tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Mother-to-Infant Transmission of Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Rune Wejstål, Anders Widell, Ann-Sofie Månsson, Svante Hermodsson, Gunnar Norkrans
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Objective: To describe the rate of perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Design: Follow-up study of newborn children of mothers with chronic HCV infection. Setting: A university hospital in Sweden. Participants: Fourteen women with chronic HCV infection and their 21 newly born children. Main Outcome Measures: Detection of HCV RNA in serum by the polymerase chain reaction and detection of anti-HCV antibody by second generation assays. Results: All mothers were found to be positive for anti-HCV antibody both by second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by second-generation recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA-2); all also had detectable serum HCV RNA. Two children had long-lasting alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations, and one of them became HCV RNA positive. None of the other children developed biochemical hepatitis. However, two additional children had temporary viremia. Only the child with biochemical and biopsy-proven hepatitis and detectable HCV RNA in multiple blood samples actively produced anti-HCV antibody. Conclusions: Mother-to-infant transmission of HCV infection from chronically infected women without human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection seems to be uncommon.
Commonly altered genomic regions in acute myeloid leukemia are enriched for somatic mutations involved in chromatin remodeling and splicing
Authors: Anna Dolnik, Julia C. Engelmann, Maren Scharfenberger-Schmeer, Julian Mauch, Sabine Kelkenberg-Schade, Berit Haldemann, Tamara Fries, Jan Krönke, Michael W. M. Kühn, Peter Paschka, Sabine Kayser, Stephan Wolf, Verena I. Gaidzik, Richard F. Schlenk, Frank G. Rücker, Hartmut Döhner, Claudio Lottaz, Konstanze Döhner, Lars Bullinger
Journal: Blood (2012)
Direct-to the-Public Advertisement of Prescription Drugs
Authors: E P Cohen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

In 1983, Dr. Arthur Hull Hayes, then commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, discussed direct-to the-public advertisement of prescription medication in a speech to the Pharmaceutical Advertising Council.1 He noted that such direct promotion had first been discussed in 1981, that discussion had been initiated by the drug industry, and that the FDA had been involved early on in talks with pharmaceutical manufacturers, advertisers, consumer groups, and Congress. He added that "the FDA has serious reservations about pharmaceutical companies and advertisers moving into this uncharted area. . . ."After Dr. Hayes' speech, the FDA asked for and obtained . . .
The Nature of Disease
Authors: Michael T. McGuire
Journal: JAMA (1989)

This book addresses the philosophical question: "Do we invent diseases or do we discover them?" Not only is this far from easy to answer, but a thousand years of discussion on this and related subjects have failed to result in a consensus. The author finds an acceptable and straightforward answer to the first part of the question: essentially, the concept of disease is normative in that we make value judgments about what constitutes normal and abnormal behavior. Homosexuality, for example, may or may not be normative depending on the judgment one brings to the behavior. In this sense, we invent diseases. And, in this sense, the fact that different cultures have different views of disease is understandable, as is the generally held view that mental retardation is a disease but genius is not. Whether or not we discover diseases is a far more complex issue, primarily because one implication of
Resolution for Sepsis?
Authors: Derek W. Gilroy, Patrick Vallance
Journal: Circulation (2005)

harged with protecting the host from invading organisms, distinguishing self from nonself, and the repair of tissue injury, inflammation is no trivial event: Life depends on it.However, there are times when this most primordial of events fails to protect the host and, paradoxically, goes into disarray.This is abundantly evident in rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and psoriasis, for example, in which a perfectly well-meaning innate immune response somehow fails to resolve and instead progresses, irreversibly, toward chronic inflammation.However, neither the complex activation of the adaptive immune system nor the characteristic mayhem of chronic inflammation is necessarily required to bring about Virchow's 5th cardinal sign of inflammation: Loss of organ function. 1This can happen in a much more immediate manner with innate immunity and its response to tissue injury or infection in the form of sepsis.During sepsis, there is a rapid activation of the innate immune response and the release of soluble factors, including glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and proinflammatory cytokines (including tumor necrosis factor-␣ [TNF-␣], interleukin-1␤, and interleukin-6).Exaggerated cytokine production, along with that of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-derived nitric oxide, platelet activation factor, and eicosanoids, has been implicated in the endothelial cell dysfunction, hypotension, inadequate organ perfusion, and necrotic cell death associated with multiple organ failure.
Effect of Intraluminal Flow on Proximal Tubular Reabsorption
Authors: Ettore Bartoli, John D. Conger, Laurence E. Earley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1973)

