tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
HISTOPATHOLOGY OF INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS IN CHICKENS
Authors: Oskar Seifried
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

1. The characteristic lesions of infectious laryngotracheitis are ordinarily restricted to the respiratory tract and are most pronounced in the larynx and trachea. Sometimes the eyelids are affected. A certain percentage of the cases are associated with bronchitis and peribronchitis, pneumonic areas and hemorrhages in the lung, while the involvement of the nasal passages, communicating sinuses, and eyes seems to be dependent upon the mode of infection and the course of the disease. 2. The virus affects the epithelial cells primarily, but soon inflammation develops in the submucosa and underlying parts. Edema is often extremely pronounced in the submucosa. The destruction taking place at later stages is due to edema, cellular infiltration, and hemorrhages, and in some instances to secondarily invading bacteria. 3. Characteristic intranuclear inclusions in the epithelial cells of the trachea are present in many cases. They bear a close resemblance to the inclusions occurring in herpes, varicella, virus III of rabbits, and submaxillary gland disease of guinea pigs.
CONTRACTURES AND ALLIED CONDITIONS: THEIR CAUSE AND TREATMENT
Authors: G. Cooper
Journal: BMJ (1917)

TfHEdeforiuities and disabilities that follow gunshot anid other wounds form an interesting subject of invostigatioIn.Maany of thjese arc due to a contracted condition of the soft tissues, which obstructs the norimal muovoment of tlle joints.Vaugue references to tlhem as"e(ases of stiffened joints," or a general inclusion of all ancl sundrv under the term"contracture" is amethod of classification that is oqually unscientific and unsatisfactory.An attemnpt is made inthis paper toelucidate soine of th1e principles concerned intlle production ofthese cripplimig conditions, and to outline the methods that may bh adoptecl for their prevention anid cure.Passive resistance of a muscle to its normnal elongation may bo dcue to ono or both of tw o causes: (1) The uIscle m;ay be in a state of contracture; (21 it may have under.gone fibrotic clianges.The two conditions are distinct, but a muscle may be the seat of both.Muscles are rarely affected singly, tllo distribution is generally synergic as regards definito movements-thus both pronators of the forearm are affected togetlher anid the involvement of the biccps generally deterinines that of the other flexors of the elbow also.
Short communication. Cetirizine inhibits bradykinin‐induced cutaneous wheal and flare in atopic and healthy subjects
Authors: R. Fadel, I. Ramboer, N. Chatterjee, J‐P. Rihoux, M‐P. Derde
Journal: Allergy (2000)

Background: Kinins are vasoactive mediators involved in allergic reactions. When applied on the skin or in the nose, bradykinin (BK) elicits inflammation that is poorly affected by previous H 1 ‐blockade. The aim of this study was to compare the possible effect of cetirizine (an H 1 ‐antagonist) on wheal and flare responses to BK, histamine, and compound 48/80 in atopic and healthy subjects. Methods In a randomized, double‐blind, crossover study, eight atopic and eight healthy subjects received cetirizine (10 mg/day) or placebo for 3 days before cutaneous tests. Intradermal tests (IDT) and prick tests (PT) were performed with BK (20 nmol/ml for IDT and 20 µmol/ml for PT), histamine (100 µg/ml IDT and 100 mg/ml PT), and compound 48/80 (100 µg/ml IDT and 100 mg/ml PT) as positive controls and saline as negative control. The skin responses were monitored by measurement of wheal and flare areas. Results: BK, histamine, and 48/80 induced wheal and flare reactions in all placebo‐treated subjects. Histamine elicited larger wheal and flare reactions than BK and 48/80. IDT with BK induced four‐ to six‐fold larger wheal and flare reaction than PT. No differences in BK‐induced wheal and flare were observed between atopic and healthy subjects. In atopic subjects, cetirizine induced a significant reduction of flare reactions after the BK test (80% for IDT, and 94% for PT [ P &lt;0.01]). Moreover, cetirizine reduced significantly BK‐induced wheals by 70% for IDT ( P &lt;0.01) and 65% for PT ( P &lt;0.01). A similar inhibiting effect of cetirizine was also observed in healthy subjects. Conclusions: These findings showed that the wheal and flare reactions induced by BK challenge were markedly inhibited by previous intake of cetirizine. The mechanism by which this effect is mediated cannot be established at present.
Angiographic and clinical outcomes of patients treated with primary or rescue angioplasty in saphenous vein graft for acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Laurent Leborgne, Edouard F. Cheneau, Roswitha Wolfram, Daniel A. Canos, Rajbabu Pakala, Robert Lew, Augusto Pichard, Lowell Satler, George Aggrey, Natalie Gevorkian, Ron Waksman
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Paracetamol, ibuprofen, or a combination of both drugs against knee pain: an excellent new randomised clinical trial answers old questions and suggests new therapeutic recommendations
Authors: K. Brune, B. Hinz
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

