tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Use of nebulised saline and nebulised terbutaline as an adjunct to chest physiotherapy.
Authors: P P Sutton, H G Gemmell, N Innes, J Davidson, F W Smith, J S Legge, J A Friend
Journal: Thorax (1988)

To determine whether sputum clearance is increased by using nebulised saline or terbutaline as an adjunct to chest physiotherapy, a radioaerosol method (using technetium-99m labelled human albumin millimicrospheres) was employed in eight patients with stable bronchiectasis on four occasions, for comparison of sputum clearance with four different regimens. These were: control, with the patient resting in an upright position; chest physiotherapy, by the forced expiration technique with postural drainage; and chest physiotherapy following five minutes9 inhalation of either nebulised normal saline or nebulised terbutaline 5 mg. Use of both nebulised saline and nebulised terbutaline immediately before chest physiotherapy gave a significantly greater yield of sputum than did physiotherapy alone, and terbutaline also significantly increased radioaerosol clearance from the whole lung and from regions of interest. The mechanism is unclear, but this method may provide a simple way of increasing the efficacy of conventional chest physiotherapy.
Augmentation of Cardiac Contractility Mediated by the Human β <sub>3</sub> -Adrenergic Receptor Overexpressed in the Hearts of Transgenic Mice
Authors: Trudy A. Kohout, Hideyuki Takaoka, Patricia H. McDonald, Stephen J. Perry, Lan Mao, Robert J. Lefkowitz, Howard A. Rockman
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background Stimulation of β 1 - and β 2 -adrenergic receptors (ARs) in the heart results in positive inotropy. In contrast, it has been reported that the β 3 AR is also expressed in the human heart and that its stimulation leads to negative inotropic effects. Methods and Results To better understand the role of β 3 ARs in cardiac function, we generated transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of 330 fmol/mg protein of the human β 3 AR (TGβ 3 mice). Hemodynamic characterization was performed by cardiac catheterization in closed-chest anesthetized mice, by pressure-volume-loop analysis, and by echocardiography in conscious mice. After propranolol blockade of endogenous β 1 - and β 2 ARs, isoproterenol resulted in an increase in contractility in the TGβ 3 mice (30%), with no effect in wild-type mice. Similarly, stimulation with the selective human β 3 AR agonist L-755,507 significantly increased contractility in the TGβ 3 mice (160%), with no effect in wild-type mice, as determined by hemodynamic measurements and by end-systolic pressure-volume relations. The underlying mechanism of the positive inotropy incurred with L-755,507 in the TGβ 3 mice was investigated in terms of β 3 AR–G-protein coupling and adenylyl cyclase activation. Stimulation of cardiac membranes from TGβ 3 mice with L-755,507 resulted in a pertussis toxin–insensitive 1.33-fold increase in [ 35 S]GTPγS loading and a 1.6-fold increase in adenylyl cyclase activity. Conclusions Cardiac overexpression of human β 3 ARs results in positive inotropy only on stimulation with a β 3 AR agonist. Overexpressed β 3 ARs couple to G s and activate adenylyl cyclase on agonist stimulation.
Lies! Lies!! Lies!!! The Psychology of Deceit
Authors: Paul Chodoff
Journal: JAMA (1996)

Everybody lies. The con-man and the used-car salesman lie, and so does the esteemed scientist. Children learn to lie early on (and by doing so are helped to achieve a sense of self and independence from their parents), and their parents and grandparents also lie. Deceitfulness is a trait that humanity shares with much of the animal kingdom, for whom lying is often a matter of life or death. This is the theme of<i>Lies! Lies!! Lies!!!</i>by Dr Charles V. Ford, who accepts lying as a universal human phenomenon to be examined in an unbiased and objective manner. In this book he undertakes to provide a comprehensive account of its taxonomy, development, causes, effects, and consequences, thus treating lying just as he would any other common human characteristic. Lies range from the normal, to the habitual, to the pathological, and they are derived from a variety of social, psychological
FDA Ponders Approaches to Curbing Adverse Effects of Drug Used Against Cystic Acne
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1988)

