tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Potential for Tetanus Unchanged; Are Your Patients All Properly Immunized?
Authors: Norman A. Christensen
Journal: JAMA (1972)

The annual incidence of tetanus in the United States has declined from approximately 500 cases to 175 in the last two decades (Figure).<sup>1</sup>The primary reason for the decrease, of course, has been the ever-expanding general and appropriate use of tetanus toxoid immunization. Nevertheless, it is unpardonable that more than 175 persons continue to be victimized each year by this disease in the United States, especially since tetanus is a<i>preventable</i>disease. That there still exists a large reservoir—well into the millions—of yet unprotected persons even in this country, and especially among those persons past the age of 60 years, is a well-known fact. Lest some of us become complacent or put our trust in misconceptions, a brief review of the tetanal problem as it concerns the medical profession today seems appropriate. From current knowledge, certain generally accepted concepts have evolved that can be considered as "tetanal facts of
Cell-mediated immunity to hepatitis B surface antigen in blood donors with persistent antigenaemia.
Authors: W M Lee, W D Reed, C G Mitchell, I L Woolf, I W Dymock, A L Eddleston, R Williams
Journal: Gut (1975)

Cellular immunity to the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and a liver-specific lipoprotein was studied, using the leucocyte migration test, in 38 asymptomatic blood donors found to have HBsAg in the serum. Sensitization to HBsAg was found in 26% and was related to the presence of liver damage, being detected in 47% of those with elevated serum aspartate aminotransferase but in only 13% with normal enzyme levels. The frequency of sensitization to this antigen in those with chronic persistent or chronic aggressive hepatitis on biopsy was also higher than in those with unrelated or minimal changes. The findings using the liver-specific lipoprotein as antigen were similar and there was a correlation between the results obtained with this and the hapatitis B surface antigen. This study supports the hypothesis that a T-lymphocyte response to hepatitis B virus antigen can initiate an autoimmune reaction to antigens such as liver-specific lipoprotein on the hepatocyte surface, and that this reaction may be of importance in the production of chronic liver damage. In the absence of the T-cell response, the autoimmune reaction cannot occur and the virus is able to establish a harmless symbiotic union with the host.
21 NHS trusts in England not doing enough to prevent infection, regulator warns
Authors: H. Mooney
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Twenty one NHS trusts in England are not doing enough to prevent healthcare acquired infection or working to sufficiently improve cleanliness and decontamination, according to the Care Quality Commission.

The new watchdog took over from the Healthcare Commission in regulating health care in addition to social care when it was launched on 1 April. It has warned that unless the trusts improve they will face strict measures, which could include fines and closure of services.

However, the regulator, …
Annotation and cross-indexing of array elements on multiple platforms.
Authors: William B Mattes
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

On the surface, transcript profiling using microarrays seems to offer a way of looking at the global response of the cell to perturbation, with a focus on changes in gene expression. The difficulty, however, is that the response of a particular gene is actually measured on the array by an element that is a short, defined nucleic acid sequence. Sequences that map back to the same genetic locus may actually be given different names and descriptions when they are deposited in public sequence databases; when such sequences are used in microarray construction, elements that monitor the same genetic locus may have different names and descriptions. The algorithm described here uses a hierarchical approach to assign a single best annotation to the elements in a given microarray in such a fashion that elements from one microarray platform may be cross-indexed with those of another. The algorithm relies on the nucleic acid accession number for a given array element, and uses that to retrieve annotation from the most recent versions of LocusLink and UniGene. Both database resources are searched, with a priority being given to annotation derived from the curated LocusLink database. In lieu of annotation found in these databases, the default GenBank annotation is used. As a final outcome, a cross-chip identifier is generated that may be used to cross-index array elements. The program is available as a practical extraction and report language (Perl) script that can run under any Perl interpreter.
Wernicke's Encephalopathy Induced by Tolazamide
Authors: Ingrid L. Kwee, Tsutomu Nakada
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

