tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of Transrectal Ultrasound to Stage Prostate Cancer-Reply
Authors: Jonathan I. Epstein
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In Reply.  —It is well known that TRUS is neither sensitive nor specific in identifying prostatic cancer. Approximately one half of prostatic cancers greater than 1 cm in diameter are not visualized on TRUS and only 15% of hypoechoic lesions turn out to be cancer. 1 These observations are further confirmed by our study that demonstrated that TRUS was not predictive of whether tumor was significant or insignificant. Furthermore, investigators at the Mayo Clinic also have shown that there is no difference in tumor extent whether a lesion was visualized or not visualized on TRUS. 2 The rationale for the current TNM staging is not clear. We hope this issue will be reevaluated based on the evidence presented above, and in the future TRUS upstaging of nonpalpable lesions will be eliminated from this classification.
Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: systematic review
Authors: J. Guzman
Journal: BMJ (2001)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To assess the effect of multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation on clinically relevant outcomes in patients with chronic low back pain. <b>Design:</b> Systematic literature review of randomised controlled trials. <b>Participants:</b> A total of 1964 patients with disabling low back pain for more than three months. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Pain, function, employment, quality of life, and global assessments. <b>Results:</b> Ten trials reported on a total of 12 randomised comparisons of multidisciplinary treatment and a control condition. There was strong evidence that intensive multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation with functional restoration improves function when compared with inpatient or outpatient non-multidisciplinary treatments. There was moderate evidence that intensive multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation with functional restoration reduces pain when compared with outpatient non-multidisciplinary rehabilitation or usual care. There was contradictory evidence regarding vocational outcomes of intensive multidisciplinary biopsychosocial intervention. Some trials reported improvements in work readiness, but others showed no significant reduction in sickness leaves. Less intensive outpatient psychophysical treatments did not improve pain, function, or vocational outcomes when compared with non-multidisciplinary outpatient therapy or usual care. Few trials reported effects on quality of life or global assessments. <b>Conclusions:</b> The reviewed trials provide evidence that intensive multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation with functional restoration reduces pain and improves function in patients with chronic low back pain. Less intensive interventions did not show improvements in clinically relevant outcomes. <h3>What is already known on this topic</h3> Disabling chronic pain is regarded as the result of interrelating physical, psychological, and social or occupational factors requiring multidisciplinary intervention Two previous systematic reviews of multidisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic pain were open to bias and did not include any of the randomised controlled trials now available <h3>What this study adds</h3> Intensive, daily biopsychosocial rehabilitation with a functional restoration approach improves pain and function in chronic low back pain Less intensive interventions did not show improvements in clinically relevant outcomes It is unclear whether the improvements are worth the cost of these intensive treatments
Reversible Cerebral Hypoperfusion Observed With Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in Reversible Dementia Caused by Hypothyroidism
Authors: SEIGO KINUYA, TAKATOSHI MICHIGISHI, NORIHISA TONAMI, TAMIO ABURANO, SHIRO TSUJI, TAKUMA HASHIMOTO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1999)

A 69-year-old man had hypothyroid dementia as a result of I-131 therapy and an overdose of methimazole. Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT revealed diffuse cerebral hypoperfusion. The findings of brain SPECT normalized with the disappearance of symptoms and a return to the euthyroid state. There was a 25% or 26% reduction of the mean cerebral blood flow during dementia. This may be the first report in which SPECT brain imaging revealed reversible hypoperfusion associated with reversible hypothyroid dementia.
Congenital Saccular Aneurysms of the Aortic Ring
Authors: H. EDWARD MACMAHON, DIETER H. KELLER
Journal: Circulation (1962)

Congenital saccular aneurysms arising in the area of the aortic ring are not common. They may be located deep in the aortic sinus, at the commissure of two adjacent cusps, or in the area involving the membranous portion of the interventricular septum. They may be found at any age. This report concerns a child 2 years of age with a relatively large saccular aneurysm of the aortic ring just at the site of the commissure between the right and noncoronary cusps of the aortic valve. Terminally, this anomaly was complicated by infection leading to vegetative and ulcerative endocarditis. Death was sudden and was apparently directly related to the complications of the deformity.
Familial Transmission and Heritability of Childhood Disruptive Disorders
Authors: Marina A. Bornovalova, Brian M. Hicks, William G. Iacono, Matt McGue
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2010)

