tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Origin of Patterning Systems in Bilateria—Insights from the Hox and ParaHox Genes in Acoelomorpha
Authors: Eduardo Moreno, Jon Permanyer, Pedro Martinez
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2011)

Abstract Hox and ParaHox genes constitute two families of developmental regulators that pattern the Anterior–Posterior body axis in all bilaterians. The members of these two groups of genes are usually arranged in genomic clusters and work in a coordinated fashion, both in space and in time. While the mechanistic aspects of their action are relatively well known, it is still unclear how these systems evolved. For instance, we still need a proper model of how the Hox and ParaHox clusters were assembled over time. This problem is due to the shortage of information on gene complements for many taxa (mainly basal metazoans) and the lack of a consensus phylogenetic model of animal relationships to which we can relate our new findings. Recently, several studies have shown that the Acoelomorpha most probably represent the first offshoot of the Bilateria. This finding has prompted us, and others, to study the Hox and ParaHox complements in these animals, as well as their activity during development. In this review, we analyze how the current knowledge of Hox and ParaHox genes in the Acoelomorpha is shaping our view of bilaterian evolution.
Regulation of catalase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Effects of oxidant stress and exposure to human neutrophils.
Authors: H Y Zheng, D J Hassett, K Bean, M S Cohen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

We studied the effects of oxidant stress on the catalase activity and hydrogen peroxide sensitivity of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. N. gonorrhoeae is an obligate pathogen of man that evokes a remarkable but ineffective neutrophil response. Gonococci make no superoxide dismutase but express high catalase activity. Gonococcal catalase activity increased threefold when organisms were subjected to 1.0 mM hydrogen peroxide. This increase in catalase activity was marked by a parallel increase in protein concentration recognized by a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the purified gonococcal enzyme. Catalase was primarily localized to the gonococcal cytoplasm in the presence or absence of stress; only a single isoenzyme of catalase could be identified. Exposure of gonococci to neutrophil-derived oxidants was accomplished by stimulating neutrophils with phorbol myristate acetate or by using gonococcal Opa variants that interacted with neutrophils with different degrees of efficiency. Gonococci exposed to neutrophils demonstrated a twofold increase in catalase activity in spite of some reduction in viability. Exposure of gonococci to 1.0 mM hydrogen peroxide made the organisms significantly more resistant to higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and to neutrophils than control organisms. These results suggest that catalase is an important defense for N. gonorrhoeae during attack by human neutrophils. The rapid response of this enzyme to hydrogen peroxide should be taken into consideration in studies designed to evaluate the interaction between neutrophils and gonococci.
Carriers of Tuberculosis
Authors: J. Maxwell
Journal: BMJ (1941)

