tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Adiponectin stimulates glucose utilization and fatty-acid oxidation by activating AMP-activated protein kinase
Authors: T. Yamauchi, J. Kamon, Y. Minokoshi, Y. Ito, H. Waki, S. Uchida, S. Yamashita, M. Noda, S. Kita, K. Ueki, K. Eto, Y. Akanuma, P. Froguel, F. Foufelle, P. Ferre, D. Carling, S. Kimura, R. Nagai, B.B. Kahn, T. Kadowaki
Journal: Nature Medicine (2002)
A Rococo Report
Authors: M. THERESE SOUTHGATE
Journal: JAMA (1977)

The editors of the<i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>are to be congratulated for, in a manner of speaking, biting the bullet and coming out against the use of certain editorial trivia which are usually not only meaningless usages, but often are even incorrect. We refer to a notice on their editorial page for the Jan 20, 1977, issue. The editors request that such words as<i>hopefully, significant, significantly</i>, or<i>significance</i>(except when they refer to a statistical analysis) and<i>parameter</i>(unless it refers to a mathematical function) be avoided; that such phrases as<i>recently or in recent years and there is (are, were, has been, have been)</i>be used frugally to begin sentences, that participles (verbs ending in<i>ing</i>) also be used frugally; and finally, that the active voice be used more frequently than the passive voice. In recent years, and even more so at this point in time,
An Evaluation of Blood Nitrate Levels
Authors: JOHN W. BERRY, THOMAS C. ROACH
Journal: Circulation (1958)

The lack of a suitable objective yardstick to measure the effect of anti-anginal drugs has led to confusion in their clinical evaluation. A method of quantitating the nitrate level in the serum has furnished a means of correlating the subjective relief with this group of drugs. Representative samplings of serum from noncardiac and cardiac patients were analyzed to establish control nitrate levels. The cardiac patients were selected for their good responses to nitroglycerin and pentaerythritol tetranitrate. A good subjective response to the drugs correlated with the increased blood nitrate levels.
Expiratory Resistance Increases End-Expiratory Lung Volume during Sleep
Authors: Robert L. Owens, Bradley A. Edwards, Atul Malhotra, Andrew Wellman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

A 37-year-old man with severe obstructive sleep apnea presented to our sleep disorders research laboratory and was instrumented with an epiglottic catheter, pneumotachograph, and magnetometers (to measure relative changes in lung volume) as part of an ongoing study.

During the night there were periods of spontaneous, sustained increases in upper airway resistance during expiration (Figure 1A). During these periods, expiratory positive airway pressure developed at the level of the epiglottis (epiglottic pressure channel). Note that although epiglottic pressure increases during expiration, there is no corresponding increase in flow or mask pressure, suggesting a choke point between the epiglottis and airway opening. Expiratory positive airway pressure was associated with an increase in end-expiratory lung volume (rib cage, abdomen, and change in lung volume channels) according to the total respiratory system compliance (Figure 1B). Although other factors may be important, such as upper airway muscle activation, the increase in end-expiratory lung volume was generally associated with a decrease in upper airway resistance (increased flow despite less negative epiglottic pressure) (Figure 1C).



Figure 1.



Nasal expiratory resistance valves may improve obstructive sleep apnea in a subset of patients, but the mechanism of action is not known (1, 2). Expiratory resistance valves increase end-expiratory lung volume during wakefulness, which might stabilize the upper airway, but this phenomenon has not been clearly demonstrated during sleep.

This spontaneously occurring example provides proof of concept that expiratory resistance acts to increase end-expiratory lung volume during sleep via generation of expiratory positive airway pressure. Furthermore, it suggests that such increased end-expiratory lung volume can stabilize the upper airway during inspiration.

This image has not been previously published in any form.
Functional Assessment and Its Place in Health Care
Authors: Naoki Ikegami
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Much has been written about the rapid aging of the populations of the developed countries of the world. In Japan, people 65 years of age and older now make up 12 percent of the general population and account for a third of all visits to physicians and hospital care. If present patterns remain unchanged, by the year 2020 over half of all health care will be devoted to the elderly, who will then account for 26 percent of the Japanese population.1 The health care needs of the elderly will require shifting the focus of medical activities from the acute care . . .
HEMATURIA AS A SYMPTOM OF SYSTEMIC DISEASE
Authors: EDWIN A. LOCKE
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Hematuria, or the presence of red blood corpuscles in the urine, is a symptom of very frequent occurrence, and its etiology is manifold. In this paper, the term hematuria is used in the broad sense, as including not only gross hemorrhage but also the presence of red blood corpuscles in the urine demonstrated microscopically. Certainly, with very rare exceptions, the presence of blood in the urine is always a symptom of some lesion in the genito-urinary tract. When hematuria is due to systemic disease that does not primarily affect the urinary organs, the principle also holds true, since there is usually some anatomic change to cause the bleeding. Whatever the nature of the disease, the basic causes of the blood loss are the direct result of congestion, infection or trauma, including that due to the development of abnormal tissue, or actual changes in the blood that alter factors associated with
Complementary medicine and medical education
Authors: B. M Berman
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Education and debate p 154 

