tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Survey of Common Genetic Variation at the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Locus and Relations to Circulating Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Levels
Authors: Sekar Kathiresan, Stacey B. Gabriel, Qiong Yang, Amy L. Lochner, Martin G. Larson, Daniel Levy, Geoffrey H. Tofler, Joel N. Hirschhorn, Christopher J. O’Donnell
Journal: Circulation (2005)

Using a linkage disequilibrium (LD)-based approach, we sought to comprehensively define common genetic variation at the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) locus and relate common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes to plasma PAI-1 levels.In reference pedigrees, we defined LD structure across a 50-kb genomic segment spanning the PAI-1 locus via a dense SNP map (1 SNP every 2 kb). Eighteen sequence variants that capture underlying common genetic variation were genotyped in 1328 unrelated Framingham Heart Study participants who had plasma PAI-1 antigen levels measured. Regression analyses were used to examine associations of individual SNPs and of inferred haplotypes with multivariable-adjusted PAI-1 levels. Two genetic variants, SNP rs2227631 and the 4G/5G polymorphism, were strongly associated (P<0.0001) with PAI-1 levels. SNP rs2227631 is in tight LD (D'=0.97, r2=0.78) with the 4G/5G polymorphism, which makes it difficult to distinguish which of these 2 polymorphisms is responsible for the association with PAI-1 levels. In stepwise analysis considering all polymorphisms tested, 3 SNPs, rs2227631 (or the correlated 4G/5G polymorphism), rs6465787, and rs2227674, each explained 2.5%, 1%, and 1%, respectively, of the residual variance in multivariable-adjusted PAI-1 levels (stepwise P<0.0001, P=0.04, and P=0.03, respectively). A single common haplotype, at 50% frequency among Framingham Heart Study participants, was strongly associated with higher PAI-1 levels (haplotype-specific P=0.00001). The susceptibility haplotype harbors the minor alleles of SNP rs2227631 and the 4G/5G polymorphism.Three sequence variants at the PAI-1 locus, in sum, explain approximately 5% of the residual variance in multivariable-adjusted PAI-1 levels. For quantitative cardiovascular traits such as circulating biomarkers, defining LD structure in a candidate gene followed by association analyses with both SNPs and haplotypes is an effective approach to localize common susceptibility alleles.
Substraction Acetazolamide SPECT Co-registered to MRI in Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Julia Cortés, Susana Arias-Rivas, Manuel Rodriguez-Yañez, Miguel Blanco, Pablo Aguiar
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

A 48-year-old-woman suffering from recurrent left hemipalsy was referred to the hospital. MRI showed hyperintense lesions in periventricular white matter. Cerebral angiography revealed stenosis in the bilateral internal carotid and hypertrophic collateral vessels at the brain base, compatible with moyamoya syndrome. A visual comparison between perfusion SPECT with and without acetazolamide is employed in evaluation of these patients. Nevertheless, this traditional evaluation has some drawbacks associated with the variability between the 2 SPECT images and the lack of anatomical information. We propose a quantitative method based on the realigment, normalization, substraction, and co-registration of the 2 perfusion SPECT with MRI.
A Systematic Review of Newer Pharmacotherapies for Depression in Adults: Evidence Report Summary: Clinical Guideline, Part 2
Authors: John W. Williams, Cynthia D. Mulrow, Elaine Chiquette, Polly Hitchcock Noël, Christine Aguilar, John Cornell
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2000)

