tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Hepatitis G Virus Infection on Progression of HIV Infection in Patients with Hemophilia
Authors: Anthony E.T. Yeo, Akihiro Matsumoto, Michie Hisada, James W. Shih, Harvey J. Alter, James J. Goedert
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: Infection with hepatitis G virus (HGV), also known as GB virus C, is prevalent but is not known to be associated with any chronic disease. Infection with HGV may affect the risk for AIDS in HIV-infected persons. Objective: To compare AIDS-free survival in patients with and those without HGV infection during 16 years of follow-up after HIV seroconversion. Design: Subanalysis of a prospective cohort study. Setting: Comprehensive hemophilia treatment centers in the United States and Europe. Patients: 131 patients with hemophilia who became HIV-positive between 1978 and 1985. Measurements: Age, CCR5 genotype, HIV and HCV viral loads, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts, and 12-year AIDS-free survival by HGV positivity (viremia [RNA] or anti-E2 antibodies). Results: Compared with HGV-negative patients, the 60 HGV-positive patients (46%), including 22 who were positive for HGV RNA, had higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts (difference, 211 cells/mm3 [95% CI, 88 to 333 cells/mm3]) and 12-year AIDS-free survival rates (68% compared with 40%; rate difference, 1.9 per 100 person-years [CI, −0.3 to 4.2 per 100 person-years]), despite similar ages and HIV viral loads. In multivariate proportional hazards models, risk for AIDS was 40% lower for HGV-positive patients independent of age, HIV and HCV viral loads, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts, and CCR5 genotype. Conclusions: Patients with past or current HGV infection have higher CD4+ lymphocyte counts and better AIDS-free survival rates. The mechanism of this association is unknown. *For a list of collaborators in the Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, see the Appendix.
Lessons from an Epidemic, Again
Authors: Robert A. Weinstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

It seemed like a simple plan. After the rubber top of a vial was swiped with an alcohol-soaked pledget and pierced with a needle, a dose of medication was aspirated, and any residual content was pooled for later use. What could go wrong? But this procedure carries as much as a 2 percent risk of introducing bacteria into the container,1 and that can trigger a dangerous cascade. If the hands of the operator are contaminated, if there is a nearby reservoir of potential pathogens (e.g., contaminated soap or hand lotion), if the medication is preservative-free, if the contaminant can grow . . .
POLLINOSIS IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: A. M. Targow
Journal: JAMA (1949)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In Queries and Minor Notes inThe Journalof Sept. 11, 1948, page 167, under the heading "Allergy and Myopia," a New York physician inquires "What are the best areas in California for patients with hay fever and allergy?" Your consultant answers "California is practically free from ragweed. Therefore, patients who are sensitive to ragweed will almost certainly be free of symptoms in any part of that state." In a subsequent issue, Shure and Harris (Allergy and Myopia, J. A. M. A.<b>139</b>: 554 [Feb. 19] 1949) reply that (1) the statement that patients who are sensitive to ragweed will almost certainly be free of symptoms in any part of this state is misleading, since the Western ragweed that grows here is antigenically related to short and giant ragweed, and (2) a patient moving to this area from the East will probably substitute an allergy to plants
T cells and probably B cells arise from the malignant clone in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Authors: A A Fauser, L Kanz, K J Bross, G W Löhr
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

Bone marrow cells from a patient with Ph' positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in chronic phase were cultured for multilineage hematopoietic colonies (CFU-GEMMT), erythroid bursts, and granulocytic colonies. With CFU-GEMMT colonies, T lymphocytes were identified by reaction with monoclonal antibodies Leu-5 and OKT-3; B cells were identified by reaction with B1. All CFU-GEMMT colonies examined contained the Ph' chromosome. Recloned secondary colonies of T cells reacted with Leu-5 and OKT-3 and were Ph' positive. This demonstrates that Ph' positive T lymphocytes were generated from the pluripotential stem cell of this patient. The presence of B cells in the mixed colonies indicates that these may also be derived from the neoplastic clone.
Ultrasound in Prostatic Cancer-Reply
Authors: John M. Palmer
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> — Dr Cooner's comments about the improved capabilities in ultrasonic prostate imaging are well taken. I agree that biplane imaging and higher-frequency transducers have enhanced the versatility of this diagnostic modality in recent years. Unfortunately, I am still not aware of any clinical studies that convincingly support prostatic ultrasound as a dependable diagnostic screen for early prostatic cancer. For this reason, I stand behind my statement that the modality "appears to be of little use in the diagnosis of early prostatic cancer."
Electrical alternans and the onset of rate-induced pulsus alternans during acute regional ischaemia in the anaesthetised pig heart
Authors: C.F. Murphy, S.M. Horner, D.J. Dick, B. Coen, M.J. Lab
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

