tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Leukotriene Receptors and Aspirin Sensitivity
Authors: Jonathan P. Arm, K. Frank Austen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

About 15 million people in the United States have asthma. In a small percentage of them, variably estimated at between 3 percent and 10 percent, acute, severe asthma accompanied by rhinorrhea and sometimes associated with hives, flushing, or abdominal pain develops after the ingestion of aspirin or nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Patients with this syndrome, known as aspirin-sensitive asthma, often have severe rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. It is important to recognize aspirin-sensitive asthma clinically because severe episodes are life-threatening. The common feature of drugs that provoke asthma attacks in aspirin-intolerant persons is that they inhibit cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1); selective inhibition of . . .
The Problem of Polypharmacy for Nursing Home Residents Comment on “Prolonged Antibiotic Treatment in Long-term Care: Role of the Prescriber”
Authors: Rita F. Redberg
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

Nick Daneman, MD, MSc; Andrea Gruneir, PhD; Susan E. Bronskill, PhD; Alice Newman, MSc; Hadas D. Fischer, MD, MSc; Paula A. Rochon, MD, MSc; Geoff M. Anderson, MD, PhD; Chaim M. Bell, MD, PhD
Haemoglobin concentration and linear cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and oxygen transport.
Authors: M K Daniel, B Bennett, A A Dawson, J M Rawles
Journal: BMJ (1986)

Increasing the haemoglobin concentration results in increased oxygen transport at the cost of increased blood viscosity. This suggested the concept of an optimum packed cell volume for maximising oxygen transport and a study was therefore conducted seeking supportive evidence. Linear cardiac output was measured as minute distance by Doppler ultrasound in 40 patients with haemopoietic disorders who had stable haemoglobin concentrations ranging from 30 to 200 g/l. The correlation between haemoglobin concentration and minute distance (r = -0.45; p less than 0.01) was negative, and correlations between haemoglobin concentration and mean blood pressure (r = 0.66; p less than 0.001) and haemoglobin concentration and peripheral resistance (r = 0.64; p less than 0.001) were positive. Calculated oxygen transport increased across the whole range of haemoglobin values. These results suggest that adjustment of peripheral resistance in response to oxygen availability overrides the influence of blood viscosity on cardiac output and that the optimum packed cell volume for oxygen transport is the highest that can be achieved.
Trends in persistent proteinuria in adult-onset diabetes: a population-based study.
Authors: T S Larson, N Santanello, S Shahinfar, P C O'Brien, P J Palumbo, L J Melton, C L Leibson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2000)

OBJECTIVE: This study investigates temporal trends in the prevalence and incidence of persistent proteinuria among people with adult-onset diabetes (age &amp;gt; or =40 years). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: The complete community-based medical records of all Rochester, Minnesota, residents with a diagnosis of diabetes or diabetes-like condition from 1945 through 1989 were reviewed to determine whether they met National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) criteria. All confirmed diabetes cases residing in Rochester on 1 January 1970 (n = 446), 1980 (n = 647), and/or 1990 (n = 940) were identified. The medical records of these prevalence cases were reviewed from the time of the first laboratory urinalysis value to the last visit, death, or 1 April 1992 (whichever came first) for evidence of persistent proteinuria (two consecutive urinalyses positive for protein, with no subsequent negative values). Similarly, the medical records of all 1970-1989 diabetes incidence cases (n = 1,252) were reviewed to investigate temporal changes in 1) the likelihood of having persistent proteinuria before the date NDDG criteria was met, i.e., baseline; 2) the risk of persistent proteinuria after baseline; and 3) the relative risk of mortality associated with persistent proteinuria. RESULTS: The proportion of diabetes prevalence cases with persistent proteinuria on or before the prevalence date declined from 20% in 1970 to 11% in 1980 and 8% in 1990. Among the 1970-1989 diabetes incidence cases, 77 (6%) had persistent proteinuria on or before baseline; the adjusted odds declined by 50% with each 10-year increase in baseline calendar year (P&amp;lt;0.001). Among individuals free of persistent proteinuria at baseline, 136 subsequently developed persistent proteinuria; the estimated 20-year cumulative incidence was 41% (95% CI 31-59); the adjusted risk did not differ as a function of baseline calendar year. Survival of individuals with persistent proteinuria relative to those without was reduced but did not differ by baseline calendar year. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of persistent proteinuria among people with adult-onset diabetes in Rochester, Minnesota, declined 60% between 1970 and 1990. The decline appears because of a decrease in the proportion of diabetes incidence cases with persistent proteinuria before baseline rather than secular declines in the risk of persistent proteinuria after baseline or secular increases in the risk of mortality associated with persistent proteinuria. Similarity over time in age and fasting glucose at baseline, and at prevalence dates, is evidence that earlier detection of diabetes is not the sole explanation for the decline.
Leukemia in Polycythemia Vera
Authors: JOHN H. LAWRENCE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1969)

