tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sodium in Diets: Milliequivalent, Milligram?
Authors: G. EKNOYAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1972)

Letters, Comments, and Corrections1 October 1972Sodium in Diets: Milliequivalent, Milligram?G. EKNOYAN, M.D., F.A.C.P.G. EKNOYAN, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-77-4-661 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The letter of Dr. Freeman (Ann Intern Med76:1043-1044, 1972) suggesting that dietary sodium be ordered in milliequivalents rather than in milligrams deserves comment. Finding this recommendation most attractive and convincing, I confronted our dietitian with it. She took one look at it and very astutely pointed out that no mention of the patient is made in the letter. She very correctly reminded me that a dietitian may spend a few minutes a day talking to or taking orders from physicians, but the major part of her day is spent conveying that message to patients who have... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: G. EKNOYAN, M.D., F.A.C.P. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1972Volume 77, Issue 4Page: 661-662KeywordsDietSodium ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1972 PDF downloadLoading ...
Undispensed prescriptions in a mining general practice.
Authors: W H Waters, N V Gould, J E Lunn
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Seven per cent of prescription forms issued in a mining practice were not presented at chemists for dispensing. The people least likely to present their prescription forms were men aged 25-34 years, particularly miners. To get sickness benefit these men have to consult a doctor, but the medical content of the consultation in these circumstances is often perceived by them as irrelevant and the medication rejected. Children and old people nearly always presented their prescriptions. The percentage of undispensed prescription forms for the trainee doctor was higher than for the trainer, but age may have been a factor: older patients tended to consult the established doctor, whom they knew. Drugs affecting the cardiovascular system, moderate or strong analgesics, hypnotics, sedatives, tranquillisers, and antidepressants were rarely rejected, but mild analgesics and drugs prescribed for symptomatic relief, such as those affecting the alimentary system, cough mixtures, and skin preparations, were more often rejected.
US AIDS activists urge caution on new anti-HIV drugs
Authors: J Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Three years ago AIDS activists successfully petitioned the US government to accelerate the approval of drugs that showed promise against HIV. Last week many of them asked the government to drop the new system that has allowed at least three anti-HIV drugs to get on to the market faster. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) spent two days hearing from both sides of a debate that basically comes down to this. If you have a life threatening disease do you want to take a drug that is proved effective, even if you have to wait for two or three years, or would you rather try an unproved drug …
Marked Differences in Human Melanoma Antigen-Specific T Cell Responsiveness after Vaccination Using a Functional Microarray
Authors: Daniel S Chen, Yoav Soen, Tor B Stuge, Peter P Lee, Jeffrey S Weber, Patrick O Brown, Mark M Davis
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

Background In contrast to many animal model studies, immunotherapeutic trials in humans suffering from cancer invariably result in a broad range of outcomes, from long-lasting remissions to no discernable effect. Methods and Findings In order to study the T cell responses in patients undergoing a melanoma-associated peptide vaccine trial, we have developed a high-throughput method using arrays of peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) together with antibodies against secreted factors. T cells were specifically immobilized and activated by binding to particular pMHCs. The antibodies, spotted together with the pMHC, specifically capture cytokines secreted by the T cells. This technique allows rapid, simultaneous isolation and multiparametric functional characterization of antigen-specific T cells present in clinical samples. Analysis of CD8+ lymphocytes from ten melanoma patients after peptide vaccination revealed a diverse set of patient- and antigen-specific profiles of cytokine secretion, indicating surprising differences in their responsiveness. Four out of four patients who showed moderate or greater secretion of both interferon-γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) in response to a gp100 antigen remained free of melanoma recurrence, whereas only two of six patients who showed discordant secretion of IFNγ and TNFα did so. Conclusion Such multiparametric analysis of T cell antigen specificity and function provides a valuable tool with which to dissect the molecular underpinnings of immune responsiveness and how this information correlates with clinical outcome.
Cardiotrophin-1 can protect cardiac myocytes from injury when added both prior to simulated ischaemia and at reoxygenation
Authors: B Brar
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2001)