Objective: There is substantial evidence of a link between parental substance use disorders and antisocial behavior and childhood disruptive disorders in offspring, but it is unclear whether this transmission is specific to particular disorders or if a general liability accounts for familial resemblance. The authors examined whether the association between parental externalizing disorders and childhood disruptive disorders in preadolescent offspring is a result of the transmission of general or disorder-specific liabilities and estimated the genetic and environmental contributions to variation in these general and specific liability indicators. Method: Participants were 1,069 families consisting of 11-year-old twins and their biological mother and father. Structural equation modeling was used to simultaneously estimate the general and specific transmission effects of four parental externalizing disorders (conduct disorder, adult antisocial behavior, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence) on childhood disruptive disorders (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and oppositional defiant disorder). Results: Parent-child resemblance was accounted for by the transmission of a general liability to externalizing disorders, and this general liability was highly heritable. Specific effects were also detected, but for sibling rather than parental transmission. Specific genetic and nonshared environmental effects were detected for each childhood disruptive disorder, but only conduct disorder exhibited a significant shared environmental effect. Conclusions: A highly heritable general liability accounts for the parent-child transmission of externalizing psychopathology from parents to their preadolescent offspring. This general liability should be a focus of research for both etiology and intervention.
mTORC2 Activity Is Elevated in Gliomas and Promotes Growth and Cell Motility via Overexpression of Rictor
Authors: Janine Masri, Andrew Bernath, Jheralyn Martin, Oak D. Jo, Raffi Vartanian, Alexander Funk, Joseph Gera
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract mTORC2 is a multimeric kinase composed of the mammalian target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR), mLST8, mSin1, and rictor. The complex is insensitive to acute rapamycin exposure and has shown functions in controlling cell growth and actin cytoskeletal assembly. mTORC2 has recently been shown to phosphorylate and activate Akt. Because ∼70% of gliomas harbor high levels of activated Akt, we investigated whether mTORC2 activity was elevated in gliomas. In this study, we found that mTORC2 activity was elevated in glioma cell lines as well as in primary tumor cells as compared with normal brain tissue (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, we found that rictor protein and mRNA levels were also elevated and correlated with increased mTORC2 activity. Overexpression of rictor in cell lines led to increased mTORC2 assembly and activity. These lines exhibited increased anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, increased S-phase cell cycle distribution, increased motility, and elevated integrin β1 and β3 expression. In contrast, small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown of rictor inhibited these oncogenic activities. Protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activity was shown to be elevated in rictor-overexpressing lines but reduced in rictor-knockdown clones, consistent with the known regulation of actin organization by mTORC2 via PKCα. Xenograft studies using these cell lines also supported a role for increased mTORC2 activity in tumorigenesis and enhanced tumor growth. In summary, these data suggest that mTORC2 is hyperactivated in gliomas and functions in promoting tumor cell proliferation and invasive potential due to increased complex formation as a result of the overexpression of rictor. [Cancer Res 2007;67(24):11712–20]
Treatment of Lye Burns of the Esophagus
Authors: Robert P. Gulick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE vast majority of serious chemical burns of the esophagus today occur in the young pediatric age group from accidental ingestion of commercial preparations of lye, containing about 95 per cent sodium and potassium hydroxide. The incidence of this occurrence today is not common, largely because of the legally required "poison" label on all such containers.The ingestion of lye causes rapid burns of the mouth, tongue and pharynx. These are usually superficial and heal rapidly. Lye reaching the stomach is quickly neutralized by gastric juice.Burns of the esophagus are more severe because it is here that caustic has . . .
Aspirin, Sulfinpyrazone, or Both in Unstable Angina
Authors: John A. Cairns, Michael Gent, Joel Singer, Keith J. Finnie, Gordon M. Froggatt, Douglas A. Holder, George Jablonsky, William J. Kostuk, Libardo J. Melendez, Martin G. Myers, David L. Sackett, Brian J. Sealey, Paul H. Tanser
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 555 patients with unstable angina who were hospitalized in coronary care units. Patients received one of four possible treatment regimens: aspirin (325 mg four times daily), sulfinpyrazone (200 mg four times daily), both, or neither. They were entered into the trial within eight days of hospitalization and were treated and followed for up to two years (mean, 18 months). The incidence of cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction, considered together, was 8.6 per cent in the groups given aspirin and 17.0 per cent in the other groups, representing a risk reduction with aspirin of 51 per cent (P = 0.008). The corresponding figures for either cardiac death alone or death from any cause were 3.0 per cent in the groups given aspirin and 11.7 per cent in the other groups, representing a risk reduction of 71 per cent (P = 0.004). Analysis by intention to treat yielded smaller risk reductions with aspirin of 30 per cent (P = 0.072), 56 per cent (P = 0.009), and 43 per cent (P = 0.035) for the outcomes of cardiac death or nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac death alone, and all deaths, respectively. There was no observed benefit of sulfinpyrazone for any outcome event, and there was no evidence of an interaction between sulfinpyrazone and aspirin. Considered together with the results of a previous clinical trial, these findings provide strong evidence for a beneficial effect of aspirin in patients with unstable angina.
Renal Papillary Necrosis in Diabetes
Authors: Hugo R. Rony
Journal: JAMA (1961)

