rather, of its highest integrative functions. Delirium, as the author defines it, includes patients who are restless and agitated as well
Standards of Ethics at the National Institutes of Health
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

As of early February, the federal government has banned payments by drug companies to any employee of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and has implemented broad restrictions on employees' outside activities and financial arrangements, including the holding of stock in biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies and the acceptance of prizes (see box).1 In addition, the NIH is reviewing its conflict-of-interest rules for the thousands of outside experts who provide advice to the agency each year — for example, through service on advisory committees, data and safety monitoring boards for clinical trials, and consensus-development panels. And Dr. Elias Zerhouni, the director . . .
Hemodynamic, hormonal and electrolyte responses to prenalterol infusion in heart failure.
Authors: D Fitzpatrick, H Ikram, M G Nicholls, E A Espiner
Journal: Circulation (1983)

The hemodynamic, hormonal and electrolyte effects of prenalterol, a synthetic selective beta 1 agonist, were studied in six patients with New York Heart Association functional class II and III heart failure. Prenalterol was infused incrementally at 60, 120 and 240 nmol/min, each rate for 24 hours, producing steady-state plasma prenalterol levels of 52 +/- 3, 121 +/- 6 and 194 +/- 9 nmol/1, respectively (mean +/- SEM). Hemodynamic and hormonal measurements were performed before, during and after prenalterol administration under conditions of constant body posture and a regulated intake of dietary sodium and potassium. Prenalterol induced a statistically significant increase in cardiac index (from 2.6 +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.3 1/min/m2), with parallel increases in stroke index (from 28 +/- 2 to 34 +/- 2 ml/beat/m2). Forearm blood flow measurements increased (from 2.9 +/- 0.5 to 4.1 +/- 0.6 ml/min/100 g), while calculated systemic vascular resistance fell, as did pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (from 13.7 +/- 1.6 to 10.5 +/- 1.7 mm Hg). The drug did not alter heart rate, arterial pressure, right heart pressures or the frequency of ventricular premature beats. Prenalterol increased plasma renin activity (from 2.9 +/- 0.8 to 6.6 +/- 1.8 nmol/1/hour), angiotensin II (from 59 +/- 12 to 89 +/- 22 pmol/1), urinary aldosterone excretion (from 41 +/- 10 to 78 +/- 34 nmol/day) and plasma insulin (from 10.6 +/- 2.2 to 19.8 +/- 3.9 mU/1). Circulating catecholamines, cortisol, glucose, glucagon or pancreatic polypeptide did not change. Dose-response studies in five patients showed dose-dependent increments in hemodynamic variables, while hormonal changes plateaued at the second dose level. We conclude that prenalterol infusion augments myocardial contractility, reduces systemic vascular resistance, and stimulates insulin release and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Complications of Insulin Infusion Pump Therapy-Reply
Authors: Robert S. Mecklenburg
Journal: JAMA (1985)

In Reply.—  We were very interested in the letter from Drs Bending and Pickup regarding the frequency of ketoacidosis in patients using insulin pumps. Not only do their findings differ from ours,1but they also differ from those recently reported by the Kroc Collaborative Study Group,2which includes Guy's Hospital. These latter two series both reported an increase in ketoacidosis among users of insulin pumps compared with patients using conventional injections.  We look forward to publication of details of the Guy's Hospital series to determine if differences in definition of ketoacidosis, patient characteristics, rate of ketoacidosis among dropouts, or differences in technique of insulin pump therapy might account for their lower rate of this complication. Recent additional data from our patients indicate that many episodes of ketoacidosis in our series are related to leaks or occlusions in infusion systems.3It is, therefore, possible that differences in insulin
Massive scale-up of malaria control in endemic nations must be sustained, says WHO
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The massive scale-up of malaria interventions that have saved the lives of nearly three quarters of a million children in the past decade must be maintained and accelerated, says the World Health Organization and leaders in the global fight against the disease.

“We cannot let this momentum slip,” said Margaret Chan, WHO director general, and she stressed that the unprecedented control efforts must be maintained, the results measures, and the problems identified.

“The results set out in this report are the best seen in decades. After so many years of deterioration and stagnation in the malaria situation, countries and their development partners are now on the offensive,” she said.

