tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Zolpidem Increases Patients’ Fall Risk, Study Shows
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (2012)

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(1) Production of CCR4-Binding Chemokines in Response to Rhinovirus Infections in Asthmatic Children
Authors: Carolyn R. Word, Manuel Soto-Quiros, Lydiana Avila, Patricia P. Jorge, Holliday T. Carper, John W. Steinke, Joshua L. Kennedy, Deborah D. Murphy, Thomas A.E. Platts-Mills, Peter W. Heymann
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Roentgenographic Aspects of Narcotic Addiction
Authors: Wilhelm Z. Stern
Journal: JAMA (1976)

THE MEDICAL complications of narcotic addiction may be divided into two major categories: (1) untoward reactions to the drug itself, and (2) various infectious complications due to nonsterile equipment used for intravenous administration of narcotics. <h3>Drug Reactions</h3> The most conspicuous roentgenographic changes are encountered in the lungs, ie, the development of acute pulmonary edema (Fig 1 and 2). Although initially emphasized after intravenous use of heroin, the occurrence of pulmonary edema has also been noted with morphine, opium, methadone,<sup>1</sup>propoxyphene hydrochloride (Darvon), chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Librium),<sup>2</sup>and various other drugs. The roentgenographic findings typically consist of an alveolar pattern, with ill-defined, fluffy coalescent densities radiating from the lung roots peripherally, sometimes in a symmetric fashion, but often with localized variations. In milder cases, there may only be a coarse mottling of the lungs. Since physical findings of pulmonary edema after narcotic abuse may be absent, the radiologist can make
EFFECT OF ENZYME INHIBITORS AND ACTIVATORS ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF TYPHUS RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Donald Greiff, Henry Pinkerton
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1945)

The time of blending the rickettsial inoculum, as also the strain of hen's egg employed, influenced the degree of infection which developed in fertile eggs after the injection of typhus rickettsiae into the yolk sac. By varying these factors, maximal or minimal infections could be obtained. Eggs incubated at 40 degrees C. developed only minimal rickettsial infection, whereas control eggs incubated at 37.5 degrees C. became heavily infected. Potassium cyanide markedly enhanced rickettsial growth in experiments in which the control eggs developed only minimal infection. Under circumstances such that the control eggs became heavily infected, KCN had no appreciable effect. Toluidin blue and methylene blue delayed the development of rickettsial infection in the yolk sac, but their rickettsiostatic action under the conditions of these experiments was less marked than that of penicillin and para-aminobenzoic acid. The rickettsiostatic action resulting from temperature elevation was neutralized by KCN, and hence is believed to be due to the increased activity of the cyanide-sensitive respiratory enzyme (cytochrome oxidase) in the entodermal cells in which the rickettsiae multiply. The rickettsiostatic action of toluidin blue and methylene blue, though probably also resulting from increased metabolic activity in the entodermal cells, was not neutralized by KCN. This observation is in harmony with the reported observation that dyes of this type furnish an alternative mechanism for intracellular oxidation which is cyanide-insensitive. The rickettsiostatic action of para-aminobenzoic acid was not neutralized by KCN. No conclusions can be reached at present concerning the mechanism of action of this compound. Dinitrophenol and several compounds related to para-aminobenzoic acid gave negative results.
Antihypertensive Effect of 0.1-Hz Blood Pressure Oscillations to the Kidney
Authors: Benno Nafz, Jens Stegemann, Morton H. Bestle, Nadja Richter, Erdmann Seeliger, Ingolf Schimke, H. Wolfgang Reinhardt, Pontus B. Persson
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Physiological blood pressure (BP) fluctuations with frequencies >0.1 Hz can override renal blood flow autoregulation. The influence of such immediate changes in renal perfusion pressure (RPP) on daily BP regulation, eg, via shear stress-stimulated liberation of renal endothelial NO, however, is unknown. Thus, we studied the effects of such RPP oscillations on renal function and on systemic BP during the onset of renal hypertension.Seven beagles (randomly assigned to each of the following protocols) were chronically instrumented for the measurement of systemic BP, RPP, and renal excretory function. An inflatable cuff was used to reduce and to oscillate RPP over 24 hours in the freely moving dog. Reducing RPP to 87+/-2 mm Hg diminished excretion of sodium and water and doubled plasma renin activity (PRA, n=7, P<0. 01) but had no significant effect on urinary nitrate excretion (n=6), a marker of NO generation. Superimposing 0.1-Hz oscillations (+/-10 mm Hg) onto the reduced RPP blunted hypertension, returned fluid excretion almost to control levels, and doubled renal sodium elimination. Nitrate excretion peaked at 8 hours, only to return to control values shortly thereafter. PRA, conversely, was significantly reduced during the last third of the experimental protocols.BP fluctuations transiently stimulate NO liberation and induce a reduction in PRA, which enhances 24-hour sodium and water excretion and markedly attenuates the acute development of renovascular hypertension.
A New Federal Health Care Strategy
Authors: David M. Cutler
Journal: JAMA (2015)

