tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
In vitro assessment of the biopersistence of vitreous fibers: state of the art from the physical-chemical point of view.
Authors: J C Touray, P Baillif
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Biopersistence is a function of different parameters: low solubility of the vitreous phase in physiological media, good mechanical properties of altered fibers, limited ability of phagocytosis to digest residual fragments. This article emphasizes solubility problems. From studies related to nuclear waste storage and other industrial problems, the mechanisms (formation of a leached layer of variable thickness and structure) and the kinetic laws describing the dissolution of vitreous fibers are now fairly well known. Appropriate methods depend only on the composition of the vitreous fibers that have to be chosen to determine intrinsic dissolution rates. All other parameters influencing the dissolution rate have to be fixed radius of the fibers, composition of the saline solution) or within a convenient range (flow-rate, s/v ratio). Alternatively, physicochemical parameters may be derived from a known relation (Arrhenius plot for T, kinetic equation for pH, geometrical equation for S). In spite of their widespread use, flow-through systems, in our opinion, give less precise kinetic results than large-volume closed systems with small s/v ratios (less than 0.5 cm-1). In closed and open systems, we suggest the use of two parameters for describing the dissolution rates at 37 degrees C: the initial rate constant, vo, and the time constant, k, for a rate decreasing at variable S.
Sick Role, Status, and Acute Respiratory Illness
Authors: William W. Darrow
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Monto and Ullman (227:164, 1974) presented two findings from their six-year study of respiratory illness in Tecumseh that interest me: (1) After 2 years of age, females are more frequently found with respiratory illnesses than males in the same age groups; and (2) the poorly educated-relatively wealthy have the lowest frequencies of clinically apparent respiratory illness, but the highly educated-relatively poor have the highest frequencies of clinically apparent respiratory illness. The authors attribute sex differences in morbidity to the closer contacts mothers have with their children. Socioeconomic differences came as a complete surprise to the authors, and no explanation for this finding is offered. In my opinion, the conclusion regarding the first finding is premature, and, with the use of the sociological literature on status inconsistency, the second finding might have been anticipated. Regarding sex differences in respiratory illness, Fig 1 of the article by Monto and
Use of F-18 FDG PET/CT in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma With Central Nervous System Involvement
Authors: Sébastien Cimarelli, Catherine Sebban, Philippe Thiesse, Marie Pierre Sunyach, Jean-Yves Blay, Hervé Ghesquières
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2011)

Central nervous system (CNS) is a rare site of involvement by non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Therapeutic approach for primary and secondary CNS NHL is different and remains challenging. Therefore imaging data are essential at staging to discriminate these 2 clinical entities and during follow-up to assess therapy response. The adjunct role of positron emission tomography using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose to morphologic imaging is still undefined. We report 2 didactic cases of primary and secondary CNS NHL assessed by F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Metabolic imaging seems to be complementary to conventional imaging techniques for the extent-of-disease evaluation and therapy monitoring of CNS lesions.
The prion hypothesis is finally accepted by the establishment
Authors: D. Josefson
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Professor Stanley Prusiner has won this year's Nobel prize for medicine for his pioneering work on prions. Deborah Josefson examines his groundbreaking and frequently controversial research



Stanley Prusiner persisted with his radical theories on prions ASSOCIATED PRESS



Stanley Prusiner, professor of neurology and biochemistry at the University of California, San Francisco, has won the 1997 Nobel prize for medicine for his work on prions. This new class of infectious agents are thought to underlie a variety of sporadic, transmissible, and hereditary neurodegenerative disorders including kuru, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, fatal familial insomnia, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), scrapie, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).

Professor Prusiner's work has long been controversial because it challenges conventional biomedical dogma which holds that an infectious agent must contain nucleic acid. The Nobel prize winner's revolutionary concept was that a deformed protein could serve as an infectious particle and propagate in the absence of genetic material. Professor Prusiner dubbed these proteins “prions”-short for proteinaceous infectious particles.

