tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Typhoid fever vaccines: a meta-analysis of studies on efficacy and toxicity
Authors: E. A Engels, M. E Falagas, J. Lau, M. L Bennish
Journal: BMJ (1998)

To estimate the efficacy and toxicity of typhoid fever vaccines.Meta-analysis of randomised efficacy trials and both randomised and non-randomised toxicity studies of the parenteral whole cell, oral Ty21a, and parenteral Vi vaccines.1,866,951 subjects in 17 efficacy trials; 11,204 subjects in 20 toxicity studies.Pooled estimates of three year cumulative efficacy, year specific efficacy, and incidence of adverse events.Three year cumulative efficacy was 73% (95% confidence interval 65% to 80%) for two doses of whole cell vaccines (based on seven trials); 51% (35% to 63%) for three doses of Ty21a vaccine (four trials); and 55% (30% to 71%) for one dose of Vi vaccine (one trial). For whole cell and Ty21a vaccines, regimens of fewer doses were less effective. Efficacy was shown to be significant for five years for whole cell vaccines, four years for Ty21a vaccine, and two years for Vi vaccine. Neither the age of vaccine recipient nor the incidence of typhoid fever in the control group (varying from 6 to 810 cases per 100,000 person years) affected the efficacy of the whole cell or Ty21a vaccines. After vaccination, fever occurred in 15.7% (11.5% to 21.2%) of whole cell vaccine recipients, 2.0% (0.7% to 5.3%) of Ty21a vaccine recipients, and 1.1% (0.1% to 12.3%) of Vi vaccine recipients.Whole cell vaccines are more effective than the Ty21a and Vi vaccines but are more frequently associated with adverse events. Whether the added efficacy of the whole cell vaccines outweighs their toxicity will depend on the setting in which vaccination is used.
Assessment of human exposure to chemicals from Superfund sites.
Authors: M A Kamrin, L J Fischer, W A Suk, J R Fouts, E Pellizzari, K Thornton
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Assessing human exposure to chemicals from Superfund sites requires knowledge of basic physical, chemical, and biological processes occurring in the environment and specific information about the local environment and population in the vicinity of sites of interest. Although progress is being made in both areas, there is still a tremendous amount to be done. Participants at this meeting have identified several of the areas in need of greater understanding, and they are listed below. Movement of dissolved and volatile organics, especially NAPLs, in the subsurface environment. This includes study of the partitioning of compounds between NAPLs, air, water, and soil. Partitioning of volatilized chemicals between gaseous and aerosol components of the atmosphere. This includes understanding how these components influence both wet and dry deposition. Long-term movement from sediments into biota and how these affect chronic toxicity to sediment biota. Broad validation of PBPK models describing partitioning of compounds from sediment and water into fish. Reactions of chemicals sorbed to atmospheric particles. This includes application of laboratory models to real and varied atmospheric conditions. Interactions between biotic and abiotic transformations in soil and sediment. Applicability of physiological pharmacokinetic models developed in laboratory studies of experimental animals and clinical investigations of humans to environmental chemicals, concentrations, and routes of exposure in humans. Use of human and wildlife behavioral and biomonitoring information to estimate exposure. This includes better understanding of human variability and the applicability of information gathered from particular wildlife species. To successfully address these gaps in our knowledge, much more analytical data must be collected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The eye and visual nervous system: anatomy, physiology and toxicology.
Authors: C S McCaa
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

The eyes are at risk to environmental injury by direct exposure to airborne pollutants, to splash injury from chemicals and to exposure via the circulatory system to numerous drugs and bloodborne toxins. In addition, drugs or toxins can destroy vision by damaging the visual nervous system. This review describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye and visual nervous system and includes a discussion of some of the more common toxins affecting vision in man.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase of the bone marrow regulates myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and angiogenesis
Authors: Andrey Kazakov, Patrick Müller, Philippe Jagoda, Alexander Semenov, Michael Böhm, Ulrich Laufs
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2011)