Electrical alternans and mechanical alternans are both associated with cardiac ischaemia and in the case of electrical alternans there is a strong link with serious ventricular arrhythmia. We elected to investigate the relationship between electrical and mechanical alternans in control and acutely ischaemic myocardium in the intact porcine heart to determine the nature of their interaction and in particular to determine if abnormal mechanical events play a role in arhythmogenesis as has been suggested in non-ischaemic preparations.We used rapid atrial pacing to induce regional mechanical alternans and pulsus alternans before and then at 5-min intervals after the onset of acute ischaemia induced by a 30-min ligation of a diagonal branch of the left anterior descending artery. Regional mechanical activity is measured with epicardial tripodal strain gauges and regional electrical activity is measured using suction-based monophasic action potential electrodes. To test whether alternate stretching of ischaemic segments during pulsus alternans contributed to electrical alternans we simulated pulsus alternans by clamping the proximal aorta on alternate beats.In control areas there was a constant discordant relationship between peak systolic pressure during alternans and action potential duration. In contrast, the ischaemic areas showed electromechanical alternans that was most frequently concordant. Clamping the proximal aorta on alternate beats produced an electrical alternans in control areas but not in the ischaemic area.Pulsus alternans during acute ischaemia is associated with electrical alternans that can be out of phase in control and ischaemic areas. This could increase electrical dispersion which may be pro-arrhythmic.
On the Constitutional and Local Effects of Disease of the Supra-renal Capsules
Authors: H. Ellis
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Dr. Addison, the distinguished Senior Physician of Guy's Hospital, rather more than a year ago, laid before the medical profession a mono- graph, in which he endeavoured to prove that a peculiar bronzed condition of the skin, accompanied by a remarkable and fatal form of cachexia, is characteristic of disease of the supra-renal capsules.He states that he stumbled upon the curious facts which form the groundwork of his interesting and suggestive essay, while seeking to throw some additional light on a form of ansemia occurring without any discoverable cause whatever, in cases " in which there had been no previous loss of blood, no exhausting diarrhoea, 110 chlorosis, no purpura, no renal, splenic, miasmatic, glandular, strumous, or malignant disease."That he should have stumbled upon thein is not remarkable, inasmuch as, in the present state of our knowledge, no a priori reasoning could have suggested any, even the remotest, connexion between disease of the supra-renal glands and disease of the tegumentary system.Yet to have recognised the importance of facts that have come, as it were, accidentally before us, and then, by a careful investigation of them, to have acquired an insight into the laws which regulate their connexion with one another, are deserving of high praise.And to such praise Dr. Addison is fairly entitled, if the observations he has published are the result of as much well-directed labour and thought as his character as an observer would warrant us in believing them to be.Dr. Addison, after characterizing his work as " a first and feeble attempt towards an inquiry into the functions and influence of the supra-renal capsules, as suggested by pathology," expresses the hope that?" However unimportant or unsatisfactory liis facts may at first sight appear, they may, by attracting the attention and enlisting the co-operation of the profession at large, lead to the subject being properly examined and sifted, and the inquiry so extended as to suggest at least some interesting physiological speculations, if not still more important practical indications."(p.4.) This hope has been to some extent realized ; and chiefly through the energy of Mr. Jonathan Hutchinson,* a large amount of evidence has been collected from all sources, strongly confirmatory of the views
Is obstetrics and gynaecology a specialty in jeopardy?
Authors: M Brudenell
Journal: BMJ (1984)

oldest case of fibrolamellar hepatoma to be reported.Her serum B12 concentration was actually low (96 pmol/l (130 ng/l); normal range 147-737 pmol/l (200-1000 ng/l)) al- though the binding capacity was not measured.We have showed that measurement of urinary dopa metabolites may be misleading, that fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma is not confined to the young, and that thorough investigation of a mass in the liver of a 65 year old is always necessary.
Oxygen as a driving gas for nebulisers: safe or dangerous?
Authors: K A Gunawardena, B Patel, I A Campbell, J B MacDonald, A P Smith
Journal: BMJ (1984)

