tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Office Practice of Internists
Authors: Isidore Altman
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Data about the number of patients seen by physicians are relatively scarce despite their importance to the assessment of the population's medical needs. The opportunity to gather such information from a large group of specialists was therefore gladly accepted by the authors. The major results are contained herein.  The data on patient load were collected in the course of a study developed in cooperation with the New York State Society of Internal Medicine. This organization was interested in the devolopment of methodology for evaluating the quality of care being rendered by their members in their own offices. As a preliminary to the methodological study, information on the background and characteristics of the practice of the society's members was obtained by means of a questionnaire mailed to each member. At the time of the study, the society had 960 members, of whom 505 returned a completed questionnaire to the study group.
No comparative drug efficacy without legislation
Authors: M. Mullner
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Data on the comparative efficacy of drugs—or relative efficacy, as it is termed in the EU1—are certainly needed.2 Apart from the pitfalls addressed by Sorenson and colleagues,2 the political reality is that comparative efficacy is required for national reimbursement decisions, which, not surprisingly, are fiercely defended by member states. In 2009 the EU consensus was …
Potential reproductive and postnatal morbidity from exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls: epidemiologic considerations.
Authors: W J Rogan, B C Gladen, A J Wilcox
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

There is both laboratory and epidemiologic evidence that PCBs are toxic to several phases of reproduction. Workplace exposure is an important but small part of the exposure to these compounds, since most of the population has detectable levels in blood or fat. Studies in the general population on PCBs and reproduction have not been done. Some studies in workers are under way, and in epidemic PCB poisonings, small babies with a distinct clinical syndrome are seen. We review some of the laboratory and epidemiologic data and the methods available for study of reproduction in humans; study of any highly exposed group should be done and studies of spontaneous abortion, birth weight and certain congenital anomalies should look for an effect of PCBs.
Clinical Trials: Discerning Hype From Substance
Authors: Thomas R. Fleming
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

This article has been corrected. The original version (PDF) is appended to this article as a supplement. The interest in being able to interpret and report results in clinical trials as being favorable is pervasive throughout health care research. This important source of bias needs to be recognized, and approaches need to be implemented to effectively address it. The prespecified primary analyses of the primary and secondary end points of a clinical trial should be clearly specified when disseminating results in press releases and journal publications. There should be a focus on these analyses when interpreting the results. A substantial risk for biased conclusions is produced by conducting exploratory analyses with an intention to establish that the benefit-to-risk profile of the experimental intervention is favorable, rather than to determine whether it is. In exploratory analyses, P values will be misleading when the actual sampling context is not presented to allow for proper interpretation, and the effect sizes of outcomes having particularly favorable estimates are probably overestimated because of “random high” bias. Performing exploratory analyses should be viewed as generating hypotheses that usually require reassessment in prospectively conducted confirmatory trials. Awareness of these issues will meaningfully improve our ability to be guided by substance, not hype, in making evidence-based decisions about medical care.
Abstract 1092: Targeting multiple receptor tyrosine kinases in ovarian cancers
Authors: Wenbin Ou, Yisheng Jiao, Fanguo Meng, Haimeng Zhou, Aiyuan Wang
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among women in Western Europe and the United States, which has the highest mortality rate of all gynecologic malignancy. Although more than 70% patients have increased 5-year survival rates after surgery followed by chemotherapy and second-line therapies, the low overall cure rates and the intolerable side effects of systemic chemotherapy asks for the development of novel and more effective pharmacological interventions. The increasing evidences suggest that receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activation participates in the oncogenic progression from nonneoplastic mesothelial lining of the ovaries or the fallopian tube epithelium to epithelial ovarian cancer. The RTKs, including EGFR, ERBB2, PDGFR, VEGFR and MET, are activated in subsets of ovarian cancer, suggesting that these kinases might represent novel therapeutic targets. However, clinical trials have not or just partially shown benefit to ovarian cancers treated with EGFR, ERBB2, or PDGFR inhibitors. Despite multiple RTK activation in ovarian cancer pathogenesis, it is unclear whether transforming activity is dependent on an individual kinase oncoprotein or the coordinated activity of multiple kinases. We hypothesized that a coordinated network of multi-RTK activation is important for the tumorigenesis of ovarian cancers. Herein, we demonstrate co-activation of multiple RTKs (EGFR, ERBB2, ERBB4, MET and/or AXL) in individual ovarian cancer cell lines and primary tumors. We also show that coordinate inhibition of this multi-kinase signaling has substantially greater effect on ovarian cancer proliferation and survival, compared to inhibition of individual activated kinases. The inhibition of this multi-RTK signaling by HSP90 suppression results in profound pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects, and is associated with the inactivation of RTK downstream PI3-K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MAPK signaling. These studies suggest that anti-multiple RTK strategy could be useful in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1092. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1092
Posterior Dislocation of Shoulder-joint
Authors: D. L. J. Bilbey
Journal: BMJ (1957)

