tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Dangerous patients or dangerous diseases?
Authors: P. J Taylor, J. Monahan
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Given something of an international panic about people with a mental disorder, perhaps the most important contribution to rational practice is to emphasise that such disorders account for a minute proportion of society's violence. In countries with modest criminal homicide rates of, say, 2-6 per 100000 population, people with schizophrenia are overrepresented in criminal homicide statistics compared with their representation in the general population.1 In Denmark there is even some evidence of an increase, since 1959, in the number of men with schizophrenia who kill someone within their family.2 Criminal homicide, however, is a highly selected type of unnatural death even in peacetime.

For non-fatal violence, in the only true community survey of violence and mental disorder,3 people with schizophrenia, major affective disorder, substance misuse, or a combination of disorders were overrepresented in the violence groups. Even so, less than 10% of the people with pure schizophrenia reported having been violent in the 12 months before the interview. Furthermore, they accounted for less than 3% of the total violence reported in the sample. There are no data to support the media caricature of people with a mental disorder, the shunning of former patients by employers or neighbours, or the laws increasing constraints proposed by politicians pandering to public fears. If most of society can remain untroubled by schizophrenia, however, the 1% or so of the population that suffer from it, their families, and the victims of those few schizophrenic people who become violent deserve more than reassurances about probabilities.

An association between two conditions suggests but does not establish a causal link. Studies of comparative illness and violence careers are an important next step. Two Scandinavian birth cohort studies compared the criminal careers of people who had been admitted to hospital for major mental disorders with those …
Impact of lymph node ratio and number on survival in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma after preoperative chemo radiation
Authors: Abu Bakar Hafeez Bhatti, Ali Akbar, Aqsa Hafeez, Aamir Ali Syed, Shahid Khattak, Arif Jamshed, Ather Saeed Kazmi
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2014)
Increasing the shelf life of review papers
Authors: Y.-F. Chang, E. I Portuese, R. E Laporte
Journal: BMJ (1996)

been treated for depression in the past.3Which treatment, if any, would be the most effective in such cases has not been established as most trials have been conducted in more severely depressed patients.Randomised trials are needed to establish which is the best treatment for mild depression in primary care.Maybe when general practitioners have clearer evidence of the benefits of treating mild depression, disclosure of the diagnosis will make a difference to outcome.
An Address ON THE SINS AND SORROWS OF THE COLON: Delivered before the Harrogate Medical Society on November 26th, 1921
Authors: A. F. Hurst
Journal: BMJ (1922)

THE sins of the colon are its diseases.But I sometimes wonder whether it is not more sinned against thaan sinning, for wlhat with attacks from above witlh purges.attacks from below with douclhes, and frontal attacks by the surgeon, its sorrows are numerous and real.I believe that a more thorough appreciation of its normal anatomy and physiology, and the routine employment of tlle various methods of examination, wlhichl modern science has made available, are wanted in order that its sinsmay be recognized at suclh an early stagle that treatment may lead to their complete and permanent relief.The Motor Finctions of the Colon.Lilie all other lhollow organs, the motor functions of the colon depend upon tone and peristalsis, whiclh are mutually independent.An atonic stomaclh or colon is often referred to
Donor-derived IL-15 is critical for acute allogeneic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Bradley W. Blaser, Sameek Roychowdhury, Daniel J. Kim, Noah R. Schwind, Darshna Bhatt, Weifeng Yuan, Donna F. Kusewitt, Amy K. Ferketich, Michael A. Caligiuri, Martin Guimond
Journal: Blood (2004)
Exploring the Developmental Overnutrition Hypothesis Using Parental–Offspring Associations and FTO as an Instrumental Variable
Authors: Debbie A Lawlor, Nicholas J Timpson, Roger M Harbord, Sam Leary, Andy Ness, Mark I McCarthy, Timothy M Frayling, Andrew T Hattersley, George Davey Smith
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

