tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Safety of children in cars
Authors: P. E Newton
Journal: BMJ (1977)

<h3>Background</h3> Patients with diabetic or hypertensive kidney disease rarely undergo kidney biopsy because nephrologists commonly believe that biopsy-related risk outweighs the potential benefits of obtaining histologic information to guide clinical decisions. Although kidney function is acutely regulated, histologic changes such as interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy, and glomerulosclerosis may represent chronic kidney damage, and thus might provide additional information about disease severity. However, whether histologic analysis provides information complementary to clinically used kidney function measurements, such as eGFR and proteinuria, is unclear. <h3>Methods</h3> We performed a standardized semiquantitative histologic analysis of 859 nephrectomies obtained from individuals with or without diabetes mellitus or hypertension and varying degrees of kidney dysfunction. Changes in glomeruli, tubules, interstitium, and the vasculature were scored using 17 descriptive parameters in a standardized manner. We used multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses and unbiased, hierarchical clustering to assess associations between histologic alterations and clinical variables. <h3>Results</h3> At CKD stages 3–5, eGFR correlates reasonably well with the degree of glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA). In patients with CKD stages 1–2, the degree of histologic damage was highly variable and eGFR poorly estimated the degree of damage. Individuals with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or Black race had significantly more glomerulosclerosis and IFTA, at the same eGFR level. Inclusion of glomerulosclerosis improved the kidney function decline estimation, even at early disease stages. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Histologic analysis is an important complementary method for kidney disease evaluation, especially at early disease stages. Some individuals present with relatively severe structural damage despite preserved eGFR.
THE EFFECT OF NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL HORMONES ON THE PERMEABILITY OF THE TOAD BLADDER TO UREA*
Authors: Roy H. Maffly, Richard M. Hays, Ezra Lamdin, Alexander Leaf
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1960)