mid-axillary line.After overcoming his initial surprise he went along and had two stitches inserted in the wound.Nothing further eventuated.Seven months later, whilst on holiday in Sydney, he developed pains in the left upper abdomen and left chest.They were not particularly severe and allowed of a barium examination, which revealed large bowel in the left thoracic cavity.A left thoracotomy was carried out on October 26, 1955.Transverse colon was found in the chest.It was densely adherent to the lung and margins of the opening in the diaphragm.This opening was not greater than i in. (1.9 cm.) in diameter.The abdominal contents were replaced and the diaphragm was repaired.The patient made a good recovery.
TRAIL+ NK Cells Control CD4+ T Cell Responses during Chronic Viral Infection to Limit Autoimmunity
Authors: Iona S. Schuster, Matthew E. Wikstrom, Geraldine Brizard, Jerome D. Coudert, Marie J. Estcourt, Mitali Manzur, Lorraine A. O’Reilly, Mark J. Smyth, Joseph A. Trapani, Geoffrey R. Hill, Christopher E. Andoniou, Mariapia A. Degli-Esposti
Journal: Immunity (2014)
Abstract 4830: Insulin-like growth factors and kidney cancer risk in men
Authors: Jacqueline M. Major, Michael N. Pollak, Kirk Snyder, Jarmo Virtamo, Demetrius Albanes
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Context: Causes of kidney cancer are not fully understood. Incidence is highest in those ages 50 to 70, and almost twice as high in men as in women. Smokers are twice as likely as non-smokers to develop renal cell carcinoma and about four times as likely to develop cancer of the renal pelvis. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) has been shown to increase kidney microvascular growth and glomerular filtration rate, and its administration increases renal function in animal models of chronic renal failure, and has been proposed as a possible therapeutic agent (Hirschberg et al, 1998). However, the possible roles of IGF in the development of kidney cancer have not been well-studied. Objective: To examine the relation of serum levels of IGF-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) to kidney cancer risk. Methods: We conducted a case-cohort study nested within the prospective Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study of 29,133 Finnish male smokers who were 50-69 years of age and not diagnosed with cancer at study entry. Serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGFBP-3 were measured in blood samples collected in 1985 to 1988. One hundred men were identified who had a diagnosis of kidney cancer &amp;gt;5 years after blood collection through the end of 1997. Self-reported information on lifestyle and medical history was collected and weight and height were measured at baseline. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the relative risk of kidney cancer associated with IGF levels. Results: A history of hypertension (known to be increased in those who are older, overweight, or heavier smokers) was more common among cases than among noncases. Men with IGF-I levels &amp;gt;108 ng/mL were 63% less likely to develop kidney cancer than men with IGF-I levels ≤108 ng/mL (OR=0.37; 95% CI=0.20-0.69). IGFBP-3 levels did not alter the association between IGF-I and kidney cancer risk. Further, no association was observed between IGFBP-3 levels and the development of kidney cancer. Conclusions: Low serum IGF-I levels in this cohort of older middle-aged male smokers are associated with increased kidney cancer risk, independent of IGFBP-3, age, anthropometry, lifestyle and medical history. Further research is needed to confirm the findings and examine the association in women and non-smokers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4830.
The Secret Life of Dr Chandra
Authors: Terry Hamblin
Journal: BMJ (2006)