AimsThe endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) regulates the mobilization and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC). We hypothesized that eNOS of the bone marrow (BM) affects cardiac remodelling during myocardial hypertrophy via the regulation of BM-derived vascular progenitor cells.
Anticancer Chemotherapy-Induced Intratumoral Recruitment and Differentiation of Antigen-Presenting Cells
Authors: Yuting Ma, Sandy Adjemian, Stephen R. Mattarollo, Takahiro Yamazaki, Laetitia Aymeric, Heng Yang, João Paulo Portela Catani, Dalil Hannani, Helene Duret, Kim Steegh, Isabelle Martins, Frederic Schlemmer, Mickaël Michaud, Oliver Kepp, Abdul Qader Sukkurwala, Laurie Menger, Erika Vacchelli, Nathalie Droin, Lorenzo Galluzzi, Roman Krzysiek, Siamon Gordon, Philip R. Taylor, Peter Van Endert, Eric Solary, Mark J. Smyth, Laurence Zitvogel, Guido Kroemer
Journal: Immunity (2013)
Transduction of Human PBMC-Derived Dendritic Cells and Macrophages by an HIV-1-Based Lentiviral Vector System
Authors: Roland Schroers, Indu Sinha, Harry Segall, Ingo G.H. Schmidt-Wolf, Cliona M. Rooney, Malcolm K. Brenner, Richard E. Sutton, Si-Yi Chen
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2000)

Professional antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are target cells for gene therapy of infectious disease and cancer. However, transduction of DCs and macrophages has proved difficult by most currently available gene transfer methods. Several recent studies have shown that lentiviral vector systems can efficiently transduce many nondividing and differentiated cell types. In this study, we examined the gene transfer to DCs and macrophages using a lentiviral vector system. Human DCs were propagated from the adherent fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by culture in medium containing GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNF-alpha. Human macrophages were propagated from adherent PBMCs in medium containing GM-CSF. High titers of a replication-defective vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G pseudotyped HIV-1-based vector encoding the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein were produced. In immature DCs (culture days 3 and 5), transduction efficiencies of 25 to 35% were achieved at a multiplicity of infection of 100. However, the transduction efficiency was decreased in more mature DCs (culture day 8 or later). Furthermore, monocyte-derived macrophages were also transduced by the lentiviral vector system. In addition, Alu-LTR PCR demonstrated the integration of the HIV-1 provirus into the cellular genome of the transduced DCs and macrophages. Allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions revealed similar antigen-presenting functions of untransduced and lentivirally transduced DCs. Thus, the results of this study demonstrate that both PBMC-derived DCs and macrophages can be transduced by lentiviral vectors.
Urinary Glucuronic Acid Excretion in Liver Disease and the Effect of a Salicylamide Load
Authors: H. T. F. Barniville, R. Misk
Journal: BMJ (1959)

NEW TECHNIQUE WITH HYDROXYDIONE MEDBLJO3RNL 337 is also recommended for caesarean section, thyroidectomy, and patients exhibiting partial respiratory obstruction.As was noted with the former methods of administering steroid anaesthesia, presuren minimizes the usual post- operative fatigue.It produces a sense of well-being during the recovery period, which enables patients to disregard most of the discomforts following operation.We thank those registrars, house officers, and nurses, who assisted us in making clinical observations incorporated in this report.Our thanks are also due to Dr. med.
Delayed Febrile Pleuropericarditis After Sepsis
Authors: GORDON C. MILLER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

In four patients recovering from bacterial sepsis a febrile polyserositis appeared that clinically resembled the postcardiotomy or post-myocardial infarction syndrome. Its most dramatic features were fever, malaise, substernal pain, pericardial friction rub, and sterile pericardial effusion. Pneumonitis and pleuritis with effusion were also present. The illness resolved spontaneously in two patients and was apparently terminated by aspirin or prednisone in two others. The preliminary infection was staphylococcal in three patients and probably meningococcal in the fourth.
LEVELS OF INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR-1 AND ANGIOPOIETIN-1 ARE MARKEDLY INCREASED IN MEDIUM OF CULTURED STEM CELLS AFTER EXPOSURE TO HYPOXIA/ANOXIA
Authors: Sharad Rastogi, Michelle Mohyi, Ramesh C. Gupta, Bipin Sunkara, Mengjun Wang, Itamar Ilsar, Hani N. Sabbah
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
PREPROCEDURAL TIMI FLOW AND MICROVASCULAR OBSTRUCTION MEASURED BY INTRACORONARY DOPPLER FLOW VELOCITY IN PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Atsushi Yamamuro, Shuichiro Kaji, Koichi Tamita, Makoto Kinoshita, Natsuhiko Ehara, Takeshi Kitai, Kitae Kim, Atsushi Kobori, Tomoko Tani, Shigefumi Morioka, Toru Kita, Yutaka Furukawa
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Pulmonary Blood Volume and Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume in Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: KUDDUSI GAZIOGLU, PAUL N. YU
Journal: Circulation (1967)

