tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Reply: Neonatal Caffeine Therapy and Sleep: Important Findings to Guide New Approaches and Reduce Concerns
Authors: Carole L. Marcus
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

From the Author:

We thank Dr. Araujo and colleagues for their interest in our study (1). Polysomnography involves the measurement of many physiological signals, and much can be learned about pathophysiology by studying the more subtle aspects of these signals. However, the direct clinical relevance of some of these sophisticated analyses is not clear. Hence, the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and other academic associations have defined the most relevant clinical polysomnographic parameters to be reported. The current study was designed to look for clinically meaningful differences in sleep between participants randomized to the two conditions (caffeine vs. placebo), and none were found. In addition, it should be noted that the participants had undergone detailed neurodevelopmental evaluations as part of the parent Caffeine for Apnea of Prematurity study (2, 3); these studies have shown improved function in the caffeine group, making it unlikely that subtle unmeasured abnormalities in sleep due to caffeine exposure are having significant effects on development or cortical maturation. However, further neurodevelopmental evaluations are being performed as these children become older, and if deficits are seen in the caffeine group, then further studies would be warranted.
Emotion and Personality, 2 Vols
Authors: Percival Bailey
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The author states her motive for writing this book as follows: "This work... represents an attempt to survey the area of emotion and bring some order into a long neglected field. There is no adequate theory of emotion today, that is, no theory that can integrate the psychological, neurological, and physiological aspects of affective phenomena and place emotion in its proper perspective as a factor in personality organization. To formulate such a theory, it is necessary to review and evaluate the explanations given thus far, and to see what can be accepted in the light of recent research." "If we take the adventure of ideas seriously, we are duty bound to screen the wheat from the chaff, even if that screening is a thankless task and takes time that could be devoted to original work. For the sake of our scientific integrity and for the sake of our obligation to those who look to the expert
Red, amber and green: the role of the lung in de-priming active systemic neutrophils
Authors: Elizabeth Sapey, Robert A Stockley
Journal: Thorax (2014)

There is little doubt that neutrophils, while vital in host defence, have the potential to cause significant tissue damage implicated both in lung and systemic diseases as well as systemic organ failure. Following pathogen recognition receptor activation by agents including formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), cigarette smoke, cytokines or complement factor C5a, neutrophils are activated, recruited and participate in tissue breakdown and bacterial clearance via an array of mechanisms including phagocytosis, superoxide burst, extrusion of neutrophil extracellular traps (de-condensed chromatin and antimicrobial protein coated web-like structures), secretion of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and extrusion of a range of granule-derived proteases and antimicrobial peptides. These proteases, hydrolases and antimicrobial peptides are thought to contribute to many cellular functions including neutrophil migration, adherence and apoptosis, but their extra-cellular release is also associated with obligate tissue damage (as described in studies of quantum proteolysis1) and inflammation, and neutrophil proteinases in particular have been found to have a myriad of pro-inflammatory effects on bystander tissue to amplify inflammation, favouring further cell recruitment and degranulation.

In keeping with this, there are clear associations between neutrophils and many chronic inflammatory diseases as diverse as COPD, myocardial infarction, type 2 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.2 Neutrophils have also been implicated widely in organ dysfunction, from acute kidney injury to acute lung injury, where neutrophil numbers correlate both with the severity of insult and negative outcomes.3 

Neutrophils exist in one of three states: quiescent, primed or active. Priming and activation appear distinct. In the primed state, there is no increase in oxidase activity; however, subsequent stimulation is able to provoke a response that is 10-fold larger than in non-primed, activated cells. Individual primed cells are ‘ready to go’ but require further stimulation before activated responses are elicited. This is akin to a tri-colour warning system, with primed …
Management and information.
Authors: C. Chantler
Journal: BMJ (1992)

