tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
WHO report calls for free anti-tuberculosis drugs for AIDS patients
Authors: F. Fleck
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A new report by the World Health Organization in the style of a glossy but hard hitting brochure aims to draw attention to the global tuberculosis epidemic that has been spurred by the spread of HIV and multidrug resistant tuberculosis strains.

The report, which was produced at cost price by Italian fashion group Benetton, was launched at an international AIDS conference in Paris on Tuesday by WHO's Stop TB programme. It aims to underline the programme's call for free anti-tuberculosis drugs, which …
Effect of Premedication and General Anaesthesia on Arterial Blood Gases
Authors: A. J. S. Gardiner, K. N. V. Palmer, M. H. McGregor
Journal: BMJ (1964)

hypercapnia, however, the mean arterial carbon-dioxide tension being 39.4 mm.Hg (S.D.= 3.62), and the mean arterial pH values were also normal. DiscussionUnlike Tomlin et al. (1964), who found a mean oxygen saturation of 93.4% before operation in 24 patients pre-
Dysregulation of the stress response in asthmatic children
Authors: K. N. Priftis, A. Papadimitriou, P. Nicolaidou, G. P. Chrousos
Journal: Allergy (2008)

The stress system co‐ordinates the adaptive responses of the organism to stressors of any kind. Inappropriate responsiveness may account for increased susceptibility to a variety of disorders, including asthma. Accumulated evidence from animal models suggests that exogenously applied stress enhances airway reactivity and increases allergen‐induced airway inflammation. This is in agreement with the clinical observation that stressful life events increase the risk of a new asthma attack. Activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis by specific cytokines increases the release of cortisol, which in turn feeds back and suppresses the immune reaction. Data from animal models suggest that inability to increase glucocorticoid production in response to stress is associated with increased airway inflammation with mechanical dysfunction of the lungs. Recently, a growing body of evidence shows that asthmatic subjects who are not treated with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are likely to have an attenuated activity and/or responsiveness of their HPA axis. In line with this concept, most asthmatic children demonstrate improved HPA axis responsiveness on conventional doses of ICS, as their airway inflammation subsides. Few patients may experience further deterioration of adrenal function, a phenomenon which may be genetically determined.
A practical view of soccer injuries [proceedings]
Authors: W. H. Wilkinson
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1978)

In the conditions I have described, the psychological traumas as a result of injury vary markedly, but the common element is that emotional factors outweigh cognitive or intellectual factors.The role of those involved in rehabilitation is to instil in the mind of the sportsman a realistic appreciation of the prognosis of the injury and thereby inhibit the development or persistence of counter-productive emotions.As with the injury-prone athlete, the coach, the doctor and the physiotherapist should attempt to understand the individual rather than considering and treating an injury per se.In the more extreme cases, it would be an obvious advantage to the injured sportsman if all those with a vested interest in his complete recovery cooperated and pooled information in order to make the treatment phase more effective.At the least, this will be to the long-term benefit of the reckless and the over-cautious sportsman. REFERENCES
An Obvious Truth
Authors: Joseph Herman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1990)

Ad Libitum15 July 1990An Obvious TruthJoseph Herman, MDJoseph Herman, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-113-2-172 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAsked about tautologies, the tweedy prof,Reflectively tapping his pipe on a worn-down heel,Makes tenured utterance: "Birds are birds."Just so, the past is well behind youAnd while it is possible to repeat mistakesThere is, thankfully, no way to relive it.Every day, then, must be a new beginningWith no allowance for who you were.The weightiest prize yesterday could offerAccentuates the blankness of this present pageWhile paunch, stoop and a sprinkling of hoarBelie the campaigns, the victory, the parched hurrahsThat happened to someone whose scars are still yours.A brave private... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Jerusalem, Israel PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 July 1990Volume 113, Issue 2Page: 172-172KeywordsScars ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 15 July 1990 Copyright & Permissions© 1990 American College of PhysiciansPDF downloadLoading ...
Bronchopneumonia with Serious Sequelae in Children with Evidence of Adenovirus Type 21 Infection
Authors: W. R. Lang, C. W. Howden, J. Laws, J. F. Burton
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Twenty-five cases of severe pneumonitis occurring among children aged 3 to 18 months were observed in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1965. An apparent relationship was established between a uniform disease picture and recovery of adenovirus type 21. Two died, and of the survivors 60% had permanent lung damage, probably resulting from obliterative bronchiolitis. Twenty per cent. were left with proved bronchiectasis. The possible relationships of adenovirus pneumonia to malnutrition or a genetic factor on the one hand and to the development of bronchiectasis on the other are discussed.
Countering cardiac counterpulsation
Authors: J. J. Gregory
Journal: JAMA (1992)

