tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the effects of inhaled ipratropium bromide and salbutamol on the bronchoconstrictor response to hypocapnic hyperventilation in normal subjects.
Authors: J P Jamison, P J Glover, W F Wallace
Journal: Thorax (1987)

A double blind, placebo controlled comparison was made of the effects of nebulised ipratropium bromide (0.05 and 0.5 mg) and salbutamol (0.25 and 2.5 mg) on lung function and the airway response to hyperventilation in eight normal subjects. Both agents at both doses caused similar baseline bronchodilatation, confirming the presence of resting bronchomotor tone. The overall mean increases as percentages of control were 33% in specific airway conductance (sGaw), 10% in maximal flow after expiration of 50% of vital capacity, and 3.7% in FEV1. Hypocapnia (mean end tidal carbon dioxide tension 2.2 kPa) was produced by three minutes of voluntary hyperventilation and resulted in a mean fall in sGaw of 0.49 s-1 kPa-1 (20%). After inhalation of 0.25 mg salbutamol hypocapnic hyperventilation still produced a mean fall in sGaw of 0.55 s-1 kPa-1, whereas salbutamol 2.5 mg reduced this response to 0.15 s-1 kPa-1 (6%). After both doses of ipratropium the decrease in sGaw caused by hyperventilation was similar to the control. This suggests that bronchoconstriction in response to hypocapnic hyperventilation in normal subjects is not mediated via a cholinergic reflex.
Expenditure Patterns of Urban American Households
Authors: Sidney Shindell
Journal: JAMA (1964)

ONE OFTEN has difficulty making much sense from a display of numbers in a table. Graphing the data, however, is often convenient in helping to see their probable significance and was done so with a recent Bureau of Labor Statistics report on consumer expenditures and income.<sup>1</sup>A pair of graphs, therefore, are presented which may be helpful in viewing the economic position of the aged in our society. In order to prepare these graphs a set of calculations had to be performed. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported average expenditures in dollars for urban households for the years 1960 and 1961 by age of head of household. It also reported the average number of persons in each type of household. One has been divided by the other, since it is important to see what is being spent by or for each member of a family, and thereby correct for
Middle airway obstruction—it may be happening under our noses
Authors: Philip G Bardin, Sebastian L Johnston, Garun Hamilton
Journal: Thorax (2012)

Lower airway obstruction has evolved to denote pathologies associated with diseases of the lung, whereas, conditions proximal to the lung embody upper airway obstruction. This approach has disconnected diseases of the larynx and trachea from the lung, and removed the 'middle airway' from the interest and involvement of respiratory physicians and scientists. However, recent studies have indicated that dysfunction of this anatomical region may be a key component of overall airway obstruction, either independently or in combination with lung disease. New diagnostic modalities to effectively diagnose middle airway obstruction are being developed, and it has become feasible to identify and quantify middle airway obstruction.We, therefore, propose adding 'middle airway obstruction' to our nomenclature to embed it in diagnostic approaches, and to allow due emphasis on this neglected anatomical region.
Sunlight, tanning booths, and vitamin D
Authors: Henry W. Lim, Barbara A. Gilchrest, Kevin D. Cooper, Heike A. Bischoff-Ferrari, Darrell S. Rigel, W. Howard Cyr, Sharon Miller, Vincent A. DeLeo, Tim K. Lee, Catherine A. Demko, Martin A. Weinstock, Antony Young, Laura Saul Edwards, Timothy M. Johnson, Stephen P. Stone
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2005)
Monilial Granuloma with Hypothyroidism
Authors: Clement E. Papazian, Richard Koch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

MONILIAL granuloma is a rare form of candida infection characterized by an inflammatory reaction extending into the corium and by the development of granulation tissue similar to that found in other deep mycoses. The refractoriness of the disease to any form of therapy is well documented, and the prognosis for life is poor.1 The following case of monilial granuloma is presented because of its association with hypothyroidism and the impressive response obtained with the use of amphotericin B.§Case ReportM.B.B., a 14-year-old adopted girl, had a long history of chronic and severe infection due to monilia. She had thrush . . .
Wine and Mortality
Authors: Morten Grønbaek
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Letters3 July 2001Wine and MortalityMorten Grønbaek, MD, DrMedSci, PhDMorten Grønbaek, MD, DrMedSci, PhDCopenhagen University Hospital; DK-1399 Copenhagen K, Denmark (Grønbaek)Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-135-1-200107030-00032 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail IN RESPONSE:Dr. Kahn adds to the long list of possible explanations for the apparent beneficial effect of wine compared with beer and spirits on morbidity and mortality. His opinions are of great interest. However, I doubt that the beverage-specific differences in waist-to-hip ratio can explain some, if any, of this effect. First, although there truly do seem to be differences, as found in the two studies mentioned by Dr. Kahn, they would need to be quite large (larger than those reported) to be able to explain our findings. Second, we did consider body weight in the analyses, but since ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Copenhagen University Hospital; DK-1399 Copenhagen K, Denmark (Grønbaek) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoType of Alcohol Consumed and Mortality from All Causes, Coronary Heart Disease, and Cancer Morten Grønbæk , Ulrik Becker , Ditte Johansen , Adam Gottschau , Peter Schnohr , Hans Ole Hein , Gorm Jensen , and Thorkild I.A. Sørensen Wine and Mortality Henry S. Kahn Metrics Cited byTop-Down Policy Risk AssessmentHealth impact assessment of quality wine production in Hungary 3 July 2001Volume 135, Issue 1Page: 66-67KeywordsBeerBody mass indexBody weightCoronary heart diseaseLongitudinal studiesMorbidityMortalityWine ePublished: 3 July 2001 Issue Published: 3 July 2001 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2001 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
The Optimum Age for Mass B.C.G. Vaccination in England and Wales
Authors: T. M. Pollock
Journal: BMJ (1957)

