tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Immune and inflammatory function in cigarette smokers.
Authors: P G Holt
Journal: Thorax (1987)

Immune and inflammatory function in cigarette smokersTobacco smoking is associated with increased prevalence of various diseases, both in the respiratory tract and in distal organs.The possibility that tobacco smoke induced changes in immune and inflammatory processes may play a part in the aetiology and pathogenesis of many of these diseases was first recognised in the mid 1960s.The ensuing decade witnessed a steadily increasing research effort centred on toxico- logical aspects of chronic inhalation of tobacco smoke in relation to immune and inflammatory cell function in experimental animals.This work (reviewed by Holt and Keast') defined a discrete pat- tern of change in animals during the course of tobacco smoke exposure, with the following salient features: (1) systemically, biphasic fluctuations were observed in primary T cell dependent humoral and cellular immune responses, initial enhancement dur- ing the first few months of exposure eventually giving way to suppression in chronically exposed animals;(2) T cell independent immune responses (for exam- ple, to bacterial polysaccharide antigens) and second- ary immune responses dependent on T memory cells remained normal in these animals; (3) an immediate and profound suppression of T cell function was noted in the respiratory tract, together with (4) the steady development of an expanded and functionally altered population of alveolar macrophages.Recognition of the possibility that similar effects occur in man has provided the impetus for various direct studies on aspects of immune and inflammatory cell functions in human smokers.Fur- thermore, it has become accepted practice to segre- gate the smokers within "control" populations, par- ticularly in studies using bronchoalveolar lavage.The available data from these human studies are reviewed below in the light of the information available from earlier animal experiments. Studies on peripheral blood CELL POPULATIONSThe phenomenon of smokers' leucocytosis, character-
Carcinogen risk assessment.
Authors: R E Albert
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

A molecular biological rationale for the linear nonthreshold dose-response pattern for carcinogenesis is presented based on the mutagenic activation of oncogens as the basis of initiation. The approach assumes that the linear nonthreshold dose pattern at very low doses applies only to tissues that are promoted by intrinsic and extrinsic agents other than the one being modeled, and that risk is characterized on a relative rather than absolute basis in terms of aggregate tumor response.
Critical Analysis of the Relationship Between Sexual Dysfunctions and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Due to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Mauro Gacci, Ian Eardley, Francois Giuliano, Dimitris Hatzichristou, Steven A. Kaplan, Mario Maggi, Kevin T. McVary, Vincenzo Mirone, Hartmut Porst, Claus G. Roehrborn
Journal: European Urology (2011)
Cannabinoid Modulation of Kaposi's Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus Infection and Transformation
Authors: Xuefeng Zhang, Jian Feng Wang, George Kunos, Jerome E. Groopman
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also named human herpesvirus 8) is necessary but not sufficient for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma. A variety of factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma in addition to KSHV. Marijuana is a widely used recreational agent, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the major active component of marijuana, is prescribed for medicinal use. To evaluate how cannabinoids may affect the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma, we studied primary human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) exposed to KSHV. There was an increased efficiency of KSHV infection in the presence of low doses of Δ9-THC. We also found that Δ9-THC increased the viral load in KSHV-infected HMVEC through activation of the KSHV lytic switch gene, the open reading frame 50. Furthermore, we observed that Δ9-THC stimulated expression of the KSHV-encoded viral G protein–coupled receptor and Kaposi's sarcoma cell proliferation. Our results indicate that Δ9-THC can enhance KSHV infection and replication and foster KSHV-mediated endothelial transformation. Thus, use of cannabinoids may place individuals at greater risk for the development and progression of Kaposi's sarcoma. [Cancer Res 2007;67(15):7230–7]
Antibiotic prescribing: the need for a policy in general practice.
Authors: T D Wyatt, C M Passmore, N C Morrow, P M Reilly
Journal: BMJ (1990)

