tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Visual Fields: A Textbook and Atlas of Clinical Perimetry
Authors: Thomas R. Hedges
Journal: JAMA (1965)

This edition of an already widely read and authoritative teaching volume on perimetry will undoubtedly be as well received as was the first. The author's vast clinical experience adds a special quality to a subject often controversial as to techniques and instrumentation as well as interpretation. He has presented his views without being arbitrary. The author reverses the usual procedure by doing a tangent screen examination before perimetry. A 2 meter screen is preferred, but he admits that it is generally advisable to start with the 1 meter and then go to the 2 meter screen, when available, for more minute examination of the inner isopters. The simple cloth screen at 1 meter, most generally used in this country, has the advantage of being suitable for smaller rooms. The more wide-spread use of a 2 meter screen is certainly advisable from the reviewer's standpoint, particularly where perimetry is being taught
US Supreme Court may have to settle dispute over patenting DNA sequences
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The US Supreme Court may be asked to rule whether isolated sequences of DNA can be patented, in a challenge to a controversial patent conferring a US monopoly on testing for gene mutations that increase women’s risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer.

The American Civil Liberties Union and the Public Patent Foundation brought the lawsuit in 2009, together with the Association for Molecular Pathology, doctors’ organisations, patient advocacy groups, and individual doctors and patients. They argued that patents covering the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, granted in 1998 to the biotechnology firm Myriad Genetics and the University of Utah, were unlawful and …
Cancer in parents: telling children
Authors: L. Kroll, J. Barnes, A. L Jones, A. Stein
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Children of cancer patients “represent a hidden, high risk group whose problems are minimised by overwhelmed parents and unknown to the medical staff who seldom see them.”1 A recent editorial in the BMJ highlighted the difficulties doctors have in communicating the news of a cancer diagnosis to their patients.2 How much harder must it be for parents with newly diagnosed cancer to tell their children while coming to terms with the implications themselves? Cancer in a parent is an issue that confronts many families. For example, breast cancer affects one in 12 women in Britain,3 30% of whom are likely to be diagnosed while they have children still living at home.4

Good doctor-patient communication about the diagnosis and shared decision making over treatment are crucial and have a protective effect on patients' psychological adjustment,5 and useful …
The chemokine CXCL13 is a key molecule in autoimmune myasthenia gravis
Authors: Amel Meraouna, Geraldine Cizeron-Clairac, Rozen Le Panse, Jacky Bismuth, Frederique Truffault, Chantal Tallaksen, Sonia Berrih-Aknin
Journal: Blood (2006)
Manchester and Salford Provident Dispensaries
Authors: T. N. Orchard
Journal: BMJ (1886)

