tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Malignant Perivascular Epithelioid Cell Tumor (PEComa) of the Adrenal Gland: Report of a Rare Case Posing Diagnostic Challenge with the Role of Immunohistochemistry in the Diagnosis
Authors: Leela Pant, Dipti Kalita, Ratna Chopra, Abhijit Das, Gaurav Jain
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2015)
Intestinal absorption and metabolism of xenobiotics
Authors: Rajendra S. Chhabra
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

There are five possible processes of intestinal absorption of xenobiotics. These are active transport, passive diffusions, pinocytosis, filtration through "pores," and lymphatic absorption. The passive diffusion is major process for transport of foreign chemicals across the intestine. Though the lymphatic absorption of drugs is not of any major therapeutic significance, the uptake of toxic chemicals such as 3-MC, benzpyrene, and DDT through lymphatics may enhance their toxicity, since they are distributed to other organ systems in the body without being metabolized by liver. A number of factors such as diet, motility of intestine, interference with gastrointestinal flora, changes in the rate of gastric emptying, age of the animal, and dissolution rate of xenobiotic can alter the rate of absorption of chemicals. Liver is the major site of metabolism of xenobiotics, but the contribution of intestinal metabolism of xenobiotic can influence the overall bioavailability of chemicals. The xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes located in endoplasmic reticulum of intestine possess biochemical characteristics similar to that of liver. In general, the rate of metabolism of xenobiotics by intestinal microsomal preparation is lower than that observed with similar hepatic microsomal preparations. The in vitro intestinal metabolism of xenobiotics is affected by several factors including age, sex, diurnal variations, species, and nutritional status of the animal. The intestinal xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes are stimulated by the pretreatment of animals with foreign chemicals, but this depends on the route of administration of chemicals, drug substrate and the animal species used. Rabbit intestinal drug metabolizing enzymes seem to be resistant to induction by foreign chemicals.
Beyond embodiment: Cognition as interactive skill
Authors: Paul P. Maglio
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

The target article makes a compelling case for the idea that agents rely on the world for external memory in fast-paced perceptual tasks. As I argue, however, agents also rely on the external environment for computational hardware that helps to keep cognitive computations tractable. Hence the external world provides not only memory for computations involving perceptual system actions, but it provides domain-level actions that figure in cognitive computations as well.
Integrin alpha4 blockade sensitizes drug resistant pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia to chemotherapy
Authors: Yao-Te Hsieh, Eun Ji Gang, Huimin Geng, Eugene Park, Sandra Huantes, Doreen Chudziak, Katrin Dauber, Paul Schaefer, Carlton Scharman, Hiroyuki Shimada, Seyedmehdi Shojaee, Lars Klemm, Reshmi Parameswaran, Mignon Loh, Eun-Suk Kang, Hong Hoe Koo, Wolf-Karsten Hofmann, Jacob Andrade, Gay M. Crooks, Cheryl L. Willman, Markus Müschen, Thalia Papayannopoulou, Nora Heisterkamp, Halvard Bönig, Yong-Mi Kim
Journal: Blood (2013)
Radiographic assessment of leaflet motion of Gore-Tex laminate trileaflet valves and Hancock xenograft in tricuspid position of dogs.
Authors: E Imamura, M P Kaye, G D Davis
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Six samples of various thicknessess of Gore-Tex compounds were fashioned into trileaflet valves. A radiopaque marker was placed on the center of the free margin of each cusp, and the prostheses were implanted in the tricuspid position of dogs. Two Hancock valves were studied for comparison. Catheterization revealed that the hemodynamic function was normal in all valves tested. High-speed radiography permitted analysis of leaflet movement throughout the cardiac cycle. Of the six Gore-Tex valves, five opened completely. The cusps of these five valves were fabricated from 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 layers of Gore-Tex film. The remaining valve, which was fabricated from 15 layers of Gore-Tex film, and both porcine xenograft aortic valves did not open completely. We postulate that the laminates of 12 layers or less of Gore-Tex film are suitable for further study to evaluate their potential applicability in trileaflet cardiac valve prostheses.
Obesity, bariatric surgery, and iron deficiency: True, true, true and related
Authors: Aileen L. Love, Henny H. Billett
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2007)

