tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B and C: A prospective study of 251 patients
Authors: Susumu Takano, Osamu Yokosuka, Fumio Imazeki, Masami Tagawa, Masao Omata
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was prospectively studied in 251 chronic hepatitis patients, and was compared between the 127 cases of hepatitis B and 124 cases of hepatitis C. All patients were diagnosed by needle biopsy on entering the study, and the cases consisted of chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH), chronic active hepatitis (CAH)2a, and CAH2b (cirrhosis was not included). Of the cases of chronic hepatitis B, 5 cases of HCC (3.9%) were detected; among the chronic hepatitis C cases, 13 cases (10.4%) were detected. Thus, although the mean follow-up periods were in the same range, the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma was 2.7 times higher in hepatitis C than in hepatitis B (chi 2 = 3.116, P < .05). Using the Kaplan-Meier method, the incidence of HCC was significantly higher in chronic hepatitis C (P = .0194, generalized Wilcoxon test). In hepatitis C, the incubation period until HCC was detected was shorter when the liver disease was more advanced. Such a tendency was not observed in hepatitis B. In the 13 cases of HCC occurring in chronic hepatitis C, noncirrhotic liver was seen in only 1 case (7.7%), whereas 2 of the 5 cases of HCC (40%) in chronic hepatitis B were noncirrhotic. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes II and III was the same in the total followed cases and HCC cases.
THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON THE MENTAL AND PHYSICAL HEALTH OF CHILDHOOD CANCER SURVIVORS
Authors: Meital Azar, Ronen Reuveny, Michal Yalon, Avshalom Koren, Naama Constantini
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2013)

Introduction In adult cancer patients, physical activity (PA) and fitness have been repeatedly shown to correlate with, and improve, many mental and physical measures including decreased cancer recurrence and mortality. Childhood cancer survivors are at an increased risk of many medical and psychosocial conditions in adulthood, including low bone density, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, secondary tumors, and low quality of life. PA may alleviate all of these simultaneously, yet very few studies had been conducted in this filed to-date, and results were generally disappointing. Aim To measure the effect of physical activity on aerobic fitness, body composition, bone density, mood and quality of life of young childhood cancer survivors. Methods After screening 230 medical records of children from the follow-up clinic of the Hemato-Oncologic Department at the Edmond and Lily Safra Children's Hospital, 85 were deemed eligible by inclusion and exclusion criteria and invited to participate; 25 children agreed, and 23 entered the study. Ten were referred to an exercise group, which performed 2–3 exercise sessions per week for 6 months, and 13 maintained their usual lifestyle. At baseline and after 6 months, we measured aerobic fitness by cardio-pulmonary exercise testing; body composition and bone density by DEXA; and health-related quality of life and mood by validated questionnaires (PedsQL and CDI, respectively). Results Twenty-two children (96%) completed the study. At baseline, exercise and control groups differed only by a higher proportion of children with obesity in the exercise group, with marginal statistical significance (60% vs. 17%, p=0.07). All children had normal bone mineral density and quality of life measures. Aerobic fitness improved only in the exercise group, with marginal statistical significance (p=0.068). No between-group differences were found in changes of BMI, BMI z-scores, body fat percentage, bone density indices, mood or quality of life. After pooling both study groups together, significant correlations were found between the change in aerobic fitness and changes in lean body mass (r 2=0.806, p&lt;0.001), femoral neck bone mineral density (r 2=0.604, p=0.022), bone mineral content (r 2=0.542, p=0.037), and social quality of life (r 2=0.572, p=0.016). Conclusions Exercise training improves aerobic fitness in childhood cancer survivors, yet the small sample size did not allow identification of additional expected benefits. Nevertheless, changes in fitness over 6 months were significantly correlated with measures of body composition, bone health and quality of life. Childhood cancer survivors should be continuously encouraged to exercise, in order to both improve their immediate well-being, and to decrease their risks for potential late effects of pediatric cancer. The study was funded by the Israel Cancer Association.
