tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Survival of Very Tiny Babies -- Good News and Bad News
Authors: Marie C. McCormick
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

The special vulnerability of very premature infants under the assault of modern intensive care techniques evokes strong responses: both the desire to sustain their fragile existence and doubts about the wisdom of doing so. The report by Hack et al. in this issue of the Journal1 provides important information on the usefulness of applying our technological expertise to neonates at the edge of extreme prematurity. These authors report that up to 20 percent of newborn children who weigh under 750 g and survive to school age have one or more severe disabilities and that about half have one or more . . .
GBD 2010: a multi-investigator collaboration for global comparative descriptive epidemiology
Authors: Christopher JL Murray, Majid Ezzati, Abraham D Flaxman, Stephen Lim, Rafael Lozano, Catherine Michaud, Mohsen Naghavi, Joshua A Salomon, Kenji Shibuya, Theo Vos, Alan D Lopez
Journal: The Lancet (2012)
Do Heavy Smokers Need a Higher Replacement Dose of Nicotine to Quit?
Authors: Eric C. Westman
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In the context of previous research that supports the idea that heavy smokers are more likely to quit with higher levels of nicotine replacement,<sup>1</sup>the trial by Dr Jorenby and colleagues,<sup>2</sup>which concluded that "2 patches are no better than 1," was quite surprising. We believe that a careful inspection of the study actually supports the argument that heavy smokers do better with 2 nicotine patches than with 1. When viewed from the perspective of health care practitioners who typically use minimal behavioral counseling, the primary research question should be "With this heavy smoker who wants to quit, should I prescribe 1 or 2 nicotine patches?" If this was the primary research question, then the study by Jorenby et al was a positive study at 4 weeks comparing 44 mg/d to 22 mg/d in both heavy and light smokers (76% vs 49% for participants smoking
Acadesine extends the window of protection afforded by ischaemic preconditioning in conscious rabbits
Authors: B. Burckhartt, X.-M. Yang, A. Tsuchida, K. M Mullane, J. M Downey, M. V Cohen
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

Objective: Ischaemic preconditioning protects myocardium from infarction if the reperfusion interval between the brief and prolonged ischaemic intervals is less than 1 h. In anaesthetised rabbits acadesine (5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside, AICAR), an adenosine enhancer which increases tissue adenosine during ischaemia, prolongs the window of protection to 2 h. The aim of this study was to try to determine the maximum extension of this window of protection, using chronically instrumented, unsedated rabbits. Methods: Rabbits were instrumented with a balloon occluder around a major branch of the left coronary artery for reversible coronary occlusion. Five to seven days after surgery all animals underwent a 30 min coronary occlusion. Animals were randomised to one of seven groups: (1) No additional treatment (control); (2) Ischaemic preconditioning with 5 min regional ischaemia followed by 10 min reperfusion before the 30 min coronary occlusion; (3) and (4) Ischaemic preconditioning followed by 2 or 4 h of reperfusion before the 30 min occlusion, respectively; (5) Treatment with acadesine (2.5 mg·kg−1·min−1 intravenously for 5 min and then 0.5 mg·kg−1·min−1 beginning 45 min before and continuing until 30 min after release of the 30 min occlusion) without ischaemic preconditioning; (6) and (7) Treatment with the higher dose of acadesine for 5 min beginning 35 min before the 5 min ischaemic period, and then the lower dose continuing until 30 min after release of the 30 min coronary occlusion in rabbits with 4 or 6 h reperfusion intervals, respectively. Results: Rabbits with ischaemic preconditioning with 10 min reperfusion preceding the 30 min coronary occlusion (group 2) had only 5.6(SEM 1.1)% infarction of the ischaemic zone. Ischaemic preconditioning followed by 2 h reperfusion (group 3) offered continued protection [18.2(2.2)% infarction] as compared to control animals [37.7(2.6)% infarction]. However, protection waned if ischaemic preconditioning was followed by 4 h reperfusion (group 4) [36.7(3.0)% infarction]. Additionally, treatment with acadesine alone did not modify infarct size (group 7) [39.5(4.0)%], but acadesine largely restored the protection of ischaemic preconditioning despite a 4 h reperfusion interval (group 5) [20.4(3.0)% infarction, P < 0.01 v control]. However, when reperfusion was extended to 6 h (group 6) acadesine could no longer restore protection [36.2(0.9)% infarction]. Conclusions: The protection afforded by a 5 min ischaemic preconditioning period lasts from 2 to 4 h in the awake, unsedated rabbit, and acadesine can extend the duration of this window of protection to at least 4 h but not to 6 h.
THE PONTO-BULBAR HEAT CENTER.
Authors: EDWARD T. REICHERT
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Although our knowledge of the thermogenic mechanism is still in a formative state, we nevertheless have sufficient experimental data to warrant the conclusion that in the higher animals the heat formed arises in part as a product incident to the activities of all forms of vital processes, and in part as a specific product of specific heat-producing structures. The results of Rubner's researches leave no doubt as to the skeletal muscles possessing, besides their motorial properties, a specific thermogenic function, and, as a consequence, that these structures not only produce heat as an incident to repair, growth and motor activity, but also as a specific product. They further show that the quantity of heat which arises by virtue of this special function bears a reciprocal relationship to the amount formed as an incident to the activities of the body structures generally, increasing or decreasing in adjustment to the variations in
Twelve weeks posttreatment follow-up is as relevant as 24 weeks to determine the sustained virologic response in patients with hepatitis C virus receiving pegylated interferon and ribavirin
Authors: Michelle Martinot‐Peignoux, Christiane Stern, Sarah Maylin, Marie‐Pierre Ripault, Nathalie Boyer, Laurence Leclere, Corinne Castelnau, Nathalie Giuily, Ahmed El Ray, Ana‐Carolina Cardoso, Rami Moucari, Tarik Asselah, Patrick Marcellin
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