MEBRITISHA 665 from 2 to 6 grammes without ill effect.Hamilton Fairley (1940) has successfully injected consider-ably larger amounts after careful alkalinization of the urine.It is therefore likely that the febrile reactions after transfusion of very old blood are due to products of red cell disruption and degeneration rather than to the niere presence of free haemoglobin in solution.Though it is not relevant here to discuss the merits of various preservative solutions it is important to use mixtures that are most likely to prevent the early breakdown of the red cells.That haemolysis is impeded by the presence of glucose is now well known.Table IV shows the average haemolysis in five samples of blood, each preserved with and without glucose, over a period of six weeks.TABLE 1V.-Comiipar isoni of Haemolysis wit/i and wt'ithout Gliucose Weeks With Glucose Without Glucose 3 0.91 % 4.99% 4 1.76 % 13.24% 5 3.46% 24.75% 6 8.17% 37.4 YBlood preserved in solutions containing no glucose might therefore be *expected to lead to a greater incidence of transfusion reactions owing to the additional in-vitro and in-vi'io haemolysis, and this has been found to be so.Thus in the transfusion of fifty bottles of blood preserved without glucose the results of transfusion were as follows: TABLE V.-Fiftv Bottles of Blood Prese' ed without Glucose.A vberage Age of Bloold 11.1 Days No. of transfusions 33 Grade I reactions 18.2% ,, Ilt ,, 15.1 %27.2 % -45.5 per 100 trallsfuLsions ILL ,, ~12.1 %f Jaundice .I case = 3°U rticaria .1 case 3 %
Prevalence of osteoporosis in Leeds coeliac cohort
Authors: T. Fitzgerald, H. Davies, P. D. Howdle, S. M. Everett, J. S. Jennings
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Coeliac disease may be associated with low bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and increased fracture risk.1 We aimed to identify patients with coeliac disease and osteoporosis as defined by bone mineral density analysis. <h3>Methods</h3> A database of patients with coeliac disease was established in Leeds in 2001. We retrospectively analysed this database to look at individuals who had undergone a bone mineral density scan. Osteoporosis was defined as a T score −2.5 SDs below mean at either hip or lumbar spine. <h3>Results</h3> A total of 202 individuals were recorded on the database with complete bone density data. Overall 24% male, 76% female, mean age at diagnosis 42 years (range 0–84 years). Initial duodenal biopsy by Marsh grade: 0 23.5%, I 7.0%, II 29.0%, III 23.0% and IV 17.5%. Compliance with a Gluten Free Diet (GFD) was recorded as poor 10.4%, good 57.2%, excellent 1.2% and unknown 31.2%. Smoking status was available for 93 individuals. 9.4% were current smokers, 33.2% had never smoked. 24.9% consumed alcohol. 24.75% were osteoporotic on bone mineral density scan. Osteoporosis was not associated with age at diagnosis (p=0.82), gender (p=0.16 for male vs female), compliance with GFD (p=0.80) or smoking status (p=0.53). Osteoporosis was associated with any level of alcohol consumption (p=0.04). Comparing Marsh grade to osteoporosis: Grade III was found in 28% and IV in 26% of those with osteoporosis. This was not statistically significant. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Nearly 25% of patients had osteoporosis. This did not correlate with age at diagnosis, gender, smoking or dietary compliance. There was an association with alcohol. Our prevalence is higher than that found by Lewis <i>et al</i> (n=43, hip 7%, spine 14%) and would support routine screening for osteoporosis in coeliac disease.2
Interferon for Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Ronald L. Koretz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Letters15 January 1996Interferon for Chronic Hepatitis BRonald L. Koretz, MDRonald L. Koretz, MDUniversity of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA 91342-1495Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-124-2-199601150-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In a recent paper, Wong and colleagues [1] concluded that the use of interferon in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B was cost-effective. This conclusion was based on two observations: 1) that interferon is effective in producing HBeAg loss and 2) that the natural history of HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis is less ominous than that of HBeAg-positive disease.The authors assumed that the natural history of disease in patients who did or did not seroconvert from HBeAg positivity with interferon was the same as that in patients who did or did not spontaneously seroconvert. However, certain factors predict ...References1. Wong JB, Koff RS, Tine F, Pauker SG. Cost-effectiveness of interferon-α 2b treatment for hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122:664-75. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Ronald L. Koretz, MDAffiliations: University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine; Los Angeles, CA 91342-1495 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 January 1996Volume 124, Issue 2Page: 276-277KeywordsAminotransferasesChronic hepatitisChronic hepatitis BDNAForecastingHepatitis BHepatitis B surface antigenInterferonsLiver diseasesNatural history of disease ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 January 1996 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1996 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
PWE-208 High prevalence of hyperplastic polyposis syndrome in the NHS bowel cancer screening programme: Abstract PWE-208 Table 1
Authors: S Biswas, A J Ellis, R Guy, R Chetty, K Madronal, H Savage, J E East