THE Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome is a nutritional neurologic disorder that is due to thiamine deficiency. Although Wernicke's encephalopathy represents the acute phase of the syndrome, Korsakoff's psychosis represents its chronic continuum. Thiamine is a cofactor in glucose metabolism in the glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathways, and a state of thiamine deficiency is well known to be exacerbated or even precipitated by the administration of a glucose load in the patient with marginal thiamine reserves.1 , 2 The correction of hyperglycemia by hypoglycemic agents in diabetic patients increases short-term use of glucose in the tissues, which results in an obligatory demand for more thiamine. . . .
Reply to Santosh Kumar and Aditya Prakash Sharma's Letter to the Editor re: Cheryl T. Lee, Sam S. Chang, Ashish M. Kamat, et al. Alvimopan Accelerates Gastrointestinal Recovery After Radical Cystectomy: A Multicenter Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Eur Urol 2014;66:265–72
Authors: Cheryl T. Lee
Journal: European Urology (2014)
Captopril and Digoxin in Mild to Moderate Heart Failure
Authors: Jacob Zatuchni
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Enalapril, an angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor, is known to be beneficial in the treatment of severe heart failure.<sup>1</sup>Now, the Captopril-Digoxin Multicenter Research Group reports that another angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitor, captopril, is better than digoxin, which, in turn, is no better than placebo in the treatment of patients in sinus rhythm with mild to moderate heart failure.<sup>2</sup>Yet, the conclusions of the study depend on a precision that is lacking in the methods employed, principally, the treadmill exercise test and functional classification by the New York Heart Association. Dyspnea and fatigue are subjective end points of a treadmill exercise test that can be influenced not only by the patient but perhaps more importantly by the physician who is monitoring the test. The latter can shorten or lengthen the exercise time by whim or will, and the difference may exceed that of the advantage of 1½ minutes
T cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species
Authors: David A. Hildeman, Thomas Mitchell, John Kappler, Philippa Marrack
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Nonstandard abbreviations used: activation-induced cell death (AICD); activated T cell autonomous death (ACAD); reactive oxygen species (ROS); superoxide dismutase (SOD); manganese (III) tetrakis 5, 10, 15, 20 benzoic acid porphyrin (MnTBAP); T cell receptor (TCR); nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT); Bcl-2 homology (BH); cAMP response element-binding protein
Abstract SY19-01: Identifying and overcoming immune barriers at the level of the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Thomas Frank Gajewski
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of melanoma, such as tumor antigen-based vaccines, can frequently boost immune responses as measured in the peripheral blood. However, clinical responses as measured by tumor shrinkage have been observed in only a minority of patients. This observation has prompted careful analysis of the tumor microenvironment to probe for biologic correlates to clinical response and also to identify mechanisms of tumor resistance. Patients with advanced melanoma treated on two different vaccine platforms had pretreatment tumor biopsies analyzed by Affymetrix gene expression profiling. Supervised hierarchical clustering was performed based on favorable or unfavorable clinical outcome. An expanded bank of tumors was also analyzed to increase the sample size and better understand gene patterns that segregate into subtypes. Two major categories of melanoma metastases have been observed. One subgroup of patients has an inflamed phenotype that includes expression of chemokines, T cell markers, and other immunoregulatory factors. Clinical responders to melanoma vaccines appear to fall within this subset. This group also contains the highest expression of negative regulatory factors, including PD-L1, IDO, and FoxP3, suggesting that these immune suppressive mechanisms may dominantly inhibit antitumor T cell function in those patients. In addition, absence of B7 expression suggests that classical T cell anergy also may be operational. Preclinical experiments have confirmed a critical role for all 4 of these mechanisms in limiting antitumor T cell efficacy in vivo, giving candidate treatment strategies for translation back into the clinic. These include IDO inhibitors, anti-PD-1 mAbs, and approaches to deplete CD25+ Tregs. A second subset of patients is represented by tumors which are noninflamed and lack chemokines for T cell recruitment. Therefore, a major barrier in these cases appears to be failed T cell migration into tumor sites. Experimental strategies to augment T cell migration can have important antitumor effects in preclinical models. Finally, the presence of inflammatory factors was associated with a type I IFN transcriptional signature, and murine experimental models have confirmed a critical role for type I IFN signaling in mediating innate immune “sensing” of a growing tumor in vivo. Our results confirm that molecular profiling of melanoma metastases may be useful as a predictive biomarker for response to melanoma vaccines. In addition, specific features identified in defined subsets of patients offer new therapeutic strategies based on overcoming resistance to immune destruction at the level of the tumor microenvironment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY19-01. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-SY19-01
The Case for Abandonment of Explosive Anesthetic Agents
Authors: Harvey V. Fineberg, Laurie A. Pearlman, Ronald A. Gabel
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

The use of inflammable anesthetics in the United States has been debated widely over the past several years. Those in favor of continued use of these agents argue for educational use, professional freedom, pharmacologic safety, and the need to retain an option. Those in favor of a ban on such agents cite the lack of demonstrated pharmacologic advantage, diminishing physician expertise, risk of fire, and cost. The use of inflammable anesthetics has declined markedly over the past 15 years; in 1978, only 15 per cent of American hospitals were reportedly using them. However, we estimate that the use of inflammable anesthetics adds approximately $9.4 million to the annual cost of surgical care. As their use declines further, the cost per patient increases because most of the costs are fixed. We advocate a ban on inflammable anesthetics. Without definitive action on the part of policy makers, the use of these agents is likely to continue at a very low, and hence a relatively expensive, rate.
Herpes Zoster-Varicella Infections and Lymphoma
Authors: DON R. GOFFINET
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

