tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Familiarity with Published Observations
Authors: Hobart A. Reimann
Journal: JAMA (1964)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Familiarity of authors with published observations would have avoided misconceptions in three recent communications which concern my field of interest. 1. The statement that "Polyarteritis nodosa is a progressive and uniformly fatal disease" (<i>JAMA</i><b>189</b>: 156 [July 13] 1964) is subject to question. Three apparent recoveries after various forms of treatment are mentioned in the cited paper. The acute lesions may heal and recovery occur even without therapy (<i>JAMA</i><b>122</b>:274 [May 29] 1943) (<i>Brit Med J</i><b>2</b>:1148 [Nov 16] 1957). Polyarteritis, probably of diverse origin, has a clinical spectrum of graded severity ranging from inapparent, to mild, to severe, and to fatal instances. Without evidence obtained by biopsy, the disease if not in mind is seldom recognized, especially in its milder forms. If the inciting factor is eliminated before irreversible lesions ensue in the vital areas, recovery no doubt occurs oftener than is thought. 2.
Generation and characterization of aerosols and vapors for inhalation experiments.
Authors: M I Tillery, G O Wood, H J Ettinger
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

Control of aerosol and vapor characteristics that affect the toxicity of inhaled contaminants often determines the methods of generating exposure atmospheres. Generation methods for aerosols and vapors are presented. The characteristics of the resulting exposure atmosphere and the limitations of the various generation methods are discussed. Methods and instruments for measuring the airborne contaminant with respect to various charcteristics are also described.
Causes of Hyperketonemia-Reply
Authors: David S. Schade
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Spencer is correct in that patients with ketonuria by the nitroprusside reaction may have ingested large quantities of isopropyl alcohol. Isopropyl alcohol is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase.<sup>1</sup>A recent publication by Van de Graaf and Thompson<sup>2</sup>indicates that isopropyl alcohol intoxication is not an uncommon clinical condition in a large community hospital. This cause of hyperketonemia should be added to the table in our article. Thus, isopropyl alcohol intoxication results in a positive nitroprusside reaction, a normal blood pH, and euglycemia; the treatment would be to remove isopropyl alcohol from the circulation. The fact that cyanide intoxication may also induce ketosis has been reported, but the mechanisms of this unusual event are less clear.
Observations on tissue fibrinolytic activity in patients with cutaneous vasculitis
Authors: B. DODMAN, W.J. CUNLIFFE, B.E. ROBERTS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

Skin fibrinolytic activity was measured in the normal looking skin of the arms and legs of patients with vasculitis and in control subjects. In both groups the tissue activity was lower in the legs than arms and this may be one of the pathogenetic features localizing certain vasculitic lesions to the legs. The fibrinolytic activity was almost absent in the vasculitic lesion but it was also significantly lower in the normal looking skin of the patients compared to controls. It is suggested that this might represent utilization of fibrinolytic enzymes in the patient's skin thereby contributing to the perpetuation of the rash.
Follicular lymphoma of the duodenum
Authors: Y. Hamada, S. Nimura, K. Maeshiro, Y. Nakayama
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

The gastrointestinal tract is the most common site for the presentation of extranodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Depending on the series, follicular lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract accounts for 3.6 % of gastrointestinal lymphoma [1]. Above all, follicular lymphoma shows a predilection for the duodenum, where 55.6 % – 62.5 % of cases are located [1] [2].
Surgeons top the number of referrals to assessment authority
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2002)

One in three referrals from NHS hospitals and community trusts to the newly established advisory body on doctors' performance is about a surgeon, preliminary figures have shown.

Of the 187 referrals made by chief executives and medical directors to the National Clinical Assessment Authority since it was set up in April 2001, 65 have been surgeons.