no doubt be a cause celebre in the quest for equality in the workplace.* United Kingdom responseThe United Kingdom has been reluctant to legislate on equality issues.Opportunity 2000, which was launched by John Major in 1991, was a voluntary scheme without legal or financial teeth aimed at improving prospects for women in the United Kingdom.Prompted by the charity Business in the Community, 14 of Britain's top employers-including the NHS-have set out their own 10 year targets to improve the position of women.As a signatory to Opportunity 2000 the NHS Management Executive commissioned a report from the Office for Public Management to profile the "issues relating to the role of women in the NHS and to build on
Breast cancer screening offers few benefits to women over 70, finds study
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Extending the Netherlands’ breast cancer screening programme to include women over the age of 70 did not lead to a fall in the number of advanced stage breast cancers detected, even though the number of early stage tumours detected rose, an evaluation has found.1

The study’s leader, Gerrit-Jan Liefers, a surgical oncologist and head of the geriatric oncology research group at Leiden University Medical Centre, said that if the programme were effective he would expect the incidence of advanced stage cancer to decrease, because any cancer would have been detected at an earlier stage. The study’s finding “implies that the …
Gene therapy for asthma
Authors: Phillip Factor
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

The accessibility of the airway epithelium and the limitations of current treatments for asthma make the disease a logical target for gene therapy. Study of the immunopathology of chronic airway inflammation has recently identified several pathways that lead to the maladaptive, antigen-induced polarization of CD4+ T cells to a type-2 phenotype. This polarization is thought to lead to IgE production and eosinophil recruitment and activation that is associated with epithelial cell injury and airway hyper-reactivity. Gene transfer to the bronchial epithelium has been used in experimental models to redirect these pathways toward a less injurious, type-1 phenotype. This mini-review highlights recent mechanism-based immunomodulatory and supportive gene transfer approaches to treat animal models of asthma. Although substantial hurdles to airway gene transfer remain, gene transfer offers the possibility of interrupting the pathophysiology of airway inflammation. Doing so can be expected to yield long-lasting protection from bronchospastic challenge and reduced dependence on inhaled and oral medications.
Health education by community health team.
Authors: J. C. Hasler
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Many people now feel that family doctors should take a more positive interest in community health, and one way of realizing this is health education.There are few accounts of such work being done by general practitioners, so this report will be of interest.Pike (1965) states that a similar project has been running since 1959 in a Birmingham practice, but when that was started there was no previous experience for guidance. PlanningIn this practice three doctors look after approximately 6,800 patients in a semi-urban and rural area, the majority of these being in social classes I, II, and III.It was considered at the outset that the emphasis should be on a team approach, with general practitioners and attached local authority staff taking part.
Regulation of glucose transporter expression in cardiac myocytes: p38 MAPK is a strong inducer of GLUT4
Authors: C MONTESSUIT
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2004)

Objective: In vivo differentiation of cardiac myocytes is associated with downregulation of the glucose transporter isoform GLUT1 and upregulation of the isoform GLUT4. Adult rat cardiomyocytes in primary culture undergo spontaneous dedifferentiation, followed by spreading and partial redifferentiation, which can be influenced by growth factors. We used this model to study the signaling mechanisms modifying the expression of GLUT4 in cardiac myocytes. Results: Adult rat cardiomyocytes in primary culture exhibited spontaneous upregulation of GLUT1 and downregulation of GLUT4, suggesting resumption of a fetal program of GLUT gene expression. Treatment with IGF-1 and, to a minor extent, FGF-2 resulted in restored expression of GLUT4 protein and mRNA. Activation of p38 MAPK mediated the increased expression of GLUT4 in response to IGF-1. Transient transfection experiments in neonatal cardiac myocytes confirmed that p38 MAPK could activate the glut4 promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay in adult rat cardiomyocytes and transient transfection experiments in neonatal cardiac myocytes indicated that MEF2 was the main transcription factor transducing the effect of p38 MAPK activation on the glut4 promoter. Conclusion: Spontaneous dedifferentiation of adult rat cardiomyocytes in vitro is associated with downregulation of GLUT4, which can be reversed by treatment with IGF-1. The effect of IGF-1 is mediated by the p38 MAPK/MEF2 axis, which is a strong inducer of GLUT4 expression.
IMPACT OF MEDICAL CARE PLANS ON THE MEDICAL PROFESSION
Authors: Arthur M. Master
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The purpose of this report is to alert the practitioner of medicine, and through him the public in general, to the terrific impact on private practice in New York City of an insurance scheme that combines prepaid voluntary health insurance and panel practice, that does not permit the patient's free choice of a physician, and that places no income ceiling restriction on the participant. During the five years of the scheme's existence (particularly in the year 1951-1952, at which time I was president of the Medical Society of the County of New York), I have observed the hammer blows of this plan against the private practice of medicine. The county medical society has received innumerable complaints from physicians about this plan. At stated meetings the society has vehemently denounced it. I refer specifically to the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York, Inc. (also known as H. I. P.).  In
Obstetric Complications as Risk Factors for Cerebral Palsy or Seizure Disorders
Authors: Karin B. Nelson
Journal: JAMA (1984)

