tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
“What” and “where” in spatial language and spatial cognition
Authors: Barbara Landau, Ray Jackendoff
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1993)

Abstract Fundamental to spatial knowledge in all species are the representations underlying object recognition, object search, and navigation through space. But what sets humans apart from other species is our ability to express spatial experience through language. This target article explores the language of objects and places , asking what geometric properties are preserved in the representations underlying object nouns and spatial prepositions in English. Evidence from these two aspects of language suggests there are significant differences in the geometric richness with which objects and places are encoded. When an object is named (i.e., with count nouns), detailed geometric properties – principally the object's shape (axes, solid and hollow volumes, surfaces, and parts) – are represented. In contrast, when an object plays the role of either “figure” (located object) or “ground” (reference object) in a locational expression, only very coarse geometric object properties are represented, primarily the main axes. In addition, the spatial functions encoded by spatial prepositions tend to be nonmetric and relatively coarse, for example, “containment,” “contact,” “relative distance,” and “relative direction.” These properties are representative of other languages as well. The striking differences in the way language encodes objects versus places lead us to suggest two explanations: First, there is a tendency for languages to level out geometric detail from both object and place representations. Second, a nonlinguistic disparity between the representations of “what” and “where” underlies how language represents objects and places. The language of objects and places converges with and enriches our understanding of corresponding spatial representations.
Nephropathy Associated with Gardner-Diamond Syndrome
Authors: Rawle M. McIntosh, Takeshi Ozawa, Michael Persoff, John H. Altshuler, Stephen Guggenheim, Edward Boedecker
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

In 1955 Gardner and Diamond1 described four women in whom purpura, erythema, edema and painful ecchymoses developed either spontaneously or at sites of minimal trauma on the trunk and extremities. Extensive studies of standard hemtologic and coagulation indexes revealed no characteristic abnormalities. Skin tests suggested that an etiopathogenic factor was present in the red-cell stroma.1 This paper reports etiologic and immunopathogenic studies of the renal lesion in a patient with glomerulonephritis associated with the Gardner-Diamond or autoerythrocyte-sensitization syndrome.Case Report and MethodsA 20-year-old woman was admitted to an affiliated hospital of the University of Colorado Medical Center for evaluation . . .
Molecular mechanisms in cancer induction and prevention.
Authors: C Borek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