Complementary and alternative medicine is no longer an obscure issue in medicine. Our patients are using alternative therapies in addition to conventional care 1 2 and sometimes do not share this information with us. But even if they did would we know how best to advise them about safety issues or about the effectiveness of a particular therapy for their problem? Surveys indicate that doctors and medical students are increasingly interested in complementary and alternative therapy,3–5 yet lack of knowledge is one of the greatest barriers to its appropriate use. Although many medical schools and training programmes now include teaching on complementary and alternative therapies, the approaches are variable and often superficial.

In this issue Owen et al ask provocative questions about our attitudes and behaviour towards complementary and alternative therapy (p 154),6 and point out that few of us encountered such therapy as medical students or during later training. Nevertheless, there are signs of change, and Owen et al describe initiatives to include complementary and alternative therapy in medical education …
NITRATE OF SILVER IN DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
Authors: R. ABRAHAMS
Journal: JAMA (1897)

At a time when the markets are flooded with new remedies, each one backed by innumerable clinical observations, it would indeed seem reckless presumption to speak about one laden with age. But, while in the wide range of applicability the drug for which I propose to take up the cudgels this evening falls far below many of the recent ones, yet in effectiveness, circumstances and conditions remaining the same, it outdoes all the latest rivals and arrivals. My object here is to speak about nitrate of silver, its value in the local treatment of diseases of the skin. The physiologic action of nitrate of silver as applied locally, depends upon the strength of the salt employed. It may be caustic, escharotic, astringent and alterative, each condition resulting from the use of the mitigated, pure, saturated or very weak solution. A quality of silver nitrate passed unmentioned by writers on materia
The role of vitronectin receptor (αvβ3) and tissue factor in the pathogenesis of transplant coronary vasculopathy
Authors: Mohamad H. Yamani, Carolina S. Masri, Norman B. Ratliff, Meredith Bond, Randall C. Starling, E.Murat Tuzcu, Patrick M. McCarthy, James B. Young
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Psychiatric Residency Training : Changes Over a Decade
Authors: CLYDE H. WARD, KARL RICKELS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1966)

The psychiatric resident in 1961 is more likely to be male, older, have a larger family, and a much larger income than his counterpart in 1950. His training is more varied and intense and he is better satisfied with it. He is more apt to encounter an eclectic orientation and to be more interested in research, especially psychotherapy research. Five functional aspects of training programs are validated as correlating with resident satisfaction: effectiveness of orientation, quality of staff, emphasis on community aspects of psychiatry, stability of the program, and quality of teaching. Only two discrete training program components can be so validated: research opportunity if interested and satisfaction with interview technique training.
Association between Anxiety and Factors of Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
Authors: Franziska Geiser, Christian Meier, Ingo Wegener, Katrin Imbierowicz, Rupert Conrad, Reinhard Liedtke, Johannes Oldenburg, Ursula Harbrecht
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2008)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Psychological stress and anxiety have been shown to produce an activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. Resulting hypercoagulability is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, and could therefore contribute to an increased prevalence of coronary artery disease in anxiety patients. However, hemostasis function has not yet been studied in patients with clinically relevant anxiety disorders. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; A group of anxiety patients (panic disorder with agoraphobia or social phobia) and a healthy control group (each n = 29) completed some questionnaires [SCL-K9 (a short form of the SCL-90-R), State Trait Anxiety Inventory, ADS (general depression scale)], and had blood drawn after a 15-min rest period. To assess the reaction of the hemostatic system by global entities, sum scores were computed from parameters of coagulation and fibrinolysis (fibrinogen, FVII, FVIII, vWF, F1 + 2, TAT, &lt;i&gt;D&lt;/i&gt;-dimer, α&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-AP, PAP, tPA, PAI-1). Interfering variables, such as age, gender, alcohol consumption and smoking status, were controlled. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Anxiety patients scored higher in a composite hemostatic score and a sum score of fibrinolysis in comparison to the control group, with a predominant activation of inhibitors in fibrinolysis. However, the psychological variable with the closest association to hemostasis was not trait anxiety, but self-perceived worry about blood drawing before blood sampling was performed. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; The coagulation and fibrinolysis system is activated in the direction of a hypercoagulable state in patients with severe phobic anxiety, triggered by fear of blood drawing. This could be one mediating factor for the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases in this population. Acute situational phobic anxiety should be monitored closely when studying the association between anxiety and hemostasis.
Elastase regulates the synthesis of its inhibitor, alpha 1-proteinase inhibitor, and exaggerates the defect in homozygous PiZZ alpha 1 PI deficiency.
Authors: D H Perlmutter, J Travis, P I Punsal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The net balance of neutrophil elastase, an enzyme that degrades many components of the extracellular matrix, and its inhibitor, alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor (alpha 1 PI), is thought to be a critical determinant in the development of destructive lung disease, especially in individuals with homozygous alpha 1 PI deficiency. Synthesis and secretion of alpha 1 PI has been recently demonstrated in cells of mononuclear phagocyte lineage, including peripheral blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. In this study we show that alpha 1 PI gene expression in human monocytes and bronchoalveolar macrophages is affected by a novel mechanism, whereby elastase directly regulates the synthesis of its inhibitor. In nanomolar concentrations, neutrophil or pancreatic elastase mediates a dose- and time-dependent increase in steady state levels of alpha 1 PI mRNA and in the rate of synthesis of alpha 1 PI in human monocytes and bronchoalveolar macrophages. Antisera to neutrophil elastase or pretreatment of elastase with the serine proteinase inhibitor diisopropylfluorophosphate abrogates the effect of elastase on alpha 1 PI expression. Elastase also stimulates the synthesis of alpha 1 PI in monocytes from homozygous PiZZ alpha 1 PI-deficient individuals, but has no effect on the rate of secretion; hence, the enzyme mediates an effect on alpha 1 PI that increases the intracellular accumulation of inhibitor and exaggerates the intrinsic defect in secretion of alpha 1 PI that characterizes the homozygous PiZZ alpha 1 PI deficiency.
PARALYSIS OF THE FACIAL NERVE WITH HERPES ZOSTER
Authors: C. T. Neve
Journal: BMJ (1922)