In a prospective study, late obstetric complications were common, one or more occurring in 62% of 51,285 pregnancies. We examined these complications as risk factors for cerebral palsy (CP) or nonfebrile seizure disorders. Certain complications were associated with an increased rate of CP, but in babies over 2,500 g, the observed rate of CP did not exceed 2% following any condition evaluated. For most conditions, the CP rate was highest in the small subgroup of children who had five-minute Apgar scores of 3 or less. Most babies over 2,500 g born after each complication achieved five-minute Apgar scores of 7 or higher, and for them the risk of CP was not significantly greater than in children whose births were uncomplicated. Neither the complications considered nor Apgar scores were important antecedents of nonfebrile seizure disorders in children free of CP. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;251:1843-1848)
Cascaded Effects of Spatial Adaptation in the Early Visual System
Authors: Neel T. Dhruv, Matteo Carandini
Journal: Neuron (2014)

Virtually all stages of the visual system exhibit adaptation: neurons adjust their responses based on the recent stimulus history. While some of these adjustments occur at specific stages, others may be inherited from earlier stages. How do adaptation effects cascade along the visual system? We measured spatially selective adaptation at two successive stages in the mouse visual system: visual thalamus (LGN) and primary visual cortex (V1). This form of adaptation affected both stages but in drastically different ways: in LGN it only changed response gain, while in V1 it also shifted spatial tuning away from the adaptor. These effects, however, are reconciled by a simple model whereby V1 neurons summate LGN inputs with a fixed, unadaptable weighting profile. These results indicate that adaptation effects cascade through the visual system, that this cascading can shape selectivity, and that the rules of integration from one stage to the next are not themselves adaptable.
A “Broader Regulatory Scheme” — The Constitutionality of Health Care Reform
Authors: Sara Rosenbaum
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Although a federal court in Florida has allowed a state challenge to the constitutionality of health care reform to proceed to the next stage of litigation,1 a second federal court in Michigan has already swiftly dispatched identical claims on the merits. In rejecting the plaintiffs' claim, in Thomas More Law Center et al. v. Barack Hussein Obama et al., that the 2010 health care reform is unconstitutional, Judge George Steeh wrote on October 7 that according to a wealth of U.S. Supreme Court precedent, Congress's power to regulate individual activity under the Commerce Clause (in this case, through a mandate . . .
Doctors and Overtime Pay
Authors: B. D. Apthorp
Journal: BMJ (1969)