Chemical and physical carcinogens, present in our environment and encountered in a variety of occupations, produce damage to DNA. X-rays produced direct ionizations and indirect hydroxyl radical attack. UV light in the short wavelength is specifically absorbed by unsaturated bonds in DNA, RNA, and proteins. There are a number of genetic sites that are specifically affected by environmental agents, and an increased sensitivity is found in certain genetic diseases. The development of a fully malignant tumor involves the activation or altered expression of oncogenes or the inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes that control normal cellular development. Mutations in the p53 tumor-suppressor gene are common in diverse types of cancer and could perhaps provide clues to the etiology of some cancers and to the effect of various environmental and occupational carcinogens in cancer development. The fact that environmental factors are involved to a great extent in cancer suggest that cancer may be preventable. Experimental as well as epidemiological data indicate that a variety of nutritional factors can act as anticarcinogens and inhibit the process of cancer development and reduce cancer risk. The interaction of cells with a number of environmental and occupational genotoxic substances such as X-rays, UV light, and a variety of chemicals including ozone results in an enhanced generation of free oxygen radicals and in modified pro-oxidant states. A number of nutritional factors such as vitamins A, C, E, beta-carotene, and micronutrients such as selenium act as antioxidants and anticarcinogens. Certain hormones such as thyroid hormones enhance oxidative processes and act as a co-transforming factor in carcinogenesis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Chemopreventive Properties of Black Raspberries in <i>N</i>-Nitrosomethylbenzylamine-Induced Rat Esophageal Tumorigenesis: Down-regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and c-<i>Jun</i>
Authors: Tong Chen, Hyejeong Hwang, Miranda E. Rose, Ronald G. Nines, Gary D. Stoner
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Our laboratory has used a rodent model of human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to identify putative chemopreventive agents for this disease and to determine their mechanisms of action. In the present study, we treated F344 rats with the esophageal carcinogen, N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA), thrice per week for 5 weeks. Beginning 1 week later, they were fed a synthetic diet containing 5% black raspberries (BRB) for the duration of the bioassay (25 weeks). Rats were sacrificed at weeks 9, 15, and 25. Esophageal tissues were collected, and tumor data were recorded. The expression and enzymatic activities of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) as well as the expression of c-Jun in the esophagi, were evaluated to investigate the mechanism(s) by which black raspberries modulate tumorigenesis. At week 25, BRB inhibited tumor multiplicity, the standard end point in this tumor model, from 3.78 ± 0.41 tumors per rat in NMBA-treated animals to 2.23 ± 0.21 tumors per rat in animals treated with NMBA plus BRB (P &amp;lt; 0.005). BRB reduced mRNA and protein expression levels of COX-2, iNOS, and c-Jun as well as the level of prostaglandin E2 in preneoplastic lesions of the esophagus at week 25. The berries inhibited mRNA expression of iNOS and c-Jun, but not COX-2, in papillomatous lesions of the esophagus. Prostaglandin E2 and total nitrite levels were also decreased by BRB in papillomas. These results suggest a novel tumor suppressive role of BRB through inhibition of COX-2, iNOS, and c-Jun. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(5): 2853-9)
Minority HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations Are Present in Antiretroviral Treatment–Naïve Populations and Associate with Reduced Treatment Efficacy
Authors: Jeffrey A Johnson, Jin-Fen Li, Xierong Wei, Jonathan Lipscomb, David Irlbeck, Charles Craig, Amanda Smith, Diane E Bennett, Michael Monsour, Paul Sandstrom, E. Randall Lanier, Walid Heneine
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance can compromise initial antiretroviral therapy (ART); therefore, its detection is important for patient management. The absence of drug-associated selection pressure in treatment-naïve persons can cause drug-resistant viruses to decline to levels undetectable by conventional bulk sequencing (minority drug-resistant variants). We used sensitive and simple tests to investigate evidence of transmitted drug resistance in antiretroviral drug-naïve persons and assess the clinical implications of minority drug-resistant variants.We performed a cross-sectional analysis of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance and a case-control study of the impact of minority drug resistance on treatment response. For the cross-sectional analysis, we examined viral RNA from newly diagnosed ART-naïve persons in the US and Canada who had no detectable (wild type, n = 205) or one or more resistance-related mutations (n = 303) by conventional sequencing. Eight validated real-time PCR-based assays were used to test for minority drug resistance mutations (protease L90M and reverse transcriptase M41L, K70R, K103N, Y181C, M184V, and T215F/Y) above naturally occurring frequencies. The sensitive real-time PCR testing identified one to three minority drug resistance mutation(s) in 34/205 (17%) newly diagnosed persons who had wild-type virus by conventional genotyping; four (2%) individuals had mutations associated with resistance to two drug classes. Among 30/303 (10%) samples with bulk genotype resistance mutations we found at least one minority variant with a different drug resistance mutation. For the case-control study, we assessed the impact of three treatment-relevant drug resistance mutations at baseline from a separate group of 316 previously ART-naïve persons with no evidence of drug resistance on bulk genotype testing who were placed on efavirenz-based regimens. We found that 7/95 (7%) persons who experienced virologic failure had minority drug resistance mutations at baseline; however, minority resistance was found in only 2/221 (0.9%) treatment successes (Fisher exact test, p = 0.0038).These data suggest that a considerable proportion of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance is undetected by conventional genotyping and that minority mutations can have clinical consequences. With no treatment history to help guide therapies for drug-naïve persons, the findings suggest an important role for sensitive baseline drug resistance testing.
YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA: A NEW CAUSE OF ERYTHEMA NODOSUM
Authors: NIELS MYGIND, HANS THULIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1970)