Micropuncture techniques in the rat were used to reinvestigate the possibility that intraluminal flow rate per se may influence net volume reabsorption by the proximal tubule. An experimental design was devised which lowered intraluminal flow without affecting filtration rate of the nephron under study or without directly affecting other renal hemodynamics. In 11 rats flow of tubular fluid between early and late proximal tubular sites was reduced by partially collecting tubular fluid at the early puncture site. In 42 nephrons the rate of flow of tubular fluid was reduced an average of 45% without changing nephron filtration rate and there was an associated reduction in reabsorption between the two sites which averaged 29%. This indicated 63% balance between delivery of tubular fluid and the rate of reabsorption between two sites along proximal tubules. The results of these studies indicate that a reduction in delivery of normal filtrate along the proximal tubule is associated with a concordant reduction in the absolute rate of reabsorption. Since this relationship occurred in the absence of changes in renal hemodynamics or even a change in filtration rate of the nephron under study it is concluded that changes in intraluminal load per se play an important role in the phenomenon of glomerulotubular balance.
Effect of inhalation aspirin challenge on exhaled nitric oxide in patients with aspirin‐inducible asthma
Authors: G. Rolla, A. Di Emanuele, L. Dutto, P. Marsico, F. Nebiolo, F. Corradi, L. Brussino, C. Bucca
Journal: Allergy (2004)

Background: A complex relationship between arachidonic acid metabolites and nitric oxide (NO) synthesis has been reported in asthma. The effects of inhaled aspirin on fractional exhaled NO (FENO) in patients with aspirin‐tolerant (ATA) and aspirin‐inducible (AIA) asthma compared with normal controls have been investigated. Methods: The FENO was measured baseline, after saline and lysine‐aspirin (L‐ASA) bronchial challenge in 10 patients with ATA and in 10 patients with AIA [mean (PD 20 FEV 1 L‐ASA): 14.7 ± 12.7 mg], who had comparable age and baseline FEV 1 . Ten healthy subjects served as controls. Sputum eosinophils were counted after saline and after L‐ASA challenge in the two groups of asthmatics. Results: Asthmatic patients had baseline FENO significantly higher than controls (29.7 ± 6.8 vs 9.8 ± 2.05 p.p.b. respectively, P &lt; 0.0001). No difference was observed in methacholine PD 20 FEV 1 and baseline FENO between ATA and AIA patients. After L‐ASA inhalation, FENO increased significantly only in patients with AIA, reaching the peak value 4 h after bronchoconstriction (from 31.1 ± 6 to 43 ± 4.8 p.p.b., P &lt; 0.001), while no change was observed in patients with ATA and in controls. Sputum eosinophils increased significantly after L‐ASA inhalation only in patients with AIA (from 8.1 ± 2.7 to 11.1 ± 2.8%, P &lt; 0.005) and there was a significant relationship between the increase in sputum eosinophils and the increase in FENO after ASA challenge. Conclusion: Exhaled NO may indicate eosinophilic airway inflammation during ASA exposure in patients with ASA inducible asthma.
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE SWINDLER
Authors: Walter Bromberg, Sylvan Keiser
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1938)

A study of swindlers convicted in the Court of General Sessions, New York, was made to ascertain the psychologic meaning of this offense. We have found that in the swindler himself the offense often means an unconscious gratification of a neurotic conflict. Neurotic conflicts of a psychosexual nature form an important aspect of the swindler's personality. In addition, there is a psychology of the total situation to be considered in this as in all offenses involving society. In this group of offenses we have described and termed this as the "swindle-situation." Here there are found psychologic mechanisms, perhaps unconscious, common to all men which operate in the victim.
CONCEPT OF A MODEL PSYCHIATRIC CLINIC
Authors: F. A. FREYHAN, JULIA A. MAYO
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1963)