Changes in blood gas tensions occurring when 100% oxygen or air was used as the driving gas for nebulised salbutamol were studied in 23 patients with severe airways obstruction. The patients fell into three groups: nine had chronic bronchitis and emphysema with carbon dioxide retention, seven had emphysema and chronic bronchitis without carbon dioxide retention, and seven had severe asthma (no carbon dioxide retention). When oxygen was used as the driving gas patients who retained carbon dioxide showed a mean rise of 1.03 kPa (7.7 mm Hg) in their pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) after 15 minutes (p less than 0.001) but the Pco2 returned to baseline values within 20 minutes of stopping the nebuliser. The other two groups showed no rise in Pco2 with oxygen. When air was used as the driving gas none of the groups became significantly more hypoxic. Although it is safe to use oxygen as the driving gas for nebulisers in patients with obstructive airways disease with normal Pco2, caution should be exercised in those who already have carbon dioxide retention.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Morton McCutcheon, Max Strumia, Stuart Mudd, Emily B. H. Mudd, Balduin Lucké
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

Rabbits infected intravenously with virulent mammalian tubercle bacilli have in a majority of cases developed circulating antibodies to a slight but appreciable degree. The increase in titer was detected in one group of rabbits within the 2nd or 3rd week, in others during the 2nd month of infection. Rabbits with residual pulmonary foci, resulting from infection 6 months or more previously with human tubercle bacilli, on reinfection with bovine tubercle bacilli promptly developed circulating antibodies strikingly in excess of those found during the course of primary infection. Such antibodies were present 6 or 7 days after reinfection. The changes in titer during tuberculous infection as detected by the bacterial surface reactions and by phagocytosis were again, within the experimental error, in quantitative correspondence. The loss of phagocytosis-promoting power in heated normal serum involves an exception to this correspondence between surface and phagocytosis effects. This exception has already been discussed in an earlier paper (8).
Glucocorticoid Receptors in Bronchial Epithelial Cells in Asthma
Authors: ISABELLE VACHIER, GIUSEPPINA CHIAPPARA, ANTONIO MAURIZIO VIGNOLA, ROSALIA GAGLIARDO, ELENA ALTIERI, BÉATRICE TÉROUANNE, PATRICE VIC, JEAN BOUSQUET, PHILIPPE GODARD, PASCAL CHANEZ
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

The expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in untreated or in steroid-dependent asthmatic patients is poorly understood. We therefore studied GR mRNA and protein levels in bronchial biopsies obtained from seven untreated asthmatic patients, seven control volunteers, and seven patients with chronic bronchitis. We also studied in bronchial epithelial cells obtained by brushing from 13 untreated asthmatics, 18 steroid-dependent asthmatics, 11 control volunteers, and 12 patients with chronic bronchitis, GR and heat shock protein 90 kD (hsp90) mRNA as well as the immunoreactivity of GR, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), and granulocyte macrophage–colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). GR mRNA and protein level was similar in all subject groups in both biopsies and bronchial epithelial cells. Hsp90 mRNA level was also similar in all subject groups. ICAM-1 expression was significantly increased in bronchial epithelial cells from untreated asthmatics, but ICAM-1 was not expressed in those from steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. GM-CSF expression was significantly increased in bronchial epithelial cells from untreated and steroid-dependent asthmatic patients. GR expression within the airways is unaltered by oral long-term steroid treatment in asthma, but the expression of some but not all specific markers for asthma is modified by oral steroid.
Effect of Propranolol, Procainamide, and Lidocaine on Ventricular Automaticity and Reentry in Experimental Myocardial Infarction
Authors: OLIVE W. GAMBLE, KEITH COHN
Journal: Circulation (1972)