With the introduction of the countercurrent hypothesis (1) to explain renal concentrating ability there has been renewed interest in the role of urea in renal tubular function. Recent studies (2-5) suggest that urea makes a major contribution to the urinary concentrating mechanism. If this is the case, one might expect important differences in the permeability of the renal tubule to urea in the presence or absence of antidiuretic hormone. Further, such movement of urea across the tubule might be passive, or effected by means of an active transport system, such as has been described for the bull frog kidney (6-8). The difficulty of exploring such problems in the intact mammalian kidney need not be emphasized. It would be desirable to use a simpler system, in which the movement of urea across living cells could be measured directly. The studies of Ussing, Zerahn, Koefoed-Johnsen, and Andersen (9-12) have demonstrated the usefulness of isolated, surviving amphibian membranes as models for the study of active transport and other membrane phenomena. In the studies reported below we have used the toad bladder, a tissue that resembles the mammalian renal tubule in several respects (13).
Total Sputum Nitrate plus Nitrite Is Raised during Acute Pulmonary Infection in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: SEAMUS J. LINNANE, VERA M. KEATINGS, CHRISTINE M. COSTELLO, JOHN B. MOYNIHAN, CLARE M. O'CONNOR, MUIRIS X. FITZGERALD, PAUL McLOUGHLIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) can be detected in exhaled gas in human subjects. It is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and is rapidly metabolized to nitrite and nitrate (NO2/NO3). Exhaled NO is reported to be elevated in patients with asthma, bronchiectasis, or upper respiratory tract infection. Recent reports have shown no increase of exhaled NO in stable cystic fibrosis (CF). We hypothesized that NOS activity is increased in patients with acute pulmonary exacerbation of CF. We therefore measured exhaled NO and sputum NO2/NO3 in three subject categories: patients with acute pulmonary exacerbation of CF, patients with stable CF, and healthy control subjects. Mean ± SD exhaled NO was significantly higher in control subjects (8.8 ± 4.9 ppb) than in both acute (3.8 ± 3.9 ppb) and stable (5.0 ± 2.5 ppb) patients. Sputum NO2/NO3 was significantly higher in acute patients (774 ± 307 μ mol/L) when compared with both stable patients (387 ± 203 μ mol/L) and control (421 ± 261 μ mol/L) subjects. Sputum NO2/NO3 did not return to normal in a subgroup of patients assessed after 2 wk of intensive antibiotic and glucocorticoid treatment. These results confirm that exhaled NO is not a useful measure of airway inflammation in CF. Elevated levels of sputum NO2/NO3 suggest that NOS is activated during acute pulmonary exacerbations of CF.
TRiathlon injury review
Authors: V Vleck, F Bessone Alves
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Background Triathlons increasing popularity has not been matched by an increase in the quantity and quality of triathlon injury research. Objective To summarise current knowledge of the distribution and determinants of injury, and the efficacy of preventive measures implemented by the International Triathlon Union (ITU), in the sport. Design English language computer search of the ‘Medline’, ‘PubMed’, and ‘PsychLit’ databases, from 1986 to 2009, using the headings: ‘triathlon’, ‘triathlete’, ‘swimming’, ‘cycling’, ‘running’, ‘runner’, ‘injury’/’injuries’, and ‘epidemiology’. Articles currently in press and unpublished, postgraduate theses were also used. Setting Novice, competitive/age-group to National Squad level athletes over the sprint to Ironman distances. Participants Less than 50, mostly retrospective, peer reviewed publications were obtained. No data were available for youth or junior athletes, different senior age-groups, or athletes with a disability. Assessment of risk factors Only risk factor data that had been tested for correlation or predictive value were included. Main outcome measurements Injury type, time loss, clinical outcome and economic cost. Results Although the long term implications for pulmonary, musculoskeletal or cardiac health are unknown, triathlon ‘appears to be relatively safe for persons of all ages assuming that high risk individuals undertake health screening’. Most injuries appear to be gradual onset or overuse, training related, lower limb injuries, occurring during running. Catastrophic injuries occur, usually ‘as a result of failure to adjust pace within safe limits for specific environmental conditions’ or inadequate implementation of safety guidelines, but are largely unreported. Triathlon cross-training may engender an increase in injury risk over that faced in swimming, cycling and running in isolation. Injury recurrence is significant. Conclusion It is recommended that a longitudinal prospective survey of injury in ITU events be carried out, after a consensus statement on definition and recording of triathlon injuries has been developed.
Respiratory Effects of Gestational Intermittent Hypoxia in the Developing Rat
Authors: David Gozal, Stephen R. Reeves, Barry W. Row, Jennifer J. Neville, Shang Z. Guo, Andrew J. Lipton
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Intermittent hypoxia (IH), one of the hallmarks of obstructive sleep apnea, occurs more frequently during pregnancy. We hypothesized that IH may lead to persistent postnatal changes in respiratory responses to acute hypoxia and may also lead to adverse effects on spatial function learning as revealed by the Morris water maze. To examine this issue, time-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to IH and room air (IHRA; 21 and 10% O2 alternations every 90 seconds) or to normoxia (RARA) until delivery. Ventilatory and metabolic responses to a 20-minute acute hypoxic challenge (10% O2) were conducted at postnatal ages 5, 10, 15, and 30 days. In addition, spatial task learning was assessed in the water maze at 1 and 4 months of age. Normoxic ventilation was higher at all time points in IHRA rats than in RARA rats (p < 0.01). Peak hypoxic ventilatory responses were attenuated in IHRA rats at 5 days of age and hypoxic ventilatory depression was accentuated at this age as well. However, ventilatory equivalents (minute ventilation/oxygen consumption) revealed significant reductions in peak hypoxic ventilatory responses of IHRA rats and hypoxic ventilatory depression at all postnatal ages (p < 0.01). Acquisition and retention of a spatial task were similar in the IHRA and RARA groups at both 1 and 4 months of age. We conclude that gestational intermittent hypoxia elicits long-lasting alterations in the control of breathing. We postulate that such IH-induced respiratory plasticity may create selective vulnerability to hypoxia during development.
Scleroderma and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
Authors: I. M. Murray-Lyon, R. P. H. Thompson, I. D. Ansell, R. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Two cases of scleroderma and primary biliary cirrhosis are described. One had systemic sclerosis with primary biliary cirrhosis of six years' duration at the stage of ductular proliferation. The other had the C.R.S.T. syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly, and telangiectases) with primary biliary cirrhosis at the florid stage. Several similar cases were found in a review of other reports, and it is suggested that the association may be due to a common "autoimmune" process.
Tobacco Tightrope — Balancing Disease Prevention and Economic Development in China
Authors: Alexi A. Wright, Ingrid T. Katz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)

