tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Applications of gene arrays in environmental toxicology: fingerprints of gene regulation associated with cadmium chloride, benzo(a)pyrene, and trichloroethylene.
Authors: M Bartosiewicz, S Penn, A Buckpitt
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Toxicity testing of unknown chemicals currently uses a number of short-term bioassays. These tests are costly and time consuming, require large numbers of animals, and generally focus on a single end point. The recent development of DNA arrays provides a potential mechanism for increasing the efficiency of standard toxicity testing through genome-wide assessments of gene regulation. In this study, we used DNA arrays containing 148 genes for xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, DNA repair enzymes, heat shock proteins, cytokines, and housekeeping genes to examine gene expression patterns in the liver in response to cadmium chloride, benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), and trichloroethylene (TCE). Dose-response studies were carried out in mice for each chemical; each produced a unique pattern of gene induction. As expected, CdCl2 markedly up-regulated metallothionine I and II (5- to 10,000-fold at the highest doses) and several of the heat shock/stress response proteins and early response genes. In contrast, administration of BaP up-regulated only Cyp1a1 and Cyp1a2 genes and produced no significant increases in any of the stress response genes or any of the DNA repair genes present on the array. Likewise, TCE-induced gene induction was highly selective; only Hsp 25 and 86 and Cyp2a were up-regulated at the highest dose tested. Microarray analysis with a highly focused set of genes is capable of discriminating between different classes of toxicants and has potential for differentiating highly noxious versus more subtle toxic agents. These data suggest that use of microarrays to evaluate the potential hazards of unknown chemicals or chemical mixtures must include multiple doses and time points to provide effective assessments of potential toxicity of these substances.
Study missed opportunity to confirm link in causality between noise and coronary heart disease
Authors: N. Moore
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Might Hansell and colleagues explain the process for selecting confounders in their study of aircraft noise and cardiovascular disease?1

In acute clinical settings we estimate cardiovascular risk by accounting for age, sex, smoking, diabetes, blood pressure, hypercholesterolaemia, and family history. The article did not explain why smoking, ethnicity, deprivation, …
Promoting patient safety in primary care
Authors: T. Wilson, M. Pringle, A. Sheikh
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Medicine has always put patients at risk. Modern medicine raises the stakes as its power to do good is accompanied by increasing potential for harm. Only now is the medical world waking up to the importance of ensuring patient safety. 1 2 The shift in the debate from individual mistakes to understanding the systemic factors that predispose to harm is welcome and offers the prospect for making important and sustained improvements in patient safety. 3 4 However, there is a dearth of understanding of patient safety in primary care—where the vast majority of patient-clinician encounters take place—posing a particular challenge to the nascent National Patient Safety Agency.5

Patient care in the community is becoming increasingly complex. Early discharge from hospital, the prescribing and monitoring of potentially dangerous drugs such as methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis, the pressure of short consultations, and the increasingly fragmented nature of primary care services all increase the risk of unintentional patient harm.

There are, however, two advantages enjoyed by primary care. Firstly, practices are small organisations with fewer layers of bureaucracy than most hospitals. Implementing systemic changes is …
Letter: Operator-anaesthetists in dentistry.
Authors: J G Bourne
Journal: BMJ (1973)

cerebral arteriosclerosis and vertebrobasilar insufficiency are substituted and by inference the suggestion made that nothing can be done.I feel that any examination of a geriatric patient must include measurement of the blood pressure in both the lying and standing position.You ask, "Does postural hypotension, especially over the age of 75, matter?"There can be no doubt that this condition fre- quently contributes to accidents at home leading to fractured limbs, secondary hypo- thermia, and, perhaps most commonly, an inability to maintain independent existence in the home.Salt supplements-up to 8 g per day of sodium chloride (B.P.C.) in divided doses or up to 40 mEq of Slow Sodium per day-have never upset any of my patients to date and have not yet pre- cipitated heart failure in this age group.Cox et al.' have suggested that there is a significant reduction in the total exchangable potassium in postural hypotension.Perhaps this is yet another manifestation of the "hypokalaemic syndrome" of old age so well known to geriatricians and seen with such depressing regularity in elderly people re- ferred to geriatric departments because they have "fits and faints."2The effect of treat- ment with potassium and salt supplements may be very dramatic, changing a potential hospital patient or additional resident in the social services old peoples' homes to some- one who can manage to live in the com- munity.-Iam, etc.,
Tackling institutional racism
Authors: J. Collier
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The public inquiry into the London police force's investigation of the murder of the black teenager, Stephen Lawrence, concludes that racism is rife in the police and that it was a major factor in the failure of the police to uphold justice. Other professions in the United Kingdom are also open to allegations of institutional racism, and in the view of the Macpherson report they too now face a stern test of their resolve to eradicate it. But can much of this come as a surprise?

