tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ABC of Urology: UROLOGICAL EVALUATION
Authors: C. Dawson, H. Whitfield
Journal: BMJ (1996)

A concise but thorough history should be taken detailing the onset of the problem, the severity and duration of the complaint, and any relevant medical history and family history.

#### Common reasons for referral to urologist

Several symptoms indicate bladder outflow obstruction (for example, due to benign prostatic hyperplasia): a delay before the flow of urine begins (hesitancy); a poor flow when passing urine; an inability to maintain flow throughout the prolonged act of voiding (intermittency) owing to the bladder being unable to maintain a high enough detrusor pressure; if a residual volume is left, a desire to pass urine shortly after finishing voiding (pis-en-deux).

#### Obstructive symptoms

Patients may feel a burning sensation in the urethra during voiding (dysuria) or a sudden desire to void (urgency). Most adults void no more than once at night, and more than this can be considered to be nocturia. Urine production at night is increased in elderly people, patients with congestive heart failure, and those who habitually consume night time drinks.

Cystitis and other inflammatory conditions may give rise to the symptoms above, but the symptoms may also be present in patients with bladder outflow obstruction or carcinoma in situ of the bladder (malignant cystitis).

#### Irritative symptoms

Incontinence that is precipitated by physical activity is termed stress incontinence. Urge incontinence occurs when a leakage of urine follows an urgent desire to urinate and is pathognomonic of an unstable bladder. This commonly develops de novo in women (in whom it is termed idiopathic bladder instability) but may be present in men secondary to bladder outflow obstruction or in patients with a neuropathic bladder. Some women may have both stress incontinence and urge incontinence. Continuous incontinence is typically seen in patients with a urinary fistula. …
Properties of Adenyl Cyclase from Human Jejunal Mucosa during Naturally Acquired Cholera and Convalescence
Authors: Lincoln C. Chen, Jon E. Rohde, Geoffrey W. G. Sharp
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The enterotoxin of Vibrio cholerae causes copious fluid production throughout the lenght of the small intestine. As this is thought to be mediated by stimulation of adenyl cyclase, a study has been made of the activity and properties of this enzyme in jejunal biopsy tissue taken from patients during the diarrheal phase of cholera and after recovery. Adenyl cyclase activity during cholera was increased more than twofold relative to the enzyme in convalescence. Under both conditions stimulation by prostaglandin E(1) (PGE(1)) and by fluoride was observed. The responsiveness to PGE(1) was not altered in cholera; the total activity of the fluoride-stimulated enzyme was similar, a finding that suggests cholera toxin stimulates pre-existing enzyme in the intestinal cell. The enzymes during cholera and convalescence were similar in all other properties examined. Optimal Mg(++) concentration was 10 mM; Mn(++) at 5 mM stimulated the enzyme but could not replace Mg(++) except in the presence of 10 mM fluoride. Calcium was markedly inhibitory at concentrations greater than 10(-4) M. The pH optimum was 7.5 and the Michaelis constant (K(m)) for ATP concentration approximated 10(-4) M. Thus the interaction of cholera toxin with human intestinal adenyl cyclase does not alter the basic properties of the enzyme. When biopsy specimens were maintained intact in oxygenated Ringer's solution at 0 degrees C, no loss of activity was observed at 1(1/2) and 3 hr. In contrast, when the cells were homogenized, rapid loss of activity, with a half-life of 90 min was seen even at 0 degrees C. Consequently for comparative assays of human jejunal adenyl cyclase, strict control of the experimental conditions is required. It was under such conditions that a twofold increase in basal adenyl cyclase activity during cholera was observed.
Indications for Liver and Brain Scans
Authors: Robert E. Wittes
Journal: JAMA (1977)

From 1973 to 1975, scans of the liver and brain as routine screening procedures were performed on patients with oat cell carcinoma of the lung at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Normal test results were observed in 20 of 21 and 32 of 35 patients who showed no clinical evidence of involvement of the liver and brain. Only one scan in 21 and one in 35 yielded new information concerning possible organ involvement. We concluded that scans of the liver and brain are not useful methods of screening the patient with no clinical evidence of oat cell carcinoma. (<i>JAMA</i>238:506-507, 1977)
Miliary pulmonary cryptococcosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Authors: J D Douketis, S Kesten
Journal: Thorax (1993)