Since the initial use of 32PO4 in our clinic in 1939 for the treatment of polycythemia vera we have followed to termination 181 cases of the disease treated with 32P or 32P and X ray. Of these patients 45 of 181 (25%) developed significant splenic myeloid metaplasia, and 26 of 181 (14%) developed an acute myelogenous leukemia-like state. Sixteen patients had both "acute leukemia" and significant splenic myelopoiesis or myeloid metaplasia (that is, 16 of 45 or 36% of all cases with myeloid metaplasia developed "acute leukemia"), and 10 patients had only "acute leukemia" but no significant splenic myeloid metaplasia (that is, 10 out of 136 or 7% of all patients without myeloid metaplasia developed acute leukemia). Patients who failed to develop myeloid metaplasia or acute leukemia, or both, were older at the time of onset and diagnosis than those with these developments and did not survive as long. The survival of patients who developed acute leukemia was not significantly different from patients who died with significant myeloid metaplasia alone. The largest values of overall radiation exposure (both 32P and X ray) times time at risk were received by patients dying with splenic myeloid metaplasia alone. The overall incidence of acute leukemia in this series of patients with polycythemia vera is 20 to 40 times greater than that expected for a population of "normal human subjects" exposed to similar radiation doses and times at risk. These data are consistent with the hypotheses [1] that development of significant splenic myeloid metaplasia and acute leukemia-like states are part of the evolutionary history of polycythemia vera; [2] that myeloid metaplasia usually precedes the appearance of acute leukemia; and [3] that the incidence of acute leukemia in our patients treated with 32P may be primarily a result of prolonged survival rather than radiation dose.
Liposomes coated with thiolated chitosan enhance oral peptide delivery to rats
Authors: K. Gradauer, J. Barthelmes, C. Vonach, G. Almer, H. Mangge, B. Teubl, E. Roblegg, S. Dünnhaupt, E. Fröhlich, A. Bernkop-Schnürch, R. Prassl
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)

The aim of the present study was the in vivo evaluation of thiomer-coated liposomes for an oral application of peptides. For this purpose, salmon calcitonin was chosen as a model drug and encapsulated within liposomes. Subsequently, the drug loaded liposomes were coated with either chitosan-thioglycolic acid (CS-TGA) or an S-protected version of the same polymer (CS-TGA-MNA), leading to an increase in the particle size of about 500 nm and an increase in the zeta potential from approximately -40 mV to a maximum value of about +44 mV, depending on the polymer. Coated liposomes were demonstrated to effectively penetrate the intestinal mucus layer where they came in close contact with the underlying epithelium. To investigate the permeation enhancing properties of the coated liposomes ex vivo, we monitored the transport of fluoresceinisothiocyanate-labeled salmon calcitonin (FITC-sCT) through rat small intestine. Liposomes coated with CS-TGA-MNA showed the highest effect, leading to a 3.8-fold increase in the uptake of FITC-sCT versus the buffer control. In vivo evaluation of the different formulations was carried out by the oral application of 40 μg of sCT per rat, either encapsulated within uncoated liposomes, CS-TGA-coated liposomes or CS-TGA-MNA-coated liposomes, or given as a solution serving as negative control. The blood calcium level was monitored over a time period of 24h. The highest reduction in the blood calcium level, to a minimum of 65% of the initial value after 6h, was achieved for CS-TGA-MNA-coated liposomes. Comparing the areas above curves (AAC) of the blood calcium levels, CS-TGA-MNA-coated liposomes led to an 8.2-fold increase compared to the free sCT solution if applied orally in the same concentration. According to these results, liposomes coated with S-protected thiomers have demonstrated to be highly valuable carriers for enhancing the oral bioavailability of salmon calcitonin.
Phage-display library biopanning and bioinformatic analysis yielded a high-affinity peptide to inflamed vascular endothelium both in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Min Yang, Chenwu Liu, Maochang Niu, Yonghe Hu, Mingyang Guo, Jun Zhang, Yong Luo, Weili Yuan, Mei Yang, Mingdong Yun, Linling Guo, Jiao Yan, Defang Liu, Jinghua Liu, Yong Jiang
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)
Irreversible Liver Damage After Azathioprine
Authors: Zoltan Zarday
Journal: JAMA (1972)