In 1 130 patients with lymphoma seen at the Stanford Medical Center between 1959 and 1969, there were 129 cases of herpes zoster-varicella infections, an incidence of 11.4%, including 21 disseminated cases. Ninety-one of the 592 patients with Hodgkin's disease (15.4%) had herpes zoster-varicella infections at some time during the course of their disease. These cases are analyzed according to age, clinical status, stage of lymphoma when infection occurred, and for survival after either localized or disseminated zoster. In addition, the effects of antitumor chemotherapy, including combination chemotherapy, are presented. A significantly increased incidence of herpes zoster-varicella infections was found in the 150 patients with Hodgkin's disease who underwent splenectomy either as part of their initial evaluation and staging or during the course of their disease, although survival of this group was apparently unchanged by the infectious complication of their lymphoma.
Hormone replacement therapy Cardioprotective effect is genuine
Authors: M H Duncan, J C Stevenson, M Baum, W F M Posthuma, R G J Westendorp, J P Vandenbroucke, A Air, G Y H Lip, D G Beevers
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Hormone replacement therapyCardioprotective effect is genuine EDrroR,-Ward F M Posthuma and colleagues suggest that preventive hormone replacement therapy is unjustified because the observed pro- tection from stroke and ischaemic heart disease could be accounted for by selection of healthy women in uncontrolled studies.'Their own argu- ments and citations, however, are also biased.Central to their thesis is the apparent correlation of the degree of reduction of risk with lowered incidence of cancer across these studies.They reason that this proves that "healthy cohorts" were recruited rather than that cardiovascular events were genuinely prevented by hormone replacement therapy.Women seeking hormone replacement therapy, however, tend to have higher socioeconomic status.This in turn is associated with a raised incidence of the commonest malignancy in women, which tends to bias the studies in the opposite direction.There is also limited support for the authors' sweeping statement that "cancers are if anything increased" by oestrogens.For combined oestrogen and progestagen replacement to physiological concentrations, as commonly used in Britain, the evidence is non-existent.
SARCOMA AND TUBERCULOSIS OF THE STOMACH
Authors: Calvin B. Rentschler
Journal: JAMA (1934)

The combination of sarcoma and tuberculosis of the stomach is a unique condition. Sarcoma alone is a comparatively unusual form of neoplasm arising from the stomach wall. Ewing<sup>1</sup>estimates that sarcomas constitute 1 per cent of all stomach tumors. In his review of cases in 1920, Haggard<sup>2</sup>found that 244 cases had been reported, of which 107 came to operation, the diagnosis in the remainder having been made post mortem. Balfour<sup>3</sup>and McCann made a clinical analysis of the fifty-four cases of sarcoma of the stomach that have been studied at the Mayo Clinic from January 1908 to July 1929, inclusive. Tuberculosis of the stomach is also comparatively infrequent. In 1917, Broders<sup>4</sup>published a report of a case of tuberculosis of the stomach in a patient who underwent surgical treatment. He included an analysis of the cases reported until then and classified them as positive, probable,
Climacteric flushing in a patient with carcinoid tumour
Authors: JONATHAN K.WILKIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

A 70‐year‐old man had frequent flushing attacks and a carcinoid tumour was verified histologically. The characteristics of his flushing reaction were typical of climacteric flushing and he had undergone orchiectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate 2 years ago. Laboratory studies indicated a normal production of serotonin and excretion of 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid. A rapid and complete remission of the flushing attacks was obtained with oral diethylstilbesterol therapy. Thus, although the patient had a carcinoid tumour, he was having post‐orchiectomy climateric flushing reactions.
Angiogenic Potential of 3-Nitro-4-Hydroxy Benzene Arsonic Acid (Roxarsone)
Authors: Partha Basu, Richik N. Ghosh, Linnette E. Grove, Linda Klei, Aaron Barchowsky
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxy benzene arsonic acid) is an arsenic compound widely used in the poultry industry as a feed additive to prevent coccidiosis, stimulate growth, and to improve tissue pigmentation. Little is known about the potential human health effects from roxarsone released into the environment from chicken waste or from residual compound in chicken products.The growth potentiation and enhanced tissue pigmentation suggest that low levels of roxarsone exposure may have an angiogenic potential similar to that of inorganic arsenite (As(III)). The goal of this investigation was to test the hypothesis described above using cultured human aortic and lung microvascular endothelial cells in high-content imaging tube-forming assays and begin developing a molecular level understanding of the process.We used a three-dimensional Matrigel assay for probing angiogenesis in cultured human endothelial cells, and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) array to probe the gene changes as a function of roxarsone or As(III) treatment. In addition, we used Western blot analysis for changes in protein concentration and activation.Roxarsone was found to exhibit a higher angiogenic index than As(III) at lower concentrations. Increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity was observed for roxarsone but not for As(III)-induced angiogenesis. However, As(III) caused more rapid and pronounced phosphorylation of eNOS. Quantitative PCR array on select genes revealed that the two compounds have different and often opposite effects on angiogenic gene expression.The results demonstrate that roxarsone and As(III) promote angiogenic phenotype in human endothelial cells through distinctly different signaling mechanisms.
IDEAL CATGUT STERILIZATION.
Authors: N. SENN
Journal: JAMA (1896)

