tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Action of "Tessalon" on the Dyspnoea of Patients with Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: C. S. Darke, B. A. Snowden, D. Verel, J. J. Daly, W. R. Layland
Journal: BMJ (1959)

Michelson and Schiller (1957) investigated the effect of intravenously administered " tessalon "-a polyethylene glycol derivative of p-aminobenzoic acid-on the lung volume and ventilation in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease.They found that 2.5-10 mg. of tessalon produced symptomatic relief with an increase in both depth and volume of respiration in most instances and an increase in the minute-volume up to twofold.There was no significant change in lung volumes or expiratory flow rate.Their favourable report suggested that the drug should be tried in patients in whom chronic lung disease had produced a disabling grade of dyspnoea.The investigation was divided into two parts: the acute effect of intravenous administration and the prolonged action of oral therapy using a double-blind clinical trial."Acute " Trial MethodThe effect of intravenous tessalon upon the minute- volume, intrathoracic pressure, air flow, and respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure was measured.All the subjects were volunteers.The nature of the experiment was explained to them, but no indication of the possible effects of the drug was given apart from the statement that it had been recommended for use in patients with chest disease.The subject sat in a comfortable chair, connected by a soft rubber mouthpiece to a Lilly pneumotachograph.This was connected to a respiratory anemometer which was designed to read air outflow in litres.A "polythene" tube attached to a thin rubber balloon was passed through one nostril into the lower third of the oesophagus and was held in place by a nose-clip, which also prevented any air flow through the nose.Cha'nges in intrathoracic pressure and rate of air flow through the pneumotachograph were continually recorded on a Cambridge multi-channel recorder.Normal saline was slowly infused through an intravenous needle attached to a blood-transfusion giving set introduced into a vein in the right arm.Around the left arm was placed a sphygmomanometer cuff, and blood pressure was recorded using the criteria of the Cardiac Society (1939).
Elevated Lipoprotein(a) and Premature Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Agha W. Haider
Journal: JAMA (1997)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Bostom and colleagues in a prospective study<sup>1</sup>report that elevated plasma Lp(a) is an independent risk factor for the development of premature coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. Lp(a) is a unique glycoprotein and may have variable and contrasting effects on different aspects of CHD. As the authors point out,<sup>1</sup>previous studies have been inconclusive in demonstrating a clear link between elevated Lp(a) and risk of acute MI. Acute MI is attributed to the failure of spontaneous thrombolysis,<sup>2</sup>and Lp(a) may influence the formation of coronary thrombus. However, an adverse effect of Lp(a) on the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy has not been reported, and, despite Lp(a) being a risk factor for CHD, its interactions during acute MI remain speculative. Thrombotic occlusion of the infarct-related coronary artery (IRCA) is often intermittent in the early, evolving phase of
1397 ATYPICAL JUVENILE HEMOCHROMATOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH HETEROZYGOSITY FOR NOVEL HEMOJUVELIN MUTATIONS
Authors: S. Pelusi, R. Rametta, C. Della Corte, P. Francalanci, P. Dongiovanni, E.A. Pulixi, S. Fargion, A.L. Fracanzani, V. Nobili, L. Valenti
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Cell cycle–related kinase is a direct androgen receptor–regulated gene that drives β-catenin/T cell factor–dependent hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Hai Feng, Alfred S.L. Cheng, Daisy P. Tsang, May S. Li, Minnie Y. Go, Yue S. Cheung, Gui-jun Zhao, Samuel S. Ng, Marie C. Lin, Jun Yu, Paul B. Lai, Ka F. To, Joseph J.Y. Sung
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2011)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. It is more prevalent in men than women. Related to this, recent genetic studies have revealed a causal role for androgen receptor (AR) in hepatocarcinogenesis, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we used genome-wide location and functional analyses to identify a critical mediator of AR signaling — cell cycle–related kinase (CCRK) — that drives hepatocarcinogenesis via a signaling pathway dependent on β-catenin and T cell factor (TCF). Ligand-bound AR activated CCRK transcription and protein expression via direct binding to the androgen-responsive element of the CCRK promoter in human HCC cell lines. In vitro analyses showed that CCRK was critical in human cell lines for AR-induced cell cycle progression, hepatocellular proliferation, and malignant transformation. Ectopic expression of CCRK in immortalized human liver cells activated β-catenin/TCF signaling to stimulate cell cycle progression and to induce tumor formation, as shown in both xenograft and orthotopic models. Conversely, knockdown of CCRK decreased HCC cell growth, and this could be rescued by constitutively active β-catenin or TCF. In primary human HCC tissue samples, AR, CCRK, and β-catenin were concordantly overexpressed in the tumor cells. Furthermore, CCRK overexpression correlated with the tumor staging and poor overall survival of patients. Our results reveal a direct AR transcriptional target, CCRK, that promotes hepatocarcinogenesis through the upregulation of β-catenin/TCF signaling.
GD3, an Overexpressed Tumor-Derived Ganglioside, Mediates the Apoptosis of Activated but not Resting T Cells
Authors: Gaurisankar Sa, Tanya Das, Christina Moon, Cynthia M. Hilston, Patricia A. Rayman, Brian I. Rini, Charles S. Tannenbaum, James H. Finke
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

