tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Screening for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: N W Toribara, M H Sleisenger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

Colorectal cancer ranks second as a cause of death due to cancer in the United States; approximately 56,000 deaths and 150,000 new cases are predicted this year.1 Improvements in fiberoptic technology over the past two decades have made the elimination of colorectal cancer as a major cause of death a theoretical possibility. Since colonoscopic screening of the entire population is not practical, this procedure must be targeted to those known to be at higher than average risk, as indicated by measurable characteristics. In this article we shall discuss the assessment of risk for colorectal cancer, particularly as it relates to . . .
The Association of Serum Fetuin-A level with Restenosis in the Patients with Stent Restenosis
Authors: Emrah Küçük, Turgut Karabağ, Muhammet Raşit Sayın, İbrahim Akpınar, Abdullah Orhan Demirtaş, Mustafa Aydın
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Abstract 3494: Combining ATRA and GSK3 inhibition in AML
Authors: Kalpana Gupta, Lillian Sun, Divya Agarwal, Ritu Ramdeo, David Wald
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is the most common form of leukemia in adults. Unfortunately, the standard therapeutic agents used for this disease have high toxicities and poor efficacy. The one exception to these poor outcomes is the use of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for a rare subtype of AML (APL, 5-10% of AML). The use of the differentiation agent, ATRA, in combination with low dose chemotherapy leads to the long term survival and presumed cure of 75-85% of patients. Unfortunately ATRA is not clinically useful for other subtypes of AML. Though the non-APL leukemic cells also express retinoic acid receptors (RAR), they require significantly higher concentrations of ATRA for effective differentiation. The requirement for high doses of ATRA for differentiation is at least partially due to the fact that ATRA initiates a negative feedback loop resulting in the degradation of RAR. This feedback loop limits the magnitude and duration of its effects. Despite the high clinical significance of inhibiting the degradation of RAR to enhance the efficacy of ATRA, little is known about the pathways leading to RAR degradation. Our data suggests that the kinase, GSK3, plays a role in RAR degradation. Utilizing genetic and biochemical approaches with AML cell lines and mouse xenograft studies, we have identified that inhibition of GSK3 in combination with ATRA is a promising strategy to induce AML differentiation and growth inhibition. For example, the combination of ATRA and GSK3 inhibitors including Lithium and SB415286 leads to a significant enhancement in anti-tumor activity in a mouse AML xenograft model system. Mechanistically, our data suggests that GSK3 enhances ATRA activity through modulating the expression of RAR. Utilizing HL-60 cells, we have found that not only can endogenous GSK3 and RAR physically interact, but GSK3 can directly phosphorylate RAR and modulate its stability. After the addition of GSK3 inhibitors, the interaction with RAR is disrupted and the GSK3-mediated phosphorylation of RAR is blocked. Overall, our studies suggest the clinical potential of ATRA and GSK3 inhibition for AML and provide a mechanistic framework to explain the promising activity of this combination regimen. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3494. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3494
Depigmented extramammary Paget's disease
Authors: C-C. Yang, J.Y-Y. Lee, T-W. Wong
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2004)

Depigmented extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) has been reported in a few cases. Depigmented macules or patches may be the only presenting sign or may coexist with the classical erythematous lesions.To investigate the occurrence rate and clinical presentation of depigmentation in EMPD.All pathology-proven cases of EMPD diagnosed in our department during 1990-2003 were retrieved. The clinical photographs were reviewed for evidence of local depigmentation. The pathological diagnosis of EMPD in the whitish lesions was confirmed by positive expression of cytokeratin 7 or carcinoembryonic antigen, and/or the presence of intracytoplasmic mucin.Of 19 cases of EMPD, six (30%) manifested depigmented lesions which were confirmed to be EMPD pathologically. In two patients, the hypopigmentation was associated with erythematous lesions at the initial presentation. In four others, the depigmentation developed later as local recurrence after excision, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy or radiotherapy. The progressive enlargement of the depigmentation and the appearance of separate new white lesions in these four cases suggested that the localized depigmentation was unlikely to be simple postinflammatory hypopigmentation.Our study suggests that depigmented EMPD may not be rare. Localized depigmentation in the genital area can be an early sign of EMPD and its local recurrence. In patients with an established diagnosis of EMPD, appearance of new white lesions and continuous enlargement of depigmented patches should not be dismissed as simple treatment-induced postinflammatory hypopigmentation or another type of hypopigmented lesion without biopsy confirmation.
Haemodynamic Effects of Salbutamol in Patients Needing Circulatory Support after Open-heart Surgery
Authors: S. D. Wyse, D. G. Gibson, M. A. Branthwaite
Journal: BMJ (1974)

