tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cytology in Prevention of Cancer of Cervix
Authors: M. P. S. Grant
Journal: BMJ (1963)

The value of cytology has been but grudgingly admitted in this country during the past ten years, and although recently its use, particularly in the gynaecological field, has extended, only a small minority of all gynaecological and post-natal patients have the advantage of cytology as part of their routine examination. I had the opportunity to join the cytological service started in Edinburgh by Dr. A. F. Anderson, at the request of Professor Kellar, in 1949, and the advantage of routine cytology in gynaecological practice soon became apparent (Anderson et al., 1951, 1953). In 1955 Professor Ian Donald, of Glasgow University, asked for a cytological service for his patients at the Western Infirmary, and this was started for a trial period, with the permission and co-operation of the medical officer of health, Dr. W. A. Horne, who offered laboratory facilities and technical help for the staining of the smears. The time available for cytology was limited and the service could not cover all the patients attending the unit, so it was arranged that those over 40 years of age should be screened routinely and as many of those under 40 as possible. Cervical scrape smears were taken as advocated by Ayre (1947), and these were fixed and stained by the Papanicolaou method (Papanicolaou and Traut, 1943).
The Clinical Course of the Proliferative and Membranous Forms of Lupus Nephritis
Authors: David S. Baldwin, Jerome Lowenstein, Naomi F. Rothfield, Gloria Gallo, Robert T. Mccluskey
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

By using histologic, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopic observations of 52 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and renal involvement, three different forms of lupus nephritis, each having typical clinical features and course, were identified. Focal proliferative lupus nephritis was characterized by urinary abnormalities, rarely with the nephrotic syndrome or renal insufficiency; the renal manifestations remitted readily in association with corticoid therapy, and progression to renal failure did not occur. Diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis was characterized by the nephrotic syndrome, usually with renal insufficiency; remissions were observed in about half of the patients, most of whom relapsed, and most patients with the diffuse proliferative type died of renal insufficiency within 3 years. Membranous lupus nephritis was characterized by the nephrotic syndrome; remissions were observed in about one third and were occasionally sustained—in most, the nephrotic syndrome was persistent, and renal insufficiency developed. Marked diastolic hypertension, papilledema, heart failure, encephalopathy, and rapidly progressive renal failure was observed in five patients in whom the kidney at postmortem showed fibrinoid arteritis and arteriolitis.
LEFT ATRIAL RESERVOIR FUNCTION IS IMPAIRED IN REDUCED EXERCISE CAPACITY IN PATIENTS WITH MITRAL STENOSIS
Authors: Makoto Amaki, Hideaki Kanzaki, Yoshiyuki Sumita, Rika Mizuta, Akira Funada, Hiroyuki Takahama, Takuya Hasegawa, Masafumi Kitakaze
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Physician-Assisted Suicide-Reply
Authors: Peter A. Goodwin
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —My comments about the "double effect" and "sedating patients into oblivion" were not intended as a blanket indictment of the medical profession, but were intended to reflect on what is still a common practice. Nor was I calling into question the value of truly knowledgeable and compassionate management of pain in the dying patient, so well outlined by Dr Rousseau. However, Rousseau seems to agree that we are far from such ideal management of the competent, terminally ill patient who is encouraged at all times to participate in management decisions and whose pain is effectively treated. Because of the passage of ballot measure 16, many initiatives have been taken in Oregon to improve the care provided to the terminally ill, including the creation of a multidisciplinary "comfort care team" at Oregon Health Sciences University as described by Dr Tolle.<sup>1</sup>That goal, to improve care of the terminally
Consultation skills of young doctors: I--Benefits of feedback training in interviewing as students persist.
Authors: P Maguire, S Fairbairn, C Fletcher
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Thirty six young doctors who as medical students had been randomly allocated to either video feedback training or conventional teaching in interviewing skills during a psychiatry clerkship were reassessed five years later. Each doctor interviewed one patient with a psychiatric illness and two with a physical illness. Each interview was rated independently. Both groups had improved since the fourth year clerkship, but those given feedback training had maintained their superiority in the skills associated with accurate diagnosis. This superiority was as evident in their interviews with physically ill patients as it was with psychiatric patients. Both groups, however, still used "closed" questions and were more reluctant to cover psychosocial problems in physically ill patients. Those trained conventionally were clinically inadequate in both these aspects and in clarifying their patients9 statements. Given these lasting benefits, all medical students should have feedback training in interviewing skills.
The nature of the mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of nitrated, aromatic compounds in the environment.
Authors: H Tokiwa, R Nakagawa, K Horikawa, A Ohkubo
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

