tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Studying the emergence of complicated group-level cultural traits requires a mathematical framework
Authors: Michael Doebeli, Burton Simon
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2014)

Abstract Understanding the cultural evolution of complicated group-level traits requires the mathematical formulation of a dynamical system with birth and death events at multiple levels, that is, at the level of individual humans and at the level of groups of humans. Both levels are characterized by cultural traits that have complicated transmission, innovation, and inheritance mechanisms and that can undergo a form of Lamarckian evolution.
ABC of AIDS. Management of early HIV infection.
Authors: A Mindel
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Most patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) do not have the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).Indeed many are perfectly fit, having been diagnosed as having the virus only as a result of a blood test.The range ofinfection, from asymptomatic seroconversion to AIDS, was covered last week.Many doctors in all walks of medicine will increasingly be looking after patients who are anti-HIV positive at all stages in their illness and will have to take decisions about appropriate ; : i .e .t -S .The clinical manifestations ofacute HIV seroconversion include a glandular fever like illness, encephalopathy, meningitis, myelopathy, or neuropathy.HIV infections are still largely confined to high risk groups, and should be considered only once a detailed sexual and drug history has established that the patient is at risk.As blood donors are currently being screened to exclude HIV, it is unlikely that a patient receiving blood or blood products from a UK source will be infected.IfHIV is suspected an acute phase serum sample should be stored and tested together with a convalescent serum sample.HIV antibodies may be detected as early as two weeks or as late as three months after the illness.Before the samples are tested for HIV antibodies the possible diagnosis should be discussed with the patient and the implications ofa positive result outlined.Many conditions can cause a glandular fever like syndrome, so acute seroconversion illnesses associated with HIV are only rarely recognised.The differential diagnosis in patients presenting with a glandular fever like illness is vast.Tests which may help to make the diagnosis include a white cell count and film (atypical lymphocytes may be seen with all the viral causes ofthe mononucleosis syndrome including HIV, as well as toxoplasmosis), serological tests, a throat swab for bacterial culture and to exclude herpes simplex infection, and, ifindicated, a bone marrow aspirate.When a patient presents with an encephalopathy the clinical features may suggest a central nervous system infection or space occupying lesion, and investigations to exclude these (including computed tomography and examination ofthe cerebrospinal fluid) may be required.Other neurological manifestations ofacute seroconversion, including meningitis, neuropathy, or myelopathy, occur extremely rarely and are described in a forthcoming chapter.The immediate outlook ofpatients with acute seroconversion illness is excellent, but the subsequent risk ofprogression remains unknown, although it is likely to be similar to that occurring in asymptomatic individuals.Glandular fever like illness
Time to positivity as prognostic tool in patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa bloodstream infection
Authors: Matthias Willmann, Ines Kuebart, Wichard Vogel, Ingo Flesch, Uwe Markert, Matthias Marschal, Klaus Schröppel, Ingo B. Autenrieth, Florian Hölzl, Silke Peter
Journal: Journal of Infection (2013)
French patient contracts AIDS from surgeon
Authors: A. Dorozynski
Journal: BMJ (1997)

A French surgeon with AIDS has transmitted the disease to one of his patients. Until now only one similar case has been reported worldwide_that of a dentist in Florida who is believed to have contaminated five of his patients.