patients examined in this study were taking cholinesterase inhibitors and 22% took memantine. Without strong empirical data, clinical judgmentmust rule.DavidKnopman,MD, a professor of neurology at theMayoClinic in Rochester, Minnesota, usually opts to continue cholinesterase inhibitors for patients withdementiawho liveathomebecausehe doesn’t want to run the risk of precipitating decline.But if apatient enters a skillednursing facility, he is likely to stop the medications. “If upon stopping them, the patient worsened, more resources would be at hand,” he said. Topping the list of medications that Sachsconsidersstopping inpatientswithadvanced illness are drugs to prevent osteoporosis. “They’re difficult to take and several studies have shown that if you’ve been on thesemedications for 5 years, their benefitscarryonforsometimebeyond,”hesaid. StephenKates,MD,HansjorgWyssprofessor of orthopedics at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry inNewYork, agreed. Forpatientswith life-threatening cancer, advanced dementia, or end-stagepulmonarydisease, his recommendation is decisive: “Stop the medicine altogether.”
Parathyroid Imaging With Pertechnetate Plus Perchlorate/MIBI Subtraction Scintigraphy
Authors: DOMENICO RUBELLO, GIORGIO SALADINI, DARIO CASARA, NICOLETTA BORSATO, ANTONIO TONIATO, ANDREA PIOTTO, PAOLO BERNANTE, MARIA ROSA PELIZZO
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2000)

We set up a modified technetium-99m (Tc-99m) pertechnetate/Tc-99m MIBI (Tc-MIBI) subtraction scintigraphy for parathyroid imaging by introducing the use of potassium perchlorate (KCLO4). Initially, the effect of KCLO4 on technetium thyroid wash-out was evaluated in five healthy volunteers: 40-minute dynamic studies of the thyroid were obtained 20 minutes after the injection of technetium 150 MBq (4 mCi), both in baseline conditions and after the oral administration of 400 mg KCLO4. After an average latency time of 10.5 minutes, KCLO4 administration resulted in fast and relevant technetium thyroid wash-out with a mean half-time of 16.2 minutes (the half-time was 142.8 minutes in baseline conditions), and a 40-minute reduction of thyroid activity of 78% (it was 14% in baseline conditions). Based on these findings, a new Tc-MIBI subtraction procedure was established as follows: 1) 150 MBq technetium (4 mCi) injection; 2) 400 mg KCLO4 administered orally; 3) patient neck immobilization; 4) acquisition of a 5-minute technetium thyroid scan; 5) 500 MBq MIBI (13.5 mCi) injection; 6) acquisition of a sequence of seven MIBI images, each lasting 5 minutes; and 7) processing (image realignment when necessary, background subtraction, normalization of MIBI images to the maximum pixel count of the technetium image, and subtraction of the technetium image from the MIBI images). In addition, high-resolution neck ultrasound (US) was performed in all cases on the same day as the scintigraphic evaluation. Eighteen consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were enrolled in the study. Tc-MIBI scintigraphy revealed a single adenoma in all cases and US showed this finding in 15 of 18 cases (83.3%). Furthermore, in three patients, a thyroid nodule associated with hyperparathyroidism was detected by technetium thyroid scans and neck US. In all patients, the parathyroid adenoma was easily identified on both the 20- to 40-minute MIBI and subtracted (MIBI-Tc) images. Regarding the scintigraphic parameters, no difference was found between parathyroid adenomas located in the region of the thyroid bed or in ectopic sites and in parathyroid adenomas with a retrothyroid location. Surgical findings confirmed the presence of a single parathyroid adenoma in all cases. In the three patients with a concomitant thyroid nodule, thyroid lobectomy was performed. These preliminary data suggest that 1) double-tracer subtraction scintigraphy, combined with neck US, appears to be the preferable preoperative imaging procedure in hyperparathyroidism patients with concomitant thyroid nodular disease, 2) in the Tc-MIBI parathyroid scan, the use of KCLO4 results in a rapid and relevant technetium thyroid clearance, improving the quality of MIBI images and making the visualization of parathyroid adenomas, particularly those located behind the thyroid gland, easier.
Autocrine Secretion of Fas Ligand Shields Tumor Cells from Fas-Mediated Killing by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
Authors: Kristian Hallermalm, Anna De Geer, Rolf Kiessling, Victor Levitsky, Jelena Levitskaya
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Mechanisms responsible for resistance of tumors to death receptor-mediated damage by cytotoxic lymphocytes are not well understood. Uveal melanoma cells expressed Fas but were insensitive to Fas triggering induced by bystander cytotoxic T lymphocytes or a Fas-specific agonistic antibody; this could not be ascribed to tumor counterattack against T cells or general resistance of the tumors to apoptosis. Treatment with inhibitors of metalloproteases rendered uveal melanomas sensitive to Fas-mediated cytotoxicity. Metalloprotease inhibitors did not affect the expression of Fas but increased the surface expression of Fas ligand (FasL), which correlated with the disappearance of soluble FasL from culture supernatants of tumor cells. FasL eluted from the surface of uveal melanomas specifically inhibited cytotoxic T lymphocyte lysis of tumor cells pretreated with an inhibitor of metalloproteases. In addition to uveal melanomas, a number of other tumor cell lines of various cellular origins were sensitized to Fas-mediated cytotoxicity by metalloprotease inhibitors. Our results show that autocrine secretion of FasL shields tumor cells from Fas-mediated killing by cytotoxic lymphocytes. This defines a novel mechanism of tumor escape from immune surveillance.
Tumor Immunotherapy Directed at PD-1
Authors: Antoni Ribas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

