tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer Screening
Authors: Etta D. Pisano, Martin J. Yaffe
Journal: JAMA (2014)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Functionally thrombasthenic state in normal platelets following the administration of ticlopidine.
Authors: G Di Minno, A M Cerbone, P L Mattioli, S Turco, C Iovine, M Mancini
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1985)

To elucidate the bleeding tendency that follows the administration of ticlopidine, we investigated the skin bleeding time and some ex vivo functions of platelets obtained from eight healthy volunteers before and 1 wk after daily administration of 500 mg of ticlopidine. We found the following: ticlopidine significantly (P less than 0.001) prolonged the skin bleeding time and impaired the binding of radiolabeled fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor, the clot retraction and the aggregation of platelets in response to ADP, epinephrine, thrombin, ionophore A23187, collagen, or arachidonic acid. In contrast, the administration of this drug did not affect intraplatelet levels of cAMP, agglutination and binding of von Willebrand Factor in response to ristocetin, shape change in response to ADP, collagen, thrombin, or arachidonic acid, or binding of prostaglandin E1 to resting platelets. Secretion of ATP in response to ADP or epinephrine was completely inhibited, whereas secretion as well as thromboxane synthesis in response to high concentrations of collagen, arachidonic acid, calcium ionophore A23187, or thrombin was unaffected. Studies with monoclonal antibodies showed that the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex (the putative receptor for fibrinogen and von Willebrand Factor on the surface of platelets exposed to naturally occurring aggregating agents) was quantitatively unaffected by ticlopidine. This observation was further confirmed by densitometric scannings of Periodic Acid-Schiff-stained gels of platelet suspensions. The onset, as well as the cessation of the inhibitory effect of ticlopidine on platelets was very slow, and reached a maximum after a 3-5-d administration. In addition, ticlopidine appeared to be a much more potent inhibitor when administered to subjects than when added in vitro to platelets. Finally, abnormalities comparable to those found in volunteers taking ticlopidine were observed when platelets from untreated subjects were incubated in the plasma of ticlopidine-treated subjects. We conclude that ticlopidine induces a thrombasthenic state in normal platelets without affecting the glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex quantitatively. Furthermore, our data suggest that one or more active metabolites rather than the native drug mediate the abnormalities of platelet function observed in ticlopidine-treated subjects.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Francis G. Blake, Russell L. Cecil
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1920)

1. Pneumonia has been consistently produced in normal monkeys by intratracheal injection of Streptococcus haemolyticus. 2. The pneumonia produced has been shown to be comparable with hemolytic streptococcus pneumonia in man with respect to its clinical features, complications, and pathology. 3. Two pathologic types of the disease have occurred, interstitial pneumonia and confluent lobular pneumonia. Both types have been found in the same animal. 4. The type of pneumonia has appeared to be dependent upon the amount of streptococcus culture injected, interstitial pneumonia following the injection of small amounts and being an expression of considerable resistance, confluent lobular pneumonia following the injection of large amounts and being an expression of comparative lack of resistance. 5. Study of the distribution of streptococci in the lungs and of the character of the lesions in early stages of the disease has shown that streptococci may primarily invade the pulmonary tissue by penetration of the walls of the larger bronchial branches and that they are distributed from the points of invasion by way of the peribronchial, perivascular, and septal interstitial tissue and lymphatics. Infection of the alveoli is likewise primarily an interstitial invasion of the alveolar walls by streptococci. 6. In one experiment it was found that preliminary injury to the respiratory tract by gassing with chlorine and that lowering of resistance by a preceding intraperitoneal injection of Bacillus influenza without local injury to the respiratory tract greatly facilitated invasion of the lungs by Streptococcus haemolyticus. 7. A normal monkey inoculated in the nose and throat with Streptococcus haemolyticus failed to develop pneumonia and showed no evidence of infection of the upper respiratory tract.
Hospitals are criticised for yielding to pressure over human rights lecture
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Two hospitals in northwest England have been criticised for cancelling lectures on human rights after a campaign by a Zionist organisation to stop them taking place. The lectures were due to be given by a speaker from the Israeli charity Physicians for Human Rights-Israel.