Dr Patrick Cohen of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, a specialist in orthopaedic surgery and traumatology, is believed to have become infected with HIV in 1983 when he carried out a femoral prosthesis operation on a woman who had received several blood transfusions. At the time AIDS was still a rarity, and …
Trial does not change the conclusions of Cochrane review of long term hormone therapy for perimenopausal and postmenopausal women
Authors: J. Marjoribanks, C. Farquhar, H. Roberts, A. Lethaby
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A group of pathologists, all working in the same laboratory and all applying the same diagnostic criteria to the diagnosis of epithelial abnormalities in the uterine cervix, have studied the consistency with which they have applied these criteria. Epithelial abnormalities were ranked, and a series of sections were diagnosed separately by each pathologist at various times over a number of years. Both consistency and trend were studied by a graphed statistical method and it was shown that not only were there serious inconsistencies in diagnosis between the various pathologists but also between the diagnoses made by individual pathologists studying the same section at various times. It is suggested that this inconsistency in the application of agreed diagnostic criteria is of importance when considering discrepancies between reported series of cervical epithelial abnormalities and that the type of study described is of value in assessing both variations in diagnostic criteria between different laboratories and the consistency of pathologists in training. Any slight change in the application of diagnostic criteria for any individual pathologist with the passage of time may also be detected by this technique.
Ascertainment of cause-specific mortality in COPD: operations of the TORCH Clinical Endpoint Committee
Authors: L. P McGarvey, M. John, J. A Anderson, M. Zvarich, R. A Wise
Journal: Thorax (2007)

<b>Background:</b> TORCH (Towards a Revolution in COPD Health) is an international multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial of inhaled fluticasone propionate/salmeterol combination treatment and its monotherapy components for maintenance treatment of moderately to severely impaired patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The primary outcome is all-cause mortality. Cause-specific mortality and deaths related to COPD are additional outcome measures, but systematic methods for ascertainment of these outcomes have not previously been described. <b>Methods:</b> A Clinical Endpoint Committee (CEC) was tasked with categorising the cause of death and the relationship of deaths to COPD in a systematic, unbiased and independent manner. The key elements of the operation of the committee were the use of predefined principles of operation and definitions of cause of death and COPD-relatedness; the independent review of cases by all members with development of a consensus opinion; and a substantial infrastructure to collect medical information. <b>Results:</b> 911 deaths were reviewed and consensus was reached in all. Cause-specific mortality was: cardiovascular 27%, respiratory 35%, cancer 21%, other 10% and unknown 8%. 40% of deaths were definitely or probably related to COPD. Adjudications were identical in 83% of blindly re-adjudicated cases (κ = 0.80). COPD-relatedness was reproduced 84% of the time (κ = 0.73). The CEC adjudication was equivalent to the primary cause of death recorded by the site investigator in 52% of cases. <b>Conclusion:</b> A CEC can provide standardised, reliable and informative adjudication of COPD mortality that provides information which frequently differs from data collected from assessment by site investigators.
New journal on patient involvement will be launched next year
Authors: R. Snow
Journal: BMJ (2014)

High blood pressure is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide.1 Drug treatments include those that target the renin-angiotensin system, a key hormone cascade in the regulation of blood pressure. One of these is ▼aliskiren (Rasilez – Novartis), which belongs to a new class of drugs, direct renin inhibitors.2 Here we assess its place in managing adults with hypertension.
Mutation screening in the human ɛ-globin gene using single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis
Authors: Adamantia Papachatzopoulou, Panagiotis G. Menounos, Christina Kolonelou, George P. Patrinos
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

The human epsilon-globin gene is necessary for primitive human erythropoiesis in the yolk sac. Herein we report a non-radioactive single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) approach to screen the human epsilon-globin gene and its regulatory regions for possible mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in normal adult subjects, in order to determine those genomic regions, which are not necessary for its proper regulation and function. We identified no sequence variations apart from the expected 5'epsilon /HincII polymorphism in the fragments analyzed, suggesting that genomic alterations in the epsilon-globin gene are most likely incompatible with normal erythropoiesis and proper embryonic development.
Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: Epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis
Authors: Javier Fernández, Miquel Navasa, Juliá Gómez, Jordi Colmenero, Jordi Vila, Vicente Arroyo, Juan Rodés
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

