Self monitoring of blood pressure at home
Authors: George Stergiou, Thomas Mengden, Paul L Padfield, Gianfranco Parati, Eoin O'Brien
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Although measurement of blood pressure in the clinic is said to be the cornerstone of decision making in hypertension, such measurements may be unrepresentative of a patient's true blood pressure because of random fluctuations and the white coat effect.1-4 In addition, doctors rarely measure blood pressure according to recommended standards.4 Aimed at improving hypertension management, the 2003 US Joint National Committee recommends the use of self monitoring of blood pressure before considering the more expensive, but better validated ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure.2 Both the Joint National Committee and the 2003 guidelines from the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology suggest that self monitoring might also be used as an alternative to ambulatory monitoring for the diagnosis of white coat hypertension.1,2 The 2004 British Hypertension Society guidelines also acknowledge the increasing use of self monitoring in clinical practice and provide a threshold level for the diagnosis of hypertension (more than 135/85 mm Hg).3 In addition, two websites (www.bhs.soc.org and www.dableducational.org) provide information on validated devices for self monitoring.

Cross sectional data and one outcome trial have shown that, as with ambulatory monitoring, self monitoring values are lower than clinic blood pressure measurements.5,6 Self monitoring has several advantages over clinic measurements—by allowing multiple readings averaged over time and by taking measurements in people's usual environment, a more reproducible blood pressure value is produced that is devoid of the white coat and placebo effects.4 More importantly, two outcome studies have shown that self monitoring predicts cardiovascular outcome better than clinic measurements.7,8 Preliminary evidence also shows that self monitoring may improve control of blood pressure by improving compliance, as patients become more involved in their care.9 It has also been suggested that self monitoring might reduce healthcare costs by reducing the number of clinic visits.4

Most self monitoring devices are self activated, and misreporting of blood pressure readings is possible.4 Recently, the use of memory equipped devices has reduced such error, which can also be avoided by adopting telemedicine techniques, which lead to further improvement in controlling blood pressure.1 Although the technique is easy to learn, some patients may not be good candidates for self monitoring, which may result in anxiety or modification of treatment by the patient.

An important application of self monitoring is to detect white coat hypertension.10 Although some have suggested that self monitoring may represent a cheaper alternative method to detect this condition, it probably cannot replace ambulatory monitoring.11,12 It can, however, be used as a screening test that requires confirmation with ambulatory monitoring.10-12 The low cost and wide availability of self monitoring devices also favour their use as a screening method. Self monitoring is clearly more appropriate than ambulatory monitoring for the long term follow up of treated patients because of its lower cost and greater convenience for repeated measurements.4 However, ambulatory monitoring is regarded as superior to self monitoring because it allows for measurements over a full 24 hour period and has better outcome data to support its use.4



Recommendations for clinical use4



Self monitoring of blood pressure is useful in detecting white coat hypertension among patients with persistently raised clinic blood pressure (on at least three visits) and no evidence of damage to the target organ. The diagnosis requires confirmation with ambulatory monitoring. If self monitoring is high then treatment should be considered according to the overall cardiovascular risk.


Further important indications for self monitoring are improvement of patients' compliance and long term follow up of patients with hypertension under treatment


Self monitoring should be done by trained patients under medical supervision. Training should include information about hypertension, procedure for self monitoring, advice on equipment and its proper use, and interpretation of protocol and data


Carefully trained patients can obtain accurate readings when monitoring themselves by using the conventional auscultatory technique. Fully automated memory equipped electronic devices are preferable because they require less training, prevent observer and reporting bias, and allow for average readings over defined intervals and comparison with previous periods


Few of the devices available on the market are accurate. Wrist and finger devices are not recommended. Patients should be warned that devices for self monitoring are often put on the market without having been independently validated. Up to date information about validated devices is provided by the website www.dableducational.org


The average of self monitoring measurements over three to seven days, with duplicate, seated, morning and evening readings per day, yields reliable data. Measurements of the first day should be discarded because they might not be representative. For long term observation, measurements might be repeated for one week every three months. Overuse of the method and self modification of treatment should be avoided


Average self monitored blood pressure ≥ 135/85 mmHg indicates high blood pressure and < 130/80 mmHg normal blood pressure. Elevation of self monitored blood pressure should not in itself be an indication for drug treatment, which should be dependent also on the overall cardiovascular risk profile






Given the fallibility of conventional blood pressure measurement, self monitoring of blood pressure provides supplementary information to practising doctors enabling a more precise diagnosis and more accurate titration of treatment in the long term follow up of hypertension.