tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption With Risk of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Otto Stackelberg, Martin Björck, Susanna C. Larsson, Nicola Orsini, Alicja Wolk
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Dietary factors affecting the risk of developing abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of fruit and vegetable consumption with the risk to develop AAA.The prospective Cohort of Swedish Men and the Swedish Mammography Cohort, consisting of 44,317 men and 36,109 women, 46 to 84 years of age at the start of the 13-year follow-up (1998-2010), were used. Fruit and vegetable consumption was assessed at baseline with a 96-item food-frequency questionnaire. By linkage to the Swedish Inpatient Register and the Swedish Vascular Registry (Swedvasc), 1086 primary cases of AAA (222 ruptured) were identified. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Those in the highest quartile of fruit consumption (>2.0 servings/d), in comparison with those in the lowest quartile (<0.7 servings/d), had a 25% (95% CI, 9%-38%) lower risk of AAA, and a 43% (95% CI, 11%-64%) lower risk of ruptured AAA, specifically. Consumption of 2 fruits per day was associated with 31% (95% CI, 11%-47%) lower risk of nonruptured AAA, and 39% (95% CI, 1%-63%) lower risk of ruptured AAA, in comparison with no consumption of fruit. No association was observed between vegetable consumption and AAA risk.We observed an inverse association between consumption of fruit, but not vegetables, and the risk of AAA, with a more pronounced association with ruptured AAA.
Some observations on the interaction of zinc, copper, and iron metabolism in lead and cadmium toxicity.
Authors: H G Petering
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1978)

A brief review of the literature indicates that nutritional deficiencies have been shown to increase the absorption and toxicity of orally ingested lead and cadmium. Results from recent studies indicates that low level oral ingestion of cadmium and lead perturbs the metabolism of zinc, copper, and iron and that these changes may be the earliest manifestation of the toxicity of lead and cadmium. The significance of these findings reveals itself in two ways: namely, that toxicologic investigations of lead and cadmium, whether experimental or clinical, must be based on a definitive consideration of the nutritional status of animals or people, and, secondly, that the preventive role of nutrition, especially that of trace metal intakes, must be taken seriously when establishing measures for reducing, eliminating, or combatting the toxic effects of widespread exposure to lead and cadmium in humans.
Consultants in communicable disease control
Authors: E. Haworth, R. Stanwell-Smith
Journal: BMJ (1991)

consultant in communicable disease control to be established in each district; I believe that this is the best way forward and will achieve the financial autonomy of which Dr Duckworth speaks.This unit should be a provider unit managed by the district and could function independently or as the provider arm of the department of public health, with the health needs assessment forming the purchaser arm if management arrangements permit.Once the unit was established the consultant in communicable disease control should be the
Cellular Phones, Public Fears, and a Culture of Precaution
Authors: S. W G Derbyshire
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Earlier this month UK government scientists released a report dripping with equivocation over the issue of mobile phone safety. The Advisory Group on Non-Ionising Radiation provided no evidence that mobile phones or transmission masts harmed health but called, anyway, for more research and a cautionary approach meanwhile (www.nrpb.org/advisory_groups/agnir/). While the report stated that the published research “does not give cause for concern,” it nevertheless endorsed a previous recommendation of limiting children's exposure to mobile phones. In the absence of any evidence that mobile phones pose a risk, such cautionary advice boils down to a …
Diphenylhydantoin and Epilepsy Management
Authors: J. DONALD EASTON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Many epileptics are receiving less than ideal anticonvulsant treatment; therefore, some basic but often overlooked principles of epilepsy management are discussed. Diphenylhydantoin is an excellent anticonvulsant medication, but it is often not used in the most efficacious manner. Some important clinical features of its use are reviewed, particularly its parenteral use in acute seizure states and the clinical detection of diphenylhydantoin intoxication.
Triggers and promoters of ischaemic preconditioning
Authors: H Reddy
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2002)

See article by Wang et al. [10] (pages 33–42) in this issue. 

Ischaemia/reperfusion injury in coronary artery disease patients confers increased morbidity and mortality due to pump dysfunction and arrhythmia. In cardiac patients, ischaemic episodes still occur in an unpredictable manner despite multiple drug therapies and revascularization strategies. Therefore, unrelenting efforts in the way of ischaemic preconditioning have been underway to devise treatment modalities for preparing the heart to face ischaemia in a more benign (ischemia can never be benign) manner.