Gaseous substances such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) stimulate the process of nitration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and the transformation products display a broad spectrum of mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Bacterial mutation by nitroarenes is specific. Tetracyclic nitroarenes are thought to be the most mutagenic compounds in the Salmonella test system, and some are carcinogenic in rats and mice. Furthermore, it was found that the mutational nitroarenes produced mostly DNA damage, which is subject to recombination repair in the rec assay system using Bacillus subtilis. Nitroarenes in the environment seem to be ubiquitous; the majority of the compounds are emitted directly from diesel emissions, kerosene heaters, and gas and liquefied-gas burners or heaters. In nitroarenes induced during incomplete combustion, nitropyrene and nitrofluoranthene derivatives are the most important mutagens/carcinogens for determining the chronic toxicity of nitroarenes overall.
Practical Use of Color in Clinical Diagnosis
Authors: Edward H. McGehee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1953)

COLOR differentiation is in constant use in determining results of various tests in the modern clinical laboratory. It appears worth while to mention the practical value of color perception in an earlier stage of diagnosis — that is, history taking — and to suggest a simple means, handy for daily use by the physician, of obtaining impoitant information.Major points can frequently be gained by utilization of the patient's appreciation of color. Excretions from the body orifices and medicines and house-hold substances taken orally are the main categories in which one may need to establish a definite color relation. Rarely, . . .
Quality of life during formoterol treatment: comparison between asthma-specific and generic questionnaires. Canadian and the Dutch Formoterol Investigators
Authors: T van der Molen, MR Sears, CS de Graaff, DS Postma, B Meyboom-de Jong
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1998)

This study aimed to investigate the effect of treating patients with moderate asthma with formoterol on quality of life (QoL) and to compare several questionnaires in their ability to detect changes in QoL. In an eight month multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, patients with asthma using daily inhaled corticosteroids and beta2-agonists (&gt; or = 5 inhalations x week(-1)) were randomized to 6 months treatment with formoterol 24 microg b.i.d. (by Turbuhaler) or a matching placebo. Patients recorded symptoms (maximal score 21) and peak expiratory flow (PEF) twice daily. QoL was measured with two asthma-specific questionnaires, the Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) and the Living with Asthma Questionnaire (LWAQ), and with two generic QoL forms, i.e. the Short Form 36 (SF36) and the Psychological and General Well-Being scale (PGWB) at randomization and after 6 months of treatment. Out of 110 patients studied, 56 received formoterol and 54 placebo. Mean baseline forced expiratory volume in one second was 65% predicted. Mean morning PEF was 369 L x min(-1). Mean total symptom score was 3.6. Morning PEF increased (26.8 L x min(-1), p=0.0001) and symptoms decreased (-1.23, p=0.012) in the formoterol group in contrast to placebo. QoL improvements were measured in the LWAQ total score (baseline 0.61, change -0.05, p=0.048) and the physical construct of the LWAQ (baseline 0.71, change 0.07, p=0.044). The AQLQ and the generic QoL instruments showed no significant changes. In conclusion, the improvement in quality of life reported after 6 months was very small and only reflected by the Living with Asthma Questionnaire.
X-ray crystal structure of the fibrinolysis inhibitor α2-antiplasmin
Authors: Ruby H. P. Law, Trifina Sofian, Wan-Ting Kan, Anita J. Horvath, Corinne R. Hitchen, Christopher G. Langendorf, Ashley M. Buckle, James C. Whisstock, Paul B. Coughlin
Journal: Blood (2007)
TIMP-1 gene expression and PAI-1 antigen after unilateral ureteral obstruction in the adult male rat
Authors: Carla Duymelinck, Simonne E.H. Dauwe, Kathleen E.J. De Greef, Dirk K. Ysebaert, Gert A. Verpooten, Marc E. De Broe
Journal: Kidney International (2000)
FOCAL GLOMERULAR SCLEROSIS AND NEPHROTIC SYNDROME WITH PARTIAL LECITHIN:CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE DEFICIENCY AND DISCOIDAL HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN IN PLASMA AND URINE
Authors: J.F. Moorhead, M. El-Nahas, D. Harry, J.W. Persaud, K. Mayne, M.K. Chan, Z. Varghese
Journal: The Lancet (1983)
More on Pacemakers
Authors: Doris J. W. Escher
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  The following is in relation to Dr. Seymour Furman's comment,  Function (223:1389, 1973), in response to an article, Cardiac Pacemaker Function by Pennock et al (222:1379, 1972), which precipitated a counter-comment by Dr. Richard J. Lescoe, Cardiac Pacemaker Function (223:1510, 1973). I found Dr. Lescoe's LETTER just as shattering as Dr. Victor Parsonnet's Magnet Pacemaker Reversion (224:1428, 1973).  Dr. Lescoe's letter raised the specter of malpractice, was inept in its examples, and contained frightening implications for physicians and patients.  I wholeheartedly agree with Dr. Parsonnet's comments and would like to reiterate Dr. Furman's comments about the safety of telephone monitoring in our hands. Not only have we had over 5,000 telephone transmissions by this date, but we have had over 10,000 experiences with magnetic switching under monitoring by electrocardiogram in our pacer center and we have never precipitated any untoward event. It was this directly observed
Compliance, Hysteresis, and Collapsibility of Human Small Airways
Authors: HARM A. W. M. TIDDENS, WARD HOFHUIS, JAN M. BOGAARD, WIM C. J. HOP, HUIB de BRUIN, LUC N. A. WILLEMS, JOHAN C. de JONGSTE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1999)

