tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of solar keratoses
Authors: C.A. FROST, A.C. GREEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Solar keratoses (SKs) or actinic keratoses are common dysplastic epidermal lesions which occur in pale-skinned individuals who are chronically exposed to intense sunlight. Together with basal cell carcinomas and sqamous cell carcinomas, they constitute a major public health problem in such individuals. Reported SK prevalence rates range from 11 to 25% in various northern hemisphere populations, and amongst Australian adults the range is from 40 to 60%. In the only study to date reporting SK incidence data, 60% of subjects aged 40 years and over with SKs at baseline developed new lesions during 12 months of follow-up, compared with only 19% of those who were lesion-free on the first examination. Because existing epidemiological data on SKs are sparse, very little is known of their natural history, their role in carcinogenesis, or their preventability. In this review, current knowledge about the aetiology, diagnosis, and occurrence of SKs is discussed, as is the need for prospective studies in unselected communities. With accurate baseline data, public health authorities should be in a better position to determine the best preventive strategies, and to evaluate the effectiveness of these programmes.
Hereditary Aspects of Duodenal Ulceration: Serum-pepsinogen Level in Relation to ABO Blood Groups and Salivary ABH Secretor Status
Authors: W. B. Hanley
Journal: BMJ (1964)

The association of duodenal ulcer with blood group O (Aird et al., 1954 ; Roberts, 1957) and with salivary ABH non secretion (Clarke et al., 1956 ; Doll et al., 1961) is firmly estab lished. Thus the family studies of Doll and Kellock (1951), which showed evidence of a hereditary factor in duodenal ulcer, have been substantiated by identification of two of the respon sible genetic loci?namely, those for the genes determining ABO blood group and salivary ABH secretor status. Though the underlying mechanisms whereby these genes influence liability to duodenal ulcer remain somewhat obscure, yet the present paper throws some light on one facet of the problem. Sievers (1959), using the diagnex blue test as a screening procedure for  achlorhydria  in several hundred patients, found evidence of free acid in 86.1% of group O patients but in only 73.0% of group A patients. Similarly, using the serum-pepsinogen level as an index of gastric secretion, Sievers found a significantly higher mean level in group O than in group A patients. These findings suggest the possibility that the possession of group O phenotype leads to the development of a greater gastric-acid-pepsin secretory-cell mass than that in the other ABO blood-group phenotypes. Further support for this possibility exists in the work of Purohit and Shukla (1960), who related the mean acid output in response to an alcohol test meal to the ABO blood groups, and in the clinical evidence, wherein there is not only decreasing gastric acidity but also a gradual switch from preponderance, relative to the control population, of group O to that of group A, in the following series of conditions?duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer, and pernicious anaemia (Koster et al., 1955). While the present study was in progress Niederman et al. (1962), in a survey of 1,000 university intake students, stated that they found no significant differences between the mean serum-pepsinogen levels of the various ABO blood group and salivary ABH secretor phenotypic classes. Nevertheless, the mean level was higher in group O salivary ABH non-secretors than in group A salivary ABH secretors (P<0.2). For the following reasons it is felt that the negative results of Nieder man et al. (1962) cannot be fully accepted. (1) They studied a younger age-group of 16-21 years. It may be that, because the gastric secretory mass was still not fully developed, the potential differences between the phenotypes had not yet become apparent. (2) Comparison of the standard deviations for the data in the different phenotypic classes shows a disturbingly wide range of variation, from 77 to 155. (3) They conducted statistical analysis on material with a skew distribution. Similarly, the work of Sievers (1959) is open to the criticism that it was conducted on patients rather than the healthy popu lation, even though diseases known to influence gastric secretion were excluded.
Macrophage Migration in Experimental Atherosclerosis
Authors: JOHN H. SIMONTON, JOHN W. GOFMAN
Journal: Circulation (1951)