A sustained virologic response (SVR) in patients with chronic hepatitis C receiving pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) plus ribavirin is defined as undetectable serum HCV-RNA at 24 weeks (W+24) posttreatment follow-up. Viral load outcome in patients with virological relapse (VR) has not been explored. This study evaluated whether the assessment of serum HCV-RNA 12 weeks (W+12) after the end of treatment was as relevant as W+24 to evaluate SVR in 573 patients who received combination PEG-IFN and ribavirin and had a virological response at the end of treatment. Serum HCV-RNA was measured, using a new assay based on transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) with a lowest detection limit of 5-10 IU/mL, at W+12 and W+24 after the end of treatment. VR was defined as reappearance of detectable HCV-RNA at W+24 posttreatment follow-up. The positive predictive value (PPV) of undetectable serum HCV-RNA at W+12 was evaluated to identify patients with SVR, and the viral load outcome was measured in relapse patients. At the W+24 posttreatment follow-up, 408 (71%) patients had an SVR, 181 (71.2%) were treated with PEG-IFNα-2a and ribavirin, and 227 (71.1%) were treated with PEG-IFNα-2b and ribavirin. At W+12, serum HCV-RNA was undetectable in 409 patients, and 408 patients were SVR (PPV 99.7%, 95% confidence interval 99.1-100). In relapse patients, serum HCV-RNA levels were 5.623 ± 0.748, 4.979 ± 0.870, and 5.216 ± 0.758 log10 IU/mL at baseline, W+12, and W+24, respectively. Conclusion: Our results show that the assessment of serum HCV-RNA 12 weeks after the end of treatment, using the highly sensitive TMA assay (PPV 99.7%), is as relevant as after 24 weeks to predict SVR and make decisions on the management of treated patients, suggesting a new definition for SVR. (HEPATOLOGY 2010.)
Periarthritis of the Shoulder
Authors: G. C. Lloyd-Roberts, P. R. French
Journal: BMJ (1959)