MORE INTENSIVE EFFORTS to avoid pregnancies in patients being treated with isotretinoin (Accutane) are coming. A dermatologic drugs advisory committee to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has, among other things, recommended unanimously that the drug be allowed to remain on the market with revised labeling. Frank E. Young, MD, FDA commissioner, said the agency would move quickly to evaluate the committee's recommendations and to carry out those that would have the greatest impact on curbing the serious side effects associated with the drug. Ever since it was approved for cystic acne (<i>JAMA</i>1982;247:1800-1801), the drug has been contraindicated in women who are pregnant or unwilling to prevent pregnancy while under treatment. Despite the warnings, fetal malformations have occurred. To date, 62 birth defects attributed to the drug have been reported. Extrapolating nationwide from data obtained among Medicaid patients in Michigan and the Group Health Cooperative in Seattle, FDA scientists
THE THERAPEUTIC USE OF ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: EMIL NOVAK
Journal: JAMA (1935)

Note.  —This article and the articles in the previous issues ofThe Journalare part of a series published under the auspices of the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry. Other articles will appear in succeeding issues. When completed, the series will be published in book form.—Ed.  Estrogenic substances are those which produce estrus directly. There are other substances, notably the gonadotropic principles of the anterior pituitary lobe, that can produce estrus indirectly through their activating effect on the ovarian follicles. The present article deals with the therapeutic applications of estrogenic substance itself. This name is chosen as a generic term, in preference to the others commonly employed, to avoid possibly misleading implications as to chemical constitution, source or function and to emphasize that such principles produce estrus, and not menstruation, which is a very different thing.  It would be out of the question to attempt a collective review of the
GLUTATHIONE INHIBITION ACTIVATES RAC1 AND INDUCES LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION THROUGH PREVENTION THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF PHOSPHOLAMBAN
Authors: Hong Wang, Hiromitsu Matsui, Tatsuo Shimosawa, Katsuyuki Ando, Miki Nagase, Toshiro Fujita
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Medullary thyroid carcinoma and phaeochromocytoma: a familial chromaffinomatosis.
Authors: O. Ljungberg, E. Cederquist, W. von Studnitz
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Coexistence of thyroid cancer and phaeochromocytoma was first reported by Eisenberg and Wallerstein in 1932 ; since then some 20 cases have been described (Williams, 1965). In most of these cases the thyroid cancer was of the rare medullary type with amyloid in the stroma (Hazard, Hawk, and Crile, 1959). The familial occurrence of thyroid cancer and phaeo chromocytoma has also recently been reported (Nourok, 1964 ; Schimke and Hartmann, 1965 ; Ljungberg, 1966). We have found this combination in a number of cases and have had the opportunity of examining a family several members of which had both types of tumour associated with multiple cutaneous tumours resembling fibromas ; one of them also had caf?-au lait-like skin spots. The results of xhis investigation are presented below.
Minimizing Heat Loss from the Baby after Birth
Authors: John C. Sinclair
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

The temperature of a modern air-conditioned delivery room is often maintained around 23°C, which is in the middle of the thermal comfort zone for the lightly dressed adult. However, this temperature is more than 10°C below the newborn baby's "critical" environmental temperature — i.e., the environmental temperature below which he must generate extra heat to maintain his body temperature. Thus, in the typical delivery room, large radiant, convective and evaporative heat losses occur from the warm, wet skin of the newborn infant. These losses have been calculated as approximating 0.2 calories per kilogram per minute in the first minutes after . . .
Complication of Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: E. K. M. Smith, M. J. Chamberlain
Journal: BMJ (1965)

