tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Animal models of occupational asthma
Authors: MH Karol
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1994)

Occupational asthma is characterized by variable airflow obstruction occurring in the workplace. The presence of airways inflammation and hyperreactivity provides further evidence for the disease. Since its pathogenic mechanism(s) are unknown, animal models have been developed to investigate the various disease processes, as well as to enable study of environmental and genetic factors which may contribute to disease development. Numerous parameters can be measured in animal systems, including specific and total immunoglobulin E (IgE), pulmonary eosinophilia, diaphragm contractions and airflow muscle hypertrophy. It is recognized that no single factor is sufficient to lead to a conclusion of occupational asthma, but rather that a selected combination of parameters is most fitting. Animal species selected for study have included: mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, sheep, horses and nonhuman primates. A guinea-pig system has been utilized for more than 90 yrs and has contributed to the basic understanding of physiological and immunological processes involved in allergic respiratory sensitization. The benefits as well as the disadvantages to be derived from each of the animal systems have been enumerated in this review. Certain caveats must be recognized in using animal systems. Attention must always be given to identifying differences which exist between animal and human systems, including morphological, physiological and immunological factors. The extent of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) differs greatly among animal species and probably plays a major role in development of allergic responsiveness in animals. In using animal systems, it must be appreciated that animals are only surrogates. Results from such studies must be compared with information obtained from clinical evaluation in order to avoid faulty extrapolations. Prudent employment of animal models is expected to advance the recognition, treatment and prevention of occupationally-based asthma.
Problems With Condom Catheters-Reply
Authors: Nicholas J. Cotsonas
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Lipolytic Factors Associated With Murine and Human Cancer cachexia
Authors: S. A. Beck, H. D. Mulligan, M. J. Tisdale
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Lipolytic Factors Associated With Murine and Human Cancer cachexia Get access Susan A. Beck, Susan A. Beck CRC Experimental Chemotherapy group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Helen D. Mulligan, Helen D. Mulligan CRC Experimental Chemotherapy group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael J. Tisdale Michael J. Tisdale * CRC Experimental Chemotherapy group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston UniversityBirmingham, UK. * Corresapondence to: Michael J. Tisdale, DSc, CRC Experimental Chemotherapy Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 24, 19 December 1990, Pages 1922–1926, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.24.1922 Published: 19 December 1990 Article history Received: 17 September 1990 Accepted: 02 October 1990 Published: 19 December 1990
Cardiac energy metabolism is disturbed in Fabry disease and improves with enzyme replacement therapy using recombinant human galactosidase A
Authors: Wolfram Machann, Frank Breunig, Frank Weidemann, Jörn Sandstede, Dietbert Hahn, Herbert Köstler, Stefan Neubauer, Christoph Wanner, Meinrad Beer
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2010)
Abstract 3299: Targeting therapy-resistant glioma cells with novel compounds that inhibit action of survivin
Authors: Habibe Demir, Abhik Ray-Chaudhury, Tom Li, Chenglong Li, Ichiro Nakano
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most lethal diseases in adults. Despite intensive treatment with surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, recurrence of tumors is inevitable in the majority of cases. It is therefore essential to determine the mechanism of establishment of therapy resistance in glioma cells and their effective targeting. Survivin is a member of the family of inhibitor-of-apoptosis (IAP) proteins, which functions as a key regulator of mitosis and apoptosis. Here, we sought to characterize survivin as a therapeutic target of GBM and identify a novel anti-glioma agent that inhibits survivin pathway. Methods: Expression of survivin was analyzed immuohistochemically with 11 primary and recurrent GBM samples derived from the matched patients. In silico drug design was used to synthesize novel compounds that target dimerization of survivin. Effects of these compounds were tested with two distinct methods; (1) Treatment of patient-derived tumor spheres, and (2) direct injection into explants from surgical tissues of GBM. Results: In 8 of 11 patients, survivin expression was increased in recurrent GBM samples compared to primary ones. Computational structure-based drug design suggested that two novel compounds, LLP3 and LLP9, inhibit survivin dimerization, which is essential for survivin function. Treatment of two patient-derived tumor spheres with 50 µM of LLP3 completely abolished sphere formation. The IC50 of LLP3 and LLP9 ranged between 25 and 50 µM, and between 40 and 70 µM, respectively, on 4 different GBM patient cells. Direct injection of LLP3 reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis in the tested GBM samples. Treatment of mouse tumors derived from GBM patient cells with LLP3 and LLP9 will also be described. Conclusions: Upregulated survivin expression in recurrent tumors after chemoradiotherapy suggests that survivin is preferentially expressed in therapy-resistant GBM cells. Our novel compound, LLP3 strongly arrests tumor cell growth and induces apoptosis both in sphere cultures and in undissociated tumor blocks. Our results indicate a novel therapeutic strategy for GBM and, more specifically, for resistant recurrent tumors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3299. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3299
Overview of human health and chemical mixtures: problems facing developing countries.
Authors: Leticia Yáñ ez, Deogracias Ortiz, Jaqueline Calderón, Lilia Batres, Leticia Carrizales, Jesús Mejía, Lourdes Martínez, Edelmira García-Nieto, Fernando Díaz-Barriga
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