The oddest thing about institutional racism is the blindness of the perpetrators. In a racist organisation outrageous thoughts and behaviour are acceptable, and all apparently without questioning. Racist jokes or jibes are part of office banter, racist acts or statements pass without comment, hurt goes on as though it did not matter, as though those subjected had no feeling. Worse still, the victims are caught too as they seem paralysed, unable or unwilling to protest in case they suffer more. And in this there is the assumption that racist views are held only …
A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of the Human Multiple Myeloma Chromosomal Translocation t(14;16)(q32;q23)
Authors: Naoki Morito, Keigyou Yoh, Atsuko Maeda, Takako Nakano, Akiko Fujita, Manabu Kusakabe, Michito Hamada, Takashi Kudo, Kunihiro Yamagata, Satoru Takahashi
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a currently incurable neoplasm of terminally differentiated B cells. The translocation and/or overexpression of c-MAF have been observed in human MM. Although c-MAF might function as an oncogene in human MM, there has been no report thus far describing the direct induction of MM by c-MAF overexpression in vivo. In this study, we have generated transgenic (TG) mice that express c-Maf specifically in the B-cell compartment. Aged c-Maf TG mice developed B-cell lymphomas with some clinical features that resembled those of MM, namely, plasma cell expansion and hyperglobulinemia. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that Ccnd2 and Itgb7, which are known target genes of c-Maf, were highly expressed in the lymphoma cells. This novel TG mouse model of the human MM t(14;16)(q32;q23) chromosomal translocation should serve to provide new insight into the role of c-MAF in tumorigenesis.
Concurrent Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Influenza A Infections in the Institutionalized Elderly and Chronically III
Authors: USHA MATHUR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1980)

During a community outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A/Texas/77 infections, we investigated 71 cases of upper respiratory illness at a chronic disease hospital using a surveillance system plus viral and serologic studies. Of the 32 patients with an etiologic diagnosis, seven had respiratory syncytial virus, 24 had influenza, and one had dual infections with respiratory syncytial virus and influenza. No definite etiologic diagnosis was made in the remaining 39 patients. A comparison of the clinical features of patients infected with respiratory syncytial virus and influenza revealed no significant differences in the frequency of respiratory or constitutional signs and symptoms except for rhinorrhea, which was commoner in the respiratory syncytial virus group (P < 0.05). Pneumonia developed in one patient with respiratory syncytial virus and in five patients with influenza. Our findings suggest that respiratory syncytial virus may be an important respiratory pathogen for the elderly and chronically ill, causing illness similar to influenza.
Screening Colonoscopy vs Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
Authors: Harminder Singh, Alain A. Demers, Charles N. Bernstein
Journal: JAMA (2010)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Aluminum-induced de novo bone formation in the beagle. A parathyroid hormone-dependent event.
Authors: L D Quarles, H J Gitelman, M K Drezner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

To examine the influence of osteoblast function on aluminum-induced neo-osteogenesis in the mammalian species, we compared the effects of aluminum in sham-operated and thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) beagles. TPTX dogs received sufficient calcium carbonate and calcitriol to maintain normal plasma calcium and calcitriol levels, but developed evidence of decreased osteoblast recruitment and activity, including diminished osteoid-covered trabecular bone surface (3.22 +/- 0.21 vs. 10.95 +/- 1.30%) and a decreased osteoblast number (27.8 +/- 8.1 vs. 139.0 +/- 26.0/mm). Administration of aluminum (1.25 mg/kg i.v., three times/wk) increased the serum aluminum levels in both sham (1,087.0 +/- 276.0 vs. 2.7 +/- 0.8 micrograms/liter) and TPTX animals (2,786.0 +/- 569.0 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.8 micrograms/liter) above normal but did not alter the plasma calcium, creatinine, or PTH from control levels in either sham or TPTX dogs. After 8 wk of therapy, however, bone biopsies from sham-operated beagles displayed evidence of neo-osteogenesis including an increased bone volume (47.0 +/- 1.0 vs. 30.4 +/- 0.9%) and trabecular number (4.1 +/- 0.2 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.2/mm). Much of the enhanced volume resulted from deposition of poorly mineralized woven bone (9.9 +/- 2.7%). In contrast, biopsies from aluminum-treated TPTX animals exhibited significantly less evidence of ectopic bone formation. In this regard, bone (35.5 +/- 1.7%) and woven tissue volume (1.4 +/- 0.8%) as well as trabecular number (3.3 +/- 0.1/mm) were significantly less than those of the aluminum-treated controls. These observations illustrate that aluminum reproducibly stimulates neo-osteogenesis and induces a positive bone balance. However, this effect apparently depends on the availability of a functional osteoblast pool which, if depleted by TPTX, limits the expression of aluminum-induced new bone formation.
How to Image the Gallbladder in Suspected Cholecystitis
Authors: Keith I. Marton
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