Ischaemic preconditioning describes the process of increasing myocardial tolerance to ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by providing sub lethal episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion. Murray et al. described the preconditioning process in 1986 [1]. They have shown that brief, intermittent bouts of ischaemia followed by reperfusion had a protective effect on canine myocardial tissue against a subsequent ischaemic insult of prolonged duration. When these preconditioned animals were subjected to a 40-min occlusion of left circumflex artery, the ensuing myocardial necrosis was only 25% of those hearts not previously subjected to preconditioning. The … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-573-882-2640; fax: +1-573-884-7743.
Inhalation Treatment with Glutathione in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis. A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Matthias Griese, Matthias Kappler, Claudia Eismann, Manfred Ballmann, Sibylle Junge, Ernst Rietschel, Silke van Koningsbruggen-Rietschel, Doris Staab, Claudia Rolinck-Werninghaus, Uwe Mellies, Thomas Köhnlein, Thomas Wagner, Susanne König, Helmut Teschler, Hans-Eberhard Heuer, Matthias Kopp, Susanne Heyder, Jutta Hammermann, Peter Küster, Marguerite Honer, Ulrich Mansmann, Ingrid Beck-Speier, Dominik Hartl, Carola Fuchs, Andreas Hector
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Rationale: Glutathione is the major antioxidant in the extracellular lining fluid of the lungs and depleted in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).Objectives: We aimed to assess glutathione delivered by inhalation as a potential treatment for CF lung disease.Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated inhaled glutathione in subjects with CF 8 years of age and older and FEV1 of 40–90% of predicted. Subjects were randomized to receive 646 mg glutathione in 4 ml (n = 73) or placebo (n = 80) via an investigational eFlow nebulizer every 12 hours for 6 months.Measurements and Main Results: FEV1 (absolute values), both as pre–post differences (P = 0.180) and as area under the curves (P = 0.205), were the primary efficacy endpoints, and were not different between the glutathione group and the placebo group over the 6-month treatment period. Exploratory analysis showed an increase of FEV1 from baseline over placebo of 100 ml or 2.2% predicted; this was significant at 3 months, but not later. Subjects receiving glutathione had neither fewer pulmonary exacerbations, nor better scores for quality of life. Whereas increased glutathione and metabolites in sputum demonstrated significant delivery to the lungs, there was no indication of diminished oxidative stress to proteins or lipids, and no evidence for anti-inflammatory or antiproteolytic actions of glutathione supplemented to the airways. The adverse event incidence was similar between glutathione and placebo.Conclusions: Inhaled glutathione in the dose administered did not demonstrate clinically relevant improvements in lung function, pulmonary exacerbation frequency, or patient-reported outcomes. Glutathione delivery to the airways was not associated with changes in markers of oxidation, proteolysis, or inflammation.Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00506688) and https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/index.html (EudraCT 2005-003870-88).
Microangiographic assessment of collateral vessel formation following direct gene transfer of vascular endothelial growth factor in rats
Authors: Satoshi Takeshita, Takaaki Isshiki, Hidezo Mori, Etsuro Tanaka, Akira Tanaka, Keiji Umetani, Koji Eto, Yoshimichi Miyazawa, Masahiko Ochiai, Tomohide Sato
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Objective: The development of collateral microvessels following therapeutic angiogenesis with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was investigated using a new system of microangiography that employs monochromatic synchrotron radiation (SR) and a high definition video system to visualize arteries with a spatial resolution of 30 μm. Methods: Ischemia was induced in the hindlimb of 20 rats by excision of the femoral artery, followed by transfection of the plasmid (400 μg) encoding VEGF or β-galactosidase (control) into limb muscles. Microangiography was used to assess the development of collaterals in the ischemic limb four weeks after treatment. Results: Gene transfer of VEGF produced morphologically similar, but significantly more extensive, collateral networks at the microvascular level as compared with the naturally occurring collateral arteries in the control animals (angiographic score: 0.88±0.08 versus 0.54±0.05, p<0.01). No adverse vascular effects such as hemangiomas and/or arteriovenous (AV) fistulae were observed following VEGF treatment. The vasodilator effect of papaverine was evident in relatively large vessels in both groups. At the microvascular level (diameter <100 μm), however, papaverine induced significant vasodilation in the VEGF-treated animals, and almost no vasodilation in the controls. Conclusions: SR microangiography allowed us to assess the development of small collateral arteries following VEGF-gene transfer. The information obtained may provide new insights regarding the collateral microcirculation and therapeutic angiogenesis.
Posttranscriptional defects in beta-globin messenger RNA metabolism in beta-thalassemia: abnormal accumulation of beta-messenger RNA precursor sequences.
Authors: E J Benz, A L Scarpa, B L Tonkonow, H A Pearson, A K Ritchey
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

