tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Enuresis in Children
Authors: H. G. McGregor
Journal: BMJ (1937)

This report presents a series of seventy cases of enuresis in children treated for the most part by securing the patient's interest in his own complaint.The cases have been collected during the last seven years from various sources-namely, from the children's department of Guy's Hospital ; during a short period as assistant school medi- cal officer ; from private practice ; and from other hospital out-patient departments.The enuresis had in each in- stance been present since birth, but cases of enuresis in mentally deficient children have not been included.
Decreased Ankle/Arm Blood Pressure Index and Mortality in Elderly Women
Authors: Molly T. Vogt
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To evaluate the relationship of the ankle/arm blood pressure index to short-term mortality in women 65 years of age or older. <h3>Design.</h3> —Prospective cohort study with average follow-up of 4.3 years. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Rural community near Pittsburgh, Pa. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 1492 white women 65 years of age or older, living in the community and ambulatory without the help of another person. <h3>Outcome Measures.</h3> —All-cause and cause-specific mortality. <h3>Results.</h3> —The ankle/arm index (the systolic pressure in the posterior tibial artery divided by that in the brachial artery) was measured in 1986 through 1988 and found to be 0.9 or less in 82 (5.5%) of the women, 67 of whom reported no symptoms of claudication. Comparing women with an index of 0.9 or less with those with an index greater than 0.9, the relative risk for all-cause mortality 4 years later (after adjustment for age, smoking, and other risk factors) was 3.1 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 5.5); for heart disease, 3.7 (95% CI, 1.2 to 11.6); for cardiovascular diseases, 4.0 (95% CI, 1.3 to 8.5); for cancer, 3.3 (95% CI, 1.3 to 8.5); and for all other causes, 1.1 (95% CI, 0.1 to 9.2). Similar levels of risk were found after excluding women with symptoms of claudication and/or a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Healthy, older women with an ankle/arm index of 0.9 or less are at high risk of death and therefore may be considered for aggressive therapy to modify cardiovascular risk factors. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;270:465-469)
Use of Haemostatic Agents and Glues during Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: A Multi-Institutional Survey from the United States and Europe of 1347 Cases
Authors: Alberto Breda, Sevan V. Stepanian, John S. Lam, Joseph C. Liao, Inderbir S. Gill, Jose R. Colombo, Giorgio Guazzoni, Michael D. Stifelman, Kent T. Perry, Antonio Celia, Guglielmo Breda, Paolo Fornara, Stephen V. Jackman, Antonio Rosales, Juan Palou, Michael Grasso, Vincenzo Pansadoro, Vincenzo Disanto, Francesco Porpiglia, Claudio Milani, Claude C. Abbou, Richard Gaston, Gunter Janetschek, Naeem A. Soomro, Jean J. De la Rosette, Pilar M. Laguna, Peter G. Schulam
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Regulation of the dynamic localization of the rat Bsep gene-encoded bile salt export pump by anisoosmolarity
Authors: M Schmitt
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Canalicular transport via the bile salt export pump (Bsep) represents the rate-controlling step in taurocholate excretion, whose capacity is under osmotic control. The short-term effects of anisoosmolarity and Ca(2+)-withdrawal on the localization of Bsep and the tight junction proteins Zo-1 and occludin were studied in perfused rat liver by immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and densitometry. Under normoosmotic conditions, Bsep was found in the canalicular membrane and showed a punctate intracellular localization. Hypoosmolarity resulted in the translocation of intracellular Bsep to the canalicular membrane, whereas hyperosmolarity induced a retrieval of Bsep. Following hyperosmolar retrieval of Bsep and multidrug resistance protein 2 (Mrp2) from the canalicular membrane, in the putative intracellular vesicles Bsep and Mrp2 colocalized in 15% of these vesicles, whereas 85% stained either positive for Bsep (61%) or Mrp2 (24%). Anisotonicity had no effect on the linear staining patterns of occludin and Zo-1, indicating no increase in paracellular permeability. Omission of calcium produced cholestasis characterized by a disruption of occludin, whereas the localization of Zo-1, Bsep, and Mrp2 remained unaffected. It is concluded (1) that hyperosmolarity induces retrieval of Bsep from the canalicular membrane, which correlates to cholestasis. Hypoosmolarity leads to choleresis accompanied by a rapid recruitment of intracellular Bsep to the canalicular membrane. (2) Bsep- and Mrp2-specific vesicles participate in the short-term osmoregulation of canalicular secretion, however, a cause-effect relationship between bile salt excretion and transporter localization remains to be established. (3) Ca(2+)-depletion induces cholestasis by disruption of occludin-determined tight junctional permeability, whereas internalization of canalicular transporters play a minor role.
Postoperative Delirium: A Study of Etiologic Factors
Authors: ROBERT M. MORSE, EDWARD M. LITIN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1969)