Journal Article YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA: A NEW CAUSE OF ERYTHEMA NODOSUM Get access NIELS MYGIND, NIELS MYGIND Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Jönköping, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar HANS THULIN HANS THULIN Hospital for Infectious Diseases, Jönköping, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 82, Issue 4, 1 April 1970, Pages 351–354, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1970.tb06831.x Published: 01 April 1970 Article history Accepted: 01 July 1969 Published: 01 April 1970
FK 506—A promise of good things to come? Todo S, Fung JJ, Starzl TE, Tzakis A, Demetris AJ, Kormos R, Jain A, et al. Liver, kidney, and thoracic organ transplantation under FK 506. Transplantation 1990;212:295–307
Authors: J Neuberger
Journal: Hepatology (1991)
Biopsy of Minor Salivary Glands in the Diagnosis of Sarcoidosis
Authors: Vernon J. Nessan, John R. Jacoway, Richard J. Lauttman, Edward F. Swintak, John E. Buhler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

SARCOIDOSIS is a systemic disease that involves several organ systems and is characterized by the presence of noncaseating granulomas in each affected organ. Involvement of the lung or mediastinal lymph nodes is readily recognized by chest roentgenography, and biopsy of these tissues is likely to confirm the diagnosis.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Visible skin lesions, oral lesions or enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, if present, provide a readily accessible site for biopsy.8 Organ systems that appear clinically normal, e.g., liver and lacrimal glands, may also demonstrate noncaseating granulomas if a random biopsy is performed.9 10 11 Sarcoidosis may affect the oral mucosa,12 gingiva,13 tongue,14 hard palate15 , 16 and . . .
Maximum acid output to graded doses of pentagastrin and its relation to parietal cell mass in Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer.
Authors: F C Cheng, S K Lam, G B Ong
Journal: Gut (1977)

In groups of Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer and controls, increasing the dose of pentagastrin from the standard dose of 6 ug/kg or 12 ug/kg did not result in any change in the maximum acid output (MAO). Comparison of the MAO thus obtained with that reported in series of Occidental subjects suggested that the Chinese subjects had smaller MAO. Using the method of Card and Marks (1960), the parietal cells of resected stomachs were counted in a group of Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer. It was found that the parietal cell mass (PCM) correlated with the MAO, both PCM and MAO were significantly small in the Chinese series as compared with the Scottish series, but the acid output per unit parietal cell mass (MAO per 10(9) parietal cells) was not different in the two groups. These observations suggested that the Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer had smaller parietal cell mass compared with the Westerners.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mediates the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-induced fluid secretion but not the inhibition of resorption in mouse gallbladder epithelium
Authors: R H Peters, J H van Doorninck, P J French, R Ratcliff, M J Evans, W H Colledge, J Bijman, B J Scholte
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

ABSTRACT We have studied the physiological role of the cystic fibrosis (CF) gene product (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator [CFTR]) in gallbladder epithelium using a knockout mouse model for CF. We found that normal mouse gallbladder epithelium expresses functional CFTR as shown by reverse–transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis and Ussing chamber experiments. Gallbladders from Cftr -/- mice were structurally intact as shown by microscopic and physiological parameters but lacked the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)–induced chloride current observed in normal gallbladders. In fluid transport measurements, normal and Cftr -/- gallbladders were equally active in basal resorption. The addition of forskolin, which activates CFTR anion channel activity through the cAMP system, resulted in net fluid secretion in normal gallbladders. In contrast, Cftr -/- gallbladders were unable to secrete fluid while a complete inhibition of resorption by forskolin was observed. We conclude that, in normal mouse gallbladder epithelium, cAMP–induced fluid secretion involves simultaneous inhibition of apical sodium chloride resorption and activation of CFTR. Our data support the hypothesis that gallbladder disease in CF is at least in part caused by a deficient secretory response to the endogenous cAMP–linked hormones VIP and secretin.
Mouse spleen dendritic cells present soluble antigens to antigen-specific T cell hybridomas.
Authors: G H Sunshine, D P Gold, H H Wortis, P Marrack, J W Kappler
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1983)

In the presence of the soluble polypeptide antigens ovalbumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, purified mouse spleen dendritic cells induce the secretion of IL-2 by antigen-specific T cell hybridomas. This response is H-2 restricted and can be specifically inhibited by monoclonal anti-I-A. These data indicate that dendritic cells can present soluble antigen to H-2-compatible T cells.
Role of cardiac contractility in hypertrophy from chronic volume loading
Authors: B. WUSTEN, W. FLAMENG, B. WINKLER, W. SCHAPER
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1977)