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Hyperplastic Polyposis Syndrome (HPS) is a rare syndrome (estimated 1:3000, 0.033% general population<sup>1</sup>) in which multiple hyperplastic polyps can predispose to an increased risk of colorectal cancer of up to 7% at 5 years,<sup>2</sup> and a risk for first degree relatives of HPS patients of fivefold compared to the general population.<sup>3</sup> Proximal serrated polyps are commonly associated with advanced neoplasia.<sup>4</sup> Currently the Bowel Cancer Screening Programme (BCSP) does not offer surveillance for serrated polyps. We aimed to assess how common HPS is in our BCSP population. <h3>Methods</h3> We reviewed endoscopic and pathology records for all patients presenting for Bowel Cancer Screening in Oxfordshire between April 2010 (programme start) and January 2012. Three endoscopists performed the procedures. Patients were defined as HPS if they met either of the two main WHO criteria for HPS: either ≥20 hyperplastic polyps throughout the colon, or five hyperplastic polyps in the proximal colon with 2 ≥10 mm. Patients who were 1st degree relatives of HPS patients were not considered. <h3>Results</h3> In total 755 patients attended for screening colonoscopy. Five patients met WHO criteria for HPS, of whom three had a synchronous advanced adenoma (see Abstract PWE-208 table 1). The prevalence of HPS in our BCSP population was 0.66% (95% CI 0.24% to 1.52%), a 20-fold increase compared to the estimated rate in the general population. <h3>Conclusion</h3> HPS appears to be relatively common in BCSP patients and is often associated with advanced neoplasia. Detection of a large serrated polyp or multiple hyperplastic polyps should alert BCSP colonoscopists to the possibility of HPS where they may wish to augment detection with dye-spray or advanced imaging techniques. BCSP surveillance for large proximal serrated polyps may need to be reviewed to ensure such patients are not overlooked. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared. <h3>References</h3> 1. <b>Lockett MJ</b>, Atkin WS. <i>Gut</i> 2001; <b>48</b>(Suppl I):A4. 18. 2. <b>Boparai KS</b>, <i>et al.</i><i>Gut</i> 2010;<b>59</b>:1094–100. 3. <b>Boparai KS</b>, <i>et al.</i><i>Gut</i> 2010;<b>59</b>:1222–5. 4. <b>Hiraoka S</b>, <i>et al.</i><i>Gastroenterology</i> 2010;<b>139</b>:1503–10.
President Nixon's Budget Proposals and the Medical Colleges
Authors: Robert S. Daniels, Richard W. Vilter
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Editorials1 July 1973President Nixon's Budget Proposals and the Medical CollegesRobert S. Daniels, M.D., Richard W. Vilter, M.D.Robert S. Daniels, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, Richard W. Vilter, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-79-1-127 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAs our medical schools were beginning to recover from the manpower drain caused by World War II, the National Institutes of Health, supported by Congressional action, began to award funds for research projects proposed principally by medical school faculty members. The support of training for research and, in a few instances, of clinical training (for example, in psychiatry) soon followed. Training grants of various types were designed to prepare young physicians for effective careers in research and, incidentally, in academic medicine. Categorical center grants (cancer, heart disease), program project grants, and similar mechanisms served to initiate multidisciplinary approaches to the... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1973Volume 79, Issue 1Page: 127-129KeywordsAcademic medicineCardiovascular therapyCareers in researchResearch funding Issue Published: 1 July 1973 PDF DownloadLoading ...
TH2 cytokine expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid T lymphocytes and bronchial submucosa is a feature of asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis
Authors: Christopher E. Brightling, Fiona A. Symon, Surinder S. Birring, Peter Bradding, Ian D. Pavord, Andrew J. Wardlaw
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
The Hedgehog Signaling Molecule Gli2 Induces Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide Expression and Osteolysis in Metastatic Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Julie A. Sterling, Babatunde O. Oyajobi, Barry Grubbs, Susan S. Padalecki, Steve A. Munoz, Anjana Gupta, Beryl Story, Ming Zhao, Gregory R. Mundy
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is a major factor involved in tumor-induced osteolysis caused by breast cancers that have metastasized to bone. However, the molecular mechanisms that mediate PTHrP production by breast cancer cells are not entirely clear. We hypothesized that Gli2, a downstream transcriptional effector of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway, regulates PTHrP expression in metastatic breast cancer because the Hh pathway regulates physiologic PTHrP expression in the developing growth plate. Here, we show that Gli2 is expressed in several human cancer cell lines that cause osteolytic lesions in vivo and produce PTHrP (MDA-MB-231, RWGT2, and PC-3) but is not expressed in nonosteolytic cancer cell lines that do not secrete PTHrP (MCF-7, ZR-75, and T47D). Transient expression of Gli2 in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells increased PTHrP promoter-luciferase activity dose dependently. Stable expression of Gli2 in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in an increase in PTHrP protein in the conditioned medium. Alternatively, MDA-MB-231 cells stably transfected with Gli2-EnR, a repressor of Gli2 activity, exhibited a 72% to 93% decrease in PTHrP mRNA by quantitative real-time PCR when compared with control cells. To examine the effects of Gli2 on breast cancer–mediated osteolysis in vivo, athymic nude mice were inoculated with MDA-MB-231 cells stably expressing Gli2 or the empty vector. Following tumor cell inoculation via the left cardiac ventricle, Gli2-expressing tumors caused significantly more osteolysis. Together, these data suggest that PTHrP expression and osteolysis in vivo in human breast cancer cells is driven at least in part by Gli2. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(15): 7548-53)
How I use health apps
Authors: S. Warman
Journal: BMJ (2015)

