tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hemodialysis as an Artificial Lung in Sleep Apnea
Authors: Eli A. Friedman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

In 1959, O'Brien, Baxter, and Teschan, with the help of medical corpsmen at Brooke Army Medical Center, demonstrated that daily hemodialysis for up to 22 days promoted survival in 13 patients with acute renal failure and kept the patients “remarkably free of uremic symptoms.”1 When Scribner et al. reported in 1960 that repetitive hemodialysis had prolonged life in two patients with agonal chronic renal failure, the intervals between dialysis treatments varied from 7 to 21 days, and the duration of each episode of dialysis was 24 to 76 hours.2 Despite the expansion in the use of hemodialysis for patients with . . .
Loss of p47 <sup>phox</sup> Subunit Enhances Susceptibility to Biomechanical Stress and Heart Failure Because of Dysregulation of Cortactin and Actin Filaments
Authors: Vaibhav B. Patel, Zuocheng Wang, Dong Fan, Pavel Zhabyeyev, Ratnadeep Basu, Subhash K. Das, Wang Wang, Jessica DesAulniers, Steven M. Holland, Zamaneh Kassiri, Gavin Y. Oudit
Journal: Circulation Research (2013)

The classic phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (gp91(phox) or Nox2) is expressed in the heart. Nox2 activation requires membrane translocation of the p47(phox) subunit and is linked to heart failure. We hypothesized that loss of p47(phox) subunit will result in decreased reactive oxygen species production and resistance to heart failure.To define the role of p47(phox) in pressure overload-induced biomechanical stress.Eight-week-old male p47(phox) null (p47(phox) knockout [KO]), Nox2 null (Nox2KO), and wild-type mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction-induced pressure overload. Contrary to our hypothesis, p47(phox)KO mice showed markedly worsened systolic dysfunction in response to pressure overload at 5 and 9 weeks after transverse aortic constriction compared with wild-type-transverse aortic constriction mice. We found that biomechanical stress upregulated N-cadherin and β-catenin in p47(phox)KO hearts but disrupted the actin filament cytoskeleton and reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. p47(phox) interacts with cytosolic cortactin by coimmunoprecipitation and double immunofluorescence staining in murine and human hearts and translocated to the membrane on biomechanical stress where cortactin interacted with N-cadherin, resulting in adaptive cytoskeletal remodeling. However, p47(phox)KO hearts showed impaired interaction of cortactin with N-cadherin, resulting in loss of biomechanical stress-induced actin polymerization and cytoskeletal remodeling. In contrast, Nox2 does not interact with cortactin, and Nox2-deficient hearts were protected from pressure overload-induced adverse myocardial and intracellular cytoskeletal remodeling.We showed a novel role of p47(phox) subunit beyond and independent of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity as a regulator of cortactin and adaptive cytoskeletal remodeling, leading to a paradoxically enhanced susceptibility to biomechanical stress and heart failure.
A clinically relevant population of leukemic CD34+CD38− cells in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Jonathan M. Gerber, B. Douglas Smith, Brownhilda Ngwang, Hao Zhang, Milada S. Vala, Laura Morsberger, Steven Galkin, Michael I. Collector, Brandy Perkins, Mark J. Levis, Constance A. Griffin, Saul J. Sharkis, Michael J. Borowitz, Judith E. Karp, Richard J. Jones
Journal: Blood (2012)
A Comparison of Iothalamate-GFR and Serum Creatinine-Based Outcomes
Authors: Julia Lewis, Tom Greene, Lawrence Appel, Gabriel Contreras, Janice Douglas, Jim Lash, Robert Toto, Fredrick Van Lente, Xuelei Wang, Jackson T. Wright
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2004)

