tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Screening Mammography Interpretation by Characteristics of Radiologists
Authors: W. E. Barlow, C. Chi, P. A. Carney, S. H. Taplin, C. D'Orsi, G. Cutter, R. E. Hendrick, J. G. Elmore
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (2004)

Background: Radiologists differ in their ability to interpret screening mammograms accurately. We investigated the relationship of radiologist characteristics to actual performance from 1996 to 2001. Methods: Screening mammograms (n = 469 512) interpreted by 124 radiologists were linked to cancer outcome data. The radiologists completed a survey that included questions on demographics, malpractice concerns, years of experience interpreting mammograms, and the number of mammograms read annually. We used receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis to analyze variables associated with sensitivity, specificity, and the combination of the two, adjusting for patient variables that affect performance. All P values are two-sided. Results: Within 1 year of the mammogram, 2402 breast cancers were identified. Relative to low annual interpretive volume (≤1000 mammograms), greater interpretive volume was associated with higher sensitivity ( P = .001; odds ratio [OR] for moderate volume [1001–2000] = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.18 to 2.39; OR for high volume [>2000] = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.36 to 2.63). Specificity decreased with volume (OR for 1001–2000 = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.83; OR for more than 2000 = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.96), compared with 1000 or less ( P = .002). Greater number of years of experience interpreting mammograms was associated with lower sensitivity ( P = .001), but higher specificity ( P = .003). ROC analysis using the ordinal BI-RADS interpretation showed an association between accuracy and both previous mammographic history ( P = .012) and breast density ( P <.001). No association was observed between accuracy and years interpreting mammograms ( P = .34) or mammography volume ( P = .94), after adjusting for variables that affect the threshold for calling a mammogram positive. Conclusions: We found no evidence that greater volume or experience at interpreting mammograms is associated with better performance. However, they may affect sensitivity and specificity, possibly by determining the threshold for calling a mammogram positive. Increasing volume requirements is unlikely to improve overall mammography performance.
Alternative methods for assessing bronchodilator reversibility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: J Hadcroft
Journal: Thorax (2001)