Abstract Morbid obesity is a health problem that has been shown to be refractory to diet, exercise, and medical treatment. Surgeries designed to promote weight loss, termed bariatric surgery and typically involving a gastric bypass procedure, have recently been implemented to treat obesity with high success rates. However, long‐term sequelae can result in micronutrient deficiencies. This review will focus on iron deficiency and its association with obesity and bariatric surgery. Iron deficiency develops after gastric bypass for several reasons including intolerance for red meat, diminished gastric acid secretion, and exclusion of the duodenum from the alimentary tract. Menstruating women, pregnant women, and adolescents may be particularly predisposed toward developing iron deficiency and microcytic anemias after bypass surgery. Preoperative assessment of patients should include a complete hematological work‐up, including measurement of iron stores. Postoperatively, oral iron prophylaxis and vitamin C in addition to a multivitamin should be prescribed for bypass patients, especially for vulnerable populations. Once iron deficiency has developed, it may prove refractory to oral treatment, and require parenteral iron, blood transfusions, or surgical interventions. Bariatric surgery patients require lifelong follow‐up of hematological and iron parameters since iron deficiency and anemia may develop years after surgery. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Medical Therapy Can Improve the Biological Properties of the Chronically Failing Heart
Authors: Eric J. Eichhorn, Michael R. Bristow
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Abstract Myocardial failure has been considered to be an irreversible and progressive process characterized by ventricular enlargement, chamber geometric alterations, and diminished pump performance. However, more recent evidence has suggested that certain types of medical therapy may lead to retardation and even reversal of the cardiomyopathic process. In the failing heart, long-term neurohormonal/autocrine-paracrine activation results in abnormalities in myocyte growth, energy production and utilization, calcium flux, and receptor regulation that produce a progressively dysfunctional, mechanically inefficient heart. Interventions such as ACE inhibition and β-blockade result in a reduction in the harmful long-term consequences of neurohormonal/autocrine-paracrine effects and retard the progression of left ventricular dysfunction or ventricular remodeling. Furthermore, in subjects with idiopathic dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy, antiadrenergic therapy with β-blocking agents appears to be able to partially reverse systolic dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Although the precise mechanisms underlying this latter effect have not yet been elucidated, the general mechanism appears to be via improvement in the biological function of the cardiac myocyte. Such an improvement in the intrinsic defect(s) responsible for myocardial failure will likely translate into important clinical benefits.
Simulated Microbe Removal around Finger Rings Using Different Hand Sanitation Methods
Authors: Archana A Alur, Madhavi J Rane, James P Scheetz, Douglas J Lorenz, Lawrence Gettleman
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2009)

It is our opinion that the CDC and the WHO have underestimated cross‐contamination under examination gloves in dental clinics while wearing jewelry, such as finger rings. These agencies only "recommend" removing jewelry, and only washing hands for 15 seconds with soap and warm water before donning gloves. This study examined several washing procedures and finger rings using simulated microbes. A gloved rubber hand manikin was made and fitted with a fresh disposable vinyl glove. Four fingers were fitted with rings or no ring, dusted with simulated microbes, and washed with a scrub brush for 5, 15, and 25 seconds under 20°C and 40°C water alone, or with liquid hand soap. Light levels (in lux) of fluorescent powder before and after washing were measured and delta scores calculated for changes in light levels, equivalent to effectiveness of hand washing procedures. A full‐factorial, 3‐factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences among levels of the three study factors—time, temperature, and soap use. Tukey's post hoc honestly significant difference (HSD) test was applied to significant factors to examine pair‐wise differences between factor levels. It was found that the longer the hands with rings were washed with a scrub brush under flowing water, the more simulated microbes were removed. By 25 seconds, all methods were essentially the same. Simulated microbes were more difficult to remove from the palm compared to the back of the hand. The liquid hand soap used in this study was more effective with warm water than cold. When given a choice of washing with cold water up to 15 seconds, it would be preferable not to use soap to remove simulated microbes. Qualitatively, the outer surface of finger rings were more effectively cleaned than the crevice below the ring, and the ring with a stone setting appeared to accumulate and retain simulated microbes more than other rings. The most effective treatment was washing with warm water and liquid soap. Longer times were more effective. Rings should not be worn under examination gloves due to difficulty cleaning in the crevice under the ring, and the well‐known consequences of cross‐contamination between the patient and the health care worker.
Chronic Sub-Cutaneous Exposure to a Staphylococcus Aureus Superantigen, Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B, Elicits an Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation in HLA Class II Transgenic Mice - Linking Atopic Dermatitis (AD) to Asthma
Authors: Govindarajan Rajagopalan, Ashenafi Tilahun, Koji Iijima, Hirohito Kita
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
Silencing Expression of the Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J Gene in Human Cancer Cells Using Small Interfering RNA Induces Spontaneous Apoptosis, Reduced Growth Ability, and Cell Sensitization to Genotoxic and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Ioannis P. Trougakos, Alan So, Burkhard Jansen, Martin E. Gleave, Efstathios S. Gonos
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Clusterin/Apolipoprotein J (CLU) is a heterodimeric ubiquitously expressed secreted glycoprotein that is implicated in several physiological processes and is differentially expressed in many severe physiological disturbances, including tumor formation and in vivo cancer progression. Despite extensive efforts, clarification of CLU's biological role has been exceptionally difficult and its precise function remains elusive. Short RNA duplexes, referred to as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), provide a new approach for the elucidation of gene function in human cells. Here, we describe siRNA-mediated CLU gene silencing in osteosarcoma and prostate human cancer cells and illustrate that CLU mRNA is amenable to siRNA-mediated degradation. Our data demonstrate that CLU knockdown in human cancer cells induces significant reduction of cellular growth and higher rates of spontaneous endogenous apoptosis. Moreover, CLU knockdown cancer cells were significantly sensitized to both genotoxic and oxidative stress induced by chemotherapeutic drugs and H(2)O(2), respectively. These effects were more pronounced in cell lines that express high endogenous steady-state levels of the CLU protein and occur through hyperactivation of the cellular apoptotic machinery. Overall, our results reveal that, in the distinct cellular contexts of the osteosarcoma and prostate cancer cells assayed, CLU is a central molecule in cell homeostasis that exerts a cytoprotective function. The described CLU-specific siRNA oligonucleotides that can potently silence CLU gene expression may thus prove valuable agents during antitumor therapy or at other pathological conditions where CLU has been implicated.
Coffee drinking and cancer of the pancreas
Authors: B. MacMahon, S. Yen, D. Trichopoulos
Journal: BMJ (1981)

