tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
ON THE VALUE OF KINESITHERAPY IN GYNECOLOGIC PRACTICE.
Authors: RICH HOGNER
Journal: JAMA (1895)

The Swedish medical gymnastic was founded, developed and perfected, as is well known, in the beginning of this century by P. H. Ling, and to-day there is not a civilized country where its fame has not spread and where some medical gymnast has not located. That the Swedish medical gymnastic is firmly grounded on scientific principles is best shown by the fact that regular physicians are beginning to take it up, as a specialty, more and more, and that the public has confidence in its ability in spite of the damaging influence of the so-called massagists, hardly half taught or self-made medical gymnasts, not to mention ignorant male and female administrators of baths, who do all that is possible to disgrace the name and drag down the method. But just as "wise old crones" and midwives have not been able to injure the scientific practice of gynecology and obstetrics, so
The Changing In-Hospital Mortality of Women Undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Malcolm R. Bell, David R. Holmes, Peter B. Berger, Kirk N. Garratt, Kent R. Bailey, Bernard J. Gersh
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To compare in-hospital mortality among women and men undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and determine whether mortality differences have changed recently.A retrospective cohort study.Tertiary referral institution.Consecutive series of 3557 patients (27% women) who underwent 4071 PTCA procedures. Two cohorts were analyzed: patients treated between 1979 and 1987 (n = 1970) and those treated between 1988 and 1990 (n = 2101).In-hospital and periprocedural mortality.Women were older than men (P < .001) and more had class III or IV angina (P < .001), unstable angina (P < .001), angina at rest (P < .001), cardiac failure (P < .001), and diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (P < .001). The PTCA was successful in 85% of women and 86% of men with an in-hospital mortality rate of 4.2% and 2.7%, respectively (P = .005). No significant change in mortality occurred in men between the early (2.2%) and late (3.1%) eras in contrast to a significant increase among women, 2.9% to 5.4% (P = .04). Periprocedural mortalities for women and men between 1979 and 1987 were 1.0% and 1.2% (P = not significant) and between 1988 and 1990 were 2.9% and 1.4% (P = .02), respectively. The multivariate odds ratio of in-hospital mortality for women vs men was 1.51 (95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 2.29; P = .05), although six other baseline variables were more powerful predictors of in-hospital mortality. Accounting for body surface area resulted in no significant association between gender and in-hospital mortality. Periprocedural mortality was not independently associated with gender.In-hospital mortality among women has increased in recent years, but their higher mortality compared with men is related more to the severity of their underlying disease rather than gender alone.
The membrane protein ATPase class I type 8B member 1 signals through protein kinase C zeta to activate the farnesoid X receptor
Authors: Tamara Frankenberg, Tamir Miloh, Frank Y. Chen, Meena Ananthanarayanan, An-Qiang Sun, Natarajan Balasubramaniyan, Irwin Arias, Kenneth D. R. Setchell, Frederick J. Suchy, Benjamin L. Shneider
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Prior loss-of-function analyses revealed that ATPase class I type 8B member 1 [familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1)] posttranslationally activated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Mechanisms underlying this regulation were examined by gain-of-function studies in UPS cells, which lack endogenous FIC1 expression. FXR function was assayed in response to wild-type and mutated FIC1 expression constructs with a human bile salt export pump (BSEP) promoter and a variety of cellular localization techniques. FIC1 overexpression led to enhanced phosphorylation and nuclear localization of FXR that was associated with FXR-dependent activation of the BSEP promoter. The FIC1 effect was lost after mutation of the FXR response element in the BSEP promoter. Despite similar levels of FIC1 protein expression, Byler disease FIC1 mutants did not activate BSEP, whereas benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis mutants partially activated BSEP. The FIC1 effect was dependent on the presence of the FXR ligand, chenodeoxycholic acid. The effect of FIC1 on FXR phosphorylation and nuclear localization and its effects on BSEP promoter activity could be blocked with protein kinase C zeta (PKC zeta) inhibitors (pseudosubstrate or small interfering RNA silencing). Recombinant PKC zeta directly phosphorylated immunoprecipitated FXR. The mutation of threonine 442 of FXR to alanine yielded a dominant negative protein, whereas the phosphomimetic conversion to glutamate resulted in FXR with enhanced activity and nuclear localization. Inhibition of PKC zeta in Caco-2 cells resulted in activation of the human apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter promoter.These results demonstrate that FIC1 signals to FXR via PKC zeta. FIC1-related liver disease is likely related to downstream effects of FXR on bile acid homeostasis. Benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis emanates from a partially functional FIC1 protein. Phosphorylation of FXR is an important mechanism for regulating its activity.
Application of a two-question screening instrument to detect depressive symptoms in patients with vitiligo: A pilot study
Authors: Yosuke Yamamoto, Miki Tanioka, Yasuaki Hayashino, Hiroki Mishina, Mayumi Kato, Shunichi Fukuhara, Atsushi Utani, Yoshiki Miyachi
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Malcolm R Kell, Michael J Kerin
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Is now an established and widely available technique for breast cancer and melanoma 

