tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Controversies in management: Should general practitioners perform diagnostic tests on patients before prescribing antibiotics? For Against
Authors: H. J. Kolmos, P. Little
Journal: BMJ (1999)

As most antibiotics are prescribed by general practitioners, control of antibiotic resistance depends greatly on rational prescribing behaviour by these doctors.Here a Danish microbiologist argues for near patient testing before prescribing antibiotics, while a British general practitioner contends that there are considerable problems associated with testing and that time is often the best treatment for acute, self limiting infections. FORAs 80% of antibiotics are prescribed by general practitioners, 1 control of antibiotic resistance depends greatly on rational prescribing behaviour in this group of doctors.Microbiological testing is an important tool in rational prescribing of antibiotics, not only in hospitals but also in general practice.However, the usefulness of laboratory based testing may be limited if it takes too long-particularly in patients who are considered to need immediate antibiotic treatment.These patients will therefore be treated empirically, and test results received afterwards from the laboratory may have little influence on the course of treatment.One way of overcoming these problems is to perform near patient microbiological testing.In Denmark, many general practitioners undertake selected microbiological tests using phase contrast microscopy and simple diagnostic kits. 2 3
SURGERY IN THE PRESENCE OF DIABETES
Authors: E. STARR JUDD
Journal: JAMA (1926)

Two years ago,<sup>1</sup>we reported a low mortality rate following a series of operations on patients with diabetes. After two more years' experience in this type of work, we are now reporting the combined results of four years of effort to minimize the mortality rate in such cases. Between Oct. 1, 1921, and Oct. 1, 1925, 667 operations were performed on 497 patients; 363 of the operations were of a minor type, and 304 of a major type (tables 1 and 2). In the first group, two deaths occurred; in the second, eighteen. During the last three years in the Mayo Clinic, operations have been performed, regardless of the presence of diabetes, on the assumption that the diabetes itself, if properly controlled, would not increase the risk of operation. For three years, therefore, no patient has been refused necessary surgical procedures because of diabetes. In every case there was
Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology and Control
Authors: Leslie L. Barton
Journal: JAMA (1983)

This volume reflects the significant advances made in the understanding of the epidemiology and in the control of viral diseases of man. Although quantity is not an accurate gauge of progress, it is noteworthy that this book is approximately 25% longer than its predecessor, the first edition published six years ago. In addition there are two new chapters, one on viral gastroenteritis and the other on the African hemorrhagic fevers. Quality is in evidence throughout. There are few repetitions, although the multiplicity of authors (41) and chapters (27) might be a trap for the unwary editor. Dr Evans begins with a lucid exposition of basic epidemiology. Subsequent chapters review the current state of knowledge of acute viral infections, such as those caused by adenoviruses, enteroviruses and herpes viruses, and chronic infections, such as Burkitt's lymphoma and kuru. Each chapter logically progresses from historical background information through the biologic characteristics of
Shortcomings in the Evaluation and Promotion of Hypnotic Drugs
Authors: Anthony Kales, Joyce D. Kales
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Insomnia is one of the most common symptoms treated by the physician, and pharmacologic agents are the most frequent method of treatment. Because of a number of shortcomings in the evaluation and promotion of hypnotic drugs, the physician is often provided insufficient and misleading information resulting in a general misuse of these drugs. These shortcomings fall into two general categories: general methodologic inadequacies of clinical hypnotic drug trials and incomplete labeling and misleading promotional claims for these drugs.Methodologic InadequaciesImportant methodologic problems in these trials include a failure to evaluate the effectiveness of hypnotic drugs with intermediate and long-term . . .
Allergic contact dermatitis from color film developers: Clinical and histologic features
Authors: Ronald R. Brancaccio, Clay J. Cockerell, Donald Belsito, Richard Ostreicher
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1993)

