tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Birth Weight Is Inversely Associated With Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke Among Individuals Born in the 1950s
Authors: Debbie A. Lawlor, Georgina Ronalds, Heather Clark, George Davey Smith, David A. Leon
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— Birth weight is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors, but few studies have examined the association with disease end points, in particular with stroke risk. Furthermore, previous studies demonstrating an inverse association between birth weight and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk have been conducted on populations born in the early part of the 20th century, when infant mortality rates were high. If the environmental factors associated with improvements in infant mortality rates over the last century explain the inverse association between birth weight and CHD risk, one would expect weaker associations in more contemporary birth cohorts. Methods and Results— We have examined the association in a large birth cohort of 10 803 (with an average of 239 000 person-years of follow-up) singleton births that occurred between 1950 and 1956. Our outcomes were hospital admissions for, and fatalities from, CHD (n=296) and stroke (n=107). Birth weight was inversely associated with CHD and stroke. The age-adjusted hazards ratio for a 1-kg increase in birth weight was 0.62 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.78) for CHD and 0.38 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.60) for stroke. Adjustment for gestational age, social class at birth, height and body mass index at school entry, gravidity, maternal age at birth, pregnancy-induced hypertension, antepartum hemorrhage, and maternal height did not alter the association with CHD but attenuated the association with stroke to 0.48 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.76). This attenuation resulted largely from adjustment for gestational age, which was linearly inversely related to stroke risk. Adjusted hazard ratios per sex and gestational age standardized z score of birth weight were 0.85 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.97) for CHD and 0.74 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.88) for stroke. Conclusions— Birth weight is inversely associated with CHD and stroke in a population born at a time when environmental circumstances, as indexed by low infant mortality rates, were relatively advantageous for infants.
Different Mechanisms of Ischemic Adaptation to Repeated Coronary Occlusion in Patients With and Without Recruitable Collateral Circulation
Authors: Yasuhiko Sakata, Kazuhisa Kodama, Masafumi Kitakaze, Tohru Masuyama, Atsushi Hirayama, Young-Jae Lim, Fuminobu Ishikura, Akihiko Sakai, Takayoshi Adachi, Masatsugu Hori
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)
Chronic bronchial asthma from challenge to treatment: epidemiology and social impact
Authors: M. Neri
Journal: Thorax (2000)

Asthma is an important cause of chronic morbidity and a crucial health problem among children and adults worldwide, with high prevalence rates particularly in many developed countries.1 2 Increasing morbidity, hospital admission rates, use of medical services, drug use and, in some countries, increasing mortality rates have been reported.3 However, controversy still exists regarding the epidemiology of asthma. There are two serious problems which need to be considered when trying to obtain reliable data on the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of asthma. The first relates to definition; despite substantial advances in understanding the pathogenesis, genetics, and clinical characteristics of asthma, we do not have a useful definition of asthma for epidemiological purposes.2 The second problem concerns the different methods used to collect epidemiological data and information. More recently two international studies—the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS)4 and the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)5—have used the same internationally standardised questionnaire to provide important data on the prevalence of asthma.

In the ISAAC study the prevalence of symptoms in 13–14 years old subjects was highly …
Jimmy Foden Shroff
Authors: N G Hodges
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Consultant in obstetrics and gynaecology Tameside General Hospital (b Epsom 1959; q St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, 1983; MRCGP, FRCS, MRCOG), died from a pancreatic tumour on 13 November 2003.​2003.




Figure 1




Jimmy Foden Shroff was profoundly interested in all aspects of medicine, and this attracted him into general practice. After obtaining his MRCGP he decided to train in obstetrics and gynaecology. He became a consultant in obstetrics and gynaecology at Tameside General Hospital in 2000. With a colleague he developed the West Pennine Gynaecological Oncology Unit. He lectured in the department, the postgraduate centre, and in the Greater Manchester Gynaecology Oncology Group. Jimmy had a variety of interests, including swimming, cycling, maintaining his own cars, do it yourself, model railways, and scouting. He leaves a wife, Liz, and three children.
Transient and reversible deoxyribonucleic acid damage in human left ventricle under controlled ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Gian G Corbucci, Cinzia Perrino, Giuseppe Donato, Antonio Ricchi, Biagio Lettieri, Giancarlo Troncone, Ciro Indolfi, Massimo Chiariello, Enrico V Avvedimento
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
D4-02: Aneusomy by FISH analysis and histology as predictors of invasive lung cancer in bronchial biopsies from high risk subjects
Authors: Steinn Jonsson, Marileila Varella-Garcia, York E. Miller, Holly J. Wolf, Tim Byers, Porntip Kiatsimkul, Johannes O. Bjornsson, Stephen C. Lam, Fred R. Hirsch, Wilbur A. Franklin
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
TREATMENT OF GROWTH-HORMONE DEFICIENCY WITH GROWTH-HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE
Authors: R.J.M. Ross, S. Tsagarakis, A. Grossman, M.A. Preece, C. Rodda, P.S.W. Davies, L.H. Rees, M.O. Savage, G.M. Besser
Journal: The Lancet (1987)
Pediatrics Update: Reviews for Physicians
Authors: Hugh A. Carithers
Journal: JAMA (1984)