Sentinel lymph node biopsy has developed over the past decade as a minimally invasive technique to assess regional lymph node status in patients with malignancy. This technique allows us to find out the status of a lymph node basin by removing only a small number of nodes. These nodes stand sentry to the rest of the nodal basin: if malignant disease is going to affect a nodal region it must first pass through the sentinel node. Therefore the nodal basin will contain malignant cells only if the sentinel node is first involved. The specific and limited removal of the sentinel node reduces surgical insult and morbidity compared with conventional lymphatic clearance. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is now widely available, and most cancer surgeons offer this as part of their diagnostic protocol for patients.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy was initially developed to detect lymphatic metastasis in parotid carcinoma.1 As this technique has developed it has been used in the management of penile carcinoma, but it is now predominantly used in the diagnosis of lymphatic metastasis from breast cancer and melanoma.2–4 It can also be used to detect …
An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of topical terbinafine (LamisilR) 1% cream
Authors: S. HILL, R. THOMAS, S.G. SMITH, A.Y. FINLAY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

Journal Article An investigation of the pharmacokinetics of topical terbinafine (Lamisil®) 1% cream Get access S. HILL, S. HILL Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. THOMAS, R. THOMAS Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.G. SMITH, S.G. SMITH Medical Department, Sandoz Products Limited, Frimley Business Park, Frimley, Camberley, Surrey GU16 5SG, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A.Y. FINLAY A.Y. FINLAY Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, U.K. Dr A.Y.Finlay, Department of Dermatology, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF4 4XN, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 127, Issue 4, 1 October 1992, Pages 396–400, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1992.tb00461.x Published: 01 October 1992
POST-OPERATIVE PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS.
Authors: REUBEN PETERSON
Journal: JAMA (1903)

In April, 1901, at a meeting of the Chicago Gynecological Society, I reported two cases of lobar pneumonia following operations. Both cases occurred in my practice within a single month, and were my first experience with this complication in a ten years' surgical practice. In the first case, a young girl on whom I performed Alexander's operation, there was a distinct history of a cold, contracted shortly before the administration of the ether. The patient had a chill and rise of temperature within three hours after the completion of the operation. But one lung was affected, and the patient made a good recovery. The second case occurred in a patient from whom I removed a tube and ovary and suspended the uterus. The symptoms were not so severe as in the first case, nor could any history of exposure be elicited. She also made a good recovery. At the same
MiR-205 and MiR-375 MicroRNA Assays to Distinguish Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Adenocarcinoma in Lung Cancer Biopsies
Authors: Santosh Patnaik, Reema Mallick, Eric Kannisto, Rohit Sharma, Wiam Bshara, Sai Yendamuri, Samjot Singh Dhillon
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2015)
Acetaminophen overdose-induced liver injury in mice is mediated by peroxynitrite independently of the cyclophilin D-regulated permeability transition
Authors: Amanda LoGuidice, Urs A. Boelsterli
Journal: Hepatology (2011)

