tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL OF PATIENTS WITH CANCER OF THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: Piero Mustacchi
Journal: JAMA (1960)

During the period 1935 to 1951, there were 283 newly diagnosed cases of thyroid cancer among residents of the state of Connecticut. The median survival after diagnosis for the 251 persons with histological confirmation of cancer was three and one-half years. At the end of the 12th month, two-thirds of the patients were still alive, whereas two-thirds of the members of a control group had not yet died by the end of the 12th year. Thyroid cancer progresses five times more rapidly in men than in women. Women with papillary cancer have a considerably better prognosis (median survival nine and one-half years) than women with the non-papillary variety (median survival two years). The survival of men was poor regardless of the histological variety of the neoplasm. For both sexes combined the median survival in localized thyroid cancer was four and one-half years for the nonpapillary types and eight years for the papillary variety.
Delivery of zoledronic acid encapsulated in folate-targeted liposome results in potent in vitro cytotoxic activity on tumor cells
Authors: Hilary Shmeeda, Yasmine Amitay, Jenny Gorin, Dina Tzemach, Lidia Mak, Joerge Ogorka, Saran Kumar, J. Allen Zhang, Alberto Gabizon
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2010)
P685 BASELINE LIVER BIOPSY CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH RESPONSE IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS B PATIENTS TREATED WITH PEGINTERFERON-ALFA AND ADEFOVIR
Authors: L. Jansen, R.B. Takkenberg, A. de Niet, V. Terpstra, N.A. Kootstra, H.L.A. Janssen, H.W. Reesink
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Disciplinary Action by Medical Boards and Prior Behavior in Medical School
Authors: Maxine A. Papadakis, Arianne Teherani, Mary A. Banach, Timothy R. Knettler, Susan L. Rattner, David T. Stern, J. Jon Veloski, Carol S. Hodgson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Evidence supporting professionalism as a critical measure of competence in medical education is limited. In this case-control study, we investigated the association of disciplinary action against practicing physicians with prior unprofessional behavior in medical school. We also examined the specific types of behavior that are most predictive of disciplinary action against practicing physicians with unprofessional behavior in medical school.The study included 235 graduates of three medical schools who were disciplined by one of 40 state medical boards between 1990 and 2003 (case physicians). The 469 control physicians were matched with the case physicians according to medical school and graduation year. Predictor variables from medical school included the presence or absence of narratives describing unprofessional behavior, grades, standardized-test scores, and demographic characteristics. Narratives were assigned an overall rating for unprofessional behavior. Those that met the threshold for unprofessional behavior were further classified among eight types of behavior and assigned a severity rating (moderate to severe).Disciplinary action by a medical board was strongly associated with prior unprofessional behavior in medical school (odds ratio, 3.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.9 to 4.8), for a population attributable risk of disciplinary action of 26 percent. The types of unprofessional behavior most strongly linked with disciplinary action were severe irresponsibility (odds ratio, 8.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 40.1) and severely diminished capacity for self-improvement (odds ratio, 3.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 8.2). Disciplinary action by a medical board was also associated with low scores on the Medical College Admission Test and poor grades in the first two years of medical school (1 percent and 7 percent population attributable risk, respectively), but the association with these variables was less strong than that with unprofessional behavior.In this case-control study, disciplinary action among practicing physicians by medical boards was strongly associated with unprofessional behavior in medical school. Students with the strongest association were those who were described as irresponsible or as having diminished ability to improve their behavior. Professionalism should have a central role in medical academics and throughout one's medical career.
Peripheral neuropathology of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Yi-Ju Tsai, Kannan Ramar, Yao-Jen Liang, Po-Han Chiu, Nelson Powell, Chao-Yun Chi, Tzu-Chen Lung, Wesley Wen-Yang Lin, Po-Jung Tseng, Ming-Ying Wu, Kuan-Chiao Chien, Edward M. Weaver, Fei-Peng Lee, Chia-Mo Lin, Kuang-Chao Chen, Rayleigh Ping-Ying Chiang
Journal: Sleep Medicine Reviews (2012)
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM): Are high pulmonary artery pressures during exercise caused by increases in outflow tract obstruction?