Sixty patients who experienced postoperative delirium were compared with a group of 57 control patients, matched on the basis of type of surgery, age, and sex, who did not experience delirium. Significant differences were found between the two groups in categories of organic, social-environmental, and emotional disorders. These findings support the concept that delirium, at least when it occurs after operation, is a multidetermined syndrome and is not solely the product of organic brain disease.
Overnight Metabolic Control With Bedtime Injection of Intermediate-Acting Insulin or Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
Authors: Per-Olof Olsson, Hans Arnqvist, Henning Von Schenck, Anna-Maria Ottosson
Journal: Diabetes Care (1987)

Ten insulin-dependent diabetic patients were investigated from 2100 to 0700 h during treatment with either a bedtime injection (BI) of intermediate-acting insulin or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) at a constant basal rate. In the evening, blood glucose was slightly higher during treatment with BI than with CSII, whereas the metabolic control in the morning was equal on both regimens with a fasting blood glucose of 5.7 mM (4.2–7.1) (median and interquartile ranges) on BI and 5.4 mM (4.6–5.8) on CSII (NS). No rise in morning blood glucose was seen, but serum β-hydroxybutyrate tended to rise (NS). There was a significant hyperinsulinemia at midnight during BI compared with CSII with a serum free insulin of 14.5 (11.7–16.0) vs. 9.6 (7.2–11.2) mU/L (P &amp;lt; .05), respectively, and the area under the curve during the middle of the night (midnight to 0400 h) was greater with BI than CSII (P &amp;lt; .02). A greater fall in blood glucose was seen with BI than with CSII during this period (P &amp;lt; .02). Differences in blood glucose and serum free-insulin profiles between those using NPH or lente insulin at bedtime were registered. We conclude that, although the same metabolic control in the morning was achievable with CSII at a constant basal rate and BI, CSII is superior for overnight metabolic control due to less-pronounced hyperinsulinemia during the night and a steady-state level of free insulin in the morning.
Value of Immunologic Testing
Authors: Alan C. Aisenberg
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The vast majority of patients with active Hodgkin's disease display a defect in cell-mediated immunity. The defect is progressive, and in the patient with advanced disease it contributes to the variety of common bacterial and unusual viral, fungal, and protozoal infections<sup>60</sup>to which these patients are prone. In experimental animals, small lymphocytes of thymic origin are concerned with cell-mediated immunity, and the deficiency of the thymectomized animal closely resembles that of the individual with Hodgkin's disease.<sup>61,62</sup>The class of immune reactions mediated by antibody is relatively unimpaired, in Hodgkin's disease. Cell-mediated immune responses include bacterial (delayed) hypersensitivity, contact sensitivity, graft vs host phenomena, and the homograft reaction. The very use of the word anergy to denote a defect in cellular immunity in man attests to the imperfect and qualitative nature of tests available to evaluate this type of immunity. Methods of assessing delayed hypersensitivity are listed in Table
Cardiac Event Recorders Yield More Diagnoses and Are More Cost-effective than 48-Hour Holter Monitoring in Patients with Palpitations: A Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Scott Kinlay
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Objective: To compare the diagnostic yield and cost-effectiveness of transtelephonic event monitors with those of Holter monitoring in patients with intermittent palpitations. Design: Randomized crossover trial. Setting: Diagnostic service of a teaching hospital and surrounding primary care practices. Patients: 43 patients with previously uninvestigated palpitations who were referred for Holter monitoring. Measurements: Patients were randomly allocated to receive an event monitor or 48-hour Holter monitor and then to receive the other device. Event monitors were used for 3 months or until two recordings were obtained while symptoms occurred. The main end point was an electrogram recorded during symptoms. The incremental cost-effectiveness of obtaining a diagnostic rhythm strip from event monitors was compared with that of Holter monitoring. Results: The mean (±SD) patient age was 45 ± 19 years; 37 patients (88%) were women. Event monitors were twice as likely to provide a diagnostic rhythm strip electrocardiogram during symptoms as 48-hour Holter monitoring (29 patients [67%] and 15 patients [35%], respectively; P < 0.001). Event monitors detected 8 patients (19%) with clinically important arrhythmias (6 patients with supraventricular tachycardia and 2 with atrial fibrillation or flutter), whereas the Holter monitors detected no significant arrhythmia (P < 0.005). With the event monitors, most patients transmitted an electrocardiogram recording by 6 weeks. Event monitors were dominant and therefore more cost-effective than 48-hour Holter monitoring, resulting in a cost savings of $213 for each additional diagnostic rhythm strip obtained during symptoms. Conclusions: Holter monitoring is a poor diagnostic test for intermittent palpitations. Event recorders provide better data and are more cost-effective.
Melting the Iron Curtain: opportunities for public health collaboration through international joint ventures.
Authors: G A Gellert, S I Kaznady
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Neurogenesis has been implicated in antidepressant drug action and animal models of depression, suggesting that proliferating cells play a role in psychiatric disorders. Similar studies using antipsychotic drugs have yielded conflicting results, perhaps because of the lack of focus on specific cell types. We examine the effect of haloperidol on neural stem cells (NSCs), the ultimate precursors for adult cell genesis. We show that haloperidol increases NSC numbers, resulting in more progenitors and more new neurons and glia in the adult rat brain. The increase in NSCs by haloperidol is dependent on central dopamine D<sub>2</sub> receptors, and these receptors are expressed by NSCs. D<sub>2</sub> receptor stimulation <i>in vitro</i> inhibits NSC proliferation, which is reversed by haloperidol. Thus, haloperidol increases adult mammalian brain proliferation by antagonizing dopamine at D<sub>2</sub> receptors on NSCs. These findings demonstrate a direct link between neural activity and NSC proliferation and implicate cell genesis in antipsychotic drug effects.
The Prognostic Impact of KRAS, Its Codon and Amino Acid Specific Mutations, on Survival in Resected Stage I Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Benjamin Izar, Haiyu Zhou, Rebecca S. Heist, Christopher G. Azzoli, Alona Muzikansky, Emily E.F. Scribner, Lindsay A. Bernardo, Dora Dias-Santagata, Anthony J. Iafrate, Michael Lanuti
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Structure and Clinical Relevance of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Human Cancer
Authors: Amit Kumar, Edward T. Petri, Balazs Halmos, Titus J. Boggon
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

