tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SINGLE CELL STUDIES ON 19S ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
Authors: G. J. V. Nossal, A. Szenberg, G. L. Ada, Caroline M. Austin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1964)

Rats were immunized with Salmonella adelaide flagella. By zone centrifugation of serum samples in sucrose gradients, it was shown that, as in many other systems of antibody formation, the first response was the formation of 19S, mercaptoethanol (ME)-sensitive antibody. This was quickly replaced by 7S, ME-insensitive antibody. Popliteal lymph node cell suspensions were prepared, and cells with antibody on their surface were identified by the method of bacterial adherence. By micromanipulation such cells were washed, placed into microdroplets, examined under high-power phase contrast and broken to release intracellular antibody. These droplets were then studied in either of two ways. In the first method, each droplet was halved and one half treated with ME. Then both halves were titrated for immobilizing antibody through serial twofold dilution of the half microdroplets. Droplets showing destruction of antibody by ME were classified as 19S; those showing no reduction in titer as 7S; and those showing significant (>1 log(2)) reduction as double producers; i.e., cells containing both 7S and 19S antibodies. In the second method, droplets were divided into 4 equal quarters, for testing after treatment with either ME, or a specific rabbit anti-rat 7S globulin serum, or both. In these experiments, cells showing some remaining antibody after treatment with either reagent, but not after treatment with both reagents, were classified as double producers. Of 144 cells tested, 123 contained readily detectable amounts of antibody. These comprised 42 19S cells, 64 7S cells, and 17 double producers. The double producers were frequent at times when the switchover from 19S to 7S antibody production was occurring. All except 4 of the cells in the study could clearly be identified as members of the plasma cell series. Though 7S cells became more frequent as the cell population matured, no clear-cut correlation between cell immaturity and 19S production could be obtained. In the primary response many fully mature plasma cells contained only 19S antibody; conversely, in the secondary response many blasts contained 7S antibody. No morphological difference between 19S and 7S cells could be found. The results suggested that many cells or cell clones go through a sequence whereby each forms first 19S and later 7S antibody with identical combining sites.
Epistaxis, and the Means of Arresting it
Authors: J. Thompson
Journal: BMJ (1867)

and carried to him.This may be done down a railway embankment, or over a wall or locked gate.The patient being placed on'the bed, is carried to the ambulance, and in the same way from the' 'ambulance to the hospital bed.I have been greatly aided in constructing this ambulance by our vil- lage carpenter, Mr. W. Avery, who was always ready to suggest any- thing that might keep the expense within the limits assigned.I had previously consulted regular coach-builders; but the expense was so great that my plans were abandoned for nearly three years.I shall be happy to see, if ambulances are required by other village hospitals, that Mr. Avery carries out my plans-in every respect, and shall consider myself well tepaid if the ambulance, either in its present form or with any improvement any other member of our profession may suggest, be brought into use in unions and village hospitals.[Since this paper was read, Mr. Swete, having, on account of the health of his family, been reluctantly obliged to leave Wrington for Weston-super-Mare, and consequently.
Chronic radiodermatitis following repeated percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
Authors: None Kawakami, None Saito, None Miyazaki
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

We review three patients who developed chronic radiodermatitis subsequent to undergoing multiple percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties (PTCAs). All patients had had chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and had undergone lengthy PTCA on several occasions. The skin eruption was characterized by an atrophic rectangular plaque on the left upper back, presenting as mottled hyper‐ and hypopigmentation with reticulate telangiectasia. Histologically, the eruption demonstrated epidermal atrophy, hyalinized and irregularly stained collagen, and telangiectasia of superficial vessels in the dermis. Although the risk of radiation injury in most patients undergoing cardiac catheterization is low, this danger should not be ignored. In particular, patients with long‐standing IHD and numerous repeated catheterizations to only one or two occluded coronary arteries should be considered at high risk.
Medicine Is a Life of Service
Authors: Joseph Palma
Journal: JAMA (1961)