The effects of substituting an infusion of salbutamol for isoprenaline were studied in 12 patients needing circulatory support after valve replacement surgery. The cardiac output rose while the heart rate remained unaltered. There was a reduction in systemic vascular resistance, and though the oxygen uptake tended to rise the increase in cardiac output was proportionately greater so that the arteriovenous oxygen difference fell.It is suggested that the drug is of value for two reasons. It causes a selective reduction in peripheral arteriolar resistance, which avoids peripheral pooling, but permits limited myocardial work to be used to generate flow rather than pressure, and the increase in cardiac output is not accompanied by a corresponding rise in oxygen uptake.
Most drugs are safe to use during breastfeeding, says report
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Only a small proportion of medications need to be avoided by breastfeeding mothers, an American Academy of Pediatrics committee has concluded in a report. 

“Many mothers are inappropriately advised to discontinue breastfeeding or avoid taking essential medications because of fears of adverse effects on their infants,” the academy’s Committee on Drugs said in the report, which was published online in the journal Pediatrics on 26 August.1

The lead author is Hari Cheryl Sachs, lead medical officer for the pediatric and maternal health staff at the US Food and Drug Administration’s Center for …
Human Neuroblastoma Cells Trigger an Immunosuppressive Program in Monocytes by Stimulating Soluble HLA-G Release
Authors: Fabio Morandi, Isabella Levreri, Paola Bocca, Barbara Galleni, Lizzia Raffaghello, Soldano Ferrone, Ignazia Prigione, Vito Pistoia
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract HLA-G is overexpressed in different tumors and plays a role in immune escape. Because no information is available on HLA-G in relation to human neuroblastoma, we have investigated the expression of membrane-bound and secretion of soluble isoforms of HLA-G in neuroblastoma and functionally characterized their immunosuppressive activities. At diagnosis, serum soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels were significantly higher in patients than in age-matched healthy subjects. In addition, patients who subsequently relapsed exhibited higher sHLA-G levels than those who remained in remission. Neuroblastoma patient sera selected according to high sHLA-G concentrations inhibited natural killer (NK) cell and CTL-mediated neuroblastoma cell lysis. Such lysis was partially restored by serum depletion of sHLA-G. In 6 of 12 human neuroblastoma cell lines, low HLA-G surface expression was not up-regulated by IFN-γ. Only the ACN cell line secreted constitutively sHLA-G. IFN-γ induced de novo sHLA-G secretion by LAN-5 and SHSY5Y cells and enhanced that by ACN cells. Primary tumor lesions from neuroblastoma patients tested negative for HLA-G. Neuroblastoma patients displayed a higher number of sHLA-G–secreting monocytes than healthy controls. Incubation of monocytes from normal donors with IFN-γ or pooled neuroblastoma cell line supernatants significantly increased the proportion of sHLA-G–secreting cells. In addition, tumor cell supernatants up-regulated monocyte expression of CD68, HLA-DR, CD69, and CD71 and down-regulated IL-12 production. Our conclusions are the following: (a) sHLA-G serum levels are increased in neuroblastoma patients and correlate with relapse, (b) sHLA-G is secreted by monocytes activated by tumor cells rather than by tumor cells themselves, and (c) sHLA-G dampens anti-neuroblastoma immune responses. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6433–41]
The IKEA pencil: a surprising find in the NHS
Authors: K. A. Eley, S. R. Watt-Smith
Journal: BMJ (2010)