To the Editor.  —The well-designed study reported by Sack et al 1 showed significantly improved outcome with interposed abdominal counterpulsation (IAC) during in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Our concern with their results stems from the low rate (27%) of early spontaneous return of circulation (ROC) and the low number of patients who survived to discharge (7%) among the group receiving standard CPR. The authors indicate that this 27% rate of ROC for standard CPR is consistent with three previously published reports.  However, our experience with outcome from standard inhospital CPR is quite different. Data collected at our institution over the past 5 years indicate an average initial 51% rate of ROC among 995 resuscitation attempts and an average survival to discharge of 18% among 831 patients who received standard CPR for in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Furthermore, others 2-4 have reported similar outcomes and recently, George and coworkers 5 reported a 55% rate
Effects of fatigue on force-velocity relation of diaphragm. Energetic implications.
Authors: C Coirault, D Chemla, N Pery-Man, I Suard, Y Lecarpentier
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

Characteristics of the force (P)-velocity (V) relationship were investigated before and after fatigue in isolated diaphragm muscle of two species: mouse (n = 12), in which diaphragm is composed almost exclusively of fast-twitch fatigue-resistant fiber type, and rat (n = 12), in which diaphragm contains both fatigue-sensitive and fatigue-resistant fiber types. Following fatigue protocol, the mechanical performance of both the contraction and relaxation phases were significantly depressed in the two species. Consequences of the fatigue procedure on P-V characteristics differed markedly according to the two species. In mouse diaphragm, fatigue trial did not change the G curvature of the P-V hyperbola, the maximum mechanical efficiency Effmax, or the normalized peak power output M2. Conversely, in rat diaphragm, fatigue resulted in higher G curvature (p < 0.001), higher Effmax (p < 0.001) and a lower M2 (p < 0.001) compared with control values. This suggests that fatigue improved the economy of force generation in mixed rat diaphragm and not in mouse. This is consistent with an increased proportion of slow fatigue-resistant fibers caused by fatigue of fast fatigue-sensitive fibers in rat diaphragm.
Body Buffer Zone and Violence: A Reassessment and Confirmation
Authors: ARTHUR M. HILDRETH, LEONARD R. DEROGATIS, KEN McCUSKER
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1971)

Randomly selected inmates in a state prison were evaluated for sensitivity to physical closeness and aggressiveness. The results confirmed the conclusion from previous research that aggressive inmates have greater sensitivity to physical closeness than do nonagressive ones. At variance with earlier findings was the discovery that both aggressive and nonaggressive inmates had an increased sensitivity to approach from the rear as opposed to approach from the front.
‘Lambing ears’: a blistering disorder affecting farmers at lambing time
Authors: K. Heathcote, J.M. Theaker, N. Gibbins, E. Healy, G.B. Heathcote, P.S. Friedmann
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

At lambing time some farmers experience blistering and crusting of the pinnae. This occupational disease, termed 'lambing ears', does not feature in the medical literature.To define the condition and explore its pathogenesis.We obtained five biopsies from affected individuals and sent questionnaires to 69 farmers in the U.K. Farming communities abroad were also contacted.The eruption lasts for the duration of the lambing practice. The histological features are dominated by a pandermal perivascular and diffuse, predominantly T-cell lymphocytic infiltrate. Only the pinnae are affected and its incidence is related to the degree of involvement a farmer has with the animals around parturition. The condition also occurs, but less frequently, in farmers who are calving.This occupational disease occurs with close contact to lambing ewes or calving cows. The histology and distribution are comparable with the juvenile spring eruption variant of polymorphic light eruption, but its demographics are unique.
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided rendezvous for biliary access after failed cannulation
Authors: T. Iwashita, J. Lee, S. Shinoura, Y. Nakai, D. Park, V. Muthusamy, K. Chang
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

