tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Medical treatment of portal hypertension and oesophageal varices.
Authors: P C Hayes, A N Shepherd, I A Bouchier
Journal: BMJ (1983)

Portal hypertension exists when the pressure in the portal venous system is raised above the normal range of 5-10 mm Hg.It becomes clinically important at or above 15 mm Hg.An increase in portal vascular resistance is the usual mechanism for portal hypertension, and by far the commonest cause of this in Western society is hepatic cirrhosis,' most frequently alcohol induced.The liver has a dual blood supply of about one litre per minute2 through the hepatic portal vein and the hepatic artery.The hepatic portal vein supplies about 75O(% of hepatic blood flow.After entering the liver at the porta hepatis these vessels arborise throughout the parenchyma, making up the components of the portal tracts along with bile ducts.The bile ducts are ensheathed by capillaries derived from the hepatic artery, which drain into the hepatic portal vein.Little highly oxygenated arterial blood therefore enters the hepatic sinusoids directly.3Several factors exert control over hepatic blood flow, including the inlet sphincters of vascular smooth muscle which control blood flow into sinusoids2 and from conduits between the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein as direct arterioportal connections.Functional interactions between these two vascular systems occur as well as anatomical connections.2For example, an increase in blood flow through one circuit produces an increase in vascular resistance in the other, a process called reciprocity.Thus ligation of the hepatic artery is succeeded by a reduction in portal pressure and increased portal blood flow,
LOCALISATION OF ENDOCRINE-RELATED TUMOURS WITH RADIOIODINATED ANALOGUE OF SOMATOSTATIN
Authors: E.P. Krenning, W.A.P. Breeman, P.P.M. Kooij, J.S. Lameris, W.H. Bakker, J.W. Koper, L. Ausema, J.C. Reubi, S.W.J. Lamberts
Journal: The Lancet (1989)
Complication of Myelography — Transection and Withdrawal of a Nerve Filament by the Needle
Authors: Duane A. Young, Robert E. Burney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

COMPLICATIONS of myelography can result from lumbar puncture or from the injected contrast material. Needle puncture has caused meningitis,1 herniation of disk material1 , 2 and intraspinal epidermoid formation.3 The injection of myelographic contrast substance has resulted in death from hydrocephalus secondary to inflammation and obliteration of intracranial subarachnoid spaces,4 , 5 venous intravasation,6 pulmonary embolism7 and adhesive arachnoiditis.8 Morettin and Wilson9 reported two cases of Sudeck's atrophy that followed myelography, and speculated that needle injury of a nerve root could have been the cause. The case presented below supports that speculation; routine myelography resulted in transection and withdrawal of a 7-cm length of . . .
Makin' over the asylum
Authors: M Smith
Journal: BMJ (1994)

When failed double glazing salesman and part time disc jockey “Ready Eddy” agrees to revive the radio station at “St Jude's” hospital, he has little idea of what he is taking on: until his arch rival disc spinner informs him that “It's a loony bin…you'll fit in well there, Eddy!” From here on in, the plot in BBC Scotland's new six part drama “Takin' Over the Asylum” is well signposted.

From the cuckoo poking in and out of its clock in the first scene, to the standard bin-quip “you a patient or a member of staff?” (reprised thrice in the inaugural episode), writer Donna Franceschild has succumbed to the temptation to use all the usual mental health funnies.

Gartloch Hospital is the Victorian Gothic asylum that plays “St Jude's” in the programme. It doesn't require cinematographic yellow and red sky filters to register the fact that Gartloch, its twin castellated towers …
Effect of continuous allergen challenge on clinical symptoms and mediator release in dust‐mite‐allergic patients
Authors: F. Horak, J. Toth, R. Hirschwehr, B. Marks, U. P. Stübner, S. Jäger, U. Berger, K. Schleinzer, P. Günczler
Journal: Allergy (1998)