As a result of important advances in medical imaging, the oral cholecystogram is no longer the primary test of gallbladder function and anatomy. Real-time ultrasonography and cholescintigraphy, both highly sensitive and specific tests, are the two major methods for assessing gallbladder pathology. Oral cholecystography, endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, and percutaneous gallbladder puncture serve as supplementary tests. Decisions about which test to use depend on the kind of gallbladder disease that is suspected as well as the estimated likelihood of the disease before the information is obtained from the procedure. Thus, ultrasonography is the test of choice for chronic cholecystitis, with oral cholecystography reserved for situations in which the diagnosis is uncertain after ultrasonography. When acute cholecystitis is suspected, ultrasonography is also the test of choice in most patients, and cholescintigraphy is used to resolve uncertainty.
The awesome power of yeast biochemical genomics
Authors: Marian Carlson
Journal: Trends in Genetics (2000)

A new genomic strategy for identifying the gene encoding any biochemical activity has recently been developed, in which an array of individual yeast strains expressing a genomic set of open reading frames fused to glutathione S-transferase can be assayed for a biochemical activity of interest. Designated 'biochemical genomics', this approach represents an innovative application of genomic information.
miRT: A Database of Validated Transcription Start Sites of Human MicroRNAs
Authors: Malay Bhattacharyya, Manali Das, Sanghamitra Bandyopadhyay
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2012)

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs of about 22 nt in length that take crucial roles in many biological processes. These short RNAs regulate the expression of mRNAs by binding to their 3′-UTRs or by translational repression. Many of the current studies focus on how mature miRNAs regulate mRNAs, however, very limited knowledge is available regarding their transcriptional loci. It is known that primary miRNAs (pri-miRs) are first transcribed from the DNA, followed by the formation of precursor miRNAs (pre-miRs) by endonuclease activity, which finally produces the mature miRNAs. Till date, many of the pre-miRs and mature miRNAs have been experimentally verified. But unfortunately, identification of the loci of pri-miRs, promoters and associated transcription start sites (TSSs) are still in progress. TSSs of only about 40% of the known mature miRNAs in human have been reported. This information, albeit limited, may be useful for further study of the regulation of miRNAs. In this paper, we provide a novel database of validated miRNA TSSs, miRT, by collecting data from several experimental studies that validate miRNA TSSs and are available for full download. We present miRT as a web server and it is also possible to convert the TSS loci between different genome built. miRT might be a valuable resource for advanced research on miRNA regulation, which is freely accessible at: http://www.isical.ac.in/~bioinfo_miu/miRT/miRT.php.
Is Oil Red-O Staining and Digital Image Analysis the Gold Standard for Quantifying Steatosis in the Liver?
Authors: Manal F. Abdelmalek
Journal: Hepatology (2010)

The suggestion by Levene et al.1 to further investigate new approaches to the quantification of the histological features of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) for the purpose of inclusion in clinical studies and the assessment of the response to treatment interventions is interesting and appropriate. The authors have correctly pointed out the limitations of the NAFLD activity score (NAS) scoring system. In our study, a treatment response to betaine (if one existed) may have been missed with standard techniques used to interpret liver histology.2 The NAS scoring system, although well validated, is a semiquantitative score system that may not accurately quantify the amount of steatosis on a hematoxylin and eosin stain, especially when fat droplets are small and/or hepatocyte ballooning is present. More importantly, it remains unknown whether a change in the NAS score reported in such treatment trials influences the natural history of NAFLD and/or alters the risk of NAFLD-related morbidity or mortality. In the validation study by Kleiner et al.,3 agreement on scoring and diagnostic categorization [nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), borderline, or not NASH] was evaluated with weighted kappa statistics. Inter-rater agreement on adult cases was 0.84 for fibrosis, 0.79 for steatosis, 0.56 for ballooning, and 0.45 for lobular inflammation. The validation of the NAS scoring system demonstrated reasonable inter-rater agreement among experienced hepatopathologists that was similar to the agreement found in other studies of variability in fatty liver disease.4, 5 The NAS scoring system is simple, can readily be used by practicing pathologists, and requires only routine histochemical stains (hematoxylin and eosin and Masson trichrome stains). As proposed by Levene et al.,1 other special stains, such as Oil Red O and digital image analysis, can increase the diagnostic accuracy for identifying lipids and provide a more accurate quantification of microvesicular and macrovesicular steatosis. Studies in animal models of NASH have often used Oil Red O staining to quantify hepatic steatosis and have demonstrated good control with triglyceride stores, and this suggests that this approach has merit. However, the extension of this application to routine clinical practice has several handicaps.6 Of greatest importance are the poor tissue detail of the frozen section and the added burden of storing and processing frozen tissue. Although this is feasible, it is not routinely done now. Nonetheless, the addition of special staining to better define and quantitate the histological features of NASH (e.g., Oil Red O and cytokeratin 8/18) is worthy of consideration for defining treatment endpoints in future clinical studies of NASH. Manal F. Abdelmalek M.D., M.P.H.*, * Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke University, Durham, NC.
Doctors must report knife injuries to police under new GMC guidance
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Doctors should report knife injuries to the police despite the general obligation to keep patients’ information confidential, says new guidance from the General Medical Council.