Background-Bronchodilator reversibility testing is recommended in all patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but does not predict improvements in breathlessness or exercise performance.Two alternative ways of assessing lung mechanics-measurement of end expiratory lung volume (EELV) using the inspiratory capacity manoeuvre and application of negative expiratory pressure (NEP) during tidal breathing to detect tidal airflow limitation-do relate to the degree of breathlessness in COPD.Their usefulness as end points in bronchodilator reversibility testing has not been examined.Methods-We studied 20 patients with clinically stable COPD (mean age 69.9 (1.5) years, 15 men, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) 29.5 (1.6)% predicted) with tidal flow limitation as assessed by their maximum flow-volume loop.Spirometric parameters, slow vital capacity (SVC), inspiratory capacity (IC), and NEP were measured seated, before and after nebulised saline, and at intervals after 5 mg nebulised salbutamol and 500 µg nebulised ipratropium bromide.The patients attended twice and the treatment order was randomised.Results-Mean FEV 1 , FVC, SVC, and IC were unchanged after saline but the degree of tidal flow limitation varied.FEV 1 improved significantly after salbutamol and ipratropium (0.11 (0.02) l and 0.09 (0.02) l, respectively) as did the other lung volumes with further significant increases after the combination.Tidal volume and mean expiratory flow increased significantly after all bronchodilators but breathlessness fell significantly only after the combination treatment.The initial NEP score was unrelated to subsequent changes in lung volume.Conclusions-NEP is not an appropriate measurement of acute bronchodilator responsiveness.Changes in IC were significantly larger than those in FEV 1 and may be more easily detected.However, our data showed no evidence for separation of "reversible" and "irreversible" groups whatever outcome measure was adopted.
Management of major strokes.
Authors: L. J. Hurwitz
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The word stroke emphasizes the rapidity of onset but not the cause of the illness.Its clinical evolution is exemplified by maximum disability in a few hours and some, albeit slight, evidence of improvement within 48 hours.The neurological deficit may be hemiplegia, with or without aphasia, or tetra- plegia with ocular and bulbar signs, depending on whether parts of the brain within the territory of supply of the carotid or basilar arteries are most affected.There will have been transient loss of consciousness in many cases and in a few prolonged coma.Most patients have cerebral vascular disease, but in some, 2 % to 5 % in various series, the stroke occurs in association with conditions such as brain tumour or is an integral part of another disease as in neurosyphilis.Error in diagnosis is promoted when patients with cerebral vascular, disease present with headache and signs progressing over days- features suspicious of a tumour.Conversely, patients without vascular disease may have an illness with sudden onset and some recovery.Even within the cadre of cerebral vascular disease the distinction between thrombosis, haemorrhage, and embolism is often not possible.Thus a stroke progressing over
Use of Glycosylated Hemoglobin Levels for Diagnosing Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mitchell A. Medow
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In the Review entitled "A Clinical Approach for the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus," Dr Peters and colleagues<sup>1</sup>argue for the use of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. They highlight the practical and methodological difficulties in oral glucose tolerance testing and emphasize the benefit of using a diagnostic test that provides therapeutic information. They bolster their clinical arguments with a meta-analysis of studies measuring both oral glucose tolerance (the current "gold standard") and HbA<sub>1c</sub>. They use the meta-analysis to determine the sensitivity and specificity of an HbA<sub>1c</sub>with respect to the gold standard, but these data could be used in an additional way to help support their argument. One established method to evaluate a diagnostic test for binary classification (eg, diabetic or not diabetic) is to calculate the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and to estimate the area under the
TWO-YEAR OUTCOMES POST-DISCHARGE IN ASIAN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME (ACS): FINDINGS FROM THE EPICOR ASIA STUDY
Authors: Huo Yong, Stephen W-L. Lee, Jitendra P.S. Sawhney, Hyo-Soo Kim, Rungroj Krittayaphong, Stuart J. Pocock, Vo T. Nhan, Angeles Alonso Garcia, Chee Tang Chin, Jie Jiang, Ana Vega, Yohji Itoh, Tiong K. Ong
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Infertile or childless by choice? A multipractice survey of women aged 35 and 50.
Authors: G Johnson, D Roberts, R Brown, E Cox, Z Evershed, P Goutam, P Hassan, R Robinson, A Sahdev, K Swan
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Eleven general practitioners examined the medical records of all women on their lists born in 1950 (617 patients) and 1935 (533 patients) to determine the prevalence of childlessness and specialist consultations about infertility. Eighty eight (14.3%) of the women born in 1950 and 41 (7.7%) of those born in 1935 were childless. Sixty eight women born in 1950 (11.0%) and 17 born in 1935 (3.2%) were considered childless by choice. Involuntary childlessness was found in 20 (3.3%) of the women born in 1950 and 24 (4.5%) born in 1935. Forty two (6.8%) of the women born in 1950 had consulted a specialist about infertility as compared with 19 (3.6%) born in 1935. This study found a significant increase in voluntary childlessness among the younger women; there was no evidence of a change in the prevalence of involuntary childlessness despite the increasing demand for specialist referral, which appeared to be made by women who were parous or destined to become so.
Exercise Attenuates PCB-Induced Changes in the Mouse Gut Microbiome
Authors: Jeong June Choi, Sung Yong Eum, Evadnie Rampersaud, Sylvia Daunert, Maria T. Abreu, Michal Toborek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Background: The gut microbiome, a dynamic bacterial community that interacts with the host, is integral to human health because it regulates energy metabolism and immune functions. The gut microbiome may also play a role in risks from environmental toxicants.Objectives: We investigated the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and exercise on the composition and structure of the gut microbiome in mice.Methods: After mice exercised voluntarily for 5 weeks, they were treated by oral gavage with a mixture of environmentally relevant PCB congeners (PCB153, PCB138, and PCB180; total PCB dose, 150 µmol/kg) for 2 days. We then assessed the microbiome by determination of 16S rRNA using microarray analysis.Results: Oral exposure to PCBs significantly altered the abundance of the gut microbiome in mice primarily by decreasing the levels of Proteobacteria. The activity level of the mice correlated with a substantial shift in abundance, biodiversity, and composition of the microbiome. Importantly, exercise attenuated PCB-induced changes in the gut microbiome.Conclusions: Our results show that oral exposure to PCBs can induce substantial changes in the gut microbiome, which may then influence their systemic toxicity. These changes can be attenuated by behavioral factors, such as voluntary exercise.
Benzodiazepines and Tricyclic Antidepressant Plasma Levels
Authors: G. Silverman, R. A. Braithwaite
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Twelve patients acted successfully as subjects to study what effect if any the benzodiazepines nitrazepam, diazepam, oxazepam, and chlordiazepoxide might have on steady-state plasma levels of nortriptyline and amitriptyline. No significant detectable effect was discovered. In view of the known interaction effects of other alternative tranquillizing drugs and hypnotics it seems reasonable to choose benzodiazepines wherever possible when anxiolytics or hypnotics need to be added during treatment of depression with tricyclic antidepressants.
The effect of large doses of HI antagonists in urticaria
Authors: R. P. Warin
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1984)

