tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Weight Control Practices of U.S. Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Mary K. Serdula
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

To estimate the prevalence of various weight-loss practices in U.S. adolescents and adults.The Youth Risk Behavior Survey, a self-administered survey of a random sample of high school students in 1990 and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, a random-digit dial survey in 1989.Thirty-eight states and the District of Columbia.High school students (n = 11,467) and adults 18 years and older (n = 60,861).Among high school students, 44% of female students and 15% of male students reported that they were trying to lose weight. An additional 26% of female students and 15% of male students reported that they were trying to keep from gaining more weight. Students reported that they had used the following weight control methods in the 7 days preceding the survey: exercise (51% of female students and 30% of male students); skipping meals (49% and 18%, respectively); taking diet pills (4% and 2%, respectively); and vomiting (3% and 1%, respectively). Among adults, 38% of women and 24% of men reported that they were trying to lose weight, whereas 28% of each sex reported that they were trying to maintain their weight.Attempts to lose or maintain weight are very prevalent among both adolescents and adults, especially among females.
Par-4-Dependent Apoptosis by the Dietary Compound Withaferin A in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Sowmyalakshmi Srinivasan, Rama S. Ranga, Ravshan Burikhanov, Seong-Su Han, Damodaran Chendil
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Deletion or mutation of the androgen receptor (AR) renders prostate tumors refractory to apoptosis by androgen ablation, the mainstay of prostate cancer therapy. To identify novel therapeutics that can induce apoptosis regardless of the AR status of prostate cancer cells, we screened dietary herbal compounds using a reporter assay for the prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) gene, which induces p53- and PTEN-independent and cancer-selective apoptosis. One of the compounds, withaferin A (WA), a major constituent of the dietary compound Withania somnifera, induced Par-4-dependent apoptosis in androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells and regression of PC-3 xenografts in nude mice. Interestingly, restoration of wild-type AR in PC-3 (AR negative) cells abrogated both Par-4 induction and apoptosis by WA. Individually, WA and anti-androgens induced neither Par-4 nor apoptosis in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells, yet in combination, WA and anti-androgen synergistically induced Par-4 and apoptosis in androgen-responsive prostate cancer cells. Thus, when judiciously combined with anti-androgens, WA inhibits survival of both androgen-responsive and androgen-refractory prostate cancer cells by a Par-4-dependent mechanism. As Par-4 up-regulation induces apoptosis in most tumor cells, our findings can be extended to high-throughput screens to identify synergistic combinations for both therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant cancers.
Effectiveness of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine (SA14-14-2): a case-control study
Authors: S. Hennessy, B.L. Strom, W.B. Bilker, L. Zhengle, W. Chao-Min, L. Hui-Lian, W. Tai-Xiang, Y. Hong-Ji, L. Qi-Mau, T.F. Tsai, N. Karabatsos, B.L. Strom, S.B. Halstead
Journal: The Lancet (1996)

Japanese encephalitis is a major cause of death and disability throughout Asia, including the Indian subcontinent. Although an effective vaccine for Japanese encephalitis is available, hundreds of millions of susceptible individuals remain unimmunised because of the vaccine's cost. In 1988, an inexpensive live-attenuated vaccine (SA14-14-2) was licensed in China. We have measured the effectiveness of this vaccine.In a case-control study in rural Sichuan Province, China, the 56 cases consisted of children admitted to hospital with acute Japanese encephalitis, and were confirmed serologically. 1299 village-matched and age-matched controls were identified, and vaccination histories obtained from pre-existing written records.The effectiveness of one dose was 80% (95% Cl 44 to 93%); that of two doses was 97.5% (86 to 99.6%). Controlling for multiple potential confounders did not alter these results.We conclude that a regimen of two doses of live-attenuated Japanese encephalitis vaccine, administered 1 year apart, is effective in the prevention of clinically important disease. Subsequent study is needed to assure the safety of this vaccine.
Azathioprine in Treatment of Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: M. W. Greaves, J. L. Burton, J. Marks, R. P. R. Dawber
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Azathioprine was given to 11 patients with pemphigoid who had been on long-term maintenance therapy with prednisone or prednisolone. In nine of these prednisone therapy was withdrawn and all were maintained symptom-free on azathioprine alone, while in two the dose of prednisone was considerably reduced. One patient who had never received corticosteroids was controlled by azathioprine alone during the initial acute phase of the illness. Since azathioprine acts slowly, it is recommended that corticosteroids should be used together with azathioprine during the acute stage. Thus azathioprine is valuable in long-term management of pemphigoid, particularly in patients showing corticosteroid toxicity or in whom the minimum maintenance dose is dangerously high.
THE NECESSITY FOR THE STANDARDIZATION OF THE TREATMENT OF BACILLURIA
Authors: ALBERT M. CRANCE
Journal: JAMA (1935)