The Karolinska Institute, which bestowed the prize, said: “Stanley Prusiner has added prions to the list of well known infectious agents including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Stanley Prusiner's discovery provides important insights that may furnish the basis of understanding the biological mechanisms underlying other types of dementia related illnesses-for example, Alzheimer's …
Survival Among Patients With Pancreatic Cancer and Long-Standing or Recent-Onset Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Chen Yuan, Douglas A. Rubinson, Zhi Rong Qian, Chen Wu, Peter Kraft, Ying Bao, Shuji Ogino, Kimmie Ng, Thomas E. Clancy, Richard S. Swanson, Megan J. Gorman, Lauren K. Brais, Tingting Li, Meir J. Stampfer, Frank B. Hu, Edward L. Giovannucci, Matthew H. Kulke, Charles S. Fuchs, Brian M. Wolpin
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2014)

Purpose Long-standing diabetes is a risk factor for pancreatic cancer, and recent-onset diabetes in the several years before diagnosis is a consequence of subclinical pancreatic malignancy. However, the impact of diabetes on survival is largely unknown. Patients and Methods We analyzed survival by diabetes status among 1,006 patients diagnosed from 1986 to 2010 from two prospective cohort studies: the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). We validated our results among 386 patients diagnosed from 2004 to 2013 from a clinic-based case series at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI). We estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for death using Cox proportional hazards models, with adjustment for age, sex, race/ethnicity, smoking, diagnosis year, and cancer stage. Results In NHS and HPFS, HR for death was 1.40 (95% CI, 1.15 to 1.69) for patients with long-term diabetes (&gt; 4 years) compared with those without diabetes (P &lt; .001), with median survival times of 3 months for long-term diabetics and 5 months for nondiabetics. Adjustment for a propensity score to reduce confounding by comorbidities did not change the results. Among DFCI patient cases, HR for death was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.07 to 2.20) for those with long-term diabetes compared with those without diabetes (P = .02), with median survival times of 9 months for long-term diabetics and 13 months for nondiabetics. Compared with nondiabetics, survival times were shorter for long-term diabetics who used oral hypoglycemics or insulin. We observed no statistically significant association of recent-onset diabetes (&lt; 4 years) with survival. Conclusion Long-standing diabetes was associated with statistically significantly decreased survival among patients with pancreatic cancer enrolled onto three longitudinal studies.
TCT-593 In Vivo Assessment of the Bioresorption process of Everolimus-eluting PLLA Scaffold: a Light Intensity Analysis of Sequential Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging post Procedure, and at 1 and 3 Years in The ABSORB Cohort B2 Trial
Authors: Shimpei Nakatani, Yoshinobu Onuma, Takashi Muramatsu, Yuki Ishibashi, Robert J Van Geuns, Bernard Chevalier, Dariusz Dudek, Leif Thuesen, Pieter C. Smits, Bernard De Bruyne, Jacques Koolen, Stephan Windecker, Robert J. Whitbourn, Ian T. Meredith, Richard Rapoza, Hector M Garcia-Garcia, John A. Ormiston, Patrick W. Serruys
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Necrobiotic Nodules of Rheumatoid Arthritis Type with Lipoid Deposition
Authors: E. Fletcher
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1946)

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is used in the treatment of angina pectoris and cardiac failure, but the rapid onset of GTN tolerance limits its clinical utility. Research suggests that a principal cause of tolerance is inhibition of an enzyme responsible for the production of physiologically active concentrations of NO from GTN. This enzyme has not conclusively been identified. However, the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is inhibited in GTN-tolerant tissues and produces \(\mathrm{NO}_{2}^{-}\) from GTN, which is proposed to be converted to NO within mitochondria. To investigate the role of this enzyme in GTN tolerance, cumulative GTN concentration-response curves were obtained for both GTN-tolerant and -nontolerant rat aortic rings treated with the ALDH inhibitor cyanamide or the ALDH substrate propionaldehyde. Tolerance to GTN was induced using both in vivo and in vitro protocols. The in vivo protocol resulted in almost complete inhibition of ALDH2 activity and GTN biotransformation in hepatic mitochondria, indicating that long-term GTN exposure results in inactivation of the enzyme. Treatment with cyanamide or propionaldehyde caused a dose-dependent increase in the EC<sub>50</sub> value for GTN-induced relaxation of similar magnitude in both tolerant and nontolerant aorta, suggesting that although cyanamide and propionaldehyde inhibit GTN-induced vasodilation, these inhibitors do not affect the enzyme or system involved in tolerance development to GTN. Treatment with cyanamide or propionaldehyde did not significantly inhibit 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine-mediated vasodilation in tolerant or nontolerant aorta, indicating that these ALDH inhibitors do not affect the downstream effectors of NO-induced vasodilation. Immunoblot analysis indicated that the majority of vascular ALDH2 is present in the cytoplasm, suggesting that mitochondrial biotransformation of GTN by ALDH2 plays a minor role in the overall vascular biotransformation of GTN by this enzyme.
Ambulatory pH monitoring of gastro-oesophageal reflux in "morning dipper" asthmatics.
Authors: R. A. Nagel, P. Brown, W. H. Perks, R. S. Wilson, G. D. Kerr
Journal: BMJ (1988)