IKEA, not Argos, is the preferred choice in surgery

It seems that the IKEA pencil has developed quite a following. A customary Google search identified a Facebook page entitled “IKEA pencil stealing appreciation” with 55 563 members as of the time of writing.1 It appears that pocketing a few pencils during your shopping trip is considered normal. YouTube2 has over 60 videos dedicated in some way to the little brown pencil, and 500 …
Mutations in voltage-gated potassium channel KCNC3 cause degenerative and developmental central nervous system phenotypes
Authors: Michael F Waters, Natali A Minassian, Giovanni Stevanin, Karla P Figueroa, John P A Bannister, Dagmar Nolte, Allan F Mock, Virgilio Gerald H Evidente, Dominic B Fee, Ulrich Müller, Alexandra Dürr, Alexis Brice, Diane M Papazian, Stefan M Pulst
Journal: Nature Genetics (2006)
Azathioprine plus Prednisone Compared with Prednisone Alone in the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: BEVRA H. HAHN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

A prospective, randomized drug trial compared prednisone (60 mg per day initially) to azathioprine (3 to 4 mg/kg of body weight · day initially) plus prednisone in 24 patients with life-threatening systemic lupus erythematosus. Each group contained patients matched for age, sex, disease duration, previous therapy, and clinical and laboratory features of lupus erythematosus. During a mean follow-up period of 18 to 24 months, there were no significant differences between the two groups in number of deaths, renal or extrarenal manifestations of disease, serum complement levels, DNA antibodies, antinuclear antibody titers, lupus erythematosus cells, or Coombs' antibodies. There was no convincing evidence of a steroid-sparing effect of azathioprine. Side effects attributable to steroids were equally common in both groups; infections were not increased in the combination therapy group. Azathioprine was hepatotoxic in doses of 200 mg daily or more. Azathioprine was not a useful adjunct to corticosteroids in short-term therapy of a small number of patients with severe systemic lupus.
Points: Lessons from ambulatory electrocardiography
Authors: G. Nikolic
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Dr M C Petch should perhaps have called his review "Lack of lessons from ambulatory electro- cardiography" (7 September, p 617).This is especially true in the case of ventricular ectopic activity.It is worth repeating what Sir Thomas Lewis had to say: "When extrasystoles are found, the heart among other organs should be scrutinised closely.If no further signs are detected, the extrasystole can be neglected; if other signs are found, the prognosis will be based on these; the extrasystole has served its purpose and can again suffer neglect."'Even with respect to so called "warning arrhythmias," my colleagues and I have shown these months to years before they "progressed" to ventricular fibrillation or bradyarrhythmic death on repeat Holter monitoring.2I would like to differ from Dr Petch on only one specific point: that bradycardia proceeding to asystole suggests a non-cardiac cause.In most cases documented so far the underlying disease was still cardiac,3 although not necessarily coronary.4
Partial Deficiency of Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase: Intermediate Enzyme Deficiency in Heterozygote Red Cells
Authors: B. T. EMMERSON
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Heterozygotes for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) deficiency, although they demonstrate HGPRTase positive and negative cells on fibroblast culture, generally have normal activities of HGPRTase in erythrocyte hemolysates. We report a group of heterozygotes from a family with a partial deficiency of this enzyme, some of whom exhibit HGPRTase activity in red cell hemolysates that is less than two standard deviations below the normal mean and in whom the activity levels vary between 22% and 75% of normal. On the other hand, heterozygotes from another family with a severe deficiency of the enzyme all exhibited normal enzyme activities in red cell hemolysates. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the bone marrow is populated entirely by normal cells in heterozygotes for the severe deficiency but by various proportions of normal and partially deficient cells in heterozygotes for the partial deficiency.
"Polypill" to fight cardiovascular disease: Summary of rapid responses
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2003)

EDITOR—There were some enthusiastic champions of the concept, but, overall, respondents remained to be convinced that the “Polypill” issue was indeed a collector's item and a possible contender for the most important BMJ paper in 50 years, as the editor had indicated.1–5 Images of the tooth fairy and April foolery were invoked, along with gasps of horror, astonishment, and incredulity that the hypothesis should be taken for anything approaching rigorous science.