Currently doctors are required to report gunshot wounds to police, but the revised guidance, which comes into force on 12 October, requires them for the first time also to report attacks with a knife, blade, or sharp instrument, whether the patient is an adult or a child.

Doctors should report incidents quickly but should not disclose the patient’s identity with the initial report, the guidance says. They must ask patients whether …
Abnormally expanded pro‐B hematogones associated with congenital cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Tamara Intermesoli, Giovanna Mangili, Anna Salvi, Andrea Biondi, Renato Bassan
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2007)

Abstract Hematogones are nonleukemic immature lymphocytes that display a B‐precursor phenotype and populate the pediatric bone marrow. We present the case of a newborn with an atypical, marked expansion of hematogones similar to the pro‐B cells of infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which demonstrated their nonleukemic nature through gene rearrangement analysis and were associated with a congenital cytomegalovirus infection. Am. J. Hematol. 82:934–936, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphoid-affiliated genes are associated with active histone modifications in human hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Jerome Maës, Marta Maleszewska, Claire Guillemin, Francoise Pflumio, Emmanuelle Six, Isabelle André-Schmutz, Marina Cavazzana-Calvo, Dominique Charron, Claire Francastel, Michele Goodhardt
Journal: Blood (2008)
Preliminary results of a triple peptide escalating dose vaccination phase I/II clinical trial as consolidation treatment in women affected by ovarian cancer
Authors: Chiara Napoletano, Valeria Visconti, Morena Antonilli, Ilaria G Zizzari, Hassan Rahimi, Federico Battisti, Salvatore Caponnetto, Giacomo Barchiesi, Aurelia Rughetti, Filippo Bellati, Pierluigi Benedetti-Panici, Marianna Nuti
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts Ovarian cancer remains one of the most lethal malignancies in developed countries and recently no improvement in disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) has been numbered for conventional therapies. Immunotherapy could be employed as consolidation treatment after
Dilation of Achalasia under Endoscopic Control
Authors: P. Overbeck, D. Schmidt-Dannert
Journal: Endoscopy (1975)

Report of a procedure to attain dilation of achalasia with a Starck dilator even in problematic cases. A Starch dilator was inserted into the esophagus of a 77-year-old male by means of a foroblique endoscope and the dilation of the cardia later on controlled from the stomach by inversion of the gastroscope.
US lags behind economic peers on health outcomes
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Americans are living longer than they did 20 years ago, but the United States still lags behind other wealthy nations on most health measures despite those countries spending far less on healthcare, a study has found.1

Researchers compared changes over two decades in the health statistics of the 34 member nations of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), including changes in life expectancy, leading causes of death, and years of disability.

The study found that from 1990 to 2010 life expectancy in the US for both sexes combined rose from 75.2 years to 78.2 years. Over the same period healthy life expectancy—that is, the years Americans could expect to live without major health problems—rose from 65.8 years to 68.1 years. …
Dextran Therapy in Thrombophlebitis
Authors: Robert B. Sawyer
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The value of dextran has increased far beyond that of a volume expander. Low-molecularweight fractions (average molecular weight [mol wt] 40,000) have the ability to disrupt red cell agglutination and in some states to improve blood flow<sup>1</sup>; this has proved useful in ischemic and low flow situations.<sup>2</sup>Clinical Dextran (average mol wt 75,000) has been found useful in preventing experimental arterial and venous thrombosis.<sup>3,4</sup>These properties suggest that dextran would be useful in the treatment of acute thrombophlebitis. Sodium heparin is presently accepted by clinicians as the optimum therapy for nonembolic thrombophlebitis. However, there are multiple problems associated with its administration, and proof that its administration causes more than symptomatic relief is lacking. To be properly used, heparin should be given intravenously, frequently, and with careful laboratory control. This is expensive and laborious, and still does not eliminate the danger of secondary hemorrhage. One aim of anticoagulation