Objective: The cytokine cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) has previously been shown to protect cultured cardiocytes from cell death induced by serum removal or hypoxia when administered prior to the damaging stimulus. We wished to test whether a similar protective effect could be observed if CT-1 was added after the ischaemic period and to investigate the signalling pathways involved in the protective effect when CT-1 is given prior to or after ischaemia. Methods: We therefore examined the protective effect of CT-1 in cultured rat cardiocytes exposed to simulated ischaemia followed by reoxygenation when CT-1 was administered either prior to simulated ischaemia or at reoxygenation. Results: We show that CT-1 can exert a protective effect against the damaging effects of simulated ischaemia/reoxygenation both when added after the simulated ischaemia at reoxygenation (P<0.05 in trypan blue, TUNEL and annexin V assays) or when added prior to the simulated ischaemia (P<0.05). In both cases, these protective effects are blocked by an inhibitor of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway (P<0.05 in all assays). Conclusion: CT-1 can protect cardiac cells when added either prior to simulated ischaemia or at the time of reoxygenation following simulated ischaemia and these effects are dependent upon its ability to activate the p42/p44 MAPK pathway. Hence CT-1 may have therapeutic potential when added at the time of reperfusion following ischaemic damage.
Breast self examination
Authors: J. Austoker
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A large well conducted randomised controlled trial from Shanghai shows conclusively that teaching women how to examine their breasts does not lead to a reduction in mortality due to breast cancer compared with no screening at all.1 The findings should bring to an end more than decade of controversy and confusion in the United Kingdom concerning the efficacy and effectiveness of self examination of the breast.

In September 1991, in his retirement speech, Chief Medical Officer Sir Donald Acheson announced that breast self examination was not effective and may give a false sense of security. His remarks outraged women's health campaigners, fuelled by a media frenzy in favour of breast self examination that lasted several weeks. The introduction of a policy of breast awareness shortly afterwards only added to the confusion. Rather than ritually checking their breasts at a specific time each month according to a set technique, women were encouraged to take responsibility for their own health by taking convenient opportunities such as bathing or dressing to become familiar with their breasts at different times of the month and …
India's capping of drug prices will leave drugs costing near the market price
Authors: G. Mudur
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A panel of Indian ministers has proposed price controls on 348 drugs in what could be India’s first effort in 17 years to regulate the prices of drugs.

The panel set up by the Indian government recommended last week that the maximum price of a drug should be the weighted average price of the brands that command more than 1% of the market share of the product. Weighting will be according to the market share of each brand. 

But public health professionals and pharmaceutical experts have expressed concern that the proposed price capping mechanism is likely to help the drug industry and have little effect on the nation’s expenditure on drugs.

The panel disregarded suggestions from India’s health ministry and public health groups that price caps should be determined by production costs, with additional sums to account for the costs …
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity of sensitized spleen cells against target liver cells—in vivo andin vitro study with a mouse model of experimental autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Teruo Mori, Yoshio Mori, Hiromichi Yoshida, Shiro Ueda, Makoto Ogawa, Kenji Iesato, Yoko Wakashin, Masafumi Wakashin, Kunio Okuda
Journal: Hepatology (1985)