Measurements of pulmonary blood volume (PBV) and pulmonary capillary blood volume (V c ) and hemodynamic studies were made in a series of 106 patients with valvular heart disease (62 with predominant mitral lesions and 44 with predominant aortic lesions). The results were compared with the data obtained from 14 "normal" patients and nine normal subjects. In 14 "normal" patients, the PBV varied from 204 to 315 ml/m 2 with a mean value of 269 ml/m 2 , while in nine "normal" patients and nine normal subjects the V c ranged from 39 to 66 ml/m 2 with a mean value of 54 ml/m 2 .
Immune status among Japanese during nationwide rubella outbreak in Japan 2012–2013
Authors: Takahiro Yamada, Takahiko Kubo, Junko Mochizuki, Eriko Hashimoto, Akihide Ohkuchi, Mika Ito, Masachi Hanaoka, Akihito Nakai, Shigeru Saito, Nobuya Unno, Shigeki Matsubara, Hisanori Minakami
Journal: Journal of Infection (2013)
Abstract 1757: Elesclomol (STA-4783) is a potent inhibitor of topoisomerase II
Authors: Xing Wu, Jack C. Yalowich, Brian B. Hasinoff
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Elesclomol (STA-4783; N’1, N’3-dimethyl-N’1, N’3- bis(phenylcarbonothioyl)propanedihydrazide) is an anticancer drug that has received both fast track and orphan drug status from the FDA and is currently undergoing clinical trials. Elesclomol forms a strong 1:1 complex with copper(II) and may exert its anticancer activity through the induction of oxidative stress. In the studies reported here elesclomol was assessed for its ability to inhibit: 1) the growth of the human erythroleukemic K562 cell line and an etoposide-resistant K/VP.5 cell line; 2) the decatenation activity of DNA topoisomerase IIα; and 3) the relaxation activity of DNA topoisomerase I. Elesclomol was also evaluated for its ability to induce topoisomerase IIα-mediated double strand cleavage of pBR322 DNA and to form topoisomerase IIα-DNA covalent adducts in the cell-based ICE assay. Elesclomol inhibited K562 cell growth in the submicromolar concentration range. However, K/VP.5 cells were not cross-resistant. Elesclomol also strongly inhibited the decatenation activity of topoisomerase IIα in the low micromolar concentration range. Elesclomol may also act as topoisomerase IIα poison because it induced formation of linear DNA, though not as strongly as etoposide. In conclusion, these results show that elesclomol may, in part, inhibit cell growth through the targeting of topoisomerase II. Support: CIHR, a Canada Research Chair in Drug Development to B.B.H., a National Institutes of Health grant CA090787 to J.C.Y. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1757. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1757
HELP FOR MEDICAL SCHOOL IN SEOUL
Authors: L. Holmes Ginn
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I am involved in aiding the reopening of the Severance Union Medical School in the city of Seoul, which was one of the leading medical schools in Korea before the present hostilities. The faculty and student body have been reassembled in an effort to fill the sadly depleted ranks of the medical profession of South Korea. During the present conflict, much of the physical plant was destroyed and with it the entire library. The officers in my section are giving much time and effort to help this very able and ambitious group get going again, but they are sadly in need of textbooks. We would like to request doctors at home to send any medical books that they can spare to me to be used for this group. The school of nursing is also opening and can use any textbooks that might be available. It is interesting
New law puts NHS trusts at risk of charges of corporate manslaughter
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2008)

NHS trusts will face the risk of prosecutions for corporate manslaughter if patients die as a result of gross negligence, under a new law coming into force this week.