Considering the fact that modern urology has in general made great strides forward during the past two decades, there is still a wide discrepancy within the profession regarding the management of urinary infections, particularly those infections which are due to the colon bacillus group. This discrepancy should actually not exist. Its remedy is obtainable only by effecting some definite standardization in the management of bacilluria in general. My purpose in this paper, therefore, is to summarize briefly the reasons why such a therapeutic standardization is possible as well as advisable. Needless to say, it has apparently not yet been learned that there is no urinary antiseptic which eliminates the colon bacillus from the urinary tract. Drugs, therefore, are of little value in treating this infection. It must furthermore be borne in mind that urinary infections due to B. coli rarely ever disappear spontaneously. It was only a few years ago
Shin Lesions From Ladder Rungs
Authors: D. Sudhaker Rao
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I read Dr Gaeuman's letter with great interest. I have previously described identical lesions in a father (52 years old) and son (14 years old) who are engaged in installation of automatic garage door openers. They obviously spend most of their day on the ladder. Indeed, it was the father who suggested the name "ladder shins."<sup>1</sup> I agree with Dr Gaeuman's suggestion of not redesigning the ladder, but carpeting the ladder rungs is the easiest solution and will avoid the need for each person to wear shin guards. The carpeting should be done by the employer irrespective of who uses the ladder. Incidentally, the father had episodes of cellulitis in these lesions prior to carpeting the rungs and none since.<sup>1</sup> It is noteworthy that both the diagnostic name "ladder shins" and the appropriate treatment (carpeting the rungs) were suggested by the patient.
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
Authors: John P. Cello
Journal: JAMA (1980)

SINCE the introduction of fiberoptic endoscopy early in the 1960s, considerable evidence has been accumulated that suggests that fiberoptic endoscopy is the most accurate diagnostic technique for localizing the source of upper gastrointestinal tract (UGI) hemorrhage.<sup>1,2</sup>Endoscopy has been noted to detect with high accuracy the presence of superficial mucosal disease, such as gastritis, varices, esophagitis, and Mallory-Weiss lesions, of the gastroesophageal junction.<sup>2</sup>The development of the flexible endoscope has sharply decreased morbidity and mortality caused by endoscopy. Nevertheless, noteworthy complications continue to be reported, including pharyngeal hematomas and lacerations, aspiration pneumonia, respiratory depression owing to intravenous administration of medication, and GI perforation and bleeding from endoscopic biopsies. The clinical impact of emergency endoscopy in bleeding patients has been the subject of much controversy, with little to suggest that the morbidity and mortality of GI hemorrhage have been appreciably reduced by the use of endoscopy.<sup>3,4</sup> The radiological
High Levels of Serum Acid Phosphatase
Authors: Myron R. Schoenfeld
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I read Dr. Mick's LETTER TO THE EDITOR (220:1132, 1972) regarding a puzzling case of unexplained high serum acid phosphatase activity. I suggest that the probable cause was liver metastasis. All tissues contain some amount of acid phosphatase; hence, extensive damage to many tissues is reflected in an increase in the serum acid phosphatase activity. My own observations on these nonprostatic causes of acid hyperphosphatasia were published some years ago (<i>Science</i>139:51, 1963;<i>Ann Intern Med</i>65:1256, 1966;<i>JAMA</i>193:618,1965). Usually, in such cases the rise in enzyme activity is 50% to 300% above the patient's baseline levels. On the other hand, because the liver contains acid phosphatase in considerable concentration; because the liver is a large organ and, hence, its total content of acid phosphatase is enormous; because most liver diseases are generalized and, hence, cause widespread liver-cell injury; and because liver disease regularly elicits an
Toothpick-Related Injuries in the United States, 1979 Through 1982
Authors: Lawrence D. Budnick
Journal: JAMA (1984)