At first glance, the title of the article published by Doherty et al 1 (see page 1534) does not promise much. Who would be interested in reading an investigation comparing two old well-known analgesics with each other or combinations of both? At a second glance, however, this cautious and excellent long-term study reveals many new and important findings which should be the basis for reconsideration of the treatment of musculoskeletal conditions with over-the-counter (OTC) analgesics. It may turn out that many of our widely-held beliefs and assumptions are wrong and that the recommendation for our patients needs to be changed.

Doherty et al investigate whether the combination of ibuprofen and paracetamol is better than the active components alone. To answer this question the authors compared the efficacy and safety of paracetamol and ibuprofen as well as that of two combinations of these drugs in community-derived patients aged >40 years with chronic knee pain. In a randomised, double-blind, four-arm parallel-group active controlled trial, the short-term (day 10) and long-term (week 13) benefits and side effects of four different therapeutic regimens were analysed: 

1.  ibuprofen (400 mg three times a day);

2.  paracetamol (1000 mg three times a day);

3.  one fixed-dose combination tablet (ibuprofen 200 mg/paracetamol 500 mg (low-dose) three times a day);

4.  two fixed-dose combination …
A case of mistaken identity
Authors: O. Quaba
Journal: BMJ (2003)

“All those who have at least one parent who is a doctor, put your hands up,” said the sociology lecturer during my first year at medical school. At least a third of the class raised a hand. I was one of them. Several years later, like my father before me, I embarked on a career in surgery. We both worked in the same district in different hospitals. On many occasions patients mistook me for my father, despite a more than 20 years' difference in age. More often I would be asked, “You don't happen to be related to Mr Quaba?” “Yes he's my father,” was the …
A Qualitative Study of Increasing β-Blocker Use After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Elizabeth H. Bradley, Eric S. Holmboe, Jennifer A. Mattera, Sarah A. Roumanis, Martha J. Radford, Harlan M. Krumholz
Journal: JAMA (2001)