Three years have passed since B.C.G. vaccination of 13-year-old schoolchildren was first authorized in England and Wales, and, although this is not a long period in the epidemiology of tuberculosis, further information now available about vaccination, as well as the probable reduction in the risk of tuberculous infec tion since 1953, makes it of interest to inquire whether 13 years is the most suitable age at which to give the first, and in most cases the only, anti-tuberculosis vaccination under present conditions. To make an assessment of this kind, the current proportion of children infected with tubercle bacilli by the age of 13, the results of tuberculous infection acquired before that age, the risks of infection at puberty and adolescence, the duration of protection conferred by vaccination, and some other factors all need to be considered.
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria mimicking Crohn’s disease
Authors: S SIVAKUMARAN, R HOYLES, J O HUNTER, S MIDDLETON
Journal: Gut (1999)

Background —The cause of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is unknown, and it is often difficult to obtain diagnostic histological specimens. In considering the diagnosis of IBD, other causes of enteritis should be excluded. We present a case that illustrates this.

Case report —A 32 year old man presented with a history of intermittent diarrhoea, vomiting, colicky abdominal pain, and weight loss. There was no history of foreign travel or recent contact with gastroenteritis, and he had no family history or past medical history of note. On examination, he was a pale thin man with central abdominal tenderness; other systems were unremarkable. Abnormal blood tests included a raised white cell count 20.4 × 106/l (normal 4–11 × 106), C-reactive protein (CRP) 246 …
Focus: Brussels New Labour, New Europe
Authors: T. Coghlan
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Four events have come together in a short time which might have the biggest impact on European health policy since the European Union first became explicitly responsible for health in the Maastricht treaty. These events are the election of a Labour government in Britain, the intergovernmental conference that is currently negotiating changes to the treaty, the fallout from the crisis over bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and the development of a second overall plan for action on public health under the existing provisions of the Maastricht treaty.

An early step of Britain's new government has been to signal a radical change in Britain's attitude to Europe. The prime minister has stated that he will sign up to the European social chapter, while …
DNA Damage Induces Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT)–Associated Promyelocytic Leukemia Bodies that Preferentially Associate with Linear Telomeric DNA
Authors: Clare L. Fasching, Axel A. Neumann, Alessandra Muntoni, Thomas R. Yeager, Roger R. Reddel
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The linear chromosomes of vertebrates terminate in telomeres that consist of a tandemly repeated hexameric sequence, 5′TTAGGG3′. Telomeres form a protective loop structure (t-loop), which is thought to prevent them from being recognized as a double-strand break. Approximately 10% of human tumors prevent shortening of their telomeres by using a recombination-mediated alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. ALT-positive human cells contain extrachromosomal telomere repeat (ECTR) DNA that may either be circular or linear. It has been proposed that ECTR may be generated by recombination events involving the t-loop. A proportion of the cells within ALT-positive cell populations contain promyelocytic leukemia (PML) nuclear bodies that contain telomeric DNA and telomere-binding proteins that are called ALT-associated PML bodies (APB). Although the presence of APBs is very useful for determining whether tumors and cell lines use the ALT mechanism, the function of APBs is unknown. It has previously been shown that telomeric DNA is particularly susceptible to damage by hydrogen peroxide and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. We report here that these DNA-damaging agents induce both linear and circular ECTR DNA in ALT cells and increase the proportion of cells that contain APBs. We partially purified APBs and showed that the telomeric repeat DNA they contain is predominantly linear. We propose that a function of APBs is to sequester linear telomeric DNA. [Cancer Res 2007;67(15):7072–7]
William Carlos Williams: The American Background
Authors: Alister Brass
Journal: JAMA (1972)