From 1979 to 1982, an estimated 8,176 toothpick-related injuries occurred yearly (3.6 per 100,000 population per year). The rate of injury was greatest among children 5 to 14 years old, but children younger than 5 years had a rate of injury to the eyeball and ear more than 20 times greater than that of other persons. Since young children appear to be at greatest risk, toothpicks should be kept out of their reach. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;252:796-797)
Coal gas and the brain.
Authors: J. Pearce
Journal: BMJ (1968)

asthmaticus is often very low (well below 40 mm.Hg), which makes them highly vulner- able to sudden death.The single most important early measure in preventing death in these patients is probably giving them oxygen.Their Pco2 is usually satisfactory, and 100% oxygen can be given with safety.General practitioners should perhaps keep a portable supply of oxygen to be given to the patient while waiting for the ambulance, where the oxygen should be continued.Simple bronchodilators like aminophylline do not appear to influence the arterial Po, but by producing some bronchodilatation they may produce subjective relief and reduce the work of breathing.There is a prevalent fear among general practitioners of giving patients with chronic asthma corticosteroids.Depriving some chronic asthmatics, especially young ones, of long-term corticoids can have tragic reper- cussions.Apart from the social and educa- tional consequences that uncontrolled chronic asthma can produce, it can result in irrevers- ible pulmonary damage at an early age.The assessment of chronic asthmatics should be carried out only in hospital, where true responders can be selected for long-term corticoid therapy.'The important function of the general practitioner is to recognize the chronic asthmatic for hospital corticoid assessment.-Iam, etc.,
An Introduction to the Biology of the Skin
Authors: Dorinda Loeffel
Journal: JAMA (1971)

This fine textbook from British dermatology should comfort clinicians and trainees who are overwhelmed by the decade of recent progress in the basic sciences of skin biology and related fields. The 17 distinguished contributors represent many specialties, including biophysics, hematology, and nutrition. Chapters are developed from lectures given yearly, at Cambridge University, to trainees in dermatology. The original course objective of "relating normal structure and function to common pathological problems" is generally well achieved in the book. Cell biology emerges clearly through cytochemistry, electron microscopy, and kinetic studies, and dermal and epidermal anatomy are covered in adequate detail. Many physiologic processes are well summarized, particularly melanogenesis, percutaneous absorption, and sebaceous gland secretion. Inflammatory cells and their special properties become the focus of stimulating discussions of inflammation, wound healing, and allergic reactions. Unfortunately, subjects such as keratinization and Langerhan's cells are not covered in such comprehensive detail, and some important topics,
Influence of different surface modification treatments on poly(d,l-lactic acid) with silk fibroin and their effects on the culture of osteoblast in vitro
Authors: Kaiyong Cai, Kangde Yao, Yuanlu Cui, Zhiming Yang, Xiuqiong Li, Huiqi Xie, Tingwu Qing, Laibao Gao
Journal: Biomaterials (2002)
An inappropriate response?
Authors: M. J. Bolland, A. Grey, I. R. Reid
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Papers that have found an increased risk of cardiovascular events in people who use calcium supplements could reduce sales of these supplements.1 2 3 So how should affected companies respond appropriately and what role should academics and scientific journals play in such responses?

The Council for Responsible Nutrition (CRN) is “the leading trade association representing dietary supplement …
Inner London general practice
Authors: T. E A Carr
Journal: BMJ (1981)

by Professor Morrell, we should not be surprised that some nurse managers despair of ever realising their vision other than wvith a handful of forwnardlooking anid highly-motivated GPs.We should niot conidemni them for being unwilling to dismanitle wN-ell-established geographically deployed teams of district nurses and health visitors to create a gcneral-practice-based organisation wvhich has not vet been shown to have anv advanitages for the communities in the inner city.The experience in some outer London districts has bcen that whole- sale schemcs of general practice attachment implemented by enthusiastic nurse managcrs without any commitment from GPs have caused disillusionment and dissatisfaction among their staff and incrcased travelling costs, and have not brought the anticipatcd improvements in relationships or co-ordination of services.
Folic Acid Deficiency in Pregnancy
Authors: Richard R. Streiff, A. Brian Little
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