A 27-year-old white woman received a renal allograft, following which immunosuppressive treatment was started. The transplanted organ functioned well. Sixteen months after transplantation she showed abnormal levels of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Six months later frank jaundice developed. The clinical course, pathological findings, and laboratory data were compatible with drug toxicity in the liver and azathioprine appeared to be implicated. The patient died of hepatic failure.
Rotors and breakthroughs as three-dimensional perpetuators of atrial fibrillation
Authors: J. Eckstein, U. Schotten
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2012)

This editorial refers to ‘Heterogeneous atrial wall thickness and stretch promote scroll waves anchoring during atrial fibrillation’ by M. Yamazaki et al. , pp. 48–57, this issue. 

In previous years, disruption of electrical coupling between cardiac myocytes and muscle bundles, resulting in narrower—and thus more—fibrillation waves, was identified as the main mechanism underlying enhanced stability of atrial fibrillation (AF) in structurally remodelled atria.1 In addition, the rate of epicardial breakthrough was found to be enhanced in patients with persistent AF, which was hypothesized to be caused by more electrical dissociation between the epicardial layer and the endocardial bundle network.2 While endo-epicardial dissociation of electrical activity and breakthrough during AF were already described many years ago,3–5 this phenomenon was only recently demonstrated to be enhanced after several weeks to months of AF or rapid atrial pacing.6,7 Endo-epicardial dissociation of electrical activity is regarded the conditio sine qua non for the occurrence of transmural conduction and epicardial breakthrough. Such a ‘three-dimensional substrate’ for AF is believed to significantly contribute to the stabilization of AF over time.

The study of Yamazaki et al. 8 adds several new aspects to the emerging concept of the three-dimensional substrate for AF. By the use of simultaneous endo-epicardial optical mapping, the authors were able to match two-dimensional high-resolution mapping data with each other and the underlying anatomical structures. This sophisticated …
RADIOTHERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOUS CERVICAL ADENITIS
Authors: MORRIS K. SMITH
Journal: JAMA (1925)

The place of radiotherapy in the treatment of cervical and axillary adenitis has not been finally determined. A study of the literature reveals that many believe that the roentgen ray should replace surgery in the treatment of this disease, while others maintain that surgery is still the method of choice. Hanford,1in a recent study of more than 300 cases, concludes that operation is indicated in a considerable proportion of cases, while, on the other hand, the results with conservative treatment are so good that only those radical operations are indicated which are relatively easy and devoid of nerve and vein damage. In a group of 141 patients treated by him with relatively frequent small doses of filtered  roentgen ray, 70 per cent, showed either apparent cure or such marked improvement as to justify conservative treatment. Dowd's2studies of end-results in a large series of cases in which
A small recurrent deletion within 15q13.3 is associated with a range of neurodevelopmental phenotypes
Authors: Marwan Shinawi, Christian P Schaaf, Samarth S Bhatt, Zhilian Xia, Ankita Patel, Sau Wai Cheung, Brendan Lanpher, Sandra Nagl, Heinrich Stephan Herding, Claudia Nevinny-Stickel, LaDonna L Immken, Gayle Simpson Patel, Jennifer Ruth German, Arthur L Beaudet, Pawel Stankiewicz
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Overcoming Specialty Bias
Authors: Karen L. Sherman, Jeffrey D. Wayne, Karl Y. Bilimoria
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