injury to the liver follows repeated halothane anaesthesia with a frequency as high as 20-400o of patients.The latter would be in keeping with repeated and cumulative direct hepatic damage alone or in combination with hapten formation from free radicals as a basis for hypersensitivity response.In both mech- anisms reductive metabolism of halothane probably plays a central role.We must now ask: What are the keys that predispose a very small number of individuals to develop severe liver injury ?Our recent studies point to pharmacogenetics as one of the keys.Thus "halothane hepatitis" may now more appro- priately be regarded as having a multifactorial aetiology as proposed in 19792 and recently discussed in editorials on both sides of the Atlantic.67This is in contrast to a prevailing tendency for investigators to seek "the cause," with a sharp division between the proponents of "direct toxicity" and the advocates of "hypersensitivity" (allergy).
New measure of hospital deaths will act as trigger "to ask hard questions"
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2010)

From April next year the NHS in England is to have a new measure of hospitals’ performance, a regular report on the numbers of patients dying in hospital in each trust.

Called the summary hospital level mortality indicator (SHMI), the measure draws on experience gathered by companies such as Dr Foster and Caspe Healthcare Knowledge Systems (CHKS) in comparing hospitals by how many patients die. The Dr Foster measure, the hospital standardised mortality ratio, originally developed by Brian Jarman at Imperial College London, forms an important part of Dr Foster’s annual Good Hospital Guide ( BMJ 2009;339:b5242, doi:10.1136/bmj.b5242).

Discrepancies between the ratings given by Dr Foster and those derived from inspections by the Care Quality Commission (Dr Foster rated Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust among its “most improved” at a time when it was branded “appalling” …
Letter: Adjustment of plasma calcium measurements.
Authors: R B Payne, A J Little, R B Williams, J R Milner
Journal: BMJ (1974)

walls of which, though distended, can be advanced caudally and united to the perineum.1The use of a free skin graft to line a pocket newly created between the bladder and rectum may be a simple pro- cedure but an annular construction often develops at the site of union between the graft and vaginal epithelium, which necessitates the frequent use of moulds in order to retain vaginal patency.
Modern Perspectives in Child Development
Authors: George Mora
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Since the establishment of the Institute of Human Relations a few decades ago, Yale University has played a major role in integrating biological and clinical with psychological and sociological disciplines. The present book is dedicated to M. J. E. Senn, who has been director of the Child Study Center since 1948 (following Arnold Gesell's retirement). Following an introduction there are sections on the biological aspects of child development, on theoretical and clinical considerations in child development, on pediatric practice, on child-guidance clinics, on medical education, and on education for children, parents, and teachers. In all, the book consists of 34 articles written by specialists in these various disciplines. In view of the comprehensive and somewhat vague focus of the book, the chapters are uneven in depth and in length. In general, rather than presenting original research, they tend to emphasize certain data and certain aspects of child development and pediatric
Clinical Correlates of Promoter Hypermethylation of Four Target Genes in Head and Neck Cancer: A Cooperative Group Correlative Study
Authors: Jong-Lyel Roh, Xin Victoria Wang, Judith Manola, David Sidransky, Arlene A. Forastiere, Wayne M. Koch
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