The extensive use of invasive procedures and of long-term norfloxacin prophylaxis in the management of cirrhotic patients may have influenced the epidemiology of bacterial infections in cirrhosis. We conducted a prospective evaluation of all bacterial infections diagnosed in patients with cirrhosis in a Liver Unit between April 1998 and April 2000. A total of 405 patients presented 572 bacterial infections in 507 admissions. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was the most frequent infection (138 cases). Gram-positive cocci were responsible for 53% of total bacterial infections in the study, being the main bacteria isolated in nosocomial infections (59%). Patients requiring treatment in an intensive care unit and those submitted to invasive procedures presented a higher rate of infections caused by gram-positive cocci (77% vs. 48%, P &lt; .001 and 58% vs. 40%, P &lt; .02, respectively). Fifty percent of culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients on long-term norfloxacin administration (n = 93) and 16% in patients not receiving this therapy (n = 414) were caused by quinolone-resistant gram-negative bacilli, P = .01. The rate of culture-positive spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-resistant gram-negative bacilli was also very high in patients on long-term norfloxacin administration (44% vs. 18%, P = .09). In conclusion, infections caused by gram-positive cocci have markedly increased in cirrhosis. This phenomenon may be related to the current high degree of instrumentation of cirrhotic patients. Quinolone-resistant spontaneous bacterial peritonitis constitutes an emergent problem in patients on long-term norfloxacin prophylaxis, with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole not being a valid alternative.
Progress in Medical Education-Reply
Authors: Henry S. Pritchett
Journal: JAMA (1913)

President Ayres' letter was referred to President Pritchett, who writes: <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In reply to President Ayres' letter I venture to say that it would be a genuine source of regret to me to do "a great injustice" to the University of Tennessee. I do not feel, however, that the report to which he refers can be so construed. If the college of medicine at Memphis is now an integral part of the University of Tennessee, it is nevertheless true that the history of the university in medicine up to a very recent date is correctly described in this paper. Certainly the University of Tennessee would not accept either its Nashville school or the Memphis school, as it was taken over, as representing the ideals of instruction in the university itself. For the improvement in the Memphis school I tried to give full credit; and if it still continues to bring forth
Specialized role of migratory dendritic cells in peripheral tolerance induction
Authors: Juliana Idoyaga, Christopher Fiorese, Lori Zbytnuik, Ashira Lubkin, Jennifer Miller, Bernard Malissen, Daniel Mucida, Miriam Merad, Ralph M. Steinman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Harnessing DCs for immunotherapies in vivo requires the elucidation of the physiological role of distinct DC populations. Migratory DCs traffic from peripheral tissues to draining lymph nodes charged with tissue self antigens. We hypothesized that these DC populations have a specialized role in the maintenance of peripheral tolerance, specifically, to generate suppressive Foxp3+ Tregs. To examine the differential capacity of migratory DCs versus blood-derived lymphoid-resident DCs for Treg generation in vivo, we targeted a self antigen, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, using antibodies against cell surface receptors differentially expressed in these DC populations. Using this approach together with mouse models that lack specific DC populations, we found that migratory DCs have a superior ability to generate Tregs in vivo, which in turn drastically improve the outcome of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results provide a rationale for the development of novel therapies targeting migratory DCs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Direct Demonstration of Separate Receptors for Growth and Metabolic Activities of Insulin and Multiplication-stimulating Activity (an Insulinlike Growth Factor) Using Antibodies to the Insulin Receptor
Authors: George L. King, C. Ronald Kahn, Matthew M. Rechler, S. Peter Nissley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