The Zionist Central Council of Greater Manchester posted on its website an “urgent call to stop anti-Israel meeting at Manchester Royal Infirmary and Fairfield Hospital.”

A talk entitled “The right to health in a conflict zone” by Miri Weingarten, advocacy director for Physicians for Human Rights-Israel, was cancelled four hours before it was due to start on 22 October at the Manchester Royal Infirmary, but people who turned up to hear it …
Hemopericardium Caused by Ingested Safety Pin
Authors: A. G. Kalayci, K. Baysal, S. Uysal, A. Sarac, F. Bernay, F. Gebesoglu
Journal: Endoscopy (2002)

The ingestion of an open safety pin may have significant consequences especially with regard to the cardiovascular system [1] [2] [3] [4]. Only one instance is reported in the literature of cardiac tamponade following ingestion of a safety pin; the cause of death was determined at autopsy [5]. Therefore we report here the case of an infant with hemopericardium caused by swallowing an open safety pin. The pin was removed using a gastrointestinal fiberscope, after drainage of pericardial fluid.
Female Contact Activates Male-Specific Interneurons that Trigger Stereotypic Courtship Behavior in Drosophila
Authors: Soh Kohatsu, Masayuki Koganezawa, Daisuke Yamamoto
Journal: Neuron (2011)

We determined the cellular substrate for male courtship behavior by quasinatural and artificial stimulation of brain neurons. Activation of fruitless (fru)-expressing neurons via stimulation of thermosensitive dTrpA1 channels induced an entire series of courtship acts in male Drosophila placed alone without any courting target. By reducing the number of neurons expressing dTrpA1 by MARCM, we demonstrated that the initiation of courtship behavior is significantly correlated with the activation of the transmidline P1 interneurons, the descending P2b interneurons, or both, indicating that these interneurons trigger courtship. Using an experimental paradigm in which a tethered male can be stimulated to initiate courtship by touching his foreleg tarsus to a female's abdomen, we found that P1 neurites of tethered males showed a transient Ca2+ rise after tarsal stimulation with the female-associated sensory cues. These observations strongly suggest that P1 neurons are the prime components of the neural circuitry that initiates male courtship.
Comparison of natriuretic, uricosuric, and antihypertensive properties of tienilic acid, bendrofluazide, and spironolactone.
Authors: C J Roberts, A J Marshall, S Heaton, D W Barritt
Journal: BMJ (1979)