In 2005, China ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Drs. Alexi Wright and Ingrid Katz write that as international pressure to cut tobacco use mounts, the Chinese government struggles to balance advancing the country's economy with maintaining the health of its society and garnering global support. Dr. Steven Schroeder, director of the Smoking Cessation Leadership Center at the University of California, San Francisco, discusses the history of research on smoking-related illness and the state of tobacco control in the United States and the developing world.
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Clinical response to plasma exchange therapy and circulating anti-basement membrane zone antibody titer
Authors: Masutaka Furue, Mitsuru Iwata, Hong-Il Yoon, Yasuo Kubota, Hitoshi Ohto, Makoto Kawashima, Tetsuya Tsuchida, Kuniaki Oohara, Kunihiko Tamaki, Atsushi Kukita
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1986)
The role of matrix stiffness in regulating cell behavior
Authors: Rebecca G. Wells
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Matrix stiffness (resistance to deformation), one of the many mechanical forces acting on cells, is increasingly appreciated as an important mediator of cell behavior. It regulates cell signaling broadly, with effects on growth, survival, and motility. Although the stiffness optima for different kinds of adherent cells vary widely, it is generally true that cell proliferation and differentiation increase with the stiffness of the matrix. This review summarizes recent data exploring the nature of matrix stiffness, mechanotransducers, and the many effects of changes in stiffness on cell function. Particular mention is made of data suggesting that cells of the liver are mechanosensitive, highlighting the potential importance of these findings in understanding the biology of normal and diseased liver. (HEPATOLOGY 2008.)
Plasma amine oxidase: a postulated cardiovascular risk factor in nondiabetic obese patients
Authors: H.G Weiss, J Klocker, B Labeck, H Nehoda, F Aigner, A Klingler, C Ebenbichler, B Föger, M Lechleitner, J.R Patsch, H.G Schwelberger
Journal: Metabolism (2003)
An evaluation of the Hollander test by graded vagotomy in the dog
Authors: S. Nundy, J. H. Baron
Journal: Gut (1973)

Hollander9s insulin test was evaluated by performing successively partial denervation of the parietal cell area, highly selective, selective, and truncal vagotomy operations on three dogs. The rise in acidity, the timing of the highest rise in acidity, and the rise in acid output were examined. The mean rise in acidity (m-equiv/l) before vagotomy (106 ± SE11, 120 ± 23, 60 ± 16) did not differ significantly from those obtained after partial denervation (67 ± SE14, 125 ± 12, 45 ± 12). After selective vagotomy, a presumed complete denervation, the rises in acidity were significantly lower (0 ± 0·1, 2·5 ± 4, 0 ± 9). The Hollander test, however, was occasionally negative before any nerves had been divided, and was positive in 20% of tests after presumed complete parietal cell denervation. The highest rise in acidity before vagotomy most commonly occurred 30 minutes after insulin, and following partial denervation this rise occurred significantly later, most commonly at 60 minutes. After the other operations there was no consistent timing. The rise in insulin-stimulated acid output after presumed complete denervation provided near complete discrimination between innervated and denervated stomachs, and its repeatability as assessed by the coefficient of variation was significantly better than the repeatability of rise in acidity. These findings provide support for the contention that the results of the insulin test should be expressed quantitatively in terms of the rise in acid output rather than using Hollander-type criteria of changes in acidity.
Methodology for Quantitative Rapid Multi-Tracer PET Tumor Characterizations
Authors: Dan J. Kadrmas, John M. Hoffman
Journal: Theranostics (2013)

