tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Suitability of Bupropion SR for Nicotine-Dependent Smokers: Problems in a Practice Setting
Authors: Barbara S. Kohlenberg, David O. Antonuccio, Steven C. Hayes, Elizabeth V. Gifford, Melissa P. Piasecki
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2004)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Bupropion SR (Zyban) has been shown in randomized controlled trials to be an efficacious pharmacological aid for smoking cessation; however, recent reports have raised serious concerns about the breadth of its applicability without complications or contraindications. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; We examined this issue in a well-documented medical population, i.e. veterans volunteering to participate in a smoking cessation treatment research program involving the use of bupropion SR. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; Overall, 22% of the 78 subjects who met the study criteria were appropriate for and completed the course of medication. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; Thus, bupropion SR in nicotine-dependent veterans may not be broadly applicable when conservative prescribing guidelines are carefully followed.
Points: Chest physiotherapy in primary pneumonia
Authors: J. Sim
Journal: BMJ (1985)

Morris mentions several precipitating causes of infective endocarditis culled from the studies by Bayliss et al' 2 (25 May, p 1532).I would like to draw attention to an important and often forgotten route of introduction of sepsis in patients at risk in hospitals- from intravenous drip or venepuncture sites. 3Recently, we saw two children aged 11 and 12 who presented with relapse of their rheumatic fever with flitting arthralgia, pericardial rubs, and fever.These symptoms subsided on aspirin and bed rest but a week later a high swinging fever was noted, with changing heart murmurs and evidence of heart failure in one case.One of the blood cultures subsequently grew a penicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.The child died despite high dose intravenous penicillin, cefuroxime, and cloxacillin.In the second case no pathogens were grown despite repeated blood cultures, but the fever was later controlled with cefuroxime, cloxacillin, and gentamycin.The most likely site of entry of the organism was through the drip site, where both children had developed mild cellulitis, and neither had received any antibiotics.Poorly cleaned venepuncture sites for routine blood investigations were another possible site of entry.Routine setting up of drips in casualty is a common practice and is often far from being an aseptic procedure.Those who practise this must realise that it is not without risk, especially to patients with valvular heart disease.We believe that care with cleaning the drip site with iodine, introduction of the intravenous cannula by an aseptic technique, and regular change of drip sites before cellulitis sets in are the best ways of preventing infective endocarditis in patients at risk.
The human organic anion transporting polypeptide 8 (SLCO1B3) gene is transcriptionally repressed by hepatocyte nuclear factor 3β in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Stephan R Vavricka, Diana Jung, Michael Fried, Uwe Grützner, Peter J Meier, Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2003)
Abstract 2300: Overexpression of Snail induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell-like phenotypes in CRC cells
Authors: Fan Fan, Kurt W. Evans, Sendurai A. Mani, Yunfei Zhou, Shaija Samuel, Jia Lu, Ling Xia, Eric Sceusi, Federico Tozzi, Xiang-Cang Ye, Lee M. Ellis
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process providing tumor cells with the ability to migrate and escape from the primary tumor and metastasize to distant sites. Recently, EMT has been shown to be associated with the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype in breast cancer. Snail is a transcriptional factor that mediates EMT in a number of tumor types. Its aberrant expression has been found in various cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC). The role of Snail in mediating EMT and CSC function in CRC has not yet been fully elucidated. Methods: The human CRC cell lines HT29 and KM12L4 were transduced with a retrovirus containing the pBabe-puro-Snail expression construct or the empty vector. The Snail expressing cells and controls were selected with the medium containing 2µg/ml puromycin. Changes in cell proliferation and chemo-sensitivity were determined by MTT assay. Migration and invasion were determined using in vitro wound healing assay and modified Boyden Chamber assays, respectively. EMT makers (E-cadherin, vimentin) and the putative CSC marker CD133 was analyzed by Western blotting. ALDH1 enzyme activity was analyzed by the Aldefluor assay. Results: Overexpression of Snail in CRC cells induced an EMT phenotype with elevated expression of vimentin and reduced expression of E-cadherin. Snail-induced EMT did not alter cell proliferation but showed enhanced cell motility, in which Snail-expressing cells were 5- to 6-fold more migratory than the control cells. Snail also promoted the CSC-like phenotype demonstrated by increased expression of the CSC markers CD133. The aldefluor positive cell population in the Snail-expressing cells was increased ∼4 fold. Moreover, the Snail-expressing CRC cells showed increased chemoresistance to 5FU by 50%. Conclusion. High level of Snail expression confers the EMT and CSC phenotype in CRC cells, which enhanced cancer cell invasion and chemoresistance. Our data suggest that Snail may be a potential therapeutic target in metastatic colorectal cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2300.
Human neutrophil chemotaxis regulation by -1 antitrypsin
Authors: L. H. White
Journal: Thorax (2011)