Background The developmental overnutrition hypothesis suggests that greater maternal obesity during pregnancy results in increased offspring adiposity in later life. If true, this would result in the obesity epidemic progressing across generations irrespective of environmental or genetic changes. It is therefore important to robustly test this hypothesis. Methods and Findings We explored this hypothesis by comparing the associations of maternal and paternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) with offspring dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)–determined fat mass measured at 9 to 11 y (4,091 parent–offspring trios) and by using maternal FTO genotype, controlling for offspring FTO genotype, as an instrument for maternal adiposity. Both maternal and paternal BMI were positively associated with offspring fat mass, but the maternal association effect size was larger than that in the paternal association in all models: mean difference in offspring sex- and age-standardised fat mass z-score per 1 standard deviation BMI 0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.22 to 0.26) for maternal BMI versus 0.13 (95% CI: 0.11, 0.15) for paternal BMI; p-value for difference in effect < 0.001. The stronger maternal association was robust to sensitivity analyses assuming levels of non-paternity up to 20%. When maternal FTO, controlling for offspring FTO, was used as an instrument for the effect of maternal adiposity, the mean difference in offspring fat mass z-score per 1 standard deviation maternal BMI was −0.08 (95% CI: −0.56 to 0.41), with no strong statistical evidence that this differed from the observational ordinary least squares analyses (p = 0.17). Conclusions Neither our parental comparisons nor the use of FTO genotype as an instrumental variable, suggest that greater maternal BMI during offspring development has a marked effect on offspring fat mass at age 9–11 y. Developmental overnutrition related to greater maternal BMI is unlikely to have driven the recent obesity epidemic.
Interpretation of CPK Activity
Authors: Herbert Y. Meltzer
Journal: JAMA (1974)

To the Editor.—  Although the article by Nevins et al (224:1382, 1973) Pitfalls in Interpreting Serum Creatine Phosphokinase Activity was generally excellent and comprehensive, the authors showed no awareness of what is likely to be in many urban hospitals in the United States the single most common pitfall in interpreting serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity. I refer to the unequivocal demonstration that serum CPK activity is significantly greater in black males than white males and in black females than white females. 1 We have replicated these findings in another study. 2 The differences are fairly substantial. Nevins et al utilized the modified Oliver-Rosalki method and claimed the normal limits were 30 international units (IU) per liter for females, 50 IU/liter for males. These are the limits proposed by Calbiochem for their CPK assay kit, which employs this method, although Nevins et al did not indicate if they used this kit
How to Think about Future Health Care Spending
Authors: Victor R. Fuchs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

An important element in the debate over health care reform concerns the level of future health care expenditures. Congress makes explicit projections of federal government spending over the next decade and implicitly tries to take account of all other health care spending. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is obliged to provide its best estimates of future costs, which then play a large role in debates over health care reform. The media dutifully report these numbers, and pundits argue about whether they are too high or too low. Lost in the din are two critical problems related to future spending — . . .
What Is Adequate and Appropriate Pain Treatment?-Reply
Authors: C. Stratton Hill
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —These letters focus on many unresolved pain treatment issues that are barriers to establishing a universally acceptable standard of practice for pain treatment. One group of issues is related to education: failure to teach physicians proper opioid prescribing practices resulting in indiscriminantly prescribing them, usually for pain of nonmalignant origin; not teaching physicians that some pain responds poorly to opioids; failure to teach how to assess the patient's subjective report of pain; and not teaching a full range of nondrug modalities for pain. Another group of issues relates to opioid use in our society: how does one distinguish between the legitimate use for medical purposes and the abuse and diversion of legal drugs to illegal use, and if and when is a physician at risk for addicting a patient to these drugs? The final 2 issues deal with the importance of the physician-patient relationship, and the influence of
Hysteria in the Male: Faith-Healing
Authors: H. Handford
Journal: BMJ (1887)