A 33 year old man with AIDS presented with fever, dyspnoea, cough and a miliary pattern on the chest radiograph. Cryptococcus neoformans infection was diagnosed from bronchoalveolar lavage bronchoscopy. This case supports the principle that, in patients with AIDS, pulmonary infections can exhibit variable radiographic features and that definitive diagnosis should always be considered.
Missed injuries of the spinal cord.
Authors: G Ravichandran, J R Silver
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Damage to the spinal cord had not been recognised initially in 15 patients out of a consecutive series of 353 admitted over a decade to the National Spinal Injuries Centre with paralysis due to trauma to the cord. In some patients the missed diagnosis led to mismanagement and a greater neurological deficit. Missed injuries of the spinal cord are seen in patients with multiple injuries and head injuries and in those without any paralysis. Various radiological errors contribute to the failure to recognise the vertebral injury. In addition to causing severe disability to the victim these missed and mismanaged injuries of the spinal cord cost the National Health Service large sums in compensation. A careful evaluation of the history of each accident, with greater awareness of the potential of certain types of accidents to cause spinal cord injury, should reduce the incidence of missed injuries of the spinal cord.
The Results of the Boston Chest X-Ray Survey
Authors: John H. Cauley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1950)

COMMUNITY-WIDE x-ray surveys had been conducted in eight cities of the United States of over 100,000 population, in co-operation with the Division of Tuberculosis of the United States Public Health Service, before a similar program was planned for the City of Boston. In all the locations where the program had been carried out, experience had proved that to conduct a successful mass x-ray program, it would be necessary to have a well planned blueprint of operations, complete community participation, a well publicized activity, a large number of trained personnel and substantial available local funds, all in addition to the facilities . . .
On the Unity of Poison in Diseases
Authors: G. De Gorrequer Griffith
Journal: BMJ (1884)

fotus.If all go on well, it is best to proceed gently to fully dilate the os, without using any undue amount of force, though, in the event of hsmorrhage, it may be necessary to deliver before the os is fully dilated; and, when it is well dilated, if the pains be rapid and strong, the membranes, if not previously ruptured, may be torn, and the case left to nature, as in cases Nos. 3 and 7.Such cases, however, are exceptional; and, as a rule, it will be desirable
Traumatic cardiac arrest
Authors: Jason E Smith, Annette Rickard, David Wise
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2015)

Traumatic cardiac arrest is known to have a poor outcome, and some authors have stated that attempted resuscitation from traumatic cardiac arrest is futile. However, advances in damage control resuscitation and understanding of the differences in pathophysiology of traumatic cardiac arrest compared to medical cardiac arrest have led to unexpected survivors. Recently published data have suggested that outcome from traumatic cardiac arrest is no worse than that for medical causes of cardiac arrest, and in some groups may be better. This review highlights key areas of difference between traumatic cardiac arrest and medical cardiac arrest, and outlines a strategy for the management of patients in traumatic cardiac arrest. Standard Advanced Life Support algorithms should not be used for patients in traumatic cardiac arrest.
DABIGATRAN ANTICOAGULANT ACTIVITY IS NEUTRALIZED BY AN ANTIBODY SELECTIVE TO DABIGATRAN IN IN VITRO AND IN VIVO MODELS
Authors: Joanne van Ryn, Tobias Litzenburger, Alisa Waterman, Keith Canada, Norbert Hauel, Chris Sarko, Rachel Kroe-Barrett, Sanjaya Singh, John Park
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
A memorable patient: How to lose credibility
Authors: H. Jacobs
Journal: BMJ (1998)

A large proportion of my patients these days are the worried well types. Nevertheless, their evident relief after a careful assessment and reassurance is for me a considerable reward. However, it takes substantial energy and more time than you might spend on a straightforward and perhaps more serious condition to reassure such a patient.