We evaluated two patients with allergic contact dermatitis that resulted from exposure to color film developers. A lichenoid eruption developed in one patient, whereas an eruption more characteristic of an acute spongiotic dermatitis developed in the second patient. Histologic findings in the first case were those of a "lichenoid dermatitis" but with features distinct from classic lichen planus. The biopsy specimens from the second patient showed a subacute spongiotic process with a bandlike infiltrate suggestive of an evolving lichenoid process. Contact allergy to color developers may result in eruptions similar to lichen planus. This process appears to evolve from an acute spongiotic dermatitis in its early phase to a lichenoid dermatitis in fully developed and more chronic forms. Although the histologic features are those of a "lichenoid" dermatitis, some features, such as the presence of spongiosis, eosinophils, and a less intense inflammatory infiltrate, may enable distinction between lichenoid allergic contact dermatitis and true lichen planus. In addition, clinicopathologic correlation with patch test results should permit accurate diagnosis in most cases. We evaluated two patients with allergic contact dermatitis that resulted from exposure to color film developers. A lichenoid eruption developed in one patient, whereas an eruption more characteristic of an acute spongiotic dermatitis developed in the second patient. Histologic findings in the first case were those of a "lichenoid dermatitis" but with features distinct from classic lichen planus. The biopsy specimens from the second patient showed a subacute spongiotic process with a bandlike infiltrate suggestive of an evolving lichenoid process. Contact allergy to color developers may result in eruptions similar to lichen planus. This process appears to evolve from an acute spongiotic dermatitis in its early phase to a lichenoid dermatitis in fully developed and more chronic forms. Although the histologic features are those of a "lichenoid" dermatitis, some features, such as the presence of spongiosis, eosinophils, and a less intense inflammatory infiltrate, may enable distinction between lichenoid allergic contact dermatitis and true lichen planus. In addition, clinicopathologic correlation with patch test results should permit accurate diagnosis in most cases.
KNEE INTRA-ARTICULAR P-32 COLLOID AS THERAPY FOR RECURRENT EFFUSION: DISTRIBUTION DETERMINATION.
Authors: R. E. Weiner, F. Peng, R. P. Spencer
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1999)

Scientific Abstracts And Posters From The 44Th Annual Meeting Of The Southwestern Chapter Of The Society Of Nuclear Medicine, And From The 12Th Northeastern Regional Scientific Meeting Of The New England And New York Chapters Of The Society Of Nuclear Medicine
A New Treatment for an Old Disease
Authors: William H. Daughaday
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

The disfigurement of acromegaly did not escape notice in ancient times. Its association with pituitary tumors was recognized by Pierre Marie a century ago, and its association with growth hormone hypersecretion was described by Herbert M. Evans and Harvey Cushing in the 1930s and 1940s. Although the usual cause of this condition is a pituitary somatotrope tumor, ectopic secretion of growth hormone—releasing hormone by islet-cell and carcinoid tumors and by some hypothalamic tumors can result in somatotrope hyperplasia and neoplasia.1 These cases appear to be rare and account for less than 1 per cent of the cases of acromegaly encountered. . . .
Factor VIII-bypassing activity of bovine tissue factor using the canine hemophilic model.
Authors: D P O'Brien, A R Giles, K M Tate, G A Vehar
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The bleeding disorder of hemophilia A currently treated by replacement therapy of the missing coagulation factor, factor VIII, is frequently complicated by the development of neutralizing antibodies. The therapeutic potential of attenuated forms of the lipid-associated glycoprotein tissue factor, a known initiator of coagulation, was investigated as a factor VIII-by-passing activity. The protein moiety of tissue factor (Apo-TF) was partially purified and exhibited minimal procoagulant activity before relipidation in vitro. In pilot studies, Apo-TF injection into rabbits previously anticoagulated with an antibody to factor VIII was found to have a procoagulant effect. The efficacy of the material was further demonstrated when injection of Apo-TF in hemophilic dogs resulted in a normalization of the cuticle bleeding time. Little or no change in the blood parameters associated with disseminated intravascular coagulation was observed at lower doses, although mild to moderate effects were seen at higher doses. These data suggest a novel role for Apo-TF preparations as a potential therapeutic agent for hemophiliacs with antibodies to factor VIII once the potential thrombogenicity of such materials is evaluated.
Cholesteryl Ester Accumulation Induced by PTEN Loss and PI3K/AKT Activation Underlies Human Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness
Authors: Shuhua Yue, Junjie Li, Seung-Young Lee, Hyeon Jeong Lee, Tian Shao, Bing Song, Liang Cheng, Timothy A. Masterson, Xiaoqi Liu, Timothy L. Ratliff, Ji-Xin Cheng
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2014)
Primary Results of the HABIT Trial (Heart Failure Assessment With BNP in the Home)
Authors: Alan Maisel, Denise Barnard, Brian Jaski, Geir Frivold, John Marais, Maged Azer, Michael I. Miyamoto, Dawn Lombardo, Damon Kelsay, Kelly Borden, Navaid Iqbal, Pam R. Taub, Ken Kupfer, Paul Clopton, Barry Greenberg
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
THE SYSTEM OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION BY FINGER PRINTS RECENTLY ADOPTED FOR THE U. S. ARMY.
Authors: J. R. KEAN
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Some system of personal identification is a necessity in armies, and is of special importance in this country, not only for convenience of military administration to purge the Army of criminals, repeaters and other undesirable characters who may have gained admission to it by fraudulent enlistment, but also to protect the interest alike of the government and the individual in cases of claims against the former, based on the fact of military service. It may also assist under some circumstances in the identification of the dead. <h3>MODIFIED BERTILLON SYSTEM.</h3> The system first adopted in the U. S. Army was an adaptation of the pathologic division of the Bertillon system, viz., description of moles, scars, tattoos, blemishes, etc., together with certain simple measurements and physical characteristics, such as height, color of hair, eyes and skin. The complete Bertillon system was not adopted because it required the use of bulky and expensive
Immunosuppressive Therapy
Authors: Marilynne A. Swanson, Robert S. Schwartz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