Authors: Ehud Schwammenthal, Michael Block, Bodo Schwartzkopff, Benno Lösse, Rolf Engberding, Günter Breithardt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
The Swine Flu Affair: Decision-Making on a Slippery Disease
Authors: Lee Fanning
Journal: JAMA (1979)

In 1976, more than 40 million Americans were vaccinated to prevent the swine flu, and 150,000,000 doses of vaccine were produced at a cost to the American taxpayer of approximately $135 million. By early fall 1976, there had been no reports of outbreaks of the "killer virus," and a rethinking process should have been initiated. Unfortunately by this time, the program had been pushed so far by the Ford Administration, high public health officials, and prominent virologists that there was no turning back. More than 40 million people were inoculated, resulting only in sore arms and a few neurological complications. The people in charge of the swine flu decision were criticized for not including scientists outside the fields of epidemiology, preventive medicine, or virology. The planners were too wrapped up in the ideal of preventive medicine and saving the nation. Their decision to inoculate was based on too little objective
A Microperfusion Study of Bicarbonate Accumulation in the Proximal Tubule of the Rat Kidney*
Authors: Norman Bank, Hagop S. Aynedjian
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1967)

In order to determine whether HCO3- gains access to the proximal tubular lumen from a source other than the glomerular filtrate, we carried out microperfusion experiments on isolated segments of rat proximal tubules in vivo. The perfusion fluid was essentially free of HCO3- and of a composition that prevented net absorption of sodium and water.
DGAT1-dependent triacylglycerol storage by macrophages protects mice from diet-induced insulin resistance and inflammation
Authors: Suneil K. Koliwad, Ryan S. Streeper, Mara Monetti, Ivo Cornelissen, Liana Chan, Koji Terayama, Stephen Naylor, Meghana Rao, Brian Hubbard, Robert V. Farese
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Diet-induced obesity (DIO) leads to inflammatory activation of macrophages in white adipose tissue (WAT) and subsequently to insulin resistance. PPARγ agonists are antidiabetic agents known to suppress inflammatory macrophage activation and to induce expression of the triacylglycerol (TG) synthesis enzyme acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) in WAT and in adipocytes. Here, we investigated in mice the relationship between macrophage lipid storage capacity and DIO-associated inflammatory macrophage activation. Mice overexpressing DGAT1 in both macrophages and adipocytes (referred to herein as aP2-Dgat1 mice) were more prone to DIO but were protected against inflammatory macrophage activation, macrophage accumulation in WAT, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance. To assess the contribution of macrophage DGAT1 expression to this phenotype, we transplanted wild-type mice with aP2-Dgat1 BM. These mice developed DIO similar to that of control mice but retained the protection from WAT inflammation and insulin resistance seen in aP2-Dgat1 mice. In isolated macrophages, Dgat1 mRNA levels correlated directly with TG storage capacity and inversely with inflammatory activation by saturated fatty acids (FAs). Moreover, PPARγ agonists increased macrophage Dgat1 mRNA levels, and the protective effects of these agonists against FA-induced inflammatory macrophage activation were absent in macrophages isolated from Dgat1-null mice. Thus, increasing DGAT1 expression in murine macrophages increases their capacity for TG storage, protects against FA-induced inflammatory activation, and is sufficient to reduce the inflammatory and metabolic consequences of DIO.