In renal clinical trials, both slope-based and time-to-event renal outcomes have been used. These outcomes are typically based on estimates of GFR obtained using creatinine or iothalamate GFR (iGFR). The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) was a trial in 1094 African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis, which examined the effects of two levels of BP control and three antihypertensive regimens. This study compared the effects of the AASK interventions on outcomes based on serum creatinine with corresponding outcomes based on iGFR using 9742 matched pairs of iGFR and serum creatinine measurements. The iGFR-based outcomes included (1) a time-to-event composite outcome including a 50% GFR decline, ESRD, or death; (2) a composite outcome including a 50% GFR decline or ESRD; (3) mean decline in GFR in the first 3 mo after randomization (acute slope); (4) mean decline in GFR starting 3 mo after randomization (chronic slope); and (5) mean decline in GFR from baseline (total slope). The corresponding creatinine-based outcomes were (1) a composite of doubling of serum creatinine, ESRD, or death and (2) a composite of doubling of serum creatinine or ESRD and acute, chronic, and total slopes defined by the mean change in estimated GFR (eGFR), where eGFR was estimated from a regression equation for GFR depending primarily on serum creatinine and developed in AASK enrollees. Mean changes in iGFR and eGFR were also compared under extended models that allowed for the possibility that the rate of GFR decline may change over time during the chronic phase. an apparent acceleration in rate of decline of renal function over time was found. Subtle differences were observed between effects of the interventions on some of the creatinine and iGFR slope-based outcomes, but the main conclusions of the trial were similar for the serum creatinine and iothalamate-based measurements. This has important implications for the design of clinical trials with renal outcomes.
Terms of Service
Authors: D. Stephens
Journal: BMJ (1964)

<h3>OBJECTIVE</h3> To determine the possibility of recording “cognitive” event related potentials (ERPs) in locked-in patients and therefore to determine whether ERPs can have a role in differential diagnosis of coma. <h3>METHODS</h3> ERPs to classic auditory or visual “odd ball paradigms” were recorded three to four days, seven to eight days, and 30 to 60 days after admission to the intensive care unit, in four patients affected by basilar artery thrombembolism resulting in locked-in syndrome. Two patients (one 32 year old man, one 31 year old woman) could move the eyes laterally and vertically spontaneously and on command. One patient (a 39 year old man) had a “one and half syndrome”, one patient (a 40 year old woman) could only elevate the left eyelid and eye. Results were compared with data from 30 age matched controls. In the last recording session a letter recognition paradigm was applied, in which ERPs were produced by the identification of letters forming a word. Results were compared with five age matched controls. Brainstem lesions extending to the pontomesencephalic junction were found on MRI and CT. <h3>RESULTS</h3> ERPs to the oddball paradigms were recorded in three patients in the first recording session, in all patients in the second recording session. Latency, amplitude, and topographic distribution of ERP components were inside normal limits. With the letter recognition paradigm the patients could emit a P3 component to correspond with target letters, with the same margin of error as controls. <h3>CONCLUSION</h3> It is possible to record ERPs in patients with locked-in syndrome shortly after the acute ischaemic lesion, and therefore to assess objectively cognitive activities. Furthermore the letter recognition paradigm could be implemented to facilitate linguistic communication with patients with locked-in syndrome.
Validation of 2001 Partin Tables in Turkey: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Saadettin Yilmaz Eskicorapci, Erdem Karabulut, Levent Türkeri, Sümer Baltacı, Cag Cal, Gokhan Toktas, Haluk Akpınar, Gokhan Ozer, Sinan Sozen, Resit Tokuc, Murat Lekili, Ahmet Soylu, Selami Albayrak, Hayrettin Sahin, Reha Alpar, Haluk Ozen
Journal: European Urology (2004)
What is the best glomerular filtration marker to identify people with chronic kidney disease most likely to have poor outcomes?
Authors: E. J. Lamb, P. E. Stevens, J. J. Deeks
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is widely regarded as the best overall measure of kidney function. In recent years, the importance of this measure has increased as it has been incorporated as the primary criterion in an international classification system for kidney disease.1 Routine availability of GFR estimates has improved recognition of chronic kidney disease,2 3 but knowledge of GFR alone is insufficient to predict the risk of adverse outcomes in patients. Concern exists that not all people with decreased GFR, especially those without albuminuria, are at increased risk of adverse outcomes related to chronic kidney disease.4 This may cause unnecessary alarm to patients and waste healthcare resources. Outcomes of importance in chronic kidney disease include progressive loss of kidney function (including kidney failure), acute kidney injury, cardiovascular events, complications related to progression of chronic kidney disease, and mortality. Earlier studies concentrated on the relative accuracy of estimated GFR (eGFR) compared with “true” GFR.5 However, absolute accuracy in GFR estimation may not be the prime criterion, and some more recent literature has focused on the relative ability of different equations and markers to predict disease progression and poor outcomes.