Sir, -Will you permit iae to drawi the attention of members of the profession, and of others interested in matters therapeutical, to a col lection of mine in the.West Indian Section of tlhe Colonial and Indian Exhibition, of the "'medicinal plants of Antigua " ?The specimens number fifty-three, and have their native and botanical names.natural orders, and uses, marked on them.Most of them have never had a scientific trial of their properties, but such virtues as they possess have beenattributed to them by the natives.On the other hand, some of the plants are of undoubtedl tvalue, such as Ricinus communis, Jatropha cuircas, Carica papava, all three being found in abundance throughout these islands.In my collection, there is a specimen of Colubrina ferruginosa, a member of the Rhamnus family, which evi- dently possesses, to some extent, the same properties as its well known relative, Rhamnus puirshiana.A bitter fermented liquor is prepared in this islaid( (calle(d mnabie) from the Colubrina ferruginosa, a similar drink being uised in St. Lucia, prepared from the Colubrina reclinata.I remember a patient, who has comte to me, off and on, for four years, suffering from lhabitual constipation, and symptoms of gallstones.On seeing her a few weeks ago, and remarking to her that she looked very well, aind that she seemed to be enjoying a comparatively long freedom fromn her usual gallstone-pains, she replied: " Yes, sir, I feel a goo(d (leal better since I began to take a tumbler of mabic every morning, and that keeps my bowels recrular."Besides the botanical specimens, I have also sent to the Exhibition a few oils, and resins, and seeds, amongst which will be found a phial of the milky sap from the Alanchinoel tree (Hippornanc ma7itincla), the dreadfuil West Inidian blistering tree.
Infectious Disease and Biological Weapons
Authors: Joshua Lederberg
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The topic of biological warfare (BW) was last covered systematically by<i>JAMA</i>, as part of a discourse on weapons of mass destruction, in August 1989.<sup>1-3</sup>That year marked the bicentennials of the French Revolution and the start of the American presidency. By year's end, 1989 also marked the collapse of the Soviet Empire, and with that the end of the cold war. The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) had been in place since 1972; nevertheless, compliance on the part of great states, notably Russia, with that convention was the centerpiece anxiety in 1989. United States national policy was likewise concentrated on the defense of our troops in tactical combat settings. Medical interests, notably symbolized by the World Health Organization's pleas<sup>4</sup>had played a significant role in the diplomatic priority given to the BWC, and then to concern for its enforcement. Since 1989, the Persian Gulf War, the escalation of
Intramyocardial Transplantation of Autologous CD34 <sup>+</sup> Stem Cells for Intractable Angina
Authors: Douglas W. Losordo, Richard A. Schatz, Christopher J. White, James E. Udelson, Vimal Veereshwarayya, Michelle Durgin, Kian Keong Poh, Robert Weinstein, Marianne Kearney, Muqtada Chaudhry, Aaron Burg, Liz Eaton, Lindsay Heyd, Tina Thorne, Leon Shturman, Peter Hoffmeister, Ken Story, Victor Zak, Douglas Dowling, Jay H. Traverse, Rachel E. Olson, Janice Flanagan, Donata Sodano, Toshinori Murayama, Atsuhiko Kawamoto, Kengo Fukushima Kusano, Jill Wollins, Frederick Welt, Pinak Shah, Peter Soukas, Takayuki Asahara, Timothy D. Henry
Journal: Circulation (2007)

Background— A growing population of patients with coronary artery disease experiences angina that is not amenable to revascularization and is refractory to medical therapy. Preclinical studies have indicated that human CD34 + stem cells induce neovascularization in ischemic myocardium, which enhances perfusion and function. Methods and Results— Twenty-four patients (19 men and 5 women aged 48 to 84 years) with Canadian Cardiovascular Society class 3 or 4 angina who were undergoing optimal medical treatment and who were not candidates for mechanical revascularization were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized (3:1), placebo-controlled dose-escalating study. Patients received granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 5 μg · kg −1 · d −1 for 5 days with leukapheresis on the fifth day. Selection of CD34 + cells was performed with a Food and Drug Administration–approved device. Electromechanical mapping was performed to identify ischemic but viable regions of myocardium for injection of cells (versus saline). The total dose of cells was distributed in 10 intramyocardial, transendocardial injections. Patients were required to have an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator or to temporarily wear a LifeVest wearable defibrillator. No incidence was observed of myocardial infarction induced by mobilization or intramyocardial injection. The intramyocardial injection of cells or saline did not result in cardiac enzyme elevation, perforation, or pericardial effusion. No incidence of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation occurred during the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or intramyocardial injections. One patient with a history of sudden cardiac death/ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation had catheter-induced ventricular tachycardia during mapping that required cardioversion. Serious adverse events were evenly distributed. Efficacy parameters including angina frequency, nitroglycerine usage, exercise time, and Canadian Cardiovascular Society class showed trends that favored CD34 + cell–treated patients versus control subjects given placebo. Conclusions— A randomized trial of intramyocardial injection of autologous CD34 + cells in patients with intractable angina was completed that provides evidence for feasibility, safety, and bioactivity. A larger phase IIb study is currently under way to further evaluate this therapy.
Effects of Naloxone Infusions in Patients with the Pruritus of Cholestasis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: N V Bergasa, D W Alling, T L Talbot, M G Swain, C Yurdaydin, M L Turner, J M Schmitt, E C Walker, E A Jones
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1995)

