tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Male dominance hierarchies and women's intrasexual competition
Authors: John Marshall Townsend
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

In their competition for higher-status men, women with higher socioeconomic status use indirect forms of aggression (ridicule and gossip) to derogate lower-status female competitors and the men who date them. Women's greater tendency to excuse their aggression is arguably a cultural enhancement of an evolutionarily based sex difference and not solely a cultural construction imposed by patriarchy.
Mechanism-specific effects of adenosine on atrial tachycardia.
Authors: E D Engelstein, N Lippman, K M Stein, B B Lerman
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Recent reports suggest that adenosine, in addition to terminating supraventricular tachycardia involving the atrioventricular (AV) node, may have antiarrhythmic effects on atrial tachycardia. The electrophysiological effects of adenosine on supraventricular tissue include shortening of action potential duration in atrial myocytes mediated by the potassium current, IKACh,Ado; shortening of action potential duration and hyperpolarization in sinus node cells; and anti-adrenergic electrophysiological effects resulting from inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. We therefore hypothesized that the response of atrial tachycardia to adenosine would be mechanism specific, with termination of atrial tachycardia due to sinus node reentry or cAMP-mediated triggered activity, transient suppression of automatic atrial tachycardia, and an absence of antiarrhythmic effect on tachycardia due to intraatrial reentry. METHODS AND RESULTS Adenosine (mean +/- SD, 143 +/- 54 micrograms/kg IV) was administered to 27 patients (55 +/- 19 years) in atrial tachycardia whose mechanism was confirmed by electrophysiological study. Adenosine terminated sinus node reentrant tachycardia in 6 of 6 patients and terminated atrial tachycardia due to triggered activity in the 1 patient in whom it was identified. Adenosine transiently suppressed automatic atrial tachycardia in 7 of 7 patients and had no effect in 13 patients with intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia, including 8 patients with atrial flutter. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that adenosine's effects on atrial tachycardia are mechanism specific and can be used to differentiate between reentrant tachycardia confined to the region of the sinus node or atria and between nonreentrant atrial tachycardia due to either triggered activity or automaticity.
An Ethical Debate Genetic testing for familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in newborn infants: Knowledge of risk allows adaptation
Authors: L. Grigg
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy has usually been diagnosed on the basis of physical examination, electrocardiography, and echocardiography. Echocardiography has advantages since the technique is non-invasive and relatively cheap. However, making an accurate diagnosis can be particularly difficult in children, who may not develop cardiac hypertrophy until adulthood.

As hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may cause sudden death in young people, and indeed is the commonest recognised caused of sudden death in competitive athletes, it is important to diagnose the condition early. There is as …
Does Interpleural Bupivacaine Blockade Reduce Arterial Hypoxemia and Pain in Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography? A Prospective Randomized Trial
Authors: C. K. Axelsson, P. A. Wamberg, N. Andersen, U. D. Romer
Journal: Endoscopy (1998)

Interpleural blockade with bupivacaine has been used in operations and for the treatment of pain with promising results. Endoscopy may be followed by serious complications associated with the use of intravenous drugs. Drug-induced hypoxemia has an important role in the pathophysiology.A randomized study to assess whether interpleural bupivacaine blockade compared with a standard procedure reduced the risk of hypoxemia and the need of medication in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Other variables studied were its acceptability to patients and morbidity.Ninety patients were included. Interpleural blockade (n = 43) was followed by minor complications. The blockade itself induced mild hypoxemia in four patients (9%). Overall, eight patients (27%) developed hypoxemia. There were correlations between age, drugs given and hypoxemia in the total series and in the two study groups individually. During ERCP eight (19%) in the blockade group and 16 (34%) in the standard procedure group developed hypoxemia. During the recovery period the opposite pattern was observed: (26%) compared with four (9%) (p = 0.05). Drug requirements did not differ. Procedure-related discomfort did not differ. More patients in the blockade group would prefer another sedative procedure.Interpleural bupivacaine blockade did not contribute to patients' comfort or safety during ERCP.
Evidence for the role of nitric oxide in macula densa control of glomerular hemodynamics.
Authors: S Ito, Y Ren
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