851 INHIBITION OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS INFECTIVITY BY ANTI-VIRAL DRUGS IN HUMAN HCV INFECTED LIVER SLICES CULTURE
Authors: S. Lagaye, P. Halfon, H. Shen, J. Gaston, L. Hannoun, P.-P. Massault, A. Vallet-Pichard, V. Mallet, S. Pol
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
A Comparison of Results of Meta-analyses of Randomized Control Trials and Recommendations of Clinical Experts
Authors: Elliott M. Antman
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To examine the temporal relationship between accumulating data from randomized control trials of treatments for myocardial infarction and the recommendations of clinical experts writing review articles and textbook chapters. <h3>Data Sources.</h3> —(1) MEDLINE search from 1966 to present; search terms used were<i>myocardial infarction, clinical trials, multicenter studies, double-blind method, meta-analysis</i>, and the text word "random:"; (2) references from pertinent articles and books; and (3) all editions of English-language general medical texts and manuals and review articles on treatment of myocardial infarction. <h3>Study Selection.</h3> —Randomized control trials of therapies for reducing the risk of total mortality in myocardial infarction (acute and secondary prevention). Review articles and textbook chapters dealing with the general clinical management of patients with myocardial infarction. <h3>Data Extraction.</h3> —Two authors read the material and recorded the results; disagreements were resolved by conference. <h3>Data Synthesis.</h3> —We used the technique of cumulative meta-analysis (performing a new meta-analysis when the results of a new clinical trial are published) and compared the results with the recommendations of the experts for various treatments for myocardial infarction. Discrepancies were detected between the meta-analytic patterns of effectiveness in the randomized trials and the recommendations of reviewers. Review articles often failed to mention important advances or exhibited delays in recommending effective preventive measures. In some cases, treatments that have no effect on mortality or are potentially harmful continued to be recommended by several clinical experts. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Finding and analyzing all therapeutic trials in a given field has become such a difficult and specialized task that the clinical experts called on to summarize the evidence in a timely fashion need access to better databases and new statistical techniques to assist them in this important task. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1992;268:240-248)
Rebuilding Trust in Healthcare; What is the Real Cost of More Patient Choice?; Patients, Power and Responsibility: The First Principles of Consumer-Driven Reform
Authors: D. MacAuley
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotyping is very useful for identifying the patients (type 1 and 4) that need more aggressive management. In recent years, genotype 4 has shown spread in different parts of Europe. The aim of this study was to update on the prevalence of HCV genotypes of 288 patients in Central Italy, to analyze the possible increase of genotype 4 and to evaluate a new simple genotyping method. A line-probe assay (LiPA, Bayer) was used based on the reverse hybridization of HCV genome fragments previously amplified and biotinylated by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, COBAS System Amplicor HCV monitor version 2.0 (Roche) or previously amplified by COBAS Ampliprep/TaqMan HCV test (Roche). This last method uses non-biotin-labeled primers, therefore we added for each sample 10 μl of amplified HCV products, 10 μl of denaturation solution and 10 μl of biotinylated-nested primers (Bayer) to utilize the genotyping procedure previously used. The results showed that the prevalence of type 1, 2 and 3 (48.2, 34.6 and 10.5%, respectively) as well as the prevalent subtypes, 1b and 2a/2c (30.7 and 27.2%, respectively) were similar to previous data. Type 1 and 2 were statistically associated with an older group of patients when compared with type 3 and 4 (p&lt;0.001). Type 3 and 4 showed a significant prevalence of male patients compared to type 1 and in particular to type 2 (p&lt;0.014). The prevalence of type 4 was 5.6% in 2004, 6.1% in 2005 and 9.9% from January to July 2006. Type 4 showed an increase of male prevalence over a 3-year period (p&lt;0.001). In conclusion, subtype 1b and 2a/2c showed a very similar prevalence, age and gender distribution in Central Italy. The type 4 patient group was analyzed because an increase of this genotype (1.8 times) was detected.
Syndrome of encephalopathy and fatty degeneration of viscera in New Zealand children.