Objective: To determine whether endogenous opioids contribute to the pruritus of cholestasis by studying the effect of the opiate antagonist naloxone on the perception of pruritus and on scratching activity in patients with this form of pruritus. Design: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with four periods. Setting: Clinical research referral center. Patients: 29 pruritic patients with liver diseases of various causes. Intervention: Each patient received as many as two naloxone and two placebo solution infusions consecutively in random order. Each infusion lasted 24 hours. Measurements: During the infusions, visual analog scores of pruritus were recorded every 4 hours while patients were awake; scratching activity independent of limb movements was recorded continuously. Results: One patient had a mild reaction consistent with a naloxone-precipitated syndrome similar to opiate withdrawal. A significant 24-hour rhythm of scratching activity was seen in 7 of 11 patients for whom complete 96-hour data were collected. The mean of a visual analog score of the perception of pruritus (maximum, 10.0) recorded during naloxone infusions was 0.582 lower than that recorded during placebo infusions (95% CI, 0.176 to 0.988; P < 0.01). Furthermore, the ratio of the geometric mean hourly scratching activity during naloxone infusions to that during placebo infusions was 0.727 (CI, 0.612 to 0.842; P < 0.001) and was greater than 1.0 in only five patients. Conclusions: Naloxone administration is associated with amelioration of the perception of pruritus and reduction of scratching activity in cholestatic patients. Because of the opioid receptor specificity of the action of naloxone, these findings support the hypothesis that a mechanism underlying the pruritus of cholestasis is modulated by endogenous opioids and suggest that opiate antagonists may have a role in the management of this complication of cholestasis.
Abstract ES1-1: Molecular Profiling for In Situ Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: LJ Solin
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The management of in situ carcinoma of the breast represents a clinical dilemma. Such a non-invasive lesion places the patient at risk for subsequent development of an invasive lesion, and various treatments have been shown to reduce this risk. However, most patients are asymptomatic at initial presentation, and standard treatments are associated with the risk of side effects. It can be difficult for the individual patient to find the most appropriate balance between the risks and benefits of adding treatment. Although many patients elect for all treatments to minimize risk of progression regardless of potential side effects, other patients elect against treatment, often because of the potential risk of associated side effects. Standard approaches to managing the patient with in situ disease have employed various clinical and pathologic characteristics to assess and stratify risk. Models for determining risk have used a number of clinical and pathologic characteristics, including patient age, lesion size, and grade. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) have different risk profiles. For example, LCIS is well known to have subsequent risk that is more frequently bilateral than DCIS. Prospective randomized clinical trials for DCIS have demonstrated a substantial reduction in the risk of recurrence associated with adding radiation treatment and tamoxifen after lumpectomy. Five randomized DCIS trials have shown that adding radiation treatment after lumpectomy lowers the risk of local recurrence and invasive local recurrence in the ipsilateral breast by approximately 50%. Two randomized DCIS trials have demonstrated that adding tamoxifen reduces the risk of all breast cancer events (combined ipsilateral plus contralateral) by approximately 30–40%. No survival benefit has been shown for adding either radiation or tamoxifen. For LCIS, hormonal treatment has been shown to reduce subsequent risk. More recent efforts have focused on the value of molecular markers to individualize and tailor risk profiling for the individual patient. Using such molecular risk profiling, adding treatment can be selected for higher risk patients, and omitting treatment can be chosen for lower risk patients. To be clinically useful, molecular profiling should demonstrate value beyond that seen using standard clinical and pathologic factors. While current efforts have focused on using molecular profiling as a prognostic factor, future efforts will evaluate molecular profiling as a predictive factor. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr ES1-1.
A History of Bubonic Plague in the British Isles
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1970)