the true facts of human nature and the elementary first steps in economics.£24 million is still a tidy sum to dissipate for political reasons, more particularly when money cannot be found for adequate remun- eration within the profession-I am, etc., Newport Pagnell, Bucks.
493 METABOLIC SYNDROME AND INSULIN RESISTANCE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MAXIMUM HEPATITIS C LIPOVIRAL PARTICLES IN GENOTYPE 1 INFECTION
Authors: D.A. Sheridan, D.J. Felmlee, S.H. Bridge, F. Fenwick, B. Askew, D. Neely, M.M.E. Crossey, S.D. Taylor-Robinson, G.L. Toms, M.F. Bassendine
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Visual Evoked Potentials in Encephalopathy Induced by Galactosamine, Ammonia, Dimethyldisulfide, and Octanoic Acid
Authors: Maria L. Zeneroli, Ezio Ventura, Mario Baraldi, Alessandro Penne, Elena Messori, Leslie Zieve
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Visual evoked potentials were utilized to examine the neuronal transmission changes provoked by galactosamine-induced hepatic encephalopathy and by administration in normal animals of toxins presumably involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encepalopathy. Separate acute administrations of ammonia, dimethyldisulfide, and octanoic acid induced lethargy, convulsions in the case of the first two, and coma with visual-evoked potential patterns that never resembled the evoked potentials recorded in hepatic coma. By contrast, single and repeated administrations of the three above-mentioned toxins together at lower doses induced lethargy and coma with visual-evoked potential patterns similar to those observed in galactosamine-induced hepatic coma. These observations, together with previously published data, are consistent with the concept that the synergistic interaction of these toxins plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy.
Goitre: a cause of obstructive sleep apnoea in euthyroid patients
Authors: PC Deegan, VM McNamara, WE Morgan
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

While hypothyroidism is considered to predispose to obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), the presence of a goitre itself is not a recognized cause of OSA. We present the cases of two euthyroid patients with large goitres and clinical evidence of OSA, whose OSA symptoms significantly improved following partial thyroidectomy. This finding suggests that the goitre contributed to their symptoms.
Hemodynamic Changes During Arteriography
Authors: Yoshio Sako
Journal: JAMA (1963)

ARTERIOGRAPHY is a valuable diagnostic procedure in the management of peripheral vascular disease. Although relatively infrequent, untoward reactions may occur after intra-arterial injections of contrast media. Varying degrees of pain and symptoms of ischemia are commonly observed, but fortunately only rarely does one see complications leading to tissue loss, particularly with the currently available diatrizoate group of contrast agents. A number of investigative works have been reported through the years on the vascular response to intra-arterial injections of contrast media. Some have emphasized the vasoconstrictive effects of the contrast agents,<sup>1,2</sup>whereas others have minimized these effects.<sup>3</sup>Concentration of the dyes, rapidity of injection, and degree of arterial occlusive disease present contribute to the occurrence of complications during arteriography. In this study, the phasic and mean arterial flow and changes in pressure or pulse volume were measured during arteriography in both dog and man. Additional studies were made with
Time to debate rapid molecular testing for tuberculosis?
Authors: B. J. Parcell, M. Lockhart
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The diagnosis of tuberculosis is challenging.1 The sensitivity of microscopy and smear positivity in diagnosing respiratory tuberculosis is only 57-81%.2 The World Health Organization’s action plan to combat multidrug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis includes the use of rapid molecular diagnostic tests for MDR tuberculosis in all appropriate patients by the end of 2013.3 Current National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidance recommends …
Using Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) of Low-Volume Biopsies to Assess the Prognostic Role of EGFR, KRAS, p53, and CMET Mutations in Advanced-Stage Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Authors: Elaine H. Lim, Shen-Li Zhang, Jia-Liang Li, Wee-See Yap, Tse-Chiang Howe, Bien-Peng Tan, Yong-Shyan Lee, Daniel Wong, Kay-Leong Khoo, Kar-Yin Seto, Lenny Tan, Thirugananam Agasthian, Heng-Nung Koong, John Tam, Christie Tan, Michael Caleb, Alex Chang, Alan Ng, Patrick Tan
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2009)
False Love and Other Romantic Illusions
Authors: John M. Clark
Journal: JAMA (1989)