b79tumour was now cut away, two long pins being passed tlrough the pedicle beyond the wire to prevent its slapping.All bleeding points were secured as the forceps were removed In securing a large vessel bleeding deeply in the pelvis, the right ureter was caught in pressure forceps, but was instantly released, and did not suffer.The ureters were seen at quite a safe distance from the clamp.The sig- moid flexure of the colon and the rectum were partly stripped of pertoneum, which had been lifted from them.The pedicle was brought out of the lower part of the wound, the peritoneum cleared of clot, and the edges of the wound approximated in the usual way by twelve silk sutures, three silver sutures being applied through the abdominal walls and peritoneum immediately above the pedicle.A Keith'sdrainagetube was employed, and brought out near the umbilicus, it being surrounded by a sheet of india-rubber in the manner kindly shown me by Dr. Keith.The pedicle was freely treated with solid perchloride of iron.The whole operation occupied two hours, the patient taking only 3 ounces of ether.The usual antiseptic precautions were adopted.
PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN CHILDREN.
Authors: R. MICHALOWSKI, H. RODZIEWICZ
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1963)

Journal Article PITYRIASIS VERSICOLOR IN CHILDREN. Get access R. MICHALOWSKI, R. MICHALOWSKI Dermatological Department, Medical School, Dymitrowa 11 Lublin, Poland. (Head: Prof. R. Michalowski.) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. RODZIEWICZ H. RODZIEWICZ Dermatological Department, Medical School, Dymitrowa 11 Lublin, Poland. (Head: Prof. R. Michalowski.) Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 75, Issue 10, 1 October 1963, Pages 397–400, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1963.tb13919.x Published: 01 October 1963
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibition and Cardioplegia-Cardiopulmonary Bypass Reduce Coronary Myogenic Tone
Authors: Tanveer A. Khan, Cesario Bianchi, Marc Ruel, Pierre Voisine, Jianyi Li, John R. Liddicoat, Frank W. Sellke
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Cardioplegia-cardiopulmonary bypass (C/CPB) is associated with coronary microcirculatory dysfunction. Regulation of the microcirculation includes myogenic tone. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) have been implicated in coronary vasomotor function. We hypothesized that vasomotor dysfunction of the coronary microcirculation is mediated in part by alterations in extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity following C/CPB in humans. Methods and Results— Atrial myocardium was harvested from patients (n=15) before and after blood cardioplegia and short-term reperfusion under conditions of CPB. Myogenic tone of coronary arterioles was measured by videomicroscopy. Microvessel tone was determined post-C/CPB and after PD98059, a MAPK/ERK kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor. MAPK phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and activated ERK1/2 were measured by Western blot. MKP-1 gene expression was determined by Northern blot. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used to localize myocardial MKP-1 and activated ERK1/2, respectively. Myogenic tone was reduced in coronary arterioles post-C/CPB (−10.5±0.9%, P &lt;0.01 versus control/pre-C/CPB, n=5). Myogenic tone was decreased in coronary microvessels after 30 μmol/L (n=5) and 50 μmol/L (n=5) PD98059 treatment (−11.0±0.8% and −14.6±2.0%, respectively, both P &lt;0.01 versus control/pre-C/CPB). Myocardial levels of activated ERK1/2 were reduced post-C/CPB (0.6±0.1, post/pre-C/CPB ratio, P &lt;0.05, n=5) while MKP-1 levels increased (4.2±0.6, post/pre-C/CPB ratio, P &lt;0.05, n=5). Myocardial MKP-1 gene expression increased post-C/CPB (3.0±0.8, post/pre-C/CPB ratio, P &lt;0.05, n=5). MKP-1 and activated ERK1/2 localized to coronary arterioles in myocardial sections. Conculsions— Coronary myogenic tone is dependent on ERK1/2 and decreased after C/CPB. C/CPB reduces levels of activated ERK1/2, potentially by increased levels of MKP-1. The ERK1/2 signal transduction pathway in part mediates coronary microvascular dysfunction after C/CPB in humans.
Specific Collaborative Group Intervention for Patients with Medically Unexplained Symptoms in General Practice: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: R. Schaefert, C. Kaufmann, B. Wild, D. Schellberg, R. Boelter, R. Faber, J. Szecsenyi, N. Sauer, E. Guthrie, W. Herzog
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2012)