Human neutrophil chemotaxis regulation by a-1 antitrypsin a-1 Antitrypsin (AAT) has anti-inflammatory roles beyond regulation of proteases.Chronic lung disease in a-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is characterised by neutrophilic inflammation.This series of experiments investigated the effects of AAT on neutrophil chemotaxis by comparing neutrophils from patients with AATD with controls, both in vitro and in vivo.Chemotaxis to both IL-8 and soluble immune complexes was increased in neutrophils from AATD patients when compared with controls, but chemotaxis was inhibited by exogenous AAT, with a doseeresponse effect.Similarly, in vivo, the increased chemotaxis of neutrophils from patients with AATD was normalised when they were treated with AAT augmentation therapy.To investigate the mechanism behind this, further experiments identified that glycosylated AAT binds directly to IL-8, preventing the latter binding to its specific CXCR1 receptor, with consequent reduction in calcium influx into the cell and protein phosphorylation, components of the cascade of intracellular events which precede chemotaxis.In a second line of experiments, AAT was found to co-localise on the neutrophil membrane with the FcgRIIIB receptor.Shedding of this receptor is required for neutrophil chemotaxis, and this process is activated by the metalloproteinase ADAM17.AAT inhibited the shedding of the FcgRIIIB receptor via inhibition of ADAM17.This study demonstrates that AAT inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis by two mechanisms: binding of IL-8 and inhibition of shedding of the FcgRIIIB receptor via ADAM17, providing new insight into its anti-inflammatory roles.As these effects were also seen in vivo, they increase our understanding of the therapeutic role of AAT augmentation therapy.
Health services administration and health services research
Authors: R F Heller, W W Holland
Journal: BMJ (1982)

and effective.The responsibility for follow-up of women with abnormal results would be in the most relevant place-with the obstetricians and gynaecologists.As to the older women at present in the population, they should be invited to have a cervical smear-taken and the necessity for rescreening should be explained; then the responsibility for reattendance could be left wNith them, provided that the smear taken was satisfactory.An all-out effort should be made to get those who stayed away from the routine programme to attenci.This would require dedication and imagination on behalf of our general practitioners, health visitors, and social workers.In this way the death rate from cervical cancer will fall.
The Madness in Sports: Psychosocial Observations on Sports
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1967)

So many of us enjoy sports, either as participants or spectators, that we rarely consider such activity psychopathological. In fact, we might consider indifference to athletics as abnormal. Yet here is a book called<i>The Madness in Sports</i>. The author, a physician who had thoroughly enjoyed many sports, developed poliomyelitis a few weeks after winning a national tennis championship. After two years in an iron lung, he recovered sufficiently to practice psychiatry from a wheelchair. He continued his interest in athletics as an observer and as therapist for athletes. Case studies of basketball, football, golf, and tennis players, a weight lifter, and a boxer constitute the heart of the book. Each is a fascinating story, showing how sports both solved important life problems for the players and then produced other problems. Each man suffered serious emotional illness but benefited from psychiatric treatment. All could reconstitute their lives, usually with sports
Taping Preoperative Explanations
Authors: Charles A. Priviteri
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent study at Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, NY (235: 993), in which a patient's recollection of preoperative explanations was checked by a six-month follow-up interview with each patient, might prove helpful in today's professional malpractice chaos. Such a tape, recorded in the presence of a third party, would be made obligatory and a permanent hospital record by mutual consent between the medical professional and the hospital association. This record, available when necessary to all authorized sources, could influence initiation and conduct of legal actions in the future. It could also be of service to hospital review boards and could be a source for each physician to check his own effectiveness.
Wave-front curvature as a cause of slow conduction and block in isolated cardiac muscle.
Authors: C Cabo, A M Pertsov, W T Baxter, J M Davidenko, R A Gray, J Jalife
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