Background: Depressive disorders are persistent, recurring illnesses that cause great suffering for patients and their families. Purpose: To evaluate the benefits and adverse effects of newer pharmacotherapies and herbal treatments for depressive disorders in adults and adolescents. Data Sources: English-language and non-English-language literature from 1980 to January 1998 was identified from a specialized registry of controlled trials, meta-analyses, and experts. Study Selection: Randomized trials evaluating newer antidepressants (such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and St. John's wort) that reported clinical outcomes were selected. Data Extraction: Two persons independently abstracted data that were then synthesized descriptively; some data were pooled by using a random-effects model. Data Synthesis: Of 315 eligible trials, most evaluated antidepressants in adults with major depression, were conducted among outpatients, and examined acute-phase treatment. Newer antidepressants were more effective than placebo for major depression (relative benefit, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.5 to 1.7]) and dysthymia (relative benefit, 1.7 [CI, 1.3 to 2.3]). They were effective among older adults and primary care patients. Efficacy did not differ among newer agents or between newer and older agents. Hypericum (St. John's wort) was more effective than placebo for mild to moderate depression (risk ratio, 1.9 [CI, 1.2 to 2.8]), but publication bias may have inflated the estimate of benefit. Newer and older antidepressants did not differ for overall discontinuation rates, but side effect profiles varied significantly. Data were insufficient for determining the efficacy of newer antidepressants for subsyndromal depression, depression with coexisting medical or psychiatric illness, or depression in adolescents. Conclusions: Newer antidepressants are clearly effective in treating depressive disorders in diverse settings. Because of similar efficacy, both newer and older antidepressants should be considered when making treatment decisions. Better information is urgently needed on the efficacy of newer antidepressants in patients with nonmajor depression and in special populations, including adolescents.
Neonatal Nonhemolytic Jaundice
Authors: John D. Johnson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

NUMEROUS causes of nonhemolytic jaundice are encountered during the first month of life. Two groups of patients are distinguished: those with unconjugated and those with conjugated hyperbilirubinemia.Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia (Table 1)"Physiologic jaundice" is the most common form of unconjugated, nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia in the neonatal period. Maximum serum bilirubin concentration occurs at three to four days of age (mean, 6 to 8 mg per 100 ml) and rapidly diminishes thereafter. Certain Asian groups (Chinese, Indian and Malaysian), some American Indians and some population groups in Greece have higher peaks of "physiologic" hyperbilirubinemia. "Physiologic Jaundice" in the premature infant reaches a . . .
Adverse Reactions Related to Endovenous Human Immunoglobulin Infusion for the Treatment of Patients with Primary Immudeficiency
Authors: Flavio Sano, Danielli Christinni Bichuete-Silva, Fernanda Furlan, Anna Tereza Negrini Fagundes, Fernanda Aimee Nobre, Camila Teles Machado Pereira, Tessa Rachel Tranquilini Gonçalves, Mariana Gouveia-Pereira, Rafael Rota, Beatriz Tavares Costa-Carvalho
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2013)
The mirror system hypothesis stands but the framework is much enriched
Authors: Michael A. Arbib
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

Challenges for extending the mirror system hypothesis include mechanisms supporting planning, conversation, motivation, theory of mind, and prosody. Modeling remains relevant. Co-speech gestures show how manual gesture and speech intertwine, but more attention is needed to the auditory system and phonology. The holophrastic view of protolanguage is debated, along with semantics and the cultural basis of grammars. Anatomically separated regions may share an evolutionary history.
NdYAG laser photocoagulation in the dog stomach.
Authors: S G Bown, P R Salmon, D W Storey, B M Calder, D F Kelly, N Adams, H Pearson, B M Weaver
Journal: Gut (1980)