This study investigated the early, prolonged immediate, and late‐phase reactions of dust‐mite‐sensitive subjects undergoing long‐term challenge in the Vienna challenge chamber (VCC) in terms of clinical symptoms and inflammatory mediator level patterns in nasal lavage fluids. A concentration of 70 ng Der p 1/m 3 of air (feces of Dermatopliagoides) was maintained over 8 h in the VCC. To show the clinical impact of this challenge model, the effect of a histamine H 1 ‐receptor antagonist that also has some antiallergic properties (loratadine) was also investigated. The study followed a doubleblind, placebo‐controlled, crossover design. Medication was given orally over 7 days before the provocation at a dose of 10 mg once daily. All 12 patients, whose dust‐mite sensitivity was confirmed by disease history, skin prick test, and RAST, completed the challenge session. The documentation of the chosen parameters was performed every 30 min. Subjective nasal and ocular symptoms were assessed via a visual analog scale of 100 mm. nasal flow was recorded by active anterior rhinomanometry, and mediator release was evaluated with nasal lavages. Clinical aspect: the whole sample population showed a rise of nasal and ocular symptom severity and a nasal flow reduction, which were perceptibly, but not significantly attenuated by active drug treatment. Mediator pattern: in each patient, prostaglandin (PG)D 2 and leukotriene (LT)C 4 levels peaked within the first 2 h of provocation, PGD 2 then moving toward baseline levels, and LTC 4 then again rising continuously. Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) exhibited a constant level increase over the whole provocation period, and tryptase levels did not change significantly. Whereas the area under the curve values of tryptase and ECP were higher in drug‐treated patients than the placebo group, the early PGD, peak occurring during the first two challenge hours seemed to be mitigated by loratadine. These results reveal that there is no link between the clinical symptoms, the drug efficacy, and the released mediators (LTC 4 , PGD 2 , ECP and tryptase).
CURRENT PROBLEMS OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
Authors: W. C. RAPPLEYE
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Medical education cannot be discussed without consideration of other fields of education and of the community needs for medical service. More than 90 per cent of graduates go into clinical medicine, and it seems logical to examine some of the general problems with which clinical medicine must deal as an aid in formulating educational methods and the content of the basic course. We should not alone be interested in present problems but also be alert for indications of what medical service is likely to be in the future.  The greatest problem before the medical profession is the adequate distribution of modern medical services to the entire population at a reasonable cost. Knowledge of the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease is far in advance of its application to individual and community needs. Individual physicians, the organized profession and medical education have definite contributions to make in any program aiming to
Arabidopsis meiotic crossover hot spots overlap with H2A.Z nucleosomes at gene promoters
Authors: Kyuha Choi, Xiaohui Zhao, Krystyna A Kelly, Oliver Venn, James D Higgins, Nataliya E Yelina, Thomas J Hardcastle, Piotr A Ziolkowski, Gregory P Copenhaver, F Chris H Franklin, Gil McVean, Ian R Henderson
Journal: Nature Genetics (2013)
MASSAGE IN GYNECOLOGY.Read in the Section on Obstetrics and Diseases of Women,at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: OSCAR J. MAYER
Journal: JAMA (1894)

No branch of medicine has made such rapid advance in a comparatively short space of time as gynecology. Though ovariotomy had been performed successfully for more than seventy years, it was not until the publication of Marion-Sims' work on "Uterine Surgery," some thirty years ago, that diseases of women forced a recognition from the medical world as a separate branch of medicine. From that time on, gynecology has, as it were, leaped full-grown into existence. New operations and methods of operations were successfully tried, improvement followed upon improvement, and operative gynecology became a source of admiration to the profession as well as to those whose lives have been relieved by the surgeon's knife, of manifold burdens. But while there is so much light, there is much darkness. How many ovaries, how many wombs have been sacrificed, how many women have been made sterile, to satisfy this<i>furor operativum</i>. While one
Randomized clinical trial of lovastatin in HIV-infected, HAART naïve patients (NCT00721305)
Authors: Carlos J. Montoya, Edwin A. Higuita, Santiago Estrada, Francisco J. Gutierrez, Pedro Amariles, Newar A. Giraldo, Margarita M. Jimenez, Claudia P. Velasquez, Alba L. Leon, Maria T. Rugeles, Fabian A. Jaimes
Journal: Journal of Infection (2012)
Audit of oxygen prescribing before and after the introduction of a prescription chart
Authors: M E Dodd
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Oxygen, used to treat hypoxaemia, may be lethal and should therefore be considered a drug and be prescribed.1 It is, however, recognised that oxygen is poorly prescribed by doctors.2 To ensure the safe and effective delivery of oxygen the prescription should include the flow rate, the concentration, the delivery device, the duration, and the method for monitoring treatment.2 We audited the prescription of oxygen to inpatients by doctors before and after the introduction of a specific prescription chart.