We have investigated the role of wave-front curvature on propagation by following the wave front that was diffracted through a narrow isthmus created in a two-dimensional ionic model (Luo-Rudy) of ventricular muscle and in a thin (0.5-mm) sheet of sheep ventricular epicardial muscle. The electrical activity in the experimental preparations was imaged by using a high-resolution video camera that monitored the changes in fluorescence of the potentiometric dye di-4-ANEPPS on the surface of the tissue. Isthmuses were created both parallel and perpendicular to the fiber orientation. In both numerical and biological experiments, when a planar wave front reached the isthmus, it was diffracted to an elliptical wave front whose pronounced curvature was very similar to that of a wave front initiated by point stimulation. In addition, the velocity of propagation was reduced in relation to that of the original planar wave. Furthermore, as shown by the numerical results, wave-front curvature changed as a function of the distance from the isthmus. Such changes in local curvature were accompanied by corresponding changes in velocity of propagation. In the model, the critical isthmus width was 200 microns for longitudinal propagation and 600 microns for transverse propagation of a single planar wave initiated proximal to the isthmus. In the experiments, propagation depended on the width of the isthmus for a fixed stimulation frequency. Propagation through an isthmus of fixed width was rate dependent both along and across fibers. Thus, the critical isthmus width for propagation was estimated in both directions for different frequencies of stimulation. In the longitudinal direction, for cycle lengths between 200 and 500 milliseconds, the critical width was &lt; 1 mm; for 150 milliseconds, it was estimated to be between 1.3 and 2 mm; and for the maximum frequency of stimulation (117 +/- 15 milliseconds), it was &gt; 2.5 mm. In the transverse direction, critical width was between 1.78 and 2.32 mm for a basic cycle length of 200 milliseconds. It increased to values between 2.46 and 3.53 mm for a basic cycle length of 150 milliseconds. The overall results demonstrate that the curvature of the wave front plays an important role in propagation in two-dimensional cardiac muscle and that changes in curvature may cause slow conduction or block.
Abstract A64: Identification of p75NTR/TrkB-BDNF axis in breast cancer brain metastasis
Authors: Wenhong Chen, Christine N. McMahan, Keith D. Barlow, Dennis Juarez, Linda J. Metheny-Barlow
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Metastasis of breast cancer to the brain is increasing and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality for breast cancer patients. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms controlling metastasis to the brain, we have generated two mouse models of breast cancer brain metastasis (4T1.luc2.Br5, Eo771.Br5) via serial selection of these cells through the brains of syngeneic mice following carotid artery injection. In vitro, the 4T1.luc2.Br5 cells exhibit increased proliferation and invasion through basement membrane proteins, while both models demonstrate increased ability to adhere to brain microvascular endothelial cells. Transcriptional profiling followed by Western analysis determined that the p75NTR neurotrophin receptor and its ligand BDNF are highly upregulated in brain-metastatic 4T1.luc2.Br5 cells. The TrkB neurotrophin receptor for BDNF is expressed by these cells as well. Knockdown of p75NTR abolishes the increased invasive capacity of brain-selected 4T1.luc2.Br5 in vitro, confirming a role for p75NTR signaling in invasion. While p75NTR expression in primary breast epithelial cells is reportedly low, we observed that 8 of 12 (67%) human breast cancer brain metastasis specimens express high levels of p75NTR, further suggesting an important role in metastasis to brain. Interestingly, while the brain metastatic Eo771.Br5 cells do not express p75NTR in vitro, both the TrkB receptor and its BDNF ligand are upregulated compared to parentals. Together these data suggest a role for activation of p75NTR/TrkB-BDNF signaling in breast cancer brain metastatic cells, and that targeting this pathway may be a means to prevent or treat breast cancer brain metastasis. Citation Format: Wenhong Chen, Christine N. McMahan, Keith D. Barlow, Dennis Juarez, Linda J. Metheny-Barlow. Identification of p75NTR/TrkB-BDNF axis in breast cancer brain metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A64.
Altruism, Self-interest, and Medical Ethics
Authors: Jeffrey D. Tiemstra
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Although I agree with Dr Pellegrino's<sup>1</sup>unstated purpose of urging physicians to altruism, I disagree with his assertion that such behavior is an obligation of the profession. He first states that the patient must "trust the physician in a relationship of relative powerlessness." This paternalistic view of the physician-patient relationship has been replaced by a contractual model, where both parties have rights and responsibilities. The contractual model is superior to the paternalistic one in that it preserves the patient's integrity as a human being, but it also implies that the physician, like the patient, can terminate that relationship (reasonably) or refuse to enter into it. Dr Pellegrino next claims that medical education is a trust bestowed on the physician by society. While this is true, it is no less true of all professions and trades. Lawyers, businessmen, and plumbers all inherit the accumulated knowledge of their
Are environmental sentinels signaling?
Authors: G A LeBlanc
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

There is an increasing perception that environmental contamination by chemicals no longer poses a significant health threat and that relaxation of environmental regulations is warranted. However, many wildlife populations are showing signs of developmental, behavioral, and reproductive dysfunction due to environmental contamination by endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Scientists, regulators, and legislators must mobilize to identify current health threats posed by environmental pollutants, develop testing protocols that will detect such properties of new chemicals, and strengthen legislation designed to protect environmental health.
Intra-bronchial colour photography.
Authors: P Stradling
Journal: Thorax (1969)