RENAL papillary necrosis (RPN) is characterized by necrosis, demarcation, and sequestration of parts of renal papillae, which slough into the pelvis of the kidney and may be passed in the urine. RPN is always accompanied by pyelonephritis, and there is much to suggest that it is caused by, or is a complication of, pyelonephritis, instead of the reverse. According to statistical data in the literature up to a few years ago, about 90% of all cases of RPN occurred in diabetics or in patients with urinary tract obstruction, the ratio being about 2 to 1.1-3The frequency of RPN in diabetes can be judged from the fact that RPN was found at autopsy in about 3% of all diabetic deaths.4,5However, in the past 5 years, a sharp increase of cases of RPN has been reported in a number of papers from European, especially Scandinavian, countries. This
Follicle-Stimulating Isohormones: Characterization and Physiological Relevance
Authors: ALFREDO ULLOA-AGUIRRE, A. REES MIDGLEY, INESE Z. BEITINS, VASANTHA PADMANABHAN
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1995)

FOLLICLE-stimulating hormone (FSH), one of the major hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland, is involved in the regulation and maintenance of essential reproductive processes, such as gametogenesis, follicular development, and ovulation (1–4). Like other glycoprotein hormones, FSH exists as a family of isohormones which have been identified within the anterior pituitary, serum, and urine of several mammalian species, including man (5–10) (Table 1). These isoforms differ in their oligosaccharide structures, including the degree of terminal sialylation and/or sulfation (5, 7, 9). The resulting acidic-basic charge differences provide the major basis for separation, with the number of isoforms identified often being a function of the resolution of the separation technique employed. Structural differences in these isoforms alter their MCRs and biological and immunological potency relationships (6–8). Consequently, target tissues within the gonads are exposed to a mixture of circulating FSH isoforms, the relative composition of which is dependent upon the physiological status of the animal (8–10, 39, 63, 67, 72).
European parliament says health benefits of fighting climate change must be recognised
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Doctors and non-governmental organisations have won an influential ally in their campaign for the health implications of global warming to be given a higher priority at the climate change talks in Copenhagen later this month.

On 25 November the European parliament specifically recognised the importance of health related issues as it set out its ambitions for the summit. Members of the parliament supported three amendments from the Green and Liberal political groups. These pointed to the “large immediate co-benefits to global health” that would result from a binding international framework to reduce emissions of …
AML1/RUNX1 mutations in 470 adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: prognostic implication and interaction with other gene alterations
Authors: Jih-Luh Tang, Hsin-An Hou, Chien-Yuan Chen, Chieh-Yu Liu, Wen-Chien Chou, Mei-Hsuan Tseng, Chi-Fei Huang, Fen-Yu Lee, Ming-Chih Liu, Ming Yao, Shang-Yi Huang, Bor-Sheng Ko, Szu-Chun Hsu, Shang-Ju Wu, Woei Tsay, Yao-Chang Chen, Liang-In Lin, Hwei-Fang Tien
Journal: Blood (2009)
<i>N</i> -acetylcysteine in trichotillomania: further thoughts
Authors: J.M.R. Goulding
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2015)

Journal Article N‐acetylcysteine in trichotillomania: further thoughts Get access J.M.R. Goulding J.M.R. Goulding Dermatology Department Solihull Hospital Lode Lane Solihull B91 2JL U.K https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-9972 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 172, Issue 6, 1 June 2015, Pages 1683–1684, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13693 Published: 01 June 2015
Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines.
Authors: Kati Huttunen, Anne Hyvärinen, Aino Nevalainen, Hannu Komulainen, Maija-Riitta Hirvonen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

We compared the inflammatory and cytotoxic responses caused by household mold and bacteria in human and mouse cell lines. We studied the fungi Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium spinulosum, and Stachybotrys chartarum and the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Streptomyces californicus for their cytotoxicity and ability to stimulate the production of inflammatory mediators in mouse RAW264.7 and human 28SC macrophage cell lines and in the human A549 lung epithelial cell line in 24-hr exposure to 10(5), 10(6), and 10(7) microbes/mL. We studied time dependency by terminating the exposure to 10(6) microbes/mL after 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. We analyzed production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins 6 and 1ss (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1ss, respectively) and measured nitric oxide production using the Griess method, expression of inducible NO-synthase with Western Blot analysis, and cytotoxicity with the MTT-test. All bacteria strongly induced the production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and, to a lesser extent, the formation of IL-1ss in mouse macrophages. Only the spores of Str. californicus induced the production of NO and IL-6 in both human and mouse cells. In contrast, exposure to fungal strains did not markedly increase the production of NO or any cytokine in the studied cell lines except for Sta. chartarum, which increased IL-6 production somewhat in human lung epithelial cells. These microbes were less cytotoxic to human cells than to mouse cells. On the basis of equivalent numbers of bacteria and spores of fungi added to cell cultures, the overall potency to stimulate the production of proinflammatory mediators decreased in the order Ps. fluorescens &gt; Str. californicus &gt; B. cereus &gt; Sta. chartarum &gt; A. versicolor &gt; P. spinulosum. These data suggest that bacteria in water-damaged buildings should also be considered as causative agents of adverse inflammatory effects.
The avian respiratory system: a unique model for studies of respiratory toxicosis and for monitoring air quality.
Authors: R E Brown, J D Brain, N Wang
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