Patients with medically unexplained symptoms (MUS) are frequent in primary care and substantially impaired in their quality of life (QoL). Specific training of general practitioners (GPs) alone did not demonstrate sustained improvement at later follow-up in current reviews. We evaluated a collaborative group intervention.We conducted a cluster randomized controlled trial. Thirty-five GPs recruited 304 MUS patients (intervention group: 170; control group: 134). All GPs were trained in diagnosis and management of MUS (control condition). Eighteen randomly selected intervention GPs participated in training for a specific collaborative group intervention. They conducted 10 weekly group sessions and 2 booster meetings in their practices, together with a psychosomatic specialist. Six and 12 months after baseline, QoL was assessed with the Short-Form 36. The primary outcome was the physical composite score (PCS), and the secondary outcome was the mental composite score (MCS).At 12 months, intention-to-treat analyses showed a significant between-group effect for the MCS (p = 0.023) but not for the PCS (p = 0.674). This effect was preceded by a significant reduction of somatic symptom severity (15-item somatic symptom severity scale of the Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-15) at 6 months (p = 0.008) that lacked significance at 12 months (p = 0.078). As additional between-group effects at 12 months, per-protocol analyses showed less health anxiety (Whiteley-7; p = 0.038) and less psychosocial distress (PHQ; p = 0.024); GP visits were significantly (p = 0.042) reduced in the intervention group.Compared to pure GP training, collaborative group intervention achieved a progressive, clinically meaningful improvement in mental but not physical QoL. It could bridge gaps between general practice and mental health care.
Abstract A50: Targeting 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 and mammalian target of rapamycin synergistically inhibits cell proliferation of breast cancer cells
Authors: Marlena Walls, Sangita M. Baxi, Sean Murphy, Teddy W. Johnson, Smeal Tod, Min-Jean Yin
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Aberration of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10), and PIK3CA (encodes the p110 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K]) frequently contribute to tumor progression through their ability to regulate the intracellular level of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5- triphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 subsequently recruits 3-phosphoinositide- dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1), a serine/threonine kinase, to the plasma membrane and initiates PDK-1 kinase activity to phosphorylate AKT within the activation loop of the catalytic domain at the residue threonine-308 (T308). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) plays a critical role in the PI3K/AKT pathway. The mTOR kinase is present as two protein complexes, TORC1 and TORC2. The TORC1 complex is activated by PI3K/AKT and phosphorylates p70S6K and 4E-BP1 to modulate protein translation whereas the TORC2 complex phosphorylates AKT in the regulatory domain at residue serine 473 (S473). Phosphorylation of AKT at both T308 and S473 fully activates AKT function through downstream signaling to mediate cell proliferation, survival, migration, angiogenesis and other pathways which are critical for tumor progression. We have developed a potent and selective PDK1 inhibitor (PF-05177624) that is sufficient to inhibit the phosphorylation of AKT atT308 and block cell proliferation of cancer cells in vitro. In this study, we combined this PDK1 inhibitor (PF-05177624) and a selective mTOR kinase inhibitor (WYE-354) to perform the combination studies in breast cancer cell lines. Our data demonstrate that targeting both PDK1 and mTOR simultaneously produces a synergistic inhibitory effect in AKT phosphorylation. Moreover, this results in a synergistic inhibition of cell proliferation in breast cancer cells. Our data suggest that a combination strategy of targeting both PDK-1 and mTOR may have potential improved clinical efficacy in the development of cancer drugs for breast cancer patients. Citation Information: Clin Cancer Res 2010;16(14 Suppl):A50.
Endothelial microparticles correlate with high-risk angiographic lesions in acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Leon Bernal-Mizrachi, C. Fierro, E. McDonough, J. Purow, W. Jy, H.S. Velasquez, J.J. Jimenez, L.L. Horstman, Y.S. Ahn, E. Marchena
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
New league table will drive improvements in hospitals and care homes, says health secretary
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2012)

NHS hospitals and care homes in England will be subject to league tables similar to those used to rate the performance of schools, as part of a new drive to improve standards, the health secretary, Jeremy Hunt, has announced.

Hunt said that the new system of ratings would work in the same way as those for schools produced by the Office for Standards in Education, Children’s Services and Skills (Ofsted), acting as an “engine for improvement” and giving patients more certainty that poor care would be spotted and dealt with “before standards collapse.”