With three major American journals in the field of pediatrics (<i>American Journal of Diseases of Children</i>founded in 1911,<i>Journal of Pediatrics</i>, 1932, and<i>Pediatrics</i>, 1948), as well as at least five subspecialty journals, and an annual volume,<i>Advances in Pediatrics</i>, published for the past 30 years, is there a need for a book entitled<i>Pediatrics Update: Reviews for Physicians?</i> I believe there is. In this handsomely designed book printed in large type, 46 experts present 20 subjects in a terse manner updating important medical problems and possible solutions. There is much new information in chapters such as "Monoclonal Antibodies in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Childhood Cancer" and "Abdominal Ultrasound in Pediatrics," which would require considerable journal search to obtain if the authors had not summarized the extensive data on these subjects. Incidentally, the chapter on ultrasound approaches monographic proportions—50 pages with 47 figures portraying ultrasound images. Concepts of
Demand for a home nursing service.
Authors: M Ryan
Journal: BMJ (1983)

In the Soviet Union, as  other advanced nations, the increasing proportion of elderly people creates problems for families and for society  general. That the aging of the Soviet population has occurred relatively recently constitutes one reason for the underdevelopment of community care programmes. Another explanatory factor seems to be the bias  the social services that results  a low priority tag for innovations intended to benefit people who are no longer economically active. One gap  the range of schemes was the subject of an article published last year  the Russian language newspaper Nedelya, which is Izvestiya's weekly supplement for women.1 Although the article begins as an anecdotal account of difficulties ex? perienced by its author, taken as a whole it represents a well documented and persuasive argument for the creation of a new state provided   author, Svetlana Gladish, is a Muscovite whose mother became almost helpless as the result of a stroke. To look after her at home Svetlana initially took sick leave under the normal arrangement for relatives who have to care for a sick person. Having exhausted that facility, she went on to unpaid leave and finally had to use up her holiday allowance. At the end of that time she wondered whether it would be necessary to give up employment altogether. For some months the family attempted to hire help by displaying a card  a kiosk of the city's inquiry and information service?but to no avail. To convey some idea of the imbalance between demand and supply, Svetlana calculated that, for 241 cards requesting help  the care of patients, children, and the infirm elderly, only one person had advertised her services. Why did the family not make an approach to the neighbour? hood doctor or policlinic? To that question the text provides the following unequivocal answer: The medical organisations do not have such a service. Home care nurses are available from the semiautonomous Red Cross Society (Red Crescent  Muslim areas), but in the main, home care is provided for persons disabled at work who are living alone and for war veterans.  only public organisation that Svetlana could turn to was the Consumer Services Production Combine (also known as Dawn), which supplies home helps?in the fullness of time. Families may wait up to two to three months  Svetlana's neighbourhood and up to six months elsewhere. Moreover, the service may not be supplied on a continuous daily basis;  Svetlana's case it was rationed so as to amount to a total of one month  the year. Another drawback of this service is its cost. Varying with the type of case?child minding is cheapest?the charge for a bedbound patient amounts to six rubles 72 kopeks a day, and that frequently represents as much as a day's earnings for one member of the family.  actual expenditure tends to be higher because people make additional payments to induce their helps to arrive a little earlier or stay later than inflexible officialdom allows.
Effect of NHS walk-in centre on local primary healthcare services: before and after observational study
Authors: R. T Hsu
Journal: BMJ (2003)