This was proof, if any were needed, that the BMJ had finally lost the plot, judged several contributors.

Chief among the concerns was the lack of trial evidence for the effectiveness of the Polypill, or any facsimile, for that matter. Wasn't …
Prejudicial behavior: More closely linked to homophilic peer preferences than to trait bigotry
Authors: Jacob M. Vigil, Kamilla Venner
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2012)

Abstract We disagree with Dixon et al. by maintaining that prejudice is primarily rooted in aversive reactions toward out-group members. However, these reactions are not indicative of negative attributes, such as trait bigotry, but rather normative homophily for peers with similar perceived attributes. Cognitive biases such as stereotype threat perpetuate perceptions of inequipotential and subsequent discrimination, irrespective of individuals' personality characteristics.
The Facts of Life: The Creation of Sexual Knowledge in Britain
Authors: John Money
Journal: JAMA (1995)

"This book," write its authors, "is the first scholarly survey of the rise of English-language treatises of sexual knowledge and guidance, and it closely scrutinizes teachings about sexual functions and disorders, physical and moral tenets about sexual activity, prescribed and proscribed coital positions, and views about sexual pleasures and properties....<i>The Facts of Life</i>aims to examine the underlying politics of sexual knowledge: the structures of authority and subjection, permission and prohibition within which sexual knowledges were articulated, and the key debates that raged on such matters." The last sentence indicates what the authors subsequently confirm (p 8, p 39), namely that they are adherents of the postmodernist philosophy of social constructionism currently in vogue among historians and social scientists who follow the precepts of the late French philosopher-historian, Michel Foucault (but Porter and Hall disagree with Foucault's dismissal of the repressive hypothesis, p 9). One of the main tenets
The Physician as an Educated Person
Authors: Harry S. Jonas
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  The COMMENTARY section ofThe Journalon the selection of students for careers in medicine provides interesting reading for those interested in medical education in the United States. Dr Rhoads referred to schools that have tried integrating the premedical and medical years, thus offering an alternate approach to preparing physicians for the future.  The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, now in its second decade, is among the pioneers in this approach, selecting students directly from high school into a combined program that offers both the baccalaureate and medical degrees. The curriculum fully integrates the teaching of liberal arts/humanities, basic sciences, and clinical medicine, with students spending 75% of their time in the first third of the program on the liberal arts campus and 25% of their time in a teaching hospital/ clinical setting. During the last two thirds of the program, this time allocation is
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Weight Reduction and Exercise for Diabetes Management in Older African-American Subjects
Authors: Tanya D Agurs-Collins, Shiriki K Kumanyika, Thomas R Ten Have, Lucile L Adams-Campbell
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

OBJECTIVE To evaluate a weight loss and exercise program designed to improve diabetes management in older African-Americans. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Overweight African-Americans (n = 64) ages 55–79 years with NIDDM were randomized to either an intervention (12 weekly group sessions, 1 individual session, and 6 biweekly group sessions) or usual care (1 class and 2 informational mailings). Clinical and behavioral variables were assessed at 0, 3, and 6 months of treatment. RESULTS Significant net differences in the intervention versus usual care were observed for weight (−2.0 kg, P = 0.006), physical activity, and dietary intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and nutrition knowledge at 3 months (all P &amp;lt; 0.05) and for weight at 6 months (−2.4 kg; P = 0.006) and mean HbA1c values at 3 and 6 months (respectively, −1.6 and −2.4%, both P &amp;lt; 0.01). After the adjustment for changes in weight and activity, the intervention participants were ∼ twice as likely to have a one unit decrease in HbA1c value as those in usual care. Blood pressure increase sin usual care participants resulted in net differences (intervention minus control) at 3 and 6 months of −3.3 (P = 0.09) and −4.0 (P = 0.05) mmHg diastolic, respectively, and −8.4 (P = 0.06) and −5.9 (P &amp;gt; 0.10) mmHg systolic, respectively. Blood lipid profiles improved more in intervention than usual care participants, but not significantly. CONCLUSIONS The intervention program was effective in improving glycemic and blood pressure control. The decrease in HbA1c values was generally independent of the relatively modest changes in dietary intake, weight, and activity and may reflect indirect program effects on other aspects of self-care.
Drug misuse stems from a person's autonomy to choose
Authors: J M Hall
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Robertson's critique of prison medical care of drug misusers would be valid if his fundamental proposition that drug misuse is a disease was held by all.1 If this were the case then clearly medical practitioners would have a duty both to prevent the disease and to mitigate its sequelae.