Positron emission tomography (PET) can image a wide variety of functional and physiological parameters in vivo using different radiotracers.As more is learned about the molecular basis for disease and treatment, the potential value of molecular imaging for characterizing and monitoring disease status has increased.Characterizing multiple aspects of tumor physiology by imaging multiple PET tracers in a single patient provides additional complementary information, and there is a significant body of literature supporting the potential value of multi-tracer PET imaging in oncology.However, imaging multiple PET tracers in a single patient presents a number of challenges.A number of techniques are under development for rapidly imaging multiple PET tracers in a single scan, where signal-recovery processing algorithms are employed to recover various imaging endpoints for each tracer.Dynamic imaging is generally used with tracer injections staggered in time, and kinetic constraints are utilized to estimate each tracers' contribution to the multi-tracer imaging signal.This article summarizes past and ongoing work in multi-tracer PET tumor imaging, and then organizes and describes the main algorithmic approaches for achieving multi-tracer PET signal-recovery.While significant advances have been made, the complexity of the approach necessitates protocol design, optimization, and testing for each particular tracer combination and application.Rapid multi-tracer PET techniques have great potential for both research and clinical cancer imaging applications, and continued research in this area is warranted.
Antibody to surfactant protein A increases sensitivity of pulmonary surfactant to inactivation by fibrinogen in vivo.
Authors: D S Strayer, E Herting, B Sun, B Robertson
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

It has been suggested that surfactant protein-A (SP-A) protects surfactant activity from inhibitors such as fibrinogen. Substantial evidence indicates that inhibition of surfactant activity is often important in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory failure. Studies on surfactant function in the pulsating bubble surfactometer imply that SP-A helps to maintain low surface tension in the presence of inhibitors such as fibrinogen. We tested whether SP-A acts in this way in vivo. Rabbit pups, 29 d gestational age, were treated with a monoclonal antibody to rabbit SP-A (R5) followed by fibrinogen, or with control preparations (normal IgG and saline, respectively). Lung compliance was measured during ventilation throughout these experiments. Air-space volume and pulmonary edema were quantitated morphometrically. Animals receiving anti-SP-A antibody + fibrinogen showed substantial and significant impairment in lung compliance compared with control littermates receiving normal IgG and/or saline. Lungs from these animals showed decreased pulmonary air-space volume and increased alveolar edema. We conclude that SP-A protects pulmonary surfactant from inhibition by fibrinogen in vivo. This protective activity may be important in the pathogenesis of both adult and neonatal respiratory distress syndromes, and it may also be useful in devising therapies for these diseases.
Vitiligo: a new classification and therapy
Authors: MICHIYUKI KOGA
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1977)

Local injection of physostigmine revealed that dermatomally distributed vitiligo was associated with a dysfunction of the sympathetic nerves in the affected skin and that non‐dermatomally distributed vitiligo was not. These observations led to the hypothesis that the primary disturbance of dermatomally distributed vitiligo lies in the sympathetic nerves of the affected area and that non‐dermatomally distributed vitiligo has its primary disturbance in the melanocyte itself, where an autoimmune mechanism is suspect. Results of therapy supported this hypothesis by showing that topical corticosteroid is effective only in the latter, while the former reacts to oral nialamide. It is proposed that non‐dermatomally distributed vitiligo be referred to as Type A and dermatomally distributed vitiligo as Type B.
Physiologic Left Ventricular Cavity Dilatation in Elite Athletes
Authors: Antonio Pelliccia
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1999)