To assess the effect of an NHS walk-in centre on local primary and emergency healthcare services.Before and after observational study.Loughborough, which had an NHS walk-in centre, and Market Harborough, the control town.12 general practices.Mean daily rate of emergency general practitioner consultations, mean number of half days to the sixth bookable routine appointment, and attendance rates at out of hours services, minor injuries units, and accident and emergency departments.The change between the before and after study periods was not significantly different in the two towns for daily rate of emergency general practice consultations (mean difference -0.02/1000 population, 95% confidence interval -0.75 to 0.71), the time to the sixth bookable routine appointment (-0.24 half-days, -1.85 to 1.37), and daily rate of attendances at out of hours services (0.07/1000 population, -0.06 to 0.19). However, attendance at the local minor injuries unit was significantly higher in Loughborough than Market Harborough (rate ratio 1.22, 1.12 to 1.33). Non-ambulance attendances at accident and emergency departments fell less in Loughborough than Market Harborough (rate ratio 1.17, 1.03 to 1.33).The NHS walk-in centre did not greatly affect the workload of local general practitioners. However, the workload of the local minor injuries unit increased significantly, probably because it was in the same building as the walk-in centre.
Effects of AR-L 115 BS (Sulmazol), a new cardiotonic agent, in coronary artery disease: Improved ventricular wall motion, increased pump function and abolition of pacing-induced ischemia
Authors: Jochen Thormann, Martin Schlepper, Wilfried Kramer, Martin Gottwik, Manfred Kindler
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1983)
Validation of biological markers for quantitative risk assessment.
Authors: P Schulte, L F Mazzuckelli
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1991)

The evaluation of biological markers is recognized as necessary to the future of toxicology, epidemiology, and quantitative risk assessment. For biological markers to become widely accepted, their validity must be ascertained. This paper explores the range of considerations that compose the concept of validity as it applies to the evaluation of biological markers. Three broad categories of validity (measurement, internal study, and external) are discussed in the context of evaluating data for use in quantitative risk assessment. Particular attention is given to the importance of measurement validity in the consideration of whether to use biological markers in epidemiologic studies. The concepts developed in this presentation are applied to examples derived from the occupational environment. In the first example, measurement of bromine release as a marker of ethylene dibromide toxicity is shown to be of limited use in constructing an accurate quantitative assessment of the risk of developing cancer as a result of long-term, low-level exposure. This example is compared to data obtained from studies of ethylene oxide, in which hemoglobin alkylation is shown to be a valid marker of both exposure and effect.
Bacterial symbioses of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana
Authors: Michael C. Nelson, Joerg Graf
Journal: Gut Microbes (2012)