Periarthritis, or capsulitis, of the shoulder is characterized by severe pain and progressive limitation of movement of unknown cause.In most cases the symptoms increasingly dominate the patient's activities and interfere with his sleep for many months.The pain and spasm gradually abate and the shoulder becomes stiff (frozen shoulder).Movement usually recovers slowly until full function is regained with either a normal range of movement or limitation so trivial as to cause no functional disability.This paper presents the results obtained by injecting hydrocortisone into the shoulder-joint while manipulation was being carried out under anaesthesia during the irritable and painful stage.These results are compared with those obtained by oral cortisone in one group, and in some respects with those following palliative physiotherapy, rest, and occasional late manipulation in another group.Consideration of the results of any form of treatment in periarthritis demands accurate diagnosis and a knowledge of the natural history of the disease.Precise diagnosis is necessary because shoulder pain may be due to a number of causes within and without the joint of varying severity and prognosis.A knowledge of the average time between onset and recovery is of otitstanding importance if the effects of treatment are to be assessed in a disease which usually resolves spontaneously.
Recognition of Cigarette Advertisement Product Logos
Authors: Paul M. Fischer
Journal: JAMA (1997)

To the Editor.  —Five years ago we published in JAMA  1 the results of a study examining cigarette advertisement logo recognition by young children. This study showed that children as young as 3 years recognized the cartoon character Joe Camel and could match him with a picture of a cigarette. This study was widely cited in the press and, we believe, has contributed to a better understanding of the role that cigarette advertising plays in our society.  After publication, the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) subpoenaed and obtained our research records, correspondence, and data using the Georgia Open Records Act. In an extensive reanalysis of our original data, RJR did identify 1 methodological problem. We specified 5 randomization orders for presenting the product logos to the children. However, in 1 of the 6 schools we studied, this rotational scheme inadvertently was not used, and instead all of the subjects were
Subclinical Infection in Leprosy
Authors: T. Godal, K. Negassi
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Lymphocyte transformation has been used to study the immune response to Mycobacterium leprae among contacts and non-contacts of leprosy patients. Of 26 subjects living in a leprosy endemic area for less than two months none responded to M. leprae; 24% of subjects who had lived in an endemic area for more than a year gave a positive response to M. leprae; more than 50% of individuals with occupational contact of leprosy for more than a year responded; and about 50% of contacts of tuberculoid and treated lepromatous patients responded to M. leprae, while only 22% (4/18) of contacts of lepromatous patients treated for less than six months responded. It seems that leprosy is more highly infectious than is indicated by the prevalence of the disease and that a subclinical infection commonly follows exposure to M. leprae. The relatively low response found in contacts of active lepromatous patients suggests that in these contacts "superexposure" to M. leprae can bring about a decrease in host resistance.
Antihypertensive effects of CS-045 treatment in obese Zucker rats
Authors: Shinji Yoshioka, Hiroshi Nishino, Tomoko Shiraki, Keiko Ikeda, Hiroyuki Koike, Akira Okuno, Mikiyo Wada, Toshihiko Fujiwara, Hiroyoshi Horikoshi
Journal: Metabolism (1993)
Socioeconomic predictors of high allergen levels in homes in the greater Boston area.
Authors: B T Kitch, G Chew, H A Burge, M L Muilenberg, S T Weiss, T A Platts-Mills, G O'Connor, D R Gold
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

In the United States, childhood asthma morbidity and prevalence rates are the highest in less affluent urban minority communities. More than 80% of childhood asthmatics are allergic to one or more inhalant allergens. We evaluated whether socioeconomic status was associated with a differential in the levels and types of indoor home allergens. Dust samples for an ELISA allergen assay were collected from the homes of 499 families as part of a metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, longitudinal birth cohort study of home allergens and asthma in children with a parental history of asthma or allergy. The proportion of homes with maximum home allergen levels in the highest category was 42% for dust mite allergen (> or = 10 microg/g Der p 1 or Der f 1), 13% for cockroach allergen (> or = 2 U/g Bla g 1 or Bla g 2), 26% for cat allergen (> or = 8 microg/g Fel d 1), and 20% for dog allergen (> or = 10 microg/g Can f 1). Homes in the high-poverty area (> 20% of the population below the poverty level) were more likely to have high cockroach allergen levels than homes in the low-poverty area [51 vs. 3%; OR, 33; 95% confidence interval (CI), 12-90], but less likely to have high levels of dust mite allergen (16 vs. 53%; OR, 0.2; CI, 0.1-0.4). Lower family income, less maternal education, and race/ethnicity (black or Hispanic vs. white) were also associated with a lower risk of high dust mite levels and a greater risk of high cockroach allergen levels. Within a single U.S. metropolitan area we found marked between-community differences in the types of allergens present in the home, but not necessarily in the overall burden of allergen exposure.
Hemoconcentration in Acute Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia
Authors: R. Adar
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent report on acute nonocclusive mesenteric ischemia (NOMI) Vyden described the pathogenesis of this syndrome in two patients (226:776, 1973). Reduction in cardiac output was singled out as the cause of low flow in the mesenteric circulation. It is not apparent, however, why of the many patients in whom cardiac output is reduced only a small number develop mesenteric ischemia. Several other factors are thought to contribute to the etiology of this syndrome. Digitalis preparations have been shown to cause mesenteric vasoconstriction. Stenotic lesions without complete occlusion, or occlusive lesions of small vessels, have also been implicated. A possible inciting factor often overlooked is hemoconcentration. The report by Vyden does not even include this point. Though the hematocrit level may be high, secondary to infarction of the bowel, Fogarty and Fletcher (<i>Am J Surg</i>111:130, 1960) found an elevated hematocrit level was four times more
Clinical Paediatric Physiology
Authors: Ira S. M. Rosenthal
Journal: JAMA (1980)