SINCE the demonstrations that 6-mercaptopurine inhibits antibody synthesis1 and allograft rejection2 in laboratory animals, this inhibitor of purine metabolism and its analogue, azathioprine, have been used for the treatment of immunologic diseases and the prevention of organ graft rejection in man with increasing frequency.3 , 4 More recently, a folic acid antagonist, amethopterin, has also been advocated for the treatment of immunologic diseases.5 Despite many investigations, there is still considerable uncertainty regarding the therapeutic indications, side effects and mechanisms of action of these agents. In the present study, the answers to the following questions were sought: What is the extent of immunosuppression . . .
Iron supplementation in pregnancy
Authors: A. Krafft
Journal: BMJ (2013)

At last, benefits on maternal measures and risk of low birth weight are shown 

In the linked review and meta-analysis of anaemia, prenatal iron use, and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes (doi:10.1136/bmj.f3443), Haider and colleagues make a strong case for iron supplementation in pregnancy.1 Iron deficiency is the world’s most common and widespread nutritional disorder. Not only does it affect many women and children in developing countries, it is the one nutritional deficiency that is also highly prevalent in industrialised countries. World Health Organization data indicate that a staggering two billion people—around 30% of the world’s population—may have anaemia, mainly as a result of iron deficiency, often exacerbated in resource poor areas by infectious disease.2 Iron deficiency is thus …
Smoking and psoriasis
Authors: H C Williams
Journal: BMJ (1994)

O'Doherty and MacIntyre first drew attention to the strong link between smoking habits and palmoplantar pustular psoriasis in 1985.1 Other studies have suggested that smoking might be an important risk factor for chronic plaque psoriasis as well.*RF 2-5* Most of these studies have recorded information on smoking and psoriasis simultaneously but have also inquired into smoking habits before the onset of the skin disease. There seems little doubt that smoking and psoriasis are associated, but two critical questions remain unanswered: to what extent is the association a causal one, and how important are the implications for the public?