Considerable discussion still centres around the relative merits of the Argon and Neodymium Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (NdYAG) lasers for the endoscopic treatment of gastrointestinal haemorrhage, although both are undoubtedly effect. We have carried out experiments to elucidate which factors determine the safety and efficacy of NdYAG laser photocoagulation. Histological studies on normal gastric mucosa showed that the depth of tissue damage depended mainly on the total incident laser energy, whereas the effectiveness of photocoagulation of induced gastric ulcers in heparinised animals depended on the laser power and the exposure time used. Optimum haemostasis with minimum tissue damage was obtained using pulses of 300 to 500 ms duration with energies of 25 to 40 J. We consider these parameters safe and effective for use in pilot clinical studies.
Acute Eosinophilic Pneumonia Among US Military Personnel Deployed in or Near Iraq
Authors: Andrew F. Shorr
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized by respiratory failure, radiographic infiltrates, and eosinophilic infiltration of the lung.To describe a case series of AEP, illustrate the clinical features of this syndrome, and report the results of an epidemiologic investigation.Epidemiologic investigation of cases of AEP identified both retrospectively and prospectively from March 2003 through March 2004 among US military personnel deployed in or near Iraq. Survivors were offered a follow-up evaluation.Morbidity and mortality related to AEP.There were 18 cases of AEP identified among 183,000 military personnel deployed in or near Iraq during the study period, yielding an AEP incidence of 9.1 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval, 4.3-13.3). The majority of patients (89%) were men and the median age was 22 (range, 19-47) years. All patients used tobacco, with 78% recently beginning to smoke. All but 1 reported significant exposure to fine airborne sand or dust. Known causes of pulmonary eosinophilia (eg, drug exposures or parasitic disease) were not identified. Epidemiologic investigation revealed no evidence of a common source exposure, temporal or geographic clustering, person-to-person transmission, or an association with recent vaccination. Six patients underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (median eosinophilia of 40.5%). All patients developed peripheral eosinophilia (range, 8%-42%). Mechanical ventilation was required in 67% for a median of 7 (range, 2-16) days. Two soldiers died; the remainder responded to corticosteroids and/or supportive care. Twelve individuals were reevaluated a median of 3 months after diagnosis. At that point, 3 patients reported mild dyspnea and 1 reported wheezing. All patients had finished treatment and had either normal or nearly normal spirometry results. None had recurrent eosinophilia.AEP occurred at an increased rate among this deployed military population and resulted in 2 deaths. Failure to consider AEP in the differential diagnosis of respiratory failure in military personnel can result in missing this syndrome and possibly death. The etiology of AEP remains unclear, but the association with new-onset smoking suggests a possible link.
Pursuit of Agreement: Psychiatry &amp; the Law
Authors: George Hall
Journal: JAMA (1966)

In tracing the historical flow of legal concepts, it is often difficult to stay in the main channel. It is relatively simple to locate the main channel, fix general principles: every person should be liable for the damages which his negligent acts cause; every person should be responsible to society for the results of his criminal acts; every person should be bound by the contracts into which he enters; every person should be entitled to leave his worldly goods and wealth to whomever he desires; etc. From this main stream of general principles, however, the exceptions flow, and it often seems that there are so many exceptions that the general principles are destroyed. One exception is so common, in fact, that it nearly forms a main stream of its own. This exception is the law's treatment of persons suffering from mental illnesses or mental retardation in varying degrees. For example,
Transcription factor C/EBPα-induced microRNA-30c inactivates Notch1 during granulopoiesis and is downregulated in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Christiane Katzerke, Vikas Madan, Dennis Gerloff, Daniela Bräuer-Hartmann, Jens-Uwe Hartmann, Alexander Arthur Wurm, Carsten Müller-Tidow, Susanne Schnittger, Daniel G. Tenen, Dietger Niederwieser, Gerhard Behre
Journal: Blood (2013)
Exploration Medicine: Being a Practical Guide for Those Going on Expeditions
Authors: Charles G. Roland
Journal: JAMA (1966)

<i>Exploration Medicine</i>, designed to prevent many of the problems of disease while on expedition, also provides a handbook of elementary treatment for those conditions which do occur. In the book, a permanent record of a symposium held in England in 1962, a wide variety of subjects is discussed, from the building of privies to the technique of cardiac massage. Problems of hot and cold climate, high altitude, and existence on and under the sea all receive extensive attention. The editors planned the book to aid both the average expedition member and the physician. This difficult feat is accomplished with fairly uniform success. Even when, as in the chapter on "High Altitudes," the discussion turns to the equations and data of respiratory physiology, the nonphysician can delete these portions and still gain much useful information from the chapter. The subtitle of the book is apt, for it<i>is</i>a practical guide
DNp73 Exerts Function in Metastasis Initiation by Disconnecting the Inhibitory Role of EPLIN on IGF1R-AKT/STAT3 Signaling
Authors: Marc Steder, Vijay Alla, Claudia Meier, Alf Spitschak, Jens Pahnke, Katharina Fürst, Bhavani S. Kowtharapu, David Engelmann, Janine Petigk, Friederike Egberts, Susanne G. Schäd-Trcka, Gerd Gross, Dirk M. Nettelbeck, Annett Niemetz, Brigitte M. Pützer
Journal: Cancer Cell (2013)
DNA densitometry of colorectal cancer.
Authors: G T Deans, K Williamson, P Hamilton, M Heatley, K Arthurs, C C Patterson, B J Rowlands, T G Parks, R A Spence
Journal: Gut (1993)