Dr Chan also said during the …
Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis A among male homosexuals.
Authors: R A Coutinho, P Albrecht-van Lent, N Lelie, N Nagelkerke, H Kuipers, T Rijsdijk
Journal: BMJ (1983)

In a study of 689 male homosexuals 290 (42%) were found to have antibodies to hepatitis A virus. The 399 men who did not have antibodies were followed up for up to 690 days, and 35 cases of hepatitis A were detected. The attack rate at the end of the study was 14%. The incidence climbed steadily, indicating that the cases of hepatitis A did not occur in clusters. Statistical analysis showed that the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus was significantly correlated with the duration of homosexual activity (p less than 0.006), and this was independent of age. The incidence of hepatitis A was found to be correlated with the number of different sexual partners in the preceding six months. It is concluded that hepatitis A is a sexually transmitted disease among homosexual men in countries with a low rate of exposure to hepatitis A during childhood.
Transplant restoration of spinal cord inhibitory controls ameliorates neuropathic itch
Authors: Joao M. Braz, Dina Juarez-Salinas, Sarah E. Ross, Allan I. Basbaum
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

The transmission of pruritoceptive (itch) messages involves specific neural circuits within the spinal cord that are distinct from those that transmit pain messages. These itch-specific circuits are tonically regulated by inhibitory interneurons in the dorsal horn. Consistent with these findings, it has previously been reported that loss of GABAergic interneurons in mice harboring a deletion of the transcription factor Bhlhb5 generates a severe, nonremitting condition of chronic itch. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the neuropathic itch in BHLHB5-deficient animals can be treated by restoring inhibitory controls through spinal cord transplantation and integration of precursors of cortical inhibitory interneurons derived from the embryonic medial ganglionic eminence. We specifically targeted the transplants to segments of the spinal cord innervated by areas of the body that were most severely affected. BHLHB5-deficient mice that received transplants demonstrated a substantial reduction of excessive scratching and dramatic resolution of skin lesions. In contrast, the scratching persisted and skin lesions worsened over time in sham-treated mice. Together, these results indicate that cell-mediated restoration of inhibitory controls has potential as a powerful, cell-based therapy for neuropathic itch that not only ameliorates symptoms of chronic itch, but also may modify disease.
Case of OEsophagotomy
Authors: T. H. Morse
Journal: BMJ (1891)

substances used in hiis anti-tuberculous treatment, it must not be concluded that our researches are necessarily upon exactly the same lines.Koch has stated that his liquid is a "gly- cerine extract of pure cultivations of the tuberele bacillus," and without further details it is impossible to interpret the exact meaning of this expression, and it does not necessarily follow, however probable it may be, that our extract of glycerine-broth cultivations, or the substances isolated tlhere- from, would produce exactly similar results to those produced by Koch's fluid.
Routine follow up of breast cancer in primary care
Authors: A. Rodger
Journal: BMJ (1997)

CONSORT statement on the reporting standards of clinical trials Recommendations are inappropriate for trial reportsEditor-In his editorial on the CONSORT statement Douglas G Altman states that since "only randomised trials have the potential directly to affect patient care ... it is ... reasonable to require higher standards for papers reporting randomised trials than those describing other types of study." 1 But although randomised trials are usually the preferred approach for the unbiased evaluation of treatments, non-randomised observational studies also influence treatment.Because the correct interpretation of observational studies is much more difficult, largely due to uncontrollable biases, their description and analysis call for at least as much care as do randomised trials.Sometimes, of course, randomised comparisons are unnecessary-for example, to determine the value of fetoprotein screening for neural tube defects.CONSORT is the product of deliberations conducted almost entirely through North American journals. 2Journal editors and statisticians are well represented among those involved, but clinicians and others with experience in actually conducting trials less so.Experience of the procedures recommended seems to be limited and not wholly positive.The authors of one trial report who had been persuaded to rewrite it 3 in the structured format expressed mixed feelings: the paper was rendered less readable with "ideas that are logically linked together (such as point estimates with 95% confidence intervals) torn asunder." 4 Inflexibility and a lengthier manuscript were other reported disadvantages.The editor stated that a journal "should change the way it structures articles only when there is good agreement on the new format in the communities we serve" 4 ; this includes writers and readers of trial reports as well as editors.Feedback from the test case 3 or from other commentators does not seem to have materially altered the final version of CONSORT.By announcing its decision, less than a fortnight after publication of CONSORT, the BMJ pre-empted input from many with experience of planning, conducting, and reporting trials.Few will dispute the need for improvements in the reporting of all studies with implications for patient care, whatever their design.But without appropriate consultation, the BMJ seems to have made its decision on CONSORT prematurely.The requirement that randomised trials report the numbers of patients excluded is generally pointless, 5 and making authors indicate where a large number of checklist items are dealt with would be unduly prescriptive.The CONSORT recommendations should not be imposed unilaterally.Others with experience of trial conduct should be consulted on the nature of any guidelines for the reporting of randomised trials and, more importantly, of observational studies of treatments.
Don’t Touch Me
Authors: Raeford E. Brown
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Child psychiatric disorder and relative age in school year: Children need to be regarded as individuals in education
Authors: J. Challita
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor—Goodman et al said that teachers often forget to make allowances for a child's relative age.1 They also seem to forget to make allowances for a child's educational needs, intellectual potential, and already obtained academic ability. Children are not regarded as individuals in education.