FOLATE deficiency has been recognized for some time to be the cause of most cases of macrocytic anemia of pregnancy.1 2 3 The association of megaloblastic anemia with hemorrhage during pregnancy was first noted by Hourihane et al.4 and by Coyle and Geoghegan5 in Dublin. Since then other studies6 have indicated that folate deficiency, as measured by indirect methods, and complications of pregnancy other than anemia (abruptio placentae and third-trimester bleeding) are related. However, in these studies4 5 6 7 the folate deficiency was measured by methods that are not entirely specific (formininoglutamic acid excretion or megaloblastosis).8 9 10 In 1945 Hertz11 showed that folate deficiency diminished . . .
UN warns that swine flu outbreak could turn into pandemic
Authors: F. Charatan
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A strain of influenza never seen before is thought to have killed more than 100 people in Mexico and infected more than 1600 others, Jose Angel Cordova, the country’s health minister, has said. 

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed that since March 2009 swine flu had infected 20 people in the states of New York, Texas, California, Kansas, and Ohio. Its investigations indicate human to human transmission of the virus. The US government has declared a health emergency.

The virus is being described as a new subtype of A/H1N1 not previously detected in pigs or humans. It is unique among human, pig, and avian flu viruses. Of the deaths reported in Mexico, 20 are confirmed as having been caused by the new virus.

Margaret Chan, director general of the World Health …
Thrombolysis and Reocclusion in Experimental Jugular Vein and Coronary Artery Thrombosis
Authors: B. J. Biemond, M. Levi, R. Coronel, M. J. Janse, J. W. ten Cate, H. Pannekoek
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction is often complicated by reocclusion of the initially reperfused artery. Platelets have been shown to play an important role in this process. We determined the contribution of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), stored in the alpha-granules of platelets, to thrombolysis resistance and to reocclusion.In a rabbit jugular vein thrombosis model, the effect of a PAI-1-neutralizing monoclonal antibody (CLB-2C8) on thrombolysis and thrombus growth was assessed. The effect on reperfusion, reocclusion, and duration of vessel patency was studied in a canine model of coronary artery thrombosis superimposed on a high-grade stenosis and endothelial damage. In the rabbit jugular vein model, the intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg anti-PAI-1 antibody significantly enhanced the endogenous thrombolysis from 5.5 +/- 1.3% in the animals treated with a nonspecific monoclonal antibody (control) to 13.7 +/- 2.6% in the animals treated with the anti-PAI-1 antibody. Thrombus growth was reduced significantly, from 41.3 +/- 2.6% in the control animals to 22.8 +/- 2.8% in the animals treated with the anti-PAI-1 antibody. In combination with a single bolus injection of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rTPA; 0.25 mg/kg), the anti-PAI-1 antibody reduced thrombus growth significantly, from 21.5 +/- 2.7% in the animals treated with rTPA alone to 12.2 +/- 2.6% in the animals treated with rTPA and the antibody. No additional effect of the anti-PAI-1 antibody was observed on rTPA-induced thrombolysis. In the canine coronary artery thrombosis model, the administration of a suboptimal dose of rTPA (0.45 mg/kg) induced reperfusion in 7 of the 8 dogs after 19.5 +/- 8.2 minutes. Reperfusion was followed by reocclusion in all animals after 3.3 +/- 2.6 minutes. Administration of the anti-PAI-1 antibody in combination with rTPA significantly reduced time to reperfusion (8.1 +/- 5.2 minutes) and delayed the occurrence of reocclusion to 11.6 +/- 12.5 minutes.Administration of the anti-PAI-1 antibody (CLB-2C8) results in increased endogenous thrombolysis and inhibition of thrombus growth in a venous thrombosis model in rabbits and facilitated reperfusion and reduction of reocclusion in a canine model of coronary artery thrombosis.
Comment on: Jeon et al. Helicobacter pylori Infection Is Associated With an Increased Rate of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2012;35:520-525
Authors: Ami Schattner
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Jeon et al. (1) have convincingly demonstrated that individuals seropositive for Helicobactor pylori ( H. pylori ) at enrollment were significantly more likely to develop diabetes. The mechanism remains unclear.