This book is not a heavyweight contender as a medical text but is well worth polishing up your bifocals for. The impact is that, perhaps for the first time, one realizes the extent to which our society exists in a world of illusions rather than reality and that we are all paying for it by being trapped into relationships either fraught with insecurity or destined for failure, not only in our loving relationships, as evidenced by a 50% divorce rate, but in other interactions as well. The authors direct their efforts toward the younger audience in defining "The False Love Syndrome" vs "True Love," spelling out how these opposites can be recognized in ourselves and others and what can be done to replace the false with the true. Their literary style is romantic rather than pedantic: "When you were a child, I crept into your dreams. Dazzlingly attractive, glamorous, and
An Atoll Variant That Mocks
Authors: Francis X. McCormack, Clay Wilmott, Lisa R. Young, Kathryn Wikenheiser-Brokamp
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013)

Awoman presented as an urgent referral to the interstitial lung disease clinic with dyspnea and a cutaneous rash of several weeks’ duration. Skin biopsy revealed a hypersensitivity vasculitis and chest radiograph revealed multiple pulmonary nodules, many of which were found to contain central cavitation on computed tomography (CT) scan. On basilar slices (Figure 1A), a set of “atoll signs” (Figure 1B) appeared to spell the word “COP,” suggesting the diagnosis. Lung biopsy demonstrated eosinophilic pneumonia with nonnecrotizing vasculitis, but without evidence for granulomas or organizing pneumonia (Figures 1C–1F). The patient responded dramatically to prednisone, but after tapering developed cardiomyopathy and renal infarcts, which were consistent with generalized eosinophilic vasculitis with Churg-Strauss–like features. She is currently stable on Cytoxan and mycophenolate mofetil. The atoll sign, also known as the “reverse halo sign” or “fairy ring” sign, refers to a crescentic or ring-shaped opacity surrounding an area of ground-glass opacification (1). It derives its name from the aerial appearance of an atoll, a coral island partially or completely surrounding a central lagoon (Figure 1B). The atoll sign was first described in patients with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (2, 3) and was originally believed to be specific for that diagnosis (4). However, this CT appearance has since been reported in a large number of pulmonary disorders, including granulomatosis with angiitis (5), lymphomatoid granulomatosis (6), sarcoidosis, zygomycosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillus, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, pulmonary paracoccidioidomyocosis, and radiofrequency ablation. In addition to this being the first report of the atoll sign in a patient with eosinophilic pneumonia with vasculitis, the CT pattern in our patient is unique in that it seems to mock our early reliance on the atoll sign as a specific diagnostic biomarker for cryptogenic organizing pneumonia.
p53 Binds to and Is Required for the Repression of <i>Arf</i> Tumor Suppressor by HDAC and Polycomb
Authors: Yaxue Zeng, Yojiro Kotake, Xin-Hai Pei, Matthew D. Smith, Yue Xiong
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract The expression of tumor suppressor Arf is tightly repressed during normal cell growth at a young age and is activated by oncogenic insults, and during aging, results in p53 activation and cell-cycle arrest to prevent hyperproliferation. The mechanisms of both transcriptional repression and activation of Arf are not understood. We show that p53 binds to and represses Arf expression and that this repression requires the function of both histone deacetylases (HDAC) and polycomb group (PcG) proteins. Inactivation of p53 leads to increased Arf transcription in both mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) cultured in vitro and in tissues and organs of p53 null mice. Activation of endogenous p53 enhances Arf repression, and reintroduction of p53 back into p53 null MEFs restores Arf repression. Both DNA binding and transactivation activities of p53 are required for Arf repression. We show that p53 is required for both HDAC and PcG to repress Arf expression. Bindings of both HDAC and PcG to Arf are disrupted by inactivation of p53 and can be restored in p53 null MEFs by the reintroduction of wild-type, but not mutant, p53. These results indicate that p53 recruits both HDAC and PcG to Arf locus to repress its expression, and this repression constitutes a second feedback loop in p53 regulation. Cancer Res; 71(7); 2781–92. ©2011 AACR.
An externalist approach to understanding color experience
Authors: Peter W. Ross
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Palmer demarcates the bounds of our understanding of color experience by symmetries in the color space. He claims that if there are symmetries, there can be functionally undetectable color transformations. However, even if there are symmetries, Palmer's support for the possibility of undetectable transformations assumes phenomenal internalism. Alternatively, phenomenal externalism eliminates Palmer's limit on our understanding of color experience.
Illnesses in General Practice
Authors: M. P. Carter
Journal: BMJ (1964)

