tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Surgical Correction of Funnel Chest
Authors: Charles W. Lester
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> An editorial entitled "Pectus Excavatum" (<i>JAMA</i><b>177</b>:70 [Sept. 23] 1961) contained so much that is inaccurate that some correction is in order. To state that because changes in lung volume and ventilation are slight in funnel chest (pectus excavatum) the deformity is of little importance and surgical correction is unnecessary, is an erroneous conclusion based on inappropriate studies. Studies on my first reported cases (<i>Ann Surg</i><b>123</b>:1003, 1946) indicated that the loss of lung volumes associated with funnel chest was too slight to be of more than minor importance in any otherwise normal individual. Exercise intolerance, the outstanding feature of funnel chest, seems most certainly to be cardiac in origin and not pulmonary. The chest deformity acts in a manner similar to constrictive pericarditis. It becomes apparent only on vigorous exercise and is not evident at rest. However, it is the clinical observation of surgeons
The Spectrum of Intent in Fatal Child Abuse
Authors: Philip W. McClain
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —We want to correct the reference to our estimate of the magnitude of fatal child abuse and neglect made in the Special Communication entitled "Origins and Clinical Relevance of Child Death Review Teams."<sup>1</sup>A report on our complete work, a joint effort of the Centers for Disease Control and the University of Missouri School of Medicine, will soon be published in<i>Pediatrics</i>. Using cause-of-death data, Federal Bureau of Investigation data, the Missouri Child Fatality Study, and the results from other research, we estimated that, from 1979 to 1988, the annual number of child abuse and neglect fatalities averaged between 949 and 2022. The Special Communication attributes the following to us: "Over 1000 American children die each year of<i>intentional</i>[our emphasis] injuries at the hands of a caretaker." It was not our wish to suggest that these fatalities are either intentional or unintentional. We believe that
Expression of haptoglobin in human keratinocytes and Langerhans cells
Authors: H. Wang, X-H. Gao, Y-K. Wang, P. Li, C-D. He, Y. Xie, H-D. Chen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Background Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) play an important role in cutaneous immunological reactions. Freshly obtained or intraepidermal LCs are incapable of activating autologous naive T cells. However, when they are cultured for 2–3 days, LCs are able to activate autologous T cells. It has been proposed that haptoglobin (Hp) is the inhibitor that prevents LC functional transformation in the skin. Abundant Hp has been found in the cytoplasm of epidermal LCs. However, the source of Hp in LCs has not been addressed. Objectives To determine the expression of Hp in epidermal cells, and to provide evidence that there is a functional relationship between LCs and keratinocytes (KCs) through Hp. Methods Normal human epidermal cells and HaCaT cells were used for detection of Hp mRNA by in situ hybridization and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, and Hp protein by immunohistochemical staining, immunofluorescence counterstaining and Western blotting. Results Hp mRNA was expressed in normal human KCs and HaCaT cells, but not in normal human epidermal LCs. Hp protein was detected by immunohistochemical staining and immunofluorescence counterstaining in CD1a+ epidermal dendritic cells (LCs), but not in KCs. Hp protein was weakly expressed by HaCaT cells. Conclusions Hp mRNA is present in normal human KCs and HaCaT cells, suggesting that they have the potential to synthesize Hp protein. Normal human epidermal LCs are unable to synthesize Hp protein by themselves, although they have abundant Hp protein in their cytoplasm. It is likely that LCs acquire Hp through an exogenous pathway.
Curettage-cryosurgery for non-melanoma skin cancer of the external ear: excellent 5-year results
Authors: None NORDIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