In developing countries, chemical mixtures within the vicinity of small-scale enterprises, smelters, mines, agricultural areas, toxic waste disposal sites, etc., often present a health hazard to the populations within those vicinities. Therefore, in these countries, there is a need to study the toxicological effects of mixtures of metals, pesticides, and organic compounds. However, the study of mixtures containing substances such as DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, an insecticide banned in developed nations), and mixtures containing contaminants such as fluoride (of concern only in developing countries) merit special attention. Although the studies may have to take into account simultaneous exposures to metals and organic compounds, there is also a need to consider the interaction between chemicals and other specific factors such as nutritional conditions, alcoholism, smoking, infectious diseases, and ethnicity.
PERITYPHLITIS TERMINATING IN RESOLUTION.
Authors: J. B. STAIR
Journal: JAMA (1884)

around its most contracted portion or stem.The surface of the stone was rough.It could be easily cut with a knife, the section showing a laminated structure.A drop of acid upon the surface caused carbonic acid to bubble up, showing that carbonate of lime entered into its composition.Chemical analysis showed that phosphate of lime was the chief constituent.The tumor had annoyed the patient for a long time.Its peculiar nature was not suspected till revealed by ulcération of the sac.PERITYPHLITIS TERMINATING IN RESOLUTION.
The Two Faces of Medicine
Authors: Frank J. Ayd
Journal: JAMA (1967)

For more than 30 years, Dr. Carl Binger, an erudite psychoanalyst and a gifted writer, has been publishing on the integration of medicine and psychiatry. From these studies he has selected those which compose this book. Thereby he provides the readers with a fascinating review of the development of his ideas about psychosomatic medicine—the treatment of the whole patient and the need for all physicians to avoid the body-mind dichotomy and to consider psychological factors inevitably a part of every illness. Dr. Binger is a humanist, a medical historian, and an experienced teacher. These attributes are evident throughout this book and make it not only informative and instructive but a pleasure to read.<i>The Two Faces of Medicine</i>is a thought-provoking book for leisurely perusal at the end of a practitioner's day. Although this volume merits praise and commendation, there are a few deficiencies which detract from its value. Frequently,
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FOWL CHOLERA
Authors: Ida W. Pritchett, F. R. Beaudette, T. P. Hughes
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1930)

An investigation of endemic fowl cholera, the common form of the disease in this locality, has been made at a poultry farm in Belle Meade, N. J. The focus or reservoir of P. avicida proved to be the healthy pullets which had become carriers the previous year and which were selected as the breeding stock for the ensuing season. From these carriers, the organisms spread and gave rise during the winter months to the various forms of infection, including the carrier state, localized upper respiratory disease, and typical cholera. Strains of P. avicida were in general very similar and of the "blue" colony type. They were all of the same low degree of virulence; no differences were demonstrable between a) "carrier" and "autopsy" strains, b) strains where the infection was spreading and severe, and strains where disease was rare, and c) "autumn" and "winter" strains. In general, a relatively high carrier rate was accompanied by a high mortality rate, although in one instance, a community with high carrier incidence plus a probable high degree of host resistance suffered but little fatal infection. An attempt was made to reduce the amount of cholera by the removal of carriers. The results of this measure indicate that such a procedure is both effective and practical.
Transmembrane 6 superfamily member 2 gene variant disentangles nonalcoholic steatohepatitis from cardiovascular disease
Authors: Paola Dongiovanni, Salvatore Petta, Cristina Maglio, Anna Ludovica Fracanzani, Rosaria Pipitone, Enrico Mozzi, Benedetta Maria Motta, Dorota Kaminska, Raffaela Rametta, Stefania Grimaudo, Serena Pelusi, Tiziana Montalcini, Anna Alisi, Marco Maggioni, Vesa Kärjä, Jan Borén, Pirjo Käkelä, Vito Di Marco, Chao Xing, Valerio Nobili, Bruno Dallapiccola, Antonio Craxi, Jussi Pihlajamäki, Silvia Fargion, Lars Sjöström, Lena M. Carlsson, Stefano Romeo, Luca Valenti
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