Long-term Follow-up Results of a Randomized Drug Abuse Prevention Trial in a White Middle-class Population
Authors: Gilbert J. Botvin
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To evaluate the long-term efficacy of a school-based approach to drug abuse prevention. <h3>Design.</h3> —Randomized trial involving 56 public schools that received the prevention program with annual provider training workshops and ongoing consultation, the prevention program with videotaped training and no consultation, or "treatment as usual" (ie, controls). Follow-up data were collected 6 years after baseline using school, telephone, and mailed surveys. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 3597 predominantly white, 12th-grade students who represented 60.41% of the initial seventh-grade sample. <h3>Intervention.</h3> —Consisted of 15 classes in seventh grade, 10 booster sessions in eighth grade, and five booster sessions in ninth grade, and taught general "life skills" and skills for resisting social influences to use drugs. <h3>Measures.</h3> —Six tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use self-report scales were recoded to create nine dichotomous drug use outcome variables and eight polydrug use variables. <h3>Results.</h3> —Significant reductions in both drug and polydrug use were found for the two groups that received the prevention program relative to controls. The strongest effects were produced for individuals who received a reasonably complete version of the intervention—there were up to 44% fewer drug users and 66% fewer polydrug (tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana) users. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Drug abuse prevention programs conducted during junior high school can produce meaningful and durable reductions in tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use if they (1) teach a combination of social resistance skills and general life skills, (2) are properly implemented, and (3) include at least 2 years of booster sessions. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;273:1106-1112)
Uveitis and Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: A. Stanworth, J. Sharp
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1956)

Historical SurveyMany isolated examples of the association of uveitis and rheumatic diseases occur in the literature, but there have been few attempts to assess the extent of this association.Rheumatic Diseases in Uveitis.-Some of the series of patients with uveitis in whom the incidence of rheumatic diseases has been investigated are shown in Table I.The reported incidence of spondylitis varies from 2-4 to 25-6 per cent., and it is probably significant that Vesterdal (1951) found that the incidence increased from 5-7 to 20 per cent.on July 14,
Procedures for Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Keith Berndtson
Journal: JAMA (1995)

This book is the most comprehensive source of information on primary care procedures available anywhere. Organized around ten broad medical disciplines, with an additional section covering miscellaneous topics, tightly organized chapters offer practical synopses for 144 clinical procedures that primary care physicians may have opportunities to perform. Each chapter adheres to a uniform but flexible format for discussing its procedure. Indications, contraindications, equipment, techniques, complications, and patient education concerns make up the standard set of procedure-related issues covered by each of the over 80 distinguished contributors, more than 60% of whom represent departments of family medicine. Over 900 well-chosen, easy-to-follow illustrations and photographs support the text. Several entries include examples of forms that may be used to obtain consent, educate patients, or document procedure-based encounters. Short bibliographies are included at the end of each chapter. Some even contain addresses and telephone numbers for sources of equipment and supplies, training support,
Advances in phytoremediation.
Authors: A C Dietz, J L Schnoor
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Phytoremediation is the use of plants to remedy contaminated soils, sediments, and/or groundwater. Sorption and uptake are governed by physicochemical properties of the compounds, and moderately hydrophobic chemicals (logarithm octanol--water coefficients = 1.0--3.5) are most likely to be bioavailable to rooted, vascular plants. Some hydrophilic compounds, such as methyl-tert-butylether and 1,4-dioxane, may also be taken up by plants via hydrogen bonding with transpiration water. Organic chemicals that pass through membranes and are translocated to stem and leaf tissues may be converted (e.g., oxidized by cytochrome P450s), conjugated by glutathione or amino acids, and compartmentalized in plant tissues as bound residue. The relationship between metabolism of organic xenobiotics and toxicity to plant tissues is not well understood. A series of chlorinated ethenes is more toxic to hybrid poplar trees (Populus deltoides x nigra, DN-34) than are the corresponding chlorinated ethanes. Toxicity correlates best with the number of chlorine atoms in each homologous series. Transgenic plants have been engineered to rapidly detoxify and transform such xenobiotic chemicals. These could be used in phytoremediation applications if issues of cost and public acceptability are overcome.