A causal relation between gastro-oesophageal reflux and nocturnal asthma has been postulated. Forty four adult asthmatics underwent ambulatory monitoring of their oesophageal pH over 24 hours to find out if there was such a relation. Of these 21 showed significant "morning dipping" in which the peak expiratory flow falls during the night. Asthmatics with morning dipping had a history of nocturnal wheeze and a higher incidence of reflux symptoms, but measurement of oesophageal pH showed no significant difference in the amount or pattern of reflux when compared with "non-dippers." Overall, 15 asthmatics had gastro-oesophageal reflux, and these participated in a randomised, double blind crossover trial of ranitidine versus placebo. No significant difference was found in the peak expiratory flow rates or subjective evaluation of well being of the patients.
A NEW METHOD OF INVITING SLEEP.
Authors: J. B. LEARNED
Journal: JAMA (1897)

A violent collision with the frozen earth, the result of my first drive with a newly purchased horse in 1880, took me out of the busy life of the every day and night practitioners. For many years, instead of experimenting upon a willing and paying class of the laity, I was experimenting upon an unwilling and non-paying member of the profession. I did not sample all the remedies of the "Dispensatory," but I sampled many remedies outside the "Dispensatory." Hot water, cold water, inside and out; lack of food and surplus of food; gymnastics in my room and gymnastics with the woodsaw in the basement in the night time, brisk walking in the halls and around the square before retiring, friction direct and indirect, long deep inspirations with and without the numberless mental occupations, as varied as the physical; all these I tried faithfully. I also read about insomnia, its
Psychotropic Drugs In Addiction
Authors: Alex J. Arieff
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I think that one factor was not brought out. Basically, this is the correlation of the increase in drugs such as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam to the amount of advertising that drug companies do. I think that a definite correlation would be found and this correlation is not related to effectiveness. I do not write to be destructively critical, but to point to<i>fashion</i>in the prescribing of medication.
THE LEGAL RESTRICTION OF MEDICAL PRACTICE IN THE UNITED STATES.
Authors: PERRY H. MILLARD
Journal: JAMA (1889)