<b>Introduction:</b> Selective cannulation fails in approximately 3 % of endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) procedures. An endoscopic ultrasound-guided rendezvous technique (EUS – RV) may salvage failed cannulation. The aims of the current study were to determine the safety and efficacy of EUS – RV. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 40 patients underwent salvage EUS – RV. EUS – RV was attempted immediately after failed biliary cannulation. A dilated intra- or extra-hepatic biliary duct (IHBD or EHBD) was punctured from the stomach or the small intestine under EUS guidance followed by cholangiography and antegrade manipulation of the guide wire into the small intestine. Finally, the echoendoscope was exchanged for an appropriate endoscope and biliary cannulation was achieved over or adjacent to the guide wire. <b>Result:</b> EUS–RV appears safe and effective and may be considered as a primary salvage technique after failed cannulation. Antegrade manipulation of the guide wire into the small intestine was achieved in 29 of 40 patients (73 %; EHBD 25 /31 and IHBD 4/9). The reasons for failure were inability to advance the guide wire through an obstruction or a native ampulla. Re-attempt at ERC immediately after failed EUS – RV was made in seven of the 11 patients, and was successful in four. The remaining seven patients underwent percutaneous drainage within 3 days. Complications occurred in five patients (13 %), including pancreatitis, abdominal pain, pneumoperitoneum, and sepsis/death, which was unlikely to be related to the procedure. <b>Conclusion:</b> EUS – RV is safe and effective and should be considered as a primary salvage technique after failed cannulation. Immediate re-attempt at ERC after failed EUS – RV is warranted, as EUS-guided cholangiogram can facilitate biliary cannulation in some cases. Finally, prompt alternative biliary drainage should be available.
Reduced self-renewal ability and drug resistance by inhibition of notch-4 and ABCG2 in anoikis-resistant MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
Authors: E Ko, W Han, D Noh
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #5059 Background In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of anoikis resistance on drug responsiveness and tumor initiating ability in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, and to determine whether ABCG2 inhibitor and notch-4 inhibitor will modulate the drug resistance and self renewal ability of anoikis-resistant cells. Methods Anoikis-resistant MDA-MB-231 cells isolated from the MDA-MB-231 cell line using sequential passages through the floating culture system and tested the tumor initiating ability (mammosphere-forming efficacy in vitro and limiting dilution transplantation in vivo), tumor growth rate, and drug responsiveness. Results Anoikis resistant cells were shown to have a greater mammosphere forming efficacy than parent cells (19% versus 2%, P&amp;lt;.001). Similarly, both tumor formation rate and growth rate of anoikis-resistant cells were greater than parent cells when injected into NOD/SCID mice. Anoikis resistant cells were also more resistant to doxorubicin and docetaxel than parent cells. Immunoblots shown that expression of ABCG2 and notch-4 increased in anoikis-resistant cells as compared to parent cells. ABCG2 inhibitior (fumitremorgin C) and notch-4 inhibitor (gamma secretase) were found to preferentially reduce drug resistance and mammosphere-forming efficacy of anoikis resistant cells, respectively. Conclusion Acquisition of anoikis resistance in human breast cancer cells results in increased tumor initiating ability, tumor growth rate and resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. The increased expression of notch-4 and ABCG2 may provide an explanation for the increased tumor initiating ability and drug resistance in anoikis resistant cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 5059.
Abstract 203: The histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through induction of c-FLIP degradation
Authors: John Kauh, Songqing Fan, Lily Yang, Fadlo R. Khuri, Shi-Yong Sun
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Great efforts have been made to develop novel and efficacious therapeutics against pancreatic cancer to improve the treatment outcomes. Tumor-necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is such a therapeutic cytokine with selective killing effect toward malignant cells. However, some human pancreatic cancers are intrinsically resistant to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis or therapy. We are interested in overcoming TRAIL-resistance. In this study, we have shown that the histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 can cooperate with TRAIL to augment apoptosis even in TRAIL-resistant cells. LBH589 decreased c-FLIP levels in every tested cell line and survivin levels in some of the tested cell lines with minimal modulatory effects on the expression of death receptor 5 and XIAP. Enforced expression of ectopic c-FLIP, but not survivin, abolished the cooperative induction of apoptosis by the combination of LBH589 and TRAIL, indicating that c-FLIP downregulation plays a critical role in LBH sensitization of pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL. Moreover, we found that LBH589 decreased c-FLIP stability and the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 prevented c-FLIP from reduction by LBH589. Correspondingly, we detected increased levels of ubiqutinated c-FLIP in LBH589-treated cells. These data thus indicate that LBH589 promotes ubiqutin/proteasome-mediated degradation of c-FLIP, leading to downregulation of c-FLIP. Collectively, LBH589 induces c-FLIP degradation and accordingly sensitizes pancreatic cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, highlighting a novel therapeutic regimen against pancreatic cancer. (This study was supported by the Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholar award. F. R. K. and S-Y. S. are Georgia Cancer Coalition Distinguished Cancer Scholars) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 203.
Abstract 2722: Active recruitment of immune effector cells mediates <i>in vivo</i> tumor growth inhibition by enavatuzumab, an antibody to human TWEAK receptor
Authors: Shiming Ye, Melvin Fox, Nicole Belmar, Mien Sho, Debra T. Chao, Donghee Choi, Yuni Fang, Vivian Zhao, Stephen Keller, Gary C. Starling, Patricia A. Culp
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Enavatuzumab (PDL192) is a humanized anti-TWEAK receptor antibody currently under clinical evaluation for the treatment of solid malignancies. Enavatuzumab is postulated to exert its potent anti-tumor activity in xenograft models through two distinct mechanisms of action: direct inhibition of tumor cell growth and Fc-mediated function. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of immune effector cells in Fc-mediated function. The initial evidence for a role of effector cells was obtained in a subset of tumor xenograft mouse models which responded to enavatuzumab but did not respond to a version of enavatuzumab containing a mutation in the FcαRIII binding region. Subsequent analysis of circulating effector cells showed increased expression of activation markers DX5 and CD27 on monocyte-like cells (CD45+CD11bHigh) and DX5 on NK-like cells (CD45+CD11bLow) after enavatuzumab treatment in xenograft models dependent on Fc-FcR interactions for enavatuzumab efficacy. The involvement of effector cells was further confirmed by immunohistochemistry, which revealed strong infiltration of CD45+ effector cells into tumor xenografts in responding models, but minimal infiltration in non-responders. Consistent with the in vivo xenograft studies, human effector cells migrated towards enavatuzumab-treated tumor cells in vitro. Effector cells preferentially migrated toward in vivo responsive tumor cells, and the majority of migratory cells were monocytes and NK cells. Conditioned media from enavatuzumab-treated tumor cells also induced migration, and contained elevated levels of cytokines/chemokines, including IL8 and MCP-1. The presence of an anti-MCP-1 neutralizing antibody in enavatuzumab-treated tumor cell conditioned medium significantly blocked effector cell migration, suggesting that MCP-1 might be responsible for effector cell migration triggered by enavatuzumab. We also observed elevated levels of human MCP-1 in the serum of both enavatuzumab-treated xenograft mouse models and in a subset of patients from the enavatuzumab Phase I clinical study. In summary, in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that enavatuzumab exerts its potent anti-tumor activity, in part, by actively recruiting effector cells and activating effectors to kill tumor cells. In addition, enavatuzumab-induced chemokines may be potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers and warrant further evaluation in clinical studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2722. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2722
US launches new attack on tobacco
Authors: J Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Admission in ICU (Intensive Care Unit) of patients with lung cancer is still debated. The argument against admission is often their bad prognosis. We retrospectively included all consecutive patients with a lung cancer histologically proved admitted in ICU for more than 24 hours between January 2003 and December 2010. 104 patients were included with a median SAPS 2 of 54.5; 52% of patients were metastatic. 55 (53%) patients needed invasive mechanical ventilation. Mortality rates in ICU, in hospital and at one year were respectively 31.7%, 48% and 83.7%. Prognostic factors were SAPS 2 score ≥ 42 (OR 2,65 IC 95% (1,10-6,36), p=0,03), invasive mechanical ventilation (OR 4,88 IC 95% (1,86- 12,76), p=0,012), vasopressive treatments (OR 6,26 IC95% (2,52- 15,57), p&lt;0,001) and organ dysfunction with need of mechanical invasive ventilation or non-invasive ventilation or vasopressive treatments or dialysis (OR 5,5 IC95% (1,12- 27,2), p=0,0002) in univariate analysis. 75% of survivors of ICU will benefit of specific anticancer treatment after their hospitalisation in ICU. In a Kaplan-Meier survival curve, metastasis group and without metastasis group have a significant difference of median survival whatever the acute complication that conducted to ICU admission (p=0.019). Prognostic factors in ICU seems to be related to the acute pathology, otherwise long term prognosis is determined by cancer prognosis.
Attitudes of Asian medical students towards smoking.
Authors: S F Hussain, I Moid, J A Khan
Journal: Thorax (1995)