Journal Article The effect of large doses of HI antagonists in urticaria Get access R. P. Warin R. P. Warin Department of Dermatology, Royal Infirmary, Bristol BS2 8HW, U. K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 111, Issue 1, 1 July 1984, Page 121, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1984.tb04026.x Published: 01 July 1984
Manpower: compendium of deliberate mistakes
Authors: E N Wardle
Journal: BMJ (1986)

The HJSC chairman, Dr Peter Hawker opened question time by expressing concern over Mr Meacher's comments on decentralisation.His committee believed that central negotiations were vital for doctors and that it would be harmful if local authorities set their own local standards.Mr Meacher assured the committee that there would be no interference with national negotiations- indeed, a circular would be issued to health authorities requiring a
Stop ambiguous messages on malaria diagnosis
Authors: Valérie D'Acremont, Christian Lengeler, Blaise Genton
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Reyburn et al's findings on malaria case management in endemic areas are worrying.1 Part of the problem is due to ambiguous messages provided by malaria experts and national guidelines on how to take action on the result of a malaria test. Undoubtedly, the ambiguity of national malaria control programme guidelines on the management of suspected malaria in children younger than 5 years is …
The Patient's Welfare and the Medical Record
Authors: Charles D. Aring
Journal: JAMA (1970)

It is not unusual that proper treatment may depend upon the alacrity with which information about what has transpired previously is marshalled. The availability of medical records in general leaves something to be desired. Resistance is met at almost every turn in deriving records of previous illnesses. Not that they are as precious as implied by most hospital administrations, if the inertia in the release of information is a criterion. Hospitals are not in the way of transmitting this kind of information easily or promptly.  To complicate matters, interns and residents are prone to neglect to telephone private physicians about patients admitted to hospital or clinic. Here too we cope with inertia. The 9-to-5 spirit is abroad in the land, and it would be remarkable if it had not caught up with the medical team. There may be a certain reticence in transmitting information by telephone since anyone can ask
Effect of the antiplatelet drug dilazep dihydrochloride on urinary podocytes in patients in the early stage of diabetic nephropathy.
Authors: T Nakamura, C Ushiyama, N Shimada, K Sekizuka, I Ebihara, M Hara, H Koide
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