<i>Gentlemen:</i>In reviewing the subject of medical legislation, I am fully cognizant of encroachment of a subject most fertile in theory and suggestion, but quite devoid of illustrative beneficial results; a subject of vital importance to the public and profession, yet receiving but little aid and encouragement from either source in attempts at reforms. The history of medical legislation in this country shows, quite uniformly, that legislatures are quite apathetic when requested to enact laws regulating medical practice, and are most loth to believe that the best interests of the public are subserved by such laws, many even asserting their belief that all legislation of this character savors of trades unionism. In our attempts at medical reform, the demeanor of the profession has likewise been most discouraging. We concede to all the right of conservatism, but deem it the duty of all good citizens to pass conscientious judgment upon all
PD-L1 and MHC-I expression in 19 human tumor cell lines and modulation by interferon-gamma treatment
Authors: Italia Grenga, Renee N Donahue, Lauren Lepone, Jessa Bame, Jeffrey Schlom, Benedetto Farsaci
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of PD-L1 and MHC-I in 19 human tumor cell lines and changes after interferon gamma (IFN-γ) treatment, in order to evaluate the potentiality of combining anti-PD-L1 antibody with other immunotherapies. Nineteen human tumor cell
Committee said that midwives and GPs should work in partnership
Authors: G. Young
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Outcome of pregnancy in women with insulin dependent diabetes Centralisation of care leads to better outcomeEditor-The finding of a persistently poor outcome of pregnancy in women with insulin dependent diabetes in two (northern) English regions is an important statement of the problem. 1 2 Both studies provide figures and show outcomes that are no different from those widely reported in the past.Unfortunately, neither give evidence of any degree of centralisation of obstetric or diabetic care, with on-site neonatal intensive care, although this is a proved means of improving the outcome of pregnancy for diabetic mothers. 3 The St Vincent declaration guidelines on the outcome of pregnancy, referred to in the accompanying editorial (p 263), are based on the Scandinavian reports held up as examples of good practice and state that "an interdisciplinary team should provide centralized diabetic pregnancy care in a hospital treating at least 20-30 cases a year.Pregnant diabetic
The Toxicity of Aminopyrine
Authors: M. M. Wintrobe
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I must take issue with certain statements in an article (<i>JAMA</i><b>176</b>:1112 [July 1] 1961) which describes the successful treatment of a case of diabetes insipidus with aminopyrine. The writers recommend such therapy and state that the potential hematologic hazard in the use of aminopyrine "has been greatly overemphasized." As evidence they cite the report of the Subcommittee on Blood Dyscrasias, Committee on Research, of the AMA Council on Drugs. Because this report revealed only 6 cases of granulocytopenia definitely related to aminopyrine ingestion and listed, in addition, only 14 cases in which aminopyrine was felt to have been a contributory offender, they conclude that "one can safely use aminopyrine in the treatment of diabetes insipidus in cases in which the patient can be followed by the physician with frequent inquiries as to symptoms suggestive of agranulocytosis." The quotation from the subcommittee report is correct, but
Current Indoor Allergen Levels of Fungi and Cats, But Not House Dust Mites, Influence Allergy and Asthma in Adults with High Dust Mite Exposure
Authors: SHYAMALI DHARMAGE, MICHAEL BAILEY, JOAN RAVEN, TERESA MITAKAKIS, ANNA CHENG, DAVID GUEST, JENNIFER ROLLAND, ANDREW FORBES, FRANCIS THIEN, MICHAEL ABRAMSON, E. HAYDN WALTERS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

We assessed the influence of current indoor levels of fungi, house dust mite allergen (Der p 1), and cat allergen (Fel d 1) on sensitization and asthma in adults. A total of 485 adults answered a questionnaire and had skin prick tests and lung function tests. Dust and air samples were collected from their bedrooms. The dust was analyzed for Der p 1, Fel d 1, and fungal biomass (ergosterol). Fungal propagules were measured in air samples. Current asthma was defined as having wheezed during the past 12 mo plus bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) to methacholine. High exposure to total airborne fungi was associated with increased BHR, but perhaps paradoxically with a lower risk of being sensitized to fungi. Ergosterol levels in floor dust were a risk factor both for being sensitized to fungi and having wheezed within the last year. High Fel d 1 levels in floor dust were found to increase the risk of being sensitized to cats and in beds to increase the risk of current asthma. Although Der p 1 levels in homes were high, people exposed to high Der p 1 levels in floor dust were less likely to be sensitized to house dust mites or to have wheezed within the past year. Current indoor levels of fungi and Fel d 1, but not Der p 1, influenced sensitization and asthma in adults with high dust mite exposure.Keywords: asthma; allergy; indoor environment; indoor allergens; house dust mites; fungi; ergosterol; cat
292 Synergistic effects of type 1 (infergen(R)) and type 2 (actimmune(R)) interferons in preclinical models of HCV: demonstration of potential efficacy
Authors: L BLATT, H TAN, J HONG, J DERRICK, S SEIWERT, C DAY, J MORREY, W GROSSE, C SANDA, M TAYLOR
Journal: Hepatology (2003)
Cytokines and the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: A M Diehl, Z P Li, H Z Lin, S Q Yang
Journal: Gut (2005)