Spleen cells obtained from C57BL/6 (B6) mice with an experimental autoimmune hepatitis were transferred to normal C57BL/6 recipient mice. Most prominent liver damages occurred in the recipient mice injected with sensitized nylon wool column-adherent spleen cells from the donor mice. Production of such liver damage was blocked by treatment of the sensitized adherent spleen cells with anti-Thy 1,2 monoclonal antibody and complement before injection. Based on these in vivo results, a microcytotoxicity assay was performed using isolated C57BL/6 hepatocytes as target cells and sensitized spleen cells obtained from hepatitis donor mice as effector cells. The fraction of sensitized nylon wool-adherent spleen cells demonstrated a high cytotoxic activity against isolated syngeneic hepatocytes, although the other fractions and spleen cells of control animals showed no such effect. The cytotoxic activity of sensitized-adherent spleen cells against target hepatocytes was significantly reduced after treatment with anti-Thy 1,2 antibody and complement, but it increased after depletion of B cells and Fc receptor-bearing T-cells. Although these sensitized nylon wool-adherent spleen cells showed high cytotoxic activities against syngeneic hepatocytes, their cytotoxicity against allogeneic hepatocytes was lower. They exerted no cytotoxic activity against syngeneic renal glomerular cells and EL-4 thymoma cells. These results suggest that sensitized T-cells in the nylon wool column-adherent fraction play the role of cytotoxic killer cells against target liver cells in vitro.
Diagnostic Value of Translumbar Aortography
Authors: B. J. KOSZEWSKI, W. J. REEDY
Journal: Circulation (1957)

A historical review of aortography is made that substantiates its present status as a diagnostic tool, particularly in angiology and urology. The technic, premedication, and anesthesia are discussed in detail. The hazards of the procedure and their prevention are reviewed. The reactions to contrast media are enumerated. Aortography plays a selected but important role in the evaluation of aortic aneurysms, arterial occlusion, and stenosis of major vessels. Its value in the diagnosis of abdominal abnormalities is less encouraging. Numerous urologic disorders are discussed in their relationship to angiographic study.
Cycle length dependence of human action potential duration in vivo. Effects of single extrastimuli, sudden sustained rate acceleration and deceleration, and different steady-state frequencies.
Authors: M R Franz, C D Swerdlow, L B Liem, J Schaefer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

Using a new method for long-term recording of monophasic action potentials from the human heart, we studied in 17 patients the effects on ventricular action potential duration (APD) of three clinically pertinent cycle length perturbations: (1) single extrastimuli, (2) abrupt sustained rate acceleration and deceleration, and (3) different steady-state cycle lengths. Results were: (a) APD after single extrastimuli at progressively longer cycle lengths were related to the extrastimulus cycle length with a biphasic electrical restitution curve which after an initial steep rise and a subsequent transient descent rose again more gradually to a plateau at cycle lengths above 800-1,000 ms. (b) After a sustained step decrease in cycle length, the first APD shortened abruptly while final steady-state adaptation required up to several minutes. The transition between the rapid and slow phase of APD change was characterized by a variable alternans of APD which correlated inversely with the preceding diastolic interval. (c) In the steady state, APD correlated linearly with cycle length, increasing an average of 23 ms per 100 ms cycle length increase (r = 0.995). The divergence between steady-state and non-steady-state APD, and the slowness of steady-state adaptation, are important factors to be considered in clinical electrophysiologic studies and in rate correction algorithms of APD or QT intervals, respectively.
Chemical predictive modelling to improve compound quality
Authors: John G. Cumming, Andrew M. Davis, Sorel Muresan, Markus Haeberlein, Hongming Chen
Journal: Nature Reviews Drug Discovery (2013)

The 'quality' of small-molecule drug candidates — encompassing aspects including their potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic characteristics — is a key factor influencing the chances of success in clinical trials. Cumming and colleagues discuss the application of computational methods, particularly quantitative structure–activity relationships, in guiding the selection of higher-quality drug candidates, as well as cultural factors that may have affected their impact. The 'quality' of small-molecule drug candidates, encompassing aspects including their potency, selectivity and ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) characteristics, is a key factor influencing the chances of success in clinical trials. Importantly, such characteristics are under the control of chemists during the identification and optimization of lead compounds. Here, we discuss the application of computational methods, particularly quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs), in guiding the selection of higher-quality drug candidates, as well as cultural factors that may have affected their use and impact.
Renal damage and virus infection.
Authors: D. M. Anderson, D. N. Hutchinson
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Diagnosing MeaslesSIR,-NOW that measles vaccine is gener- ally available it becomes of more importance to make an accurate diagnosis of measles in infancy.A condition that sometimes seems to be mistaken for measles is exanthema subitum or roseola infantum.In this condition the small child aged 6 months to 3 years presents with a high fever possibly associated with slight coryza and cervical adenitis, but insufficient to account for the height of the fever.On the third to fourth day a generalized maculopapular rash develops with sudden sub- sidence of the pyrexia.The rash usually does not persist for 24 hours.Needless to add this illness does not prevent the development of measles at a later date.-Iam, etc.,
Balloon dilation angioplasty of aortic coarctations in infants and children.
Authors: J E Lock, J L Bass, K Amplatz, B P Fuhrman, W Castaneda-Zuniga
Journal: Circulation (1983)