There is evidence that nitric oxide, an endothelium-derived relaxing factor, may be produced by the macula densa, as well as by blood vessels, within the kidney. To examine the role of nitric oxide in macula densa control of glomerular hemodynamics directly, we performed in vitro microperfusions of both rabbit afferent arterioles (with the glomerulus intact) and adherent tubular segments consisting of portions of the thick ascending limb, macula densa, and early distal tubule. While keeping afferent arteriolar pressure constant at 60 mmHg, we examined the effect of Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, added to a macula densa perfusate. When the macula densa perfusate was changed from low to high NaCl, the diameter of the arterioles decreased from 16.3 +/- 1.0 to 14.0 +/- 1.1 microns (n = 10; P < 0.001). Addition of 10(-5) M L-NAME to the high NaCl solution further decreased the diameter to 11.9 +/- 1.1 microns (P < 0.001). In contrast, when macula densa perfusion was maintained with the low NaCl solution, addition of L-NAME had no effect. L-NAME-induced constriction was completely reversed by adding 10(-3) M L-arginine (the precursor of nitric oxide) but not D-arginine (an inactive isomer) to the macula densa perfusate. We confirmed that perfusing the macula densa with L-NAME did not affect the vasodilator action of acetylcholine added to the lumen of the afferent arteriole, indicating that NO synthesis by the arteriole was not altered. Thus, our findings suggest that the macula densa may produce nitric oxide, which in turn modulates the afferent arteriolar constriction induced by high concentrations of NaCl at the macula densa.
NUTRITIONAL ASPECTS OF FEEDING AN ARMY
Authors: PAUL E. HOWE
Journal: JAMA (1942)

The army ration used at present in training areas, i. e. the type A field ration, presupposes that normal food supplies are available. Its basis is a series of menus for a month, with the corresponding quantities of food required to prepare them. The menus planned must be balanced—nutritionally adequate—and cost not more than the value of the garrison ration at the time and place of issue. They must be prepared two months in advance in order that the quartermaster may have sufficient time to purchase the food. Menus may be modified by authorized persons in accordance with the supplies available or because of changes in the cost of the prescribed food at the time of issue. The menus are prepared under the direction of the corps area commander or by such post or station commanders in his corps area as he may designate. The menus themselves are usually prepared
6-Sulfo LacNAc, a Novel Carbohydrate Modification of PSGL-1, Defines an Inflammatory Type of Human Dendritic Cells
Authors: Knut Schäkel, Reiji Kannagi, Bernhard Kniep, Yoshiko Goto, Chikako Mitsuoka, Jörg Zwirner, Afsaneh Soruri, Matthias von Kietzell, E.Peter Rieber
Journal: Immunity (2002)
Medicine in the Bible
Authors: Hugh H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Items of medical interest abound in the Bible. Just scanning the Proverbs provides a substantial yield.<sup>1</sup> <h3>Learning and Teaching.—</h3> The first thing is to acquire wisdom; gain understanding though it cost you all you have. Do not forsake her, and she will keep you safe; love her, and she will guard you; cherish her, and she will lift you high; if only you embrace her, she will bring you to honour. She will set a garland of grace on your head and bestow on you a crown of glory (Proverbs 4:7-9). My son, if you take my words to heart and lay up my commands in your mind, giving your attention to wisdom and your mind to understanding, if you seek her out like silver and dig for her like buried treasure, then you will understand the fear of the Lord and attain to the knowledge of God; for
Restraint in Insanity
Authors: S. Haynes
Journal: BMJ (1872)