ContextBased on evidence that β-blockers can reduce mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), many hospitals have initiated performance improvement efforts to increase prescription of β-blockers at discharge. Determination of the factors associated with such improvements may provide guidance to hospitals that have been less successful in increasing β-blocker use.ObjectivesTo identify factors that may influence the success of improvement efforts to increase β-blocker use after AMI and to develop a taxonomy for classifying such efforts.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsQualitative study in which data were gathered from in-depth interviews conducted in March-June 2000 with 45 key physician, nursing, quality management, and administrative participants at 8 US hospitals chosen to represent a range of hospital sizes, geographic regions, and changes in β-blocker use rates between October 1996 and September 1999.Main Outcome MeasuresInitiatives, strategies, and approaches to improve care for patients with AMI.ResultsThe interviews revealed 6 broad factors that characterized hospital-based improvement efforts: goals of the efforts, administrative support, support among clinicians, design and implementation of improvement initiatives, use of data, and modifying variables. Hospitals with greater improvements in β-blocker use over time demonstrated 4 characteristics not found in hospitals with less or no improvement: shared goals for improvement, substantial administrative support, strong physician leadership advocating β-blocker use, and use of credible data feedback.ConclusionsThis study provides a context for understanding efforts to improve care in the hospital setting by describing a taxonomy for classifying and evaluating such efforts. In addition, the study suggests possible elements of successful efforts to increase β-blocker use for patients with AMI.
Efficient ex vivo gene transfer into non-human primate hepatocytes using HIV-1 derived lentiviral vectors
Authors: Alexandre Parouchev, Tuan Huy Nguyen, Ibrahim Dagher, Sylvie Mainot, Marie-Thérèse Groyer-Picard, Julie Branger, Patrick Gonin, James Di Santo, Dominique Franco, Gabriel Gras, Anne Weber
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
The Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute — Promoting Better Information, Decisions, and Health
Authors: A Eugene Washington, Steven H Lipstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Within the 2000 pages of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) is a short section authorizing the creation of the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI) — a research organization dedicated to the support and promotion of comparative clinical effectiveness research. The establishment of PCORI represents the culmination of long-standing interest in comparative effectiveness research, a lengthy legislative gestation, and compromise among varied congressional perspectives and priorities.1 PCORI responds to a widespread concern that, in many cases, patients and their health care providers, families, and caregivers do not have the information they need to make choices aligned with . . .
Filling-in while finding out: Guiding behavior by representing information
Authors: William D. Ross
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Discriminating behavior depends on neural representations in which the sensory activity patterns guiding different responses are decorrelated from one another. Visual information can often be parsimoniously transformed into these behavioral bridge-locus representations within neuro-computational visuo-spatial maps. Isomorphic inverse-optical world representation is not the goal. Nevertheless, such useful transformations can involve neural filling-in. Such a subpersonal representation of information is consistent with personal-level vision theory.
Membrane Resting and Action Potentials of Single Cardiac Muscle Fibers
Authors: L. A. WOODBURY, J. W. WOODBURY, H. H. HECHT
Journal: Circulation (1950)

An initial report is made on the electrocardiogram of a single heart muscle cell in vivo. The potential variations obtained by electrodes placed on opposite sides of the membrane of a heart muscle fibre are 50 to 100 times as large as those recorded by standard limb leads. The observations support the assumption that during activation the cell interior becomes positive with respect to its surrounding (depolarization, followed by polarization reversal). Induced alterations in shape and form of the action current of a single heart muscle fiber should provide further insight into the nature of the normal and abnormal electrocardiogram.
Streptomycin in the Therapy of Tuberculosis of the Endometrium
Authors: Albert Aranson, Richard W. Dwight
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1949)

THE apparent arrest of endometrial tuberculosis consequent to treatment with streptomycin, hitherto unreported, appears to warrant the report of the following case.Case ReportC. L. (C.V.A.H. 10,137), a 26-year-old married woman, was referred to Cushing Veterans Administration Hospital by Dr. John Rock on November 20, 1947, for the treatment of tuberculous endometritis. She had been well until 1942, when she noted that her menstrual periods, which previously had lasted 4 or 5 days, were prolonged to 8 or 9 days. The flow was not excessive, and the cycle of about 30 days remained unchanged. She also began to have . . .
The Biology of Aging
Authors: Samuel Goldstein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

