tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Characterization and biological properties of a hepatitis B virus isolated from a patient without hepatitis B virus serologic markers
Authors: Jake T. Liang, Hubert E. Blum, Jack R. Wands
Journal: Hepatology (1990)

We have developed a rapid method to characterize genomic diversity of low–level hepatitis B and related viral agents after their identification in serum by high–affinity HBsAg–antibody monoclonal antibody capture and subsequent polymerase chain reaction amplification. Serum from an individual with chronic liver disease and without hepatitis B virus serological markers but reactive by monoclonal antibody capture/polymerase chain reaction amplification was inoculated into a chimpanzee. After inoculation, an acute hepatitis B virus–like hepatitis developed in the chimpanzee. Analysis of serial liver biopsy samples showed the persistence of hepatitis B virus DNA for more than 17 mo after resolution of acute hepatitis and seroconversion. Applying the technique of restriction enzyme fragment analysis to serial chimpanzee liver biopsy samples and acute–phase sera, along with the serum inoculum, we established that all hepatitis B virus DNA sequences are derived from the same viral agent. We present evidence that the viral DNA persisted as a nonreplicating episomal form in the nucleus of hepatocytes. This study demonstrates that after clinical and serological recovery from an acute hepatitis, there may be persistence of low–level hepatitis B virus–related genome in the liver despite the presence of antibodies to HBsAg. Such persistence of viral genome may be a natural sequela of infection and may serve as a source of viral latency and possible reactivation. Finally, cloning and complete nucleic–acid sequencing of this virus have demonstrated multiple nucleotide and amino acid changes compared with all known hepatitis B virus subtypes. These changes may have contributed in part to a different antigenic composition or immunological reactivity of the host to this hepatitis B virus isolate. (Hepatology 1990;12:204-212).
TOXICOLOGIC NOTE ON NICOTINE
Authors: David I. Macht
Journal: JAMA (1927)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I have recently been asked for my opinion as a pharmacologist and toxicologist concerning an order made by a physician which was of such a nature that it is deemed desirable to publish a comment concerning it in this place. This order called for from twenty-five to thirty doses of nicotine alkaloid in solution, each dose containing one-thirtieth grain (2 mg.) of the nicotine alkaloid to be used by the physician for intramuscular injection in a patient. In my experience of twenty years as a physician and pharmacologist this was the first time that I have actually come across a prescription calling for nicotine to be used therapeutically (?), and as a specialist in pharmacology and experimental therapeutics I thought it worth while to review briefly the toxicology of nicotine for the benefit of the general profession. Nicotine is no longer recommended for therapeutic use in man. To
Intravitreal Bevacizumab for Subfoveal Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration at Twenty-four Months: The Pan-American Collaborative Retina Study
Authors: J. Fernando Arevalo, Juan G. Sánchez, Lihteh Wu, Maria H. Berrocal, Arturo A. Alezzandrini, Natalia Restrepo, Mauricio Maia, Michel E. Farah, Miguel Brito, Manuel Díaz-Llopis, Francisco J. Rodríguez, Guillermo Reategui, Juan Iturralde-Iraola, Patricia Udaondo-Mirete
Journal: Ophthalmology (2010)
Mental Health in a Multi-ethnic Society: A Multi-disciplinary Handbook
Authors: I. Nazareth
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Ed Suman Fernando Routledge, pounds sterling13.99, pp 235 ISBN 0 415 10547 4

The interaction of culture and mental health is complex. Early ideas that behaviour is determined wholly by one's country of origin are no longer tenable; we now regard cultural influences as dynamic processes that may change throughout a person's life span. I opened Mental Health in a Multi-ethnic Society expectantly, imagining that it would discuss the complex issues underlying transcultural mental health care. I was looking for innovation. …
MANAGEMENT OF SKULL FRACTURES AND BRAIN INJURIES
Authors: HARRY E. MOCK
Journal: JAMA (1942)