In this 5-year follow-up study, 60 auricular non-melanoma skin cancers, selected at a skin tumour clinic, were treated by a thorough curettage with different sized curettes followed by cryosurgery in a double freeze-thaw cycle. Tumours of the external auditory canal were excluded. Forty-seven basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), nine squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), three Bowen's disease and one basisquamous cancer were included. The mean diameter of the malignancies was 18 mm (range 5-70). Morphoeiform BCCs, recurrent BCCs with fibrotic component and most of the SCCs were selected for Mohs' micrographic surgery. Forty-two patients with 47 tumours were followed-up for at least 5 years with only one recurrence. Thirteen patients, followed-up for 2-4 years, died from other causes with no sign of recurrence at their last visit. No major problems after treatment were registered and the cosmetic result was good or acceptable in all patients.
Henoch-Schonlein purpura in pregnancy
Authors: D.L. Cummins, D. Mimouni, A. Rencic, D.J. Kouba, C.H. Nousari
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an IgA-mediated small vessel vasculitis which commonly involves the skin, gastrointestinal system and kidneys. Numerous HSP triggers have been identified, and pregnancy has been reported as an exacerbating factor. After a pregnant woman had been diagnosed as having new-onset HSP, we reviewed all cases of immunofluorescence-proven HSP evaluated by the Department of Dermatology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1990 and 2002, and report three cases of HSP occurring during pregnancy. Two patients developed new-onset HSP, one at 16 weeks gestation and one at 22 weeks, while the third developed a recurrence of HSP at 12 weeks gestation after 19 years of remission. We conclude that pregnancy may be a trigger for HSP onset or recurrence in susceptible individuals.
Plymouth mother is first UK woman to have prenatal repair of open spina bifida funded by NHS
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The first operation to repair open spina bifida in utero funded by the NHS took place in June this year, with the baby born at the end of August in Plymouth.

Fetal medicine specialists from England, Belgium, and Switzerland performed the operation on Gina Beddoe, 35, from Plymouth, at Leuven teaching hospital in Belgium after spina bifida in the fetus was diagnosed in Derriford Hospital in Plymouth at 19 weeks of pregnancy.

The operation, which took two hours and involved 22 surgical staff, was completed at 24 weeks and two days, and Beddoe was discharged back to Plymouth one week later on nifedipine prophylaxis. It was the ninth such operation carried out at the Belgian centre, one of only two units in Europe that offer prenatal open surgery for spina bifida.

Approval for the operation, which cost €10 455 (£8270; $13 020), was given by NHS England within 30 minutes of the request being …
Suppression of the tuberculin response in malignant disease.
Authors: L. E. Hughes, W. D. Mackay
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Recently there has been an increasing interest in immunological aspects of cancer.Evidence for the presence of some degree of host control over certain tumours has been accumulating (Black and Speer, 1959), and results of treatment of experi- mental animal and human tumours by immunological methods raise hopes of useful advances to come (Woodruff and Nolan, 1963).However, less work has been done on the competence of the lymphoreticular system in established cases of human cancer than on seeking cancer-specific antigens and associated antibodies.It has recently been shown that the circulating antibody response to challenge with tetanus toxoid is reduced in cancer patients to an extent not found in patients who are debilitated by advanced non-malignant disease (Lytton et al., 1964).At the same time there is evidence of a delayed hyper- sensitivity reaction to a cell-free microsomal fraction of auto- logous cancer tissue in 25 % of cancer patients, indicating attempted cellular rejection of the turnour (Hughes and Lytton, 1964).For this reason, in cancer patients cellular immune reactions may warrant more attention than circulating antibody response.We have made an attempt to investigate the competence of the cellular immune mechanism in cancer patients before the onset of general debility by studying the incidence and degree of tuberculin sensitivity in matched cancer and control patients. MethodsCancer Patients.-Westudied 122 patients with malignant disease admitted to King's College Hospital Group.Lympho- reticular neoplasms were excluded and the primary sites were as follows: breast, 43 ; colon, 32; lung, 14; stomach, 1 1; skin melanoma, 4 ; oesophagus, 3; thyroid, 3; pancreas, 3; parotid, 3 ; others, 6. Patients with evidence of general debility, such as marked loss of weight, fever, anaemia, and weakness, were excluded, but otherwise there was no selection of cases.Some cases later proved to have widespread disease, but in all instances the general state of the patient was regarded as good.
The neurosurvival factor Humanin inhibits β-cell apoptosis via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation and delays and ameliorates diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice
Authors: Phuong T. Hoang, Patricia Park, Laura J. Cobb, Valdislava Paharkova-Vatchkova, Michael Hakimi, Pinchas Cohen, Kuk-Wha Lee
Journal: Metabolism (2009)
Statistical mechanics of neocortical interactions: EEG eigenfunctions of short-term memory
Authors: Lester Ingber
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