GFR is measured using reference procedures that follow the renal clearance of an infused exogenous substance (such as inulin). However, these methods are cumbersome, impractical, and too costly for widespread use. Clinical laboratories report eGFR by using equations based on measurement of serum creatinine concentration, taking into account other variables including age, sex, and ethnicity. Laboratories use various equations to estimate GFR. Although perhaps not of primary interest to most requesting clinicians, the choice of equation can affect both the prognostic power and the accuracy of the GFR estimate. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation has been widely used since 2000 to estimate GFR, …
Vemurafenib Synergizes with Nutlin-3 to Deplete Survivin and Suppresses Melanoma Viability and Tumor Growth
Authors: Zhenyu Ji, Raj Kumar, Michael Taylor, Anpuchchelvi Rajadurai, Alexander Marzuka-Alcalá, Y. Erin Chen, Ching-Ni Jenny Njauw, Keith Flaherty, Göran Jönsson, Hensin Tsao
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2013)

For patients with advanced melanoma, primary and secondary resistance to selective BRAF inhibition remains one of the most critically compelling challenges. One rationale argues that novel biologically informed strategies are needed to maximally cripple melanoma cells up front before compensatory mechanisms emerge. As p53 is uncommonly mutated in melanoma, restoration of its function represents an attractive adjunct to selective BRAF inhibition.Thirty-seven BRAF(V600E)-mutated melanoma lines were subjected to synergy studies in vitro using a combination of vemurafenib and nutlin-3 (Nt-3). In addition, cellular responses and in vivo efficacy were also determined. We also analyzed changes in the levels of canonical apoptotic/survival factors in response to vemurafenib.Dual targeting of BRAF(V600E) and Hdm2 with vemurafenib and Nt-3, respectively, synergistically induced apoptosis and suppressed melanoma viability in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Suppression of p53 in melanoma cells abrogated Nt-3's effects fully and vemurafenib's effects partially. A survey of canonical survival factors revealed that both vemurafenib and Nt-3 independently attenuated levels of the antiapoptotic protein, survivin. Genetic depletion of survivin reproduces the cytotoxic effects of the combination strategy.These results show preclinical feasibility for overcoming primary vemurafenib resistance by restoring p53 function. Moreover, it identifies survivin as one downstream mediator of the observed synergism and a potential secondary target.
Anatomy of a Decision
Authors: David M. Eddy
Journal: JAMA (1990)

THE QUALITY of medical care is determined by two main factors: the quality of the decisions that determine what actions are taken and the quality with which those actions are executed—what to do and how to do it. If the wrong actions are chosen, no matter how skillfully they are executed, the quality of care will suffer. Similarly, if the correct actions are chosen but the execution is flawed, the quality of care will suffer. The importance of ensuring the quality of execution is well understood. In contrast, the medical profession has done much less to develop and evaluate its decision-making processes. If decisions are considered the command post and actions are considered the troops in the field, we have spent much more energy training and equipping the troops than providing intelligence and decision support systems to the commanders. The place to begin is with the ingredients of a decision.
Protests and bombing disrupt health care in Nepal
Authors: Kaushal Pandey
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Healthcare services in Nepal have been severely disrupted in the 19 days of recent protests, the country's medical association said. Sixteen people are reported to have died after protestors took to the streets of Kathmandu and other cities. Many of the protestors were ordinary people demanding a more democratic government, although they included Maoist rebels who have been fighting for the past decade to overthrow the monarchy.

“We could not carry out routine services to patients owing to the lack of access resulting from curfew and transportation halt,” said Sudha Sharma, the president of the Nepal Medical Association. “Instead we focused more on providing effective emergency service to the protest victims,” she added.