He was a youngish, worried well, bank manager when he arrived. He left, despite my best efforts, even more worried. From somewhere he had acquired a pamphlet canvassing for patients with threatened strokes, as part of a proposed clinical study. He had read about transient ischaemic attacks. It was soon clear from his history, …
Toxic effects of aerosol moth spray.
Authors: I. Picton-Robinson
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Toxic Effects of Aerosol Moth Spray SIR,-I wish to report an occurrence of illness after eating food contaminated by a domestic aerosol insecticide.Five young males were affected.They were all nearly 20 years of age.Late one evening they ate sandwiches at a public house, three eating cheese sandwiches, one eating ham sandwiches, and one a portion of pickled onion.They noticed that the food had an unusual taste.While they were still eating, one of the staff of the public house advised them not to eat the cheese sandwiches as her small child had sprayed the sandwiches with a proprietary aerosol moth spray.
Abstract IA15: Amelioration of ionizing irradiation damage in Fanconi anemia (Fancd2-/- mice) by GS-nitroxide (JP4-039)
Authors: Joel S. Greenberger
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Fancd2-/- mice derived from both the C57BL/6 and FEV/B background demonstrate bone marrow stromal cell radiosensitivity and paradoxical hematopoietic cell radioresistance. Fancd2-/- (B6) mouse long-term bone marrow cultures showed reduced longevity of hematopoiesis consistent with decreased capacity to handle oxidative stress. FA patients demonstrate an increased risk for hematopoietic and epithelial cancers, which are difficult to treat with radiotherapy due to intrinsic normal tissue radiosensitivity. Intraoral administration of GS-nitroxide (JP4-039) in F15 emulsion prior to head and neck irradiation significantly reduces the increased susceptibility of Fancd2-/- mice to oral cavity ulceration. Baseline biomarkers for oxidative stress related proteins in oral cavity and bone marrow of Fancd2-/- mice compared to heterozygote and normal littermates (B6) and FVB/N were exacerbated by oral cavity irradiation. Suppression of femur marrow hematopoiesis by head and neck irradiation, was also increased in Fancd2-/- mice, but was ameliorated by JP4-039/F15 intraoral administration, as were gene transcripts, proteins, and DNA promoter demethylation. Amelioration of normal tissue radiosensitivity by organ specific radioprotective mitochondrial targeted antioxidants is effective in both DNA repair defective and wild type murine epithelial tissues. Citation Format: Joel S. Greenberger. Amelioration of ionizing irradiation damage in Fanconi anemia (Fancd2-/- mice) by GS-nitroxide (JP4-039). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Susceptibility and Cancer Susceptibility Syndromes; Jan 29-Feb 1, 2014; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(23 Suppl):Abstract nr IA15. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CANSUSC14-IA15
Deficiencies in circulating testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, and depression in men with systolic chronic heart failure
Authors: Ewa A. Jankowska, Anna Drohomirecka, Beata Ponikowska, Agnieszka Witkowska, Monika Lopuszanska, Alicja Szklarska, Ludmila Borodulin‐Nadzieja, Waldemar Banasiak, Philip A. Poole‐Wilson, Piotr Ponikowski
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2010)
Rifampicin and adrenal crisis.
Authors: E H Elansary, J E Earis
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Anaphylactic shock induced by diclofenacDiclofenac is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent used in degenerative joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and allied conditions.'Its commonest unwanted effects include gastrointestinal disorders, rashes, peripheral oedema, and abnormalities of serum transaminase activity.More rarely, melaena and haematemesis, myoclonic en- cephalopathy, and myoclonus of the lower limbs may occur.2 3 We report a case of anaphylactic shock induced by diclofenac, which as yet is an unreported complication of treatment with this agent. Case reportAn 80 year old man with mild diabetes was treated with diclofenac 50 mg three times a day for degenerative osteoarthritis.Six months later in January 1981 his treatment was changed to ibuprofen 0-2 g three times a day.In March 1981 his pain was worse and he restarted treatment with diclofenac.Twelve hours after the first dose he consulted his doctor with a fever of 38-5 C and vomiting.He was treated with paracetamol and his symptoms
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Metastases
Authors: D J Chadwick, D A Gillatt, A Mukerjee, J B Penry, J C Gingell
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (1991)