Junior doctors at the North West Lung Centre are given two lectures on practical aspects of oxygen delivery and prescribing at the beginning of their one year's rotation in respiratory medicine. In 1997 and 1998 the doctors were informed that an audit of their prescribing practice would take place some time during the next year. The outcome measures of …
Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism in patients admitted to hospital: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: J. Hill, T. Treasure
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Of an estimated 25 000 deaths in England each year attributable to hospital acquired venous thromboemobolism (VTE), many are potentially preventable.1 2 Despite the substantial evidence base for the benefits of thromboprophylaxis this was used in only about half of eligible patients and many healthcare professionals seemed to be unaware of the risks.3 4 The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) published guidance on the prevention of VTE for surgical patients in 2007.5 This article summarises the most recent recommendations from NICE on VTE prophylaxis for all patients in hospital. NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence. When minimal evidence is available, recommendations are based on the Guideline Development Group's experience and opinion of what constitutes good practice. Evidence levels for the recommendations are given in italic in square brackets. (See further information box for a description of the evidence and challenges in formulating recommendations for this guidance.) ### Assessing the risks of VTE and bleeding #### Box 1 Risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE)
Statistical evaluation of factors influencing prognosis of gastric cancer patients: Predication of prognosis on patient clusters.
Authors: M Goto, Y Matsubara, H Nakazato, K Kato, C Asano
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

We found ten clusters of gastric cancer patients in Imanaga's group under a cancer research project organized by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, and evaluated the prediction of prognosis of those patients in each cluster by using the censored regression of postsurgical survival time on a "prognosic" factor which has been extracted from nine explanatory variables observed mainly at the time of surgery. Consequently, the ten clusters were interpreted and confirmed to be useful for prediction of the patient prognosis by comparison of the failure rates among those clusters and between treated (administration of chemotherapy) group and control group.
Congenital Pediatric Anamolies: A Collection of Unusual and Interesting Abdominal Radionuclide Scintigraphic Findings
Authors: V Vijayakumar, S Ali, E G. Briscoe, L E. Swischuk
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Scientific Abstracts: Eight Poster Presentations for the 50th Annual Meeting of the Southwestern Chapter of the Society of Nuclear Medicine: PDF Only
870. NOS Isoforms, Intimal Hyperplasia and Endothelial Regeneration after Balloon Injury
Authors: Ronan Cooney, Sean O. Hynes, Sharif Faisal, Timothy O'Brien
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Endothelial cell loss is a critical event in the pathological repair of the injured blood vessel. Impaired endothelial function results in reduced production of key vascular mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) within the vessel wall leading to enhanced smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration and ultimately intimal hyperplasia. The aim of the present study was to directly compare the effects of adenoviral-mediated gene delivery of two nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, eNOS and iNOS on endothelial regeneration and intimal hyperplasia following endothelial injury in the rabbit carotid artery.
Two Letters from New Zealand: 1978 was election year
Authors: A G Hocken
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Running the country is much too important a task to be left to the politicians.Nevertheless, faute de mieux, we allow them to do it.1978 was general election year, and one listened to what they all had to say-for a while.Then the similarity to Wimble- don passed beyond the mind-paralysing monopolisation of the media, on to the comparison of bandied words with the somno- genic swing of the spheres.
Hypofractionated Whole Breast Irradiation for Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Lior Z. Braunstein, Alphonse G. Taghian
Journal: JAMA (2015)