To review the recent advances in the atomic-level understanding of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK). We aim to highlight the current and future importance of these studies for the understanding and treatment of malignancies where EGFR-TK is improperly activated.The analysis was conducted on published crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank (www.pdb.org) using the program O.In this review we emphasize how recent EGFR kinase domain crystal structures can explain the mechanisms of activation for L858R and other EGFR-TK mutations, and compare these distinct activating mechanisms with those recently described for the wild-type EGFR. We suggest an atomic-level mechanism for the poor efficacy of lapatinib against tumors with activating EGFR kinase domain point mutations compared with the efficacy of gefitinib and erlotinib, and demonstrate how structural insights help our understanding of acquired resistance to these agents. We also highlight how these new molecular-level structural data are expected to affect the development of EGFR-TK targeted small molecule kinase inhibitors.There are now more crystal structures published for the EGFR-TK domain than for any other TK. This wealth of crystallographic information is beginning to describe the mechanisms by which proper regulation of EGFR-TK is lost in disease. These crystal structures are beginning to show how small molecules inhibit EGFR-TK activity and will aid development of EGFR-TK mutant targeted therapies.
Sudden Death in Sickle-Cell Trait
Authors: Stephen R. Jones, Richard A. Binder, Everett M. Donowho
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1970)

SICKLE-cell trait, a heterozygous state characterized by the presence of hemoglobin SA, is present in 7 to 9 per cent of American Negroes.1 Although the occurrence of spontaneous hematuria2 and renal3 and splenic infarction4 , 5 is well recognized, it is generally not appreciated that certain complications of sickle-cell trait may be fatal. In 1964 Schenk6 reviewed the deaths attributed to sickle-cell trait; only a few have been reported since that time.7 , 8 In this report we describe four eases of sudden death attributable to sickle-cell crisis and discuss the precipitating pathophysiology.Case ReportsBetween March, 1968, and February, 1969, four deaths occurred . . .
MRFIT and the Goals of The Journal
Authors: George D. Lundberg
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Elsewhere in this issue (p 1465), you will find the much-awaited results of the massive, expensive, and lengthy clinical investigation termed "Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT)," which is a product of more than seven years, 28 institutions, and 250 investigators. With this publication,The Journalis addressing several of its goals that were published on Aug 6. We are especially meeting our eighth goal, which is "To foster responsible debate on controversial issues that affect medical practice." The MRFIT study was a randomized primary prevention trial designed to test the effect of a program of intervention with hypertension, cigarette smoking, and blood cholesterol in high-risk men in the United States on mortality from coronary heart disease. The results were that risk factor levels did decline, and there may have been a reduction in coronary heart disease mortality. Unfortunately, the fundamental question facing the investigators at the beginning of the
Letter: New causes of malignant hyperpyrexia.
Authors: F R Ellis, I M Clarke, E M Mogill, T N Appleyard, R C Dinsdale
Journal: BMJ (1975)

575 thromboembolic complications: six patients died of pulmonary embolism, seven had deep vein thrombosis as a presenting symptom, and three had evidence of amyloidosis.We report here a case of multiple myeloma presenting as venous gangrene of feet.A 71-year-old woman presented with bilateral
The Way West: Art of Frontier America
