tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prospective Associations Between Emotional Distress and Poor Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: James E. Aikens
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE Cross-sectional studies link both depressive symptoms (DS) and diabetes-related distress (DRD) to diabetes self-management and/or glycemic control. However, longitudinal studies of these variables are rare, and their results are somewhat conflicting. The study objective was to compare DS and DRD as longitudinal predictors of medication adherence, self-care behavior, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Primary care patients with type 2 diabetes reported DS, DRD, and other variables at baseline were studied. Medication adherence, self-care behaviors (diet, physical activity, and glucose testing), and glycemic control (HbA1c) were assessed 6 months later (n = 253). Cross-sectional and longitudinal regression analyses were used to model behavioral and medical outcomes as a function of baseline confounders, DS, and DRD. RESULTS Adjusted cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses yielded very similar results. In the latter, only DS were significantly associated with future diet behavior (P = 0.049), physical activity (P = 0.001), and glucose testing (P = 0.018). In contrast, only DRD predicted future glycemic control (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and medication adherence (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS Distress-outcome associations seem to vary by type of distress under consideration. Only DS predicts future lifestyle-oriented self-management behaviors. In contrast, only DRD predicts glycemic control, perhaps by decreasing medication adherence. Clinical assessment and intervention should encompass both types of distress, unless the goal is to narrowly target a highly specific outcome.
Designing Tomorrow's Vaccines
Authors: Gary J. Nabel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

V accines are among the most effective interventions in modern medicine.Ever since Edward Jenner's first use of a vaccine against smallpox in 1796 (see text box), the use of vaccines has become indispensable to the eradication of disease.In the 20th century alone, smallpox claimed an estimated 375 million lives, but since 1978, after the completion of a successful eradication campaign, not a single person has died from smallpox.Today, more than 70 vaccines have been licensed for use against approximately 30 microbes, sparing countless lives (Fig. 1A and1B). 1,2Diseases including poliomyelitis, measles, mumps, rubella, and others caused an estimated 39 million infections in the 20th century in the United States, but vaccines have since rendered them uncommon (Table 1). 3,4he success of this public health intervention emanates not only from the identification of effective vaccines but also from a robust infrastructure for vaccine manufacturing, regulatory and safety oversight, and organized approaches to delivery.Vaccines represent the least expensive and most facile way to protect against devastating epidemics.Society derives economic benefits by preventing hospitalization, avoiding long-term disability, and reducing absence from work.In brief, vaccines provide the most cost-effective means to save lives, preserve good health, and maintain a high quality of life.Despite this legacy, infectious diseases still extract an extraordinary toll on humans.Vaccines have yet to realize their full potential for several reasons.First, effective vaccines are often not available in developing countries.The Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI) estimates that every year more than 1.5 million children (3 per minute) die from vaccine-preventable diseases.Second, effective vaccines have not yet been developed for diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, tuberculosis, and malaria, which claim the lives of more than 4 million people worldwide each year. [5]6][7] For nearly all successful licensed vaccines, natural immunity to infection has been shown, and the vaccine mimics the protective immune response.In contrast, for HIV infection, tuberculosis, and malaria, it has been difficult to show preventive immunity.Protection against these pathogens requires a distinct approach to vaccine design, based on an understanding of immunopathogenesis and reliance on animal models.In these cases, the challenge is greater, the development path longer, and the outcome less certain.Finally, many vaccine technologies are old and ill-suited for a rapid response to emerging outbreaks.For example, influenza vaccines rely largely on 50-year-old technology.Current seasonal influenza vaccines are not always well