Announcing the plans in a hard hitting speech at the annual conference of the …
Drinking Water with Uranium below the U.S. EPA Water Standard Causes Estrogen Receptor–Dependent Responses in Female Mice
Authors: Stefanie Raymond-Whish, Loretta P. Mayer, Tamara O’Neal, Alisyn Martinez, Marilee A. Sellers, Patricia J. Christian, Samuel L. Marion, Carlyle Begay, Catherine R. Propper, Patricia B. Hoyer, Cheryl A. Dyer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

The deleterious impact of uranium on human health has been linked to its radioactive and heavy metal-chemical properties. Decades of research has defined the causal relationship between uranium mining/milling and onset of kidney and respiratory diseases 25 years later.We investigated the hypothesis that uranium, similar to other heavy metals such as cadmium, acts like estrogen.In several experiments, we exposed intact, ovariectomized, or pregnant mice to depleted uranium in drinking water [ranging from 0.5 microg/L (0.001 microM) to 28 mg/L (120 microM).Mice that drank uranium-containing water exhibited estrogenic responses including selective reduction of primary follicles, increased uterine weight, greater uterine luminal epithelial cell height, accelerated vaginal opening, and persistent presence of cornified vaginal cells. Coincident treatment with the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 blocked these responses to uranium or the synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol. In addition, mouse dams that drank uranium-containing water delivered grossly normal pups, but they had significantly fewer primordial follicles than pups whose dams drank control tap water.Because of the decades of uranium mining/milling in the Colorado plateau in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest, the uranium concentration and the route of exposure used in these studies are environmentally relevant. Our data support the conclusion that uranium is an endocrine-disrupting chemical and populations exposed to environmental uranium should be followed for increased risk of fertility problems and reproductive cancers.
Iron overload in chinese patients with hemoglobin H disease
Authors: Hui‐Chi Hsu, Chung‐King Lin, Shyh‐Haw Tsay, Elizabeth Tse, Chao‐Hung Ho, Mo‐Ping Chow, Chien‐Hui Yung, Hong‐Wen Peng
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1990)

Abstract We examined the iron status of 23 adult patients with hemoglobin H (Hb H) disease. None of them had received multiple blood transfusions or prolonged iron therapy. Studies included serum iron and ferritin concentrations, transferrin saturation, a desferrioxamine test, computed tomography (CT) scan of the liver, and liver biopsy. Iron overload was found in 17 patients (73.9%), especially in males and in patients with splenomegaly (92.9% and 100%, respectively). Four patients with excessive alcohol consumption had clinical manifestations of severe iron overload. Idiopathic hemochromatosis associated HLA antigens, i.e., HLA‐A 3 , ‐B 7 , or ‐B 14 , were not found in any of the 15 patients tested. These findings indicate that iron overload is common in adult patients with Hb H disease; such patients should abstain from alcohol and be considered for treatment with an iron chelating agent before irreversible organ damage occurs.
B cell lymphokines in human systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: P L Tan, M Blumenstein, S Yeoman, J D Watson
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

B lymphocytes of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were studied to determine if they were intrinsically hyperresponsive to lymphokine mediators. Peripheral blood B cells from 25 lupus patients and 16 normal individuals matched for age and sex were cultured with recombinant lymphokines. B cells both from patients and normal subjects did not show increased [3H]thymidine uptake when cultured with interleukins 1, 2, and 4. The addition of Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I as costimulant increased [3H]thymidine uptake by B cells of patients and normal subjects. In the absence of T cells these recombinant lymphokines did not increase in vitro IgG or IgM production by lupus or normal B cells. Other recombinant lymphokines, interleukin 3, interferon gamma, lymphotoxin, tumour necrosis factor, and colony stimulating factors for granulocytes and macrophages were tested on lymphocytes from smaller numbers of patients and controls. Most patients in this study had inactive disease and all data suggested that B cells from patients with inactive lupus were not hyperresponsive to the lymphokines tested. In addition, the use of lymphokine gene probes for interleukins 2, 3, and 4 did not show spontaneous expression of these genes in circulating lymphocytes.