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1978)

This new Abrams publication is a magnificent volume, depicting the West from about 1820 to the 1930s. The West means many things: mountains, prairies, deserts, natural wonders; fauna and flora; buffalo and cattle; cowboys, outlaws, violence; Indians in their full glory and their native culture, and their conflict with the invaders; stagecoaches, railroads, settlements; inexorable progress, and the disappearance of the "old" West. The artists who painted these aspects or created sculpture to evoke them varied greatly in skill and aesthetic competence. They range from the virtually unknown, through artists like Audubon, Bierstadt, or Remington, to Thomas Hart Benton. The illustrations in this book are for the most part in excellent color. We see the historical development: the pictures are categorized according to topic and time, so that we get an overview of what actually happened to the West. We also observe American artists absorbed European influences and transformed them
Abstract PR01: Global chromatin profiling identifies NSD2 mutations in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Jacob Jaffe, Yan Wang, HoMan Chan, Jinghui Zhang, Roberts Huether, Gregory Kryukov, Jordan Taylor, Min Hu, Nathan Englund, Feng Yan, Zhaofu Wang, Lei Wei, Lei Wei, Jing Ma, John Easton, William R. Sellers, Nicholas Keen, Jun Liu, Jun Liu, Charles Mullighan, Steven Carr, James Downing, Levi Garraway, Frank Stegmeier
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Epigenetic dysregulation is an emerging hallmark of cancers, and the identification of recurrent somatic mutations in chromatin modifying enzymes implies a causal role for altered chromatin states in tumorigenesis. While the genomic characterization of cancers is well advanced, our current understanding of cancer epigenomes is limited. Here, we developed a high-information-content mass spectrometry approach to profile global histone modifications in human cancer cells. When applied to 115 cell lines of the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia, this approach identified distinct molecular chromatin signatures (MCS) that provided novel insights into their epigenetic states. One MCS cluster, characterized by high H3K27 trimethylation, strongly correlated with EZH2 gain-of-function mutations, whereas another MCS cluster provided functional epigenetic correlates of EZH2 loss-of-function mutations. A third MCS cluster was characterized by increased H3K36 dimethylation and contained several cell lines harboring NSD2 translocations. Analysis of genomic correlates of the remaining cell lines within this third cluster identified a novel NSD2 E1099K variant in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) lines. Ectopic expression of the NSD2 E1099K variant induced a MCS profile characteristic of NSD2 hyperactivation and promoted transformation. Moreover, NSD2 knockdown selectively inhibited the proliferation of cell lines harboring NSD2 mutations. Massively parallel sequencing analysis of over 1000 pediatric cancer genomes identified the same NSD2 E1099K mutation in 14% of t(12;21)[ETV6-RUNX1]-containing ALLs. Together, these findings identify NSD2 as a potential therapeutic target for pediatric ALL and provide a general framework for the functional annotation of cancer epigenomes. Citation Format: Jacob Jaffe, Yan Wang, HoMan Chan, Jinghui Zhang, Roberts Huether, Gregory Kryukov, Jordan Taylor, Min Hu, Nathan Englund, Feng Yan, Zhaofu Wang, Lei Wei, Lei Wei, Jing Ma, John Easton, William R. Sellers, Nicholas Keen, Jun Liu, Jun Liu, Charles Mullighan, Steven Carr, James Downing, Levi Garraway, Frank Stegmeier. Global chromatin profiling identifies NSD2 mutations in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr PR01.
The good the bad and the ugly
Authors: Paul A Corris, Sasiharan Sithamparanathan, Logan Thirugnanasothy
Journal: Thorax (2014)