The medical association formed a committee of doctors, nurses, and paramedics to provide first …
SCARLET FEVER FOLLOWING NOSE AND THROAT OPERATIONS
Authors: BEATRICE R. LOVETT
Journal: JAMA (1926)

An interesting and rather frequent type of surgical scarlet fever is that following operations on the mouth, nose and throat. The wound in these cases is in the region most likely to harbor streptococci, and corresponds to the portal of entry for ordinary nonsurgical scarlet fever. One would therefore expect the infection to be more frequent than after operations elsewhere. Of forty-eight cases classed as surgical scarlet fever at the Durand Hospital, from 1902 to 1926, twenty followed operations, thirteen of which were on the nose and throat. The development of the disease in these patients may of course be merely a coincidence, but from their frequency, some relationship between the operation and the scarlet fever seems probable. Occasionally, the patient may be infected by the operator or instruments, as in an instance described later. He may harbor the organisms in the nose or throat previously, but resist their invasion
The Liver and the Antigens of Hepatitis B
Authors: GARY L. GITNICK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

A decade ago an antigen was identified by immunodiffusion and subsequently proved to be closely associated with hepatitis B virus. Further studies showed that hepatitis B virus circulates as a large particle containing a protein coat and a DNA core, and that excess coat particles are produced and circulate freely. Immunization with surface protein produced protective antibodies, and this led to the development of a prototype vaccine. Patients with hepatitis may develop a variety of extrahepatic manifestations, including polyarthritis, vasculitis, and glomerulonephritis. These associated symptoms may be due to immune complexes consisting of hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody. The role of cellular immunity in hepatitis B is unknown. The relation between type B virus and the liver is both destructive (leading to severe acute hepatic disease and eventually to cirrhosis) and symbiotic (existing among carriers who have neither liver disease nor symptoms). If the factors that cause these divergent courses were delineated and understood, the results may lead to the prevention and cure of hepatitis B and its sequelae.
Human adjuvant disease: remission of silicone induced autoimmune disease after explanation of breast augmentation.
Authors: W kaiser, G Biesenbach, U Stuby, P Grafinger, J Zazgornik
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

Autoimmune diseases following silicone or paraffin implantation are rarely encountered complications of plastic surgery. A 42 year old woman is presented who developed clinical and immunological features of systemic lupus erythematosus 11 years after silicone augmentation. After explanation antinuclear antibody titres decreased from 1/1280 to 1/160, C4 complement fraction and the previously raised angiotensin converting enzyme normalised in step with clinical improvement. It is important that plastic surgeons and rheumatologists should be aware of this possible association.
Chemotherapy induced liver abnormalities: an imaging perspective
Authors: Ankush Sharma, Roozbeh Houshyar, Priya Bhosale, Joon-Il Choi, Rajesh Gulati, Chandana Lall
Journal: Clinical and Molecular Hepatology (2014)

Treating patients undergoing chemotherapy who display findings of liver toxicity, requires a solid understanding of these medications. It is important for any clinician to have an index of suspicion for liver toxicity and be able to recognize it, even on imaging. Cancer chemotherapy has evolved, and newer medications that target cell biology have a different pattern of liver toxicity and may differ from the more traditional cytotoxic agents. There are several hepatic conditions that can result and keen clinical as well as radiographic recognition are paramount. Conditions such as sinusoidal obstructive syndrome, steatosis, and pseudocirrhosis are more commonly associated with chemotherapy. These conditions can display clinical signs of acute hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and even liver failure. It is important to anticipate and recognize these adverse reactions and thus appropriate clinical action can be taken. Often times, patients with these liver manifestations can be managed with supportive therapies, and liver toxicity may resolve after discontinuation of chemotherapy.
Thyroid hormone action: Effect of triiodothyronine on mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Kenneth Sterling, Milton A. Brenner
Journal: Metabolism (1995)