Proceedings of the Thoracic Society and oxygen transfer factor may limit exercise capacity in disease.This relationship has been explored in 11 normal subjects, 18 patients with sarcoidosis, and eight patients with interstitial lung disease by varying the inspired 02 concentration at standard work loads and following the arterial 02 saturation by means of an ear oximeter.In normal subjects the relationship between inspired P02 or alveolar Po2 and arterial saturation is a curve of increasing steepness at lower 02 pressures.In all but one of the patients with sarcoidosis a curve indistinguishable from normal was found.The radiographic appearances in these patients ranged from hilar gland enlargement to diffuse changes in the lungs.In all the patients with interstitial disease, the curve was displaced to the right, and it was possible in six patients to determine the increase in inspired Po2 necessary to maintain the resting 02 saturation unchanged.This procedure may provide the basis for a simple bloodless test for the detection of the onset of impairment of oxygen transfer in disease.HYPERVENTILATION OF PREGNANCY J. E. UTTING and E. T. FADL In pregnancy, and more
On the State of American Research
Authors: Daniel S. Greenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Picking up where we left off here last month on the widespread pessimism about the condition and future of American science — when, in fact, optimism is in order — notice should be taken of the latest edition of what amounts to the official scorebook on United States scientific and technical performance. In obscure technocratic circles, there's a controversy about the methods and validity of the scorekeeping system, and the scientific community ought to pay some attention to that controversy because it has a strong bearing on the scope and direction of federal support for research.The work in question . . .
Epithelial and extracellular matrix injury in quartz-inflamed lung: role of the alveolar macrophage.
Authors: K Donaldson, G M Brown, D M Brown, J Slight, X Y Li
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

The bronchoalveolar leukocytes from quartz-inflamed lung were separated into macrophage-enriched and neutrophil-enriched populations on density gradients. Neutrophil-enriched populations showed the greatest activity in causing injury to epithelial cells and fibronectin in vitro. Inflammatory macrophage-enriched populations from quartz-exposed lung had the ability to cause fibronectin degradation but could not cause detachment injury to epithelial cells over and above that caused by control alveolar macrophages. Fibronectin damage in vivo could be an important factor in disordering the connective tissue scaffold of the lung, thereby favoring fibrosis. In vitro quartz stimulated more production of cytokines by alveolar macrophages than the inert particulate titanium dioxide. Cytokines could be important in upregulating adhesion molecules in the membranes of lung cells in vivo; this process could aid leukocyte/lung cell contact, allowing epithelial injury to be expressed, and could also be a factor leading to pathological change.
Objective Evaluation of Competence: Technical Skills in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: O. W. Cass
Journal: Endoscopy (1995)

Documentation of an individual trainee's competence in gastrointestinal endoscopy has relied on the opinion of supervisors. Recommendations about the minimum number of procedures required to attain technical competence has relied on expert opinion. Recently, objective data about procedural competence have been collected. These data suggest that the mean number of procedures required to approach technical competence is higher than that recommended by experts. The data can be used to give a more accurate and objective evaluation of each trainee, as well as to develop objective guidelines about the minimum number of procedures to be accomplished during training. In addition, objective grading systems can be applied to other surgical and nonsurgical procedures.
Becker promotes condom use in Germany
Authors: Michael Leidig
Journal: BMJ (2006)

The former Wimbledon tennis champion Boris Becker is fronting a television campaign urging Germans to practise safe sex, using the slogan “Protection is important—I should know.”

The new television advertisement is part of a government funded campaign to promote the use of condoms in Germany to fight AIDS. It shows the former Wimbledon star pulling a condom out of his …
Only if needed and as minimally as possible. Animal model for post-ERCP pancreatitis: a step in the right direction
Authors: N. Guda, M. Freeman
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

Pancreatitis is one of the most common complications following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) have been evaluated in large multicenter population-based studies [1] [2] [3] [4]. Based on current knowledge, the risk factors for PEP are based on a) the person undergoing the procedure, b) the person performing the procedure, and c) the types of interventions carried out. Several studies have also looked at reducing the risk of postprocedural pancreatitis [5]. To date only a few interventions have shown promise. Chemoprevention with a number of agents, such as gabexate, have been shown to be effective in selected studies. However, consistent efficacy has not yet been demonstrated by any individual agent in larger studies, or in most meta-analyses. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, the latest contenders, have now been shown to be ineffective in a large randomized trial of high-risk patients [6]. Pancreatic stenting has been shown to have substantial efficacy in high-risk populations, though there is a debate regarding the size, length, duration of stenting, and potential stent-induced injury [7].