We tested the hypothesis that airway wall dimensions are important determinants for the mechanical properties of airways. Lung tissue was obtained from 31 smokers with different degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were operated on for a solitary lung lesion. Segments of small airways (n = 35) were mounted on cannulas in an organ bath and inflated and deflated cyclically between + 15 and − 15 cm H2O. For each airway this was done at baseline, after methacholine, and after isoprenaline. Specific compliance (sCdyn), specific hysteresis (s η ), and pressure at which the airways collapsed (Pcol) were calculated from each recording. Airway wall dimensions were measured morphometrically. Lung function parameters of airflow obstruction were correlated to sCdyn, s η , and Pcol. At baseline, after methacholine, and after isoprenaline sCdyn was 0.059, 0.052, and 0.085 cm H2O− 1, s η was 13.5, 12.9, and 7.1%, and Pcol was − 3.4, − 3.5, and − 1.9 cm H2O, respectively. Differences between sCdyn, s η , and Pcol after methacholine and after isoprenaline were highly significant (p < 0.001). Of all dimensions studied, smooth muscle area, but not total wall area, was the most important determinant for sCdyn and for s η after methacholine. Specific hysteresis at baseline correlated to residual volume as a fraction of total lung capacity (RV/TLC) (r = 0.5, p = 0.05) and, in the presence of methacholine, to FEV1/FVC (r = − 0.68, p = 0.02) and RV/TLC (r = 0.5, p = 0.05). We conclude that, in this study, smooth muscle area and smooth muscle tone, but not total wall area, are determinants for compliance, hysteresis, and collapsibility of isolated airways obtained from smokers.
Expression of integrins during liver organogenesis in humans
Authors: Anne Couvelard, Annie-France Bringuier, Marie-Christine Dauge, Mimoun Nejjari, Emile Darai, Jean-Louis Benifla, Gérard Feldmann, Dominique Henin, Jean-Yves Scoazec
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Integrins play a pivotal role in organogenesis, by mediating the interactions between differentiating cells and the extracellular matrix. We analyzed the expression of integrins and their ligands during human liver organogenesis. The expression of β1, β3, and β4 integrins and the distribution of several extracellular matrix proteins were studied by immunoperoxidase in fetal liver samples from 5 to 40 weeks’ gestation. Hepatoblasts expressed only the β1, α1, α5, α6, and α9 integrin chains. Fetal hepatocytes, emerging at the 8th week of gestation, initially retained the same combination of integrins, but presented a progressive decrease in their expression levels. After 15 weeks’ gestation, the expression levels of β1, α1, α5, and α9 reached levels comparable to those observed in the adult state. α6 expression became undetectable after 30 weeks’ gestation. As compared to hepatoblasts, intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells, differentiating at the 8th week of gestation in the ductal plate, were characterized by the progressive loss of α1, the marked induction of α6, and the de novo acquisition of the β4, α2, and α3 integrin chains. The disappearance of integrin receptors for laminin on hepatocytes was associated with the rarefaction of laminin in the perisinusoidal matrix, whereas their induction on biliary epithelial cells was associated with laminin deposition at the point of contact with the ductal plate. In conclusion, integrins likely play an important role in the differentiation of the epithelial and endothelial cell populations of the liver.
Inclusion of Ethical Issues in Dementia Guidelines: A Thematic Text Analysis
Authors: Hannes Knüppel, Marcel Mertz, Martina Schmidhuber, Gerald Neitzke, Daniel Strech
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) aim to improve professionalism in health care. However, current CPG development manuals fail to address how to include ethical issues in a systematic and transparent manner. The objective of this study was to assess the representation of ethical issues in general CPGs on dementia care.To identify national CPGs on dementia care, five databases of guidelines were searched and national psychiatric associations were contacted in August 2011 and in June 2013. A framework for the assessment of the identified CPGs' ethical content was developed on the basis of a prior systematic review of ethical issues in dementia care. Thematic text analysis and a 4-point rating score were employed to assess how ethical issues were addressed in the identified CPGs. Twelve national CPGs were included. Thirty-one ethical issues in dementia care were identified by the prior systematic review. The proportion of these 31 ethical issues that were explicitly addressed by each CPG ranged from 22% to 77%, with a median of 49.5%. National guidelines differed substantially with respect to (a) which ethical issues were represented, (b) whether ethical recommendations were included, (c) whether justifications or citations were provided to support recommendations, and (d) to what extent the ethical issues were explained.Ethical issues were inconsistently addressed in national dementia guidelines, with some guidelines including most and some including few ethical issues. Guidelines should address ethical issues and how to deal with them to help the medical profession understand how to approach care of patients with dementia, and for patients, their relatives, and the general public, all of whom might seek information and advice in national guidelines. There is a need for further research to specify how detailed ethical issues and their respective recommendations can and should be addressed in dementia guidelines. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection
Authors: Robert Steinbrook
Journal: JAMA (2012)