THE BRITISH MED)ICAL 7OURNVAL.24T prove a direct cause of convulsive action ; and the carefully recorded statistics of Dr. Murphy slhow that the mortality in this disease is much greater when labour has been artificially accelerated than when it has been left to the natural efforts.In conclusion, I need scarcely say that I have given but an imperfect and incomplete account of a very comprehensive subject.Enough, however, I would fain hope, has been said to furnish amDle scope for an interesting and instructive discussion on a question of much importance to obstetricians. RESTRAINT IN INSANITY.
THE EFFECT OF EARLY SYSTEMATIC GYMNASTICS TRAINING ON POSTURAL CONTROL
Authors: María Hernández Suárez, Daniel Guimeraes Ribeiro, Enerique Hernández Rodriguez José, David Rodríguez Ruíz, Manuel García Manso Juan
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Background It's well established that by the age of 13, children are capable of applying a postural strategy looking very similar to that adopted by the adults. It's also widely acknowledgment that several years of sport training and competition implies to master stability, particularly in those sports requiring fine postural control, such as rhythmic gymnastics (Viullerme, et al , 2001). The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of early systematic gymnastic training on postural performance and control, by comparing young rhythmic gymnastics with their normally active counterparts (non-athletes). Methods Twenty-two gymnastics girls of national level (RG: 9.59±1.1 years old; 29.9±5.5kg; 1.37±0.08 m) and nineteen non-athletes girls (non-AT: 9.74±1.0 years old; 38.7±7.3kg; 1.40±0.07 m) participated in the investigation. All Subjects performed a battery of static balance tests under three different conditions: bipedal posture as immobile as possible for 20 seconds with Eyes Open (EO), Eyes Closed (EC) and Unipedal “en-dehors” Posture (UEP). All test were performed while standing on a platform force (MuscleLab® TM system, type PFMA 4000, collection rate of 100Hz). Based on the displacement of the center of pressure variables analyzed were: Ellipse Area of 95 (A95), Mean Velocity (MV). Data were tested (SPSS-v19) for normal distribution using the Shapiro-Wilk test and the U of Mann-Whitney adjustment for non-parametric data (significance level p≤0.05). Results Both investigated groups were similar as regards their anthropometric data. Neither the body mass (p=0.18) nor the body height (p=0.39) differentiated between the RG and non-AT. Moreover, significant differences were observed when comparing groups for MV, but not for A95, in all conditions. Interestingly, RG showed greater values of MV than non-AT in all conditions, although both groups had comparable values of surface A95. In absence of vision (EO vs EC), both groups significantly increased theirs MV, but there was a trend to be weaker this effect in gymnasts. Conclusions Expertise in RG did not seem to improve postural strategies compared with non-AT young females. This result is in accordance with other authors that supported the idea that improvement of performance due to learning is specific to the task and not directly transferred or generalized to more usual upright stance in young females. The level of a given athlete in his activity does not implicate a corresponding level in performing usual postures (Asseman, et al., 2004).
Chemotherapeutic and Immunological Aspects of Choriocarcinoma
Authors: Min C. Li
Journal: JAMA (1972)

There are two types of choriocarcinoma, namely that originating from the placenta, the result of union of two genetically different germ-cells, and that from the primordial cells in gonads of both sexes, or, very uncommonly, in various extragonadal sites consisting of the host's genetic element. Both gestational and nongestational choriocarcinomas are characterized by rapid cellular proliferation and dissemination, causing a mortality rate of over 90% in untreated patients. Multiple hormonal production, particularly chorionic gonadotropin is a unique feature. In 1956 Li, Hertz, and Spencer documented the extreme sensitivity of gestational choriocarcinoma to a folic acid antagonist, methotrexate, as evidenced by complete tumor resolution, and that the urinary chorionic gonadotropin titre was a very sensitive and reliable index of tumor response.<sup>1</sup>Subsequent national and international studies reported a five- to ten-year cure rate in about 50% of the patients so treated.<sup>2</sup>In 1961 Li further found dactinomycin effective against
THE CORONERS' LAW AND DEATH CERTIFICATION (AMENDMENT) BILL
Authors: None Greenwood
Journal: BMJ (1910)