OBJECTIVE--To see whether changes in prescribing of oral antibacterials in Northern Ireland show the need for a community antibiotics policy. DESIGN--Analysis of prescribing totals for several oral antibiotics obtained retrospectively from the prescription pricing bureau for the years 1983-7. SETTING--Audit of anti-infective prescribing in general practice in Northern Ireland over five years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Respective usage of agents defined as "common" and "occasional" in 1983. RESULTS--There was a gradual decrease in the relative use of common agents from 82% of the total in 1983 to 77% in 1987 together with a complementary increase in the use of occasional agents from 5% to 10%. Pronounced changes were noted in the use of amoxycillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, minocycline, doxycycline, and amoxycillin-clavulanic acid. CONCLUSION--Though this survey found reasonably conservative prescribing, the trend towards increased use of occasional agents has both clinical and cost implications which could be addressed by the use of a prescribing formulary.
ABSCESS OF THE LIVER,RUPTURING INTO THE LESSER CAVITY OF THE PERITONEUM AND GIVING RISE TO PECULIAR SYMPTOMS. OPERATION. RECOVERY.
Authors: F. W. DUDLEY
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Although the subject of hemophilic joints has re- ceived considerable attention of late, many of the sur- gical text-books do not give it adequate mention, and some of them fail to speak of it at all.The compara- tive rarity of the condition, and the importance of its diagnosis, especially of its differentiation from tuber- culosis, failure of which has often led to operation with fatal results, seem to justify the reporting of the follow- ing case which occurred recently in my service as in- terne in the St. Louis City Hospital:
87. Efficient Delivery of Small Interfering RNA Targeting Pro_Inflammatory Cytokines in Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Maroun Khoury, Virginie Escriou, Pascale Louis-Plence, Danièle Noel, Daniel Scherman, Christian Jorgensen, Florence Apparailly
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

The TNF-|[alpha]| is one of the most prominent central cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We recently demonstrated that systemic non-viral delivery of a siRNA targeting the TNF-|[alpha]| efficiently restore the immunological balance in an experiment model of RA. However, 30% of treated patients do not respond to the anti-TNF-|[alpha]| biotherapies. Strong association of other pro-inflammatory cytokines with the pathogenesis of RA prompted us to determine which one might present therapeutic potential for RNA interference in RA.
Lack of Seasonal Mood Change in the Icelandic Population: Results of a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Andres Magnusson, Johann Axelsson, Mikael M. Karlsson, Högni Oskarsson
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2000)

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of seasonal affective disorder—as measured by the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire—has been found to be unexpectedly low among Icelanders. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to measure seasonal variations in the prevalence of anxiety and depression among Icelanders assessed with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire. METHOD: Four 1,000-person cohorts, age 20–70 years, selected at random from the Icelandic National Register, were sent the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale by mail in either January, April, July, or October. Only responses from the 4-week period after each mailing were considered in the subsequent analysis. RESULTS: The mean anxiety and depression scores in winter were not higher than those in summer for either sex. There was no significant difference between winter and summer in rates of actual or borderline cases of anxiety or depression or for the two categories combined. CONCLUSIONS: This lack of seasonality in anxiety and depression is in sharp contrast to findings from similar cross-sectional studies and may reflect the low propensity for seasonal affective disorder that has been described in the Icelandic population.
Diffuse myelitis associated with rubella vaccination.
Authors: S Holt, D Hudgins, K R Krishnan, E M Critchley
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Two patients who had received live rubella vaccine developed diffuse myelitis shortly afterwards. Neither patient fully recovered her motor function. In one patients the time between vaccination and development of neurological signs was rather too short to indicate definitely a causal relation. Nevertheless, the chronological association is suggestive, and other observations of such an association may strengthen the suspicion that rubella vaccination may occasionally cause severe neurological damage.
Prevention of Chloroquine-Resistant Falciparum Malaria
Authors: ELIOT J. PEARLMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