Excess hepatic storage of triglycerides is considered a benign condition, but nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to fibrosis and promote atherosclerosis. Carriers of the TM6SF2 E167K variant have fatty liver as a result of reduced secretion of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs). As a result, they have lower circulating lipids and reduced risk of myocardial infarction. In this study, we aimed to assess whether TM6SF2 E167K affects liver damage and cardiovascular outcomes in subjects at risk of NASH. Liver damage was evaluated in 1,201 patients who underwent liver biopsy for suspected NASH; 427 were evaluated for carotid atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular outcomes were assessed in 1,819 controls from the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) cohort. Presence of the inherited TM6SF2 E167K variant was determined by TaqMan assays. In the liver biopsy cohort, 188 subjects (13%) were carriers of the E167K variant. They had lower serum lipid levels than noncarriers (P < 0.05), had more-severe steatosis, necroinflammation, ballooning, and fibrosis (P < 0.05), and were more likely to have NASH (odds ratio [OR]: 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23-2.79) and advanced fibrosis (OR, 2.08; 95% CI: 1.20-3.55), after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, fasting hyperglycemia, and the I148M PNPLA3 risk variant. However, E167K carriers had lower risk of developing carotid plaques (OR, 0.49; 95% CI: 0.25-0.94). In the SOS cohort, E167K carriers had higher alanine aminotransferase ALT and lower lipid levels (P < 0.05), as well as a lower incidence of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.39-0.95).Carriers of the TM6SF2 E167K variant are more susceptible to progressive NASH, but are protected against cardiovascular disease. Our findings suggest that reduced ability to export VLDLs is deleterious for the liver.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Balduin Lucké, Morton McCutcheon, Max Strumia, Stuart Mudd
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1929)

The work reported in this and in previous papers (1, 7) demonstrates the following relations for acid-fast bacteria and rabbit polymorphonudear leucocytes: 1. The combination of a substance or substances present in fresh immune rabbit serum, heated or unheated, or in fresh unheated normal rabbit serum, with a substance or substances in the bacterial surface causes an increase in cohesiveness, decrease in surface potential difference and characteristic alteration in wetting properties of the bacteria, and prepares the bacteria for phagocytosis. 2. (a) The effective substance or substances in the serum may become so altered as the result of heating or aging that combination with the bacterial surface, while causing changes in bacterial surface properties indistinguishable by the present physical-chemical tests from these just mentioned, may not lead to phagocytosis, or may lead to phagocytosis with a prezone not paralleled by a prezone in the changes in surface properties. (b) Sensitization of bacteria with human sera causes changes in surface properties similar to those caused by rabbit sera, but does not lead to phagocytosis by rabbit leucocytes. The spreading requirements of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes are evidently highly selective.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC HYPERCAPNIA ON ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM. I. ADAPTATION*
Authors: Adolf Polak, Gordon D. Haynie, Richard M. Hays, William B. Schwartz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1961)

Although chronic respiratory acidosis is one of the commonest clinical disturbances of acid-base balance, the process of adaptation which it induces has not been extensively investigated.Normal man tolerates prolonged exposure to high CO., tensions poorly and is, therefore, not a suitable subject for study.Recent observations in the rat exposed to a high CO, atmosphere (1, 2) have provided much valuable information, but no balance data are available in the dog, the animal which appears more closely to resemble man in its adjustment to other disturbances of acid-base equilibrium.For this reason, and in order to provide a basis for further investigations of chronic hypercapnia in the dog, the present stud- ies of adaptation were undertaken. METHODSEleven balance studies were carried out on 11 healthy female mongrel dogs weighing between 13 and 20 kg.Observations were made during a 4-to 7-day control period and a 6-to 15-day period of exposure to 10 to 13 per cent carbon dioxide (CO2 period).The studies were carried out with the dogs in meta- bolic cages maintained at a temperature of approxi- mately 150 C inside a small, ventilated room.The cages were covered with a plastic canopy which was left open during the control period.During the CO2 period the canopy was closed, and a gas mixture of C02, 02, and compressed air was delivered into it.The ratio of the gases delivered was regulated manually.The CO2 content of the cages was monitored frequently with a Kwik-Check carbon dioxide analyzer (Burrell Corp.),
Immunoregulatory cytokines in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Pre- and posttreatment with interferon alfa
Authors: T V Cacciarelli, O M Martinez, R G Gish, J C Villanueva, S M Krams
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