DNA analysis was assessed by densitometry for 281 cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma. Detection of aneuploidy in a single case rose from 65% if one, to 92.5% when three or more sections, were analysed. Although aneuploid tumours had significantly larger nuclear areas than near diploid tumours (p = 0.009), densitometric measurements showed no association with clinicopathological variables. DNA content determined by densitometry was compared with that from flow cytometry on 465 tissue sections from 241 cases. Aneuploidy assessed by flow cytometry was significantly associated with that determined by densitometry (p &lt; 0.01 for all comparisons), ploidy state being similar in 381 sections (82%, kappa = 0.63, p &lt; 0.001), and 187 cases (77.6%, kappa = 0.57, p &lt; 0.001). Univariate survival analysis showed that DNA densitometric variables had no significant association with survival in (a) all cases, (b) cases without lymph node metastases, or (c) cases without distant metastases. Multivariate regression analysis of densitometric and clinicopathological variables identified Dukes9s stage, patient age, and tumour differentiation as the combination of variables most closely related to survival. Densitometric measurement of DNA content could not significantly improve on the prognostic model containing these three variables. It is concluded that, although the assessment of DNA content by densitometry is comparable with that of flow cytometry, conventional histological variables remain the best predictors of prognosis in colorectal cancer.
Recent advances: Otorhinolaryngology
Authors: J. A Werner, S. Gottschlich
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Otorhinolaryngology has developed over the past few decades into a wide diversity of subspecialties, each with its own changes, developments, and trends. One important area where much development is still needed is head and neck oncology. Nearly 5% of human cancers originate in the upper aerodigestive tract, and mortality has hardly changed in recent years. The incidence of head and neck cancer has increased slightly, and it is still accompanied by a high rate of morbidity due to impairment of breathing, swallowing, chewing, and speaking despite considerable effort being put into developing alternative treatments and methods to restore form and function.

Computer technology has made remarkable advances possible for some groups of patients. Cochlear implants have allowed deaf patients to regain their hearing ability, and the miniaturisation of hearing aids has greatly helped people with impaired hearing. Use of computer guided surgery also seems likely to improve outcomes, especially in patients whose anatomy has been affected by previous surgery or malignancy.

The recent development of digital hearing aids has been a big step forward in overcoming hearing impairment.1 2 The hearing aids work by converting an incoming analogue signal into a digital one, which is then processed by a microprocessor and then changed back into an analogue signal before output (fig 1).3



Fig 1 
Schematic illustration of a digital hearing aid (modified according to Steffens34 A>)



The main advantages of the digital technique are that the signal can be processed to suppress noise or to amplify specific frequencies or sounds.4 The latest generation of digital hearing aids can recognise speech, which allows them to suppress other noise and make hearing clearer. The multiprogram devices can adapt to specific situations in the patients' everyday lives, especially with noise suppression, which further improves the ability to hear. …
Haemorrhage during Phenindione Therapy
Authors: J. N. Mickerson
Journal: BMJ (1958)

ARREST BRsDICHJ use of hypothermia is justified in these cases, since it may reduce the metabolic needs of damaged nervous tissue.As has been recorded, cardiac arrest developed in this patient within two minutes of the injection of neostigmine.The neostigmine had been given following intravenous atropine.In recent years some controversy has developed regarding which of these two drugs is the more responsible for cardiac arrest.Bain and Broadbent (1949) thought atropine partly responsible.They noted that subcutaneous
Comparison of immunoglobulin and complement deposition in multiple biopsies from the uninvolved skin in dermatitis herpetiformis
Authors: G. HAFFENDEN, FENELLA WOJNAROWSKA, LIONEL FRY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1979)