The antihypertensive properties of the new diuretic tienilic acid were investigated. Thirteen previously untreated hypertensive patients took part in a double-blind crossover study in which 30 days9 treatment with tienilic acid 250 mg, bendrofluazide 5 mg, and spironolactone 100 mg were compared. Bendrofluazide caused the greatest natriuresis on the first treatment day and the most rapid fall in blood pressure. The ultimate antihypertensive effect of all three drugs was similar. Tienilic acid caused a noticeable reduction in serum urate concentrations and a rise in urate clearance, in contrast to the other two agents, which caused slight urate retention. Tienilic acid and bendrofluazide caused falls and spironolactone a rise in plasma potassium concentrations. No untoward effects were seen from any of the drugs. It is concluded that tienilic acid is a moderately potent diuretic that lowers plasma urate concentrations. It may be the drug of first choice for hypertensive patients who already have gout or are likely to develop it when taking thiazide diuretics.
Tracing HIV-Infected Blood Recipients: Large-Scale Recipient Screening vs Look-Back Testing
Authors: Ambrose T. Ng
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In March 1987, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommended that physicians offer testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection to selected patients who had received multiple transfusions between 1978 and late spring of 1985. This recommendation was based on a study showing that 8% of leukemic patients in New York City were infected with HIV from blood transfusions received prior to routine screening of donated blood for HIV antibody.<sup>1</sup> As of April 29, 1987, we have tested 2343 blood recipients through our program to provide HIV testing to those individuals who had received a transfusion of blood components between Jan 1, 1977, and June 1, 1985. This program was developed in response to the CDC report mentioned above. We had previously attempted to trace potentially infected recipients through a "look-back" program, wherein a blood-collection facility traces and tests recipients of any blood transfusions received prior
Familial Thyroxine-binding Globulin Deficiency
Authors: P. Torkington, R. J. Harrison, N. F. Maclagan, D. Burston
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Genetically determined thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency is described in two families in the United Kingdom. All subjects in both pedigrees were euthyroid. Transmission was by sex-linkage; males showed low serum protein bound iodine and high thyroxine (T4) resin uptake due to complete absence of serum thryroxine-binding globulin; females were less severely affected. The distinctive biochemical results disclosed the diagnosis and emphasize that serum protein bound iodine levels should be interpreted carefully and tests, such as triiodothyroinine (T3) or T4 resin uptake, used to prevent erroneous diagnoses of hypothyroidism.
Individual Rights versus the Public's Health — 100 Years after<i>Jacobson</i>v.<i>Massachusetts</i>
Authors: Wendy E Parmet, Richard A Goodman, Amy Farber
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

We have on our statute book a law that compels . . . a man to offer up his body to pollution and filth and disease; that compels him to submit to a barbarous ceremonial of blood-poisoning, and virtually to say to a sick calf, “Thou art my savior: in thee do I trust. . . .”— Brief of the Defendant, Commonwealth v. Jacobson, 183 Mass. 242 (1903)Upon the principle of self-defense, of paramount necessity, a community has the right to protect itself against an epidemic of disease which threatens the safety of its members.— Supreme Court . . .
P3-078: MO19390: an open-label safety study of bevacizumab in combination with chemotherapy as first-line treatment of patients with advanced or recurrent non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Lucio Crinó, Eric Dansin, Pilar Garrido, Frank Griesinger, Yon-Dschun Ko, Janessa Laskin, Nick Pavlakis, Nick Thatcher, Chun-Ming Tsai, Chih-Teng Yu
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Activated Charcoal for Acute Acetaminophen Intoxication
Authors: Gerhard Levy
Journal: JAMA (1972)

To the Editor.—  The incidence of acute acetaminophen intoxication in the United States appears to be increasing as this drug finds wider use as a nonprescription analgesic and antipyretic. In England, where acetaminophen has been popular for some time, a substantial number of poisonings have been encountered.1,2Most severely intoxicated patients (ingested dose > 15 gm in adults) develop liver damage; some also show renal injury.1-3The maximum necrotic effect appears two to four days after drug ingestion; death can occur any time between two to seven days after the intoxication. No form of therapy has proven effective in reducing or preventing hepatic necrosis due to acetaminophen poisoning.2It is, therefore, particularly important to employ measures for reducing the absorption of the ingested drug.  We are presently evaluating the efficacy of activated charcoal as an inhibitor of acetaminophen absorption in man. These studies are still in progress
Ubiquitylation and the pathogenesis of hypertension
Authors: David H. Ellison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Liddle syndrome is monogenic hypertension caused by mutations in the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) that interfere with its ubiquitylation by Nedd4-2. In this issue, Ronzaud and colleagues found that deleting Nedd4-2 from kidney tubules in adult mice led to ENaC accumulation, but not at the plasma membrane, as predicted from current models. Instead, abundance of the sodium chloride transporter NCC increased at the plasma membrane, and the mice have some features of increased NCC activity. Together, the results suggest that defective ubiquitylation of ENaC by Nedd4-2 may not fully explain Liddle syndrome and that Nedd4-2 modulates NCC more strongly.
Effect of guar crispbread with cereal products and leguminous seeds on blood glucose concentrations of diabetics.
Authors: D J Jenkins, T M Wolever, R H Taylor, H M Barker, H Fielden, A L Jenkins
Journal: BMJ (1980)