BACKGROUND--There have been numerous studies on smoking habits among young adults in developed countries. Similar data from developing countries are scanty. METHODS--A survey of medical students from one of the medical colleges in Pakistan assessed their smoking habits and attitudes towards smoking. In June 1993 a coded survey questionnaire was sent to each medical student at The Aga Khan Medical University in Karachi requesting data on their smoking habits, their attitudes towards smoking in various areas of the hospital, and their views about passive smoking and tobacco publicity. RESULTS--Of 324 medical students, 89% responded of whom 11% were current smokers. The incidence of smoking was greater among male students than females (17% versus 4%). The average age of initiation of smoking was 17 years and the major influence was friends. There was an increased awareness of harmful effects of smoking among medical students. Almost all felt that passive smoking was injurious to health. CONCLUSION--The prevalence of current smokers among Asian medical students was found to be 11%. Females smoked less than their male counterparts. There has been an increased awareness of the hazards of passive smoking among the medical students and most were in favour of legislative actions to discourage tobacco advertising.
The Streptococcus Saga Continues
Authors: Floyd W. Denny
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1991)

The report by Gray et al. in this issue of the Journal adds another chapter to the amazing saga of the return of virulence of the group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes).1 Recent reports of the resurgence of acute rheumatic fever and the occurrence of very severe acute streptococcal infections have drastically altered our thinking about the control of these two important and related diseases. The reports have emphasized the importance of recognizing and treating streptococcal throat infections to prevent the subsequent occurrence of rheumatic fever and have demonstrated that severe streptococcal infections, including a toxic shock—like syndrome, must . . .