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Diagnosis and Assessment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: David B. Badesch, Hunter C. Champion, Miguel Angel Gomez Sanchez, Marius M. Hoeper, James E. Loyd, Alessandra Manes, Michael McGoon, Robert Naeije, Horst Olschewski, Ronald J. Oudiz, Adam Torbicki
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
To drink or not to drink to drink recommendations: the evidence
Authors: Y. Pitsiladis, L. Beis
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Fluid intake recommendations during exercise have changed substantially over the past half century. Up until the 1970s, marathon runners were advised to avoid drinking during competitive racing.1 In 1996, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) advised athletes to replace all sweat lost during exercise by drinking the maximum amounts that can be tolerated.2 Then, in 2007, the ACSM recommended drinking 0.4-0.8 L/h of fluid during exercise with lower fluid volumes for slower and lighter individuals competing in cool environments, and higher volumes for faster and larger individuals competing in warm environments. These guidelines also state that athletes drink enough to ensure that they do not lose more than 2% of body mass because a greater loss is thought to impair exercise performance.3

These guidelines have emerged from studies modelling parameters that influence the rate of sweating. One study4 predicted that a fluid intake rate of 0.4-0.8 L/h kept body mass loss within 3% and prevented body mass gain in 50-90 kg subjects running marathons at 8.5-15.0 km/h in cool and warm ambient conditions—that is, 18o C and 28o C, respectively. The …
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs
Authors: Jan Koch-Weser, Lee S. Simon, John A. Mills
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

The number of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID's) available for use in the United States has tripled since they were last reviewed here in 1974.1 Although there are several uses for these drugs, the rheumatic diseases remain the most common inflammatory conditions for which they are employed. More than fifty antirheumatic compounds are currently under investigation.2 The damage to joints that occurs in the rheumatic diseases is related to the intensity of the inflammatory process. Thus, reduction of inflammation during periods of disease activity should retard the rate at which tissues such as articular cartilage are damaged. Unfortunately, due to the . . .
Diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: still a challenge
Authors: Peter Ferenci
Journal: Gut (2013)

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) describes the spectrum of potentially reversible neuropsychiatric abnormalities seen in patients with liver dysfunction after exclusion of unrelated neurological and/or metabolic abnormalities. There is a continuum of changes in brain function from ‘normal’ to overt HE. Functionally impaired brain function with a deficit in intellectual performance, long-term memory and learning capability detected in asymptomatic patients by psychometric or electrophysiological tests is designed as ‘minimal HE’ (MHE).1 ,2 Several psychometric tests have been proposed to quantify the impairment of mental function in patients with mild stages of HE.3–5 Except for the number connection test most require costly equipment and are cumbersome to perform and are not used routinely in clinical practice. Since the distinction of MHE from HE grade 1 is difficult, the new guidelines commissioned by American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and European Association for the Study of the Liver suggest a simpler classification …
A Once Charitable Enterprise: Hospitals and Health Care in Brooklyn and New York, 1885-1915
Authors: Norman Gevitz
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Until very recently, writing the history of American general hospitals has largely been the province of older staff members who possibly convinced themselves that their intimate connection with their respective institutions over a long period was more important than a good grounding in historical methodology. Such efforts, usually employed for fund-raising purposes, centered on the heroic struggle to secure sufficient facilities and equipment, while lionizing the dedication and achievements of individual physicians and departments. This type of institutional history, written more as a means to an end rather than an end unto itself, added only minimally to our fund of knowledge. David Rosner's<i>A Once Charitable Enterprise</i>marks an important new approach. Rather than concentrate on the idiosyncracies and concerns of a particular hospital, Rosner, an academically trained historian, looks at patterns shared by a number of hospitals located in Brooklyn and Manhattan, examining the changes in the structure of