We previously elucidated an important role for gangliosides in renal cell carcinoma-mediated T lymphocyte apoptosis, although the mechanism by which they mediated lymphocyte death remained unclear. Here, we show that when added in purified form, GD3 is internalized by activated T cells, initiating a series of proapoptotic events, including the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an enhancement of p53 and Bax accumulation, an increase in mitochondrial permeability, cytochrome c release, and the activation of caspase-9. GD3-induced apoptosis of activated T cells was dose dependent and inhibitable by pretreating the lymphocytes with N-acetylcysteine, cyclosporin A, or bongkrekic acid, emphasizing the essential role of ROS and mitochondrial permeability to the process. Ganglioside-induced T-cell killing was associated with the caspase-dependent degradation of nuclear factor-kappaB-inducible, antiapoptotic proteins, including RelA; this suggests that their loss is initiated only after the cascade is activated and that their disappearance amplifies but not triggers GD3 susceptibility. Resting T cells did not internalize appreciable levels of GD3 and did not undergo any of the proapoptotic changes that characterize activated T lymphocytes exposed to the ganglioside. RelA overexpression endows Jurkat cells with resistance to GD3-mediated apoptosis, verifying the role of the intact transcription factor in mediating protection from the ganglioside.
LAWS PROHIBITING SALE OF FIREWORKS
Authors: E. M. Herndon
Journal: JAMA (1952)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> For years the benefits department of this Blue Cross Plan had noticed that from about Dec. 10 to Jan. 10 many children and adults were injured by fireworks. Through our benefits department were cleared many reports of a child losing an eye, being severely burned about the hands or face, or having a ruptured eardrum from fireworks explosions. In January, 1947, I mailed to each physician in North Carolina a card asking them to return to me in an enclosed, stamped envelope information as requested. On receipt of these cards a report was made and copies sent to each physician, each member of the state legislature, which was then in session, each hospital superintendent, and to numerous other interested persons. The actual report made by the physicians is the most convincing I have ever seen. Numerous legislators wanted to be the one to offer a law regulating
Cost-Effectiveness of Cervical-Cancer Screening in Five Developing Countries
Authors: Sue J. Goldie, Lynne Gaffikin, Jeremy D. Goldhaber-Fiebert, Amparo Gordillo-Tobar, Carol Levin, Cédric Mahé, Thomas C. Wright
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Cervical-cancer screening strategies that involve the use of conventional cytology and require multiple visits have been impractical in developing countries.We used computer-based models to assess the cost-effectiveness of a variety of cervical-cancer screening strategies in India, Kenya, Peru, South Africa, and Thailand. Primary data were combined with data from the literature to estimate age-specific incidence and mortality rates for cancer and the effectiveness of screening for and treatment of precancerous lesions. We assessed the direct medical, time, and program-related costs of strategies that differed according to screening test, targeted age and frequency, and number of clinic visits required. Single-visit strategies involved the assumption that screening and treatment could be provided in the same day. Outcomes included the lifetime risk of cancer, years of life saved, lifetime costs, and cost-effectiveness ratios (cost per year of life saved).The most cost-effective strategies were those that required the fewest visits, resulting in improved follow-up testing and treatment. Screening women once in their lifetime, at the age of 35 years, with a one-visit or two-visit screening strategy involving visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid or DNA testing for human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical cell samples, reduced the lifetime risk of cancer by approximately 25 to 36 percent, and cost less than 500 dollars per year of life saved. Relative cancer risk declined by an additional 40 percent with two screenings (at 35 and 40 years of age), resulting in a cost per year of life saved that was less than each country's per capita gross domestic product--a very cost-effective result, according to the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health.Cervical-cancer screening strategies incorporating visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid or DNA testing for HPV in one or two clinical visits are cost-effective alternatives to conventional three-visit cytology-based screening programs in resource-poor settings.
Otospongiosis begins to yield its secrets
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1979)

About one in ten Americans, most often an adult of Caucasian ancestry, experiences a strange, insidious, spongy bony overgrowth called otosclerosis or otospongiosis. It starts in the middle ear and in about 80% of cases affects both ears, sometimes impairing hearing and even the vestibular mechanism. Some aspects of this disorder have been recognized for more than 250 years. For example, the early 18th-century anatomist Antonio Maria Valsalva observed that spongification can immobilize the stapes by creating a bony bridge to the fenestra vestibuli (oval window), into which the stapes' footplate fits. Nevertheless, many questions still are unanswered, and only now is the disorder beginning to yield its secrets. This became clear recently at a state of the art conference on labyrinthine otospongiosis, conducted in Lake Bluff, Ill, by the National Hearing Association and chaired by Jack L. Pulec, MD, Los Angeles. Data reported suggest that the disorder is more
Function of Aldosterone in the Metabolism of Sodium and Water in Pregnancy
Authors: M. G. Rinsler, B. Rigby
Journal: BMJ (1957)