Balloon dilation angioplasty (BDA) was attempted nine times in eight infants and children with aortic coarctation. In three infants (all with associated ventricular septal defect or atrioventricular canal and marked hemodynamic instability) dilation was attempted at a site of aortic narrowing that had not been operated on previously. Although the coarctation gradient fell 40% or more over the short term in two of the three, there was no angiographic or late gradient evidence of improvement. All three underwent subsequent coarctation surgery. Five dilations were performed in four infants and children who had previously undergone coarctation surgery (end-to-end anastomosis, attempted jump graft, and subclavian flap) and had residual gradients. Dilation was successful in all five cases, resulting in an increase in the diameter at the coarctation site (4.7 +/- 2.6 to 7.7 +/- 4.0 mm, p less than .05) and a decrease in the gradient measured 24 hr after dilation (42.0 +/- 15.5 to 11.8 +/- 11.2 mm Hg, p less than .05). In one child with a long area of hypoplasia of the thoracic aorta and similar lesions of the brachiocephalic vessels, a preliminary attempt to dilate a severely narrowed subclavian artery was unsuccessful. Postdilation angiography demonstrated evidence of intimal tears in three of five successful dilations. Follow-up (1 to 6 months) has demonstrated continued gradient relief in four of five children. BDA is frequently, but not always, a successful treatment for human aortic coarctation. The chief determinant of success appears to be the nature of the lesion; short-term changes in coarctation gradient are unreliable indicators of success of failure. Although BDA was not associated with mortality or significant morbidity in this group of patients, its role in the management of children with coarctation is yet to be determined.
Imaging after trauma to the pelvis and hip
Authors: B A Petrisor, M Bhandari
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The driver of a vehicle in a head-on collision was brought by ambulance to the emergency room on a spine board with the cervical spine immobilised. The trauma team carried out a full primary and secondary survey according to ATLS (advanced trauma life support) protocol. Vital signs were stabilised after initial resuscitation, and the Glasgow coma scale score was 15. An isolated injury to the left hip was identified and the hip was flexed and adducted, and his leg was internally rotated. There were no open injuries to the left leg, and the distal neurological and vascular examination revealed no deficits. An anteroposterior pelvic radiograph was done as part of the secondary survey trauma series of radiographs (fig 1⇓). Fig 1 Initial presenting anteroposterior pelvic radiograph ### Short answers
"Organically" Grown Foodstuffs
Authors: R. A. Seelig
Journal: JAMA (1972)

ABSTRACT To the Editor.— With regard to the letter of Dr. Don Mitchell (219:1346, 1972), his general attack on the food supply is unjustified. The steadily increasing life span, decreasing death rate together with increasing height, plus continuing breakage of all the athletic records contradicts the idea that our foods are toxic, as he implies.At least with regard to fresh fruits and vegetables, the  foods that Dr. Mitchell seems to regard so highly are a complete fraud. First, a great deal of what is offered as organically grown is commercial stock mislabeled so it can be sold at a 50% to 100% premium. We have traced some of it to its origin and found it fraudulent.Secondly, for this huge price premium, the organic fruits and vegetables should offer one or more of the following benefits: (1) higher nutrient content; (2) better quality; and (3) more safety. They
Disparities in Cardiovascular Care
Authors: Nakela L. Cook
Journal: Circulation (2010)