The change could mean fewer prosecutions of individual doctors for manslaughter, as prosecutors turn their attention to systemic failures of organisations instead.

The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 covers the whole of the United Kingdom (homicide is the term used in Scotland). For a prosecution to succeed, management failures must amount to a gross breach of the …
Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Adults with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Miguel R. Abboud
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Sickle cell disease is an inherited hemoglobinopathy that affects over 70,000 persons in the United States. Sickle hemoglobin (hemoglobin S) polymerizes under conditions of hypoxemia and acidosis, thereby perturbing the integrity of the erythrocyte. This alteration causes hemolysis and vaso-occlusion. Recently, two clinical phenotypes of sickle cell disease have been described. In the hemolysis-associated phenotype, severe anemia, leg ulcers, and pulmonary hypertension are characteristic. In the vaso-occlusion–related phenotype, episodes of pain, acute chest syndrome, splenic infarction, stroke, and avascular necrosis of joints predominate. Endothelial dysfunction and vasculopathy also occur in sickle cell disease. Although its course is unpredictable, the disease . . .
Monochloroacetic acid and 60% salicylic acid as a treatment for simple plantar warts: effectiveness and mode of action
Authors: K. STEELE, P. SHIRODARIA, M. O'HARE, J.D. MERRETT, W.G. IRWIN, D.I.H. SIMPSON, H. PFISTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1988)

Journal Article Monochloroacetic acid and 60% salicylic acid as a treatment for simple plantar warts: effectiveness and mode of action Get access K. STEELE, K. STEELE Department of General Practice, Dunluce Health Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland Dr K. Steele, Department of General Practice, Dunluce Health Centre, 1 Dunluce Avenue, Belfast BT99 7HR, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. SHIRODARIA, P. SHIRODARIA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northern Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. O'HARE, M. O'HARE Department of General Practice, Dunluce Health Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.D. MERRETT, J.D. MERRETT Department of Medical Statistics, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar W.G. IRWIN, W.G. IRWIN Department of General Practice, Dunluce Health Centre, Belfast, Northern Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.I.H. SIMPSON, D.I.H. SIMPSON Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northern Ireland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. PFISTER H. PFISTER Institute of Virology, Erlangen‐Nurnberg, West Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 118, Issue 4, 1 April 1988, Pages 537–544, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb02464.x Published: 01 April 1988
ACTION OF SERUM ON FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Alexis Carrel, Albert H. Ebeling
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1923)

IT MAY BE CONCLUDED THAT, UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE EXPERIMENTS: 1. The duration of life of fibroblasts is not altered by the presence of 7 per cent serum in a medium composed of fibrin and Tyrode solution, but is slightly decreased when the concentration of the serum reaches 25 per cent. 2. Fibroblasts cultivated in serum or in Tyrode solution are only in a condition of survival; they do not build up new protoplasm from the serum proteins and their mass does not increase. 3. When embryonic tissue juice is added to the medium, the tissues increase in mass. But the rate of growth is the same in media containing 0 per cent and 10 per cent serum. In 25 per cent serum, however, the rate of growth slightly decreases. Even in the presence of embryonic tissue juice, serum does not increase the rate of growth of connective tissue. 4. The nitrogenous compounds contained in serum are not used as food material by fibroblasts growing in vitro.
HOW TO SECURE ASEPTIC LABOR.
Authors: DOWLING BENJAMIN
Journal: JAMA (1896)