The distribution of immunoglobulins and C3 component of complement (C3) in the skin of twenty-four patients with dermatitis herpetiformis was studied. Skin biopsies were taken from three sites, the extensor surface of the elbow, the flexor surface of the forearm and from the thigh. Twenty-two (90%) patients showed variation in deposits of immunoglobulins and C3 at the three sites. IgA was present in all patients, but differed in quantities deposited at the three sites in nineteen (80%) patients. Similar variation between sites was observed with IgG, IgM and C3. There was variation within three biopsies, IgA being absent from some sections and present in others. Three patients had a continuous pattern of IgA deposition. One had both continuous and papillary deposits within a single section. There was no difference in the incidence or quantity of immunoglobulin and C3 between the elbow, forearm and thigh. There was observed to be a diminution in quantity of IgA and incidence of C3 in patients taking a gluten-free diet. Deposition of IgA, IgM, IgG and C3 is not uniform throughout the skin and conclusions drawn from the quantity of immunoglobulin and C3 in a single biopsy may not be reliable.
Evaluating the Risks of Clinical Research
Authors: Annette Rid, Ezekiel J. Emanuel, David Wendler
Journal: JAMA (2010)

The ethical appropriateness of clinical research depends on protecting participants from excessive risks. Yet no systematic framework has been developed to assess research risks, and as a result, investigators, funders, and review boards rely only on their intuitive judgments. Because intuitive judgments of risk are subject to well-documented cognitive biases, this approach raises concern that research participants are not being adequately protected. To address this situation, we delineate a method called the systematic evaluation of research risks (SERR), which evaluates the risks of research interventions by comparing these interventions with the risks of comparator activities that have been deemed acceptable. This method involves a 4-step process: (1) identify the potential harms posed by the proposed research intervention; (2) categorize the magnitude of the potential harms into 1 of 7 harm levels on a harm scale; (3) quantify or estimate the likelihood of each potential harm; and (4) compare the likelihood of each potential harm from the research intervention with the likelihood of harms of the same magnitude occurring as a result of an appropriate comparator activity. By explicitly delineating, quantifying, and comparing the risks of research interventions with the risks posed by appropriate comparator activities, SERR offers a way to minimize the influence of cognitive biases on the evaluation of research risks and thereby better protect research participants from excessive risks.
Trolamine Salicylate Cream in Osteoarthritis of the Knee
Authors: Gary J. Algozzine
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Twenty-five patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee were treated topically for one week with either 10% trolamine salicylate cream or placebo cream in a randomized double-blind crossover study. No significant difference was found in subjective or objective measures of pain relief between the treatment and control groups. Eight patients preferred "active" test cream, six preferred placebo, and 11 had no preference. No side effects were reported. Topically applied 10% trolamine salicylate cream did not relieve the pain of OA of the knee any more than did placebo.
Halothane hepatitis in children:: Authors' reply
Authors: J Neuberger, G Mieli-Vergani, A. P Mowat, R. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1987)

For the avoidance of halothane to be recommended in children requiring repeat anaesthesia another volatile anaesthetic agent must be shown to be associated with a lower overall morbidity and mortality.Avoiding halothane might eliminate the risk of unexplained hepatitis after administration of halothane, but a different complication with a higher overall mortality might replace this.I will continue to use halothane repeatedly in children as it is superior to all currently available volatile anaesthetic agents.The only contraindication to its use is if a child has previously developed unexplained hepatitis after receiving halothane.5Previous postoperative fevers and the appearance of a rash are of no consequence.
597 IMPACT OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY ON DIAGNOSTIC WORK-UP OF FOCAL LIVER ANOMALIES: EXPERIENCE IN A SINGLE HEPATOLOGY UNIT
Authors: L. Tarantino, A. DeRosa, P. Sorrentino, O. Tambaro, M. Celiento, M. Del Prete, F. Sabbatino, C. Ripa, I. Sordelli, V. Nocera
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)