The issue of the longitudinal view needed to be raised in order to support a functional concept of psychiatric disorders and their treatment. A model clinic has been shown to be the proving ground for finding new solutions to old but easily forgotten issues. Our approach has resulted in the successful restoration of two-thirds of seriously ill patients to a useful place in society. This has strengthened our conviction that the model concept holds great promise for the future of comprehensive psychiatric centers.
Scrap NHS Direct and patient surveys to save money, say GP leaders
Authors: O. Mashta
Journal: BMJ (2010)

GP representatives say the new government should consider scrapping NHS Direct, which costs £150m (€181m; $220m) a year, as a way of reducing costs in the health service.

The cost effectiveness of parts of NHS Direct, which has so far not been properly evaluated, were of questionable value, said chairman of the BMA’s GPs Committee, Laurence Buckman.

Speaking at the annual conference of local medical committees in London on 9 June, Dr Buckman listed a number of areas that “could be consigned to the dustbin” including “wasteful” private finance initiative schemes, the NHS IT programme, which is expected to cost £12.2bn, …
PKU — Some Skepticism
Authors: Samuel P. Bessman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

A simple syllogism has governed thinking and publicity about phenylketonuria (PKU) and a large number of other diseases of metabolism associated with mental retardation. The patient has too much of some normal intermediate in his body fluids, owing to an enzyme defect, and this has led in some way to his mental retardation. The partial or complete removal of the offending material from the diet will prevent this brain damage.In phenylketonuria the high-water mark of the movement was reached at an international meeting1 in 1967 when serious investigators from at least two centers reported that the eventual mean IQ . . .
THE DEPOPULATION OF CIVILIZED NATIONS.
Authors: H. B. McKLVEEN
Journal: JAMA (1895)

You see the title I have given to this paper is the depopulation of civilized nations. Probably it would be more proper to put it, the cessation of increase of population; for it is not so much the causes that depopulate, that I wish to speak of, as the causes which hinder the increase of the population, It seems that the people of all civilized nations have in matters relating to the perpetuation of the species become subject to some influence, which as the nation becomes cultured prevents its increase. They seem to be approaching the same finale that characterizes a certain variety of butterfly which attains the perfect state and then dies. In this country the subject does not receive the attention it merits, in fact it only attracts the notice of medical men, and then not as a condition which may confront them, but rather as a curiosity.
Helical and retrograde secondary flow patterns in the aortic arch studied by three-directional magnetic resonance velocity mapping.
Authors: P J Kilner, G Z Yang, R H Mohiaddin, D N Firmin, D B Longmore
Journal: Circulation (1993)

BACKGROUND Helical and retrograde secondary flows have been recorded in the aorta, but their origins and movements in relation to the arch have not been clarified. We set out to do this using magnetic resonance velocity mapping. METHODS AND RESULTS Three-directional phase contrast cine magnetic resonance velocity mapping was used to map multidirectional flow velocities in the aortas of 10 healthy volunteers. Computer processing was used to visualize flow vector patterns in selected planes. Right-handed helical flows predominated in the upper aortic arch in late systole, being clearly recognizable in 9 of the 10 subjects. Nonaxial components of velocity in this region reached 0.29 m/s (+/- 0.05 m/s) as axial velocities declined from a peak of 1.0 m/s (+/- 0.1 m/s). Helical flow patterns in the upper descending aorta varied between subjects, apparently depending on arch curvature. End-systolic retrograde flow originated from regions of blood with low momentum, usually along inner wall curvatures. Flow studies in a curved tubular phantom showed right-handed helical flow in the upper "arch" when the inflow section was positioned to simulate ascending aortic curvature, and retrograde flow occurred along the inner wall at end systole during pulsatile flow. CONCLUSIONS Helical and retrograde streams are consistent features of intra-aortic flow in healthy subjects that result, at least in part, from the curvature of the arch and the pulsatility of flow in it. They may have significance in relation to circulatory dynamics and the pathogenesis of atheroma in the arch.
Glue, spark, or string?
Authors: C. Douglas
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Or is it more like just oiling the wheels? Money, it seems, comes into it, with more than a suspicion that it might be funny money: the now-you-see-it-now-you-don't kind that appeared when fundholding began, then vanished, mirage-like, as later applicants were punished for their tardiness.