For the last twelve years the senior author has made a hobby of collecting consecutive proved skull fracture records from all sections of the country as a means of securing a cross section of management of brain injury cases by the profession. This paper is based on the accumulated material from 7,031 consecutive proved or practically proved skull fracture-brain injury cases. In addition to the 487 cases that we ourselves have treated or seen in consultation we have collected 6,544 consecutive skull fracture cases covering the period 1928 to 1940 from approximately one hundred surgeons and fifty hospitals representing every section of the country. This report is dedicated to these surgeons and the medical staffs of these hospitals, whose unselfish cooperation has made this clinical investigation possible. Facts collected from various sources warrant a conservative estimate of 600,000 serious head injuries, onethird of them proved skull fractures, as the
Randomized trial comparing pegylated interferon α‐2b versus pegylated interferon α‐2a, both plus ribavirin, to treat chronic hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus patients†
Authors: Montserrat Laguno, Carmen Cifuentes, Javier Murillas, Sergio Veloso, Maria Larrousse, Antoni Payeras, Lucia Bonet, Francese Vidal, Ana Milinkovic, Antoni Bassa, Concha Villalonga, Iñaki Pérez, Cristina Tural, Maria Martínez‐Rebollar, Marta Calvo, Jose Luis Blanco, Estaban Martínez, Jose M. Sánchez‐Tapias, Jose M. Gatell, Jose Mallolas
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Although two pegylated interferons (Peg-IFN) are available to treat chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, no head-to-head comparative studies have been published. We aim to compare the efficacy and safety of PEG IFN alfa-2b (PEG 2b) versus PEG IFN alfa-2a (PEG 2a), plus ribavirin (RBV). A prospective, randomized, multi-center, open-label clinical trial including 182 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients naïve for HCV therapy was performed. Patients were assigned to PEG 2b (80-150 mug/week; n = 96) or PEG 2a (180 mug/week; n = 86), plus RBV (800-1200 mg/day) for 48 weeks. The primary endpoint was sustained virological response (SVR: negative HCV-RNA 24 weeks after completion of treatment). At baseline, both groups were well balanced: 73% male; 63% HCV genotype 1 or [corrected] 4; 29% had fibrosis index of 3 or greater. The overall SVR was 44% (42% PEG 2b versus 46% PEG 2a, P = 0.65). Among genotypes 1 or [corrected] 4, SVRs were 28% versus 32% (P = 0.67) and 62% versus 71% (P = 0.6) in genotypes 2 or [corrected] 3 for PEG 2b and PEG 2a, respectively. Early virological response (EVR; >or=2 log reduction from baseline or negative HCV-RNA at week 12) was 70% in the PEG 2b group and 80% in the PEG 2a group (P = 0.13), reaching a positive predictive value of SVR of 64% and a negative predictive value of 100% in both arms. Side effects were present in 96% of patients but led to treatment discontinuation in 10% of patients (8% on PEG 2b and 13% on PEG 2a, P = 0.47).In patients with HIV, HCV therapy with PEG 2b or PEG 2a plus RBV had no significant differences in efficacy and safety.
Assessment of the left ventricular outflow tract in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by three-dimensional echocardiography
Authors: Alessandro Salustri, Marcel Kofflard, Folkert Ten Cate, Youssef Nosir, Giuseppe Trocino, David Keane, Wim Vletter, Jos Roelandt
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Endothelin-1 Is Involved in Norepinephrine-Induced Ventricular Hypertrophy In Vivo
Authors: Samer Kaddoura, John D. Firth, Kenneth R. Boheler, Peter H. Sugden, Philip A. Poole-Wilson
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has potent effects on cell growth and induces hypertrophy of cultured ventricular myocytes. Catecholamines increase expression of ET-1 mRNA by cultured myocytes. We investigated the role of endogenous ET-1 in catecholamine-induced hypertrophy in vivo by studying the effects of continuous norepinephrine infusion on physical and molecular markers of ventricular hypertrophy, ventricular and noncardiac expression of ET-1 mRNA, and the acute effects of bosentan, an orally active ET A and ET B receptor antagonist. Methods and Results Seventy male Sprague-Dawley rats (175 to 200 g) were divided into four groups: (1) sham-operated rats, (2) norepinephrine-infused rats (600 μg·kg −1 ·h −1 by subcutaneous osmotic pump, up to 7 days), (3) sham-operated rats given bosentan, and (4) norepinephrine-infused rats given bosentan. Bosentan (100 mg/kg once daily) was administered by gavage for 6 days starting 1 day before operation. Norepinephrine caused increases in absolute ventricular weight and ratios of ventricular weight to body weight and ventricular RNA to protein. Ventricular expression of mRNAs for atrial natriuretic factor, skeletal α-actin, and β-myosin heavy chain, which in adult rat ventricle are indicators of hypertrophy, also increased. Ventricular expression of ET-1 mRNA was elevated in the norepinephrine group at 1, 2, and 3 days. By 5 days, this had fallen to control levels. In lung, kidney, and skeletal muscle, norepinephrine did not significantly increase expression of ET-1 mRNA. Bosentan attenuated norepinephrine-induced increases in ventricular weight, ratio of RNA to protein, and expression of skeletal α-actin mRNA and β-myosin heavy chain mRNA at 5 days, but it did not attenuate increased ventricular expression of atrial natriuretic factor mRNA. Conclusions These data suggest that endogenous ET-1 plays a direct role in mediating norepinephrine-induced ventricular hypertrophy in vivo.
Avastin and Lucentis: a guide through the legal maze
Authors: D. Lock
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Opioid peptides, Met5- and Leu5-enkephalin, are known endogenous ligands for the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) associated with opioid analgesia at the spinal level. To determine the cellular sites for DOR- mediated actions, we examined the ultrastructural localization of DOR and Met5-enkephalin (ME) in the spinal cord by combining immunoperoxidase and immunogold-silver labeling for antibodies against DOR and ME, respectively. Antibodies for DOR localization were raised in guinea pig against peptide 34–47 (p34), an amino acid sequence within the extracellular N-terminus of the DOR recently cloned from mouse neuroblastoma glioma (NG-108) cells. Selective immunoperoxidase labeling for DOR was detected by light microscopy in NG-108 cells and in the lamina I and II of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (C2-C4). Electron microscopy of these spinal laminae revealed that the majority of the punctate varicosities seen by light microscopy were axon terminals. delta-opioid receptor-like immunoreactivity (DOR-LI) in axon terminals was most prominently associated with large dense core vesicles, and sometimes seen along the membranes of small clear vesicles and segments of the plasmalemma. A semiquantitative analysis of dually labeled sections revealed that of the terminals showing DOR- LI, 23/102 (23%) also contained Met5-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ME-LI). Conversely, 23/35 (66%) of the terminals showing ME-LI also showed DOR-LI. In addition to the presynaptic localization, selective postsynaptic densities within dendrites were also occasionally (9%) immunolabeled for the opioid receptor. These results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that DOR may serve autoreceptor functions on ME terminals as well as presynaptic modulation of other transmitters in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Additionally, the vesicular localization of DOR-LI in axon terminals suggests the involvement of these organelles in the transport of the receptors to the plasma membrane.
Pregnancy and sexual function in liver transplantation
Authors: Michael A. Heneghan, Markus Selzner, Eric M. Yoshida, Beat Mullhaupt
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)