The good the bad and the uglyWe were, of course, very interested to read the manuscript by Saggar et al, 1 and the accompanying editorial by Nathan 2 relating to the use of parenteral treprostinil therapy in patients referred for lung transplantation with pulmonary hypertension (PH) in association with pulmonary fibrosis (PF).It is good that there is continued interest in finding a clinical phenotype of patient with PF who may benefit on both symptomatic and prognostic grounds from targeted PH therapy.It is also good because there is a great clinical need to help this group of desperate patients awaiting lung transplantation over and above oxygen therapy.Less good and probably bad was our observation that 9 of the 15 patients entered into this study were already receiving targeted therapy, presumably outside a registered clinical trial?The World PH meeting in Nice (2013), advised that given the lack of evidence of efficacy, such patients should be treated within a clinical trial. 3Moreover, five patients were receiving an endothelin receptor antagonist (ERA) (Bosentan) either as monotherapy or in combination despite the evidence that another ERA, Ambrisentan, in a randomised clinical trial led to a worse outcome than placebo in patients with idiopathic PF. 4 Finally, and hopefully, all authors recognise that the ugly connotation is to satisfy our letter's title in response to the accompanying editorial, ugly relates to the lack of appropriate discussion in either the primary paper or the editorial that patients were receiving combination therapy.Indeed the key messages and abstract sections (sometimes the only parts of a paper that are read, dare we say) only mention parenteral treprostinil therapy as 870
A prognostic sign in ECT.
Authors: H L Thornton
Journal: BMJ (1976)

D-V Strip of nail removed (A) and flaps of nail wall (B) and nail fold (C) reflected to expose segment of germinal matrix (D) to be excised.A simple and logical operation for unilateral embedded toenail was described by Heifetz in 1945.8This consists of removal of a small segment of germinal matrix on the affected side of the nail.No sutures are required and healing occurs within a few days.Mr Palmer and Mr Stevenson imply that their operation can be performed in the presence of sepsis, cutting through inflamed nail wall.A deliberate operation through inflamed tissues is bad surgical practice and sooner or later this will lead to severe exacerbations of infection.In infected cases it is safer to excise a small strip of embedded nail under local anaesthesia four weeks before surgery.This will enable an exact dissection of the portion of germinal matrix to be performed under ideal conditions.
Methodological and substantive implications of a metatheoretical distinction: More on correspondence versus storehouse metaphors of memory
Authors: Asher Koriat, Morris Goldsmith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

In response to Cohen, we point out that many of the assessment difficulties raised by the correspondence metaphor stem from the assessment of memory in meaningful, real-life contexts rather than from the assessment of memory accuracy per se; these difficulties are equally troublesome for the assessment of memory quantity in such contexts. Moreover, the need to focus on particular aspects of memory performance – correspondence-oriented or quantity-oriented – does not preclude the development of useful and general theoretical models. In response to Shanon, we argue that (1) the distinction between the correspondence and storehouse metaphors of memory is metatheoretical, not substantive or methodological, (2) the correspondence metaphor is compatible with both a “representationalist” view of memory and a more “direct” view, and (3) as an epistemological strategy, metaphorical pluralism is both acceptable and desirable.