In an experimental model of chronic cardiac volume overloading, ie chronic A-V block, evaluations of cardiac function were performed during the phase of the development of hypertrophy (one and two weeks of A-V block) and at stable hypertrophy (ten weeks of A-V block). During a time period of ten weeks of volume overload left ventricular muscle mass increased to 1.41 of normal hearts. Cardiac performance measured from cardiac index, stroke volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction was not depressed at any evaluated state of hypertrophy. Normal cardiac performance was also demonstrated when the heart was stressed by high ventricular pacing rates. The contractile state of the intact heart was expressed as the velocity of the isometric left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt) at comparable loading conditions. Increased dP/dt max &t a stage before stable hypertrophy was reached, even when preload is normalised by ventricular pacing (70/min) implies that the volume overloaded heart during the development of hypertrophy mobilises part of its contractile reserve. It is assumed that increased contractility is a functional cause of an increase in oxygen demand; and that an adequate energy availability is covered by the enlargement of the mitochondrial mass. At stable hypertrophy when the contractile material has also increased, a new steady state is reached and an again normal contractility indicates an also stable dynamic situation.
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections
Authors: Ian Maclean Smith
Journal: JAMA (1961)

This is a timely, short book which deserves a long review. With a few exceptions it can be strongly recommended. The author has delineated both the larger categories of septicemia, meningitis, and urinary-tract infections and also minor rarities and occurrences such as nail infections and liver and thyroid gland abscesses. There is an exhaustive bibliography of 465 items. The basic pathological lesion of bacterial colonization of blood vessel walls and the fascinating association of agranulocytosis with pseudomonas infection are discussed. Do you know why pseudomonas usually grows in pure culture, what other nonbacterial organisms are common accompaniments, and can you diagnose some cases of pseudomonas septicemia at the bedside without bacteriological aid? The answers are in this monograph. There are interesting discussions of infections in burned patients, of the newer antibiotic colistin, the phenomenon of bacterial fluorescence as a possible diagnostic aid. One might say, in passing, that a group
The effect of acute angiotensin II blockade on renal function in rats with reduced renal mass
Authors: Keshwar Baboolal, Timothy W. Meyer
Journal: Kidney International (1994)

The effect of acute Ang II blockade on renal function in rats with reduced nephron number was assessed in micropuncture studies. The Ang II receptor blocker, losartan, was administered at a dose of 10 mg i.v. at two intervals following five-sixths renal ablation. At eight weeks following ablation, Ang II blockade (Ang IIX) increased sodium excretion [UNa V, Ang IIX 2.2 +/- 0.4 microEq/min; time control (TC) 1.0 +/- 0.3 microEq/min; P < 0.05] but did not reduce mean arterial pressure (AP, Ang IIX 142 +/- 6 mm Hg; TC 151 +/- 6 mmHg), glomerular transcapillary pressure (delta P, Ang IIX 50 +/- 1 mm Hg; TC 50 +/- 1 mm Hg), or urine albumin excretion (UAlb V: Ang IIX 149 +/- 18 micrograms/min; TC 168 +/- 20 micrograms/min). Similarly, at two weeks following ablation, Ang II blockade increased UNa V (Ang IIX 2.8 +/- 0.4 microEq/min; TC 0.5 +/- 0.2 microEq/min; P < 0.05) without reducing AP (Ang IIX 132 +/- 6 mm Hg; TC 140 +/- 7 mm Hg), delta P (Ang IIX 50 +/- 3 mm Hg; TC 48 +/- 2 mm Hg), or UAlb V (Ang IIX 32 +/- 3 micrograms/min; TC 36 +/- 10 micrograms/min). These findings indicate that within the remant kidney, Ang II promotes sodium retention but does not have an acutely reversible effect on glomerular pressure or permselectivity.
99mTc SESTAMIBI IN THE EVALUATION OF NEOPLASTIC DISEASE
Authors: D. A. Podoloff, E. E. Kim, T. P. Haynie, V. A. Bhadkamkar, R. S. Benjamin
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