Sixty-six patients with spinal metastatic disease secondary to urological malignancy underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-eight patients had clinical evidence of spinal cord compression. MRI demonstrated metastatic cord compression in 16 cases, a benign cause in two cases, nerve root involvement in five cases. In seven patients MRI demonstrated spinal metastases which were not visible on plain radiographs and isotope bone scans. Nine patients had metastatic deposits involving the cauda equina and in a further 22 patients spinal metastases were an incidental finding during MRI for staging of the primary tumour. MRI is a sensitive method of imaging spinal metastases and provides a non-invasive means of assessing patients with spinal cord compression.
Evidence against either a premature stop codon or the absence of obese gene mRNA in human obesity.
Authors: R V Considine, E L Considine, C J Williams, M R Nyce, S A Magosin, T L Bauer, E L Rosato, J Colberg, J F Caro
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Obese (ob) gene expression in abdominal subcutaneous adi- pocytes from lean and obese humans was examined.The full coding region of the ob gene was isolated from a human adipocyte cDNA library.Translation of the insert confirmed the reported amino acid sequence.There was no difference in the sequence of an reverse transcription PCR product of the coding region from five lean and five obese subjects.The nonsense mutation in the ob mouse which results in the conversion of arginine 105 to a stop codon was not present in human obesity.In all 10 human cDNAs, arginine 105 was encoded by CGG, consequently two nucleotide substitutions would be required to result in a stop codon.To compare the amount of ob gene expression in lean and obese individuals, radiolabed primer was used in the PCR reaction with (I- actin as a control.There was 72% more ob gene expression (P < 0.01) in eight obese subjects (body mass index, BMI = 42.8±2.7)compared to eight lean controls (BMI = 22.4±0.8).Regression analysis indicated a positive corre- lation between BMI and the amount of ob message (P < 0.005).There was no difference in the amount of ,B-actin expression in the two groups.These results provide evidence that ob gene expression is increased in human obesity; fur- thermore, the mutations present in the mouse ob gene were not detected in the human mRNA population. (
Empirical Evidence of the Importance of Comparative Studies of Diagnostic Test Accuracy
Authors: Yemisi Takwoingi, Mariska M G Leeflang, Jonathan J Deeks
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Background: Systematic reviews that "compare" the accuracy of 2 or more tests often include different sets of studies for each test. Purpose: To investigate the availability of direct comparative studies of test accuracy and to assess whether summary estimates of accuracy differ between meta-analyses of noncomparative and comparative studies. Data Sources: Systematic reviews in any language from the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from 1994 to October 2012. Study Selection: 1 of 2 assessors selected reviews that evaluated at least 2 tests and identified meta-analyses that included both noncomparative studies and comparative studies. Data Extraction: 1 of 3 assessors extracted data about review and study characteristics and test performance. Data Synthesis: 248 reviews compared test accuracy; of the 6915 studies, 2113 (31%) were comparative. Thirty-six reviews (with 52 meta-analyses) had adequate studies to compare results of noncomparative and comparative studies by using a hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic meta-regression model for each test comparison. In 10 meta-analyses, noncomparative studies ranked tests in the opposite order of comparative studies. A total of 25 meta-analyses showed more than a 2-fold discrepancy in the relative diagnostic odds ratio between noncomparative and comparative studies. Differences in accuracy estimates between noncomparative and comparative studies were greater than expected by chance (P < 0.001). Limitation: A paucity of comparative studies limited exploration of direction in bias. Conclusion: Evidence derived from noncomparative studies often differs from that derived from comparative studies. Robustly designed studies in which all patients receive all tests or are randomly assigned to receive one or other of the tests should be more routinely undertaken and are preferred for evidence to guide test selection. Primary Funding Source: National Institute for Health Research (United Kingdom).
Incidence of the premenstrual syndrome in twins.
Authors: K Dalton, M E Dalton, K Guthrie
Journal: BMJ (1987)

