tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) México and comparison with KEEP US
Authors: Gregorio T. Obrador, Guillermo García-García, Antonio R. Villa, Ximena Rubilar, Nadia Olvera, Evangelina Ferreira, Margarita Virgen, José Alfonso Gutiérrez-Padilla, Melissa Plascencia-Alonso, Martha Mendoza-García, Salvador Plascencia-Pérez
Journal: Kidney International (2010)
Detection of mitotic and meiotic aneuploidy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Authors: J M Parry, D Sharp, E M Parry
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1979)

A number of genetic systems are described which involve the use of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The systems may be used to detect the production of aneuploid cells produced during both mitotic and meiotic cell division in the presence of genetically active chemicals. During mitotic cell division, monosomic colonies (2n - 1) may be detected by plating upon selective medium. Increases in such monosomic colonies are produced by exposure of cells to a number of chemical mutagens such as ethyl methane-sulfonate and mitomycin C. More importantly, monosomic colonies are also induced by nonmutagens such as sulfacetamide and saccharin, which suggests that such chemicals are capable of inducing aneuploidy (aneugenic) in the absence of mutagenic activity. Genetic analysis of aneuploid colonies produced on nonselective medium indicate that at least a proportion of the monosomic colonies were the result of mitotic nondisjunction. During meiotic cell division, disomic cells (n + 1) produced by chromosome nondisjunction may be detected by plating on selective media. The frequency of disomic cells has been shown to increase after exposure to p-fluorophenylalanine.
The Nature of Growing Pains
Authors: L. W. Batten
Journal: BMJ (1939)

Our previous experiments have suggested the hypothesis that conjoint active neuronal outgrowth may be necessary for formation of new electrical synapses between identified neurons of adult Helisoma buccal ganglia. This growth dependence hypothesis now has been tested by examining the responses of individual pairs of neurons in isolation from the influences of the ganglionic environment. Isolated cell culture of identified neurons (neuron 5) showed that: (i) neurons growing in cell culture undergo a predictable sequence of morphological changes culminating in a stable morphological state (i.e., growth stops); (ii) contact between actively growing neurons in cell culture results in the formation of electrical connections, just as in ganglia; and (iii) when an actively growing neuron encounters a neuron that is morphologically stable, electrical connections do not form or are very weak, even though strong connections are made between pairs of actively growing neurons in the same culture. These results establish that processes closely associated with growth are required for formation of electrical synapses between these neurons.
Primary Amyloidosis With Jaundice
Authors: Richard J. Sanders
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Amyloidosis is a rare disease without known etiology. Though microscopically there is no distinction between its various types, clinically amyloidosis may be divided into four groups: primary systemic amyloidosis unassociated with other underlying disease; secondary amyloidosis associated with chronic debilitative diseases; amyloidosis associated with multiple myeloma; and localized amyloidosis involving a single area or organ. In recent years, the sharp decline in incidence of osteomyelitis and tuberculosis has shifted the interest in amyloidosis from the secondary to the primary form. Fewer than 200 cases of primary amyloidosis have been reported, most of them in the past 50 years.<sup>1</sup> The following case of primary systemic amyloidosis was of particular interest because the patient's presenting complaints were jaundice and hemorrhage, unusual symptoms in amyloidosis. Because the diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction could not be excluded, exploratory celiotomy was necessary to establish the diagnosis of primary systemic amyloidosis. <h3>Report of a Case</h3>
James Douglas Hunter
Authors: E. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Two notable limitations exist on the use of personhood arguments in establishing moral status. Firstly, although the attribution of personhood may give us sufficient reason to grant something moral status, it is not a necessary condition. Secondly, even if a person is that which has the ‘highest’ moral status, this does not mean that any interests of a person are justifiable grounds to kill something that has a ‘lower’ moral status. Additional justification is needed to overcome a basic wrongness associated with killing something possessing moral status. There are clear arguments already available in this regard in the case of a foetus that are not available in the case of a newborn infant. Hence, there is scope to consistently hold that abortion may be permissible but that after-birth abortion may not be permissible.