So, glue, spark, string (all analogies were on offer), or just money? Even after a three hour session with an enthusiastic team from Edinburgh, few of us here in …
Macrophage stimulation by bacterial lipopolysaccharides. I. Cytolytic effect on tumor target cells.
Authors: W F Doe, P M Henson
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulate mouse peritoneal macrophages to kill tumor cells in vitro. Lysis is confined to tumor cells where it is nonspecific; both allogeneic and syngeneic cells being susceptible. Stimulation by LPS appears to be due to direct interaction between LPS and macrophages and does not involve participation by lymphocytes. After exposure to LPS, a latent period must elapse before macrophages can lyse tumor cells. The cytolytic mechanism requires contact between target cells and viable effector cells which maintain their lytic capacity for a sustained period and can kill on repeated occasions. The generation of a macrophage cytolytic effect by LPS is critically dependent upon the absolute number of macrophages which must be sufficient to produce confluent monolayers. These findings indicate that LPS stimulation of macrophages in vitro represents a valuable model system for the study of the mechanisms of macrophage stimulation and of the mediation of tumor cell death.
The Mechanical and Operative Treatment of Prolapse of the Uterus
Authors: A. L. Galabin
Journal: BMJ (1877)

paroxysmal disorders.in general, and analogy gradually leads us to suspect that, as in these so in uraemic asthma, the nervous system must in some way be concerned.We are confirmed in this suspicion by the undoubted fact that the paramount causes of the accessions of uremic asthma-the determining causes, I mean, of the times of their recurrence-are almost wholly of the kind which influence the nervous system.Although locomotion is not without some effect in disturbing respirations, yet, as I have already hinted, perturbation of mind rather than of body is the potent antecedent.In one of the worst cases I ever saw, the attacks were always brought on or greatly aggravated by such kinds of excitement.The needful strain of making his will, the painful visits of dear friends, the annoying visits of business people, or even the reception of more.than a very few persons of any kind 'This hypothesis has been proposed by Dr. Dickenson in his edition of 1877 (p.446), and also by Dr. George Johnson in his lectures recently published in this JOUR- NAL.Dr. Johnson pursues the comparison with other apnceas, in a very complete and interesting way, as my readers already know.He also offers a likely explana tion of my difficulty in understanding the occurrence of pulmonary hemorrhage.* Tt annnearqas regards nitrite of amvl.others have been more fortunate than I. t Reacf at the West Kent District Meeting of the South Eastern Branch.
MT1-MMP collagenolytic activity is regulated through association with tetraspanin CD151 in primary endothelial cells
Authors: María Yañez-Mó, Olga Barreiro, Pilar Gonzalo, Alicia Batista, Diego Megías, Laura Genís, Norman Sachs, Mónica Sala-Valdés, Miguel A. Alonso, María C. Montoya, Arnoud Sonnenberg, Alicia G. Arroyo, Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
Journal: Blood (2008)
Abstract LB-114: Molecular and lineage analysis of glioblastoma stem cells identifies clinically relevant models of glioblatoma
Authors: Jun Fu, Dimpy Koul, Jun Yao, Shuzhen Wang, Joy Gumin, Ruijun Shen, Brian Vaillant, Howard Colman, Frederick F. Lang, Kenneth D. Aldape, W.K Yung
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The Cancer Genome Atlas project described a robust gene expression-based molecular classification of GBM. However, the functional and biological significance of the molecular subclasses are being determined. In this study, we hypothesize that Glioma Stem Cells (GSCs) isolated from individual patient tumor samples will recapitulate the molecular characteristics of tumor samples and provide a relevant model for functional analysis of the molecular subclasses. Thus we conducted a comprehensive analysis of 26 GSC lines with expression array, RPPA, and a series of neural lineage markers. Analysis of the expression data classified the 26 GSC lines into four subtypes (Classical, Proneural 1, Proneural 2 and Mesenchymal,) closely similar to the TCGA subclasses with a distinct profile for each subtype (c-Myc, Cyclin D2 for Classical; Olig2, NKX2–2, Notch-1, Notch-3 for Proneural 2; BMP4, DCX, p16INK4a, ID2 for