No longer is plague a serious public health problem in the Western world. But in previous eras the disease struck repeatedly with catastrophic force, and epidemics, besides inducing a high mortality, severely affected the economic and social life. Dr. Shrewsbury presents a masterly account of the disease in England, paying attention chiefly to the period from the 14th through the 17th centuries. Scrupulous scholarship and excellent critical acumen characterize his work. The author, emeritus professor of bacteriology at Birmingham, bases his presentation on the natural history of the disease, which depends on a complex interaction of the bacillus<i>P pestis</i>, the rat, certain species of fleas (particularly<i>X cheopsis</i>), and man. The flea carries the bacillus from the infected rat to man. But epidemics require that the fleas must parasitize the house rat,<i>Rattus rattus</i>, and that the infected rats must have invaded the communities in substantial numbers. The field
"TREATMENT OF MIGRAINE WITH PEPTONE"
Authors: A. G. Auld
Journal: JAMA (1923)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Perhaps you will kindly permit me to make a correction in the interesting paper of Drs. Miller and Raulston (The Journal, June 30), and also to add one or two remarks on the peptone immunization treatment. The preparation of peptone I have recommended is not Armour's peptonum siccum, as stated in the article, but Armour's peptone No. 2, which differs very considerably in that it contains a fair quantity of primary proteoses, a feature which is absent in the peptonum siccum. According to analyses made some years ago for me by Professor Plimmer, the peptone No. 2 contains one part of primary proteose to seven parts of deuteroproteose. This content of primary proteose renders the preparation more effective, and the larger size of the molecule would tend to induce a reaction much more readily, entailing greater care in the dosage. This particular peptone (No. 2) was that
Development and Validation of a Robust and Versatile One-plasmid Regulated Gene Expression System
Authors: Paul Szymanski, Peter J Kretschmer, Maxine Bauzon, Fang Jin, Hu Sheng Qian, Gabor M Rubanyi, Richard N Harkins, Terry W Hermiston
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

We have developed a one-plasmid regulated gene expression system, pBRES, based on a mifepristone (MFP)-inducible two-plasmid system. The various expression elements of the pBRES system (promoters, 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs), introns, target gene, and polyA sequences) are bounded by restriction enzyme sites so that each module can be conveniently replaced by alternate DNA elements in order to tailor the system for particular tissues, organs, or conditions. There are four possible orientations of the two expression units relative to each other, and insertion of a variety of expression elements and target genes into the four different orientations revealed orientation- and gene-dependent effects on induced and uninduced levels of gene expression. Induced target gene expression from the pBRES system was shown to be comparable to the two-plasmid system and higher than the expression from the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter in vivo, while maintaining low uninduced levels of expression. Finally, a pBRES expression cassette was transferred to an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector and shown to be capable of regulated gene expression in vivo for nearly 1 year.
501 PROGNOSTIC SCORES ARE EFFICIENT IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS TREATED WITH CORTICOSTEROIDS: COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE MODELS
Authors: A. Louvet, F. Artru, E. Diaz, F. Wartel, H. Castel, S. Dharancy, G. Lassailly, V. Canva-Delcambre, P. Deltenre, P. Mathurin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Periorbital Purpura After Renal Biopsy in Primary Amyloidosis
Authors: Jovan Milutinovich
Journal: JAMA (1979)