The production of beta-globin messenger RNA (mRNA) in beta-thalassemic erythroblasts was studied during pulse-chase incubations with [3H]uridine. Globin [3H]mRNA was quantitated by molecular hybridization to recombinant DNA probes complementary to globin mRNA and mRNA precursor sequences. Each of six patients with beta +-thalassemia produced normal amounts of globin alpha and beta [3H]mRNA during a 20-min pulse incubation, but the beta/alpha [3H]mRNA ratio declined to steady-state levels during a chase incubation, suggesting posttranscriptional defects in beta-globin mRNA metabolism. beta-globin mRNA precursor production was estimated by measurement of [3H]RNA sequences hybridizing to a pure DNA probe containing only the large intervening sequence (intron) of the beta-mRNA precursor. Four of the patients exhibited abnormal accumulation of 3H-beta-intron sequences (2-10 times normal), indicating abnormal posttranscriptional processing. In the remaining two patients, one of whom is known to carry a mutation in the small intron of the beta-globin gene, accumulation of large 3H beta-intron RNA and beta-globin [3H]mRNA was normal in nuclei, but the ratio of beta/alpha [3H]mRNA in cytoplasm was reduced, suggesting a different posttranscriptional defect in beta-mRNA processing. These findings imply the existence of heterogeneous posttranscriptional abnormalities in beta-globin mRNA metabolism in different patients with beta-thalassemia. The initial rates of gamma- and delta-mRNA synthesis were low in all patients, suggesting that the low level of expression of these genes in adults is mediated at the transcriptional level.
Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions evoked by mast cells
Authors: P. Kubes, D.N. Granger
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1996)

In this review we have summarized some of the evidence to support the view that mast cells play a critical role in leukocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation. Initially, data using a pharmacological tool, compound 48/80, which directly activates mast cells, is reviewed, demonstrating that this reagent can induce the multi-step recruitment of leukocytes (rolling, adhesion and emigration) to sites of inflammation. The adhesive mechanisms and pro-inflammatory mediators implicated in mast cell-induced leukocyte recruitment are discussed. Additionally, data are presented to implicate mast cells in delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions as they pertain to leukocyte recruitment. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest that mast cells also recruit leukocytes in IgE-independent leukocyte recruitment. Ischemia/reperfusion- and bacterial toxin- (Helicobacter pylori and Clostridium difficile) induced leukocyte recruitment is at least in part mast cell dependent. Future directions including preliminary work highlighting the role of nitric oxide as a modulator of mast cell function and subsequent leukocyte recruitment is also discussed.
Noninvasive Interventions to Decrease Hospitalization and Associated Costs for Pediatric Patients Receiving Hemodialysis
Authors: Stuart L. Goldstein, Carolyn M. Smith, Helen Currier
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2003)

Minimal pediatric data describe hospitalization causes and associated costs for children who receive maintenance hemodialysis, and no data exist to evaluate methods to decrease hospitalization. In 1999, two common causes of hemodialysis patient hospitalization at Texas Children's Hospital were fluid overload/hypertension (FO/HTN) and vascular access thrombosis (VAT). Evaluated is the effect of two noninvasive monitoring programs, monitoring of hematocrit-guided ultrafiltration algorithm and vascular access flow using ultrasound dilution vascular access flow technology, on FO/HTN and VAT in the pediatric maintenance hemodialysis population. This prospective observational study reviewed all hospitalization data for all 51 patients who received maintenance hemodialysis from January 1999 through December 2001 obtained from unit monthly performance improvement meeting records. Hospitalization rates and related costs for FO/HTN and VAT were tracked before and after institution of the noninvasive monitoring programs. Application of the noninvasive monitoring of hematocrit-guided ultrafiltration algorithm since January 2000 significantly decreased hospitalization for FO/HTN (64 total days in 1999, 4 total days in 2000 and 2001 combined) while maintaining acceptable patient BP control and minimizing antihypertensive medication requirements. The vascular access monitoring program using ultrasound dilution vascular access flow technology to direct referral for angioplasty instituted in January 2001 led to a significant decrease in hospitalization for VAT (45 d in 2000 and 21 d in 2001). It is suggested that application of noninvasive technologies to assess patient target dry weight and access flow can significantly decrease pediatric maintenance dialysis patient morbidity and health care cost.
Relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia involving selection of a preexisting drug-resistant subclone
Authors: Seoyeon Choi, Michelle J. Henderson, Edward Kwan, Alex H. Beesley, Rosemary Sutton, Anita Y. Bahar, Jodie Giles, Nicola C. Venn, Luciano Dalla Pozza, David L. Baker, Glenn M. Marshall, Ursula R. Kees, Michelle Haber, Murray D. Norris
Journal: Blood (2007)
Points: Providing a neurological service
Authors: R. Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1984)