THE facial nerve becomes paralysed more frequently than any btlier single nerve in the body, and yet the cause of this paralysis is in most cases unlknowna: In a certain small per.centage it is due to inflammation of tile -vall of its canal in thb bone, following on diseaase in tlhe middle ear; or to traunia, operative or otherwise.Rarely it is caused by a central lesion, or is part of a p9lyneuritis, being then often bilateral.Again, it muay accompany or follow a lherpes of tlle face or neck, and is tlhein generally supposed to be due to the in- flammation of zona affecting tlie geniculate ganglion.But in
Reducing knife crime
Authors: Emma Hern, Will Glazebrook, Mike Beckett
Journal: BMJ (2005)

We need to ban the sale of long pointed kitchen knives 

> “Britain in the grip of knives terror—third of murder victims are now stabbed to death.” Daily Express, 31 January 2005 

> “Stabbing rampage kills one, injures five—a large kitchen knife was found.” Independent , 24 December 2004

Violent crime in the United Kingdom is increasing; figures from London show a 17.9% increase from 2003 to 2004,1 and one easily accessible weapon used in many incidents is the kitchen knife. Unfortunately, no data seem to have been collected to indicate how often kitchen knives are used in stabbings, but our own experience and that of police officers and pathologists we have spoken to indicates that they are used in at least half of all cases. UK government statistics show that 24% of 16 year old boys report carrying knives or other weapons and 19% admitting attacking someone with the intent to harm.2 Although other weapons—such as baseball bats, screwdrivers, and chains—are also carried, by far the most common weapons are knives.3 …
Forensic pathology services
Authors: D. Pounder
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Quality must be guaranteed 

Forensic pathology services are an essential part of systems of investigating deaths worldwide. In England and Wales these forensic services, the entire death investigation system, and the coroner service are currently under review. Forensic pathology in Britain has had chronic problems as an orphan specialty excluded from the NHS at its inception and now largely ejected from the universities. Today the 35 or so pathologists accredited by the Home Office are contracted to police forces to support the investigation of suspicious deaths and homicides. About half are in full time private practice. They also provide autopsy services to local coroners, but most of the 120 000 coroner's autopsies performed annually are carried out by NHS pathologists as an approved form of private practice.1