With the object of testing the importance of macrophage transport of lipid in the production of atheromas, a radioisotope was employed in labeling reticuloendothelial cells. Rabbits were injected with this isotope, and lipemia induced by cholesterol feeding. Subsequently the animals were sacrificed and the distribution of the label determined. High concentrations of the label were found in Kupffer cells, in splenic and marrow macrophages, but no significant increase was demonstrated in aortic atheromas. This finding is interpreted as evidence against the macrophage theory of genesis of atherosclerosis.
MARKED CREATINEMIA: REPORT OF TWO FATAL CASES
Authors: Charles S. Higley
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Following the discovery of creatinine in normal blood and accurate methods of determination by Folin<sup>1</sup>in 1914, Myers and Lough<sup>2</sup>demonstrated the value of the blood creatinine in determining the prognosis in cases of renal insufficiency. They pointed out that rise in blood creatinine is a more important sign of renal impairment than either uric acid or urea, since creatinine is more readily eliminated by the kidney than the other products and is endogenous, while the others are exogenous. They stated that "a rise in blood creatinine above 5 mg. per 100 cc. is of grave prognostic significance and portends an early fatal termination unless the rise is due to some acute renal condition." The differentiation between acute and chronic renal disease in evaluating the prognostic significance of blood creatinine is important. There have been several cases of marked creatinemia with recovery reported in cases of acute renal
Organizing to Begin Physician Manpower Planning
Authors: Gerald S. Levey
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1986)

The most comprehensive information to date on physician supply and demand has been provided by the Graduate Medical Education National Advisory Committee (GMENAC).1 The GMENAC projections show a steadily growing supply of physicians; the committee estimates that there will be 536,000 practicing physicians in 1990 and 643,000 in the year 2000, as compared with 375,000 physicians practicing in 1978. These figures contrast sharply with the estimated need for physicians, which the GMENAC has put at 466,000 and 498,000 for the years 1990 and 2000, respectively. More recently, the American Medical Association (AMA) Task Force on Manpower also concluded that a . . .
Lymphogranuloma venereum among men who have sex with men in the Netherlands: regional differences in testing rates lead to underestimation of the incidence, 2006-2012
Authors: N E Koper, M A van der Sande, H M Gotz, F D Koedijk, collective on behalf of the Dutch STI clinics
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2013)

Since 2003, an epidemic of lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) has been ongoing in men who have sex with men (MSM) in Europe. Of 92,271 MSM consulting sexually transmitted disease (STI) clinics in the Netherlands between 2006 and 2011, 63,228 (68%) were tested for anorectal Chlamydia infection, with 6,343 (10%) positive diagnoses. In 4,776 of those (75%), LGV testing was performed, with regional variation from 7% to 97%. In total 414 LGV cases were diagnosed, a mean annual positivity rate of 8.7%, decreasing from 14% in 2007 to 6% in 2011, but increasing to 13.1% during 2012 (184 new cases). Risk factors for LGV were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity (odds ratio (OR)=4.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.2–5.3), STI symptoms (OR=4.1; 95% CI: 3.1–5.4), more than 50 sex partners in the past six months (OR=3.7; 95% CI: 1.1–12.4), older age (40–44 years: OR=2.1; 95% CI: 1.5–2.8), no condom use (OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.2–3.9) and homosexuality (as opposed to bisexuality; OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.1–4.2). Regional differences in LGV testing rates limit national LGV surveillance, leading to an underestimation of the real incidence. Characteristics of MSM with LGV did not change over time, so existing prevention strategies should be intensified.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF MYOCARDIAL REMODELING IN SURVIVORS OF ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: INFLAMMATION, REMOTE MYOCARDIUM AND PROGNOSIS
Authors: David Carrick, Caroline Haig, Sam Rauhalammi, Nadeem Ahmed, Ify Mordi, Margaret McEntegart, Mark Petrie, Hany Eteiba, Stuart Hood, Stuart Watkins, Mitchell Lindsay, Ahmed Mahrous, Aleksandra Radjenovic, Ian Ford, Niko Tzemos, Keith Oldroyd, Colin Berry
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Critical Factors in the Diagnosis of Active Acromegaly.
Authors: Lowell L. Sparks, Jerry M. Earll, Michael Tuck, Peter H. Forsham, Donald E. McMillan
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1967)