The recent discovery of aldosterone (Grundy, Simpson, and Tait, 1952) has provided a fresh tool for the study of sodium and water metabolism in pregnancy.Previous observers have recorded an increased renal excretion of aldosterone or sodium-retaining substances in the later months of pregnancy; in pre-eclampsia the excretion was either the same as, or slightly less than, that found in normal pregnancy (Gordon, Chart, Hage-
Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Minorities in the United States
Authors: Janette S. Carter
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Purpose: To review the available information on prevalence, complications, and mortality of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and primary and secondary prevention activities in black persons, Hispanic persons, Native Americans, and Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States. Data Source: MEDLINE search from 1976 to 1994 through the PlusNet search system. Study Selection: Use of the key words non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, the names of each specific minority group, socioeconomic status, acculturation, genetics, diet, complications, mortality, treatment, and intervention (lifestyle or medication) produced 290 unduplicated articles. Additional articles cited in the original articles were also included. Data Extraction: Risk factors, incidence, prevalence, complications, and mortality of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Data Synthesis: All minorities, except natives of Alaska, have a prevalence of non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus that is two to six times greater than that of white persons. Most studies show an increased prevalence of nephropathy that can be as much as six times higher than that of white persons. Retinopathy has variably higher rates in black persons, Hispanic persons, and Native Americans. Amputations are done more frequently among black persons than among white persons (9.0 per 1000 compared with 6.3 per 1000), and Pima Indians have 3.7 times more amputations than do white persons. Diabetes-related mortality is higher for minorities than for white persons, and the rate is increasing. The relative importance of genetic heritage, diet, exercise, socioeconomic status, culture, language, and access to health care in the prevalence, incidence, and mortality of diabetes is not clear. Studies of interventions in minority populations are in progress. Conclusion: Diabetes should be treated as a public health problem for minority populations.
Evaluating the Performance of a Successive-Approximations Approach to Parameter Optimization in Maximum-Likelihood Phylogeny Estimation
Authors: Jack Sullivan, Zaid Abdo, Paul Joyce, David L. Swofford
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2005)

Almost all studies that estimate phylogenies from DNA sequence data under the maximum-likelihood (ML) criterion employ an approximate approach. Most commonly, model parameters are estimated on some initial phylogenetic estimate derived using a rapid method (neighbor-joining or parsimony). Parameters are then held constant during a tree search, and ideally, the procedure is repeated until convergence is achieved. However, the effectiveness of this approximation has not been formally assessed, in part because doing so requires computationally intensive, full-optimization analyses. Here, we report both indirect and direct evaluations of the effectiveness of successive approximations. We obtained an indirect evaluation by comparing the results of replicate runs on real data that use random trees to provide initial parameter estimates. For six real data sets taken from the literature, all replicate iterative searches converged to the same joint estimates of topology and model parameters, suggesting that the approximation is not starting-point dependent, as long as the heuristic searches of tree space are rigorous. We conducted a more direct assessment using simulations in which we compared the accuracy of phylogenies estimated using full optimization of all model parameters on each tree evaluated to the accuracy of trees estimated via successive approximations. There is no significant difference between the accuracy of the approximation searches relative to full-optimization searches. Our results demonstrate that successive approximation is reliable and provide reassurance that this much faster approach is safe to use for ML estimation of topology.
Plasmapheresis in Hyperviscosity Syndrome— A Better Way?
Authors: John R. Loughrey
Journal: JAMA (1974)

PLASMAPHERESIS has been accepted as an effective treatment for the immediate control of hyperviscosity syndrome. However, routine methods of blood withdrawal in this entity are fraught with many technical difficulties. Recently, we treated a patient with multiple myeloma and hyperviscosity syndrome who demonstrated many of the clinical problems associated with plasmapheresis and suggest a method by which these problems can be circumvented. <h3>Report of Case</h3> A 66-year-old white man was admitted to the hospital for evaluation of his increasing confusion. He had been transferred from an outlying hospital where he had been admitted with anemia and upper respiratory tract infection. There was no history of bleeding, visual symptoms, or dyspnea. On admission, the patient was very confused. Temperature was 38.3 C (101 F). Pertinent physical findings were distended retinal veins, S<sub>4</sub>gallop, and diffuse pulmonary rhonchi. Drawing blood was extremely difficult because of rapid clotting. A bone marrow examination
How Cost Sharing Affects the Use of Ambulatory Mental Health Services
Authors: Willard G. Manning
Journal: JAMA (1986)