<h3>Background</h3> Mortality is strongly correlated with socio-economic status (SES). Lifestyle factors impact on health and are also independently linked with SES, and thus may drive the mortality-SES associations. However, their relative individual and combined contributions to such inequalities have not been well quantified. We addressed this using nationally representative prospective data. <h3>Methods</h3> Analyses were based on 6060 participants aged over 16 years in the 2003 Scottish Health Survey (60% response) providing data on cigarette smoking status, weekly alcohol intake, physical activity levels, diet (quality index) and body mass index (BMI; weight/[height]<sup>2</sup>), and consenting to linkage with mortality records (until 2008). Cox proportional hazards regression assessed the relative index of inequality (RII) in mortality by SES (occupational social class) and attenuation by lifestyle factors. <h3>Results</h3> Mortality-SES patterns were clear (292 deaths; p&lt;0.001) and did not differ by sex (p=0.212). The inequality across the social classes was more than twofold [age-adjusted RII HR=2.26; 95% CI 1.47 to 3.47]. Mutually adjusting for lifestyle factors reduced differences by 49% [1.65; 1.06 to 2.57], with the greatest individual impacts made by cigarette smoking (29%), diet (27%) and physical activity (20%); alcohol consumption and BMI had lesser effect. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Around half of the SES patterning of mortality was explained by these lifestyle factors. Our findings provide valuable insight on the relative impact of individual lifestyle factors—essential for tackling socio-economic inequalities in health—highlighting the importance of promoting healthy eating and physical activity as well as further reducing smoking.
Comparison of 5% versus 15% sucrose intakes as part of a eucaloric diet in overweight and obese subjects: Effects on insulin sensitivity, glucose metabolism, vascular compliance, body composition and lipid profile. A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Anthony S. Lewis, Hannah J. McCourt, Cieran N. Ennis, Patrick M. Bell, C. Hamish Courtney, Michelle C. McKinley, Ian S. Young, Steven J. Hunter
Journal: Metabolism (2013)
Antibiotic Overuse and<i>Clostridium difficile</i>
Authors: Timothy Sullivan
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2014)

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Adverse Outcomes and Lack of Health Insurance among Newborns in an Eight-County Area of California, 1982 to 1986
Authors: Paula Braveman, Geraldine Oliva, Marie Grisham Miller, Randy Reiter, Susan Egerter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1989)

In this study of hospital discharge data on births to residents of an eight-county region of California, we found an increasing lack of health insurance that was associated with an elevated and increasing risk of adverse outcomes in newborns. Between 1982 and 1986, the percentage of newborns without health insurance increased overall by 45 percent (from 5.5 to 8.0 percent; P less than 0.001); the increases were larger among Asians (by 54 percent [from 7.8 to 12.0 percent]; P less than 0.001) and Latinos (by 140 percent [from 8.2 to 19.7 percent]; P less than 0.001). By 1986, the odds ratio for an adverse hospital outcome (defined as a prolonged hospital stay, transfer of the newborn to another institution, or death) was 1.31 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.46) in uninsured as compared with privately insured newborns, with control for race or ethnic group. There was a significant increase in risk over time (P less than 0.03); the comparable odds ratios in 1982 and 1984 were 1.11 (95 percent confidence interval, 0.93 to 1.33) and 1.19 (1.05 to 1.35), respectively. In 1986 the risks were especially elevated for uninsured as compared with privately insured blacks and Latinos (odds ratios, 2.24 [95 percent confidence interval, 1.60 to 3.13] and 1.56 [1.26 to 1.94], respectively); the increases in risk over time were the most marked in these groups. We believe that the elevated and increasing risks for uninsured newborns are explained at least in part by inadequate and diminishing access to care and that this burden is borne disproportionately by blacks and Latinos.
A chemically defined culture of VEGFR2+ cells derived from embryonic stem cells reveals the role of VEGFR1 in tuning the threshold for VEGF in developing endothelial cells
Authors: Masanori Hirashima, Minetaro Ogawa, Satomi Nishikawa, Kazuyoshi Matsumura, Kotomi Kawasaki, Masabumi Shibuya, Shin-Ichi Nishikawa
Journal: Blood (2003)
Anatomy of an Epidemic
Authors: LOUIS BORGENICHT
Journal: JAMA (1983)