T lymphocytes and immunoregulatory cytokines may be important in the host response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. T–helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines (interleukin [IL]–2, interferon gamma [IFN–gamma]) are required for host antiviral immune responses, including cytotoxic T–cell generation and natural killer cell activation, while T–helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines (IL–4,IL–10) can inhibit the development of these effector mechanisms. In this study, the serum levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in patients (n = 23) infected with HCV were measured and compared with biochemical (alanine transaminase [ALT]) and viral (HCV RNA) indicators of infection. Serial cytokine levels were measured in a subset of 11 patients at 1 and 12 weeks during and at 1 week after interferon alfa (IFN–α) therapy (n = 33 samples). Levels of circulating IL–2, IL–4, IL–10, and IFN–γ were significantly elevated in HCV patients versus normal controls (128 vs. 25 pg/mL, 3,045 vs. 29 pg/mL, 2,949 vs. 18 pg/mL, and 307 vs. 24 pg/mL respectively; P &lt; .01). Treatment with IFN–α decreased the levels of IL–4 (321 ± 224 pg/mL), and IL–10 (1,011 ± 344 pg/mL), which paralleled a decrease in HCV RNA (114 ± 27 vs. 25 ± 20 Eq/ml X 105, pre– vs. post–IFN–α [12 weeks]; P &lt;.05). These findings indicate that an activated T–cell response, as manifest by increased circulating immunoregulatory cytokines, is present in patients with HCV liver disease. Furthermore, treatment with HCV liver disease. Furthermore, treatment with IFN–α diminishes the Th2 cytokine response. Thus, modulation of T–cell function and cytokine production may be one mechanism whereby IFN–α therapy results in reduced viral burden.
The Pulmonary Pathologic Physiology of Persons Who Smoke Cigarettes
Authors: Russell H. Wilson, Robert S. Meador, Bruce E. Jay, Evelyn Higgins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

CIGARETTE smoke has been found to be closely related to the increased incidence of pulmonary cancer.1 The epic work of Auerbach et al.2 on the effects of smoking on the tracheobronchial epithelium not only reveals carcinoma in situ and increased incidence of carcinoma but also presents clear evidence of basal-cell hyperplasia, increased stratification of the surface mucosa, squamous-cell metaplasia and other signs of chronic inflammation of varying degrees.In a study of 221 persons who were normal except for their smoking habits, Blackburn and his associates3 reported a significant decrease in the pulmonary functions in subjects who smoked more than . . .
Surgical pathology and general practice.
Authors: W F Whimster, R A Leonard
Journal: BMJ (1991)

<h3>Background</h3> There is limited evidence of the impact of policies to promote work–family balance on family health. Exploiting the introduction of the UK Flexible Working Act (2003), we examined whether a policy that grants parents <i>the right to request</i> flexible work influences their health and well-being. <h3>Methods</h3> Using the UK Millennium Cohort Study, we focus on 6424 mothers employed in 2001–2002, when the cohort child was 9 months old, until their child’s seventh birthday. We used a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach to compare changes in outcomes before and after the policy among mothers most likely to benefit and mothers unlikely to benefit from the policy. <h3>Results</h3> Flexible working increased in a small group of mothers (n=548) whose employer did not offer work flexibility before the reform (treatment group). By contrast, among mothers whose employer already offered flexible work before the reform (control group, n=5810), there was little change or a slight decline in flexible working. DiD estimates suggest that the policy was associated with an increase in flexible working (37.5 percentage points, 95% CI 32.9 to 41.6), but it had no impact on self-rated health (−1.6 percentage points, 95% CI −4.4 to 1.1), long-term illness (−1.87 percentage points, 95% CI −4.3 to 0.5) or life satisfaction scores (β=0.04, 95% CI −0.08 to 0.16). <h3>Conclusion</h3> The Flexible Working Act increased flexible working only among a small group of mothers who had not yet the right to request work flexibility, but it had no impact on their health and well-being. Policies promoting work flexibility may require stronger incentives for both parents and employers.
Screening Sigmoidoscopy for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Bernard Levin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

There is controversy about the value of screening for colorectal cancers. These cancers are thought to develop by progression through a series of premalignant and early malignant phases that culminate in invasive cancer. Theoretically, screening procedures that detect and lead to the removal of adenomatous polyps or early cancers should result in a decrease in mortality. Unfortunately, there is incomplete evidence to date from any prospective study that screening produces this benefit. The lack of evidence supporting the efficacy of screening for colorectal cancer has led to a divergence in expert recommendations. The National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society, . . .
ABOUT FEVER; REFERRING TO NATURAL ECONOMICS.
Authors: WILLIAM S. STOAKLEY
Journal: JAMA (1896)

The stress which is laid on the hyperthermic condition which nature shows in her attempt to restore the "normal status of affairs" when she is aflame, as the leading symptom to be speedily suppressed by us, is, in my humble opinion, carried something to the extreme. Fever is a signal to us that nature is offended, consequently perturbed, and she takes this course to relieve herself of the offenders. If it is only a symptom, it should not draw our attention too far from the cause, which latter, if we can remedy, will lower the temperature as a matter of course. This hyperpyrexic mobilization, then, is nature's way to get rid of her troubles; and we are induced to believe that the morbific elementaries are either destroyed or rendered<i>hors du combat</i>by this, we think, inhibitory action, when aided in the proper direction by art. How many gastric fermentative