Comments and Corrections1 April 1975Prevention of Chloroquine-Resistant Falciparum MalariaELIOT J. PEARLMAN, M.D., MAJ, MC, ANTHONY P. HALL, M.D., F.A.C.P., COL, MCELIOT J. PEARLMAN, M.D., MAJ, MCSearch for more papers by this author, ANTHONY P. HALL, M.D., F.A.C.P., COL, MCSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-82-4-590 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Permit us to comment tardily on the article "Chemoprophylaxis of Malaria for Travelers" (Ann Intern Med 81:219-224, 1974). Dr. Barrett-Connor is wrong in her summation that weekly chloroquine and primaquine and daily dapsone is the best prophylaxis against chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. It is illogical because she is recommending chloroquine for chloroquine-resistance. Would she recommend chloramphenicol for chloramphenicol-resistant typhoid? The most promising compounds appear to be the combinations of dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors with a sulfonamide or sulfone for the chemosuppression of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria and vivax malaria (1-4).Thanh, Huan, and Tinh (3) showed in a 3-month study...References1. SEGALPEARLMANTHIEMANUN HEW: The suppression of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasitemias by a dapsone-pyrimethamine combination. J Trop Med Hyg 76: 285-290, 1973 MedlineGoogle Scholar2. PEARLMANTHIEMANUNCASTANEDA EWB: The suppression of P. falciparum parasitemias by a diformyldapsone-pyrimethamine combination, in Proceedings, 3rd International Congress of Parasitology. Munich, 1974, pp. 1305-1306 Google Scholar3. THANHHUANTINH PDT: Résultats préliminaires de chimioprophylaxie et de traitement du paludisme dans les forces armées de la république du Vietnam par l'association sulfadoxine sulphormethoxine) pyrimethamine. J Milit Med Vietnam 40:37-46, 1971 Google Scholar4. EBISAWAMUTOMITSUI ITG: Malaria at Nam Dam construction site in Laos. I. Suppression with combinations of sulfonamides and pyrimethamine. Jap J Exp Med 41:209-219, 1971 MedlineGoogle Scholar5. FERNEX M: Progress in the prophylactic use of Fansidar in regions where P. falciparum does not respond to chloroquine. See Reference 2, pp. 1303-1304 Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ELIOT J. PEARLMAN, M.D., MAJ, MC; ANTHONY P. HALL, M.D., F.A.C.P., COL, MCAffiliations: U.S. Army Medical Component SEATO Medical Research Laboratory Rajavithi Road Bangkok, Thailand (APO SF 96346) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byAdult onset Still's diseaseExotic diseases ounce of prevention or pound of cure? 1 April 1975Volume 82, Issue 4Page: 590-591KeywordsChemopreventionChloramphenicolChloroquineMalariaPrimaquineProphylaxisSulfonamideTyphoid ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 April 1975 PDF downloadLoading ...
Aspirin after Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly
Authors: Harlan M. Krumholz
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Letters1 December 1996Aspirin after Myocardial Infarction in the ElderlyHarlan M. Krumholz, MDHarlan M. Krumholz, MDYale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8017.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-125-11-199612010-00016 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Ring raises an interesting question, but our database is not currently configured to determine how many patients in the group not prescribed aspirin were taking NSAIDs. However, although NSAIDs may have antiplatelet activity, their value in reducing mortality after acute myocardial infarction is less well established than that of aspirin [1]. Because administration of aspirin in medium-sized dosages (75 to 325 mg/d) results in a substantial reduction in risk for subsequent adverse cardiac events, it is appropriate to consider aspirin the standard of care. Moreover, current guidelines from the American Heart Association on secondary prevention for patients ...References1. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. I. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. BMJ. 1994; 308:81-106. Google Scholar2. Smith S, Blair S, Criqui M, Fletcher G, Fuster V, Gersh B, et al. Preventing heart attack and death in patients with coronary disease. Circulation. 1995; 92:2-4. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8017. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 December 1996Volume 125, Issue 11Page: 938KeywordsAcute myocardial infarctionAspirinCoronary heart diseaseDatabasesElderlyMortalityMyocardial infarctionNSAIDsStable coronary artery disease Issue Published: 1 December 1996 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1996 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Connectionism, ACT-R, and the principle of self-organization
Authors: Pavel N. Prudkov
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2003)