Social historians, like the two authors of this book on medical detection, are not generally constrained to purely factual reportage of their chosen subject matter. They tend to delve into the broader implications of the issues they raise in the course of telling a story. Both what they write about (content) and the way they do it (form) may demonstrate their creativity. When content and form complement one another, interesting and even fascinating literature results. Political writers like Woodward and Bernstein (<i>All the President's Men</i>) and Richard Harris (<i>A Sacred Trust</i>) have been able to achieve this synthesis and have found mass market audiences. Few medical nonfiction writers have been as successful despite the fact that medical subject matter is inherently intriguing to the public. In the genre of "medical detection," Berton Roueché is perhaps the best-known and most accomplished author. It is understandable, then, that others would attempt to
Profiteering in Drugs? — Selection and Training of Medical Students — William Harvey's Revolutionary Circus
Authors: John Lister
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

BECAUSE there is only a nominal charge for drugs prescribed for National Health Service patients, neither the doctors nor the patients are particularly concerned about their true cost. Nevertheless, the annual cost to the Service is about £300 million, but because nearly all drugs are prescribed through the Service, the government has been able to negotiate competitive contracts and establish a system of voluntary price regulation with most of the pharmaceutical companies, so that drug prices in Britain are lower than in any other Western country. Even so, the price of drugs is often claimed to be excessive, and a . . .
Function and content words evoke different brain potentials
Authors: Robert M. Chapman
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Word class-specific differences in brain evoked potentials (EP) are discussed for connotative meaning and for function versus content words. A well-controlled experiment found matching lexical decision times for function and content words, but clear EP differences (component with maximum near 550 msec) among function words, content words, and nonwords that depended on brain site. Another EP component, with a 480 msec maximum, differentiated words (either function or content) from nonwords.
Icatibant, a New Bradykinin-Receptor Antagonist, in Hereditary Angioedema
Authors: Marco Cicardi, Aleena Banerji, Francisco Bracho, Alejandro Malbrán, Bernd Rosenkranz, Marc Riedl, Konrad Bork, William Lumry, Werner Aberer, Henning Bier, Murat Bas, Jens Greve, Thomas K. Hoffmann, Henriette Farkas, Avner Reshef, Bruce Ritchie, William Yang, Jürgen Grabbe, Shmuel Kivity, Wolfhart Kreuz, Robyn J. Levy, Thomas Luger, Krystyna Obtulowicz, Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier, Christian Bull, Brigita Sitkauskiene, William B. Smith, Elias Toubi, Sonja Werner, Suresh Anné, Janne Björkander, Laurence Bouillet, Enrico Cillari, David Hurewitz, Kraig W. Jacobson, Constance H. Katelaris, Marcus Maurer, Hans Merk, Jonathan A. Bernstein, Conleth Feighery, Bernard Floccard, Gerald J. Gleich, Jacques Hébert, Martin Kaatz, Paul Keith, Charles H. Kirkpatrick, David Langton, Ludovic Martin, Christiane Pichler, David Resnick, Duane Wombolt, Diego S. Fernández Romero, Andrea Zanichelli, Francesco Arcoleo, Jochen Knolle, Irina Kravec, Liying Dong, Jens Zimmermann, Kimberly Rosen, Wing Tze Fan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Hereditary angioedema is characterized by recurrent attacks of angioedema of the skin, larynx, and gastrointestinal tract. Bradykinin is the key mediator of symptoms. Icatibant is a selective bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist.
Anticonvulsants and Busulfan
Authors: William E. Fitzsimmons, Richard Ghalie, Herbert Kaizer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

ExcerptTo the Editor:Two recent letters (1, 2) described the use of anticonvulsants to prevent seizures secondary to high-dose busulfan therapy as a preparative regimen for bone marrow transplantation. Little is known of the metabolic profile of busulfan in humans. However, it appears that busulfan activity is mediated by the parent compound, as metabolites detected in the urine of rats have not been found to show cytotoxic activity in vitro (3). Cytochrome P-450, one of the primary components of the oxidative enzyme system, is responsible for the biotransformation of many drugs and may be involved in busulfan metabolism. Because phenytoin...