Two Cases of Variola
Authors: E. GRAHAM LITTLE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1902)

Journal Article Two Cases of Variola Get access E. GRAHAM LITTLE, M.D., M.R.C.P. LOND. E. GRAHAM LITTLE, M.D., M.R.C.P. LOND. Assistant‐Physician to the East London Hospital for Children, Shadwell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 14, Issue 4, 1 April 1902, Pages 141–142, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1902.tb16440.x Published: 01 April 1902
STUDIES ON ALBUMIN SYNTHESIS: THE EFFECTS OF DEXTRAN AND CORTISONE ON ALBUMIN METABOLISM IN RABBITS STUDIED WITH ALBUMIN-I131*
Authors: Marcus A. Rothschild, Murray Oratz, Ernest Wimer, Sidney S. Schreiber
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

Following plasmapheresis, the depressed serum albumin concentration rapidly returns to normal (1) indicating alterations in albumin synthesis or degradation.Both dextran administration (2-6) and elevation of serum globulin levels produced by means of hyperimmunization (7, 8) are asso- ciated with hypoalbuminemia; a colloid osmotic regulatory mechanism has been suggested as re- sponsible for the reciprocal changes in serum proteins observed after hyperimmunization (7, 9).If such a mechanism does exert control over the concentration of serum albumin, alterations of albumin metabolism either in the rate of synthesis or in the rate of degradation might be expected when osmotically active molecules other than al- bumin are added to the circulation.The present study represents an attempt to define, more specifi- cally than heretofore reported, the changes in albumin metabolism resulting from such a proce- dure.Dextran was administered to rabbits to de- press albumin concentration.After the develop- ment of hypoalbuminemia, the rates of albumin synthesis and degradation were studied and com- pared with control values.Cortisone acetate was then given to increase the rate of albumin degra- dation (10), and the rates of albumin synthesis were remeasured. METHODSFemale rabbits were used in all studies.Animals were kept in metabolism cages and fed a standard rabbit diet.Lugol's solution was added to the drinking water daily.The distribution and metabolism of albumin were
Mirtazapine, a Mixed-Profile Serotonin Agonist/Antagonist, Suppresses Sleep Apnea in the Rat
Authors: DAVID W. CARLEY, MIODRAG RADULOVACKI
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

Serotonin enhancing drugs, including l-tryptophan and, more recently, fluoxetine and paroxetine, have been tested as pharmacologic treatments for sleep apnea syndrome. Although some patients have demonstrated reduced apnea expression after treatment with these compounds, this improvement has been restricted to nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, with some patients showing no improvement. This study reports the effects of mirtazapine, an antidepressant with 5-HT1 agonist as well as 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 antagonist effects, on sleep and respiration in an established animal model of central apnea. We studied nine adult male Sprague-Dawley rats chronically instrumented for sleep staging. In random order on separate days, rats were recorded after intraperitoneal injection of: (1) saline, (2) 0.1 mg/kg + / − mirtazapine (labeled as Remeron), (3) 1 mg/kg mirtazapine, or (4) 5 mg/ kg mirtazapine. With respect to saline injections, mirtazapine at all three doses reduced apnea index during NREM sleep by more than 50% (p < 0.0001) and during REM sleep by 60% (p < 0.0001) for at least 6 h. In association with this apnea suppression normalized inspiratory minute ventilation increased during all wake/sleep states (p < 0.001 for each state). The duration of NREM sleep was unaffected by any dose of mirtazapine (p = 0.42), but NREM EEG delta power was increased by more than 30% at all doses (p = 0.04), indicating improved NREM sleep consolidation after mirtazapine injection. We conclude that mirtazapine, over a 50-fold dose range, significantly reduces central apnea expression during NREM and REM sleep in the rat. The efficacy of this compound to suppress apnea in all sleep stages most probably arises from its mixed agonist/antagonist profile at serotonin receptors. The implications of these findings for the management of sleep apnea syndrome must be verified by appropriate clinical trials. Carley DW, Radulovacki M. Mirtazapine, a mixed-profile serotonin agonist/antagonist, suppresses sleep apnea in the rat.