Drug misuse is not a disease in the sense of an unfortunate assault on one's health. …
William James Hay
Authors: George Turnbull, John Hay
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Founder of the modern hospice movementCicely Saunders founded the first modern hospice and, more than anybody else, was responsible for establishing the discipline and the culture of palliative care.She introduced effective pain management and insisted that dying people needed dignity, compassion, and respect, as well as rigorous scientific methodology in the testing of treatments.St Christopher's Hospice opened in south west London in 1967.It is now one of many but is still the leader in the field.It was her personal achievement and has been imitated all over the world.She raised the funds for the hospice and contributed some of her own money.Saunders introduced the idea of "total pain," which included the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of distress.A good listener, she paid systematic attention to patient narratives.One St Christopher's patient, transferred from another hospital, said, "They used to see how long I could go without an injection.I used to be pouring with sweat because of the pain.I couldn't speak to anyone and I was having crying fits.I think I've only cried once since I've been here . . .The biggest difference is feeling so calm.I don't get worked up or upset."Cicely Mary Strode Saunders was born in Barnet, Hertfordshire, in 1918.She was sent to Roedean School when she was 10.Taller than the other girls, she felt she never fitted in, which, she said, gave her a feeling for people who were outsiders.She also suffered from a painful and slightly crooked spine, and was made to lie flat on the floor for 40 minutes a day.Her father disapproved of her desire to be a nurse, and so instead she went to study at Oxford.After the outbreak of the second world war she abandoned her course and defied her parents' advice, enrolling as a student nurse at St Thomas' Hospital in 1944.However, her back was still painful, and she was advised to quit nursing.After returning to Oxford for a year she gained a "war degree" and qualified as a social worker, or what was then called a lady almoner, in 1947.Saunders was originally an agnostic, but, while on holiday in Cornwall with some
The induction of macrophage spreading: role of coagulation factors and the complement system.
Authors: C Bianco, A Eden, Z A Cohn
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1976)

Unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages, attached to either glass or plastic substrates, responded to factors generated in serum and plasma by spreading and increasing their apparent surface area up to eightfold. Two distinct and dissociable systems were involved. The first appears related to the distinct and dissociable systems were involved. The first appears related to the contact phase of blood coagulation. It is activated by glass and not plastic surfaces, depleted by kaolin adsorption, and inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor. In contrast, a separate complement-dependent system can be generated in kaolin-adsorbed plasma. Activation of the complement system can occur either by the alternate or classical pathways and generates a relatively small effector molecule which is dialyzable. These factors presumably influencing the surface membrane and underlying structures may explain the rapid spreading of activated macrophages observed after both infections and chemical peritoneal inflammatory agents.
Accuracy and reproducibility of noninvasively determined left ventricular end diastolic pressure in the catheterization laboratory and the office setting
Authors: Ram G. Sharma, Patricia A. Woods, Costas T. Lambrew, Claire M. Berg, Daniel A. Pietro, Thomas P. Rocco, Frederick W. Welt, Frederick W. Welt, Peter Sacchetti, Kevin M. McIntyre
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)