The authority, which covers England only, was established as part of the government's drive to ensure quality standards in the NHS. Its aim is to provide a support service …
Prejudice against doctors and students from ethnic minorities.
Authors: R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1987)

had considerably raised Coxsackie B neutralising antibody titres.7These were encouraging and exciting findings for those workers who are convinced of a link between, the virus- and the syndrome.And when a newly available test-for IgM, which is a better indication of recent or persisting infection, was used in a more recent unpublished trial set up by Argyll and Clyde Health Board in the same area, confirmation of Calder et al's findings was expected.Between May.1985 and April 1986.local general.practitioners were asked to refer for virological examination patients with suspected postviral fatigue syndrome together with age and-sex matched controls from the same list.But those who hoped finally to close the case against -Coxsackie B suffered-a setback---there was -serological evidence of the same level of exposure in both the.patients and the controls.One of the investigators, Dr H A Carmichael, of the Vale of Leven Hospital, reporting these unexpected findings, tentatively invoked another unknown factor acting -against the background of a high degree of exposure to Coxsackie B virus.So far, then, there is no definite answer as to what causes this perplexing syndrome, but further controlled trials and the application of gene probes and monoclonal antibodies may provide one.
Selective expression of CD45 isoforms on functional subpopulations of CD34+ hemopoietic cells from human bone marrow.
Authors: P M Lansdorp, H J Sutherland, C J Eaves
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

We have found that the small population of cells in human marrow that are characterized by their expression of CD34 can be readily subdivided into two apparently nonoverlapping subpopulations of approximate equal size, one expressing CD45RO and one CD45R. Functional studies of these subpopulations revealed that all of the primitive erythroid colony-forming cells (BFU-E) are CD34+ CD45RO+. Similarly, more primitive cells that give rise to both erythroid and granulopoietic colony-forming cells after being maintained for 5 wk on confluent irradiated long-term marrow culture feeder layers, also show this phenotype. In contrast, most granulopoietic colony-forming cells are CD34+ CD45RO- cells. The differential expression of CD45 isoforms on distinct functional subpopulations of hemopoietic cells is consistent with the concept that these molecules play an important role in the differentiation or activation of primitive, normally quiescent, hemopoietic cells. The presence of CD45RO and the lack of CD45R on human cells capable of initiating hemopoiesis in the long-term marrow culture system correspond to the reported lack of CD45R on transplantable hemopoietic stem cells in rodents and may be a useful addition to strategies for human stem cell purification, or for purging CD45R+ leukemic cells.
REFERRAL TO HOSPICE AND PREDICTED MORTALITY RISK AMONG PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED WITH HEART FAILURE: FINDINGS FROM GWTG-HF
Authors: David J. Whellan, Margueritte Cox, Adrian F. Hernandez, Paul A. Heidenrich, Lesley H. Curtis, Gregg C. Fonarow
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
AIDS: A Basic Guide for Clinicians
Authors: David G. Ostrow
Journal: JAMA (1985)

The year 1984 saw a tremendous explosion in both the number of new cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and research breakthroughs that may someday lead to the control of this devastating new disease. It also saw the publication of at least a dozen books claiming to be definitive surveys of the AIDS knowledge base. Most of these have suffered by being both too technical for the lay population and not complete enough to be useful as a medical text. A recent book, AIDS:<i>A Basic Guide for Clinicians</i>, attempts to overcome these problems by focusing on the clinical and laboratory manifestations of the disease. That the editors and authors are largely successful will make this book a useful guide to anyone seeing AIDS patients in their clinical practice. No text on AIDS can keep up with the exploding clinical and laboratory literature. Yet by focusing on information that
Abstract 738: Neutrophil tracking study on mammary tumors using bioluminescence imaging <i>in vivo</i>.
Authors: Hamad Alshetaiwi, Sivasai Balivada, Marla Pyle, Tej B. Shrestha, Stefan H. Bossmann, Deryl L. Troyer
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are the most abundant circulating blood leukocytes. They are part of the innate immune system and provide a first line of defense by migrating toward areas of inflammation in response to chemical signals that have been released from the site. Like inflammation, cancer also causes activation of PMNs and release of myeloperoxidase. In this study, we demonstrate that giving a small amount of luminol to mice that have been transplanted with 4T1 mammary tumor cells allows detection of myeloperoxidase activity. Luminol allowed detection of activation of PMNs only two days after cancer cell transplantation, even though tumors were not yet palpable. In conclusion, luminol-bioluminescence imaging (BLI) can provide a way to image certain tumors at an early stage. Citation Format: Hamad Alshetaiwi, Sivasai Balivada, Marla Pyle, Tej B. Shrestha, Stefan H. Bossmann, Deryl L. Troyer. Neutrophil tracking study on mammary tumors using bioluminescence imaging in vivo. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 738. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-738
Human beta-defensin-1: an antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissues.
Authors: E V Valore, C H Park, A J Quayle, K R Wiles, P B McCray, T Ganz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