MEDIC"OURNAL of synergistic gangrene is by a wide excision ,of the affected area.In contrast to the acutely ill patient with streptococcal gangrene, the victim of synergistic gangrene has no _pyrexia, nor a toxic state until a very late stage.The main features of synergistic gan- grene are severe pain, exquisite tenderness, and marked psychological depression.As the lesion develops the appearance is that of a necrotic area of skin and subcutaneous fat enclosed by a rim of blackened skin.In turn the black rim is encompassed by a zone of hyperaemia.Coloured films of the established lesion were taken in a patient who came under my -care.As the condition is rare, anyone inter- ested in the appearances is welcome to a loan of the slides.-Iam, etc.,
Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina: role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm.
Authors: H Yasue, S Omote, A Takizawa, M Nagao, K Miwa, S Tanaka
Journal: Circulation (1979)

Thirteen patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina performed treadmill exercise tests in the early morning and in the afternoon of the same day. The attacks with ST elevation were induced repeatedly in all 13 patients in the early morning, but in only two patients in the afternoon. Propranolol did not suppress the exercise-induced attacks in all 13 patients. Diltiazem suppressed the attacks in all 13 patients and phentolamine in eight of the nine patients. Coronary arteriograms demonstrated that spasm occluding completely or almost completely the large coronary artery supplying the area of myocardium showing ST elevation appeared during the attacks and disappeared along with the attacks after nitroglycerin administration in all four patients in whom the attacks were induced by arm exercise in the catheterization laboratory. We conclude that there is circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina caused by coronary arterial spasm induced by exercise in the early morning but not in the afternoon.
It's life, Jim..
Authors: T. Snow
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Harley Street has the mystique of Fortnum's or Eton; we all need food, education, and health care but only the rich can afford to buy them at expensive English establishments. Harley Street also has something slightly sleazy about it, something to do with being intimately pampered in exchange for money, a feeling that there are services available here which should not really be on offer—more like Soho than Knightsbridge. Doctors are ambivalent, affecting contempt, but slightly in awe, uncertain if they'd like to be part of it. For the rest, Harley Street's rich clients and chic practitioners invoke both revulsion and envy.

This makes a documentary about Harley Street a sure thing—we want to know who these …
The Aging Process
Authors: Michael C. Geokas, Edward G. Lakatta, Takashi Makinodan, Paola S. Timiras
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

The intricate cause of the aging process in humans and animals, at present a matter of intense speculation, has given rise to many theories. Despite its uncertain cause, aging constitutes the most significant and universal problem confronting physicians today. Age-related physiologic deterioration and age-associated diseases are of immense concern to physicians because of the "old-age boom" anticipated in the first part of the twenty-first century. Biomedical research achievements in the twentieth century have permitted more persons to approach the fixed upper limit of the human lifespan. We discuss the functional decline of the aging heart and the underlying mechanisms of that decline; quantitative and qualitative changes in the immune system; and normal aging of the human brain contrasted to the brain changes seen in Alzheimer disease. With our growing geriatric population, we greatly need to increase our understanding of both the causes of human aging and the goals of gerontology and geriatrics and to expand research into the significant problem of Alzheimer disease.