s1 May 1967Critical Factors in the Diagnosis of Active Acromegaly.Lowell L. Sparks, M.D., Jerry M. Earll, Michael Tuck, M.D., Peter H. Forsham, M.D., F.A.C.P., Donald E. McMillan, M.D.Lowell L. Sparks, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Jerry M. EarllSearch for more papers by this author, Michael Tuck, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Peter H. Forsham, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Donald E. McMillan, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-66-5-1029_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptFourteen patients with active acromegaly were studied before and after treatment with cryohypophysectomy. Serum immunoreactive human growth hormone (IRHGH) is the most direct method available for diagnosis. Because of the physiologic lability of IRHGH, especially in women, fasting levels do not allow clear separation between normal and acromegalic subjects. Acromegalics tend to have fixed levels of IRHGH throughout the day and often do not respond normally to insulin hypoglycemia or intravenous arginine stimulation. The best separation, however, is obtained with glucose suppression of IRHGH. Sixty minutes after a standard oral glucose tolerance test 8 normals suppressed to less than 1... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1967Volume 66, Issue 5Page: 1029-1029KeywordsAcromegalyArginineGlucoseHuman growth hormoneHypoglycemiaInsulinOral glucose tolerance test Issue Published: 1 May 1967 PDF downloadLoading ...
Glucose-Stimulated 45Calcium Efflux from Isolated Rat Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Barbara J. Frankel, Walter T. Imagawa, Michael D. L. O'Connor, Ingmar Lundquist, John A. Kromhout, Rudolph E. Fanska, Gerold M. Grodsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Kinetics of (45)Ca efflux and insulin release were studied in collagenase-isolated rat islets during 2-h perifusions with calcium-depleted (0.05 mM) bicarbonate-phosphate buffer containing 2.2 mM glucose. Addition of glucose (16.7 mM) suppressed (45)Ca efflux by 30%. Removal of glucose caused an "off response" of insulin release. The perifusion of a normal concentration of Ca (2.3 mM) greatly stimulated (45)Ca efflux, indicating Ca <--> (45)Ca exchange. When Ca and glucose were superimposed, the effects on (45)Ca efflux and insulin release depended upon the order of presentation of the stimuli: when Ca was added to an ongoing 16.7-mM glucose perifusion, biphasic patterns of (45)Ca and insulin release were seen; when glucose was superimposed on a Ca perifusion, an inhibition of the Ca-stimulated (45)Ca efflux occurred, and a reduced but clearly biphasic insulin response was seen. The subsequent insulin off response after with-drawal of the glucose was also reduced. Mathematical "peeling" of (45)Ca efflux curves from unstimulated islets suggests that there are at least two, and probably three, different intracellular Ca compartments (not including the extracellular sucrose space). At the beginning of perifusion, these three compartments (I, II, III) contain 25, 56, and 19% of the intracellular (45)Ca, and their rates of efflux are 6.7, 1.2, and 0.1%/min, respectively. Glucose appears to suppress efflux from the largest compartment (II); Ca appears to exchange with (45)Ca from a more inert compartment (III). The relationship between insulin and (45)Ca release is not stoichiometric.
Tenofovir-Based Preexposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection among African Women
Authors: Jeanne M. Marrazzo, Gita Ramjee, Barbra A. Richardson, Kailazarid Gomez, Nyaradzo Mgodi, Gonasagrie Nair, Thesla Palanee, Clemensia Nakabiito, Ariane Van Der Straten, Lisa Noguchi, Craig W. Hendrix, James Y. Dai, Shayhana Ganesh, Baningi Mkhize, Marthinette Taljaard, Urvi M. Parikh, Jeanna Piper, Benoît Mâsse, Cynthia Grossman, James Rooney, Jill L. Schwartz, Heather Watts, Mark A. Marzinke, Sharon L. Hillier, Ian M. Mcgowan, Z. Mike Chirenje
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2015)