To compare the effect on blood glucose concentrations of guar incorporated into crispbreads with that of unprocessed high-fibre foods groups of four to six diabetics took a total of seven test breakfasts on separate days. By comparison with a breakfast of wholemeal bread and cheese, guar crispbread combined with bread reduced the area under the glucose response curve to 51% (p &lt; 0.05); bread and soya beans reduced the area to 65% (p &lt; 0.05); guar crispbread with soya beans to 25% (p &lt; 0.002); and soya beans with lentils to 29% (p &lt; 0.002). Porridge and cornflake breakfasts showed no difference. The favourable results with leguminous seeds may not make such meals more acceptable than meals of guar products, but a combination of leguminous seeds and guar may allow smaller and more acceptable amounts of both to be used.
Diseases of the central nervous system: Epilepsy.
Authors: F B Gibberd
Journal: BMJ (1975)

Epilepsy is an abnormal paroxysmal discharge of neurones which is sufficiently extensive to cause clinical manifestations.These will depend on the neurones involved.The more common types of epilepsy include grand mal with loss of consciousness and convulsions, petit mal, in which there is transient loss of consciousness, and focal epilepsy, especially of the temporal lobe.The various types can usually be distinguished by the history but the examination and special investigations such as electroencephalography may make this easier.This article dis- cusses the treatment of epileptic attacks rather than their diagnosis and investigation.Except in status epilepticus the treatment of epilepsy is prophylactic.Before starting treatment the doctor must have concluded that the patient has a continuing liability to epilepsy.This conclusion is easily reached if the patient has had recurrent attacks, but after a single episode it is less easy.If there was a clear precipitating factor such as prolonged hypoglycaemia then avoiding or correcting the circumstance may be all that is required.If there is persistent disease such as a tumour, then treatment should be given even after a single fit.Sometimes antiepileptic treatment is given after brain surgery even when no fit has occurred.Other factors which might influence a decision whether to give treatment for a single fit are the nature of the seizure, the electroencephalographic findings, and the certainty of the diagnosis.Most physicians would feel that a single attack without evidence of any other brain disease does not warrant treatment.
THE DIRECTOR OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Henry S. M. Uhl
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Since the end of World War II, there has appeared in American medicine a new "specialist," the director of medical education. His role in graduate and postgraduate medical education is widely misunderstood by the practicing profession, hospital administrators, and medical school officials. Scores of non-university hospitals have established positions for a part-time or full-time educational director, with the expectation that he will create an outstanding program for interns, residents, and visiting staffs, magically solving current critical manpower shortages. Moreover, too often these appointments have been filled by unqualified or partially informed men. If these trends continue, it is certain that widespread dissatisfaction and disappointment will develop, tending to discredit an important contribution to the establishment of non-university hospitals as teaching institutions. Twenty years ago the report of the Commission on Graduate Medical Education<sup>1</sup>described the concept of the director of medical education, outlined his responsibilities, and concisely delineated the
The Cost-effectiveness of Air Bags by Seating Position
Authors: John D. Graham, Kimberly M. Thompson, Sue J. Goldie, Maria Segui-Gomez, Milton C. Weinstein
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>Context.</h3> —Motor vehicle crashes continue to cause significant mortality and morbidity in the United States. Installation of air bags in new passenger vehicles is a major initiative in the field of injury prevention. <h3>Objective.</h3> —To assess the net health consequences and cost-effectiveness of driver's side and front passenger air bags from a societal perspective, taking into account the increased risk to children who occupy the front passenger seat and the diminished effectiveness for older adults. <h3>Design.