It was a bright day for women when the leaders of scientific investigation in the medical profession announced this discovery that the infectious fevers were caused by minute organisms, called germs or pathogenic bacilli; for it was only by the discovery of the cause of child-bed fever that we were enabled to prevent its occurrence. To show the importance of this subject I may simply quote you a few figures. Taking New York alone, from 1886 to 1887 there were 3,342 deaths incident to child-bearing. Of these deaths 1,947 were due to child-bed fever, or the infection to the lying-in period. (See Pepper's System of Medicine, vol. 1.) Fully half of the deaths, therefore, that occur at the confinement period are due to infection, septicemia, pyemia and from blood poisoning, caused by fever germs getting into the system through the abrasions caused by parturition. And you must also remember that
The Primacy of Insulin
Authors: Roger H. Unger
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The editorial entitled "The Primacy of Insulin" (236:1274, 1976) reflects a misunderstanding of the recently advanced bihormonal abnormality hypothesis<sup>1</sup>concerning the contribution of glucagon to the metabolic derangements of diabetes mellitus. The editorial incorrectly implies that the primacy of insulin in diabetes has been challenged. On the contrary, our hypothesis views a defect in insulin secretion or response as the sine qua non of diabetes mellitus, without which no amount of glucagoncan produce either hyperglycemia or increased ketogenesis.<sup>2</sup> What we have proposed is that,<i>in the presence of a defect in insulin secretion</i>, the presence of glucagon (either in absolute excess or in excess relative to the amount of available insulin) can cause a rate of endogenous glucose production that exceeds the limited capacity of the diabetic to clear it. Obviously this will result in a rise in glucose concentration. If insulin secretion is
Leakage of Oxygen from Blood and Water Samples Stored in Plastic and Glass Syringes
Authors: P. V. Scott, J. N. Horton, W. W. Mapleson
Journal: BMJ (1971)

Theory and experiment showed that samples of blood and water stored in 2-ml and 5-ml syringes made of polypropylene, polystyrene, or S.A.N. co-polymer exchanged oxygen with their surroundings. In the first hour the exchange was due mainly to equilibration with the plastic of the syringe and only in small degree to permeation through the plastic. With high initial tension or with blood of low haemoglobin concentration the exchange can result in errors in Po(2) of up to 6% in two minutes and 16% in 30 to 60 minutes. With all-glass syringes the exchange was much slower but, even so, after 24 hours was important in all but a few of 18 interchangeable glass syringes. Therefore unless analysis can be started immediately all-glass syringes are to be preferred, and for prolonged storage even these should be selected.
Intrauterine devices and ectopic pregnancy
Authors: M. P Vessey
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Placental lead levels were studied in a series of Birmingham births classified by stillbirth, neonatal death, or survival beyond one week. There was an appreciable range of lead levels even in normal births (0.15-3.56 microgram/g) but nevertheless average results showed a pronounced excess of lead in those who failed to survive both birth and the neonatal period. There was no association of placental lead with impaired birthweight among survivors but, in common with other authors, we noted a seasonal variation. The placentae from Indian women had similar lead levels to those from European women and lower values were found in the normal sibs of stillbirths and neonatal deaths. The possibility is discussed that under conditions of impaired fetal health in late pregnancy the placenta may concentrate lead.
836-3 The limits of quantifiable differences in dipyridamole stress magnetic resonance imaging perfusion defects in human subjects with coronary artery disease
Authors: Kenneth L Rhoads, Li-yueh Hsu, W.Patricia Ingkanisorn, Christopher K Dyke, Mushabbar A Syed, Preeti Kansal, Anthony H Aletras, Andrew E Arai
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
The Development of PI3K Pathway Modulators for Cancer.
Authors: W. Sellers
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract The phosphoinositide-3 kinase pathway is a key oncogenic pathway in breast cancer where direct mutation of PIK3CA, loss-of-function of PTEN and amplification of HER2 all result in constitutive pathway activation. The pathway, under physiologic control, integrates extracellular growth factors signals with nutrient and other environmental conditions such as hypoxia to enact directed changes in cell proliferation, survival, migration and the regulation of key metabolic pathways such as glucose homeostasis. In cancer the constitutive activation of the pathway leads to the untoward induction of proliferation and cell survival. In addition, pathway function is likely required for hypoxia-mediated induction of angiogenesis. These observations/discoveries have motivated and set the stage for the development of therapeutic molecules targeting key pathway components. The progression of allosteric mTOR inhibitors, catalytic mTOR inhibitors, dual mTOR/PI3K inhibitors and selective PI3K inhibitors in the clinic heralds the opportunity to answer critical questions regarding the role of this pathway in breast cancer. The data emerging from the pre-clinical and clinical development of a series of distinct pathway inhibitors targeting mTOR and PI3K will be discussed with a focus on understanding pathway dependence pre-clinically and in humans. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-1.