In this the 11th Forum, we have reviewed many of the issues pertaining to sexuality and sexual function in the liver transplant recipient. It is disappointing that despite forty years of OLT, only a relatively small literature exists in relation to many of these topics, particularly the area of sexual health.
Prognosis in Postural (Orthostatic) Proteinuria
Authors: David A. Rytand, Stephen Spreiter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

THE excellent prognosis traditionally offered to patients with postural (orthostatic) proteinuria has come under some suspicion in recent years; it has been stated that "large numbers of carefully studied patients will have to be followed over long periods of time before the natural history of postural and intermittent proteinuria can be finally elucidated."1 To study this question, we reevaluated six patients in whom the diagnosis was made by Thomas Addis 42 to 50 years ago. Three had died of nonrenal causes (pulmonary carcinoma, myocardial infarction, and trauma) 42, 45, and 50 years after diagnosis; no renal disease was ever detected . . .
The construction and development of a grating monochromator and its application to the study of the reaction of the skin to light
Authors: L.A. MACKENZIE, W. FRAIN-BELL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1973)

The construction and performance of equipment consisting of a 1600 W xenon arc light source and a grating monochromator are described. Its suitability for use in the investigation of the reaction of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and to visible light is discussed.
Spironolactone and canrenoate: Different antialdosteronic diuretic agents Andriulli A, Arrigoni A, Gindro T, Karbowiak I, Buzzetti G, Armanini D. Canrenone and androgen receptor-active materials in plasma of cirrhotic patients during long-term K-canrenoate or spironolactone therapy. Digestion 1989; 44:155–162
Authors: P Gentilini
Journal: Hepatology (1991)
Book: They Don't Know What's Wrong
Authors: R. MacDonald
Journal: BMJ (2002)