This commentary focuses on how bottom-up neocortical models can be developed into eigenfunction expansions of probability distributions appropriate to describe short-term memory in the context of scalp EEG. The mathematics of eigenfunctions are similar to the top-down eigenfunctions developed by Nunez, despite different physical manifestations. The bottom-up eigenfunctions are at the local mesocolumnar scale, whereas the top-down eigenfunctions are at the global regional scale. Our respective approaches have regions of substantial overlap, and future studies may expand top-down eigenfunctions into the bottom-up eigenfunctions, yielding a model of scalp EEG expressed in terms of columnar states of neocortical processing of attention and short-term memory.
Phonocardiogram Foot Switch—An Extra Hand
Authors: Albert Abraham
Journal: JAMA (1965)

To the Editor:—  Recording phonocardiograms in an office is very difficult, unaided. One of the outstanding problems is the lack of sufficient hands to operate all the controls and the sensors. In office work, I use a standard cardiogram (Sanborn Twin Beam) for recording heart sounds, pulses, etc. I have attached a foot switch (Mallory Treadlite, Model T-51-SC) (Fig) to electrical screws No. 3 and 4 of the paper propulsion system. Normally, this is an open switch. After the appropriate adjustments are made on the console, both of my hands may be busy holding a microphone, carotid pick-up, etc. With the foot switch I am able to activate the paper drive and record with ocular monitoring of the record without moving my body. My hands are free for things other than turning the paper switch.  The foot switch can be applied in five minutes and costs only $4. I have
Lansley accuses doctors of robbing nurses' pensions to fund their retirement pot
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The war of words between the government and the BMA over pensions has intensified further after the health secretary for England, Andrew Lansley, accused striking doctors of putting their own interests not only before those of patients but also before those of other NHS and public sector staff.

In a strongly worded preamble to his speech to delegates at the annual NHS Confederation conference in Manchester on 20 June he made it clear that the industrial action on 21 June, called by the BMA in protest over plans to make doctors stump up more for their pensions,1 was “pointless” but would “inevitably damage services for patients.”

“We all wish there was more money to go around, but there isn’t,” he said bluntly, accusing the BMA of ignoring “the economic and financial realities.”

Lengthy discussions had been held with all …
Bone mineralization in an osteogenesis imperfecta mouse model studied by small-angle x-ray scattering.
Authors: P Fratzl, O Paris, K Klaushofer, W J Landis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

We have studied the size and orientation of mineral crystals in cortical bone of oim/oim mice, which are known to produce only alpha 1(I) collagen homotrimers and which may serve as a model for human osteogenesis imperfecta. Long bones (femur and tibia) from young (5 wk old) oim/oim mice and from unaffected heterozygous counterparts were investigated by small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS), which is sensitive to structures smaller than 50 nm. Mineral crystals were compared in terms of their thickness and their alignment with respect to the long bone axis. While electron microscopic tomography has recently shown the existence of large mineral blocks (with all dimensions typically exceeding 50 nm) in mineralized tendons of oim/oim mice, SAXS revealed a family of thin, possibly needle-like, crystals in cortical bone. These crystals were similar in shape to those observed previously in normal mice, but they were thinner and less well aligned in oim/oim mice relative to heterozygotes. Moreover, the crystal thickness and their alignment with the bone axis were more variable in oim/oim bone, with a close correlation (r = 0.94, P < 0.001) between the two parameters. The presence of smaller crystals with more variable alignment in corticalis of oim/oim mice may contribute to the brittleness of their bone, similar to that of human osteogenesis imperfecta.
Hair Implants vs Hair Transplants
Authors: C. William Hanke
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In recent years several techniques have been developed for the treatment of pattern baldness. The first technique was fiber implantation (1979;241:146), which involved the insertion of hair-like synthetic fibers into the balding scalp. This technique was performed in many cities in the United States during the late 1970s, but has largely been abandoned because of foreign-body reaction, severe infection, and permanent scarring. Multiple lawsuits and action by state and federal agencies helped to bring the problem to the public's attention. The second technique was that of hair implantation (1981;245:1344), in which human hair was inserted into the scalp. The complications that arose from hair implantation were similar to those seen with fiber implants. Multiple lawsuits have been filed by harmed hair implant patients. It is fortunate that the press has taken an interest in presenting these harmful implantation procedures to the public. Unfortunately, however, the press has
Angiographic Findings in Dissecting Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Robert E. Dinsmore, James A. Rourke, Roman D. DeSanctis, J. Warren Harthorne, W. Gerald Austen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