Antimicrobial peptides are widely distributed mediators of innate host defense in animals and plants. A 36 amino acid antimicrobial peptide belonging to the defensin family, and named human beta-defensin-1 (HBD-1), was purified recently from hemodialysate fluid, but its tissue sources were not identified. By Northern blotting, we found the highest concentrations of HBD-1 mRNA in the kidney and the female reproductive tract. In situ hybridization localized the HBD-1 mRNA in the epithelial layers of the loops of Henle, distal tubules, and the collecting ducts of the kidney and the epithelial layers of the vagina, ectocervix, endocervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in the female reproductive tract. Using a novel technique designed to detect cationic peptides in urine, we recovered several forms of HBD-1 ranging in length from 36 to 47 amino acid (aa) residues and differing from each other by amino terminal truncation. The total concentration of HBD-1 forms in voided urine was estimated at 10-100 microg/liter, with individual variations in the total amount of HBD-1 peptides and the relative proportion of HBD-1 forms. Multiple forms of HBD-1 (size 36-47 aa) were also found in the blood plasma, bound to carrier macromolecules that released the peptide under acid conditions, and in vaginal mucosal secretions (39, 40, and 44 aa). By immunostaining, HBD-1 was located in the kidney within the lumen of the loops of Henle, but no intracellular storage sites were identified in renal or female reproductive tissues. Recombinant HBD-1 forms (36, 39, and 42 aa) and natural HBD-1 forms were antimicrobial to laboratory and clinical strains of Escherichia coli at micromolar concentrations. HBD-1 activity was not changed appreciably by low pH, but was inhibited by high salt conditions. Some of the HBD-1 peptides retained their activity against E. coli in unconcentrated (low conductance) urine, and the 36 aa form was microbicidal even in normal (high conductance) urine. Production of HBD-1 in the urogenital tract could contribute to local antimicrobial defense.
Effects of Normal, Pre-Hypertensive, and Hypertensive Blood Pressure Levels on Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis
Authors: Ilke Sipahi, E. Murat Tuzcu, Paul Schoenhagen, Katherine E. Wolski, Stephen J. Nicholls, Craig Balog, Timothy D. Crowe, Steven E. Nissen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
Anastrozole Reduces Progesterone and Proliferation Index in Short Term Hormone Therapy. A Prospective Placebo Double Blind Study.
Authors: A. Mattar, A. Logullo, G. Facina, S. Nonogaki, F. Soares, L. Gebrim
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Identification of new biomarkers with potential predictive and prognostic role has contributed unequivocally to breast cancer treatment. Although traditionally endocrine therapy is based on Hormonal receptors status (estrogen - ER and progesterone- PR), some patients become hormone resistant. In order to identify a possible profile associated to hormonal resistance, some biomarkers have been assessed after short period primary hormone therapy (HT).Objectives: To compare the expression of Ki-67, Bcl2, Bax, Bak, ER and e PR in postmenopausal women with ER positive invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC), prior and after tamoxifen and anastrozole in neoadjuvant treatment.Methods: Fifty-eight patients with palpable ER-positive IDC (stage II and III) were double-blind randomized in a prospective placebo controlled study with three neoadjuvant HT groups for twenty-six days prior to surgical treatment: Anastrozole 1mg/day (n= 18), Placebo (n=25) and Tamoxifen 20mg/day (n= 15). Pre and post HT samples were disposed in tissue micro array blocks and submitted to immunohistochemical essay. Biomarkers status (Ki-67, Bcl2, Bax, Bak, ER and e PR) were obtained comparing each immunohistochemical evaluation of pre and post-surgery samples using semi-quantitative Allred's method. Statistical analysis were performed using the GEE (General Estimation Equations) and Anova tests with significant p ≤ 0,05.Results: ER and PR status did not change significantly in placebo group (96% -96% and 76-72%) and KI-67 index variation was 40 to 52% (p&amp;gt;0,05), as expected. In Tamoxifen group, ER status was also stable during treatment (100-100%). However, in anastrozole group, ER status -originally 100% - lowered to 89%,(p&amp;gt;0,05) and also PR expression rates lowered significantly from 56% to 28% in post treatment (p=0,0007). Anastrozole group also showed a significant reduction in KI-67 status from 78% in the pre-treatment KI-67 to 39% in post treatment samples (p=0,0079). Tamoxifen group showed a slight increase of PR expression from 73% to 93% along a non-statistical significant variation of KI-67 status 67% pre-treatment to 47% post-treatment. The other biomarkers (RE, Bak, Bax, Bcl-2 )did not show any variation in the three groups evaluated.Conclusions: a significant reduction of PR and ki-67 status was associated to Anastrozol treatment (26 days, 1mg/day). Short primary HT was not associated to any variation in apoptosis-related proteins (Bak, Bax, Bcl-2) regardless the drug used. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2145.
Feasibility Study Using a New Small Electronic Pancreatoscope: Description of Findings in Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: T. Kodama, Y. Imamura, H. Sato, T. Koshitani, M. Abe, K. Kato, H. Uehira, Y. Horii, Y. Yamane, K. Kashima, H. Yamagishi
Journal: Endoscopy (2003)