The target article is based upon the principle that complex mental phenomena result from the interactions among some elementary entities. Connectionist nodes and ACT-R's production rules can be considered as such entities. However, before testing against Newell's macro-criteria, self-organizing models must be tested against criteria relating to the properties of their elementary entities. When such micro-criteria are considered, they separate connectionism from ACT-R and the comparison of these theories against Newell's Tests is hardly correct.
MAINTENANCE OF RESPIRATION IN THE NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
Authors: Frank J. Colgan
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Management of a case of severe respiratory distress syndrome in a newborn boy consisted of endotracheal intubation and maintenance of respiration with a mechanical ventilator for four days. Roentgenograms gave evidence of progressive clearing of the lungs during this time. Physical exhaustion contributes significantly to respiratory failure in infants with this syndrome. Most infants weather the period of respiratory distress and recover without sequelae, but in those who die the clinical picture is one of progressive dyspnea, increased efforts to breathe, exhaustion, and death from anoxia. Prolonged application of artificial ventilation to infants with severe distress may prevent exhaustion.
Disulfiram Will Reduce Medical Complications but Not Cure Alcoholism
Authors: Forest S. Tennant
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The Veterans Administration cooperative study on disulfiram is a welcome relief from the carnival-like atmosphere increasingly shown in newspaper and television advertisements. The serious problem of alcoholism has been lost in the competitive hype among alcoholism treatment centers. Any sophisticated critic using statistical analysis to measure treatment effectiveness is appalled by the display of a media or sports star claiming cure thanks to a specific treatment center's help—which proclaims 80% to 90% cure rates. In addition, the price tag that accompanies these purported cure rates is not put into perspective by being compared with the cost of a herniorrhaphy, obstetrical delivery, myocardial infarction, or coronary bypass. This cooperative study provides advanced data on the merit and role of disulfiram and sheds additional light on the epidemiologic outcomes of alcoholism treatment. Dr Fuller and his colleagues<sup>1</sup>summarize their finding by stating that disulfiram did not enhance
Effect of infarct location on the in-hospital prognosis of patients with first transmural myocardial infarction.
Authors: S Thanavaro, R E Kleiger, M A Province, J W Hubert, J P Miller, R J Krone, G C Oliver
Journal: Circulation (1982)

We studied the in-hospital prognosis of 1105 patients who had their first transmural myocardial infarction; 611 patients (55.3%) had anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) and 494 (44.7%) had inferior myocardial infarction (IMI). Patients with IMI had a significantly lower in-hospital mortality rate (9.1% vs 15.6%, p = 0.0014) and significantly lower prevalences of congestive heart failure (39.4% vs 47.6%, p = 0.0066), cardiogenic shock ( 8.7% vs 12.6%, p = 0.0384) and conduction defects (left anterior hemiblock, right bundle branch block and intraventricular conduction defect). The patients with AMI had significantly higher peak enzyme levels, and a greater percentage of them (40.1% vs 25.9%) had SGOT greater than 240 IU/l, whereas more patients with IMI (34.6% vs 27.8%) had SGOT less than 120 IU/l (p = 0.0001). When the parallel subgroups were compared according to the peak SGOT levels (less than 120, 120-240, and greater than 240 IU/l, the differences in the mortality and morbidity between the two infarct locations diminished. However, patients with AMI still had a less favorable outcome. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that both the peak enzyme level and the infarct location had an independent influence on the in-hospital prognosis of patients with first transmural infarction.
The Intermediate Hospital
Authors: Harry T. Phillips
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