Though four out of six independent studies have suggested a twofold to threefold increased risk of psoriasis in smokers,*RF 2-7* these might all …
Book Review The Double-Edged Helix: Social Implications of Genetics in a Diverse Society Edited by Joseph S. Alper, Catherine Ard, Adrienne Asch, Jon Beckwith, Peter Conrad, and Lisa N. Geller. 293 pp. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002. $49.95. 0-8018-6964-1
Authors: Jeffrey C. Long
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)
Harbaksh Singh Capoore
Authors: P Capoore, M Hirons, J Hood
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former consultant psychiatrist Bexley Hospital and honorary consultant Kent and Canterbury Hospital (b Lucknow, India, 1917; q Leeds 1943; DPM, MD, FRCPsych), died from carcinomatosis on 23 August 2003​2003




Figure 1




Buns, as he was known, came to England in 1934, studying dentistry in Leeds before qualifying in medicine. In 1949 he was appointed consultant to Bexley Hospital and later to St Vincent's Approved School. He participated in the great changes in psychiatry, including the coming of antipsychotics and antidepressants, the opening of locked wards, and the closure of the large mental hospitals. After retirement he continued to attend paediatric ward rounds until a few months before his death. He had an interest in fast cars and continued to drive his Porsche until a few weeks before his death. Predeceased by his wife, he leaves a daughter.
BLOOD FLOW THROUGH EACH LUNG IN MAN DURING UNILATERAL HYPOXIA 1
Authors: A. P. Fishman, A. Himmelstein, H. W. Fritts, A. Cournand
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1955)

It is well established that pulmonary hypertension may be elicited in man by reducing the oxygen content of the inspired air. The mechanisms involved in this response to acute hypoxia, and the role of the individual segments of the pulmonary vascular tree in effecting this rise in pulmonary arterial pressure, are currently under investigation. In order to further analyze this phenomenon, a method has been developed for the separate measurement of blood flow through each lung in man. This method consists of a combination of (a) bronchospirometry, with each lung breathing a specifically selected oxygen mixture, (b) cardiac catheterization, and (c) arterial cannulation; this makes possible the application of the Fick principle, not only for the measurement of total blood flow, but also of blood flow through each lung. Previous attempts to partition pulmonary blood flow in man have been indirect, and have involved many assumptions (1). It is the purpose of this paper to 1) describe a method based on more direct data, and 2) present the results of studies concerning the effects of unilateral hypoxia upon the pulmonary circulation in man.
Identifying toxic fractions of wheat gluten and their effect on the jejunal mucosa in coeliac disease
Authors: A. S. Dissanayake, D. W. Jerrome, R. E. Offord, S. C. Truelove, R. Whitehead
Journal: Gut (1974)

The toxicity of three fractions (A, B, and C) obtained by ultrafiltration of a peptic: tryptic digest of gluten has been assessed by serial feeding experiments in patients with treated coeliac disease. The first fraction (A), which contains amino acids and oligopeptides, produced no damage to the jejunal mucosa. The other two fractions (B and C) both caused mucosal damage. Fraction B, which contains the products of digestion of smaller molecular weight, consists of polypeptides which are concentrated in the region of 8000 molecular weight. It contains no gliadin (molecular weight 50 000) or gluten. Ultrastructural evidence of damage was visible six hours after challenge with fraction B and by 10 hours histological abnormalities were also present. Ultrastructural abnormalities occurred early in the epithelial cells and preceded changes in the basement membrane and capillaries. The disaccharidases showed a pronounced depression in all three subjects by 24 hours. The rapid onset of damage after challenge, coupled with the evidence of recovery as soon as 72 hours later, is more in keeping with a direct action on the surface epithelial cells rather than an immune mechanism.
Abstract 1471: Role of ferritin heavy chain in therapeutic sensitivity of human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Min Pang, Xiaoli Liu, A. B. Madhankumar, James Connor
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Elevated iron requirements and heightened iron metabolism is key to the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. As one of the major iron regulatory proteins, ferritin is elevated in cancer cells and we have previously shown that decreasing ferritin expression in human glioblastoma cells will increase the sensitivity to BCNU and radiation both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigate the underlying mechanism of this finding. Through a nanotechnology-based transfection platform, the human glioma cell line U251 was transfected with H-ferritin siRNA and an effective knockdown efficiency of protein was achieved within 48 hours. H-ferritin down-regulation in glioma cells was associated with a transient decrease in transferrin receptor, suggesting a release of intracellular iron with loss of ferritin. This iron release in turn generated intracellular oxidative stress, which was demonstrated by protein oxidation. The stability of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which is an indicator of radioresistance, was decreased in glioma cells with H-ferritin down-regulation. This observation is consistent with the increased sensitivity to treatment. Exposure to radiation resulted in increased protein oxidation which could be exacerbated by H-ferritin down-regulation. Thus there is a synergistic effect of radiation and H-ferritin down-regulation; possibly also including the destabilization of HIFs. Additionally, we have previously demonstrated a DNA protection role for H-ferritin. Down-regulation of H-ferritin is associated with increased DNA vulnerability when cells were exposed to ionizing radiation. Moreover, the activation of DNA repair mechanisms was impaired when H-ferritin was absent. Finally, we expanded the vulnerability studies to include the first-line chemotherapeutic agent temozolomide and found that H-ferritin down-regulation increased the sensitivity of glioma cells to this DNA alkylating agent. This study suggests that the iron management protein, H-ferritin, has a cytoprotective role in human glioma cells, which renders them more resistant to conventional therapies. Therefore down-regulation of H-ferritin via nanoliposomes delivering siRNA is a potential adjuvant therapy in glioma treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1471. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1471
CARCINOMA OF THE SUPRARENAL ASSOCIATED WITH UNUSUAL ENDOCRINE MANIFESTATIONS
Authors: LINWOOD D. KEYSER
Journal: JAMA (1924)