<h3>Background</h3> Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a leucocyte enzyme that catalyses the formation of a number of reactive oxidant species. <h3>Objective</h3> The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between angiographic coronary plaque morphology in patients with unstable angina pectoris (UAP) or stable angina pectoris (SAP) and MPO levels. <h3>Patients and design</h3> Plasma MPO levels on admission were measured in 236 patients with UAP, 146 with SAP and 85 control subjects using an ELISA kit. The angiographic morphology of the culprit lesion was classified into two types, simple or complex, based on the Ambrose classification. In addition, 61 atherectomy specimens obtained from a different cohort of patients with UAP and SAP were studied immunohistochemically for MPO. <h3>Results</h3> Median (IQR) plasma MPO levels in patients with UAP with a complex lesion were significantly higher than in patients with a simple lesion (41.9 (21.7–73.7) ng/ml vs 20.5 (15.9–27.9) ng/ml, p&lt;0.0001), but there was no significant difference between the two groups in patients with SAP. On multivariate analysis, raised plasma MPO levels and Braunwald class III were independent factors for angiographically-detected complex lesions (adjusted OR 12.49, 95% CI 3.24 to 48.17, p=0.0002). In the atherectomy specimens the number of MPO-positive cells in patients with UAP with complex lesions was significantly higher (p&lt;0.0005) than in patients with simple lesions. Moreover, in this cohort, plasma MPO levels were positively correlated with the number of MPO-positive cells in atherectomy specimens (R=0.42, p=0.024). <h3>Conclusions</h3> This study shows that increased expression and plasma MPO levels are closely related to the presence of angiographically-detected complex lesion morphology in patients with UAP.
Safety and anti-HCV effect of prolonged intravenous silibinin in HCV genotype 1 subjects in the immediate liver transplant period
Authors: Rafael Bárcena, Ana Moreno, Miguel Angel Rodríguez-Gandía, Agustín Albillos, Carlos Arocena, Carlos Blesa, Fernando García-Hoz, Javier Graus, Javier Nuño, Pedro López-Hervás, Luis Gajate, Adolfo Martínez, Teresa Bermejo, María Luisa Mateos, Santos del Campo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Immunochemical characterization of edible bird’s nest allergens
Authors: Denise Li Meng Goh, Kaw Yan Chua, Fook Tim Chew, Rosa Cynthia Mui Yee Liang, Teck Keong Seow, Ke Li Ou, Fong Cheng Yi, Bee Wah Lee
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2001)
Achievement of Reasoned Goals for the First Hospital Year
Authors: William R. Willard
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE PRESENT STATE of the internship is characterized by confusion and concern; it is also characterized by frustration—frustration for those seeking interns and desiring to conduct training programs and frustration for the Internship Review Committee and the Council on Medical Education which must approve or disapprove programs. The Internship Review Committee often has had information inadequate for making valid judgments even though material is collected for consideration of each program. Certain principles derived from the "Essentials of an Approved Internship" have become codified and stereotyped; the reports upon which evaluations are based reveal only the form, not the substance of the program. Some criteria have lost touch with reality, such as the way the principle relating to experience with ambulatory patients has been applied to require organized outpatient clinics in hospitals with intern training programs. The "rules of the game" have forced the Internship Review Committee to recommend to the
Planned alcohol pricing will have "negligible impact" on health problems, say critics
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Critics have attacked the government’s proposals for a minimum price for alcohol saying they will have no impact on the price of most drinks, and do next to nothing to reduce health problems from alcohol abuse. 

The Home Office announced its plans on 18 January to ban the sale of alcohol in England and Wales below cost price, defined as the combined value of duty plus value added tax on drinks. The ban would mean that a unit of beer would cost about 21p (€0.24; $0.33) and …
THE ETIOLOGY OF GRANULOMA INGUINALE
Authors: J. A. McINTOSH
Journal: JAMA (1926)