The chronic problems of the forensic pathology service have now precipitated a review by the home office. There has also been a recent flurry of scandals. The conviction of the serial killer Dr Harold Shipman, the furore over the retention of organs at autopsy, and the inquiry into the cutting off of the hands of victims in the Marchioness disaster2 all exposed failings in the death …
Regulation of hepatic lipin-1 by ethanol: Role of AMP-activated protein kinase/sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 signaling in mice
Authors: Ming Hu, Fengming Wang, Xin Li, Christopher Q. Rogers, Xiaomei Liang, Brian N. Finck, Mayurranjan S. Mitra, Ray Zhang, Dave A. Mitchell, Min You
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Abstract Lipin-1 is a protein that exhibits dual functions as a phosphatidic acid phosphohydrolase enzyme in the triglyceride synthesis pathways and a transcriptional coregulator. Our previous studies have shown that ethanol causes fatty liver by activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and inhibition of hepatic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in mice. Here, we tested the hypothesis that AMPK-SREBP-1 signaling may be involved in ethanol-mediated up-regulation of lipin-1 gene expression. The effects of ethanol on lipin-1 were investigated in cultured hepatic cells and in the livers of chronic ethanol-fed mice. Ethanol exposure robustly induced activity of a mouse lipin-1 promoter, promoted cytoplasmic localization of lipin-1, and caused excess lipid accumulation, both in cultured hepatic cells and in mouse livers. Mechanistic studies showed that ethanol-mediated induction of lipin-1 gene expression was inhibited by a known activator of AMPK or overexpression of a constitutively active form of AMPK. Importantly, overexpression of the processed nuclear form of SREBP-1c abolished the ability of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside to suppress ethanol-mediated induction of lipin-1 gene-expression level. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further revealed that ethanol exposure significantly increased the association of acetylated histone H3 at lysine 9 with the SRE-containing region in the promoter of the lipin-1 gene. Conclusion: In conclusion, ethanol-induced up-regulation of lipin-1 gene expression is mediated through inhibition of AMPK and activation of SREBP-1. (Hepatology 2012)
EOSINOPHILIA IN INSULIN THERAPY: A PRELIMINARY REPORT TO THE MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
Authors: R. D. Lawrence, O. B. Buckley
Journal: BMJ (1929)

It is initeresting to consider what part the autonomic hypertropliy played in the overgrowth of the limb, Were they parts of the same pro-_cess, or were the hypertrophied sympathetic nerves responsible, evein partially, for the general- ized 'overgrowth of the limb, thrboughl disordered vasa-con- strictor anid secretory im-The patient's motlher (Fig. 4), who was abouit 40 yeals of age, was 5 feet in lheight, and her physique suggested
Comparing Self-Management of Oral Anticoagulant Therapy with Clinic Management
Authors: Bárbara Menéndez-Jándula, Juan Carlos Souto, Arturo Oliver, Isabel Montserrat, Mireia Quintana, Ignasi Gich, Xavier Bonfill, Jordi Fontcuberta
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2005)

Background: Control of oral anticoagulant treatment has been reported to be suboptimal, but previous studies suggest that patient self-management improves control. Objective: To compare the quality of control and the clinical outcomes of oral anticoagulant treatment in self-managed patients versus patients following conventional management. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Setting: University-affiliated hospital in Spain. Patients: 737 patients with indications for anticoagulant treatment. Intervention: The self-management group (n = 368) received simple instructions for using a portable coagulometer weekly and self-adjusting treatment dose. The conventional management group (n = 369) received usual care in an anticoagulation clinic (monthly measurement and control of international normalized ratio [INR], managed by hematologists). Measurements: Percentage of INR values within the target range and major related complications. Results: The median follow-up period was 11.8 months (range, 0.3 to 16.9 months). The unadjusted percentages of in-range INRs were 58.6% in the self-management group and 55.6% in the conventional management group (difference, 3.0 percentage points [95% CI, 0.4 to 5.4 percentage points]). Twenty-seven patients (7.3%) in the conventional management group and 8 (2.2%) in the self-management group had major complications related to anticoagulant treatment. The unadjusted risk difference for major complications between groups was 5.1 percentage points (exact 95% CI, 1.7 to 8.5 percentage points). Fewer patients had minor hemorrhages in the self-management group (14.9%) than in the conventional management group (36.4%). Fifteen patients (4.1%) in the conventional management group and 6 (1.6%) in the self-management group died (unadjusted risk difference, 2.5 percentage points [exact 95% CI, 0.0 to 5.1 percentage points]). Limitations: The trial was performed at only 1 center and was not blinded. The dropout rate in the intervention group was 21%. Conclusions: Compared with conventional management by an anticoagulation clinic, self-management of oral anticoagulant treatment achieved a similar level of control. Of note, major complications and minor hemorrhages were less common in the self-management group.
IgE-mediated anaphylaxis caused by bites of the pigeon tick Argas reflexus: Cloning and expression of the major allergen Arg r 1
Authors: Christiane Hilger, Jean-Claude Bessot, Nicolas Hutt, Fabienne Grigioni, Frédéric de Blay, Gabrielle Pauli, François Hentges
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)