FACILITIES intermediate between the short-term general hospital and the customary chronic-disease or custodial institution or nursing home have long been needed, whether provided in a separate hospital or in a separate section of a general hospital. Their function should be to administer active medical care for chronic conditions for as long as specific medical treatment is justified, whether for a month, a year or even longer. After receiving maximum treatment in an intermediate hospital facility, the patient should go back to work, continue with supportive treatment in his own home or a nursing home or, if his medical needs are . . .
PNEUMOCOCCUS (TYPE XXVIII) ENDOCARDITIS WITH RECOVERY
Authors: Nathan Blumberg
Journal: JAMA (1942)

Recovery from pneumococcic endocarditis is rare. We have been able to find only 2 previous reports of its occurrence. Preble<sup>1</sup>in 1904 reported 2 cases, 1 of which can be interpreted as pneumococcic bacteremia associated with lobar pneumonia occurring in a patient with antecedent rheumatic heart disease. His other case appears more genuine: A girl aged 18 years had severe chills and fever five days after recovery from pneumonia. Systolic and diastolic murmurs were then heard, the heart having previously been normal. Pneumococci were found on repeated blood smears and cultures. The temperature returned to normal after being elevated for six days, and the patient made a clinical recovery. The murmurs persisted. Embolic phenomena were not noted. Laubry and Coffin<sup>2</sup>reported 1 case: A woman aged 56 had a prolonged febrile course and, during the course of her illness, a systolic mitral murmur developed. Two blood cultures showed
PROCEDURAL VARIATION IN THE PERFORMANCE OF PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FOR ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION: A SURVEY STUDY OF US INTERVENTIONAL CARDIOLOGISTS
Authors: Aiay J. Kirtane, Austin Lee Chiang, Susheel Kodali, Michael Lee, Allen Jeremias, Duane Pinto, Sripal Bangalore, Robert Yeh, Timothy Henry, Georgina Lopez-Cruz, Roxana Mehran
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Stress, Coping, and Development in Children
Authors: Stuart M. Finch
Journal: JAMA (1984)

This book has a deceptively simple title but its contents are complex. It is an outgrowth of a seminar at the Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences from 1979 to 1980. The 12 chapters are written by individual authors from varied fields, so some overlaps and repetitions are inevitable. As this reviewer sees it, the problems and questions often posed but unanswered are as follows. First, there is the fact that relatively little research in this area has been focused on children as compared with adults. Then, there is the difficulty in adapting a definition of stress to which all would agree. What is a stress for some may not be for others. Do we measure stress psychologically or physiologically? How do we separate the effects of acute severe stress from that which is chronic and of less intensity? To add another complication, why do some youths and adults
Sensitization of isolated canine coronary arteries to calcium ions after exposure to cholesterol.
Authors: M Yokoyama, P D Henry
Journal: Circulation Research (1979)

The abundance of membrane cholesterol is an important determinant of the functional properties of biomembranes. To determine whether arterial smooth muscle acquires altered contractile properties in a high cholesterol environment, isolated canine coronary arteries were exposed to cholesterol in stable aqueous solution. Cholesterol, 10(-12) to 10(-10) M, was an efficacious vasoconstrictor, as maximum contractions equaled those obtained with 15 mM KCl. Antiadrenergic interventions, including chemical sympathectomy in vivo with 6-hydroxydopamine and alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade with phentolamine and L-propranolol (both 10(-6 M), did not significantly attenuate the contractions. However, responses to cholesterol were abolished completely by (+/-)-verapamil (10(-6) M). Cholesterol in picomolar concentration enhanced the constrictor effects of CaCl2 and KCl, both in the presence and absence of alpha- and beta-adrenergic blockade. Increases in tone in response to graded elevations in the CaCl2 concentration (0-2 mM) were augmented up to 1.5-fold by 10(-12) M cholesterol (P less than 0.01). Results indicate that cholesterol sensitizes isolated coronary arteries to external Ca2+ by a nonadrenergic mechanism. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that acquisition of membrane cholesterol may alter the contractile properties of coronary arterial smooth muscle, a phenomenon that could play a role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic heart disease.