S: APRIL 9–12, 1992 San Antonio Convention Center & Hyatt Regency Hotel SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS Southwestern Chapter Society of Nuclear Medicine SPECT/PET Nuclear Cardiology Symposium and 37th Annual Meeting: PDF Only
The History of a Hospital Merger: The Wilmington Medical Center 1965-1985
Authors: Charles E. Housley
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<i>The History of a Hospital Merger: The Wilmington Medical Center 1965-1985</i>by Norman L. Cannon, MD, is billed as a book portraying the 1965 merger of three hospitals. The text has two parts: "View of the Whole" and "Some of the Parts." From the table of contents, one would anticipate the specifics of how the merger came into being and a picture of the chronological history of the merger from 1965 to 1985, including administrative changes, planning, building of a new facility, demolition of old facilities, and combining departments within the new organization. The author does a wonderful job in depicting the medical staff organizational effects of the merger. Medical practice within the United States made gigantic strides during the time frame of this merger, and the author portrays these changes accurately. To complicate matters for the Wilmington Medical Center, the resulting entity decided to become a medical school as
What's the difference between a hospital and a bottling factory?
Authors: A Morton, J Cornwell
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Various commentators have argued for interventions to improve processes in the delivery of health care by drawing attention to experience and practice in other industriesfor example, airlines or vehicle manufacturing.A common and natural objection to this line of argument is that health care is different, and so the potential to learn from other sectors is limited.We have sympathy with both claim and counterclaim and explore in this article some features of health care that distinguish it from other industries.
Googling for a diagnosis—use of Google as a diagnostic aid: internet based study
Authors: Hangwi Tang, Jennifer Hwee Kwoon Ng
Journal: BMJ (2006)

To determine how often searching with Google (the most popular search engine on the world wide web) leads doctors to the correct diagnosis.Internet based study using Google to search for diagnoses; researchers were blind to the correct diagnoses.One year's (2005) diagnostic cases published in the case records of the New England Journal of Medicine.26 cases from the New England Journal of Medicine; management cases were excluded.Percentage of correct diagnoses from Google searches (compared with the diagnoses as published in the New England Journal of Medicine).Google searches revealed the correct diagnosis in 15 (58%, 95% confidence interval 38% to 77%) cases.As internet access becomes more readily available in outpatient clinics and hospital wards, the web is rapidly becoming an important clinical tool for doctors. The use of web based searching may help doctors to diagnose difficult cases.
Revalidation of the retired: bad faith and a worse decision
Authors: M D Vickers
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

It is difficult to be dispassionate when one is personally involved in a profound disagreement. But responses to my Personal View in the BMJ1 last September have shown that I am speaking for many. Since I wrote that article, matters have moved on and decisions have been taken. At a well attended meeting of the Retired Fellows Society of The Royal Society of Medicine on 4 October, we got these from the horse's mouth—the Head of the Division of Policy and Regulation at the General Medical Council, Mr David Skinner.
Molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization of the gene encoding a human myeloid membrane antigen (gp150).
Authors: A T Look, S C Peiper, M B Rebentisch, R A Ashmun, M F Roussel, R S Lemons, M M Le Beau, C M Rubin, C J Sherr
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

DNA from a tertiary mouse cell transformant containing amplified human sequences encoding a human myeloid membrane glycoprotein, gp150, was used to construct a bacteriophage lambda library. A single recombinant phage containing 12 kilobases (kb) of human DNA was isolated, and molecular subclones were then used to isolate the complete gp150 gene from a human placental genomic DNA library. The intact gp150 gene, assembled from three recombinant phages, proved to be biologically active when transfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Molecular probes from the gp150 locus annealed with a 4.0-kb polyadenylated RNA transcript derived from human myeloid cell lines and from tertiary mouse cell transformants. The gp150 gene was assigned to human chromosome 15, and was subchromosomally localized to bands q25-26 by in situ hybridization. The chromosomal location of the gp150 gene coincides cytogenetically with the region assigned to the c-fes proto-oncogene, another human gene specifically expressed by myeloid cells.