Distal Colonic K+ Secretion Occurs via BK Channels
Authors: Matthias Sausbier, Joana E. Matos, Ulrike Sausbier, Golo Beranek, Claudia Arntz, Winfried Neuhuber, Peter Ruth, Jens Leipziger
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2006)

K(+) secretion in the kidney and distal colon is a main determinant of K(+) homeostasis. This study investigated the identity of the relevant luminal secretory K(+) ion channel in distal colon. An Ussing chamber was used to measure ion transport in the recently generated BK channel-deficient (BK(-/-)) mice. BK(-/-) mice display a significant colonic epithelial phenotype with (1) lack of Ba(2+)-sensitive resting K(+) secretion, (2) absence of K(+) secretion stimulated by luminal P2Y(2) and P2Y(4) receptors, (3) absence of luminal Ca(2+) ionophore (A23187)-stimulated K(+) secretion, (4) reduced K(+) and increased Na(+) contents in feces, and (5) an increased colonic Na(+) absorption. In contrast, resting and uridine triphosphate (UTP)-stimulated K(+) secretion was not altered in mice that were deficient for the intermediate conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channel SK4. BK channels localize to the luminal membrane of crypt, and reverse transcription-PCR results confirm the expression of the BK channel alpha-subunit in isolated distal colonic crypts. It is concluded that BK channels are the responsible K(+) channels for resting and stimulated Ca(2+)-activated K(+) secretion in mouse distal colon.
Erratum to: Secretoneurin as a marker for hypoxic brain injury after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Julia Hasslacher, Georg Franz Lehner, Ulrich Harler, Ronny Beer, Hanno Ulmer, Rudolf Kirchmair, Reiner Fischer-Colbrie, Romuald Bellmann, Stefan Dunzendorfer, Michael Joannidis
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2014)
Abstract 655: Menopausal hormone therapy and breast cancer risk: The CECILE Study
Authors: Emilie Cordina-Duverger, Thérèse Truong, Antoinette Anger, Claire Mulot, Patrick Arveux, Pierre Kerbrat, Florence Menegaux, Pascal Guenel
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Breast cancer in post-menopausal women has been associated with the use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Estrogen-only (EO) and combined estrogen-progestagen (EP) therapies have been evaluated as potentially carcinogenic to human by the IARC. However, the type of estrogen and progestagen in the MHT varies considerably by country. For example, besides synthetic progestagens, the use of natural progesterone in combined EP therapy is specific to France. We investigated whether the association between MHT and breast cancer in postmenopausal women differ by type of chemical compound. We conducted a population-based case-control study in France in 762 cases and 840 controls recruited among postmenopausal women in two French “départements”. Data were collected including name of medication, date of start and end of each medication used. Unconditional logistic regression models were used, with adjustment for age, study area, and known risk factors for breast cancer. We observed a significant increased risk of breast cancer for current users of estrogen plus synthetic progestagen while no association was found for any use of estrogen-only therapy or combined therapy of estrogen plus natural progesterone. Among current users of estrogen plus synthetic progestagen, the association with breast cancer increased with duration of use and was higher in women who started their treatment before or shortly after menopause. Our study suggests that the use of natural progesterone as the progestagen component in a combined EP therapy is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. This result reinforces the findings reported in another cohort study of French women (E3N). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 655. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-655
Prevalence and prognosis of cor pulmonale during protective ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Florence Boissier, Sandrine Katsahian, Keyvan Razazi, Arnaud W. Thille, Ferran Roche-Campo, Rusel Leon, Emmanuel Vivier, Laurent Brochard, Antoine Vieillard-Baron, Christian Brun-Buisson, Armand Mekontso Dessap
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2013)
Diffuse Fibrosing Alveolitis (Diffuse Interstitial Fibrosis of the Lungs): Two Cases with Autoimmune Features
Authors: I. R. Mackay, B. Ritchie
Journal: Thorax (1965)