Chronic hepatitis C is another infectious disease found to be associated with an increased incidence of diabetes, independent of the development of liver cirrhosis (2). Hepatitis C virus–mediated induction …
Treating Anxiety in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Melanie Merswolken, Sabine Siebenhuener, Kristina Orth-Gomér, Frank Zimmermann-Viehoff, Hans-Christian Deter
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2011)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Anxiety is frequent in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) and influences the course of the disease, but no randomized controlled trial has investigated the effects of a psychotherapy intervention in CHD patients with elevated anxiety scores. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 6-month psychotherapy intervention on anxiety in this group of patients. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Fifty-two patients (61 ± 8.0 years, 14 female) with CHD and elevated levels of anxiety completed the study after randomization into a 6-month psychotherapy intervention or a control condition. Medically eligible patients were screened for anxiety with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and were included if they had a score of 8 or higher. Anxiety scores were reevaluated at 6-month follow-up (after the treatment). &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; At 6-month follow-up significant reductions (intervention group: –2.0 ± 2.3; control group: –1.8 ± 2.8; p &lt; 0.01) were found in both groups in the HADS anxiety scale but no significant differences between the groups were observed. Adjustment for baseline differences and disease severity did not change these results. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Our study showed that elevated anxiety scores were reduced over time but there was no statistically significant effect of the psychotherapy intervention in anxious patients with CHD. Changes in the design of the intervention and study might be useful to further investigate this topic in the future.
Aberrant Mucin Assembly in Mice Causes Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Spontaneous Inflammation Resembling Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Chad K Heazlewood, Matthew C Cook, Rajaraman Eri, Gareth R Price, Sharyn B Tauro, Douglas Taupin, David J Thornton, Chin Wen Png, Tanya L Crockford, Richard J Cornall, Rachel Adams, Masato Kato, Keats A Nelms, Nancy A Hong, Timothy H. J Florin, Christopher C Goodnow, Michael A McGuckin
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

MUC2 mucin produced by intestinal goblet cells is the major component of the intestinal mucus barrier. The inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis is characterized by depleted goblet cells and a reduced mucus layer, but the aetiology remains obscure. In this study we used random mutagenesis to produce two murine models of inflammatory bowel disease, characterised the basis and nature of the inflammation in these mice, and compared the pathology with human ulcerative colitis.By murine N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea mutagenesis we identified two distinct noncomplementing missense mutations in Muc2 causing an ulcerative colitis-like phenotype. 100% of mice of both strains developed mild spontaneous distal intestinal inflammation by 6 wk (histological colitis scores versus wild-type mice, p < 0.01) and chronic diarrhoea. Monitoring over 300 mice of each strain demonstrated that 25% and 40% of each strain, respectively, developed severe clinical signs of colitis by age 1 y. Mutant mice showed aberrant Muc2 biosynthesis, less stored mucin in goblet cells, a diminished mucus barrier, and increased susceptibility to colitis induced by a luminal toxin. Enhanced local production of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma was seen in the distal colon, and intestinal permeability increased 2-fold. The number of leukocytes within mesenteric lymph nodes increased 5-fold and leukocytes cultured in vitro produced more Th1 and Th2 cytokines (IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-13). This pathology was accompanied by accumulation of the Muc2 precursor and ultrastructural and biochemical evidence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in goblet cells, activation of the unfolded protein response, and altered intestinal expression of genes involved in ER stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and wound repair. Expression of mutated Muc2 oligomerisation domains in vitro demonstrated that aberrant Muc2 oligomerisation underlies the ER stress. In human ulcerative colitis we demonstrate similar accumulation of nonglycosylated MUC2 precursor in goblet cells together with ultrastructural and biochemical evidence of ER stress even in noninflamed intestinal tissue. Although our study demonstrates that mucin misfolding and ER stress initiate colitis in mice, it does not ascertain the genetic or environmental drivers of ER stress in human colitis.Characterisation of the mouse models we created and comparison with human disease suggest that ER stress-related mucin depletion could be a fundamental component of the pathogenesis of human colitis and that clinical studies combining genetics, ER stress-related pathology and relevant environmental epidemiology are warranted.