Analyzing the Results of the Treating to New Targets Study
Authors: Mark R. Goldstein
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2008)

Letters19 February 2008Analyzing the Results of the Treating to New Targets StudyMark R. Goldstein, MDMark R. Goldstein, MDFrom Bonita Springs, FL 34135.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-148-4-200802190-00021 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In their secondary analysis of the TNT study, Wenger and colleagues (1) concluded that the findings support the use of intensive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–lowering therapy in elderly individuals with established cardiovascular disease (1). Close scrutiny of the data contradicts their conclusion.The secondary analysis of the TNT study compared the outcomes of 10 mg with 80 mg of atorvastatin daily in the 3809 patients 65 years of age or older for the 4.9-year study duration. The overall mortality rate over the study duration was 9.1% in participants randomly assigned to 80 mg of atorvastatin daily and 8.5% ...References1. Wenger NK, Lewis SJ, Herrington DM, Bittner V, Welty FK; for the Treating to New Targets Study Steering Committee and Investigators. Outcomes of using high- or low-dose atorvastatin in patients 65 years of age or older with stable coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:1-9. [PMID: 17606955] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, Bollen EL, Buckley BM, Cobbe SM, et al; PROSPER study group. PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360:1623-30. [PMID: 12457784] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Bonita Springs, FL 34135.Disclosures: None disclosed. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoOutcomes of Using High- or Low-Dose Atorvastatin in Patients 65 Years of Age or Older with Stable Coronary Heart Disease Nanette K. Wenger , Sandra J. Lewis , David M. Herrington , Vera Bittner , Francine K. Welty , and Analyzing the Results of the Treating to New Targets Study Vera Bittner , David Herrington , and Nanette Wenger Analyzing the Results of the Treating to New Targets Study Robert A. Alter Analyzing the Results of the Treating to New Targets Study Luca Mascitelli and Eddie Vos Metrics 19 February 2008Volume 148, Issue 4Page: 322KeywordsCardiovascular diseasesCardiovascular therapyConflicts of interestCoronary heart diseaseDeath ratesElderlyStatins ePublished: 19 February 2008 Issue Published: 19 February 2008 CopyrightCopyright © 2008 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Comorbidity of Diabetes and Eating Disorders: Does diabetes control reflect disturbed eating behavior?
Authors: Stephan Herpertz, Christian Albus, Ruth Wagener, Margit Kocnar, Richard Wagner, Andreas Henning, Frank Best, Helmut Foerster, Bernd Schulze Schleppinghoff, Walter Thomas, Karl Köhle, Klaus Mann, Wolfgang Senf
Journal: Diabetes Care (1998)

OBJECTIVE This multicenter study was designed to explore the prevalence of clinical and subclinical eating disorders (EDs), the extent of intentional omission of insulin and oral antidiabetic agents, and its relationship to glycemic control in an inpatient and outpatient population of men and women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Data have been collected from 12 diabetes medical centers in two German cities. In a questionnaire and interview-based study, a sample of male and female patients (n = 341 type 1, n = 322 type 2) was assessed for the following eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and eating disorder not otherwise specified. For lack of interview data of several patients meeting the screening criteria, prevalence ranges were calculated. RESULTS The overall prevalence range of current EDs was 5.9–8.0% (lifetime prevalence 10.3–14.0%). When patients were stratified according to type 1 and type 2 diabetes, there was no difference in prevalence of EDs. However, the distribution of the EDs was different in both types of diabetes, with a predominance of binge eating disorder in the type 2 diabetes sample. Type 1 (5.9%) and type 2 (2.2%) diabetic patients reported deliberate omission of hyperglycemic drugs (insulin or oral agents) in order to lose weight. Compared with control subjects, neither the presence of EDs nor insulin omission influenced diabetic control. CONCLUSIONS There seems to be no difference in prevalence rates of EDs in both types of diabetes; however, distribution of EDs is different. The findings suggest that neither EDs nor insulin omission are necessarily associated with poor control of glycemia. Binge eating disorder seems to precede type 2 diabetes in most patients and could be one of the causes of obesity that often precedes type 2 diabetes.