an Institute of Medicine panel identified health care delivery and disparities as the nation's top 2 priorities for comparative effectiveness research. 1We have long known that disparities in the delivery of cardiovascular care are pervasive and harmful; the literature is robust and clear.These disturbing disparities are most prominent for emerging hightechnology procedures.Compared with whites, blacks are less likely to undergo coronary angiography and revascularization and are more likely to die of cardiovascular disease. 2 As the cardiovascular research community moves from describing disparities to finding solutions, a key question emerges: Will improving quality of care for all patients eliminate disparities, or should we tailor our approach and target particular contributors and populations? Article see p 2294In this issue of Circulation, Cohen et al 3 used data from the American Heart Association's (AHA) Get With the Guidelines (GWTG) program to address the long-standing debate of whether improving quality of care overall is enough to eliminate disparities in care.Based on a sample of Ͼ140 000 patients with acute myocardial infarction seen in 443 hospitals between 2002 and 2007, the authors found that a general trend toward improved quality of care was associated with an apparent elimination of disparities.In 2002, 70% of whites and Hispanics received "defect-free care," whereas only 60% of blacks did; by 2007, well over 90% of all patients received defect-free care with no substantial differences in ethnic groups.The AHA GWTG program is a remarkable quality improvement collaborative.Participation in the GWTG-Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) program has been independently associated with improvements in guideline adherence above that in other hospitals participating in public reporting programs. 4Many hospitals enrolled in the GWTG program achieve extraordinarily high levels of recommended care for heart failure, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke.Improvements in these process measures in part explain lower risk-adjustedThe opinions expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
Positive Gallium-67 Citrate Uptake in a Patient with Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia
Authors: MICHAEL F. CREAGH, B CHIR, THOMAS O. NUNAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Fibrous dysplasia is an uncommon bone condition with characteristic radiologic features. It is well known that there is increased uptake of Tc-99m hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) and methylene diphosphonate (MDP) in fibrous dysplasia. There are no reports of uptake of Ga-67 citrate by fibrous dysplasia. A case is reported in which positive Ga-67 uptake was seen in a patient with polyostottc fibrous dysplasia.
Viral Hepatitis, Clinical Teaching Project, American Gastroenterological Association. Unit3. 2Nd Ed. by R.S. Koff, J. L. Dienstag, C.A. Riely and P.H.R. Green. Timonium, Md:Milner–Frenwick, Inc., 1994. $150
Authors: Albert D. Min
Journal: Hepatology (1994)
Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: R AKEHURST
Journal: Gut (2001)

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic disorder that is associated with significant disability and health care costs. The purpose of this paper is to review and assess published randomised controlled trials examining the clinical effectiveness of interventions for IBS for 1987-1998. A literature search was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials of IBS treatments: 45 studies were identified that described randomised controlled trials and of these, six fulfilled all three criteria used to assess the quality of randomised controlled trials, as described by Jadad and colleagues.(1) These criteria are: adequate description of randomisation, double blinding, and description of withdrawals and dropouts. It is concluded that there are few studies which offer convincing evidence of effectiveness in treating the IBS symptom complex. This review strongly suggests that future work should include well designed trials that: describe the randomisation method; use internationally approved diagnostic criteria; and are double blinded and placebo controlled. Clear well defined outcome measures are necessary. Inclusion of quality of life measures allows comparison between trials in different therapeutic areas. Conducting such studies will help to overcome some of the difficulties identified in this review.
Seen from the other side: visual experiences during cataract surgery under topicalanaesthesia
Authors: Kuang Hu, Stephen Scotcher
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Patients who have cataract surgery under topical local anaesthetic can have colourful visual experiences.Here two such patients share their paintings inspired by what they sawCataract extraction is common, often done under topical local anaesthesia using modern small incision surgery.][3][4]