The importance of two arrhythmogenic mechanisms, ventricular reentry and automaticity, was assessed after coronary ligation in 35 cats. Automaticity was estimated by the frequency of ventricular escape beats after intravenous acetylcholine, and reentry was estimated by the number of repetitive beats induced by premature ventricular stimuli. Increased automaticity only was present after coronary ligation in two studies; increased reentry only was noted in 24; and both increased automaticity and reentry were seen in nine studies. Incremental doses of lidocaine (2-4 mg/kg), propranolol (0.1-0.3 mg/kg), or procainamide (5-15 mg/kg) consistently returned automaticity to normal. Procainamide abolished repetitive beats in 12 of 13 studies, propranolol did so in eight of 11, but lidocaine did so in only six of 17. Repetitive beats actually increased in six studies after lidocaine, at a time when lidocaine blood levels were in the lower therapeutic range. A persistent arrhythmia appeared after coronary ligation in 12 studies; in 10 the disappearance or persistence of the arrhythmia after drug administration matched the disappearance or persistence of repetitive beats. We conclude that both reentry and increased ventricular automaticity appear during myocardial infarction but that reentry seems of greater importance in the genesis of arrhythmias. These drugs are more reliable in normalizing automaticity than in abolishing reentry; the failure of a drug may thus be related to its failure to abolish reentry. Moreover, lidocaine may accentuate ventricular reentry, especially at the lower blood levels.
Obesity, Fat Distribution, and Weight Gain as Risk Factors for Clinical Diabetes in Men
Authors: June M Chan, Eric B Rimm, Graham A Colditz, Meir J Stampfer, Walter C Willett
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain through adulthood and the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes melli-tus (NIDDM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We analyzed data from a cohort of 51,529 U.S. male health professionals, 40-75 years of age in 1986, who completed biennial questionnaires sent out in 1986, 1988, 1990, and 1992. During 5 years of follow-up (1987-1992), 272 cases of NIDDM were diagnosed among men without a history of diabetes, heart disease, and cancer in 1986 and who provided complete health information. Relative risks (RRs) associated with different anthropometrie measures were calculated controlling for age, and multivariate RRs were calculated controlling for smoking, family history of diabetes, and age. RESULTS We found a strong positive association between overall obesity as measured by body mass index (BMI) and risk of diabetes. Men with a BMI of ≥35 kg/m2 had a multivariate RR of 42.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.0-80.6) compared with men with a BMI &amp;lt;23.0 kg/m2. BMI at age 21 and absolute weight gain throughout adulthood were also significant independent risk factors for diabetes. Fat distribution, measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), was a good predictor of diabetes only among the top 5%, while waist circumference was positively associated with the risk of diabetes among the top 20% of the cohort. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that waist circumference may be a better indicator than WHR of the relationship between abdominal adiposity and risk of diabetes. Although early obesity, absolute weight gain throughout adulthood, and waist circumference were good predictors of diabetes, attained BMI was the dominant risk factor for NIDDM; even men of average relative weight had significantly elevated RRs.
Vagal regulation of insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin secretion in vitro in the rat.
Authors: S Nishi, Y Seino, H Ishida, M Seno, T Taminato, H Sakurai, H Imura
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Using a new in vitro procedure of the isolated perfused rat pancreas with vagal innervation, electrical vagal stimulation produced an increase in both insulin and glucagon secretion in proportion to the pulse frequency, but an inhibition in somatostatin release. When atropine was infused, both insulin and glucagon responses to vagal stimulation were partially suppressed, whereas somatostatin release was enhanced. In the presence of hexamethonium, vagal stimulation failed to affect insulin, glucagon, or somatostatin secretion. Propranolol partially blocked both insulin and glucagon responses but did not influence somatostatin response. Phentolamine had no significant effect on release of hormones. Simultaneous administration of propranolol and phentolamine tended to inhibit both insulin and glucagon responses to vagal stimulation. These findings suggest that not only a cholinergic but also a noncholinergic neuron may be involved in vagal regulation of pancreatic hormone secretion and that these neurons may be under the control of preganglionic vagal fibers via nicotinic receptors.
Living With a Man Who Is Dying: A Personal Memoir
Authors: Sanford Meyerowitz
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Recently there has been long overdue attention to the psychosocial processes accompanying fatal illness, dying, death, and grief. We are witnessing an increasing number of conferences and publications devoted to achieving greater understanding and responsiveness to the needs of the dying patient by the physician and other clinical workers. Increased familiarity and comfort with the issues will, we hope, enhance the physician's therapeutic capacity in his relationship with patient and family as well as in his use of technologic advances in resuscitation and life support.  Now, this brief, highly personal account appears, describing in a moving, even compelling, fashion the experiences of a young woman, married for six years, who is confronted with the fact that her 33-year-old husband is dying of carcinoma of the pancreas. It could be dismissed as another single case report, written from the uncorrected viewpoint of the patient's wife without the clinician's firsthand perceptions. However,
Isometric Cardiac Contraction
Authors: Bernadine H. Bulkley, Myron L. Weisfeldt, Grover M. Hutchins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