Insulin and such insulinlike growth factors as multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) are related polypeptides that have common biological activities. Both insulin and MSA produce acute metabolic responses (stimulation of glucose oxidation in isolated fat cells) as well as growth effects (stimulation of [(3)H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in cultured fibroblasts). In addition, most cells have separate receptors for insulin and insulinlike growth factors, and both peptides have weaker affinity for each other's specific receptors than for their own. To determine, therefore, whether these effects are mediated by receptors for insulin, insulinlike growth factors, or both, we have selectively blocked insulin receptors with a specific antagonist, namely Fab fragments derived from naturally occurring antibodies to the insulin receptor. In rat adipocytes, 10 mug/ml of antireceptor Fab inhibited insulin binding by 90%, whereas it inhibited MSA binding <5%. The anti-insulin receptor Fab is without intrinsic biological activity, but acts as a competitive inhibitor of insulin receptors. Blockade of insulin receptors with Fab fragments produced a 30-fold rightward shift in the dose response for stimulation of glucose oxidation by both insulin and MSA. The dose-response curves for stimulation of oxidation by vitamin K(5) and spermine, agents that stimulate glucose oxidation through noninsulin receptor pathways, were not affected by the blockade of insulin receptors with Fab antibody fragments. These data suggest that this acute metabolic effect of both insulin and MSA is mediated via the insulin receptor. In cultured human fibroblasts, 10 mug/ml of Fab inhibited insulin binding by 90% and MSA binding by 15%. In fibroblasts, however, blockade of the insulin receptor did not alter the dose response for stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA by either insulin or MSA. Furthermore, intact antireceptor antibody immunoglobulin (Ig)G, which produces multiple other insulinlike effects, and Fab fragments of antireceptor antibody did not stimulate thymidine incorporation. These data demonstrate directly that the insulin receptor mediates the metabolic effects of insulin and MSA, whereas the growth-promoting action of both peptides is mediated by the MSA receptor or other growth factors.
Clinical Patterns in Severe Tetanus
Authors: Kurt Kloetzel
Journal: JAMA (1963)

Tetanus exhibits a wide spectrum of clinical severity. About 60% of the cases are benign and the patients will recover, whatever the treatment; it is necessary that therapeutic trials be carried out within matched groups when the effects of new drugs or procedures are to be evaluated. Since the mere existence of muscular hypertonia and paroxysmal spasms does not in itself indicate an unfavorable outcome, and the incubation and onset time are valueless in the individual patient, the author analyzed a series of 84 cases of tetanus. He describes the clinical aspects more commonly found in the severe forms of the disease.
DYNAMIC FOOT PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN ELITE TRACK AND FIELD ATHLETES
Authors: Nikolaos Malliaropoulos, Magda Ritsioudi, Vassilis Finellis, Nat Padhiar, Nicola Maffulli
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Study design Prospective Study. Introduction With the aim to deal with the probability of metatarsal bone stress injuries and stress fractures we detect and categorize functional alterations during forefoot loadings in plantar pressure area in athletes and explore the frequency of functional alterations. Methods 58 elite track &amp; field athletes (experimental group) and age/sex matched healthy volunteers (control group) conducted dynamic plantar foot pressure and leg-length measurements at the National Track and Field Center in Sports Medicine Clinic of S.E.G.A.S., Thessaloniki (Greece). Pressure, area and force during gait were measured. Measurements were performed during free walking at a speed of 5km/h. Measurements were conducted with T &amp; T MEDILOGIC dynamic foot pressure platform with 2048 SSR-sensors. Statistical analysis and a comparison between the two groups for the metatarsal specific areas mean pressures in both foots (R: right foot, L: left foot) were made by using statistical analysis software. Clinical findings were also assessed. Results Anatomical alterations are descriptively presented. In functional alterations, four forefoot metatarsal print indices were categorized as follows: 1. metatarsal arch, 2. metatarsal fall, 3. metatarsal heads and 4. metatarsal varus. Metatarsal fall and metatarsal varus mean loadings were higher in both feet for the non-athletes. Athletes presented higher percentage of metatarsal arch fall. Factor loadings indicate metatarsal arch fall as a separate factor compared with the other variables. Conclusions Present findings suggest that high impact sporting activities like sprinting, jumping, throwing and long distance running lead to variations in forefoot plantar pressure area. In 29 elite track and field athletes, metatarsal arch and metatarsal heads fall exist in a relatively high percentage. Control group did not have the same high percentage of metatarsal arch and metatarsal heads alteration as athletes but they had significantly higher loadings in metatarsal fall alteration.
On a Case of Pseudo-Hypertrophic Paralysis
Authors: J. Ross
Journal: BMJ (1883)