I AM HONORED to be with you today as Chairman of the Pediatric Section of the AMA, and have selected for discussion some of the missions of the physician in our present society. There are some who affirm that medicine is too scientific, but it is encouraging to note that curriculum trends point to a revival in the care of the patient by a scientific physician-humanitarian.<sup>1</sup>It is encouraging also that more emphasis is placed on the art of medicine without ignoring the application of science to medicine. The American Pediatric Society has served notice, according to the address of a recent past-president, that a portion of the program in 1961 would be devoted to pediatric education. This meeting has been recently concluded. I hope progress has been made. The subject is appropriate, since members of the American Pediatric Society dominate at least three-fourths of all the boards and
Tetracycline. Another example of generic bioinequivalence
Authors: J. H. Wood
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Because of the Food and Drug Administration batch certification assurances, state government systems generally purchase antibiotics from the lowest bidder. A tetracycline hydrochloride tablet purchased in this manner is shown to be inferior to the innovator capsule product. (<i>JAMA</i>239:1874-1876, 1978)
Spironolactone and risk of upper gastrointestinal events: population based case-control study
Authors: Katia Verhamme, Georgio Mosis, Jeanne Dieleman, Bruno Stricker, Miriam Sturkenboom
Journal: BMJ (2006)

To confirm and quantify any association between spironolactone and upper gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers.Population based case-control study.A primary care information database in the Netherlands.All people on the database who were aged 18 or more between 1 January 1996 and 30 September 2003. Patients with a history of alcoholism or gastrointestinal cancer were excluded. Ten controls were matched to each case of gastroduodenal ulcer or upper gastrointestinal bleeding by age (year of birth), sex, and index date.The occurrence of an upper gastrointestinal event (bleeding or ulcers), adjusted for potential confounders with conditional logistic regression analysis.Within the source population of 306 645 patients, 523 cases of gastric or duodenal ulcer or upper gastrointestinal bleeding were identified and matched to 5230 controls. Current use of spironolactone was associated with a 2.7-fold (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 6.0) increased risk of a gastrointestinal event.The risk of gastroduodenal ulcers or upper gastrointestinal bleeding is significantly increased in patients using spironolactone.
THE TREATMENT OF PELLAGRA
Authors: TOM D. SPIES
Journal: JAMA (1935)

It has been known for a long time that pellagra is characterized by remissions and relapses and that the mild cases promptly improve after the assimilation of an adequate diet. Goldberger and his co-workers,<sup>1</sup>have produced, prevented and sometimes cured pellagra and have recommended yeast as a specific therapeutic agent.<sup>1c</sup>Many diets, drugs and minerals have been advocated by others as certain cures for the disease.<sup>2</sup>In spite of the application of these recommended methods of treatment, all workers agree that the prognosis is very grave for the severely ill pellagrin and that the mortality rate in the advanced stages of the disease is extremely high. It was shown in a previous publication<sup>3</sup>that the mortality rate in a series of seventy-three cases of pellagra was 54 per cent, despite the fact that all of the patients were given hospital care and offered a highly nutritious
Letter: Ketotic hypoglycaemia.
Authors: N R Buist
Journal: BMJ (1974)

based on a proportionate change in total calcium with protein rather than an absolute change.A slightly improved nomogram would be based on the plasma albumin rather than the total protein and would be derived from the known calcium-albumin associa:ion constant.Such a nomogram can be prepared by any physical chemist and will be included by us in a fo-rthcoming publication.-Weare, etc.,
The New Law on Medicare's Payments to Physicians
Authors: John K. Iglehart
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1990)

The federal government, persuaded by the results of a massive study and the argument of organized medicine that primary care physicians should be better compensated for the services they deliver, has enacted legislation moving Medicare toward better compensation through the construction of a new schedule of payments. But Congress, striving to balance the conflicting economic interests of patients, payers, and providers, went well beyond rationalizing Medicare's payments, adding provisions intended to check the volume of delivered services by constraining expenditures, to place greater limits on physicians' balance-billing practices, and to bolster government efforts to improve the quality of care by . . .
"Ancoloxin" and Foetal Abnormalities
Authors: J. R. James
Journal: BMJ (1963)