Reproductive-age women need effective interventions to prevent the acquisition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection.We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to assess daily treatment with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), oral tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC), or 1% tenofovir (TFV) vaginal gel as preexposure prophylaxis against HIV-1 infection in women in South Africa, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. HIV-1 testing was performed monthly, and plasma TFV levels were assessed quarterly.Of 12,320 women who were screened, 5029 were enrolled in the study. The rate of retention in the study was 91% during 5509 person-years of follow-up. A total of 312 HIV-1 infections occurred; the incidence of HIV-1 infection was 5.7 per 100 person-years. In the modified intention-to-treat analysis, the effectiveness was -49.0% with TDF (hazard ratio for infection, 1.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.97 to 2.29), -4.4% with TDF-FTC (hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.49), and 14.5% with TFV gel (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.61 to 1.21). In a random sample, TFV was detected in 30%, 29%, and 25% of available plasma samples from participants randomly assigned to receive TDF, TDF-FTC, and TFV gel, respectively. Independent predictors of TFV detection included being married, being older than 25 years of age, and being multiparous. Detection of TFV in plasma was negatively associated with characteristics predictive of HIV-1 acquisition. Elevations of serum creatinine levels were seen more frequently among participants randomly assigned to receive oral TDF-FTC than among those assigned to receive oral placebo (1.3% vs. 0.2%, P=0.004). We observed no significant differences in the frequencies of other adverse events.None of the drug regimens we evaluated reduced the rates of HIV-1 acquisition in an intention-to-treat analysis. Adherence to study drugs was low. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health; VOICE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00705679.).
Tubular Aggregates in Endoplasmic Reticulum in Herpes-Simplex Encephalitis
Authors: J. Richard Baringer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Electron microscopy of cerebral tissue in a human case of herpes-simplex encephalitis revealed tubular structures within the endoplasmic reticulum of endothelial cells and macrophages. These structures were morphologically identical to those recently described in kidney tissue in lupus erythematosus and a variety of other renal diseases. In addition, their size, relation to endoplasmic reticulum and occurrence within endothelial cells suggest that they are similar if not identical to crystalline aggregates described in a variety of neoplasms and infections, including herpes-simplex encephalitis in animals. Though these particles have been regarded as viral or virus-like in nature, consideration of their morphologic features and their distribution in many conditions suggests that they represent a cellular host response whose widespread occurrence has not been sufficiently appreciated.
Inhibitory effect of oestradiol on activation of rat hepatic stellate cells in vivo and in vitro
Authors: I Shimizu, Y Mizobuchi, M Yasuda, M Shiba, Y-R Ma, T Horie, F Liu, S Ito
Journal: Gut (1999)

Background Hepatic stellate cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis. Aims To examine the inhibitory effect of oestradiol on stellate cell activation. Methods In vivo, hepatic fibrosis was induced in rats by dimethylnitrosamine or pig serum. In vitro, rat stellate cells were activated by contact with plastic dishes resulting in their transformation into myofibroblast-like cells. Results In the dimethylnitrosamine and pig serum models, treatment with oestradiol at gestation related doses resulted in a dose dependent suppression of hepatic fibrosis with restored content of hepatic retinyl palmitate, reduced collagen content, lower areas of stellate cells which express α smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and desmin, and lower procollagen type I and III mRNA levels in the liver. In cultured stellate cells, oestradiol inhibited type I collagen production, α-SMA expression, and cell proliferation. These findings suggest that oestradiol is a potent inhibitor of stellate cell transformation. Conclusion The antifibrogenic role of oestradiol in the liver may contribute to the sex associated differences in the progression from hepatic fibrosis to cirrhosis.
Disseminated tuberculosis in a Crohn's disease patient on anti-TNF therapy despite chemoprophylaxis
Authors: L A Bourikas, I S Kourbeti, A V Koutsopoulos, I E Koutroubakis
Journal: Gut (2008)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To analysis the application of retrograde coronary venography (RCV) in left ventricular lead implementation during cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT). <h3>Methods</h3> A total of 31 patients (21 men and 10 women,mean age 63.1 ± 8.0 years) with NYHA class III∼IV received CRT from March 2009 to December 2011. The etiologies of heart failure were idiopathic dilatedcardiomyopathy in 22, ischaemic heart disease in 7, alcoholic cardiomyopathyin 1 and valvular heart disease in 1. Indications were LVEF ≤ 0.35 andleft ventricular end-diastolic dimension &gt; 55 mm. Vein trail andleft ventricular lead were selected according to different venous anatomy inorder to obtain ideal pacing position. <h3>Results</h3> RCV were performed by different positions. left ventricular lead were located in 12, posterior lateralvein in 12 and posterior vein in 5. Another 2 were failed to located in veins successfully because of abnormal coronary vein anatomy and were finally located in left lateral epicardium by thoracotomy. Dissection took palce in 2 patients but were not influenced procedure with stable haemodynamics. There were no myocardial perforation or vein stenosis. 25 in 29 patients needed a PTCA wire in the procedure. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Carefull manipulation and proper selection of cather and lead can decrease the rate of complication in CRT despite of the diversity of coronery vein anatomy..
Philip Horsman Rack
Authors: Jenny Rack
Journal: BMJ (2006)