CommentThis case fits the criteria for mania listed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edition) and the ninth revision of the International Classification of Diseases.The association of mania and myxoedema must be very rare, and we can find no other reported case. 1-5The two usual psychiatric syndromes seen in myxoedema are, firstly, confusion and cognitive impairment resembling dementia, sometimes with clouding of consciousness; and, secondly, depressed mood with paranoid delusional ideas and often hallucinations.' 2 Irritability and violence are reported only in association with paranoid cases.2Our patient showed no psychiatric disorder until further metabolic disturbance was superimposed on his thyroid deficiency.After surgery he had a mental disturbance which may have been mild hypomania, which suggests that he may have been particularly susceptible to develop a mental disturbance from metabolic abnormality as an expression of his genetic predisposition indicated by the positive family history.We thank Professor J T Silverstone for his help and advice in preparing this report.
TRAUMATIC CHANGES IN THE RETINA, CHOROID, NERVE HEAD AND VITREOUS
Authors: ARTHUR J. BEDELL
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Ocular tragedies are increasing in industry, in the home, in the school and in travel; so there is need for a review of the traumatic changes in the fundus and their differentiation from the nontraumatic. The application of facts learned in private practice is of immense practical value in times of stress, for it enables the alert physician to interpret the signs of early damage as well as to appraise correctly the end results. The dominant signs of ocular injuries are hemorrhage, edema, ischemia and destruction of tissue. Their amount, location and extent provide the unpredictable elements. A foreign body may strike the eye with varying force and from various angles. There is no accepted, dogmatic rule for determining the resulting changes in the fundus, but Lagrange, in his monumental sketchbook, presented conclusions well substantiated by his drawings and for certain war injuries laid the foundation for future advances. In
Lutheran blood group glycoprotein and its newly characterized mouse homologue specifically bind α5 chain-containing human laminin with high affinity
Authors: Stephen F. Parsons, Gloria Lee, Frances A. Spring, Thiebaut-Noel Willig, Luanne L. Peters, J. Aura Gimm, Michael J. A. Tanner, Narla Mohandas, David J. Anstee, Joel Anne Chasis
Journal: Blood (2001)
Evaluation des pratiques professionnelles: Pertinence des indications de la coloscopie totale dans un centre hospitalier
Authors: C Nizou, O Moulin, F Harnois, D Mennecier, C Thiolet
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Introduction: Le service d'Endoscopie Digestive de l''hopital Bégin réalise environ 1200 coloscopies totales par an au profit des services d'hospitalisation et de correspondants extérieurs.
Abstract 5371: Drug repositioning with a bioinformatics platform that integrates the TCGA, cMap and CCLE
Authors: Francis A. San Lucas, Jerry Fowler, Scott Kopetz, Eduardo Vilar, Paul Scheet
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Cancer In silico Drug Discovery Tools (CIDD) is a drug discovery platform that enables researchers to generate hypotheses for the following three general problems: 1) to determine if clinical phenotypes or gene mutations for a cancer are functional, inducing unique gene expression alterations, 2) to find candidate drugs to treat, or repress, these expression changes, and 3) to identify cell lines that resemble the tumors being studied for subsequent in vitro experimentation. CIDD integrates clinical and experimental data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Connectivity Map (cMap) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) to perform in silico drug discovery experiments. CIDD generates gene expression signatures representative of the phenotypes or mutations being studied, characterizes the signatures using MSigDB, identifies candidate drugs to repress these signatures using data from the cMap, and finds optimal cell lines for in vitro drug testing using experimental data from the CCLE. The primary results of a CIDD execution are a biologically interpretable candidate drug list and a list of cell lines for subsequent drug experimentation. We applied CIDD for the identification of candidate drugs to treat BRAF V600E colorectal cancer (CRC). CIDD identified EGFR and proteasome inhibitors as candidate drugs, while proposing 7 large intestine cell lines from the CCLE for potential in vitro testing. CIDD is a command-line based tool written in Python and depends on R. We have developed a companion Python-based data management utility, tcga_util, which provides automated downloading and querying of TCGA data from the command-line, which we feel will be of substantial and independent interest to researchers wishing to use data from the TCGA. CIDD and tcga_util are available for download at http://scheet.org/software. Citation Format: Francis A. San Lucas, Jerry Fowler, Scott Kopetz, Eduardo Vilar, Paul Scheet. Drug repositioning with a bioinformatics platform that integrates the TCGA, cMap and CCLE. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5371. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5371