Acetaminophen (APAP) is safe at therapeutic dosage but can cause severe hepatotoxicity if used at overdose. The mechanisms of injury are not yet fully understood, but previous reports had suggested that the mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) may be involved in triggering hepatocellular necrosis. We aimed at inhibiting mitochondrial cyclophilin D (CypD), a key regulator of the mPT, as a potential therapeutic target in APAP hepatotoxicity. Wildtype mice treated with a high dose of APAP (600 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) developed typical centrilobular necrosis, which could not, however, be prevented by cotreatment with the selective CypD inhibitor, Debio 025 (alisporivir, DEB025, a nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin A analog). Similarly, genetic ablation of mitochondrial CypD in Ppif-null mice did not afford protection from APAP hepatotoxicity. To determine whether APAP-induced peroxynitrite stress might directly activate mitochondrial permeabilization, independently of the CypD-regulated mPT, we coadministered the peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst Fe-TMPyP (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, 90 minutes prior to APAP) to CypD-deficient mice. Liver injury was greatly attenuated by Fe-TMPyP pretreatment, and mitochondrial 3-nitrotyrosine adduct levels (peroxynitrite marker) were decreased. Acetaminophen treatment increased both the cytosolic and mitochondria-associated P-JNK levels, but the c-jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling inhibitor SP600125 was hepatoprotective in wildtype mice only, indicating that the JNK pathway may not be critically involved in the absence of CypD.These data support the concept that an overdose of APAP results in liver injury that is refractory to pharmacological inhibition or genetic depletion of CypD and that peroxynitrite-mediated cell injury predominates in the absence of CypD.
Eprosartan reduces cardiac hypertrophy, protects heart and kidney, and prevents early mortality in severely hypertensive stroke-prone rats
Authors: F Barone
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: Eprosartan is a selective angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist approved for the treatment of hypertension. In the present studies, eprosartan's ability to provide end-organ protection was evaluated in a model of cardiomyopathy and renal failure in stroke-prone rats (SP). Methods: SP were fed a high fat (24.5% in food) and high salt (1% in water) diet (SFD). Eprosartan (60 mg/kg/day) or vehicle (saline control) (n=25/group) was administered by intraperitoneally-implanted minipumps to these SP on the SFD for 12 weeks. Normal diet fed SP and WKY rats (n=25/group) were also included for comparison (i.e. served as normal controls). Mortality, hemodynamics, and both renal and cardiac function and histopathology were monitored in all treatment groups. Results: Eprosartan decreased the severely elevated arterial pressure (−12%; P<0.05) produced by SFD but did not affect heart rate. Vehicle-treated SP-SFD control rats exhibited significant weight loss (−13%; P<0.05) and marked mortality (50% by week 6 and 95% by week 9; P<0.01). Eprosartan-treated SP-SFD rats maintained normal weight, and exhibited zero mortality at week 12 and beyond. Eprosartan prevented the increased urinary protein excretion (P<0.05) that was observed in vehicle-treated SP-SFD rats. Echocardiographic (i.e. 2-D guided M-mode) evaluation indicated that SP-SFD vehicle control rats exhibited increased septal (+22.2%) and posterior left ventricular wall (+30.0%) thickness, and decreased left ventricular chamber diameter (−15.9%), chamber volume (−32.7%), stroke volume (−48.7%) and ejection fraction (−22.3%), and a remarkable decrease in cardiac output (−59.3%) compared to controls (all P<0.05). These same parameters in eprosartan-treated SP-SFD rats were normal and differed markedly and consistently from vehicle-treated SP-SFD rats (i.e. treatment prevented pathology; all P<0.05). Cardiac-gated MRI data confirmed the ability of eprosartan to prevent cardiac pathology/remodeling (P<0.05). Histopathological analysis of hearts and kidneys indicated that eprosartan treatment significantly reduced end-organ damage (P<0.01) and provided corroborative evidence that eprosartan reduced remodeling of these organs. Vehicle-treated SP-SFD rats exhibited a 40% increase in the plasma level of pro-atrial natiuretic factor that was reduced to normal by eprosartan (P<0.05). Conclusion: These data demonstrate that eprosartan, at a clinically relevant dose, provides significant end-organ protection in the severely hypertensive stroke-prone rat. It preserves cardiac and renal structural integrity, reduces cardiac hypertrophy and indices of heart failure, maintains normal function of the heart and kidneys, and eliminates premature mortality due to hypertension-induced end-organ failure.
Status of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antagonists in the Biology and Treatment of Cancer
Authors: John Mendelsohn, Jose Baselga
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a tyrosine kinase receptor of the ErbB family that is abnormally activated in many epithelial tumors. Receptor activation leads to recruitment and phosphorylation of several downstream intracellular substrates, leading to mitogenic signaling and other tumor-promoting cellular activities. In human tumors, receptor overexpression correlates with a more aggressive clinical course. Taken together, these observations indicate that the EGFR is a promising target for cancer therapy. Monoclonal antibodies directed at the ligand-binding extracellular domain and low–molecular weight inhibitors of the receptor’s tyrosine kinase are currently in advanced stages of clinical development. These agents prevent ligand-induced receptor activation and downstream signaling, which results in cell cycle arrest, promotion of apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. They also enhance the antitumor effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In patients, anti-EGFR agents can be given safely at doses that fully inhibit receptor signaling, and single-agent activity has been observed against a variety of tumor types, including colon carcinoma, non–small-cell lung cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. Although antitumor activity is significant, responses have been seen in only a minority of the patients treated. In some clinical trials, anti-EGFR agents enhanced the effects of conventional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Ongoing research efforts are directed at the selection of patients with EGFR-dependent tumors, identification of the differences among the various classes of agents, and new clinical development strategies.
Inequalities in women's health: looking at mortality differentials using an alternative approach
Authors: K. A Moser, H. S Pugh, P. O Goldblatt
Journal: BMJ (1988)