This report describes two female patients with clinical, functional, and histological features suggestive of diffuse fibrosing alveolitis, and, in addition, serological findings indicative of an autoimmune reaction.The results of autoimmune serological tests in a further 15 patients are pre- sented in tabular form.Read (1958b) presented detailed evidence supporting 'the concept that some cases of the Hamman-Rich syndrome are based on immune mechanisms'.Our findings suggest that diffuse fibrosing alveolitis could be caused by an autoimmune reaction, but our evidence is not conclusive.The term 'diffuse fibrosing alveolitis' has been used throughout this paper to include diffuse interstitial fibrosis and the Hamman-Rich syndrome according to the sug- gestions made by Scadding (1964) and Gough (1964). METHODSThe methods used for pulmonary function studies were described by Ritchie (1964).Lung biopsies were obtained in both cases by Mr. L. Grigg by limited thoracotomy and surgical resec- tion from the right middle lobe under general anaesthesia ; there were no complications.Cryostat sections of an unfixed portion of the lung biopsy from case 1 were treated with a fluoresceinconjugated goat anti-human y-globulin serum and viewed under ultraviolet light to detect deposition of y-globulin in the alveolar walls.Serological methods for anticytoplasmic antibodies (auto- immune complement fixation, AICF) and thyro-
Flow-function relationships in chronically dysfunctional myocardium revisited: Impact of subendocardial perfusion and transmurality of myocardial necrosis
Authors: Bernhard L. Gerber, Agnès Pasquet, Véronique Roelants, Anne Bol, David Vancraeynest, Jean-Louis J. Vanoverschelde
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Cholesterol and Violence: Is There a Connection?
Authors: Beatrice A. Golomb
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Purpose: To determine whether the seeming relation between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence is consistent with causality according to Hill's criteria and whether construct validity is supported by convergence of findings across different types of studies. Data Sources: Search of the MEDLINE database for English-language articles published between 1965 and 1995 was supplemented by searches of the PsycINFO and Current Contents databases and bibliographies of relevant articles. Study Selection: Peer-reviewed observational and experimental articles and meta-analyses that presented original research; related cholesterol levels to behaviorally defined violence; and if experimental, had single-factor (lipid-only) intervention. Data Extraction: Studies were grouped according to type. Data on the relation of violence to cholesterol levels from each study were recorded. Data Synthesis: Observational studies (including cohort, case–control, and cross-sectional studies) consistently showed increased violent death and violent behaviors in persons with low cholesterol levels. Some meta-analyses of randomized trials found excess violent deaths in men without heart disease who were randomly assigned to receive cholesterol-lowering therapy. Experimental studies showed increased violent behaviors in monkeys assigned to low-cholesterol diets. Human and animal research indicates that low or lowered cholesterol levels may reduce central serotonin activity, which in turn is causally linked to violent behaviors. Many trials support a significant relation between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence (P < 0.001). Conclusions: A significant association between low or lowered cholesterol levels and violence is found across many types of studies. Data on this association conform to Hill's criteria for a causal association. Concerns about increased risk for violent outcomes should figure in risk–benefit analyses for cholesterol screening and treatment.
Sequential brush biopsy and conventional biopsy: direct comparison of diagnostic sensitivity in lung malignancy.
Authors: J R Lyall, G D Summers, I M O'Brien, N T Batemen, C P Pike, M V Braimbridge
Journal: Thorax (1980)

One hundred and sixteen patients with suspected lung malignancy who were referred for bronchoscopy were examined using both the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope and the rigid bronchoscope. Both instruments were used sequentially under the same general anaesthetic. Brush biopsies were obtained through the fibreoptic bronchoscope and conventional biopsies, for histological examination, through the rigid bronchoscope. Both specimens were taken from the same area. Eighty-two per cent of those in whom there was a final clinical diagnosis of malignancy were found to have abnormal cytology via the fibreoptic bronchoscope, while abnormal histology was found in 50% by means of the rigid bronchoscope. For those in whom malignancy was confirmed, 16.9% showed disagreement between the two methods in cell typing. Brush biopsy through the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope under general anaesthesia is confirmed as a sensitive method for diagnosing lung malignancy.