The treatment of cancer by harnessing immune responses has long been pursued. Efforts to turn on the immune system against cancers with inactivated tumor vaccines or intratumor injections of bacterial products to induce local inflammation and recruit an antitumor immune response have led to anecdotal successes. Increasing knowledge about how the immune system is activated, coupled with advances in recombinant DNA technology, has allowed the clinical testing of immune-stimulating cytokines such as interferons and interleukins. These trials have led to a low frequency of durable tumor responses in selected cancers such as melanoma and renal-cell carcinoma at the expense of . . .
310 PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED PILOT TRIAL OF I.V. L-ORNITHINE-L-ASPARTATE (LOLA) VS. PLACEBO ON POSTURAL CONTROL IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS
Authors: M. Schmid, F. König, P. Ferenci, A. Gangl, M. Peck-Radosavljevic
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
HB<sub>s</sub>Ag-Negative Hepatitis in a Hemodialysis Unit
Authors: Lawrence Corey, Walter E. Stamm, Paul M. Feorino, John A. Bryan, Stephen Weseley, Michael B. Gregg, Karim Solangi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Eleven of 40 patients in a hemodialysis unit had clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatitis during a five-week period. The clinical disease was mild, being limited solely to dialysis patients. Epidemiologic investigation indicated that the incubation period was between 17 and 35 days and that 10 of 11 patients had been exposed to a single venous-pressure monitor before onset. Dried blood and evidence of blood reflux up the venous-pressure gauge suggested that cross-contamination of the blood of successive patients probably resulted in transmission of disease. No association with the hepatitis B surface antigen or anti-hepatitis B antibody was demonstrated, but 10 of the 11 patients with elevated transaminase levels had evidence of recent exposure, to Epstein-Barr virus as manifested either by Ox-cell hemolysin titers or rises in titers to viral capsid antigen.
Hiccups Associated with Hair in the External Auditory Canal — Successful Treatment by Manipulation
Authors: Erminio Cardi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

TERMINATION of hiccups by manipulation of hair in the external ear is presented to mention yet another seemingly unorthodox treatment for this mysterious malady. The pathologic physiology of hiccups remains largely unknown.1 Although an attack of hiccups is occasionally seen in association with organic disease, the vast majority of cases occur in apparently healthy people. The condition is believed to result from a reflex mechanism although attempts to establish the neuroanatomic pathways have been inconclusive. Mixed pathways are suggested, as between the autonomic and phrenic nerves or between the autonomic nerves themselves.1 , 2 Only rarely are hiccups considered to result from . . .
Gastric secretion over the years.
Authors: J H Baron
Journal: BMJ (1973)

study" listed by Short et al.3 is that of gastric acidity in patients with Siogren's syndrome.Furthermore, they have reviewed the question of gastric acidity in rheumatoid arthritis,3 particularly wit,h reference to Edstrom's studies.2The latter author found achlorhydria among 12-8% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis under 40 and 28-6% of those over 40, a higher incidence than in comparable control groups.Short et al. con- firmed these findings for the under 40 age group.While it may be questionable whether the data as presented by these workers can be subjected to proper statistical analysis the studies clearly deserve mention.Together with the point about Sjogren's syndrome they imply that studies of acid secretion should be done before implicating other factors- for example, anti-inflam,matory drugs-as a cause of hypergastrinaemia.-Iam, etc.,
Cell Receptors in Disease
Authors: Steven Jacobs, Pedro Cuatrecasas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