Data obtained from follow up of the 1971 census sample in the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys longitudinal study of England and Wales were used to look at women9s mortality differentials at ages 15-59. Women were grouped by combining information on marital state, own occupation, husband9s occupation (if married), economic activity, and indicators of household wealth (housing tenure and access to a car). Large groups were found with considerable differences in mortality. High mortality was associated with working in manual occupations and living in rented housing with no car in the household. In contrast, low mortality was associated with non-manual occupations and living in owner occupied housing with a car. Among married housewives and single women these extreme groups contributed 44% of expected deaths, the disadvantaged group experiencing death rates two and a half times that of the advantaged group. Smaller differences were found among married women with an occupational class. These findings are further evidence of the “health divide” in England and Wales and show that accurately to reflect the relation between a woman9s life circumstances and mortality it is necessary to utilise other measures than those based solely on occupation.
The Prevalence of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Hypertensives
Authors: CHRISTOPHER JOHN WORSNOP, MATTHEW THOMAS NAUGHTON, COLIN EDWIN BARTER, TREFOR OWEN MORGAN, ADRIANNE ILA ANDERSON, ROBERT J. PIERCE
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

This study was designed to measure the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in untreated and treated hypertensive patients by comparing them with normotensive subjects, taking into account the possible confounding variables body mass index, age, sex, and alcohol consumption. Subjects with no known sleep disorders were recruited, had full polysomnography, and had their blood pressure assessed with a 24-h ambulatory monitor. Subjects with a mean 24-h blood pressure greater than 140/ 90, and receiving no treatment for, or with no history of, hypertension were classified as untreated hypertensives; those receiving antihypertension medication were classified as treated hypertensives; those with a mean 24-h blood pressure less than 140/90 and no history of hypertension were classified as normotensives. Thirty-eight percent of the 34 untreated and 38% of the 34 treated hypertensives, and 4% of the 25 normotensives had apnea-hypopnea indexes greater than 5. Logistic regression analysis showed that body mass index (p = 0.001), age (p = 0.07), sex (p = 0.07), treated hypertension (p = 0.05), and untreated hypertension (p = 0.06) were associated with the presence of sleep apnea, but that alcohol consumption (p = 0.82) was not. It is concluded that there is a relationship between sleep apnea and hypertension that, although partially explained by the confounding variables body mass index, age, and sex, persists when these are allowed for.
Cut Well, Sew Well, Do Well?
Authors: Danny O. Jacobs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Although its origin is uncertain, the expression “cut well, sew well, do well” is known by most physicians and is probably known by every surgeon who received training in this century. It endorses principles espoused by Dr. William Halsted at the end of the 19th century that stressed that gentle handling of tissue, precise dissection, and exact tissue approximation are required to bring about a patient's best recovery. These principles are taught during residency training with the expectation that sufficient skill, knowledge, and judgment will be obtained and any inherent differences in ability among surgeons ultimately will be normalized.1 Even . . .
Ultracentrifugation systematically overestimates vesicular cholesterol levels in bile
Authors: P K Yuet, D Blankschtein, J M Donovan
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