James Le Fanu Robinson, £7.99, pp 316 ISBN 1 84119 305 4 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> Patients expect us to be able to explain why they feel like they do and to be able attach a diagnostic label to all their symptoms, however weird and wonderful. It says something about modern medicine that patients often feel relieved at having something “legitimate” wrong with them, however awful. They have … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Tamoxifen and Breast Cancer
Authors: Adriane Fugh-Berman
Journal: JAMA (1995)

That this book is so devoid of opinion is curious in light of the fact that at least one of the authors has a point of view on the subject: DeGregorio delivered a wellargued and compelling case against administering tamoxifen to healthy women before a congressional subcommittee in 1992. Perhaps the blandly neutral tone is an attempt to achieve objectivity (or inoffensiveness), but by avoiding controversy, the authors commit the far worse transgression of boring the reader. Written or, rather, compiled in a question-and-answer format, the book is primarily about tamoxifen: its mechanisms, use in breast cancer treatment, and use in cancer prevention. About a third of the book is on other breast cancer topics: general information, a summary of treatments, and future directions. It is in these nontamoxifen topics that the authors lose their footing. There are unfounded statements scattered among these chapters; some are repeated throughout the book,
Death by Malpractice
Authors: Stanley Wohl
Journal: JAMA (1986)

It all began like so many other cases he had managed in his long career. The elderly patient had an incurable cancer, but required a minor surgical procedure to alleviate some troublesome symptoms. Everyone, including the patient, understood that the procedure was to be, at best, a palliative measure designed to make the patient's final few months a little more bearable. And he was a patient who remained as active as possible and who clung to life with all his might. He was blessed with a caring, loving family whose members were unanimous in requesting that the procedure be done. The tumor board recommended it. It was to be routine.  The surgeon took on the case as a favor to a colleague. He certainly did not need the work. At 63, he was trying to curtail his busy operating schedule. For 30 years he had been the busiest general surgeon
109 HEPATITIS B VIRUS RESTRAINS ACTIVATION OF SPECIFIC INTERFERON RESPONSIVE GENES IN HUMAN HEPATOCYTES REPOPULATING THE LIVER OF UPA/SCID MICE
Authors: T. Bornscheuer, T. Volz, M. Lütgehetmann, A.W. Lohse, J.H. Bockmann, J. Petersen, M. Dandri
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Direct Inhibitory Effect of Hypercalcemia on Renal Actions of Parathyroid Hormone
Authors: Nama Beck, Harbans Singh, Sarah W. Reed, Bernard B. Davis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

The effects of calcium on the renal actions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) were studied in vivo and in vitro. In parathyroidectomized rats, variable levels of blood calcium concentration were induced by intravenous infusion of calcium. The renal responses to the injected PTH, i.e. phosphate and cyclic AMP excretion, were compared in these animals. After PTH injection, the increases of both phosphate and cyclic AMP excretion were less in the calcium-infused animals than in the control group without calcium infusion. There was an inverse correlation between the renal responses to PTH and plasma calcium concentration of 4.2-13.5 mg/100 ml. But calcium had no effect on phosphate excretion induced by infusion of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. In the in vitro experiments, the increase of cyclic AMP concentration in response to PTH was less in renal cortical slices taken from the calcium-infused animals than in ones from the control group without calcium infusion. Calcium also inhibited the activation of renal cortical adenylate cyclase in response to PTH, but calcium had no effect on phosphodiesterase. The data indicate that calcium directly inhibits renal actions of PTH both in vivo and in vitro. Such inhibitory mechanism is probably at or before the step of PTH-dependent cyclic AMP generation in the kidney.
Response to Letters Regarding Article, “Relationship Between Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia After Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome and Sudden Cardiac Death: Observations From the Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 36 (MERLIN-TIMI 36) Randomized Controlled Trial”
Authors: Benjamin M. Scirica, Eugene Braunwald, Chester M. Hedgepeth, Jie Qin, David A. Morrow, Luiz Belardinelli, Whedy Wang, Ewa Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, Jindrich Spinar, Freek W.A. Verheugt
Journal: Circulation (2011)