served in the Royal Army Medical Corps in Normandy, Belgium, and Rhodesia before joining his brother in general practice in Bellshill in industrial Lanarkshire.After retirement in 1978 he did locum work.He was chairman of Lanarkshire Medical Committee for 12 years.In addition to an avid interest in politics, sport, crosswords, and puddings, he supplied family, friends and neighbours with plants annually, and grew show chrysanthemums, winning many prizes locally and nationally.He was chairman of the Scottish Chrysanthemum and Dahlia Society for many years.David survived cancer three times.
An early complement-dependent and TLR-4-independent phase in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver injury in mice
Authors: Sanjoy Roychowdhury, Megan R. McMullen, Michele T. Pritchard, Amy G. Hise, Nico van Rooijen, Edward M. Medof, Abram B. Stavitsky, Laura E. Nagy
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract The innate immune system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Although innate immunity is usually considered an early response to injury, previous work implicating innate immunity in ethanol-induced liver injury focuses primarily on long-term ethanol exposure. We investigated the early period of ethanol exposure to determine whether there were temporal associations between activation of innate immune responses and known correlates of liver injury. Female C57BL/6 mice were allowed free access to an ethanol-containing Lieber-DeCarli diet or were pair-fed a control diet. Within 4 days of ethanol exposure, we observed a striking spike in expression of hepatic proinflammatory cytokines—including tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-6, and interferon-γ—prior to hepatic triglyceride accumulation or increased plasma alanine aminotransferase activities, as well as before the induction of cytochrome P450 2E1 or oxidative stress. This early spike in inflammatory cytokines coincided with deposition of C3b-iC3b/C3c (C3b) in the liver. This deposition, resulting from the cleavage of the third component of the complement system (C3), is evidence for activation of complement in response to ethanol. C3 −/− mice were protected from the early, ethanol-induced increase in hepatic TNF-α expression. Ethanol increased C3b deposition in mice deficient in C3a receptor or C5a receptor, as well as in wild-type mice depleted of hepatic macrophages; however, there was no increase in hepatic TNF-α in the absence of C3a receptor, C5a receptor, or hepatic macrophages. In contrast, the absence of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) had no effect on the early, ethanol-induced increase in either C3b or TNF-α. Conclusion: We have identified a complement- and macrophage-dependent, but TLR-4 independent, phase in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced liver injury. (Hepatology 2009.)
Lipoproteins in patients with proved coronary artery disease: qualitative and quantitative changes in agarose-gel electrophoretic patterns.
Authors: R C Bahler, J J Opplt, D M Waggoner
Journal: Circulation (1980)

The relationship between the configuration of agarose-gel lipoprotein electrophoresis patterns and the extent of coronary artery disease (CAD) was studied in consecutive patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography. Three groups were identified: patients with normal coronary arteries (group 1), patients with minor luminal irregularities (group 2) and patients with significant coronary artery obstructions (group 3). Densitometric scans of the electrophoretograms were studied to determine the relative proportion of lipoproteins in each major fraction and the configuration of the pre-beta complex. The presence of multiple subfractions within the pre-beta lipoprotein complex had a sensitivity of 66% for the presence of CAD and a specificity of 99%. A decreased level of alpha 1 lipoproteins, defined as less than 25% of total lipoproteins, occurred almost entirely in groups 2 and 3, whereas an increased level (greater than or equal to 28%) of pre-beta lipoproteins was less specific for CAD. The proportions of alpha and pre-beta lipoproteins were inversely related (r = 0.677). Although abnormalities of serum cholesterol and/or triglycerides were common in groups 2 and 3, the detailed study of lipoprotein patterns provided a more sensitive index of disordered lipoprotein metabolism. The angiographic severity of CAD was significantly related to age and to levels of serum triglycerides, alpha 1 lipoproteins, and pre-beta lipoproteins. The lipoprotein electrophoretogram, in conjunction with serum lipid levels, is a valuable tool for demonstrating abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism associated with CAD.