The objective of this book is to provide the reader with the physiological basis to understand clinical problems in pediatrics. The book, written for the practicing pediatrician and pediatric resident, is designed to be used in conjunction with standard clinical textbooks. The 14 chapters are written by different authors, all authorities in their respective fields. The subjects include immunology, genetics, metabolism, nutrition, perinatal physiology, blood and respiration, heart and circulation, gut and digestion, kidney, fluid and electrolytes, growth, neuro-physiology, and psychology. Each chapter deals with the physiology of the area in question, with emphasis on aspects peculiar to the young and developing child. A limited discussion of selected pediatric diseases considers their particular pathophysiology. In the section on metabolism, the descriptions of the various types of glycogen storage disease and of phenylketonuria are incomplete, and there is no discussion of the continuous nightly drip feedings for patients with glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency.
Correctional Health Care
Authors: Laurence W. Cunningham
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 January 1993Correctional Health CareLaurence W. Cunningham, MDLaurence W. Cunningham, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-2-199301150-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The American College of Physicians, The National Commission on Correctional Health Care, and the American Correctional Health Services Association are to be commended for their position paper [1] addressing pertinent issues of correctional health care. The National Drug Control Strategy must be revised to include less incarceration for offenses related to drug abuse and more resources for drug rehabilitation.As former Medical Chief of Staff of the Texas Correctional System, I believe that both quality of and access to care are important issues. The fact that only a minority of health care programs in jails and prisons ...References1. Weiner J, Anno BJ. The crisis in correctional health care: the impact of the national drug strategy on correctional health services. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117:71-7. Google Scholar2. Wolinsky H. Medical care for prison inmates sharply declining. Am Coll Physician Obstet. 1992; July/August:5. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 January 1993Volume 118, Issue 2Page: 158KeywordsDrug abuseDrug regulationDrugsFellowshipsHIVHealth careInfectious disease epidemiologyInfectious diseasesMedical servicesPrevention, policy, and public health Issue Published: 15 January 1993 CopyrightCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
THERAPEUTIC RESULTS WITH CONCENTRATED SCARLET FEVER ANTITOXIN
Authors: GEORGE F. DICK
Journal: JAMA (1925)