The aseptic absorbable ligature is one of the greatest achievements of modern surgery. In his first communication to the profession on this subject Lister alludes to the advantages of the aseptic ligature as follows: "If the antiseptic ligature be employed it merely inflicts a wound or injury upon the vessel, without introducing any permanent cause of irritation. The injured part, therefore, becomes repaired after the manner of a subcutaneous wound, without passing through the process of granulation and suppuration, which is induced by the employment of the ordinary septic ligature." Perhaps no other surgical procedure has ever enjoyed the confidence of the entire profession throughout the civilized world to the same extent as the aseptic ligature. The universal faith in the reliability and safety of the aseptic ligature is only a natural outgrowth of the superior results following its use. Protracted suppuration in wounds the result of retained ligatures, secondary
FOLLICULAR OR CROUPOUS TONSILLITIS.
Authors: P. RICHARD TAYLOR
Journal: JAMA (1897)

Follicular tonsillitis usually begins with a temperature of 102 to 104 degrees, accompanied by chills and rigors, a full bounding pulse, throbbing headache, aching of the bones of the extremities and loss of appetite. The tonsillar symptoms do not become prominent until six to twelve hours later. Fulness is felt on deglutition, and a sensation as though a jagged foreign body was projecting from the tonsil; the anterior and posterior pillars and tonsil will be swollen, the follicles will be larger than normal and filled with a gray exudate and coagulated lymph. At the end of twenty-four hours, the throat symptoms will be markedly exaggerated; the inflammation will have extended to the pharynx, and probably to the larynx; the soft palate will be edematous, the uvula elongated, and the feeling of fulness and stiffness of the muscles of the throat will be increased. There is dryness of the pharynx and
Functional Asplenia With Few Howell-Jolly Bodies
Authors: VIJAY DHAWAN, MOHAMED A. ANTAR, RICHARD P. SPENCER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1977)

A 64-year-old man had functional asplenia as determined by lack of splenic accumulation of 99 mTc-sulfur colloid. A bone marrow biopsy established the diagnosis of lymphocytic lymphoma. Splenic replacement by lymphoma cells might be the cause of reticuloendothelial failure in the organ. The peripheral blood smear showed only rare Howell-Jolly bodies. It was postulated that this was the result of myelofibrosis, with a decreased output of red cells (and hence a decreased demand for splenic clearance of intraerythrocytic inclusions). Cases showing functional asplenia without the presence of Howell-Jolly bodies have not yet been demonstrated.
Prevention of rickets in Asian children: assessment of the Glasgow campaign.
Authors: M G Dunnigan, B M Glekin, J B Henderson, W B McIntosh, D Sumner, G R Sutherland
Journal: BMJ (1985)

In March 1979 the Greater Glasgow Health Board launched a campaign to reduce the high prevalence of rickets in Asian children in the city. A precampaign survey had shown that voluntary low dose vitamin D supplementation would reduce the prevalence of rickets in Asian children. A survey carried out two and three years after the launch of the official campaign also showed a reduction in the prevalence of rickets in children taking low dose supplements equivalent to about 2.5 micrograms (100 IU) vitamin D daily. There was a considerable reduction in the total prevalence of rickets in this survey compared with the precampaign survey. Hospital discharges of Asian children with rickets declined rapidly after the start of the campaign.
German doctors' leader calls for debate on rationing
Authors: A. Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Patients should pay for more diagnostic procedures and treatments out of their own pockets, the leader of the German Medical Association has proposed.

Jorg-Dietrich Hoppe, the association’s president, has called for a public debate about the rationing of health care in Germany. He has proposed that a committee of doctors, lawyers, and patient representatives be established to suggest to politicians which diagnostic procedures and therapies should in future be paid by the patients themselves and no longer by health insurance companies.

Emergency cases as well as patients with stroke, heart attack, and other severe diseases, such as malignant tumours, should have first priority, …