Numerous images characteristic of chronic pancreatitis have been obtained with fiberoptic peroral pancreatoscopy systems. However, the resolution of these images is inferior to that obtained with peroral electronic pancreatoscopy (PEPS). Clearer images of the pancreatic duct with chronic pancreatitis have now been documented, in some cases using PEPS alone. The significance of this finding is reported here.A total of 42 PEPS procedures were carried out in 36 patients with chronic pancreatitis, without sphincterotomy or balloon dilation of the papilla of Vater. Using endoscopic retrograde pancreatography, the patients were classified as having equivocal (n=5), mild (n=5), moderate (n=15), or marked (n=11) degrees of chronic pancreatitis. The insertion rate with PEPS was 90 % (38 of 42 procedures), and it was ultimately possible to examine five, three, 13, and 11 patients in each group, respectively.Images of turbid pancreatic juice, protein plugs of various shapes, pancreatic calculi, indistinct vascular markings, whitish mucosa, local redness, scattered redness, disappearance of the fold, deformation of the fold, irregularly dilated lumen, and stenosis were found to be characteristic of chronic pancreatitis. These images were obtained using PEPS.PEPS proved to be a feasible new technique for diagnosing chronic pancreatitis, and it was able to detect abnormal findings more clearly than other imaging methods.
Redesigning Residency Education — Moving beyond Work Hours
Authors: Kenneth M. Ludmerer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Since the Libby Zion case in 1984, the medical profession and the public have been preoccupied with the subject of residents' work hours. However, this narrow focus on work hours has diverted attention from a more fundamental development affecting the quality of the residency experience: the changes in the learning environment resulting from the introduction of prospective payment to hospitals. With prospective payment, which also began in 1984, the average severity of illness of hospitalized patients increased, the number of patients house officers admitted per admitting night skyrocketed, and the average length of hospital stay fell precipitously. For house officers . . .
Health effects of oxygenated fuels.
Authors: M G Costantini
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

The use of oxygenated fuels is anticipated to increase over the next decades. This paper reviews the toxicological and exposure information for methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE), a fuel additive, and methanol, a replacement fuel, and discusses the possible health consequences of exposure of the general public to these compounds. For MTBE, the health effects information available is derived almost exclusively from rodent studies, and the exposure data are limited to a few measurements at some service stations. Based on these data, it appears unlikely that the normal population is at high risk of exposure to MTBE vapor. However, in the absence of health and pharmacokinetic data in humans or in nonhuman primates, this conclusion is not strongly supported. Similarly, there are a number of uncertainties to take into consideration in estimating human risk from the use of methanol as a fuel. Although methanol may be toxic to humans at concentrations that overwhelm certain enzymes involved in methanol metabolism, the data available provide little evidence to indicate that exposure to methanol vapors from the use of methanol as a motor vehicle fuel will result in adverse health effects. The uncertainties in this conclusion are based on the lack of information on dose-response relationship at reasonable, projected exposure levels and of studies examining end points of concern in sensitive species. In developing a quantitative risk assessment, more needs to be known about health effects in primates or humans and the range of exposure expected for the general public for both compounds.
The upper and lower airway responses to nasal challenge with house‐dust mite <i>Blomia tropicalis</i>
Authors: D. Y. Wang, D. Y. T. Goh, A. K. L. Ho, F. T. Chew, K. H. Yeoh, B. W. Lee
Journal: Allergy (2003)