RNA-binding protein RBM24 is required for sarcomere assembly and heart contractility
Authors: Kar Lai Poon, Kar Tong Tan, Yang Ye Wei, Chee Peng Ng, Alan Colman, Vladimir Korzh, Xiu Qin Xu
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

The factors responsible for cardiomyopathy are not fully understood. Our studies of the transcriptome of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes identified novel genes up-regulated during cardiac differentiation, including RBM24. We therefore studied how its deficiency affected heart development. The expression of Rbm24 was detected in mouse cardiomyocytes and embryonic myocardium of zebrafish at the RNA and protein level. The Rbm24 loss-of-function showed that Rbm24 deficiency resulted in a reduction in sarcomeric proteins, Z-disc abnormality, and diminished heart contractility, resulting in the absence of circulation in zebrafish embryos. Gene expression profiling revealed down-regulation of multiple pathways associated with sarcomere assembly and vasculature development in Rbm24 deficiency. We identified a novel role of the tissue-specific RNA-binding protein (RBP) Rbm24 involving in the regulation of cardiac gene expression, sarcomeric assembly, and cardiac contractility. This study uncovers a potential novel pathway to cardiomyopathy through down-regulation of the RBP Rbm24.
Characterization of the excitable gap in a functionally determined reentrant circuit. Studies in the sterile pericarditis model of atrial flutter.
Authors: S Niwano, J Ortiz, H Abe, X Gonzalez, Y Rudy, A L Waldo
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Single premature beats were introduced in the reentrant circuit during stable atrial flutter in the canine sterile pericarditis model to test the hypotheses that (1) despite the fact that the reentrant circuit is functionally determined, there is a fully excitable gap; (2) the excitable gap in the reentrant circuit is not uniform; and (3) inhomogeneities of conduction in the reentrant circuit explain the effects of premature beats. METHODS AND RESULTS A multiplexing system was used to record 190 unipolar electrograms from the right atrial free wall during 18 atrial flutter episodes in 9 dogs. In all 18 episodes, premature stimuli captured the atrial flutter reentrant circuit. At the longest coupling intervals, the return cycle at the site closest to the pacing site did not prolong. As the coupling interval of the premature stimulus decreased, the return cycle then progressively increased, associated with changes in conduction in the reentrant circuit that were not uniform. The result was that coupling intervals associated with introduction of the premature beat also were not constant. The mean duration of the total (ie, fully plus partially) excitable gap was 12 +/- 4 ms in areas of slow conduction, and it was always shorter than the total excitable gap in other areas (22 +/- 6 ms, P &lt; .001). The mean duration of the fully excitable gap based on analysis of the return cycle was 4 +/- 1 ms in the reentrant circuit. In 13 of 18 atrial flutter episodes, a premature stimulus terminated atrial flutter by causing block of the orthodromic wave front of the premature beat in an area of slow conduction. The mean coupling interval that caused orthodromic block was 113 +/- 5 ms (recorded at the site just proximal to the area of block), and it was always longer than the delivered stimulus coupling interval at the pacing site (96 +/- 8 ms, P &lt; .001). CONCLUSIONS We conclude that in this functionally determined atrial flutter reentrant circuit in the canine sterile pericarditis model, (1) a fully excitable gap is present in at least part of the reentrant circuit; (2) the duration of the excitable gap in the reentrant circuit is shortest in areas of slow conduction; and (3) when a premature beat encounters the partially excitable gap of the reentrant circuit, it results in changes in conduction such that the coupling intervals are not uniform throughout in the reentrant circuit.
Comparison between the myocardial uptake of 99mTcN-DBODC5 and 201TI during vasodilator stress in a canine model of a critical coronary stenosis
Authors: Kengo Hatada, Laurent M. Riou, Mirta Ruiz, Ronaldo L. Lina, Allen R. Goode, Denny D. Watson, George A. Beller, David K. Glover
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)