Proneural 1; CD44, CAV1, TGFBR2 for Mesenchymal). Further analysis showed that GSC subtypes exhibit divergent patterns of signaling pathway activation. The major pathways activated in 4 subtypes were Notch pathway in Proneural 2, Wnt/β-Catenin in Proneural 2 and Classical, while FGF/VEGF and TGF-β in Mesenchymal. In vitro treatment with SB 431542, a TGF-βR inhibitor, showed that Mesenchymal subtype is more sensitive than other subtypes. More importantly, lineage analysis of GSCs subtypes show that Proneural and Classical GSCs differentially express lineage markers for neural stem/progenitor cells and were responsive to differentiating agent retinoic acid. In addition, GSC subtypes exhibit distinct biological behaviors in self-renewal capacity, proliferation, invasiveness, angiogenic potential, response to growth factor stimulus, and differentiation in vitro and in vivo with Classical subtype being more proliferative and Mesenchymal subtype being more angiogenic and invasive. In conclusion, our comprehensive analysis showed that GSCs reflect patient tumor subclass and these subtypes showed distinct regulatory pathway activation, lineage profile and biological behaviors. Thus GSC is biologically and molecularly a more relevant model system for preclinical studies of therapeutic intervention and to expand our molecular understanding of human GBM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-114. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-114
Insanity and the Psychiatrist in Court
Authors: Amos R. Koontz
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Toward the end of January, 1964, the following case was tried in a criminal court: A man had had trouble with his wife. She left and went to live with her parents. The man went to a hardware store and bought an ice pick and a long knife. He then went to the home of his wife's parents, where his wife and his two children were living, knocked on the door, but was refused admittance. He went to a nearby telephone booth, telephoned the home, and said that he was coming in. He went back to the house, broke down the front door, could not locate his wife but found her mother cowering in the basement, killed her with the ice pick, and left. He testified to all of these facts on the witness stand. He also testified that he had bought the knife and the ice
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF PYELITIS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: FREDERICK HOWARD FALLS
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Pyelitis occurring in the pregnant woman is an important complication of pregnancy. Its importance is based on (1) the effect of the infection on the general health of the mother; (2) the local changes in the urinary tract; (3) the potential invasion of the puerperal uterus, and (4) its tendency to produce abortion, stillbirth, and prematurity in the fetus.  It is not my purpose to present the entire subject in this paper, but to offer certain facts for consideration that have received little attention in the present literature.  There has been marked divergence of opinion as to the mode of entrance of the infecting organism into the pelvis of the kidney in pyelitis of pregnancy. Most French authorities assert that the organisms invade the blood stream from some focus in the body, usually the intestinal tract, and particularly when a coexisting chronic constipation is present. In support of this view,
Pancreatitis Complicating Typhoid Fever
Authors: Irwin J. Russell
Journal: JAMA (1976)

OSLER<sup>1</sup>stated that hemorrhagic pancreatitis rarely occurs in association with typhoidal infections. More recent reviews of typhoid fever and its complications have not mentioned pancreatitis.<sup>2-5</sup>Earlier, several reports of confirmed or probable pancreatitis with typhoid fever were published.<sup>6-10</sup> <h3>Report of a Case</h3> On Nov 15, 1974, a 38-year-old woman returned from a world tour that included Egypt and the Far East. She became ill on Nov 22, 1974, with shaking chills, temperatures to 40 C, transient nausea, and constipation. After six days without improvement, she was admitted to a community hospital and the same day was transferred to the Mayo Clinic because immature and toxic leukocytes were found on a routine hemogram. She said that, shortly after she had returned home, the drinking water on her farm in Iowa was found to be contaminated by Gram-negative bacilli, which were never identified. Two of her three children, who