Background: The house dust mite Blomia tropicalis ( B. tropicalis ) was found to be the most prevalent domestic mite in Singapore. However, its pathogenicity in allergic airway diseases remains to be investigated. Methods: Twenty adults with persistent allergic rhinitis (PAR) were studied. Five had a history of asthma, and all were asymptomatic except one who was under treatment with low‐dose inhaled corticosteroid. Nasal challenge was carried out by nasal spray with phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and with increasing concentrations of crude B. tropicalis extracts (0.6, 6.0 and 60 µg/ml) at 15 min intervals. Subjective symptom scores and absolute number of sneezes were recorded together with objective measurements of spirometry (forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FEV 1 ) and acoustic rhinomanometry (volume of the nasal cavity). These were performed at baseline, 5 min after each incremental challenge, and 30 min, 1 h, 3 h, 5 h and 7 h after the last challenge. Meanwhile, concentrations of mediators in nasal secretions (tryptase, leukotriene C 4 (LTC 4 ) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP)) were measured in nasal aspirate samples at similar time intervals. An identical (control) challenge procedure with PBS alone was repeated in seven patients after a washout period of at least 2 weeks. Results: Significant increases in the subjective and objective nasal symptoms, together with a significant increase of tryptase and LTC 4 concentrations in nasal secretion, were found 5 min after each challenge with B. tropicalis, but not with PBS. There was no definitive pattern of the late‐phase nasal response in either subjective symptoms or objective measurements. Three patients (3/5) with a history of asthma showed a fall in FEV 1 readings (33%, 22% and 11% from baseline, respectively) at 7 h post challenge with concomitant mild wheezing in the night. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates direct evidence of allergic nasal response to B. tropicalis in sensitized adults. It shows that nasal provocation may also provoke concomitant asthmatic symptoms during the late‐phase reaction, especially in people with a history of asthma.
Wellcome Trust and Merck join forces to develop vaccines for low income countries
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A leading research trust and a major drug company have launched a £90m (€100m; $150m) initiative to boost research into vaccines for diseases that are prevalent in low income countries.

The Wellcome Trust and Merck have announced that they will jointly fund the creation of a new laboratory, to be based in India, that will develop affordable vaccine technology. 

The MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories will be based in India and will be equally funded by the two organisations, which will also share decision making rights in the venture. It will operate as a not for profit company, developing new vaccines and improving existing products.

Many …
A forlorn hope
Authors: Jay Kuruvatti
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Saturday nights in accident and emergency are busy, and this particular one was to be no exception, but in a way that I had not anticipated.

At 2 am the “blue call” telephone went off. A young man under the influence of alcohol had been involved in a road traffic crash. The arrival of the ambulances was heralded initially by sirens and then the warm, low pitched growl of their engines. The doors opened, and the first thing to come out, carried by a paramedic, was an ice filled plastic bag containing a whole arm from the axilla down. It transpired that the victim had …
Prenatal Screening for Down's Syndrome with Use of Maternal Serum Markers
Authors: James E. Haddow, Glenn E. Palomaki, George J. Knight, Josephine Williams, Andrea Pulkkinen, Jacob A. Canick, Devereux N. Saller, Gail Barsel Bowers
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Approximately 35 percent of all cases of Down's syndrome in fetuses can be detected by measuring maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein during the second trimester in the general population of pregnant women. Recent case–control studies indicate that this detection rate could be approximately doubled by measuring serum levels of unconjugated estriol and chorionic gonadotropin, which are abnormally low and abnormally high, respectively, in women carrying fetuses affected by Down's syndrome.