I received a Fitbit One as a Christmas present and have been using it pretty much daily since then. The sensor is about the size of an AA battery. I wear it clipped to my bra and don’t even notice that it’s there.

It works as an interactive pedometer but also measures the flights of stairs I climb, which is good cardiovascular exercise, and it can monitor sleep patterns. This model was the cheapest with these functions, at £79 (€109; $118). I find it easier to use than old-style pedometers that you had to programme with the length of your stride.

To set it up you need a PC: the online registration asks for your age, sex, height, and weight and should take less than 30 minutes. You can sync …
Sequential Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: MELVIN R. MOORE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

One hundred and two patients with previously untreated Hodgkin's disease, stages IB through IIIB, were randomized within their pathological stage to receive total-lymphoid radiation, either alone or followed by six cycles of MOPP (nitrogen mustard, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) therapy. The group receiving radiotherapy alone had 10 relapses, including 2 deaths from disease. The group assigned to sequential radiotherapy and chemotherapy had one relapse. The number of relapses in the group receiving sequential therapy (1/48) was significantly less than that in the group receiving radiotherapy alone (10/45; P < 0.01). The mean duration of follow-up from the end of MOPP chemotherapy in the 35 patients who completed sequential therapy was 375 days. The MOPP therapy was tolerated by patients who had recently received total-lymphoid radiation, and it significantly improved their probability of disease-free survival (P < 0.01). Actual survival was not significantly different for the two groups (P = 0.10).
An isolated perfused rat lung preparation.
Authors: S L Young
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

An isolated perfused rat lung preparation (IPL) is described and its physiologic status is evaluated. The evaluation includes light and electron microscopy after perfusion and estimations of substrate utilization. ATP content, lactate production, and incorporation of glucose carbons into lipids and CO2. It is concluded that the IPL is useful for short-term metabolic and physiologic experiments and offers some unique advantages in evaluating effects of reactive gases upon lung function.
Working memory as a state of activated long-term memory: A plausible theory, but other data provide more compelling evidence
Authors: Frank Rösler, Martin Heil
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

The identity of working-memory and long-term memory representations follows from many lines of evidence. However, the data provided by Ruchkin et al. are hardly compelling, as they make unproved assumptions about hypothetical generators. We cite studies from our lab in which congruent slow-wave topographies were found for short-term and long-term memory tasks, strongly suggesting that both activate identical cell assemblies.
Iron lung versus mask ventilation in acute exacerbation of COPD: a randomised crossover study
Authors: A. Corrado, M. Gorini, R. Melej, S. Baglioni, C. Mollica, G. Villella, G. F. Consigli, M. Dottorini, D. Bigioni, M. Toschi, A. Eslami
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2008)
Effect of an Intravenous Sodium Chloride Load on Renal Hemodynamics and Electrolyte Excretion in Essential Hypertension
Authors: PAUL T. COTTIER, JOHN M. WELLER, SIBLEY W. HOOBLER
Journal: Circulation (1958)