November, p 1225) is apprehensive that the remarkably low figure of 4-1 perinatal deaths per 1000 (22 September, p 721) for planned home confinements will increase the demand for this service.There is no evidence as yet that planned home confinements are less safe than consultant booked deliveries.Although not conclusive, the published figures support a more liberal policy.1-4What is more important is that the number of unplanned, and often unattended, deliveries at home (perinatal mortality 67-5/1000 births) has remained constant over the years and may therefore have reached an irreducible minimum.In some areas of the country the domiciliary midwifery service has been dismantled.This must put this very high risk group at greater risk since there are no experienced midwives or doctors to attend these patients should they be called.' 1
Wnt signaling and hepatocarcinogenesis: Molecular targets for the development of innovative anticancer drugs
Authors: Floriane Pez, Anaïs Lopez, Miran Kim, Jack R. Wands, Claude Caron de Fromentel, Philippe Merle
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. HCC can be cured by radical therapies if early diagnosis is done while the tumor has remained of small size. Unfortunately, diagnosis is commonly late when the tumor has grown and spread. Thus, palliative approaches are usually applied such as transarterial intrahepatic chemoembolization and sorafenib, an anti-angiogenic agent and MAP kinase inhibitor. This latter is the only targeted therapy that has shown significant, although moderate, efficiency in some individuals with advanced HCC. This highlights the need to develop other targeted therapies, and to this goal, to identify more and more pathways as potential targets. The Wnt pathway is a key component of a physiological process involved in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Activation of this pathway occurs when a Wnt ligand binds to a Frizzled (FZD) receptor at the cell membrane. Two different Wnt signaling cascades have been identified, called non-canonical and canonical pathways, the latter involving the β-catenin protein. Deregulation of the Wnt pathway is an early event in hepatocarcinogenesis and has been associated with an aggressive HCC phenotype, since it is implicated both in cell survival, proliferation, migration and invasion. Thus, component proteins identified in this pathway are potential candidates of pharmacological intervention. This review focuses on the characteristics and functions of the molecular targets of the Wnt signaling cascade and how they may be manipulated to achieve anti-tumor effects.
Surgery at the New Hospital for Women in 1896
Authors: None Scharlieb
Journal: BMJ (1897)

aware of the most elaborate experiments relating to cholera immunity executed by Professor Pfeiffer and his corroborators, among whom I have the pleasure to mention the name of Dr. Kolle himself.The reason why I did not give an historical survey of the researches bearing on cholera immunity was also due to mv expectation of Professor Kitasato's report.Lastly, Dr. Kolle remarks that I have given the statistical figures to prove the efficacy of anti-cholera serum.I think there is a slight misunderstanding on his part.Fortunately for me, I stated expressly what importance I attached to the apparently favourable statistics in the following words:"Without claiming to draw, from a number relatively so small, the final conclusion that the serum treatment was attended with the reduction of 20 per cent. in the mortality statistics, it is evident at least that the result of the new therapy was not an unfavourable one."
UK Biobank gets 10% response rate as it starts recruiting volunteers
Authors: Geoff Watts
Journal: BMJ (2007)

UK NEWS UK Biobank gets 10% response rate as it starts recruiting volunteers, p659 World NEWS US �u�ge bans use o�� ter�� �lig�t cigarette�� �orl��i�e, p65� US �u�ge bans use o�� ter�� �lig�t cigarette�� �orl��i�e
Hyperparathyroidism: Recent Studies
Authors: G. D. AURBACH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

A review of 57 cases of primary hyperparathyroidism has delineated the changing clinical complex of the disease; its apparent prevalence increases with greater clinical awareness and more precise methods for determining serum calcium. In this series weakness and fatigability occurred just as frequently as renal colic. Relatively high prevalences of weight loss, anemia, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate were not explained by abnormalities other than primary hyperparathyroidism. There was a high prevalence of muscle weakness associated with histologic changes of a neuropathic process. Angiographic methods, selective venous catheterization, and radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone were studied as means for localizing abnormal parathyroid tissue before surgery. Selective venous catheterization of the thyroid veins with radioimmunoassay on samples obtained allowed prediction of parathyroid tumor location in approximately 90% of cases due to adenoma; catheterization also helped predict cases due to parathyroid hyperplasia before surgery. Arteriography followed by venous sampling was valuable in cases requiring a repeat surgical exploration.