dilatatibn of the heart which -were going on very well, till some foolish effort,Verhaps a-run i not nore than twenty yards, produoed a strain of the cardiac muscle which has not been recovered from for weeks, even if the heart has ever reverted quite to its former state; if, then, angina i4 ~due to over-strain of the heart, may not its attacks also each produce.a lIting mischief ?To sum up, .then,Iwould say that the presence of increased arterial tension or blood-pressure involves the existence of obstruction at one end, and increased heart-force at the other; that it is important to distinguish between these two conditions; that the form of trace usuaUy considered indicative of high tension really only shows ob- struction, which, while necessarily occurring with it, may also occur by itself; that the measure of the tension is the pressure required to stop pulsation in the artery or the circulation in the limb; and-that while we should always try to reduce abnormal obstruction, wve should but seldom interfere with the tension as such, unless it threaten danger to the heart or vessels.
SUPERIOR MESENTERIC THROMBOSIS WITH RECOVERY
Authors: G. J. Curry
Journal: JAMA (1934)

A man, aged 60, a retired farmer, entered Hurley Hospital, Jan. 7, 1933, because of severe epigastric pain, associated with nausea and vomiting, of sudden onset four hours before. The pain was sharp and colicky and did not radiate. The patient was apparently well and had been for a number of years up to the occurrence of the present trouble. The remaining history was irrelevant so far as the present illness was concerned. The patient was well developed, in a state of partial collapse, and complaining of severe abdominal pain. The abdomen showed no distention, and no masses were seen or felt; tympany was present throughout; tenderness was localized to the epigastrium, and all muscles were in a boardlike spasm. All examinations were essentially negative in connection with other systems. The temperature was 100, pulse 90, respiration 24. Blood pressure was 160 systolic and 80 diastolic. Urinalysis was negative. The
Internet Use among Ugandan Adolescents: Implications for HIV Intervention
Authors: Michele L Ybarra, Julius Kiwanuka, Nneka Emenyonu, David R Bangsberg
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

The Internet is fast gaining recognition as a powerful, low-cost method to deliver health intervention and prevention programs to large numbers of young people across diverse geographic regions. The feasibility and accessibility of Internet-based health interventions in resource-limited settings, where cost-effective interventions are most needed, is unknown. To determine the utility of developing technology-based interventions in resource-limited settings, availability and patterns of usage of the Internet first need to be assessed.The Uganda Media and You Survey was a cross-sectional survey of Internet use among adolescents (ages 12-18 years) in Mbarara, Uganda, a municipality mainly serving a rural population in sub-Saharan Africa. Participants were randomly selected among eligible students attending one of five participating secondary day and boarding schools in Mbarara, Uganda. Of a total of 538 students selected, 93% (500) participated. Of the total respondents, 45% (223) reported ever having used the Internet, 78% (175) of whom reported going online in the previous week. As maternal education increased, so too did the odds of adolescent Internet use. Almost two in five respondents (38% [189]) reported already having used a computer or the Internet to search for health information. Over one-third (35% [173]) had used the computer or Internet to find information about HIV/AIDS, and 20% (102) had looked for sexual health information. Among Internet users, searching for HIV/AIDS information on a computer or online was significantly related to using the Internet weekly, emailing, visiting chat rooms, and playing online games. In contrast, going online at school was inversely related to looking for HIV/AIDS information via technology. If Internet access were free, 66% (330) reported that they would search for information about HIV/AIDS prevention online.Both the desire to use, and the actual use of, the Internet to seek sexual health and HIV/AIDS information is high among secondary school students in Mbarara. The Internet may be a promising strategy to deliver low-cost HIV/AIDS risk reduction interventions in resource-limited settings with expanding Internet access.