Post-operatively, haemoglobin was 63 %, and the patient was transfused with 2 pints (1.1 litres) of blood.Investigation showed bleeding-and clotting-time to be normal.The drainage tube was removed after 48 hours.There was a little oozing for the next few days and the patient was discharged well three weeks after admission.The second patient, whom we saw in October, 1962, was a young married woman aged 31, para 2, who had also had a nasty cough for two weeks.She had abdominal pain on coughing for a few days, and this became much worse one evening, when we were called to see her.She complained of sudden severe pain in the right iliac fossa, and felt nauseated.She did not vomit, but in the next hour had two bouts of diarrhoea.Straining at stool and rising from a lying position caused extreme pain.Pulse was 94/min., temperature 99.2°F.(37.30C.).Micturition was normal.Her last menstrual period was two weeks before.She was not shocked.B.P. 120/80.There was a tender mass to the right of the midline, ovoid in shape, with the long axis in the line of the rectus measuring about 4 in.by 3 in. (10.2 by 7.6 cm.).It was extremely tender, not movable, and felt relatively superficial.With the memory of the previous case fresh in our minds, a diagnosis of ruptured rectus abdominis was made and she was admitted to the surgical wards of the Gloucester Royal Infirmary.At operation on the following day a lower midline incision revealed a haematoma behind the right rectus muscle and the posterior wall of the rectus sheath.Blood clot amounted to 5 oz.(142 ml.).There was no evidence of torn muscle fibres or bleeding points.The abdomen was explored: the ovaries and uterus were normal.Routine appendicectomy was performed.The post-operative period was uneventful, the patient being discharged well after 11 days.Although this condition is said to be most common in middle-aged and elderly women with chronic bronchitis, it is of interest that our second case occurred in a well-nourished healthy woman of 31 during an isolated episode of mild bronchitis.
Fatality Trends in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, 1948-1998
Authors: Benjamin Seet, Gilbert M. Burnham
Journal: JAMA (2000)

The rising number of deaths among United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces after the Cold War has made some troop-contributing countries hesitant to participate in peacekeeping operations. While the number and scale of missions have increased, no data have demonstrated a parallel increase in risks to peacekeepers.To determine the association of characteristics of UN peacekeeping operations with risks and mortality rates among UN peacekeeping forces in both the Cold War and post-Cold War periods.Descriptive analysis of 1559 personnel deaths during 49 UN peacekeeping missions from 1948-1998 based on the casualty database maintained by Department of Peacekeeping Operations, UN Headquarters.Number and percentage of deaths by circumstance, total crude death rate, and crude death rate and relative risk of death by circumstance (hostile acts, unintentional violence, and illness or other causes) and time period (Cold War vs post-Cold War), geographic region, and nature of peacekeeping response; and regression analysis of mission variables (strength, duration, and humanitarian mandate) associated with total number of deaths.More deaths have occurred among UN peacekeeping forces in the past decade alone than in the previous 40 years of UN peacekeeping (807 vs 752), but crude death rates did not differ significantly by time period (Cold War vs post-Cold War, 21.8 vs 21. 2 deaths per 10,000 person-years; P =.58), level of peacekeeping response, or for geographic regions other than East Europe and Central America, where rates were lower (P<.001 for both regions). Unintentional violence accounted for 41.2% of deaths, followed by hostile acts (36.1%), and illness or other causes (22.7%). Deaths from hostile acts increased after the Cold War (relative risk [RR] 1. 51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22-1.88), while rates for deaths caused by unintentional violence decreased (RR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.67-0. 94) but remain high, particularly in the Middle East and Asia (RR, 1. 39; 95% CI, 1.15-1.69). Regression analysis showed a significant association between number of deaths and the strength (P<.001) and duration (P<.001) of a peacekeeping mission.The increase in number of deaths among UN peacekeeping personnel since 1990 can be attributed to the increased number and scale of missions after the Cold War rather than increased RR of death. Post-Cold War peacekeeping personnel have a higher risk of dying from hostile acts in missions where more force is required. In missions providing or facilitating humanitarian assistance, both the RR of deaths from all causes and deaths from hostile acts are increased. JAMA. 2000;284:598-603
SODIUM CARBONATE (MONOHYDRATED) IN THE TREATMENT OF VERNAL CONJUNCTIVITIS
Authors: LOUIS LEHRFELD
Journal: JAMA (1933)