Gastrointestinal microbiomes play important roles in the health and nutrition of animals and humans. The medicinal leech, Hirudo verbana, serves as a powerful model for the study of microbial symbioses of the gut, due to its naturally limited microbiome compared with other popular models, the ability to cultivate the most abundant microbes, and genetically manipulate one of them, Aeromonas veronii. This review covers the relevance and application of leeches in modern medicine as well as recent discoveries detailing the nature of the gut microbiome. Additionally, the dual life-style of A. veronii allows one to do direct comparisons between colonization factors for beneficial and pathogenic associations, and relevant findings are detailed with respect to their role within the host and pathogenicity to other animals.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Youth With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: David M. Maahs, Stephen R. Daniels, Sarah D. de Ferranti, Helén L. Dichek, Joseph Flynn, Benjamin I. Goldstein, Aaron S. Kelly, Kristen J. Nadeau, Pamela Martyn-Nemeth, Stavroula K. Osganian, Laurie Quinn, Amy S. Shah, Elaine Urbina
Journal: Circulation (2014)
Mother to child transmission of HIV in China: Authors' reply
Authors: Katherine T Chen, Han-Zhu Qian
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Drug combinations and all cause mortality in heart disease No new insights were gainedEditor-Hippisley-Cox and Coupland conclude that the addition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to combinations of drugs conferred no additional benefit in their study of patients in primary care with ischaemic heart disease. 1 However, such a conclusion should be reached with caution.The drugs were given to the patients with the highest risk of death.A higher percentage of patients who died were treated with ACE inhibitors, and the greatest improvement in risk of death after adjustment for risk factors was seen in the patients treated with these drugs.ACE inhibitors might thus have been given to the patients with the most severe disease in each comorbidity group-for example, to diabetic patients with kidney disease and to patients with the most severe heart failure.Therefore the study can give no indication of the crucial question whether the outcome would have been equally good for the group of 463 patients who probably had the most severe disease and received statins, aspirin, blockers, and ACE inhibitors if they had not been given ACE inhibitors.Replacement of yes or no for comorbidity factors with more discriminating variables, such as presence of microalbuminuria and a severity measure for heart disease, would probably have improved the study.However, this cannot replace the quality of a randomised, placebo controlled study comparing the effect of adding ACE inhibitors to the other study drugs.Therefore the study by Hippisley-Cox and Coupland adds no new knowledge to how patients with ischaemic heart disease in primary care should be treated.
Abstract A16: Stromal LOX promotes TGFβR2 null breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Michael W. Pickup, Philip Owens, Agnes Gorska, Anna Chytil, Valerie Weaver, Harold Moses
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract To understand how loss of TGF-β signaling in cancer cells promotes tumor progression, we are evaluating modifications to the extracellular matrix in TGF-β type II receptor KO tumors. Tumor cell invasion is a dynamic process which is regulated by many microenvironmental influences such as ECM composition, MMP activity, and exposure of proper integrin binding sites. Crosslinking of collagen fibers increases the overall stiffness of affected tissue providing the mechanical force necessary for tumor cell migration and invasion. Lysyl oxidase is a potent extracellular enzyme that crosslinks collagen and elastin fibers. The study of human breast cancer cell lines shows that highly invasive cells express higher levels of lysyl oxidase and treatment with a lysyl oxidase inhibitor significantly decreases cellular invasion. Recent reports suggest that hypoxia induced metastasis is facilitated by lysyl oxidase crosslinking of the extracellular matrix. TGF-β is another molecule that is known to promote lysyl oxidase expression and will be the focus of our studies. In this study we utilize transgenic mice which express PyMT under a mammary epithelial specific promoter and have the type II TGF-β receptor conditionally deleted from mammary epithelial cells. Prior to tumor palpation, we see an increase in collagen deposition as well as tissue tensile strength indicating the presence of a higher degree of collagen crosslinking. In PyMT tumors originating from the RII KO mammary glands, increased deposition and maturation of collagen is present in the tumor microenvironment. However, this is not correlated with an increased expression of collagen genes. Subsequent analysis has shown an increased expression and activity of lysyl oxidase present in these TGFβR2KO PyMT tumors. Increased levels of lysyl oxidase are correlated with increased levels of available TGF-β in the RII KO tumors. Upon in vivo inhibition of lysyl oxidase, with beta-aminoproprionitrile, we see a significant decrease in tumor metastasis to the lungs through the inability to escape into the vasculature. Interestingly, these phenotypes are not driven by hypoxia, as shown in previous publications, and instead appear to be driven by TGFβ signaling in the stroma of these tumors. With the source of the TGFβ driving the increase expression of stromal LOX appears to be infiltrating immune cells, MDSCs. This work points to a new paradigm of LOX induction in tumors and presents a new therapeutic target group for LOX inhibition outside of patients presenting with hypoxic tumors. Citation Format: Michael W. Pickup, Philip Owens, Agnes Gorska, Anna Chytil, Valerie Weaver, Harold Moses. Stromal LOX promotes TGFβR2 null breast cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A16.
Ecological heuristics for learning
Authors: Paul M. Bronstein
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Domjan, Cusato &amp; Villarreal's target article is reviewed in the context of historical difficulty for learning studies in discriminating between learned and unlearned components of behavior. The research surveyed in the target article meets the criterion of differentiating between some learned and the unlearned aspects of social behavior, with Pavlovian conditioning shown repeatedly as a route by which reproductive and aggressive behavior is modulated.
Chronic persistent hepatitis: hepatitis B virus markers and histological follow-up.
Authors: R G Chadwick, J Galizzi, J Heathcote, T Lyssiotis, B J Cohen, P J Scheuer, S Sherlock
Journal: Gut (1979)

Twenty-six untreated patients with chronic persistent hepatitis were followed prospectively for one to 17 years (mean 5.6 years). The patients developed no clinical features of chronic liver disease. Raised serum transaminase levels were usually, but not consistently, the only biochemical abnormality; gamma globulin values were normal. Serum markers of past or present hepatitis B infection were found initially in 14 patients: another two developed markers during their follow-up. Nine patients progressed to a mild or moderate chronic active hepatitis as shown by serial needle liver biopsies but there was no evidence of cirrhosis. This progression was not associated with any clinical or biochemical deterioration. Seven of these patients had presented with insidious symptoms, seven had serum markers of hepatitis B infection, and the four who were HBsAg positive had relatively lower serum HBsAg concentrations than did those patients who continued with chronic persistent hepatitis.
A Midurethral Sling to Reduce Incontinence after Vaginal Prolapse Repair
Authors: John T. Wei, Ingrid Nygaard, Holly E. Richter, Charles W. Nager, Matthew D. Barber, Kim Kenton, Cindy L. Amundsen, Joseph Schaffer, Susan F. Meikle, Cathie Spino
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

Women without stress urinary incontinence undergoing vaginal surgery for pelvic-organ prolapse are at risk for postoperative urinary incontinence. A midurethral sling may be placed at the time of prolapse repair to reduce this risk.