Adenine nucleotide translocase (AdNT) levels were measured as the exchange of extramitochondrial against intramitochondrial adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in liver, spleen, and testes mitochondria isolated from normal and hypothyroid rats using the "back-exchange" and atractyloside-stop method of Pfaff and Klingenberg. The results provide confirmation of previous reports that mitochondria from hypothyroid rats show a markedly diminished AdNT activity, which is restored to normal levels within 72 hours by intraperitoneal injection of 10 to 20 micrograms triiodothyronine (T3)/100 g body weight. The latter dose was found in dose-response studies to result in maximal stimulation of AdNT in liver mitochondria. Qualitatively similar results on AdNT activity were obtained in liver mitochondria within 30 to 60 minutes following intravenous injection into hypothyroid rats of a more physiological dose of T3 (40 ng/100 g body weight). AdNT in mitochondria isolated from spleen and testes (organs that do not exhibit a calorigenic response after administration of thyroid hormone to the whole animal) failed to respond to thyroidectomy and to administration of T3. More recently, we have observed that in vitro replacement of T3 also stimulates AdNT activity in hypothyroid liver mitochondria. The enzyme adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase was examined as another possible candidate for direct hormonal stimulation of mitochondria. Simultaneous determinations on the same rats after intraperitoneal injection of T3 (20 micrograms/100 g body weight) showed little or no effect on ATP synthase until after 37 to 85 hours, whereas enhanced activity of the translocator was regularly observed at 17 hours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of lactulose and other laxatives on ileal and colonic pH as measured by a radiotelemetry device
Authors: R. L. Bown, J. A. Gibson, G. E. Sladen, B. Hicks, A. M. Dawson
Journal: Gut (1974)

Using a pH-sensitive radiotelemetering device the effect of lactulose on luminal pH in the ileum, colon, and rectum has been compared with that of two other laxative agents. Lactulose produced marked acidification of proximal colonic contents but this effect was not consistently maintained into the distal colon. Sodium sulphate acidified distal rather than proximal colonic contents. However, for a similar degree of laxation it was not possible to produce a significantly more uniform reduction of pH along the length of the colon by combining these laxatives compared with lactulose alone. Magnesium sulphate had little effect upon luminal pH except in the rectum where a significant rise occurred. These results are discussed in relation to both normal colonic physiology and to their possible relevance to the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy by colonic acidification.
INTERRELATION OF URIC ACID AND ETHANOL METABOLISM IN MAN*
Authors: Charles S. Lieber, Don P. Jones, Monty S. Losowsky, Charles S. Davidson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1962)

Traditionally, the drinking of large amounts of alcoholic beverages has been considered a common predisposing or precipitating cause of gout (1).Thus far, however, the possibility of a relationship between ethanol and urate metabolism does not seem to have been investigated.In an attempt to evaluate a possible effect of ethanol on uric acid metabolism, we have studied serum uric acid levels in patients intoxicated with ethanol.Having ob- served that ethanol leads to an elevation of serum uric acid concentration, we investigated the mecha- nisms of this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODSSubjects.Studies were conducted in 22 subjects, 31 to 67 years old, 19 males and 3 females (Subjects 4, 7, 19).None had gout or any known cause of secondary hyperuricemia.Renal function was normal as judged by blood urea concentration and urinary sediment, there was no major hematological abnormality, and all except Subject 8 were afebrile.Although all except Subject 14 admitted considerable ethanol intake in the past, at the time of the study none showed clinical or laboratory evi- dence of liver disease except Subjects 1, 4, and 8, who had compensated hepatic cirrhosis.Subject 14 suffered from chronic idiopathic adrenal insufficiency and was being treated with desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) at the time of the study.Studies in intoxicated patients.Sixteen patients were studied when admitted to the hospital acutely intoxicated with various alcoholic beverages.Venous blood was drawn for chemical determinations at the time of ad- mission and at intervals thereafter.In each patient, the final serum uric acid concentration was compared with the initial value.The mean of the individual differences was calculated and its degree of significance tested by the t test (2).
Induced Abortion and Breast Cancer: More Scientific Data Are Needed
Authors: Lynn Rosenberg
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1994)

Journal Article Induced Abortion and Breast Cancer: More Scientific Data Are Needed Get access Lynn Rosenberg Lynn Rosenberg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 86, Issue 21, 2 November 1994, Pages 1569–1570, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/86.21.1569 Published: 02 November 1994 Article history Received: 20 September 1994 Accepted: 21 September 1994 Published: 02 November 1994