Methylene Blue Chromoendoscopy for the Detection of Barrett’s Esophagus in a Greek Cohort
Authors: G. S. Kouklakis, J. Kountouras, S. M. Dokas, E. J. Molyvas, G. P. Vourvoulakis, G. I. Minopoulos
Journal: Endoscopy (2003)

Specialized columnar epithelium of Barrett's esophagus is a precursor of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma, and methylene blue selectively stains this type of epithelium. The present prospective study examined the detection of short-segment and long-segment Barrett's esophagus using methylene blue chromoendoscopy-directed biopsies, in comparison with biopsies directed using conventional endoscopic criteria.Biopsies were obtained from macroscopically conspicous areas in the distal esophagus observed during conventional endoscopy in a total of 975 patients. Immediately after conventional biopsies, the distal esophagus was sprayed with methylene blue and directed biopsies were then obtained from the stained regions. All patients with a histologically established Barrett's esophagus underwent a second upper gastrointestinal endoscopy within 1 year in order to assess the reproducibility of the method.In a total of 3,900 conventional biopsy specimens (without staining), 54 specimens (1.4%) were found to show Barrett's esophagus and were confined to 16 of the 975 patients (1.6%). Of the total 130 directed biopsy specimens obtained during chromoendoscopy, 114 (87.7%) revealed Barrett's esophagus (P<0.00001) and were confined to 35 of the 975 patients (3.5%; P < or = 0.001). The findings were confirmed within 1 year in all dye-positive patients.Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue appears to be an accurate, simple, safe, inexpensive, and reproducible method of detecting specialized columnar epithelium in Barrett's esophagus.
Initial High-Grade T1 Urothelial Cell Carcinoma: Feasibility and Prognostic Significance of Lamina Propria Invasion Microstaging (T1a/b/c) in BCG-Treated and BCG-Non-Treated Patients
Authors: A. Orsola, I. Trias, C.X. Raventós, I. Español, L. Cecchini, S. Búcar, D. Salinas, I. Orsola
Journal: European Urology (2005)
Memory B-cell subsets as a predictive marker of outcome in hypogammaglobulinemia during infancy
Authors: Viviana Moschese, Rita Carsetti, Simona Graziani, Loredana Chini, Anna Rosa Soresina, Maria La Rocca, Grazia Bossi, Silvia Di Cesare, Alessandro Plebani
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Metabolic Modulation of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Rafael Díaz, Ernesto A. Paolasso, Leopoldo S. Piegas, Carlos D. Tajer, Manuel Gil Moreno, Ramón Corvalán, Jesús E. Isea, Graciela Romero, None (Estudios Cardiológicos Latinoamérica) Collaborative Group
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Several trials have been performed in the past using glucose, insulin, and potassium infusion (GIK) for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Because of continuing uncertainty about the potential role of this therapeutic intervention, we conducted a randomized trial to evaluate the impact of a GIK solution during the first hours of AMI.Four hundred seven patients with suspected AMI admitted within 24 hours of symptoms onset were enrolled. In a ratio of 2:1, 268 patients were allocated to receive GIK (high- or low-dose) and 139 to receive control. Phlebitis and serum changes in the plasma concentration of glucose or potassium were observed more often with GIK. A trend toward a nonsignificant reduction in major and minor in-hospital events was observed in patients allocated to GIK. In 252 patients (61.9%) treated with reperfusion strategies, a statistically significant reduction in mortality (relative risk [RR] 0.34; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.78; 2P=0.008) and a consistent trend toward fewer in-hospital events in the GIK group were observed.Our results confirm that a metabolic modulation strategy in the first hours of an AMI is feasible, applicable worldwide, and has mild side effects. The statistically significant mortality reduction in patients who underwent a reperfusion strategy might have important implications for the management of AMI patients. It is now essential to perform a large-scale trial to reliably determine the magnitude of benefit.
Optimizing a Lupus Autoantibody for Targeted Cancer Therapy
Authors: Philip W. Noble, Grace Chan, Melissa R. Young, Richard H. Weisbart, James E. Hansen
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract The specificity of binding by antibodies to target antigens is a compelling advantage to antibody-based cancer therapy, but most antibodies cannot penetrate cells to affect intracellular processes. Select lupus autoantibodies penetrate into cell nuclei, and the potential for application of these antibodies in cancer therapy is an emerging concept. Here, we show that a divalent lupus anti-DNA autoantibody fragment with enhancing mutations that increase its ability to penetrate cell nuclei and bind DNA causes accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks in and is highly and selectively toxic to cancer cells and tumors with defective homology-directed repair of DNA double-strand breaks. These findings provide proof of principle for the use of optimized lupus autoantibodies in targeted cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 75(11); 2285–91. ©2015 AACR.