The bizarre septal architecture of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) may be secondary to a small systolic cavity with late systolic isometric contraction. We examined ventricular muscle for IHSS-type muscle-fiber disarray in infant hearts in which isometric contraction would occur during development-namely, pulmonary or aortic-valve atresia with intact ventricular septum and normal atrio-ventricular valves. Fifteen patients with aortic atresia and 10 with pulmonary atresia were compared to 25 normal controls of matched age and heart weight. Aortic atresia showed disorganization of muscle-fiber alignment of left ventricle, particularly septum, and intramural coronary-artery changes virtually identical to IHSS. Pulmonic atresia had similar right ventricular disarray and vessel changes, again most marked in the septum. Thus, cardiac muscle-cell disorientation similar to IHSS occurs in infant ventricles with outflow-tract obstruction. This IHSS-type myocardial-fiber disarray may result from altered wall stresses related to isometric systolic contraction.
Longitudinal monitoring of cardiac siderosis using cardiovascular magnetic resonance <i>T</i>2* in patients with thalassemia major on various chelation regimens: A 6‐year study
Authors: Srikanth R. Ambati, Rachel E. Randolph, Kevin Mennitt, Dorothy A. Kleinert, Jonathan W. Weinsaft, Patricia J. Giardina
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2013)

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and hepatic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have become reliable noninvasive tools to monitor iron excess in thalassemia major (TM) patients. However, long-term studies are lacking. We reviewed CMR and hepatic MRI T2* imaging on 54 TM patients who had three or more annual measurements. They were managed on various chelation regimens. Patients were grouped according to their degree of cardiac siderosis: severe (T2*, <10 msec), mild to moderate (T2* = 10-20 msec), and no cardiac siderosis (T2*, >20 msec). We looked at the change in cardiac T2*, liver iron concentration (LIC) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at years 3 and 5. In patients with severe cardiac siderosis, cardiac T2* (mean ± SD) improved from 6.9 ± 1.6 at baseline to 13.6 ± 10.0 by year 5, mean ΔT2* = 6.7 (P = 0.04). Change in cardiac T2* at year 3 was not significant in the severe group. Patients with mild to moderate cardiac siderosis had mean cardiac T2* of 14.6 ± 2.9 at baseline which improved to 26.3 ± 9.5 by year 3, mean ΔT2* = 1.7 (P = 0.01). At baseline, median LICs (mg/g dry weight) in patients with severe, mild-moderate, and no cardiac siderosis were 3.6, 2.8, and 3.3, whereas LVEFs (mean ± SD) (%) were 56.3 ± 10.1, 60 ± 5, and 66 ± 7.6, respectively. No significant correlation was noted between Δ cardiac T2* and Δ LIC, Δ cardiac T2*, and Δ LVEF at years 3 and 5. Throughout the observation period, patients with no cardiac siderosis maintained their cardiac T2* above 20 msec. The majority of patients with cardiac siderosis improve cardiac T2* over time with optimal chelation.