We thank Dr Madias for his insightful comments regarding the limitations of current clinical risk stratification for sudden cardiac death after an acute coronary syndrome and the great clinical need for the development of more sophisticated tools.With over 40 000 days of continuous electrocardiogram monitoring, the Metabolic Efficiency With Ranolazine for Less Ischemia in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 36 Trial (MERLIN-TIMI 36) is a rich database for future research, and we are currently investigating whether specific morphological features may identify a subset of more lethal ventricular arrhythmias.We appreciate Dr Madias's suggestions for additional analyses and have embarked on an evaluation of novel electrocardiogram techniques, such as heart rate variability, deceleration capacity, heart rate turbulence, morphological variability, and T-wave alternans, with promising preliminary findings. 1s raised by Drs LeLorier and Ayalloore, the issue of defining an appropriate response to the finding of frequent premature ventricular beats remains a clinical dilemma.Although premature ventricular beats and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia are associated with an increased risk of poor cardiovascular outcomes, no therapies using electrocardiographic data to guide specific treatment have been shown to modify overall mortality risk.As LeLorier and Ayalloore remind us, the ability to suppress premature ventricular beats does not translate directly to improved clinical outcome.Overall, the data from the MERLIN-TIMI 36 study provide reassuring safety information regarding ranolazine in ischemic heart disease and are coupled with several hypothesis-generating observations of a potential clinical benefit specifically in those high-risk patients who are at greatest risk: patients with ventricular tachycardia lasting at least 8 beats, 2 elevated natriuretic peptides, 3 or reduced left-ventricular function. 4We agree that prospective clinical trials evaluating the effect of ranolazine on clinical arrhythmic events, including sudden cardiac death in a high-risk population, would be of substantial clinical interest.
Multicenter Study of the Association between Betapapillomavirus Infection and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Jan Nico Bouwes Bavinck, Rachel E. Neale, Damiano Abeni, Sylvie Euvrard, Adele C. Green, Catherine A. Harwood, Maurits N.C. de Koning, Luigi Naldi, Ingo Nindl, Michael Pawlita, Herbert Pfister, Charlotte M. Proby, Wim G.V. Quint, Jan ter Schegget, Tim Waterboer, Sönke Weissenborn, Mariet C.W. Feltkamp
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Human papillomaviruses (betaPV) from the beta genus cannot be classified according to their oncogenicity due to a paucity of information. This study evaluates the association between betaPV infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in conjunction with measures of UV exposure and susceptibility. We performed case-control studies in the Netherlands, Italy, and Australia, countries with profoundly different UV exposures. The presence of 25 betaPV types in eyebrow hair follicles was determined using a highly sensitive HPV DNA genotyping assay, and antibodies for the 15 most prevalent betaPV types in a total of 689 squamous cell carcinoma cases and 845 controls were detected using multiplex serology. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for case-control comparisons and interaction analyses. BetaPV DNA was detected in eyebrow hairs of more than 90% of all participants. The presence of betaPV DNA was associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma in the Netherlands (OR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.3-5.8) and Italy (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 0.79-3.6), but not in Australia (OR = 0.91; 95% CI 0.53-1.6). Seropositivity for betaPV in controls ranged between 52% and 67%. A positive antibody response against 4 or more betaPV types was associated with squamous cell carcinoma in Australia (OR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.4-3.3), the Netherlands (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.4) and fair-skinned Italians (OR = 1.6, 95% CI 0.94- 2.7). The association between UV susceptibility and squamous cell carcinoma was stronger in betaPV-seropositive people. These combined data support the hypothesis that betaPV may play a role in the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
Thrombolysis with recombinant unglycosylated single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (saruplase) in acute myocardial infarction: influence of heparin on early patency rate (LIMITS study)
Authors: Ulrich Tebbe, Jürgen Windeler, Irmgard Boesl, Hans Hoffmann, Jaroslaw Wojcik, Medhat Ashmawy, Ernst Rüdiger Schwarz, Patric von Loewis, Peter Rosemeyer, Gwyn Hopkins, Hannes Barth
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)