</h3> —A deterministic state transition model tracked a hypothetical cohort of new vehicles over a 20-year period for 3 strategies: (1) installation of safety belts, (2) installation of driver's side air bags in addition to safety belts, and (3) installation of front passenger air bags in addition to safety belts and driver's side air bags. Changes in health outcomes, valued in terms of quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs (in 1993 dollars), were projected following the recommendations of the Panel on Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine. <h3>Participants.</h3> —US population-based and convenience sample data were used. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. <h3>Results.</h3> —Safety belts are cost saving, even at 50% use. The addition of driver's side air bags to safety belts results in net health benefits at an incremental cost of $24 000 per QALY saved. The further addition of front passenger air bags results in an incremental net benefit at a higher incremental cost of $61 000 per QALY saved. Results were sensitive to the unit cost of air bag systems, their effectiveness, baseline fatality rates, the ratio of injuries to fatalities, and the real discount rate. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Borh air bag systems save life-years at costs that are comparable to many medical and public health practices. Immediate steps can be taken to enhance the cost-effectiveness of front passenger air bags, such as moving children to the rear seat.
Compound Heterozygosity for a Structural Apolipoprotein A-I Variant, Apo A-I(L141R) <sub>Pisa</sub> , and an Apolipoprotein A-I Null Allele in Patients With Absence of HDL Cholesterol, Corneal Opacifications, and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Roberto Miccoli, Alessandra Bertolotto, Renzo Navalesi, Leonardo Odoguardi, Andrea Boni, Johannes Wessling, Harald Funke, Heiko Wiebusch, Arnold von Eckardstein, Gerd Assmann
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background The concentration of HDL cholesterol is inversely correlated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Some rare mutations in the apolipoprotein (apo) A-I gene are associated with low levels of HDL cholesterol. Their association with cardiovascular risk is controversial. Methods and Results We studied the molecular defects underlying corneal opacities and absence of HDL cholesterol in three brothers and a sister. In a family study, the importance of these defects for lipid metabolism and manifestation of coronary heart disease was investigated. The frequency of these apo A-I defects was assessed by genotype and phenotype analysis of 477 DNA − and plasma samples, respectively, from the population. The four patients were compound heterozygotes for a null allele and a missense mutation in the apo A-I gene that leads to a leucine→arginine substitution at residue 141 [apo A-I(L141R) Pisa ]. Heterozygotes for either the null allele or the structural variant had half-normal concentrations of HDL cholesterol and apo A-I compared with unaffected family members. Apo A-I(L141R) Pisa was detected in one more unrelated subject. Coronary angiography of the four compound heterozygotes revealed the presence of CHD in all male patients, whose ages ranged between 45 and 52 years. They presented with additional risk factors, including elevated LDL cholesterol levels, obesity, and arterial hypertension. Despite complete HDL deficiency and hypercholesterolemia, CHD was absent in the 51-year-old premenopausal sister. Conclusions Apo A-I deficiency may lead to premature atherosclerosis if present in conjunction with additional cardiovascular risk factors.
Acute Renal Failure Associated with Elevated Plasma Oncotic Pressure
Authors: Mark Moran, Curtis Kapsner
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1987)

THE rate of glomerular filtration is governed by the imbalance between positive hydraulic forces that promote fluid movement into Bowman's space and negative oncotic forces that retard such movement.1 , 2 The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) may be expressed as where Kf is the glomerular ultrafiltration coefficient, Δ̅Ρ̅ is the mean difference in hydraulic pressure, and Δ̅π̅ is the mean difference in oncotic pressure. Because glomerular filtrate is essentially free of protein, the value for Δ̅π̅ is determined primarily by oncotic pressure within the glomerular capillary.Acute renal failure induced by ischemia or cellular toxins is characterized by alterations in glomerular . . .
Transcobalamin codon 259 polymorphism in HT-29 and Caco-2 cells and in Caucasians: relation to transcobalamin and homocysteine concentration in blood
Authors: Farès Namour, Jean-Luc Olivier, Idrissia Abdelmouttaleb, Charles Adjalla, Renée Debard, Colette Salvat, Jean-Louis Guéant
Journal: Blood (2001)