A century ago it was still just possible for an  writer to be wholeheartedly  while keeping one cultural foot firmly planted on each side of the Atlantic. The world was a small enough place, and a specifically American idiom had yet to evolve. After 1900 one had to make a definite choice. T. S. Eliot, for example, turned his back on America and opted for Old World England. Dr. William Carlos Williams—physician, poet, and the subject of this scholarly if tangled book—chose the  way, and could never hide his scorn at the turncoats.  Nevertheless, as a young medical student Williams too felt the magnetism of Europe. But, unlike his lifelong friend Ezra Pound, he refused the call and settled instead into practice in Rutherford, NJ, where he spent his long and productive life writing poetry, novels, articles, plays, and letters in between attending to his equally demanding
Mechanism of thrombin inhibition by heparin cofactor II in the presence of dermatan sulphates, native or oversulphated, and a heparin-like dextran derivative
Authors: Raoui M. Maaroufi, Marcel Jozefowicz, Jacqueline Tapon-Bretaudière, Jacqueline Jozefonvicz, Anne-Marie Fischer
Journal: Biomaterials (1997)
Pressure measurements in the terminal vascular bed of the epimyocardium of rats and cats.
Authors: H Tillmanns, M Steinhausen, H Leinberger, H Thederan, W Kübler
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

In order to measure pulsatile pressures in microvessels of the left ventricular myocardium, we developed a method that extends the use of the resistance servo-nulling technique to the beating mammalian heart.In 9 cats and 25 rate, we studied the terminal vascular bed of the ventricular epimyocardium by incident light in vivo microscopy, using a highly sensitive television camera tape system.Following intravenous administration of fluorescent dextrans, microvascular diameters and flow patterns could be observed continuously.Intrahuninal pressures in the microvascular bed of the cat and rat heart were determined by micropuncture and a micropipet servo-nulling sy stem.In contrast to larger coronary arterioles (diameters 160-300 pan), smaller arterioles with diameters <100 fim showed a considerable pressure drop between ascending aorta and the site of pressure recording.In venules of the epimyocardium, the pressure curve exhibited a late systolic peak, occurring just before aortic valve closure.Maximal coronary arteriolar dilatation by dipyridamole (0.5 mg/kg body weight, iv) provoked only a slight increase in systolic coronary venular pressure (controls 25 ± 3 mm Hg, dipyridamole 27 ± 6 mm Hg).On the other hand, positive inotropic intervention by intravenous infusion of dobutamine (6 /ig/kg per min), as well as the application of norepinepht-ine, resulted in a marked rise of systolic coronary venular pressure.These data suggest that the contractile state of the myocardium and left ventricular afterload are the major determinants of systolic coronary venular pressure.
Soluble Guanylate Cyclase α <sub>1</sub> and β <sub>1</sub> Gene Transfer Increases NO Responsiveness and Reduces Neointima Formation After Balloon Injury in Rats via Antiproliferative and Antimigratory Effects
Authors: Peter Sinnaeve, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Zengxuang Nong, Olivier Varenne, Natascha Van Pelt, Hilde Gillijns, Desire Collen, Kenneth D. Bloch, Stefan Janssens
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Abstract —In vascular smooth muscle cells, NO stimulates the synthesis of cGMP by soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), a heterodimer composed of α 1 and β 1 subunits. NO/cGMP signal transduction affects multiple cell functions that contribute to neointima formation after vascular injury. Balloon-induced vascular injury was found to decrease sGC subunit expression and enzyme activity in rat carotid arteries. The effect of restoring sGC enzyme activity on neointima formation was investigated using recombinant adenoviruses specifying sGC α 1 and β 1 subunits (Adα1 and Adβ1). Coinfection of cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells with Adα1 and Adβ1 increased NO-stimulated intracellular cGMP levels 60-fold and decreased DNA synthesis and migration by 16% and 48%, respectively. Immunoreactivity for α 1 and β 1 subunits colocalized in carotid arteries infected with Adα1 and Adβ1. Molsidomine-stimulated carotid tissue cGMP levels were greater after coinfection with Adα1 and Adβ1 than after infection with a control virus, AdRR5 (0.53±0.09 pmol/mg protein, mean±SEM, versus 0.23±0.09, P &lt;0.05). Mean intima/media ratio, 2 weeks after balloon injury and twice-daily administration of 5 mg/kg molsidomine, was less in rats coinfected with Adα1 and Adβ1 than in rats infected with AdRR5 or in uninfected rats (0.36±0.11 versus 0.81±0.13 and 0.75±0.25, respectively, P &lt;0.05). Thus, Adα1 and Adβ1 gene transfer to balloon-injured rat carotid arteries increases NO responsiveness and attenuates neointima formation via a direct antiproliferative and antimigratory effect on vascular smooth muscle cells.
Fluorescent Staining of Human Chromosomes
Authors: Park S. Gerald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