I advocate the use of sodium carbonate in solution, 5 and 10 grains to the ounce of water (0.3 and 0.65 Gm. to 30 cc.), instilled three drops, four times daily, during the active stages of vernal conjunctivitis, both limbic and palpebral. As a supplement, the eye should be irrigated with cold boric acid solution by means of an eye cup, seven times daily. Having proved that vernal conjunctivitis is an ocular manifestation of an allergy due principally to dusts and pollens, and having observed that desensitization by means of dusts and pollens does not always effect immediate relief, I<sup>1</sup>came to the conclusion that the avenue of approach in the treatment of this disease would be to render inert the exciting agents that enter the eye, or at least to remove them from the eye in such quantities as to minimize the degree of contact and thus keep
Treatment of unilateral visual impairment on preschool vision screening: Mild amblyopia should still be treated
Authors: Richard Harrad, Cathy Williams, John Sparrow
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—In their randomised controlled trial Clarke et al showed directly for the first time that treatment improves visual acuity, at least for moderate amblyopia.1

However, we take issue with the conclusion that vision of 6/12 in one eye and 6/9 in the other should not be treated. There are several possible reasons why no effect of treatment was found for this group.

6/9 …
A comparative trial of Clinitar* versus hydrocortisone cream in the treatment of atopic eczema
Authors: M. MUNKVAD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1989)

Journal Article A comparative trial of Clinitar versus hydrocortisone cream in the treatment of atopic eczema: A comparative trial of Clinitar versus hydrocortisone cream in the treatment of atopic eczema Get access M. MUNKVAD M. MUNKVAD Holbaek, Denmark Dr M.Munkvad, The Skin Clinic, Ahlgade 30A, DK‐4300, Holbaek, Denmark. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 121, Issue 6, 1 December 1989, Pages 763–766, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1989.tb08219.x Published: 01 December 1989
A super-agonist of growth hormone–releasing hormone causes rapid improvement of nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Stanisław Niemczyk, Hanna Sikorska, Andrzej Więcek, Ewa Żukowska-Szczechowska, Klaudia Załęcka, Joanna Gorczyńska, Małgorzata Kubik, Beata Czerwieńska, Katarzyna Gosek, Johannes D. Veldhuis, David A. Wagner, Pierrette Gaudreau, Tiina Hakonen, Sam Wai Kit Kay, Taneli Jouhikainen, Franz Schaefer
Journal: Kidney International (2009)
Shorter preoperative fluid fasts reduce postoperative emesis
Authors: A F Smith, H Vallance, R M Slater
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor—We support the recommendations on preoperative fasting offered by S M Greenfield and colleagues.1 Not only are fasting times far longer even than is traditionally thought necessary but reducing the fluid fast, as they advocate, seems to benefit patients after anaesthesia too.

We audited fasting times and postoperative emesis in inpatients having elective gynaecological surgery after some members of our department became concerned that shortening the preoperative fluid fast would make postoperative emesis more likely. Data were collected …
Randomised controlled trial of nicotine chewing-gum.
Authors: M J Jarvis, M Raw, M A Russell, C Feyerabend
Journal: BMJ (1982)