ADVANCES in medical science have extended the mean and median life-span in recent years, but maximum life-span has remained about the same as in antiquity.1 Little is known about the origins of senescence, and little agreement exists regarding the true nature of the aging process. One would not hesitate to include conditions such as graying of hair, wrinkling of skin and arteriosclerosis, while excluding embryogenesis, pubescence and maturation. Both groups of phenomena are clearly time dependent; however, the interface between them is often blurred. To illustrate the problem, aging and death of individual cells occur within the organism during normal . . .
Book Review Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract Edited by Martin J. Blaser, Phillip D. Smith, Jonathan I. Ravdin, Harry B. Greenberg, and Richard L. Guerrant. 1578 pp., illustrated. New York, Raven Press, 1995. $245. 0-7817-0226-7
Authors: Peter F. Ells
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)
Book Review Experiencing Politics: A Legislator's Stories of Government and Health Care By John E. McDonough. 342 pp., illustrated. Berkeley, University of California Press, 2000. $50 (cloth); $19.95 (paper). 0-520-22410-8 (cloth); 0-520-22411-6 (paper).
Authors: Edward M. Kennedy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)
Renal Damage with Intestinal Bypass
Authors: ERNST J. DRENICK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Renal function and biopsies were studied in 18 patients, 7 to 108 months after intestinal bypass. Enteropathy was found in 12 and hyperoxaluria in 16. Every biopsy showed a type of focal interstitial nephritis, tubular atrophy, fibrosis, and glomerular hyalinization. Damage ranged from minimal to extensive and renal function from normal to end-stage failure. Tubular injury had resulted partly from oxalate deposits. However, in 10 patients no oxalate crystals were seen. In eight others, most of the damaged areas were remote from crystal deposits. Immunoglobulin M and C3 deposits, found in glomerular capillaries and the mesangium in six of 11 specimens, and the presence of circulating immune complexes in five of 10 patients, in addition to the extraintestinal organ involvement, suggested immune complex mesangial injury as one factor in bypass nephropathy. With progressive impairment of renal function, a biopsy appears justified. If damage is significant, the bypass should be dismantled.
Doctor approved detention of unconscious man three hours before he died, court hears
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A “grossly negligent” doctor gave the all clear for an unconscious man to be detained in a police cell just three hours before he died, Southwark Crown Court in London was told this week.

Hisham El-Baroudy, a former forensic medical examiner, is standing trial for gross negligence manslaughter over the death of Andrzej Rymarzak at Chelsea police station in January 2009.

Alex Bailin QC, opening the case for the prosecution, told the court that Mr Rymarzak, 43, was homeless and known to police and …
Update on the Treatment of Tuberculosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Henry M. Blumberg
Journal: JAMA (2005)

Tuberculosis (TB) has emerged as a global public health epidemic. Despite decreasing numbers of cases in the United States since 1992, TB remains a serious public health problem among certain patient populations and is highly prevalent in many urban areas. The responsibility for prescribing an appropriate drug regimen and ensuring that treatment is completed is assigned to the public health program or the clinician not to the patient. The initial prescribed regimen for the treatment of TB usually consists of 4 drugs: isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. The minimum length for the treatment of drug-susceptible TB with a rifampin-based regimen is 6 to 9 months. Providing medications directly to the patient and watching him/her swallow the anti-TB drugs, which is termed directly observed therapy, is recommended for all patients diagnosed with TB and can help ensure higher completion rates, prevent the emergence of drug resistant TB, and enhance TB control. There has been renewed interest in the treatment of those with latent TB infection as a TB-control strategy in the United States for eliminating the large reservoir of individuals at risk for progression to TB. The 2 broad categories of persons who should be tested for latent TB infection are those who are likely to have been recently infected (such as contacts to infectious TB cases) and persons who are at increased risk of progression to TB disease following infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (eg, human immunodeficiency virus infection and selected medical conditions; recent immigrants to the United States from high TB-burden countries). The preferred regimen for the treatment of latent TB infection is 9 months of isoniazid. There is now renewed interest in and great need for the development of new drugs to treat TB and latent TB infection.
The atypical chemokine receptor CCX-CKR scavenges homeostatic chemokines in circulation and tissues and suppresses Th17 responses
Authors: Iain Comerford, Robert J. B. Nibbs, Wendel Litchfield, Mark Bunting, Yuka Harata-Lee, Sarah Haylock-Jacobs, Steve Forrow, Heinrich Korner, Shaun R. McColl
Journal: Blood (2010)
Evolutionary pattern of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and distribution in lymph nodes following primary infection: Implications for antiviral therapy
Authors: Giuseppe Pantaleo, Oren J. Cohen, Timothy Schacker, Mauro Vaccarezza, Cecilia Graziosi, G. Paolo Rizzardi, James Kahn, Cecil H. Fox, Steven M. Schnittman, David H. Schwartz, Lawrence Corey, Anthony S. Fauci
Journal: Nature Medicine (1998)
Epidemiological evidence of carcinogenicity of chlorinated organics in drinking water.
Authors: K P Cantor
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