To determine whether the antiplatelet drug dilazep dihydrochloride affects the number of urinary podocytes in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria.Fifty patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria (30 men and 20 women, mean age 48.6 years) and 30 age-matched control subjects (18 men and 12 women, mean age 49.2 years) were included in the study. No patients showed serum creatinine levels in excess of 2.0 mg/dl. Urinary podocytes were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy with monoclonal antibodies against podocalyxin.Urinary podocytes were detected in 18 of the 50 microalbuminuric diabetic patients (mean, 1.3 cells/ml). Urinary podocytes were not detected in the remaining 32 patients or in the 30 healthy control subjects. Diabetic patients positive for urinary podocytes were divided into 2 treatment groups: a dilazep dihydrochloride treatment group (300 mg/day; n = 9, group A) and a placebo group (n = 9, group B). Treatments were continued for 6 months. In group A, microalbuminuria decreased significantly from 146 +/- 42 to 86 +/- 28 microg/min (P < 0.01) and urinary podocytes also decreased from 1.3 +/- 0.8 to 0.4 +/- 0.2 cells/ml (P < 0.01). However, in group B, microalbuminuria and urinary podocytes changed little over the study period.Podocyte injury may occur in patients with early diabetic nephropathy, and dilazep dihydrochloride may be useful for preventing glomerular injury.
Pleural effusion due to herpes simplex type II infection in an immunocompromised host.
Authors: F J Trudo, E V Gopez, P K Gupta, M G Schuster, G Tino
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Pleural effusions caused by herpes simplex viruses are rare. We report a case of a young woman with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and prolonged neutropenia who developed pleural space infection with herpes simplex type II virus (HSV II), as confirmed by cytologic and microbiologic studies. We believe that this is the first report of a pleural effusion caused by HSV II, and suggest that this virus now be considered in the differential diagnosis of an unexplained exudative pleural effusion, especially in an immunocompromised host.
Twenty-Five–Year Experience With the Björk-Shiley Convexoconcave Heart Valve
Authors: William J. Blot, Michel A. Ibrahim, Tom D. Ivey, Donald E. Acheson, Ron Brookmeyer, Arthur Weyman, Joseph Defauw, J. Kermit Smith, Donald Harrison
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Background— The first Björk-Shiley convexoconcave (BSCC) prosthetic heart valves were implanted in 1978. The 25th anniversary provided a stimulus to summarize the research data relevant to BSCC valve fracture, patient management, and current clinical options. Methods and Results— Published and unpublished data on the risks of BSCC valve fracture and replacement were compiled, and strategies for identifying candidates for prophylactic valve reoperation were summarized. By December 2003, outlet strut fractures (OSFs), often with fatal outcomes, had been reported in 633 BSCC valves (0.7% of 86 000 valves implanted). Fractures still continue to occur, but average rates of OSFs in 60° valves are now &lt;0.1% per year. OSF risk varies markedly by valve characteristics, especially valve angle and size, with weaker effects associated with other manufacturing variables. OSF risks are mildly lower among women than men but decline sharply with advancing age. The risks of valve replacement typically greatly exceed those of OSF. By comparing individualized estimated risks of OSF versus valve replacement, guidelines have been developed to identify the small percentage of BSCC patients (mostly younger men) who would be expected to have a gain in life expectancy should reoperative surgery be performed. Conclusions— Twenty-five years after the initial BSCC valve implants, fractures continue to occur. Continued monitoring of BSCC patients is needed to track and quantify risks and enable periodic updating of guidelines for patients and their physicians.
Risk factors of central venous lines-related thrombosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during induction therapy: a prospective study
Authors: L Farinasso, N Bertorello, L Garbarini, T M Gajno, E Barisone, L Artesani, A Valori, M Giacchino, G Pastore, P Saracco
Journal: Leukemia (2007)
Hypoxia-induced soluble CD137 in malignant cells blocks CD137L-costimulation as an immune escape mechanism
Authors: Sara Labiano, Asis Palazon, Elixabet Bolaños-Mateo, Arantza Azpilicueta, Alfonso Rodriguez, Aizea Morales-Kastresana, Elena Marin, Alfonso Gurpide, Maria Rodriguez-Ruiz, M Angela Aznar, Maria Jure-Kunkel, Ignacio Melero
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2014)

Meeting abstracts Hypoxia is a common feature in solid tumors that has been implicated in immune-evasion. Previous studies from our group have shown that hypoxia up-regulates the co-stimulatory receptor CD137 on activated T lymphocytes and on vascular endothelial cells. In this study, we show that
Evolutionary psychology's notion of differential grandparental investment and the Dodo Bird Phenomenon: Not everyone can be right
Authors: Martin Voracek, Ulrich S. Tran, Maryanne L. Fisher
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2010)

Abstract Integration of different lines of research concerning grandparental investment appears to be both promising and necessary. However, it must stop short when confronted with incommensurate arguments and hypotheses, either within or between disciplines. Further, some hypotheses have less plausibility and veridicality than others. This point is illustrated with results that conflict previous conclusions from evolutionary psychology about differential grandparental investment.
An assessment of the preregistration year experience.
Authors: J E Elizabeth, S Hughes
Journal: BMJ (1986)