To accurately determine the cholesterol (Ch) distribution between mixed micelles and vesicles in lithogenic bile, both ultracentrifugation and gel chromatography with the correct intermixed micellar/vesicular bile salt concentration (IMC) have been proposed. We have systematically compared both separation techniques with physiological model biles to ascertain their quantitative separation ability. After determination of optimal ultra-centrifugation conditions in systems containing only micelles or vesicles, Ch-supersaturated model biles [3-10 g/dL, 10 mol percent Ch, taurocholate (TC)]/([TC + egg yolk phosphatidylcholine (EYPC)] = 0.6 and 0.7) were adjusted to a density of 1.03 g/mL, and ultracentrifuged at 42,000 rpm and 37 degrees C for 13 hours. Identical model biles were subjected to gel chromatography with the correct IMC, either directly or after remixing and incubation at 37 degrees C after ultracentrifugation. By ultracentrifugation, 31 percent +/- 2 percent (TC/(TC + EYPC) = 0.6) and 40 percent +/- 5 percent (TC/(TC + EYPC) = 0.7) of total Ch were found in vesicles (Ch/EYPC molar ratios = 1.0 and 1.3, respectively). However, by gel chromatography, only 19 percent +/- 2 percent (Ch/EYPC = 1.0) and 22 percent +/- 2 percent (Ch/EYPC = 1.5) of total Ch were found in the corresponding biles. Gel chromatography of biles (TC/(TC + EYPC) = 0.7) ultracentrifuged for various durations showed a progressive increase in vesicular Ch to 41 percent after 13 hours. On incubation for 11.5 hours after ultracentrifugation, vesicular Ch decreased to 31 percent, thus approaching the initial (gel chromatography) value. Quasielastic light scattering also demonstrated formation of vesicles in ultracentrifuged Ch-unsaturated model bile (cholesterol saturation index (CSI) approximately 0.97). As compared with gel chromatography, ultracentrifugation systematically elevates vesicular Ch, possibly because of induced shifts in lipids between lipid aggregates caused by variation in local bile salt concentration. Because ultracentrifugation can alter the phases present in bile, gel chromatography with the correct IMC more accurately represents the distribution of Ch in biliary lipid aggregates.
Science and the Quiet Art: Medical Research and Patient Care
Authors: C. Koeck
Journal: BMJ (1996)

David Weatherall Oxford University Press, £17.99, pp 378 ISBN 0 19 262650 7

Have you ever seen a picture of Leeuwenhoek's microscope? Did you know that Christopher Wren not only built St Paul's cathedral but also demonstrated the usefulness of intravenous drug application? You probably knew that John Snow proved how powerful the methods of epidemiology can be in the fight against infectious diseases. But by the time you have read Science and the Quiet Art you will also know that you can find the site of the famous Broad Street pump on Broad-wick Street in Soho, London. You will have been fascinated by the detailed description of the collaboration between Banting and Best in their quest for a cure for diabetes or the dramatic discoveries that solved the puzzle of sickle cell anaemia.

Non-medical readers will be delighted to receive well researched and easy to read information about advanced procedures, the aetiology of common as well …