RECENT advances in the surgical treatment of dissecting aneurysm of the thoracic aorta, based on resection and graft replacement of a segment of aorta including the intimal tear, have made preoperative identification of the site of the tear an extremely important part of the evaluation of patients with this disease.1 , 2 The purpose of this paper is to discuss the roentgenologic findings in dissecting aneurysm, with particular reference to recognition of the intimal tear.MaterialDuring the four-year period between October, 1961, and September, 1965, 24 patients with aortic dissection demonstrated angiographically have been seen at the Massachusetts General Hospital. The . . .
Influence of total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides on risk of cerebrovascular disease: the Copenhagen city heart study
Authors: E Lindenstrom, G Boysen, J Nyboe
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To estimate the influence of plasma total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides on risk of cerebrovascular disease. <b>Design</b>: The Copenhagen city heart study is a prospective observational survey with two cardiovascular examinations at five year intervals. Non- fasting plasma lipids were measured in participants once at each examination, along with other variables. The Cox regression model was used to establish the effect of the factors recorded on cerebrovascular events of mostly, but not exclusively, ischaemic origin. Subjects — 19 698 women and men at least 20 years old, randomly selected after age stratification from an area of central Copenhagen. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Initial cases of stroke and transient ischaemic attack recorded from hospital records and death certificates from 1976 through 1988. <b>Results</b>: 660 non-haemorrhagic and 33 haemorrhagic events were recorded. Total cholesterol was positively associated with risk of non-haemorrhagic events, but only for levels &gt;8 mmol/l, correspaonding to the upper 5% of the distribution in the study population. For lower plasma cholesterol values the relative risk remained nearly constant. Plasma triglyceride concentration was significantly, positively associated with risk of non- haemorrhagic events. The relative risk corresponding to an increase of 1 mmol/l was 1.12 (95% confidence interval 1.07 to 1.16). There was a negative, log linear association between high density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of non-haemorrhagic events (0.53 (0.34 to 0.83)). There was no indication that the20effects of plasma lipids were different in women and men. <b>Conclusions</b>: The pattern of the association between plasma cholesterol and risk of ischaemic cerebrovascular disease was not log linear, and the increased risk was confined to the upper 5% of the cholesterol distribution. Further studies should concentrate on the association between plasma cholesterol and varified haemorrhagic stroke.
An Approach for Assessing Human Health Vulnerability and Public Health Interventions to Adapt to Climate Change
Authors: Kristie L. Ebi, R. Sari Kovats, Bettina Menne
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Assessments of the potential human health impacts of climate change are needed to inform the development of adaptation strategies, policies, and measures to lessen projected adverse impacts. We developed methods for country-level assessments to help policy makers make evidence-based decisions to increase resilience to current and future climates, and to provide information for national communications to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The steps in an assessment should include the following: a) determine the scope of the assessment; b) describe the current distribution and burden of climate-sensitive health determinants and outcomes; c) identify and describe current strategies, policies, and measures designed to reduce the burden of climate-sensitive health determinants and outcomes; d) review the health implications of the potential impacts of climate variability and change in other sectors; e) estimate the future potential health impacts using scenarios of future changes in climate, socioeconomic, and other factors; f) synthesize the results; and g) identify additional adaptation policies and measures to reduce potential negative health impacts. Key issues for ensuring that an assessment is informative, timely, and useful include stakeholder involvement, an adequate management structure, and a communication strategy.
Letter: Glomerulonephritis Associated with Coxiella burnetii tendocarditis.
Authors: G H Hall, R J Hart, S W Davies, M George, A C Head
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Medicine on Television SIR,-The present tendencies of television programmes which depict the problems of care for the mentally handicapped are a cause of concern to those who work in the Health Service.Distortion of the full picture
Dyspnoea perception during clinical remission of atopic asthma
Authors: L.M. van den Toorn, S.E. Overbeek, J-B. Prins, H.C. Hoogsteden, J.C. De Jongste
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2002)