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Air in the Urinary Tract
Authors: Chih-Cheng Lu, Tse-Chou Cheng
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

A 53-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital for evaluation of a 1-week history of lower abdominal pain and dysuria. She was afebrile. Plain abdominal radiography showed air throughout the urinary tract in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder (arrows). The laboratory data showed elevated levels of blood glucose (519 mg per deciliter [28.8 mmol per liter]), C-reactive protein (37.1 mg per liter), and serum creatinine (1.6 mg per deciliter [141 μmol per liter]). The white-cell count was 11.9×103 per cubic millimeter. Computed tomography confirmed the radiographic finding of acute emphysematous cystitis. A urine culture grew Escherichia coli, and the patient . . .
Significance of DNA adduct studies in animal models for cancer molecular dosimetry and risk assessment.
Authors: F A Beland, M C Poirier
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

To elucidate the relationship between DNA adduct formation and tumorigenesis, a number of experiments have been conducted to measure DNA adducts in target tissues from experimental animals during continuous exposure to carcinogens. With aflatoxins, aromatic amines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tumor induction appears to be associated with the major DNA adduct detected, whereas with N-nitrosamines the response is normally correlated with minor forms of DNA damage. During continuous carcinogen administration, steady-state adduct concentrations are generally obtained in the target tissues, and there is often a linear correlation between the carcinogen concentration and the steady-state DNA adduct level. Exceptions exist when the mechanism of activation changes or with the onset of significant toxicity. Steady-state DNA adduct levels are often linearly related to the tumorigenic response. Carcinogen-induced cell proliferation occurs when significant deviations from linearity are observed. Because DNA adducts detected in humans are chemically identical to those found in experimental animals, DNA adduct data in animals may contribute to our understanding of human cancer risk.
Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in postinfarction patients based on heart rate variability, ambulatory electrocardiographic variables and the signal-averaged electrocardiogram
Authors: Thomas G. Farrell, Yaver Bashir, Tim Cripps, Marek Malik, Jan Poloniecki, E.David Bennett, David E. Ward, A.John Camm
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Abstract 3601: CP-868,596, a highly potent and selective PDGFR TKI inhibits growth of PDGFRα-driven lung cancer cells
Authors: Michael Peyton, Preeti Chaudhary, Abhijit Ramachandran, John Minna
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Background: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) has been identified as an oncogenic kinase in lung cancer tumors and cell lines. CP-868,596 is an orally bioavailable, highly potent and selective PDGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). CP-868,596 is a benzimidazole compound that has been designed to block phosphorylation of PDGFRα and PDGFRβ at 1-2 nM concentrations. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of CP-868,596 for PDGFRα and PDGFRβ is 0.9 nM and 1.8 nM, respectively. A phase I trial of CP-868,596 showed good oral bioavailability and a favorable safety profile. Additionally, serum concentrations as high as 2000 nM were achieved. One bronchoalveolar carcinoma patient showed clinical improvement and remained on the trial for more than 170 days. We have tested the activity of CP-868,596 in ∼20 selected NSCLC cell lines, including H1703, which has been identified as a model system to study PDGFRα-driven lung cancer. Each cell line tested was well-characterized with respect to DNA copy number gain, mRNA and protein expression level. Materials and Methods: Lung cancer cell lines including H1703 (PDGFRA, PDGFC amplification; PDGFRα overexpression), NCI-H1693, NCI-H23 and NCI-H661 (PDGFRA amplification), H1770 (PDGFRA mutation), H1975 (EGFR T790M mutation), EBC1 (MET amplification), H3122 (EML4-ALK translocation), etc. were cultured in HyQ RPMI-1640 medium (HyClone) supplemented with 5% FBS (HyClone) in 96 well plates. Cells were incubated overnight to allow attachment and drug was added ∼24 hours later as a gradient of concentrations to establish the dose-response curves. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assays were performed 96 hours after drug addition to determine the IC50 of CP-868,596. Results: Lung cancer cell lines were clustered into 2 categories based on their degree of sensitivity to CP-868,596: highly sensitive and resistant. H1703, the only example of a highly sensitive cell line, is reported to have amplification of both PDGFRA (4q12) and PDGFC (4q32) genes on chromosome 4. In H1703, CP-868,596 has an IC50 of ∼80 nM which is about 2 fold lower than the IC50 for sorafenib, a VEGFR/RAF TKI also known to inhibit PDGFR. The remaining cell lines, including the PDGFRA-amplified lines had IC50 values between 2-8 µM. Conclusions: CP-868,596 potently inhibits the growth of the cell line, H1703, suggesting that the drug may have single agent activity in PDGFR-driven NSCLC tumors. We plan to identify biomarkers for sensitivity to CP-868,596 in NSCLC to help enrich patients for a potential clinical trial. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3601. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3601
Identification of macrophage and stress-induced proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Authors: B Y Lee, M A Horwitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Using phosphorimager technology to quantitate differences in protein expression, we have investigated the modulation of protein synthesis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in response to intracellular residence in human macrophages and, for comparison, in response to various stress conditions during extracellular growth. Proteins of M. tuberculosis growing intracellularly in human THP-1 cells and extracellularly in broth were labeled with [35S]methionine; during intracellular growth, host cell protein synthesis was inhibited with cycloheximide. The metabolically labeled proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and quantitatively analyzed. Intracellular residence in macrophages induced a profound change in the overall phenotype of M. tuberculosis. The expression of at least 16 M. tuberculosis proteins was induced (at least a twofold increase compared with growth in broth) and 28 proteins repressed (at least a twofold decrease). Many of the phenotypic changes in protein expression induced during intracellular growth occurred during extracellular growth in response to stress conditions including heat-shock, low pH, and H2O2. However, the pattern of induced and repressed proteins was unique to each stress condition. Of the 16 macrophage-induced proteins, 6 were absent during extracellular growth under both normal and stress conditions. Such proteins are potential virulence determinants and/or they may be important in the cell-mediated and protective immune response to M. tuberculosis infection.
Dr. Hughes Bennett's Strictures on the Tubercle and Pyaemia Discussion
Authors: L. S. Beale
Journal: BMJ (1874)