Using a national survey of sarcoma experts with an exceptionally high response rate, Wasif and colleagues1 present an interesting study designed to evaluate whether physician specialty influences adjuvant treatment recommendations in the multidisciplinarymanagement of soft tissue sarcomaand the perceived benefit of thesemodalities. They reveal a specialty bias in treatment recommendations for soft tissue sarcomaof theextremities thatprovidesunique insights intounderstanding theexistingvariation in treatment approaches for this relatively rare disease. This study1 raises some important issues regarding thecurrent treatment of soft tissue sarcomaand the factors influencing recommendations for adjuvant therapy. Not surprisingly, Wasif and colleagues1 identified physician specialty–associatedvariation inadjuvant treatment recommendations for many clinical scenarios involving soft tissue sarcomaof the extremities. These findings suggest that the quality of available evidence may be insufficient to standardize clinical decision making and, importantly, that physician specialtymay play a prominent role in treatment decisions. This may be based on training paradigms (ie, better knowledge of the literature in one’s own domain), or it may also be self-serving (eg, physician reimbursement may prompt utilization of their services).Nonetheless, thecoordinatingphysician’s specialtymay have the greatest effect on the treatment plan and use of adjuvant therapies by controlling subsequent referrals. Given its rarityandhistologicheterogeneity, soft tissuesarcoma presents several unique challenges in patient management. To address this challenges, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network has compiled comprehensive patient treatment guidelines that are universally available and updatedannuallybyamultidisciplinaryspecialistpanel fromeach member institution.2 Although the majority of evidence on which theguidelines arebased is level 2A (basedon lower level evidence) for the vast majority of recommended interventions, there is consensusamong themultispecialtypanels.Additional histology-specific studies on the role and sequenceof adjuvant treatment may guide treatment for specific histologic subtypes. In the end, we concur with Wasif and colleagues1 andwith theNationalComprehensiveCancerNetwork sarcoma panel: All sarcoma patients should be managedby amultidisciplinary teamwith expertise in sarcoma to mitigate individual physician and physician specialty treatment bias.
Successful Management of Cobra Bite-Reply
Authors: Don Naylor
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Some of the points in Dr. Shannon's letter are well taken and deserve comment. We agree that the local necrotizing properties of<i>Naja venom</i>are not as marked as those of the Crotalidae. Naja venom contains several digestive enzymes. The intense localization of this venom by immediate ligature and cryotherapy accounted for the local tissue loss in our case. The local damage with snake bite has long been a neglected subject due to its secondary importance to saving the victim's life. With wider use of antivenin more attention can now be directed toward this local morbidity. The ligature in this case remained in place 25 minutes. All of the patient's fingers were immersed in the ice water an equal time, yet only the envenomized finger suffered a necrotic slough. The question of envenomization versus simple bite is a difficult problem. The severe pain at the bite site
Visual Assessment of Regional Myocardial Perfusion Utilizing Radioactive Xenon and Scintillation Photography
Authors: P. J. CANNON, J. I. HAFT, P. M. JOHNSON
Journal: Circulation (1969)

A method was devised to visualize the areas of left ventricle supplied by various coronary arterial branches utilizing scintillation photography and an inert radioactive gas which distributes instantaneously between coronary blood and perfused myocardial cells. From 1 to 5 millicuries of 133 Xe dissolved in saline solution was injected through a catheter into the anterior descending or posterior circumflex branch of the left coronary artery of 15 dogs. Scintillation images produced during arrival and washout of 133 Xe in the various regions of the heart were recorded by an image intensifier scintillation camera and high speed television monitor and were reproduced on Polaroid film during replay of the videotape on an oscilloscope. The resulting scintiphotographs defined the region of the left ventricle supplied by the coronary arterial branch. In nine of the dogs acute myocardial infarctions were produced by occluding one or the other branch of the left coronary artery. When 133 Xe was injected again into the coronary artery proximal to the occlusion, that area of the left ventricle that was deprived of nutrient blood flow was no longer visualized on the gamma-ray scintiphotograph. The results indicate that regional myocardial perfusion may be dynamically visualized in the intact animal.
The Effect of Vitamin K Supplementation on Circulating Osteocalcin (Bone Gla Protein) and Urinary Calcium Excretion
Authors: Marjo H. J. Knapen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