All 115 graduates qualifying at Liverpool University Medical School in one year were sent a questionnaire in the final week of their preregistration year to assess the experience they had gained. Of the 105 graduates (92%) who replied, 99 (94%) considered the supervision that they had received to be adequate, 89 (85%) received most of their teaching from other junior doctors, and only 47 believed that they had learnt a considerable amount from their consultant colleagues. Half of the doctors received little or no training in terminal care. Although 100 (95%) felt competent in dealing with various medical emergencies, cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills were less developed; only 71 (68%) were confident in using a defibrillator, and 37 (35%) considered themselves to be competent in dealing with cardiac arrhythmias. A fifth of the doctors found interviewing relatives stressful. Of the 105 doctors who replied, 77 (73%) thought that their preregistration experience had had little or no effect on their choice of career.
Massachusetts requires doctors to inform patients about end of life options
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts posted regulations on 19 December requiring physicians, nurse practitioners, hospitals, clinics, and long term care facilities to give all patients with serious advancing illness information about the full range of options for their care, including the availability of palliative care and end of life choices.

Earlier attempts to issue such regulations in Massachusetts and elsewhere have prompted accusations of attempted …
Recombinant vaccinia virus expressing IL-2 generates effective anti-tumor responses in an orthotopic murine model of head and neck carcinoma
Authors: Santanu Dasgupta, Pulak K Tripathi, Malaya Bhattacharya-Chatterjee, Bert O'Malley, Sunil K Chatterjee
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

We evaluated the efficacy of a replication-competent, attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv) expressing IL-2 as a tumor vaccine in an immunocompetent murine model of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. We implanted oral tumors by injection of tumor cells (SCC VII/SF) into the floor of the mouth of the syngeneic C3H/HeJ mice. Previous studies with this model suggested the presence of tumor-induced immune suppression. To circumvent the immune suppression we subcutaneously (s.c.) immunized the mice with irradiated, rvv-infected tumor cells prior to or along with intratumoral (i.t.) vaccination. A single s.c. vaccination invoked tumor-specific T cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. Mice treated by this protocol survived longer compared to those treated with i.t. vaccination alone. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited (P < 0.0002) and tumor regression was observed in all mice. The numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes as well as macrophages in the tumor beds and in tumor-draining lymph nodes were significantly increased in the mice treated by s.c. plus i.t. vaccination compared to s.c. or i.t. vaccination alone. These results suggested that s.c. vaccination along with i.t. vaccination increased antitumoral immunity and that CD4+, CD8+ lymphocytes as well as macrophages may play an important role in this antitumoral immunity.
Effect of immunosuppressive treatment on interleukin 15 in muscle tissue of patients
Authors: M Zong, I Loell, E Lindroos, G Nader, I B Mclnnes, I E Lundberg
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2010)

Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are chronic inflammatory diseases of primary affecting skeletal muscle where the infiltrates are composed of T cells and where CD8 T cells are often found. The molecular mechanisms that promote T cell proliferation and cause muscle weakness are still unknown. In this context, interleukin (IL)15 is of potential interest as this cytokine could induce proliferation of CD8 T cells and could have a role in muscle fibre regeneration.

To investigate the expression of IL15 and IL15 receptor α (IL15Rα) in muscle biopsies from patients …
CCDC39 is required for assembly of inner dynein arms and the dynein regulatory complex and for normal ciliary motility in humans and dogs
Authors: Anne-Christine Merveille, Erica E Davis, Anita Becker-Heck, Marie Legendre, Israel Amirav, Géraldine Bataille, John Belmont, Nicole Beydon, Frédéric Billen, Annick Clément, Cécile Clercx, André Coste, Rachelle Crosbie, Jacques de Blic, Stephane Deleuze, Philippe Duquesnoy, Denise Escalier, Estelle Escudier, Manfred Fliegauf, Judith Horvath, Kent Hill, Mark Jorissen, Jocelyne Just, Andreas Kispert, Mark Lathrop, Niki Tomas Loges, June K Marthin, Yukihide Momozawa, Guy Montantin, Kim G Nielsen, Heike Olbrich, Jean-François Papon, Isabelle Rayet, Gilles Roger, Miriam Schmidts, Henrique Tenreiro, Jeffrey A Towbin, Diana Zelenika, Hanswalter Zentgraf, Michel Georges, Anne-Sophie Lequarré, Nicholas Katsanis, Heymut Omran, Serge Amselem
Journal: Nature Genetics (2010)