Being the youngest in the year is associated with educational disadvantage only if the teacher does not make allowances for a child's ability or needs. It is not the parent that has the unreasonable expectation: it is the system, which expects everybody to function at a certain level at a certain age in their life regardless of their intelligence, ability, need, personality, or situation.

Grouping children by relative age would help solve the problem only if all those children at that particular age were at the exact same level and stage of their educational, social, and emotional development and had the same needs that needed to be met.

Children need to have their particular educational needs met to be happy and fulfilled in their education. Meeting children's age requirements is in most cases not meeting the child's educational needs and is very damaging to a child's self esteem and feelings of self worth, which in turn affects them psychologically and emotionally.

Surely a more sensible approach would be to start children at school when they are emotionally and socially ready to start school and then put them into classes at a level that is appropriate and suitable to their ability and need.
Book Review Molecular Biology in Reproductive Medicine Edited by B.C.J.M. Fauser, with A.J. Rutherford, J.F. Strauss, III, and A. Van Steirteghem. 523 pp., illustrated. New York, Parthenon, 1999. $65. 1-85070-994-7
Authors: Vance Trudeau
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)
Marked Variability in Susceptibility to Ventricular Fibrillation in an Experimental Commotio Cordis Model
Authors: Alawi A. Alsheikh-Ali, Christopher Madias, Stacey Supran, Mark S. Link
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Precordial blows in sports and daily activities can trigger ventricular fibrillation (VF) (commotio cordis). Whereas chest wall blows are common, commotio cordis is rare. Although factors such as timing, location, orientation, and energy of impact are critically important, we also hypothesize that there is individual susceptibility to commotio cordis. Using our model of commotio cordis, we evaluated individual animal susceptibility to VF induction and assessed animal characteristics that might be involved.This retrospective analysis included 139 juvenile swine (weight, 8 to 54 kg) that were anesthetized and placed prone in a sling to receive chest wall strikes with a ball propelled at 30 to 40 mph. Each animal received a minimum of 4 impacts directly over the cardiac silhouette, all timed to a narrow vulnerable window during cardiac repolarization. Of 1274 total impacts, 360 impacts (28%) resulted in VF. There was wide variability in individual animal susceptibility to VF. In 38 animals, none of the impacts resulted in VF (range, 4 to 18 impacts per animal). The majority of animals (91; 65%) were induced into VF with <30% of the strikes. In fact, only 19 animals (14%) had >50% occurrence of VF with chest wall impacts, and only 7 (5%) had >80% occurrence of chest impacts that induced VF. In the animal-based analysis, individual correlates of VF included animal weight, mean impact velocity, mean left ventricular pressure generated by the blow, mean QRS duration, mean QTc, and QTc variability. In multivariable analysis, mean left ventricular pressure generated by the blow, mean QRS duration, and QTc variability remained significant correlates of risk, and number of impacts gained statistical significance such that animals with more impacts were less susceptible to VF.Swine display a wide range of individual vulnerability to VF triggered by chest wall impact, with a distinct minority being uniquely susceptible. Mild abnormalities in cardiac depolarization and repolarization might underlie this susceptibility. Such individual susceptibility may also be present in humans and contribute to the rarity of commotio cordis.
LUMBAR PUNCTURE AND THE PREVENTION OF POSTPUNCTURE HEADACHE
Authors: H. M. GREENE
Journal: JAMA (1926)