The less generous insurance coverage for mental health care has generated some controversy. The major unresolved question is how the demand for outpatient mental health care responds to cost sharing. We used data from a randomized trial of fee-for-service health insurance for the nonelderly to address this question. The study enrolled 5809 persons. The results are based on 19 819 person-years of data. One hundred thirty-three percent more is spent on outpatient psychotherapy when care is free to patients than when they pay 95% of the fee, subject to an annual catastrophic limit. But, the absolute level of expenditure is low on all plans; $32 per person per year with free care. The response to psychotherapy services to cost sharing is insignificantly larger than that for outpatient general medical services. We found no evidence that more generous coverage for outpatient psychotherapy decreases total health expenditures.
Abstract 2024: Over-expression of miR-106b in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma using an orthotopic metastasis animal model
Authors: Wing Lung Yau, Roberta Wen Chi Pang, Terence Kin Wah Lee, Jana Yim Hung Wo, Ronnie Tung Ping Poon
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one the most fatal cancers worldwide. Early diagnosis is crucial for curing the disease. However, patients are often diagnosis at late-stage with distant metastasis, and the prognosis of metastatic HCC is poor. Molecular pathological studies confirm that gene expression alteration plays a critical role in disease progression. Recently it has been discovered that microRNA (miRNA) can alter the gene expression at post-transcription level. This study aimed to elucidate the role of miRNA in development of metastatic HCC using an orthotopic animal model and the molecular pathway involved. Orthotopic metastasis animal model was established by implanting HCC cell lines onto the liver of the SCID mice. Tumor growth was monitored by in vivo imaging system. Primary tumor and lung metastasis were observed after 12 weeks of inoculation. Tumor were then excised and established into primary tumor cell lines (PT) and lung metastatic cell lines (LM). Functional studies comparing the PT and LM cell lines derived from HCC cell line PLC demonstrated higher cell invasion and migration ability in the metastatic cell line compared with the primary tumor cell line. In addition, the LM cell line possessed more stress fiber than the PT cell line. The PLC-derived cell lines and another metastatic HCC cell line, MHCC97H-derived cell lines were subjected to the miRNA microarray analysis. Fifteen human miRNAs were found to be differentially expressed in the LM cell lines when compared to the PT cell lines. miR-106b was one of the miRNAs which was over-expressed in LM cell lines. We further confirmed our findings in HCC clinical sample and found that miR-106b was over-expressed in HCC tumor compared with the adjacent non-tumor tissue, and its expression was significantly associated with the tumor grade (p=0.018). MicroRNA knock-down study was performed by using the miR-106b LNA knock-down probe. The miR-106b knock-down reverted the cell migration phenotype, and fluorescent staining of stress fiber formation showed that the miR-106b knock-down cells have less stress fiber formation than the parental cell lines and the scramble control. We further studied the expression of E-cadherin in PLC-PT, PLC-LM, the scramble control and the miR-106b knock-down cell lines. Our result demonstrated that miR-106b expression inversely correlated with E-cadherin level. Since decrease of E-cadherin expression is the hallmark for epithelia-mesenchymal transition (EMT), further studies will focus on the role of miR-106b in EMT of HCC cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2024.
Multicenter comparison of cortisol as measured by different methods in samples of patients with septic shock
Authors: Josef Briegel, Charles L. Sprung, Djillali Annane, Mervyn Singer, Didier Keh, Rui Moreno, Patrick Möhnle, Yoram Weiss, Alexander Avidan, Frank M. Brunkhorst, Fritz Fiedler, Michael Vogeser
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2009)
Transplacental drug delivery: gene and virus delivery to the trophoblast
Authors: Samuel Parry, Hideki Koi, Jerome F Strauss
Journal: Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (1999)

The development of successful strategies for delivering genes to the placenta may provide new opportunities for modifying trophoblast function in order to learn more about trophoblast physiology and to offer novel therapeutic options for complications of pregnancy that result from placental dysfunction. Replication-deficient recombinant viral vectors are useful vehicles for introducing genes into cells in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant adenovirus and herpes simplex virus vectors are unable to efficiently infect and transduce terminally differentiated trophoblastic cells. However, recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors transduce terminally differentiated trophoblastic cells, and a Sindbis virus construct efficiently transduces and destroys trophoblastic cancer cells. We describe the features that make particular viral vectors attractive for gene transfer to trophoblastic cells.
The power of five
Authors: Neville W Goodman
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Editor—I write with reference to Spence's personal view on what he calls the two dimensional model of medical correctness.1

When the chief medical officer recommended recently that we should all take 30 minutes exercise five times a week, I found myself wondering whether we should be eating our five daily portions of fruit and vegetables while we were doing our exercise or not.

Surely we should be told.