T he colourful career of Dr Ranjit Chandra may be old news to BMJ readers. In the spring of 2000 he sent to the BMJ a paper that claimed that a mixture of vitamins and minerals could reverse dementia in elderly people. The then BMJ editor, Richard Smith, thought that it was just too good to be true and one reviewer told him that it had all the hallmarks of having being completely invented. The full story can be read at BMJ 2005;331: 288-91

Applying the old adage that a thing isn't true until it's been on television, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has put together a documentary on Chandra made by Chris O'Neill-Yates, and broadcast it over three …
"Polypill" to fight cardiovascular disease: Cost effectiveness of statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular events is questionable
Authors: A. Messori
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—The presence of a statin in the “Polypill” implies a favourable cost effectiveness of the anticholesterol agent for primary prevention.1 2 Medline reports 18 original studies (from 1995 to June 2003) evaluating the cost effectiveness of statins for this indication (8 independent, 10 sponsored3).

In the eight independent reports, the interstudy variations in the cost per life year gained are extremely wide ($C7700 to $US420 000 in men), …
Life without Estrogen
Authors: Daniel D. Federman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Most biologic arrangements seem so obvious, and so well adapted to their uses, that we tend to forget that things might have been worked out quite differently. Impious as it may be, it is worth thinking about evolutionary alternatives -- if only to deepen appreciation and understanding of the way things are.Take, for example, the arrangements needed to guarantee survival through sexual reproduction. In brief, three types of differentiation have to be achieved.1 Gonadal differentiation is required to generate complementary haploid gametes capable of fertilization. Genital differentiation is required to bring the gametes together and to provide a warm, . . .
Dermatoscopy of basal cell carcinoma: Morphologic variability of global and local features and accuracy of diagnosis
Authors: Davide Altamura, Scott W. Menzies, Giuseppe Argenziano, Iris Zalaudek, H. Peter Soyer, Francesco Sera, Michelle Avramidis, Kathryn DeAmbrosis, Maria Concetta Fargnoli, Ketty Peris
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2009)
High Prepregnancy Body-Mass Index — A Maternal–Fetal Risk Factor
Authors: Honor Wolfe
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

Obesity is one of the most common nutritional problems complicating pregnancy in developed countries. Maternal obesity has been defined in various ways, including a body weight above 80 to 114 kg (175 to 250 lb), a weight 50 to 300 percent more than ideal prepregnancy weight for height, and a maternal body-mass index (the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) from 26 to 29 (for overweight) or above 29 (for obesity).There is general agreement that maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of medical and puerperal complications, including hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes . . .
CASE OF HUMAN INFESTATION BY LARVAE OF THE FLY ERISTALIS TENEX
Authors: William C. Pumpelly
Journal: JAMA (1925)

A white man, aged 30, a contractor and builder, complained of weakness and constipation. His family history was unimportant, and his past history seemed to have no bearing on the complaint. He had had several attacks of tonsillitis until his tonsils were removed, five years before. He had pleurisy when 19 years of age, with a good convalescence, and he had had pneumonia, malaria and typhoid fever, all of which had occurred more than ten years before the present illness. Nine years before, the appendix had been removed. He had not had previous attacks of appendicitis. The present complaint began five years before with constipation, pain in the legs, and at times spells of weakness. At intervals, he had severe attacks of constipation. A year before he saw me, he discovered that there were worms in the bowel movements, and from then on he found them in nearly every movement.
Microbiology of pyogenic liver abscess.
Authors: P J Redding, W E Finlay
Journal: BMJ (1981)