In 1923, we were able to establish the hemolytic streptococcus as the cause of scarlet fever by a series of human inoculation experiments in which the strains of streptococci used fulfilled the requirements of Koch's laws.  But long before that, the association of hemolytic streptococci with scarlet fever had led to attempts at treatment with antistreptococcus serums without waiting for proof of the etiology. These serums were frequently employed by physicians who did not credit the hemolytic streptococcus with causing scarlet fever, but regarded it as an important secondary invader.  In 1902, Moser of Vienna described the first antistreptococcus serum for use in scarlet fever. His serum was obtained by immunizing horses with living serum-broth cultures of streptococci isolated from the heart's blood of fatal cases. Moser noted that following the administration of his serum, there was an improvement in the symptoms of scarlet fever commonly attributed to the toxemia
Acute Hyperkalemia Induced by Hyperglycemia: Hormonal Mechanisms
Authors: STANLEY GOLDFARB
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Two insulin-requiring diabetics with isolated hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism spontaneously developed hyperkalemia that was aggravated whenever blood glucose concentration rose. Acute glucose infusions raised the serum potassium concentration in these patients with combined insulin and aldosterone deficiency but lowered, or did not change, the serum potassium concentration in normal subjects and in patients with either aldosterone or insulin deficiency alone. The paradoxical hyperkalemic response to glucose in patients with combined hormonal deficiency was blunted by prior administration of desoxycorticosterone acetate and abolished by prior administration of insulin. Our studies emphasize the crucial roles played by insulin and aldosterone in regulating the serum potassium concentration in man, and the need to avoid hyperglycemia in patients with combined insulin and aldosterone deficiency.
Female-related skeletal muscle phenotype in patients with moderate chronic heart failure before and after dynamic exercise training
Authors: Raija Tyni-Lenné, Eva Jansson, Christer Sylvén
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

This study hypothesized that female patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), similarly as previously reported for male patients, have a decreased proportion of type I (slow twitch) muscle fibers combined with fiber atrophy, and respond to exercise training with an increased muscular fiber area and performance, and with an unaltered fiber type distribution. Methods: Sixteen women [age 62±10 years (mean±SD)] with stable, moderate CHF (left ventricular ejection fraction 28±8%) underwent percutaneous needle biopsies of the lateral vastus muscle, and assessments of isokinetic muscle strength and exercise tests with respiratory gas and blood lactate analyses, before and after 8 weeks of intensive knee extensor endurance training. Results: When compared to healthy age-matched women, the women with CHF unexpectedly had a normal proportion of type I fibers (51±15%), but a decreased cross-sectional area in both type I and II fibers. Exercise training increased the cross-sectional area of muscle fibers up to the reference range (21%, p<0.04), while the relative number of type I fibers decreased (12%, p<0.03). Training also increased muscle strength (16%, p<0.0001) and peak oxygen uptake (20%, p<0.0001). The increase in peak oxygen uptake was directly related to the training-induced increase in fiber areas (r=0.63; p<0.03), and decrease in lactate accumulation was inversely related to the training-induced decrease in the relative number of type I fibers (r=−0.62; p<0.02). Conclusions: As for men with CHF, a skeletal muscle atrophy was found in women, but contrary to the hypothesis, the proportion of type I muscle fibers was normal. Exercise training counteracted the atrophy suggesting skeletal muscle trainability in female CHF patients.
Exposure treatment for phobias.
Authors: M Z Hussain, G Nolan
Journal: BMJ (1971)

as it was made after they had been warned of the dangers of phenacetin.Dr. Kincaid-Smith also states that in Australia paracetamol was substituted for phenacetin in the A.P.C. mixtures in the National Health Service listing about eight years ago, but nevertheless analgesic nephropathy is still very comnmon.This statement suggests either that Dr. Kincaid-Smith thinks that paracetamol is as de- structive as phenacetin, a suggestion which we believe is probably correct, though in Great Britain the evidence is only just be- ginning to appear, or it suggests that Dr. Kincaid-Smith thinks that b2-ause phenacetin was removed from the National Health Service listing it therefore should have dis- appeared from the Australian scene.One gathers however that this is far from the truth.For instance, Purnell and Burry2 in a survey in a country town in Queensland found that the average weekly phenacetin consumption for a person over 15 years old was 1-845 g.Only 37%,,/, of the phenacetin sold came from chemists and only a very small proportion of this was sold via pre- scriltions.They concluded that "the rccent removal of phenacetin-containing drugs from the free-list of phenacetin benefits in Australia is unlikely to have any appreciable eff -ct ulcon thc consumption of phenacetin- containing analgesics by the community".The situ2tion seems to be analogous to our own.We found that though phenacetin has now h-'en removed from mo;t proDrietary preparations this could have little effect on the total ingestion of phenacetin as four- fifths of the phenacetin ingested is in the form of B.P. and B.P.C. preparations.