To determine whether vitamin K administration affects urinary calcium excretion in postmenopausal women.Before- and after-trials with a 2-week treatment period.Healthy postmenopausal women (55 to 75 years old) were recruited from the convents in and around Maastricht. Controls (25 to 40 years old) were healthy premenopausal volunteers.Daily administration of 1 mg of vitamin K for 2 weeks.Serum immunoreactive osteocalcin: hydroxylapatite binding (HAB) capacity of serum immunoreactive osteocalcin; excretion of calcium, hydroxyproline, and creatinine in the urine during the last 2 h of a 16-h fasting period.In premenopausal women, no effect of vitamin K administration was seen. In the postmenopausal group, vitamin K induced increased serum immunoreactive osteocalcin concentration; normalization of the HAB capacity of serum immunoreactive osteocalcin (this marker was less than 50% that of the controls in the pretreatment samples); a decrease in urinary calcium excretion, notably in the "fast losers" of calcium; and a parallel decrease in urinary hydroxyproline excretion in the fast losers of calcium.The serum immunoreactive osteocalcin level may vary with vitamin K status. This variance should be taken into consideration if osteocalcin is used as a marker for osteoblast activity. Vitamin K is one factor that may play a role in the loss of bone mass in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Americans should lower salt intake but not too much, review says
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Americans should lower their sodium intake, currently about 3400 mg/day, but there is no evidence supporting an intake level below 2300 mg/day, the Institute of Medicine has said in a new report.1

The report’s findings conflict with the dietary guidelines for Americans, which are based on a 2005 report by the Institute of Medicine. The guidelines recommend that people aged 14-50 years limit their sodium intake to 2300 mg/day. They urge an even lower intake of 1500 mg/day for certain subgroups: people aged 51 and older; African Americans; and those with hypertension, diabetes, or chronic kidney disease. These subgroups make …
8-MOP PUVA for psoriasis: a comparison of a minimal phototoxic dose-based regimen with a skin-type approach
Authors: P. COLLINS, N. J. WAINWRIGHT, I. AMORIM, T. LAKSHMIPATHI, J. FERGUSON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

Summary Two ultraviolet A (UVA) regimens for oral S-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) photochemotherapy (PUVA) for moderate/severe chronic plaque psoriasis using a half body study technique were compared. Each patient received both regimens. A higher-dose regimen based on minimal phototoxic dose (MPD) within percentage incremental increases was given to one-half of the body. The other half received a lower dose regimen based on skin type with fixed incremental UVA increases. Patients were treated twice weekly. Symmetrical plaques were scored to determine the rate of resolution with each regimen. In addition, the number of treatments, cumulative UVA dose and number of days in treatment to achieve overall clearance were recorded. Patients were reviewed monthly for 1 year to record remission data. Thirty-three patients completed the study. Both regimens were effective and well tolerated. With the MPD-based approach, the number of exposures was significantly less for patients with skin types I and II but not III. Although the cumulative UVA dose was higher with the MPU regimen for all skin types studied, the reduced number of exposures required for clearance for skin types I and II but not III, combined with thesecurity of individualized MPD testing, has practical attractions. MPD testing also identified live patients who required an increased psoralen dose and six patients who required a reduction of the initial UVA dose with the skin type regimen. Forty-two per cent were still clear 1 year after treatment and there was no significant difference in the number of days in remission between the regimens for those whose psoriasis had recurred. The reduction in the number of exposures required lor clearance with the MPD-based regimen may be safer and more cost effective in the long term.
The Augmented Histamine Test with Special Reference to Achlorhydria
Authors: S. T. Callender, F. P. Retief, L. J. Witts
Journal: Gut (1960)

The Kay augmented histamine test has been used in a special study of 30 patients with pernicious anaemia and 136 other subjects suspected of having achlorhydria. The findings have been correlated with uropepsinogen excretion, serum levels of vitamin B(12), and gastric biopsy. The definition of achlorhydria is specially considered.
The evolutionary social brain: From genes to psychiatric conditions
Authors: Bernard Crespi, Christopher Badcock
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract The commentaries on our target article, “Psychosis and Autism as Diametrical Disorders of the Social Brain,” reflect the multidisciplinary yet highly fragmented state of current studies of human social cognition. Progress in our understanding of the human social brain must come from studies that integrate across diverse analytic levels, using conceptual frameworks grounded in evolutionary biology.