isolation of G vaginalis together with the significantly higher isolation rate among heterosexual men suggests that while gardnerella infection of the male urethra is unlikely, colonisation of this site may be an important factor in the epidemiology of "non-specific" vaginitis.This should be borne in mind when setting up and evaluating trials of therapy for this condition.
PET/CT in the Management and Prognosis of Pancreatic Exocrine Tumors
Authors: Cristina Nanni, Stefano Fanti, Patrick M. Colletti, Domenico Rubello
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Nanni, Cristina MD; Fanti, Stefano MD; Colletti, Patrick M. MD; Rubello, Domenico MD Author Information
Genome-wide retroviral insertional tagging of genes involved in cancer in Cdkn2a-deficient mice
Authors: Anders H. Lund, Geoffrey Turner, Alla Trubetskoy, Els Verhoeven, Ellen Wientjens, Danielle Hulsman, Robert Russell, Ronald A. DePinho, Jack Lenz, Maarten van Lohuizen
Journal: Nature Genetics (2002)
Digital Arteriography in Occlusive Arterial Disease and Clubbing of the Fingers
Authors: TIMOTHY TAKARO, EDGAR A. HINES
Journal: Circulation (1967)

A study of transbrachial digital arteriography led to the development of a technique that includes the use of an intra-arterial vasodilator (tolazoline) measurement of circulation time, direct roentgenographic magnification and serial exposures of long (14 by 35-inch) films in cassettes. This technique permitted study of the fine details of digital arteriograms of 34 patients with clubbing of the fingers or peripheral occlusive arterial disease. The ulnar artery was nonopacified in 13 cases and segmental areas of nonopacification of digital arteries were seen in 17 of the entire group, in many instances in the absence of symptoms of occlusive arterial disease. The technique is recommended for more adequate study of the peripheral microangiopathies.
Assignment of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene to Human Chromosome 6p21.3
Authors: Valeria Vincenti, Caterina Cassano, Mariano Rocchi, M. Graziella Persico
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an endothelial cell-specific growth factor and a regulator of physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Four different proteins are produced by alternative splicing of a unique transcript generated from a single-copy gene. Knowledge of the chromosomal location of the VEGF gene would help in determining a linkage to any known human congenital syndrome and/or to known chromosomal rearrangements in tumors.A human chromosome mapping panel was used to assign the VEGF gene to human chromosomes by polymerase chain reaction using VEGF-specific oligonucleotide primers. Amplified DNA fragments were fractionated on a 1% agarose gel. A single band of the expected size was obtained only from the DNA of those hybrid cell lines that contained the human chromosome 6. Three YAC clones containing the VEGF gene were obtained by screening the ICI Diagnostics library. In situ hybridization was then used to locate the VEGF gene in the 6p21.3 region.The location of the VEGF gene in the 6p21.3 region is a potential starting point for a linkage study. In addition, the isolation of YAC clones containing the VEGF gene will contribute to the construction of the physical map of this chromosomal region.
Maxi-K channels contribute to urinary potassium excretion in the ROMK-deficient mouse model of Type II Bartter's syndrome and in adaptation to a high-K diet
Authors: M.A. Bailey, A. Cantone, Q. Yan, G.G. MacGregor, Q. Leng, J.B.O. Amorim, T. Wang, S.C. Hebert, G. Giebisch, G. Malnic
Journal: Kidney International (2006)
Thyroid Replacement Therapy and Heart Failure
Authors: Anthony Martin Gerdes, Giorgio Iervasi
Journal: Circulation (2010)