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Remission: Comparison of Intravenous Busulfan Plus Cyclophosphamide (Cy) Versus Total-Body Irradiation Plus Cy As Conditioning Regimen—A Report From the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Arnon Nagler, Vanderson Rocha, Myriam Labopin, Ali Unal, Tarek Ben Othman, Antonio Campos, Liisa Volin, Xavier Poire, Mahmoud Aljurf, Tamás Masszi, Gerard Socie, Henrik Sengelov, Mauricette Michallet, Jakob Passweg, Hendrik Veelken, Ibrahim Yakoub-Agha, Avichai Shimoni, Mohamad Mohty
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2013)

Cyclophosphamide (Cy) combined with total-body irradiation (TBI) or with busulfan (Bu) are currently the most common myeloablative regimens used in allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (alloSCT) in adults with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Intravenous (IV) Bu has more predictable bioavailability and a safer toxicity profile than the oral formulation. Comparative studies of outcomes have been performed between oral Bu/Cy and Cy/TBI, but there have been no comparative trials in the era of IV Bu.We performed a retrospective registry-based study comparing outcomes of patients with AML in first or second remission after alloSCT from sibling donors who underwent IV Bu/Cy (n = 795) or Cy/TBI (n = 864) conditioning.Engraftment rate was 98% and 99% after IV Bu/Cy and Cy/TBI, respectively. Grade 2 to 4 acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was significantly lower in the IV Bu/Cy compared with Cy/TBI group (P < .001). Similarly, chronic GVHD was significantly lower in the IV Bu/Cy compared with Cy/TBI group (P = .003). Cumulative incidence of 2-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM; ± standard deviation [SD]) was 12% ± 1% in the IV Bu/Cy group and 15% ± 2% in the Cy/TBI group (P = .14), and 2-year relapse incidence (RI; ± SD) was 26% ± 3% and 21% ± 1%, respectively (P = .012). Leukemia-free survival (LFS) rate (± SD) was 61% ± 2% after IV Bu/Cy and 64% ± 2% after Cy/TBI (P = .27). In multivariable analysis, adjusting for differences between both groups, patients who received IV Bu/Cy had lower acute and chronic GVHD, higher RI, and a trend toward lower NRM. LFS was not statistically different between the two conditioning regimens.This retrospective study shows that final outcomes after myeloablative conditioning using IV Bu/Cy were not statistically different from those after Cy/TBI.
Book Review Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: A New Brand of Multitarget Drugs Edited by Antonio Cano Sanchez, Joaquim Calaf i Alsina, and José-Luis Dueñas-Díez. 357 pp., illustrated. Berlin, Springer, 2006. $169. 978-3-540-24227-7
Authors: V. Craig Jordan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2007)
Genipin enhances Mrp2 (Abcc2)-mediated bile formation and organic anion transport in rat liver
Authors: Junichi Shoda, Tetsuo Miura, Hirotoshi Utsunomiya, Koji Oda, Masahiro Yamamoto, Masahito Kano, Tadashi Ikegami, Naomi Tanaka, Hidetaka Akita, Kousei Ito, Hiroshi Suzuki, Yuichi Sugiyama
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Inchin-ko-to (ICKT), an herbal medicine, and its ingredients exert potent choleretic effects by a “bile acid-independent” mechanism. The current study was designed to determine whether ICKT or its ingredients potentiate multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2; Abcc2)-mediated choleresis in vivo . Biliary secretion of Mrp2 substrates and the protein mass, subcellular localization, and messenger RNA (mRNA) level of Mrp2 were assessed in rat liver after infusion of genipin, an intestinal bacterial metabolite of geniposide, a major ingredient of ICKT. The function of Mrp2 was also assessed by the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent uptake of Mrp2-specific substrates using canalicular membrane vesicles (CMVs) from the liver. Infusion of genipin increased bile flow by 230%. It also increased biliary secretion of bilirubin conjugates and reduced glutathione (GSH) by 513% and 336%, respectively, but did not increase bile acid secretion. The ATP-dependent uptake of estradiol 17-β-D-glucuronide (E 2 17βG; by 265%), leukotriene C4 (LTC 4 ; by 161%), taurolithocholate-3-sulfate (TLC-3S; by 266%), and methotrexate (MTX; by 234%) was significantly stimulated in the CMVs from the liver. These effects were not observed in Mrp2-deficient rats. Under these conditions, genipin treatment increased the protein mass of Mrp2 in the CMVs but not the mRNA level. In immunoelectron microscopic studies, a marked increase in Mrp2 density in the canalicular membrane (CM) and microvilli was observed in the genipin-treated liver tissue sections when compared with the vehicle-treated liver tissue sections. In conclusion, genipin may enhance the bile acid-independent secretory capacity of hepatocytes, mainly by stimulation of exocytosis and insertion of Mrp2 in the bile canaliculi. ICKT may be a potent therapeutic agent for a number of cholestatic liver diseases. (Hepatology 2004;39:167-178.)