The effectiveness of 2 mg nicotine chewing-gum as an aid to stopping smoking was compared with a placebo containing 1 mg nicotine, but unbuffered, in a double-blind randomised trial. Of 58 subjects given the active gum, 27 (47%) were not smoking at one-year follow-up compared with 12 (21%) of the 58 subjects treated with placebo (p less than 0.025). By the most stringent criterion of outcome, 18 (31%) subjects in the active treatment group and eight (14%) in the placebo group had not smoked at all from the start of treatment to follow-up at one year (p less than 0.05). Subjects receiving the active gum experienced less severe withdrawal symptoms and rated their gum as more helpful than did the placebo group. Minor side effects were common but only gastric symptoms were more frequent with the active gum. Subjects receiving active gum used it for longer than those receiving placebo but most stopped using it within six months and only four (7%) developed longer-term dependence. The number of gums used daily correlated significantly with pretreatment blood nicotine concentrations in the active treatment group and with pretreatment cigarette consumption in the placebo group. A lower pretreatment blood nicotine value was the best predictor of success at one year (p less than 0.001) but there was no significant relation to cigarette consumption, sex, and social class. The results clearly confirm the usefulness of nicotine chewing-gum as an aid to stopping smoking and imply a definite role for nicotine in cigarette dependence and withdrawal. Successful use of the gum requires careful attention to subjects' expectations and clear instructions on how to use it.
The Use of Hypothermia in Septic Shock
Authors: Emil Blair
Journal: JAMA (1961)

BACTEREMIA producing shock has been observed following both gram-positive and gram-negative infections.1-4The current therapeutic regimen in septicemia consists of the appropriate antibiotics, fluids and whole blood, and general supportive measures. This treatment appears to be effective until the arterial blood pressure falls to shock levels. The characteristic picture is that of a septicemic patient (usually elderly) who appears to be doing well when his temperature begins to fall, and he suddenly goes into an acute circulatory collapse. Vasopressors and corticoids are added to the regimen and the antibiotic administration is intensified. Despite all this the hypotension is resistant and the mortality rate from septic shock stands at an appalling 60% to 70%.  The clinical features observed in septic shock appear in Table 1. In our series the elderly debilitated patient with a neglected perforated viscus and subsequent coliform (Escherichia coli) septicemia are seen most often. Other experiences have
Evolution of micturition in man
Authors: Alan Meyers
Journal: The Lancet (1999)

As a practising paediatrician, I am aware (on a daily basis) that infants are most likely to urinate when their diaper (nappy) has been taken off, often immediately upon its removal. Although I have no data in hand, I am confident that many other child health clinicians and parents would confirm this observation. It has occurred to me that this observation might well constitute an evolutionary adaptation. With an infant swaddled in, say, an animal skin on the back of her or his mother, might it not confer an evolutionary advantage to those infants who were born “hard-wired” to withhold urine while swaddled to avoid skin maceration and infection? Another thought on the evolution of micturition struck me while using a public toilet. There was a row of small urinals along the wall, each fully exposed. As I reflected on the “bashful bladder” syndrome, in which men find it difficult to urinate in the presence of other men,1Gilbert III, Beary JS Coping with the “bashful bladder” syndrome.Lancet. 1981; i: 1429-1430Google Scholar I recalled the behavour of several mammalian species, in which the male urinates to mark his territory with his scent, thus claiming territorial rights over other males. Might it be that the modern male Homo sapiens, who attempts to urinate in the presence of another male, is inhibited by the unconscious, atavistic message: “if I urinate in this other male's presence, I am asserting my supremacy over this territory—am I really ready to challenge this male to a fight?” I am not sure if this explantion might lead to some useful treatment approaches, but if hypnosis is attempted as a therapy, then it might serve to inform the design of suggestive imagery.2Mozdzierz GJ The use of hypnosis and paradox in the treatment of a case of chronic urinary retention/“bashful bladder”.Am J Clin Hypnosis. 1985; 28: 43-47Crossref PubMed Scopus (9) Google Scholar
The Physical Sign in Pediatrics-Reply
Authors: W. A. Myers
Journal: JAMA (1961)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> The "nasal crease," as described by me inThe Journal, Oct. 29, 1960, page 1204, is caused by the repeated trauma to the nose of the "allergic salute" typically associated with the chronic nasal itching and edema of nasal allergy, or a similar maneuver of whatever cause. It has nothing to do with "a general sign of constitutional allergy" as suggested by Dr. I. N. Kugelmass.