Promoter hypermethylation is a well-documented mechanism for tumor-specific alteration of suppressor gene activity in human malignancy including head and neck cancer (HNC). The abrogation of specific suppressor gene activity may influence tumor behavior and clinical outcome. In this study we examined methylation of DCC, KIF1A, EDNRB, and p16(INK4a) in a large cohort of HNC patients from Eastern Cooperative Group (ECOG) 4393/Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 9614 to identify clinical correlates of methylation of these genes.Methylation was assessed by quantitative methylation-specific PCR in DNA from tumor specimens and was considered as a continuous and a binary variable. Clinical data including demographics, stage, risk factor exposure, treatment, and outcome were collected by ECOG and RTOG. Methylation status was also correlated with mutation of TP53 (previously reported) and human papilloma virus status.Methylation results were available for 368 cases, 353 of which also have p53 mutation status. At least one methylation event was present in all tumors. In multivariate analysis of the entire cohort, methylation of p16 was associated with decreased survival (HR = 1.008; P = 0.045). However, in tumors with disruptive TP53 mutation (poor prognostic group), the additional presence of methylation of p16 was protective (P = 0.019 considering p16 methylation as a continuous variable).Methylation of tumor-related genes contributes to the biological behavior of HNC and influences overall survival in conjunction with other known prognostic molecular events.
Osteopathy, Chiropractic, and Spinal Manipulation
Authors: Mary Morehouse
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 April 1993Osteopathy, Chiropractic, and Spinal ManipulationMary Morehouse, MDMary Morehouse, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00029 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:As a graduate of the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, I was disappointed that Shekelle and colleagues [1] did not mention osteopathic physicians and their contributions to the scientific research on spinal manipulation. Osteopathic physicians are educated to use and understand all current medications, treatment modalities, and surgical procedures for the purpose of fighting disease and supporting the host's physiology, while incorporating the osteopathic philosophy [2, 3].The first school of osteopathic medicine was founded by Andrew Taylor Still in 1892 at Kirksville, Missouri. Dr. Still's philosophy consisted of four principles: 1) The body is a unit; ...References1. Shekelle PG, Adams AH, Chassin MR, Hurwitz EL, Brook RH. Spinal manipulation for low-back pain. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:590-8. Google Scholar2. Kuchera W. Osteopathic Principles in Practice. Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine; 1987:26-31. Google Scholar3. Kuchera W, Kuchera M. Osteopathic Considerations in Systemic Dysfunction. Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine; 1989:3-5. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 April 1993Volume 118, Issue 8Page: 651-653KeywordsChiropracticGraduate medical educationOsteopathy Issue Published: 15 April 1993 CopyrightCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Abstract P6-07-07: Febrile neutropenia primary prophylaxis with granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) in breast cancer
Authors: T Younis, D Rayson, C Skedgel
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Background: Febrile neutropenia (FN) during adjuvant chemotherapy is associated with significant morbidity, mortality risk and incremental costs. It could also lead to chemotherapy dose reductions and worse cancer outcomes. Patients who develop FN are often prescribed secondary G-CSF prophylaxis with subsequent chemotherapy cycles to decrease the risk of further episodes of infection. Practice guidelines also recommend primary G-CSF prophylaxis for: i) patients treated with chemotherapeutic regimens associated with FN risks &amp;gt; 20% and ii) patients treated with regimens associated with 10-20% FN risk in the presence of other patient-related factors that further increase the risk of FN. The adoption of primary G-CSF prophylaxis in clinical practice however depend on the “value for money” associated with G-CSF prophylaxis at various FN risks, where incremental cost-utility values below $100,000 per quality adjusted life year (QALY) gains are generally considered to be cost-effective. Aim: To examine the “value for money” associated with primary and secondary G-CSF prophylaxis strategies, compared with a no G-CSF strategy, for adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer at varying FN risks. Methods: The incremental costs and QALYs associated with G-CSF prophylaxis (primary or secondary) were examined through a decision analysis framework that incorporated i) upfront costs of G-CSF treatment (primary or secondary); ii) varying rates of baseline FN risks and iii) downstream costs and QALY gains associated with adjuvant chemotherapy based on chemotherapy dose levels (0, -1, and -2) and G-CSF prophylaxis. The primary analysis involved adjuvant TC (taxotere &amp; cyclophosphamide) chemotherapy regimen delivered every three weeks for four cycles. Probabilities and utilities were derived from the literature, and treatment costs were based on local resources. The robustness of the model to plausible ranges of uncertainty around key parameters / assumptions was examined in sensitivity analyses. Results: Primary G-CSF prophylaxis was a cost-effective strategy compared with secondary G-CSF prophylaxis in the base case scenario. The “value for money” associated with primary G-CSF prophylaxis however was dependant on the baseline FN risk without G-CSF, and assumptions around the impact of chemotherapy dose reductions on breast cancer relapse and mortality. Two way sensitivity analyses illustrated plausible combinations of baseline FN risks and detrimental impact of reduced chemotherapy dose associated with favorable value for money. Conclusions: Primary G-CSF prophylaxis overall appears to be a cost-effective strategy for patients at high FN risk. The FN threshold at which primary G-CSF is associated with good value for money is however dependent on the potential detrimental impact of reduced chemotherapy dose on breast cancer outcomes. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P6-07-07.