The Illusion of Deterministic Rules
Authors: Betty C. Jung
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Letters15 July 1997The Illusion of Deterministic RulesBetty C. Jung, RN, MPHBetty C. Jung, RN, MPHGuilford, CT 06437Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The analytical model proposed by Glassman and colleagues [1] is an excellent example of how better definitions can help clarify what is really important to consider in developing decision rules. Although I agree that cost-effectiveness as a basis for clinical choices is questionable, I think that “medical necessity” is an important factor in clinical decision-making processes.From a public health standpoint, medical necessity justifies the need for such actions as quarantining. It would be hard, for example, to require that children be immunized against most known infectious diseases if there were no medical reason for this immunization. ...References1. Glassman PA, Model KE, Kahan JP, Jacobson PD, Peabody JW. The role of medical necessity and cost-effectiveness in making medical decisions. Ann Intern Med. 1997; 126:152-6. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Guilford, CT 06437 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 July 1997Volume 127, Issue 2Page: 166KeywordsChildrenHealth insuranceImmunityInfectious diseasesPrevention, policy, and public healthQuality of life Issue Published: 15 July 1997 CopyrightCopyright © 1997 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Mucosal adaptation to aspirin induced gastric damage in humans. Studies on blood flow, gastric mucosal growth, and neutrophil activation.
Authors: J W Konturek, A Dembinski, R Stoll, W Domschke, S J Konturek
Journal: Gut (1994)

The gastropathy associated with the ingestion of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin is a common side effect of this class of drugs, but the precise mechanisms by which they cause mucosal damage have not been fully explained. During continued use of an injurious substance, such as aspirin, the extent of gastric mucosal damage decreases and this phenomenon is named gastric adaptation. To assess the extent of mucosal damage by aspirin and subsequent adaptation the effects of 14 days of continuous, oral administration of aspirin (2 g per day) to eight healthy male volunteers was studied. To estimate the rate of mucosal damage, gastroscopy was performed before (day 0) and at days 3, 7, 14 of aspirin treatment. Gastric microbleeding and gastric mucosal blood flow were measured using laser Doppler flowmeter and mucosal biopsy specimens were taken for the estimation of tissue DNA synthesis and RNA and DNA concentration. In addition, the activation of neutrophils in peripheral blood was assessed by measuring their ability to associate with platelets. Aspirin induced acute damage mainly in gastric corpus, reaching at day 3 about 3.5 on the endoscopic Lanza score but lessened to about 1.5 at day 14 pointing to the occurrence of gastric adaptation. Mucosal blood flow increased at day 3 by about 50% in the gastric corpus and by 88% in the antrum. The in vitro DNA synthesis and RNA concentration, an index of mucosal growth, were reduced at day 3 but then increased to reach about 150% of initial value at the end of aspirin treatment. It is concluded that the treatment with aspirin in humans induces gastric adaptation to this agent, which entails the increase in mucosal blood flow, the rise in neutrophil activation, and the enhancement in mucosal growth.
Cholesterol and Lipid Deposits
Authors: Kim Eagle, Markus M. Lerch, Guido Adler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Figure 1. Cholesterol and Lipid Deposits. A specimen from the wall of the ascending aorta was excised from a 55-year-old patient at the time of aortocoronary bypass grafting. In a Sudan-stained cryosection viewed under polarized light, cholesterol (open arrow) and neutral lipid deposits (solid arrow) are evident in this atherosclerotic lesion (x710).
Response of coronary microvascular collaterals to activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels
Authors: K Lamping
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1997)

Objective: Studies have suggested that collateral vessels of the coronary and hind-limb circulations are more sensitive to activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels than are non-collateral vessels. The objective of the present study was to compare responses of microvascular non-collaterals, native collaterals and stimulated collaterals in the heart to three vasodilators which act through different mechanisms: activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels with aprikalim, release of nitric oxide with acetylcholine, and endothelium-independent activation of soluble guanylate cyclase with nitroglycerin. Methods: Collateral growth was stimulated by placing an Ameroid occluder on the proximal left circumflex artery in dogs. Non-collaterals, native collaterals and stimulated collaterals (100–220 μm in diameter) were isolated, cannulated on micropipettes and pressurized in vitro. Vessel diameters were measured using videomicroscopy. Results: Dilation to aprikalim (10−8–10−5 M), acetylcholine (10−9–10−6 M) and nitroglycerin (10−8–3×10−4 M) were similar in non-collateral, native collateral and stimulated collaterals. Dilation of native collaterals to aprikalim and acetylcholine was attenuated by glibenclamide (10 μM), an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channels, but not by tetraethylammonium (1 mM), a non-selective inhibitor of K+ channels. Dilation of native collaterals to acetylcholine but not aprikalim was also inhibited by nitro-l-arginine (10 μM), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Conclusion: These findings suggest that microvascular native and stimulated collaterals respond to activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels and acetylcholine similar to non-collaterals of similar size. Thus, changes in reactivity of collaterals to activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels are not related to changes in the ability of the vessels to respond to vasodilators but may primarily be determined by a change in the distribution of collateral vessel size.