of cuttinlg *'-f tie hedsl of tleiir subjects, and(I they are nio lornger respected.Th-3 .'tilIaclknowvledge a kinid of niominal sovereignty, feudal in char-acter, hut entitrelv different from that yielded by their neighbours, the Aslianltees, to their kin,g.It is im-ore tllan -probable that the latter peol)le will, now-that the king-ly poxver is broken, become niot very dis- simiilar.Smalt comminunes, jealous of each othel, and constantly at war upon thie ino,;t trivial pretexts, the tribes of the Gold Coast only repeat our-own) carlier history, when the half-niaked Anglo-Saxon fought against thle m)ore disciplined and trained Roman, or, later still, the Celt ineffectuallyaaiiist his Anglo-Norman coniquerors.WNre read of the samne barbar-ous reprisals and mutilation of the deati and wounded, the latter belig only preservel in the prospect of a rainsom.ln other wN-ords, recenit Aifrican wvars are only those of our own more savage periods repealted.Those who lhave studied the histories of the MIiddle A(ges nmuist be struck witlh the similarity of the savage cutomnis.The long knife of the Welsh was in no way dissimilar from that of the Ashaiitee, or the headless trLunks which in those early days wexe no uIncommlBon3 accompamnimet of war.h'liree hundred years sinice, tlle fear of th)e block in Enigland c -as as potenit to cliarm to obedience as is to-day a similar threat from the envoy of an African monarch.