In the mid-1950's, Tjio and Levan applied the technics of plant cytology to the study of human cells and were able to demonstrate for the first time that 46 chromosomes were present in the normal human cell. This technical feat was followed in 1959 by the discovery that Down's syndrome was the result of an extra chromosome. The next technical advance resulted from the observation, in 1960, that kidney-bean extract ("phytohemagglutinin") contained a mitogenic substance that could stimulate peripheral leukocytes to divide. (The name phytohemagglutinin emphasizes the accidental origin of the extract's use as a mitogenic agent; the bean extract . . .
Detecting diminutive colorectal lesions at colonoscopy: a randomised controlled trial of pan-colonic versus targeted chromoscopy
Authors: D P Hurlstone, S S Cross, R Slater, D S Sanders, S Brown
Journal: Gut (2004)

<b>Background:</b> Diminutive and flat colorectal lesions can be difficult to detect using conventional colonoscopic techniques. Previous data have suggested that pan-chromoscopy may improve detection rates. No randomised control trial has been performed examining detection rates of such lesions while controlling for extubation time and lavage effect. <b>Aim:</b> We conducted a randomised controlled trial of pan-colonic chromoscopic colonoscopy for the detection of diminutive and flat colorectal lesions while controlling for extubation time and lavage effect. <b>Methods:</b> Consecutive patients attending for routine colonoscopy were randomised to either pan-chromoscopy using 0.5% indigo carmine (IC) or targeted chromoscopy (control group). A minimum diagnostic extubation time was set at eight minutes with controls undergoing a matched volume of saline wash. <b>Results:</b> A total of 260 patients were randomised; 132 controls and 128 to pan-colonic chromoscopy. Extubation times did not differ significantly between the control (median 15 minutes (range 8–41)) and chromoscopy (median 17 minutes (range 8–39)) groups. The volume of IC used in the pan-chromoscopy group (median 68 ml (range 65–90)) and normal saline used in the control group (69 ml (range 60–93)) did not differ significantly. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the total number of adenomas detected (p&lt;0.05) with significantly more diminutive (&lt;4 mm) adenomas detected in the pan-chromoscopy group (p = 0.03). Pan-chromoscopy diagnosed more diminutive and flat lesions in the right colon compared with controls (p&lt;0.05), with more patients with multiple adenomas (&gt;3) detected using pan-chromoscopy (p&lt;0.01). Hyperplastic lesions were more commonly detected in the pan-chromoscopy group compared with controls (p&lt;0.001). More hyperplastic polyps were detected in the left colon (86% rectosigmoid) using chromoscopy compared with controls. <b>Conclusion:</b> Chromoscopy improves the total number of adenomas detected and enhances the detection of diminutive and flat lesions. Importantly, eight diminutive lesions had foci of high grade dysplasia. Chromoscopy may benefit patients, assuming a high risk of colorectal cancer, and help in risk stratification and planning follow up colonoscopy intervals.
The Schilling Test
Authors: Edward B. Silberstein
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The diagnosis of states of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>malabsorption, especially in patients with pernicious anemia, was enormously simplified by Schilling in 1953.<sup>1</sup>It had previously been noted by Conley et al<sup>2</sup>that raising the parenterally given dose of cyanocobalamin led to an increasing percent of that dose appearing in the urine. Subsequently, Schilling showed that a large injection (1 mg) of nonradioactive cyanocobalamin given two hours after oral administration of the radioisotope enhanced the percent of radioactive cyanocobalamin excreted. The mechanism involved appeared to be the blocking of vitamin B<sub>12</sub>-binding sites in liver and plasma by the parenterally given drug. Thus urine could replace stool<sup>3</sup>as biological material for measuring, albeit indirectly, vitamin B<sub>12</sub>absorption. Today, less commonly employed techniques include external hepatic scanning' and whole body counting.<sup>5</sup> The patient with pernicious anemia lacks the ability to produce intrinsic factor, a thermolabile glycoprotein
The Roentgenographic Diagnosis of Diseases of the Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Joseph E. Whitley
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The stated purpose of this book is to bring together in one volume the current knowledge about diseases of the thoracic aorta with emphasis on roentgenographic examination. The author succeeds admirably. Three chapters are devoted to roentgenologic methods of examination, complications of these techniques, and their management. There is one chapter on the normal roentgenologic appearance of the aorta and eight chapters on disease states. The illustrations are both good and numerous. The bibliographies after each chapter are extensive and contain references published as recently as 1972. This book is recommended as a ready, concise reference with a good bibliography to angiographers who examine the thoracic aorta frequently or occasionally. It is also valuable to chest roentgenogram readers, particularly for the angiogram and plain film correlations it contains.