Background: Absolute left ventricular cavity dimension may be substantially increased in some highly trained athletes. This raises questions about the differential diagnosis between athlete's heart and dilated cardiomyopathy as well as possible disqualification from competitive sports. Objective: To evaluate the morphologic characteristics and physiologic limits of left ventricular cavity enlargement associated with intensive, long-term athletic conditioning. Design: Evaluation of left ventricular cavity dimension in a large sample of highly trained athletes. Setting: Institute of Sports Science, Rome, Italy. Participants: 1309 elite Italian athletes (957 men and 352 women), 13 to 59 years of age (mean, 24 years), participating in 38 different sports. Measurements: Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular cavity dimension and multivariate statistical analysis of the determinants. Results: Left ventricular end-diastolic cavity dimensions varied widely (38 to 66 mm [mean, 48 mm] in women and 43 to 70 mm [mean, 55 mm] in men) and was within generally accepted normal limits for most participants (≤ 54 mm in 725 athletes [55%]). According to an arbitrary clinical cut-point of 60 mm, the left ventricular cavity was substantially enlarged in 185 participants (14%). These athletes had global left ventricular systolic function within normal limits and no regional wall-motion abnormalities; participants remained free of cardiac symptoms and impaired performance over 1 to 12 years (mean, 4.7 years). The major determinants of cavity dimension were greater body surface area and participation in certain endurance sports (cycling, cross-country skiing, and canoeing). Conclusions: In a sample of highly trained athletes, left ventricular cavity dimension varied widely but was strikingly increased to a degree compatible with primary dilated cardiomyopathy in almost 15% of participants. In the absence of systolic dysfunction, this cavity dilatation is most likely an extreme physiologic adaptation to intensive athletic conditioning. The long-term consequences and significance of this marked left ventricular remodeling of the athlete's heart is not known.
Thrombolysis in the Treatment of Acute Transmural Myocardial Infarction
Authors: BUDGE SMITH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Since 1980, many data have been published concerning the pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction and its effect on mortality. Research has been directed at developing a means of interrupting the evolution of transmural infarction and normalizing blood flow through the infarct-related vessel. Intracoronary delivery of thrombolytic agents has proved to be an effective, albeit logistically limited, means of reperfusion. The use of intravenous agents has broadened the applicability of thrombolytic therapy without severely compromising its efficacy. The recent availability of clot-selective agents has produced the potential of safely interrupting the infarction process at the earliest possible moment. This article reviews the research that has led to our use of thrombolytic agents and proposes a reasonable program of patient management in acute myocardial infarction.
THE RELATION OF HERPES VIRUS TO HOST CELL MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: W. Wilbur Ackermann, Hilda Kurtz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1952)

The intracellular distribution of herpes virus in embryonic liver was investigated. 80 per cent of the virus was found in the cytoplasm in what appears to be a form uncombined with mitochondria or nuclei. A significant amount of the virus (16 per cent) was found bound to the mitochondria by an intimate attachment. Furthermore evidence was obtained that the mitochondria from liver tissue undergo a selective deterioration when infected with herpes virus. The concept is advanced that these organelles function in the development of virus.
Antithrombotic efficacy of recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide. A potent inhibitor of coagulation factor Xa in a primate model of arterial thrombosis.
Authors: L W Schaffer, J T Davidson, G P Vlasuk, P K Siegl
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND Tick anticoagulant peptide is a specific, potent inhibitor of blood coagulation factor Xa. The effects of recombinant tick anticoagulant peptide (rTAP) and standard heparin (SH) were compared in an anesthetized baboon model of arterial thrombosis where platelet deposition onto a Dacron vascular graft segment of an arteriovenous (AV) shunt was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Animals were randomized to receive systemic administration of SH (10 or 100 U/kg i.v. bolus followed by 0.4 or 1.0 U/kg/min i.v. infusion, respectively) or rTAP (6.25, 12.5, or 25.0 micrograms/kg/min i.v. infusion). rTAP, but not SH, caused a significant (p less than 0.05), dose-dependent reduction of indium-111 labeled platelet and iodine-125 labeled fibrin (ogen) deposition onto the graft. Deposition was not significantly increased from baseline values during infusion of 12.5 or 25.0 micrograms/kg/min of rTAP. Blood flow was maintained at 64 +/- 9, 95 +/- 2, or 97 +/- 2% of baseline following infusion of 6.25, 12.5, or 25.0 micrograms/kg/min of rTAP, respectively. Both SH and rTAP significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased the systemic fibrinopeptide A (FPA) elevation during exposure to the Dacron graft. rTAP was fully antithrombotic at APTT values of 42.6 +/- 2.4 seconds (less than twofold basal value), while SH had no antithrombotic efficacy despite APTT values greater than 150 seconds (greater than fivefold basal value). CONCLUSIONS The demonstrated antithrombotic effect of rTAP in the absence of alterations in primary hemostasis suggests that controlling thrombin generation through inhibition of factor Xa may be a novel and effective pharmacological approach in the prevention of high-shear arterial thrombosis.
526 LAMIVUDINE AND ENTECAVIR TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B LIVER FAILURE: A LARGE, MULTICENTER, PLACEBO CONTROLLED, PROSPECTIVE STUDY IN CHINA
Authors: Y. Yang, J. Huang, H. Jia, Q. Xie, Z. Gao, Y. Wang, Z. Duan, H. Wang, S. Lin, T. Hao, J. Gan, C. Pan, L. Li
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)