Some way to go for consistent implementation of guidance on hip fracture
Authors: Alex Bottle, Brian Jarman, Paul Aylin, Roger Taylor
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Fractured hips are a common cause of hospitalisation among elderly people, and in the year after treatment the mortality rate may be as much as 30%. For many years medical bodies throughout the world have issued consistent evidence based guidelines for the management of broken hips, but 2002-3 data from the United Kingdom show that implementation of this guidance is patchy. In addition, the data show that the percentage of patients managed conservatively varies considerably between hospitals. These patients have a considerably higher mortality. Further guidance on when to manage conservatively may be appropriate. #### The bottom line
Barriers to the vaccination of children and adolescents and possible solutions
Authors: S. Esposito, N. Principi, G. Cornaglia
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2013)

The benefits of vaccination are clearly demonstrated by the eradication or enormous decline in the incidence of many vaccine-preventable diseases, but the coverage of many highly recommended vaccines is still frequently inadequate and children continue to suffer from diseases that could have been prevented. The main aim of this paper is to discuss the recognized barriers to the vaccination of children and adolescents confronting national health systems, providers and parents, and the ways in which they can be overcome. Most of the problems underlying limited vaccination coverage among children are due to a lack of understanding on the part of healthcare providers and parents, which underlines the need for educational programmes specifically addressed to each of these groups. It is also essential that all of the physicians providing immunization develop approaches that acknowledge parents' concerns and respectfully try to correct any misinformation. Other means of extending vaccine coverage include the implementation of adequate systems for recording vaccine administration and the activation of effective reminder/recall systems, the provision of immunization services in some medical care specialties or by integrating healthcare sites, and the elimination or reduction of all the problems that currently limit access to vaccination services. However, it will take the combined efforts of healthcare systems and providers to pull down all of the barriers.
Does This Patient Have Sinusitis?-Reply
Authors: David L. Simel
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We are gratified by the interest of the authors who corresponded about this article. In particular we found Dr van Duijn's comments on the evolution and possible future of transillumination illuminating. It is intriguing to contemplate the potential advantages of measuring light transmission through the sinuses. We hope this concept will be further developed and rigorously tested. Dr Baker exhorts us to use all of our senses, including olfaction, to diagnose sinusitis. Unfortunately, the examiner's nose for the infected nose is poorly described. Only one study, performed in a pediatric population, describes the performance of bad breath for diagnosing sinusitis, and this study found a sensitivity of only 50%.<sup>1</sup> Dr Gordon suggests that the current gold standard (when sinus puncture and culture cannot be performed) is sinus CT. To support this argument he quotes several studies comparing sinus CT to plain films and intraoperative findings in patients
The First Evaluation of a Novel Vitamin K Antagonist, Tecarfarin (ATI-5923), in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: David J. Ellis, Mohammed Haris Usman, Peter G. Milner, Daniel M. Canafax, Michael D. Ezekowitz
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Background— Tecarfarin (ATI-5923) is a novel oral vitamin K antagonist. Unlike warfarin, it is metabolized by esterases, escaping metabolism by the cytochrome P450 system and thereby avoiding cytochrome P450–mediated drug-drug or drug-food interactions as well as genetic variations found in the cytochrome P450 system. Both tecarfarin and warfarin can be monitored with the international normalized ratio. We hypothesized that the time in therapeutic range for tecarfarin will exceed values usually experienced with warfarin. Methods and Results— This was a 6- to 12-week open-label, multicenter, phase IIA study of 66 atrial fibrillation patients with a mild to moderate risk of stroke to determine the safety and tolerability of tecarfarin and to ascertain an optimal tecarfarin dosing regimen. Sixty-four subjects (97%) were taking warfarin at enrollment and were switched to tecarfarin. After the initial 3 weeks of tecarfarin treatment, the mean interpolated time in therapeutic range was 71.4%. Only 10.9% of patients had time in therapeutic range of &lt;45%. Times in extreme international normalized ratio ranges of &lt;1.5 and &gt;4.0 were 1.2% and 1.2%, respectively. The median daily dose (for an individual patient) to maintain an international normalized ratio between 2 and 3 was 15.6 mg (range, 6 to 29 mg). Conclusions— This is the first study of tecarfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. It appears that tecarfarin may possess advantages over the currently available standard of care, warfarin, by improving time in therapeutic range. Adequately powered prospective trials are warranted to definitively compare tecarfarin with warfarin in clinical settings for which warfarin is indicated.