RECOGNITION BY γ/δ T CELLS
Authors: Yueh-hsiu Chien, Rita Jores, Michael P. Crowley
Journal: Annual Review of Immunology (1996)

▪ Abstract In contrast with the study of αβ T cells, that of γδ T cells is relatively recent and stems from the discovery of their rearranged genes, rather than from any knowledge of their biological function. Thus, experiments designed to characterize their specificity and function have drawn heavily on our knowledge of αβ T cells. During the past few years, many studies, especially with mice lacking either αβ or γδ T cells, have demonstrated that γδ T cells can contribute to immune competence, but they do so in a way that is distinct from αβ T cells. It is also evident that γδ T cells may not recognize antigen the same way as do αβ T cells. Analysis of three protein antigens—the murine MHC class II IE k , the nonclassical MHC T10/T22, and the Herpes virus glycoprotein gI—indicates that γδ T cell recognition does not require antigen processing and that the proteins are recognized directly. In all three cases, recognition by these T cell clones involves neither peptides bound to these proteins nor peptides derived from them. Moreover, a group of small phosphate-containing nonpeptide compounds derived from mycobacterial extracts has been found to stimulate a major population of human peripheral γδ T cells in a T cell receptor (TCR)-dependent manner. This indicates that γδ T cells can respond to ligands that are different from those of α β T cells. Analysis of complementarity determining region (CDR3) length distributions of γ and δ chains indicates that they are more similar to those of immunoglobulins than to TCR α and β. This further supports the idea that γδ and αβ T cells recognize antigens differently and suggests that γδ T cells may be more like immunoglobulins in their recognition properties. γδ T cells share many cell surface proteins with αβ T cells and are able to secrete lymphokines and express cytolytic activities in response to antigenic stimulation. These, together with the results cited above, indicate that γδ T cells can mediate cellular immune functions without a requirement for antigen processing. Thus, pathogens, damaged tissues, or even B and T cells can be recognized directly, and cellular immune responses can be initiated without a requirement for antigen degradation or specialized antigen-presenting cells. This would give γδ T cells greater flexibility than the more classical type of αβ T cell–mediated cellular immunity.
Review: Antispasmodics and antidepressants were each effective in the irritable bowel syndrome; bulking agents were not
Authors: Cristian Baicus, Theodor Voiosu
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Ruepert L, Quartero AO, de Wit NJ, et al. Bulking agents, antispasmodics and antidepressants for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(8):CD003460. 21833945
Increased temperature: a potentially important side-effect of ultraviolet radiation treatment leading to induction of interstitial collagenase/matrix metalloproteinase-1
Authors: None Brenneisen, None Blaudschun, None Bernards, None Wenk, None Wlaschek, None Meyer-Ingold, None Schauen, None Krieg, None Scharffetter-Kochanek
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)
Efficacy of lamivudine to prevent hepatitis reactivation in hepatitis B virus–infected patients treated for non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Marcello Persico, Fedele De Marino, Giovanni Di Giacomo Russo, Alessandro Severino, Bruno Palmentieri, Marco Picardi, Aristide Morante, Bruno Rotoli, Roberto Torella, Amalia De Renzo
Journal: Blood (2002)
Adaptationism and molecular biology: An example based on ADHD
Authors: James Swanson, Robert Moyzis, John Fossella, Jin Fan, Michael I. Posner
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Rather than starting with traits and speculating whether selective forces drove evolution in past environments, we propose starting with a candidate gene associated with a trait and testing first for patterns of selection at the DNA level. This can provide limitations on the number of traits to be evaluated subsequently by adaptationism as described by Andrews et al.