Intercellular transfer of information is frequently accomplished through receptors that recognize specific chemical signals such as hormones or neurotransmitters and respond to their presence by initiating a chain of events leading to an appropriate biologic response.1 Recognition results from specific, high-affinity binding of the chemical signal. At present, the mechanisms by which binding results in propagation of the signal are obscure. Even the widely held belief that the most immediate response to β-adrenergic binding is activation of adenylate cyclase must be questioned because of evidence that an earlier response may intervene between these two events.2 , 3 It is clear that failure . . .
Bush plans to screen whole US population for mental illness: Summary of responses
Authors: Birte Twisselmann
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The responses sparked by Lenzer's news item on US president George W Bush's plans to screen the whole US population for mental illness overwhelmingly opposes such plans.1 Some correspondents, however, see some positive elements in the plans as an attempt to improve the United States' “very diseased” mental health system, or as ambitious yet commendable. Under different labelling such a programme could even be a valid public health measure designed to prevent or delay the onset of acquired neurodegenerative disorders or diseases of ageing.

Several correspondents write from …
Efficacy of tegaserod for the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: N. C. Suares, A. C. Ford
Journal: Gut (2011)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) is a functional disorder of the lower gastrointestinal tract, with only limited evidence for efficacious treatments. A previous Cochrane Collaboration systematic review reported the efficacy of the 5-HT<sub>4</sub> receptor antagonist tegaserod in CIC, but this identified only two studies, and is now out of date. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to further examine this issue. <h3>Methods</h3> MEDLINE, EMBASE and conference proceedings were searched (up to July 2010) to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing tegaserod with placebo in the treatment of adults with CIC. Studies were required to use at least 1 week of therapy. A diagnosis of CIC was based on a physician9s opinion, clinical symptoms, or the Rome criteria. Studies had to report a dichotomous assessment of response or non-response to therapy. Data were extracted independently by two investigators, as intention-to-treat analyses, with drop-outs assumed to be treatment failures. Adverse events data were also extracted, where reported. Symptom data were pooled using a random effects model, and the efficacy of tegaserod was reported using a relative risk (RR) of failure to respond to therapy, with a 95% CI. The number needed to treat (NNT), with a 95% CI, was calculated from the reciprocal of the risk difference from the meta-analysis. <h3>Results</h3> The search strategy identified 8720 citations. Eight studies were identified that reported efficacy of tegaserod in CIC. Five RCTs were eligible for inclusion, containing a total of 3791 patients, with a duration of therapy from 4 to 12 weeks. Agreement between investigators for assessment of eligibility was excellent (κ = 1.0). Tegaserod was superior to placebo for the treatment of CIC. Overall, 1597 (68.4%) of 2336 patients randomised to tegaserod failed to respond to therapy, compared with 1164 (80.0%) of 1455 allocated to placebo (RR of failure to respond = 0.86; 95% CI 0.80 to 0.92). The NNT with tegaserod was 9 (95% CI 7 to 14). All five RCTs used tegaserod 6 mg twice daily, with a RR of failure to respond of 0.84 (95% CI 0.79 to 0.89) and a NNT of 8 (95% CI 6 to 10). Two trials also used a dose of tegaserod of 2 mg twice daily, with a RR of failure to respond of 0.89 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.07). All five RCTs reported adverse events. These occurred in 1091 (46.7%) tegaserod patients, compared with 610 (41.9%) placebo patients (RR of any adverse event = 0.96; 95% CI 0.90 to 1.03). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Tegaserod is more effective than placebo for the treatment of CIC, but its efficacy is only modest, with a NNT of 9. A dose of 6 mg twice daily is optimal. Adverse events were no commoner with tegaserod.
L'adénome avancé colique en dysplasie de haut grade (AADHG): 88 observations consécutives
Authors: JC Letard, P Georget, MO Sorel, A Verneau
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Introduction: Si le dépistage du CCR est une bonne chose, sa prévention paraît aussi très importante, elle est basée sur la détection/ablation des adénomes avancés notamment en cas de dysplasie de haut grade ou carcinome in situ. Le but de cette étude était la constitution d'une cohorte de patients chez qui un AADHG a été enlevé par voie endoscopique et d'apprécier l'apport de la coloration à l'indigo carmin dilué à 0,2% en cas de contrôle endoscopique précoce (avant 3 ans) dans certaines situations.