Symptoms of atopic asthma often disappear around puberty. The authors recently demonstrated that this clinical remission is accompanied with ongoing airways inflammation in most subjects. The discrepancy between lack of symptoms and persistent airway inflammation suggests that perception of the symptoms is unclear. In the present study, young adults in clinical remission of atopic asthma assigned themselves a modified Borg score during methacholine and adenosine-5′-monophosphate induced bronchoconstriction. Borg scores of subjects in clinical remission were compared with those of symptomatic asthmatic subjects. A marked variation in the Borg scores at a 20% fall in the forced expiratory volume in one second was found. Significant differences in Borg scores between remission patients and asthmatics could not be detected. It was concluded that perception of dyspnoea, induced with methacholine and adenosine challenge, is similar in young adults in clinical remission of atopic asthma compared to that of patients with symptomatic asthma. Hence, an unclear perception seems to be an unlikely explanation for the discrepancy between lack of symptoms and ongoing inflammation. Other factors, including both physical and psychological ones, may play a role in the apparent absence of symptoms, thereby potentially leading to undertreatment.
Cure of Type 2 Diabetes by Metabolic Surgery? A Critical Analysis of the Evidence in 2010
Authors: Guntram Schernthaner, Johanna M. Brix, Hans-Peter Kopp, Gerit Holger Schernthaner
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes has markedly increased in the last decade worldwide, but in particular in Asian countries such as China and India (1–3), in strong correlation with a comparably steep increase in the prevalence of obesity (4). The primary risk factor for type 2 diabetes is obesity, and 90% of all patients with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. The relative risk of diabetes increases about 42-fold in men as the BMI increases from  35 kg/m2 (5) and approximately 93-fold in women as BMI increases from  35 kg/m2 (6).

Type 2 diabetes is a complex major endocrine disorder in which insulin resistance in the muscle and liver as well as β-cell failure represent the core pathophysiological defects. In addition to the muscle, liver, and β-cell, the fat cell (accelerated lipolysis), gastrointestinal tract (incretin deficiency/resistance), α-cell (hyperglucagonemia), kidney (increased glucose reabsorption), and brain (insulin resistance) all play important roles in the development of type 2 diabetes (7). The development of type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity and the accumulation of abdominal and ectopic fat, which are linked to peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance, inflammation, and subsequent “lipotoxicity” of β-cells (8,9). The adipose tissue of obese subjects is characterized by increased production and secretion of a wide panel of inflammatory molecules (10) such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, transforming growth factor-β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Evidence is increasing that chronic subclinical inflammation seems to be involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. Several prospective studies demonstrated that subjects who developed type 2 diabetes during the follow-up period had elevated levels of markers of inflammatory molecules at baseline compared with those who did not develop the disease. In …
Anaerobic metabolism as an indicator of aerobic function during exercise in cardiac patients
Authors: Akira Koike, Michiaki Hiroe, Hiromasa Adachi, Takashi Yajima, Akihiko Nogami, Hiroshi Ito, Toshihiko Takamoto, Koichi Taniguchi, Fumiaki Marumo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1992)