Excretion of infused sodium, chloride, and water increased proportionately in patients with progressively more severe grades of hypertension and of increased renal vascular resistance. These relationships held so long as renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate were not greatly impaired. The abnormality was characterized by increased renal tubular rejection of sodium, chloride and water.
In Control: A Patient Guide to Diabetes Management
Authors: Julie Toperzer
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Dr Gardner has compiled an excellent educational manual for the new diabetic, and we are pleased to endorse this teaching reference to physicians who work with diabetic patients and to all persons with diabetes mellitus. The manual is very readable and has large black type. This is important for diabetic persons, since many of them have limited vision if they are in the older age group and often are embarrassed by their visual disability in dealing with educational material that does not provide good visual impressions.<i>In Control</i>is a handy size with helpful illustrations and discrete presentation of the material, so that the patient is not lost in a myriad of detail and verbiage. Also, the development of the educational material represents an excellent teaching-learning process. Each section is followed by a question-and-answer section, which enables self-testing for the patient and learning without taking away one's human dignity. Too
Advertising: boon or bother?
Authors: Richard Smith
Journal: BMJ (2004)

“One ad is worth more to a paper than 40 editorials,” wrote Will Rogers in 1924. Looking through issues of the BMJ from a 100 years ago, Stephen Lock, my predecessor, observed that only the advertisements were interesting. The rest was dated pap. Henry Ward Beecher, writing in 1887, agreed: “The advertisements in a newspaper are more full of knowledge in respect to what is going on in a state or community than the editorial columns are.”

It was, I think, Gore Vidal in Myra Breckinridge in 1968 who predicted that television advertisements would soon …
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SELVESTER SCORE IN ESTIMATING INFARCT SIZE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION
Authors: Puneet Ghayal, Atish Mathur, Hayder Hashim, Adam Raskin, Christopher Di Giorgio, Victor Mazza, James Maher, Christine Gerula, Marc Klapholz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
IMPROVEMENT OF MITRAL REGURGITATION AFTER CATHETER ABLATION FOR ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Authors: Yuko Toyoshima, Koichi Inoue, Ryusuke Kimura, Atsushi Doi, Masaharu Masuda, Yohei Sotomi, Katsuomi Iwakura, Atsunori Okamura, Yasushi Koyama, Motoo Date, Yoshiharu Higuchi, Makito Ozawa, Takashi Takagi, Shigemiki Omiya, Daisuke Morisawa, Shimpei Nakatani, Akinori Sumiyoshi, Yoichi Nozato, Kenshi Fujii
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Distinctive Imaging Evidence of Brachial Plexus Neuritis Demonstrated on Ga-67 Citrate Scintigraphy
Authors: JIH-FANG HSIEH, JINN-MING CHANG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2003)

From the Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine,* and Department of Radiology,† Chi Mei Foundation Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan Received for publication July 3, 2002. Accepted August 26, 2002. Correspondence: Jih-Fang Hsieh, Chi Mei Foundation Hospital, Nuclear Medicine, 901 Chung Hwa Road, Yung Kang City 710, Tainan, Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected]
Detection and Significance of Intraoperative and Postoperative Myocardial Ischemic in Peripheral Vascular Surgery
Authors: Khether E. Raby
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To determine the incidence and significance of intraoperative and postoperative myocardial ischemia and their relationship to preoperative ischemia and postoperative cardiac events in patients undergoing peripheral arterial surgery. <h3>Design.</h3> —Prospective cohort trial. <h3>Patients.</h3> —One hundred fifteen patients undergoing elective vascular surgery who met predefined eligibility criteria and were thought to have acceptable cardiac risk as assessed by independent cardiologists. <h3>Interventions.</h3> —Ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring preoperatively, intraoperatively, and up to 72 hours postoperatively. <h3>Measurements.</h3> —Preoperative clinical characteristics and laboratory data were collected. Predefined adverse cardiac events were identified by an investigator who was "blinded" to monitoring results. Monitor recordings were interpreted for ST-segment depression by investigators blinded to patient information. <h3>Main Results.</h3> —Intraoperative ischemia was present in 21 patients (18%), and postoperative ischemia was present in 35 (30%). There were 16 postoperative cardiac events. The relative risk of suffering a cardiac event was 2.7 in patients with intraoperative ischemia and was 16 in patients with postoperative ischemia. Preoperative ischemia closely correlated with intraoperative and postoperative ischemia. Preoperative and postoperative ischemia preceded cardiac events in 14 of 16 patients. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Preoperative ischemia appears to identify high-risk patients, and subsequent perioperative monitoring detects silent ischemia that commonly precedes clinical events and that may be treatable with anti-ischemia therapy. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;268:222-227)