Concern has recently been voiced over possible chronic toxicity associated with chlorination of public drinking water supplies in the United States. This paper reviews the available evidence and the studies underway to further evaluate hypothesized associations between cancer risk and byproducts of chlorination. Preliminary data from measures of halogenated volatiles and personal exposure histories from respondents in a large epidemiologic study of bladder cancer are presented. These data support the use in epidemiologic studies of categorical measures of exposure and suggest that results from completed case-control studies, based on death certificates, may have underestimated the true risk of exposure to chlorination by-products. The current generation of studies which use a case-control interview design offer many advantages over earlier efforts to evaluate this issue.
Cyclopropane for Dental Surgery in Children
Authors: K. B. Pinson
Journal: BMJ (1944)

JOURNALfor St. Bartholomew's Hospital for an earlier date, in that nearly 60% of all attacks of sickness were due to pyogenic and respiratory tract infections.In both series sepsis took first place, both for number of attacks and for number of days of sickness.In this they differed from the figures of Rhoads and Afremow and of Court, who found that respiratory tract infections were the main cause of absence through sickness.The high rate of whitlows among nurses is worth mentioning.Branson found that this condition was responsible for a considerable majority of the cases of sepsis; and at University College Hospital it accounted for 11.6% of all * A survey of the first 500 consecutive cases at the Borough of Stretford School Dental Clinic.
Limitations of Current Medical Training
Authors: I. S. Staddon
Journal: BMJ (1944)

<b>Purpose:</b> Legislative advocacy provides an avenue through which oral health disparities and alternative methods of delivering oral health care to underserved populations can be addressed. The purpose of this study was to assess advocacy knowledge, values, actions and perceived barriers of undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in a leadership course with a Legislative Advocacy Project (LAP). <b>Methods:</b> A pre-test/post-test online questionnaire was administered to a convenience sample of undergraduate and graduate dental hygiene students to measure advocacy knowledge, values, and actions resulting from participation in a LAP (n=38). Descriptive statistics assessed the average responses of perceived barriers. Two open-ended questions asked about participation in advocacy and providing feedback regarding the LAP. <b>Results:</b> Both groups (undergraduate, n=25; graduate, n=13) demonstrated a statistically significant change from the pre-test/post-test assessment of knowledge, values, and actions (<i>p</i>&lt;0.001). No statistically significant differences were identified when comparing undergraduate and graduate level responses, pre-test and post-test scores and undergraduate and graduate level responses, and perceived barriers. The three greatest barriers were lack of time to participate in legislative activities, lack of comfort speaking to legislators and testifying before legislators. Responses to the open-ended questions suggested learning in the three lower levels of the affective domain. <b>Conclusion:</b> Knowledge, values, and actions were increased following the LAP. Strategies to address ongoing barriers should be implemented in advocacy curricula. The LAP was influential in integrating cognitive knowledge and changing receiving, responding, and valuing levels of the affective domain. An Affective Advocacy Model was developed based on the analysis of responses to the open-ended questions and current literature.
Genetic Elimination of Behavioral Sensitization in Mice Lacking Calmodulin-Stimulated Adenylyl Cyclases
Authors: Feng Wei, Chang-Shen Qiu, Susan J Kim, Lisa Muglia, James W Maas, Victor V Pineda, Hai-Ming Xu, Zhou-Feng Chen, Daniel R Storm, Louis J Muglia, Min Zhuo
Journal: Neuron (2002)
True and False Aneurism of the Abdominal Aorta; Rupture of the False Aneurism and Effusion into the Subperitoneal Space; Death on the Twelfth Day
Authors: J. Neal
Journal: BMJ (1871)

like opening of the ventricle is called the false cord or ventricular band by Dr. Mackenzie, and the regulator of the glottis by Sir D. Gibb