As the result of experiments made during 1923 and my experience since that time with the use of a small needle 1 having a round, sharp, tapering point, I am convinced that postpuncture headache is caused by trauma to the spinal dura sufficient to result in excessive leakage of cerebrospinal fluid to the point at which the brain is left without a water cushion.  These experiments demonstrated that a greater trauma was produced by the use of a needle with a blunt cutting point than by a needle of the same caliber with a point rounded, tapering and sharp. It was also shown that leakage followed puncture of the spinal dura in every instance in which the membrane was suspended and filled with water, and that the amount of leakage was in direct relation to the size of the needle used (Fig. 1).  The problem is, then, to do the
Valuing learners' experience and supporting further growth: educational models to help experienced adult learners in medicine
Authors: P. Newman
Journal: BMJ (2002)

“I seek a method by which teachers teach less and learners learn more.”

Johann Comenicus, writer of the first illustrated textbook (1630)

Attitudes towards and expectations of careers have changed. Portfolio careers and changing needs in the medical workforce have led, for example, to increasing numbers of postgraduate entrants to medical school, greater movement between specialties, and an influx of qualified doctors from overseas.1–3 Learners with substantial previous experience and knowledge may provide a challenge to trainers to maximise their learning.

Recognising the individuality of the learner is the hallmark of good teaching.4 We explore particular attributes of experienced adult learners and for eachattribute propose an educational model that may help the trainer develop an approach to achieve maximum growth. Raised awareness of an individual's learning needs and potential contribution, combined with greater use of these models, will promote a movement away from didactic teaching, which is characterised by an unequal status of teacher and learner, to one of coaching and partnership between learner and trainer, with additional benefit to both.5

To illustrate our points we have used examples taken from the real lives of postgraduate learners in medicine —people who have a substantial amount of previous experience and have changedthe direction of their career. The examples illustrate some of the attributes we describe and the relevance of the educational model. As all learners have relevant previous experience and prior understandings that may pass unrecognised, the attributes and related frameworks we describe are, inpractice, relevant to all adult learners.6

### Summary points

Changes in careers have led to increasing numbers of experienced learners in the workforce

Experienced adult learners clearly display attributes that are present to some extent in all adult learners: maturity, independence, self direction, a desire to contribute, and well developed individuality

The trainer must …
Physical Activity and Depression
Authors: Helios Pareja-Galeano, Fabian Sanchis-Gomar, Alejandro Lucia
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2015)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA Pediatrics HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcast Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA Pediatrics journal
Prevention of Endemic HAA-Positive Hepatitis with Gamma Globulin
Authors: Allen L. Ginsberg, Marcel E. Conrad, William H. Bancroft, Chung M. Ling, Lacy R. Overby
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

Abstract A simple radioimmune assay method was used to detect Australia (HAA) antigen in serum specimens from normal military blood donors and soldiers with endemic icteric hepatitis. This method detected more than twice the number of HAA-positive specimens among both groups of subjects than by other available methods. Furthermore, it detected all positive specimens found by the agar-gel diffusion, immunoelectro-osmophoresis, complement-fixation and passive hemagglutination-inhibition methods. The radioimmune assay method showed that about 1 per cent of screened military blood donors and 25 per cent of soldiers with icteric endemic hepatitis had HAA in their serum. In these patients with hepatitis we had previously shown that the prophylactic administration of human serum gamma globulin decreased the incidence of both HAA-positive and HAA-negative endemic icteric hepatitis. The availability of a new and more sensitive assay for HAA provided more convincing evidence that injection of gamma globulin with a ...
Creation of a LIGHT mutant with the capacity to evade the decoy receptor for cancer therapy
Authors: Tomohiro Morishige, Yasuo Yoshioka, Hiroshi Inakura, Aya Tanabe, Xinglei Yao, Shin-ichi Tsunoda, Yasuo Tsutsumi, Yohei Mukai, Naoki Okada, Shinsaku Nakagawa
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)