Authors: D. M. Becroft
Journal: BMJ (1966)

In 1963 a new syndrome was described in Australian children based on the association of severe fatty degeneration of the liver with acute encephalopathy (Reye et al., 1963).Twenty-one children in Sydney had an acute illness with profound disturbance of consciousness progressing to coma, and, in the majority, to death within two and a half days of admission to hospital.Prodromal respiratory symptoms, persistent severe vomiting, disturbed respiratory rhythm, convulsions, altered reflexes and muscle tone, and hypoglycaemia were often present.Pronounced cerebral swelling and fatty changes in the kidneys were additional findings at necropsy.In the correspondence which followed this first description similar cases were reported from England, Scotland, South " Acidosis " blood urea Pathological Intense diffuse fatty Fatty change in renal Fatty infiltration of change in liver.tubules.myocardium.Cerebral swelling.Reactive changes in Gastro-intestinal Absence of specific lymphoid tissue haemorrhage findings
The antiproliferative effect of lectin from the edible mushroom (<i>Agaricus bisporus</i>) on human keratinocytes: preliminary studies on its use in psoriasis
Authors: None PARSLEW, None JONES, None RHODES, None SHARPE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1999)

Lectins or agglutinins are proteins with affinity for specific sugar residues. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) and the lectin from the edible mushroom (Agaricus bisporus, ABL) both bind to the disaccharide galactosyl β‐1,3‐N‐acetyl galactosamine α‐. This is expressed in keratinocytes as an O‐linked chain on CD44, a polymorphic membrane glycoprotein. Many lectins are mitogens and PNA is a mitogen for colonic epithelial cells. However, ABL reversibly inhibits proliferation of colonic cancer cell lines without cytotoxicity and thus has therapeutic potential in situations such as psoriasis where proliferation is increased. We have therefore investigated the effect of ABL on the growth of normal human cultured keratinocytes and a human papilloma virus (HPV)‐transformed cell line. In a 5‐day dose–response study, keratinocyte growth was greatly reduced by 1.0 μg/mL ABL and completely inhibited by 3.0 μg/mL ABL ( ANOVA, P < 0.0001). Exposure to 1.0 μg/mL ABL for only 8 h gave the same growth inhibition as did continued exposure for 3 days. No cytotoxic or morphological changes were observed. An HPV‐immortalized cell line was relatively resistant to ABL: in a 5‐day dose–response study, exposure to 30 μg/mL was required to inhibit cell growth completely. Topical application of ABL 0.01% or 0.1% to normal human skin caused no change in skin erythema, blood flow or thickness compared with vehicle or baseline (n = 6). ABL 0.1% in white soft paraffin was compared with vehicle in 11 psoriatic patients, using comparative contralateral plaques. Twice daily application for 2 weeks showed no significant difference from vehicle‐treated sites, although the skin thickness of plaques fell from 5.3 ± 0.4 (n = 11, mean ± SEM) to 4.1 ± 0.3 mm. In view of the in vitro results further studies are warranted, particularly if means can be found to improve the epidermal penetration of the relatively large ABL molecule (60 kDa).
Regional respiratory time constants during lung recruitment in high-frequency oscillatory ventilated preterm infants
Authors: Martijn Miedema, Frans H. de Jongh, Inez Frerichs, Mariëtte B. van Veenendaal, Anton H. van Kaam
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2011)

To assess the regional respiratory time constants of lung volume changes during stepwise lung recruitment before and after surfactant treatment in high-frequency oscillatory ventilated preterm infants.A stepwise oxygenation-guided recruitment procedure was performed before and after surfactant treatment in high-frequency oscillatory ventilated preterm infants. Electrical impedance tomography was used to continuously record changes in lung volume during the recruitment maneuver. Time constants were determined for all incremental and decremental pressure steps, using one-phase exponential decay curve fitting. Data were analyzed for the whole cross section of the chest and the ventral and dorsal lung regions separately.Before surfactant treatment, the time constants of the incremental pressure steps were significantly longer (median 27.3 s) than those in the decremental steps (16.1 s). Regional analysis showed only small differences between the ventral and dorsal lung regions. Following surfactant treatment, the time constants during decremental pressure steps almost tripled to 44.3 s. Furthermore, the time constants became significantly (p < 0.01) longer in the dorsal (61.2 s) than into the ventral (40.3 s) lung region.Lung volume stabilization during stepwise oxygenation-guided lung recruitment in high-frequency oscillatory ventilated preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome is usually completed within 5 min and is dependent on the position of ventilation on the pressure volume curve, the surfactant status, and the region of interest of the lung.