This study of the etiology of granuloma inguinale was undertaken for the purpose of determining the nature, transmissibility and differential diagnosis of the causative agent and the period of incubation of the infection. Granuloma inguinale is manifested by a granulomatous proliferation and ulceration of the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues about the inguinal region, often extending down to involve the external genitals (fig. 1). <h3>HISTORY</h3> The literature dealing with the etiology of granuloma inguinale is limited and inconclusive. Castellani<sup>1</sup>states that Conyers and Daniels, in 1895, first satisfactorily described granuloma inguinale, and it has since been considered a definite clinical and pathologic disease entity. Donovan,<sup>2</sup>in 1905, observed oval bodies measuring from 0.5 to 2 microns in diameter in macrophages, either scattered or in small compact groups, in smears made from granulomatous lesions of this disease, and expressed doubt as to their location in the animal kingdom. In subsequent
Book Review Renal Cell Cancer: Diagnosis and Therapy Edited by Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette, Cora N. Sternberg, and Hein P.A. van Poppel. 582 pp., illustrated. London, Springer, 2008. $149. 978-1-84628-385-7
Authors: Robert J. Motzer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)
Improving the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment
Authors: Linda Cocchiarella
Journal: JAMA (2000)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Retroviral Vectors Induce Epigenetic Chromatin Modifications and IL-10 Production in Transduced B Cells via Activation of Toll-like Receptor 2
Authors: Roxana R Ahangarani, Wim Janssens, Vincent Carlier, Luc VanderElst, Thierry VandenDriessche, Marinee Chuah, Marc Jacquemin, Jean-Marie Saint-Remy
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)
Phase III Trial Comparing Whole-Pelvic Versus Prostate-Only Radiotherapy and Neoadjuvant Versus Adjuvant Combined Androgen Suppression: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 9413
Authors: M. Roach, M. DeSilvio, C. Lawton, V. Uhl, M. Machtay, M.J. Seider, M. Rotman, C. Jones, S.O. Asbell, R.K. Valicenti, S. Han, C.R. Thomas, W.S. Shipley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

This trial tested the hypothesis that combined androgen suppression (CAS) and whole-pelvic (WP) radiotherapy (RT) followed by a boost to the prostate improves progression-free survival (PFS) by 10% compared with CAS and prostate-only (PO) RT. This trial also tested the hypothesis that neoadjuvant and concurrent hormonal therapy (NCHT) improves PFS compared with adjuvant hormonal therapy (AHT) by 10%.Eligibility included localized prostate cancer with an elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < or = 100 ng/mL and an estimated risk of lymph node (LN) involvement of 15%. Between April 1, 1995, and June 1, 1999, 1,323 patients were accrued. Patients were randomly assigned to WP + NCHT, PO + NCHT, WP + AHT, or PO + AHT. Failure for PFS was defined as the first occurrence of local, regional, or distant disease; PSA failure; or death for any cause.With a median follow-up of 59.5 months, WP RT was associated with a 4-year PFS of 54% compared with 47% in patients treated with PO RT (P =.022). Patients treated with NCHT experienced a 4-year PFS of 52% versus 49% for AHT (P =.56). When comparing all four arms, there was a progression-free difference among WP RT + NCHT, PO RT + NCHT, WP RT + AHT, and PO RT + AHT (60% v 44% v 49% v 50%, respectively; P =.008). No survival advantage has yet been seen.WP RT + NCHT improves PFS compared with PO RT and NCHT or PO RT and AHT, and compared with WP RT + AHT in patients with a risk of LN involvement of 15%.
Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: lessons from in vitro model systems and animal models
Authors: H. Meurs, R. Gosens, J. Zaagsma
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2008)

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a hallmark clinical symptom of asthma. At least two components of AHR have been identified: 1) baseline AHR, which is persistent and presumably caused by airway remodelling due to chronic recurrent airway inflammation; and 2) acute and variable AHR, which is associated with an episodic increase in airway inflammation due to environmental factors such as allergen exposure. Despite intensive research, the mechanisms underlying acute and chronic AHR are poorly understood. Owing to the complex variety of interactive processes that may be involved, in vitro model systems and animal models are indispensable to the unravelling of these mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level. The present paper focuses on a number of translational studies addressing the emerging central role of the airway smooth muscle cell, as a multicompetent cell involved in acute airway constriction as well as structural changes in the airways, in the pathophysiology of airway hyperresponsiveness.