Histopathological characteristics distinguish steatohepatitis from other causes of chronic liver injury. For years, the main cause of steatohepatitis was thought to be excessive consumption of alcohol. Increasingly, steatohepatitis is being diagnosed in individuals who deny alcohol abuse. Arbitrarily, “non-alcoholic” steatohepatitis (NASH) is subcategorised into “primary” and “secondary” NASH.1

Primary NASH refers to steatohepatitis that is associated with the dysmetabolic syndrome (that is, obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia).2 Primary NASH is thought to be the predominant form of NASH, afflicting at least as many individuals in the USA as chronic hepatitis C. Secondary NASH refers to steatohepatitis that accompanies other syndromes (for example, lipodystrophy) or that is caused by certain drugs (for example, amiodarone).3 Accumulating evidence suggests that common mechanisms may mediate the pathogenesis of alcohol induced steatohepatitis and primary NASH.4 Although unproven, it is likely that primary and secondary NASH also share common pathogenic mechanisms.

### Obesity

Obesity, especially visceral adiposity, is a major risk factor for NASH in humans.5 Even if they do not have an elevated body mass index, patients with NASH are very likely to be insulin resistant.2 Basic research on fat cell (adipocyte) biology provides some clues about why obesity, insulin resistance, and NASH may be interrelated.

Obesity increases adipose tissue mass. It has long been known that adipose tissue is a source of free fatty acids that are delivered to the liver and a depot for triglycerides that are synthesised by hepatocytes and released into the blood. Only recently however has the neuroendocrine role of adipose tissue been appreciated. Fat produces hormones, such as leptin, resistin, and adiponectin, that regulate metabolism in other tissues, as well as fat itself. Fat is also a source of neurotransmitters, such as noradrenaline and angiotensin II. In addition, because adipocytes produce immunomodulatory cytokines, such as …
IMPACTION OF FOREIGN BODIES IN THE ESOPHAGUS DURING VOMITING
Authors: B. M. Kully
Journal: JAMA (1928)

It is not generally recognized that foreign bodies may be lodged in the esophagus after having passed into the stomach. The possibility of this occurrence emphasizes the importance of following the course of all gastric foreign bodies until their removal or expulsion is accomplished. Repeated observations and examinations, physical, roentgenographic and endoscopic, are indicated. In the following two cases foreign bodies were ingested into the stomach and were subsequently impacted in the esophagus during vomiting. <h3>REPORT OF CASES</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> —A. G., aged 4, admitted, June 6, 1927, had had moderate obstruction to the swallowing of solids of twenty-four hours' duration. The child had swallowed a coin, a five cent piece, four days prior to admission. Roentgen-ray examination revealed the coin in the stomach. The child was symptom free for three days until a vomiting spell occurred. Immediately after the vomiting spell, obstruction to the swallowing of
John Rae, Surgeon to the Hudson's Bay Company
Authors: Robert Fortuine
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

IN the winter of 1858 a forty-five-year-old official of the Hudson's Bay Company, then living at Hamilton, Ontario, received an invitation to dinner at the home of a friend in Toronto, some 40 miles distant. He set out on snowshoes that morning, arriving just seven hours later at his destination, where he dined without evidence of fatigue. Such was the mettle that made Dr. John Rae one of the greatest Arctic explorers of his time.John Rae was born on September 30, 1813, at the Hall of Clestrain, near Stromness, in the Orkneys. After a rugged childhood in these rocky . . .
Reconstruction of 'simplified' skin: control of fabrication
Authors: D. Asselineau, M. Prunieras
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Journal Article Reconstruction of ‘simplified’ skin: control of fabrication Get access D. ASSELINEAU, D. ASSELINEAU Centre International de Recherches Dermatologiques, Sophia Amipolis, 06565 Valbonne, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. PRUNIERAS M. PRUNIERAS Centre International de Recherches Dermatologiques, Sophia Amipolis, 06565 Valbonne, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 111, Issue s27, 1 July 1984, Pages 219–222, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb15608.x Published: 01 July 1984