To the Editor.—  Different skin lesions have been described in primary amyloidosis, including papules, nodules, bullae, plaques, and hemorrhages, which are usually petechial but occasionally more extensive. 1,2 Purpuric lesions seen in systemic amyloidosis often involve the face and neck, particularly the upper eyelids. The following is a case with striking periorbital purpura that developed after percutaneous renal biopsy.  Report of a Case.—  A 75-year-old man was referred with complaints of dysphagia, fatigue, weakness, inappetentia, and a weight loss of 15 kg in a period of four months. Physical examination results were unremarkable except for pitting ankle edema, muscle wasting, and orthostatic blood pressure drop (from 110/70 to 95/60 mm Hg). The electrophysiological studies (motor nerve conduction velocity) showed peripheral neuropathy. Routine urinalysis disclosed 4± protein with hyaline and granular casts. The 24-hour urine protein level was 2.1 g. The serum protein level was 5.2 g/dL; albumin, 2.8 g/dL; creatinine,
Abstract 5265: S100P increases Twist expression and triggers FAK/AKT signaling in lung cancer
Authors: Yung-Yu Liang, Po-Lin Kuo, Ya-Ling Hsu
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Lung cancer accounts for 12% of all new cases of cancers worldwide and is the leading cause of cancer-related death. S100P, a calcium binding protein, has been reported to involve in cancer metastasis. However, the role of S100P is poorly known in lung cancer. This study first reports that S100P enhances the migration and invasion ability of lung cancer cells through the Twist1 upregulation and FAK (focal adhesion kinase)/Src/AKT signaling pathway. Compared to low invasive CL1-0, the expression of S100P is greater in that of high invasive CL1-5 cells. Overexpression of S100P increases the migration and invasion in CL1-0 cells, whereas knockdown of S100P expression decreases the migration and invasion of CL1-5 cells. Enhancement of S100P expression triggers FAK activation, which in turn increases the activation of Src and AKT signaling. Blockade of FAK by specific inhibitor prevents S100P-mediated cell migration and invasion. In the other hand, S100P also increases Twist1, which is responsible for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer. More important, elevated expression of S100P protein was also found in human lung cancer specimen. This study demonstrates that S100P may be a novel anticancer target gene for the prevention of non-small cell lung cancer metastasis. In other way, it also can be a biomarker for prognosis of lung cancer metastasis. Citation Format: Yung-Yu Liang, Po-Lin Kuo, Ya-Ling Hsu. S100P increases Twist expression and triggers FAK/AKT signaling in lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5265. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5265
The Feasibility of Prostate Cancer Detection by Triple Spectroscopy
Authors: Georg Salomon, Thorsten Hess, Andreas Erbersdobler, Christian Eichelberg, Siegfried Greschner, Andrey N. Sobchuk, Anna K. Korolik, Nicolai A. Nemkovich, Jürgen Schreiber, Martin Herms, Markus Graefen, Hartwig Huland
Journal: European Urology (2008)
Association of <i>GSTP1</i> Polymorphism and Survival for Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Jang-Ming Lee, Ming-Tsang Wu, Yung-Chie Lee, Shi-Yi Yang, Jin-Shing Chen, Hsao-Hsun Hsu, Pei-Ming Huang, Shuenn-Wen Kuo, Chun-Jean Lee, Chien-Jen Chen
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST) is associated with detoxification of xenobiotics and the maintenance of cell viability. Genetically variant GSTs produce different enzymatic activities. The clinical significance of this variation is still puzzling. We investigated whether genetic polymorphisms of GST including GSTP1, GSTM1, and GSTT1 affect survival among esophageal cancer patients. Experimental Design: From 1996 to 2002, 233 patients with pathologically proven esophageal cancer were recruited from the Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital. GST genotypes, including GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1, were determined by PCR or PCR-RFLP. The influence of the genetic polymorphisms on patient survival was estimated using the method of Kaplan-Meier survival function and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The mean survival times (months) of the GSTP1 Ile/Ile, Ile/Val, and Val/Val were 11, 10, and 7, respectively (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The more the patients carried GSTP1 variant Val alleles, the poorer the survival rate (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.84; Ptrend = 0.045). In contrast, no association of GSTT1 or GSTM1 genotypes with survival rate was noted. Conclusion: The presence of the GSTP1 variant allele (Val) is associated with a poorer prognosis of esophageal cancer.