H eart failure (HF) is a major public health and economic problem in Western countries and is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and death.Coronary artery disease is the underlying cause in more than two thirds of chronic HF patients.By 2020, the World Health Organization projects that ischemic heart disease alone will be the most important global cause of morbidity and mortality.The estimated increases in HF-related morbidity and mortality suggest that our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of this syndrome is inadequate.Interest in the role of thyroid hormones (THs) in HF has increased in recent years.The driving considerations can be summarized as follows: (1) the known effects of THs on contractile and relaxation properties of the heart; (2) experimental findings offering strong support for the hypothesis that TH signaling is critical in preserving cardiac structure and performance under normal conditions and after cardiac injury; and (3) evidence that mildly altered TH function is strongly associated with a worsening prognosis in cardiac patients in general and in HF patients in particular.Diastolic function and systolic function are clearly influenced by THs. 1 Ventricular contractile function is also influenced by changes in hemodynamic conditions secondary to TH effects on peripheral vascular tone. 1 TH homeostasis preserves positive ventricular-arterial coupling, leading to a favorable balance for cardiac work.4][5][6] This review highlights a growing body of evidence from animal studies and small-scale clinical trials suggesting that low cellular thyroid activity at the cardiac tissue level may adversely affect HF progression and that treatment may lead to improvement.
Pathophysiologic basis of acute respiratory distress in patients who fail a trial of weaning from mechanical ventilation.
Authors: A Jubran, M J Tobin
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

To determine the mechanisms of acute respiratory distress and failure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), we studied 17 ventilator-supported patients who failed a trial of spontaneous breathing and 14 patients who tolerated such a trial and were successfully extubated. Immediately before the weaning trials, maximal inspiratory pressure was not statistically different between the two groups (p = 0.48). On discontinuation of the ventilator, the failure group immediately developed rapid shallow breathing, and higher values of dynamic lung elastance (EdynL) (p < 0.01) and intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi, p < 0.03) than did the success group. Between the onset and end of the trial, the failure group developed further increases in EdynL (p < 0.0001) and PEEPi (p < 0.0001), and increases in inspiratory resistance (p < 0.009) and inspiratory pressure-time product (PTP) (p < 0.0001). Partitioning of PTP at the end of the trial revealed a 111% increase in the PEEPi component, a 33% increase in the non-PEEPi elastic component, and a 42% increase in the resistive component (all p < 0.0001). Despite the increase in PTP, 13 of the failure patients developed an increase in PaCO2. The product of PTP and PaCO2, an index of inefficient CO2 clearance, was more than twice as high in the failure group than in the success group at the end of the trial (p < 0.0005). Thus, development of acute respiratory distress during a failed weaning attempt was due to worsening of pulmonary mechanics, which in conjunction with rapid shallow breathing led to inefficient clearance of CO2.
Antibacterial activity of human urine
Authors: Donald Kaye
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

The fate of bacteria in human urine was studied after inoculation of small numbers of Escherichia coli and other bacterial strains commonly implicated in urinary tract infection. Urine from normal individuals was often inhibitory and sometimes bactericidal for growth of these organisms. Antibacterial activity of urine was not related to lack of nutrient material as addition of broth did not decrease inhibitory activity. Antibacterial activity was correlated with osmolality, urea concentration and ammonium concentration, but not with organic acid, sodium, or potassium concentration. Between a pH range of 5.0-6.5 antibacterial activity of urine was greater at lower pH. Ultrafiltration and column chromatography to remove protein did not decrease antibacterial activity. Urea concentration was a more important determinant of antibacterial activity than osmolality or ammonium concentration. Increasing the urea of a noninhibitory urine to equal that of an inhibitory urine made the urine inhibitory. However, increasing osmolality (with sodium chloride) or increasing ammonium to equal the osmolality or ammonium of an inhibitory urine did not increase antibacterial activity. Similarly, dialysis to decrease osmolality or ammonium but preserve urea did not decrease inhibitory activity. Decreasing urea with preservation of ammonium and osmolality decreased antibacterial activity. Removal of ammonium with an ion exchanger did not decrease antibacterial activity, whereas conversion of urea to ammonium with urease and subsequent removal of the ammonium decreased antibacterial activity. Urine collected from volunteers after ingestion of urea demonstrated a marked increase in antibacterial activity, as compared with urine collected before ingestion of urea.