There are many distinct differences (morphologic, physiologic, and mechanical) between the bird's lung-air-sac respiratory system and the mammalian bronchoalveolar lung. In this paper, we review the physiology of the avian respiratory system with attention to those mechanisms that may lead to significantly different results, relative to those in mammals, following exposure to toxic gases and airborne particulates. We suggest that these differences can be productively exploited to further our understanding of the basic mechanisms of inhalant toxicology (gases and particulates). The large mass-specific gas uptake by the avian respiratory system, at rest and especially during exercise, could be exploited as a sensitive monitor of air quality. Birds have much to offer in our understanding of respiratory toxicology, but that expectation can only be realized by investigating, in a wide variety of avian taxa, the pathophysiologic interactions of a broad range of inhaled toxicants on the bird's unique respiratory system.
Human ontogeny of the bile duct to portal space ratio
Authors: Ellen Kahn, James Markowitz, Harvey Aiges, Fredric Daum
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

Paucity of interlobular bile ducts is a common feature of cholestatic liver disease in premature infants. Whereas a bile duct to portal space ratio of 0.9 to 1.8 is cited by Alagille as the norm for children, there are no data regarding the normal bile duct to portal space ratio in preterm infants. In this study, by examining liver tissue obtained from autopsied fetuses and infants, we have determined that the bile duct to portal space ratio increases as a function of postconceptional age. After 38 weeks postconception, a ratio equal to or greater than 0.9 was seen in eight of nine subjects. Therefore, in evaluating premature infants for duct paucity, liver biopsies should be obtained only after 38 weeks. Prior to 38 weeks postconception, a bile duct to portal space ratio less than 0.9 may be physiologic.
Comparison of High-Dose With Low-Dose Aspirin in Patients With Mechanical Heart Valve Replacement Treated With Oral Anticoagulant
Authors: Rau´l Altman, Jorge Rouvier, Enrique Gurfinkel, Alejandra Scazziota, Alexander G.G. Turpie
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background There are no reported studies on the safety and efficacy of low-dose aspirin with low-intensity oral anticoagulation in patients with heart valve replacement. In this study, we compared the use of 100 mg/d aspirin with 650 mg/d aspirin in the prevention of systemic embolism and vascular death in patients with heart valve replacement who were being treated with oral anticoagulants with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0 to 3.0. Methods and Results Four hundred nine of 416 consecutive patients who had cardiac valve replacement were randomized in open allocation into one of two groups; both groups were treated with oral anticoagulant therapy with a target INR of 2.0 to 3.0. Two hundred seven patients who received 100 mg/d aspirin for an average of 24.1 months were compared with 202 patients who received 650 mg/d aspirin for an average of 21.7 months in a randomized-treatment, open-allocation study. There were no significant differences in systemic embolism, vascular death, or total death rates between the low- and high-dose aspirin treatment groups (0.5 and 1.1, 1.2 and 0.5, and 4.6 and 2.5 per 100 patients/y, respectively). The total number of hemorrhagic events was 13.4 per 100 patients/y in the high-dose aspirin group and 7.9 per 100 patients/y in the low-dose aspirin group ( P =.035), but the rate of bleeding was influenced by dipyridamole in the 650-mg aspirin group. Conclusions In patients with mechanical heart valve replacements, low-dose aspirin (100 mg/d) in conjunction with oral anticoagulants at an INR of 2.0 to 3.0 is as effective as the use of high-dose aspirin (650 mg/d) in the prevention of systemic embolism.
Commentary on Report on Oral Poliomyelitis Vaccines
Authors: Albert B. Sabin
Journal: JAMA (1964)

FIRST OF ALL I would like to emphasize those portions of the report with which I am in full agreement:   Communities which have not yet had mass campaigns should have them during the forthcoming autumn and winter (1964-1965). The mere absence of cases for several years in communities with large numbers of persons who have not had the benefit of immunization with oral poliovirus vaccine should constitute a warning of potential future outbreaks rather than a basis for complacency.  Special emphasis should be placed on the immunization of infants during the first year of life. If this is not done on a larger scale than heretofore, even communities that have already had satisfactory mass campaigns will not long continue to enjoy freedom from poliomyelitis.  Pending ultimate determination of the duration of immunity following oral vaccine, vaccination of all children on entry to elementary school should become a