CHRONIC CERVICITIS (LEUCORRHOEA): ETIOLOGY AND SYMPTOMS
Authors: J. Barris
Journal: BMJ (1929)

realily allows contagioni ta pass to it; aiid this condition of naturie anid necessity maiily exIplains tlhe lheighlt of the tuberculosis curve in the filst five ears, andl its drop in the later years of childhood, wheni there is inicreasing freedom aind separatioll.Efficienit prevention of l)plluolmlary tuiberculosis in the youing child demaiands, first, thie tletf-tioln of phthisis in the parent or adult relative; niext, nmeasures to guard against the danger of their close conitact with the child.Even so, notwithstand(ling aill the advaantages of a special service and of tr-ainie(d nurses who poinit out the dangers and how they may be guiarded against, the risk of infection of the child in a crowdledl lhomle nmuist renmain high.And in the youing child inifection is followed by disease witli its; high mortality.Not seldom -it is the appear- ance of active tuberculosis in the child that gives the clute to the existence of illmssl)pcted plhthisis in one or other parent.This is onie of the great benefits of notification of all formis of the (lisease--ihat from many sides information is gathered that may lead to the detection of cases of adult phtliisis.The key to the problem of pre- vention of pulmonary tubereculosis in childhood lies in the early detection of cases of phtlhisis in the middle period of life, in their isolation, in their instructioni in lhygiene, and, aibove all, in reduiction of their numbers.The segregation of Yonng clhildren from tuberculous )arents and insanitary lhomes, as in the Granclher system in France, is niot feasible ais a general pl)oicy; in the few cases wheire it is l)pacticable it is, of course, the most effective safeguard.With regard to the childrlen in a famiiily where plhthisis in a l)arent has beeni discovered anid dealt with, wlhat further p)reventive measuires are available?Is it possible to detect ain(d arrest early inifections?This is. a difficult but impor- tant question, anid onie that rieceives mulch attention from tuiberculosis officers.In the infant and younger child it seems to me that little can be done here, for latent or dlormant infections are very rare, and active disease is nearly always fatal.In abdominal tuberculosis from milk infection the case mortality is lower, and latent abdominal infection, although uncommon, may occur.The occurrence of latent pulmoilary infectioni in the older child, its detec- tion, its relation to phthisis in the adolescent and adult, aire all important questions, which, however, lie outside the scope of our sulbject.CHRONIC CERVICITIS (LEUCORRHOEA)
Formation of the Tricuspid Valve in the Human Heart
Authors: Wouter H. Lamers, Szabolcs Virágh, Andy Wessels, Antoon F.M. Moorman, Robert H. Anderson
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Some of the problems concerning the origin of the inlet component of the definitive right ventricle were resolved in a previous study in which we showed it to be derived exclusively from the embryonic right ventricle. Questions remain, however, concerning the relative contributions of endocardial cushion tissue and myocardium to the definitive valvar apparatus guarding the right atrioventricular orifice and the origin of the valvar leaflets. Methods and Results The formation of the tricuspid valve was studied by scanning electron microscopic and immunohistochemical techniques. Concurrent with the development of the right atrioventricular connection, a myocardial ridge forms at the boundary between the atrioventricular canal and the embryonic right ventricle. It grows to become a myocardial gully that funnels atrial blood beneath the lesser curvature of the initial heart tube toward the middle of the right ventricle. Fenestrations in the floor of the gully create an additional inferior opening in the funnel, transforming its initial anterior rim into the septomarginal trabeculation. The septum formed by the fusion of the endocardial ridges of the outflow tract becomes myocardialized in its inferior portion to form, in part, the outlet septum and, in part, the supraventricular crest. The smooth atrial surface of the tricuspid valvar leaflets develops from endocardial cushion tissue. The leaflets become freely movable, however, only after delamination of the tension apparatus within the myocardium. The inferior and septal leaflets derive from the gully and the ventricular septum, their delamination being a single, continuous process. The anterosuperior leaflet forms by delamination from the developing supraventricular crest. Conclusions The leaflets of the tricuspid valve develop equally from the endocardial cushion tissues and the myocardium. The myocardium contributing to the valve comes from two sources, the tricuspid gully complex and the developing supraventricular crest. These findings facilitate the understanding of several congenital malformations.
737–4 Serum Cardiac Troponln T Measurements in Unstable Angina: An Early, Accurate Marker of Increased Risk
Authors: Syed A. Abbas, Sol Green, Alan H.B. Wu, Lisa Pearsall, Sajid Dhakam, Rabih Azar, Mary Onoroski, Ali Senaie, Ravmond G. McKav, David Waters
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)