That the suprarenal cortex is related to the growth of the body and to the development of sex characteristics is well recognized. It has been observed, further, that tumors arising in this area have been associated with marked changes in bodily development and nutrition, and even more striking have been the anomalous sex manifestations presented in such disease. Bulloch and Sequeira,<sup>1</sup>in 1905, compiled twelve cases of neoplasm of the suprarenals in children, the tumors belonging to the hyper-nephromatous or carcinomatous type. These children consistently showed precocious growth and development of strength, early development of the sex organs, and an overgrowth of fat and hair. Glynn,<sup>2</sup>in 1912, added five cases to these, making seventeen in all, fourteen females and three males. The precocious sexual development, even in females, was always toward the male type, with occurrence of beards, absence of menstruation, and hypertrophy of the clitoris in
DEFECTIVE HYPODERMIC NEEDLES
Authors: D. H. Palmer
Journal: JAMA (1952)

To the Editor:—  I have examined 226 hypodermic needles and found that 152, or 67%, are definitely defective, so much so that they would not meet the federal specification requirements for hypodermic needles and, in my opinion, present a therapeutic hazard.  The defects consist of deposits of metal powder in the lumen, metal slivers extending from the inner edge into the lumen, a very rough interior surface of the lumen, and rough surface of the point from grinding. As a rule, needles are defective in two or more of these respects. The rough interior seems to be a major cause of excess deposits of metal powder and wire edges. All brands showed a large percentage of failures, some more than others. Below is a breakdown of the failures of the brands we have examined under a 30 power stereo microscope for (1) powdered metal deposits, (2) wire edges, (3) metal
Pyloric Obstruction Associated with Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Harvey J. Dworken
Journal: JAMA (1962)

In 158 patients with peptic ulcer associated with pyloric obstruction, surgery was performed either for the gastric retention or for other reasons. Eighty-five of these patients were found to have fibrotic stenosis, and of the remaining 73 patients, 43 had penetrating ulcer. The clinical pictures in these patients were analyzed to determine whether the pathological findings might have been predicted. The features usually considered indicative of stenosis proved unreliable. The findings in patients with a penetrating, nonstenotic ulcer were similar to those in patients who had stenosis. The percentage of patients whose retention failed to respond to medical therapy was nearly the same in the group with penetrating ulcer as in the group with stenosis.
Lactose-conjugated polyion complex micelles incorporating plasmid DNA as a targetable gene vector system: their preparation and gene transfecting efficiency against cultured HepG2 cells
Authors: Daisuke Wakebayashi, Nobuhiro Nishiyama, Yuichi Yamasaki, Keiji Itaka, Naoki Kanayama, Atsushi Harada, Yukio Nagasaki, Kazunori Kataoka
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2004)