tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Tobacco Industry’s Role in the 16 Cities Study of Secondhand Tobacco Smoke: Do the Data Support the Stated Conclusions?
Authors: Richard L. Barnes, S. Katharine Hammond, Stanton A. Glantz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Since 1996, the tobacco industry has used the 16 Cities Study conclusions that workplace secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposures are lower than home exposures to argue that workplace and other smoking restrictions are unnecessary.Our goal was to determine the origins and objectives of the 16 Cities Study through analysis of internal tobacco industry documents and regulatory agency and court records, and to evaluate the validity of the study's conclusions.The tobacco industry's purpose in conducting the 16 Cities Study was to develop data showing that workplace SHS exposures were negligible, using these data to stop smoking restrictions by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The extensive involvement of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company and the tobacco industry's Center for Indoor Air Research in controlling the study was not fully disclosed. The study's definition of "smoking workplace" included workplaces where smoking was restricted to designated areas or where no smoking was observed. This definition substantially reduced the study's reported average SHS concentrations in "smoking workplaces" because SHS levels in unrestricted smoking workplaces are much greater than in workplaces with designated smoking areas or where no smoking occurred. Stratifying the data by home smoking status and comparing exposures by workplace smoking status, however, indicates that smoke-free workplaces would halve the total SHS exposure of those living with smokers and virtually eliminate SHS exposure for most others.Data in the 16 Cities Study reveal that smoke-free workplaces would dramatically reduce total SHS exposure, providing significant worker and public health benefits.
Making research papers in the BMJ more accessible
Authors: M. Mullner
Journal: BMJ (2002)

In 1999 the BMJ started using a process called ELPS (electronic long, paper short) to publish shorter, more reader friendly versions of original research papers in the print journal.1 Because readability is just as important on the web, these shorter papers are also published on bmj.com along with their original longer versions. To make this clear to readers of bmj.com we mark the papers “abridged text” and “full text.” Like everything else on bmj.com, both versions of each research paper are freely accessible to everyone. The long versions are indexed for Medline, and are published in full on PubMed Central. Readers and authors seem pleased with ELPS so far, and we are continuing to explore new ways to serve their needs.

In our current ELPS process the long version of the paper, after acceptance, is edited according to BMJ style. We aim to eliminate language ambiguities and correct numerical errors not detected during peer review. After editing the paper is sent to the authors for approval. Then the long paper is shortened by a BMJ editor, and the short version …
Is outcome from ARDS related to the severity of respiratory failure?
Authors: M Ferring, JL Vincent
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1997)

The characteristics and outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) may have changed with time. Some studies have reported that mortality is more commonly related to the development of sepsis/multiple organ failure (MOF), and others that it is related to the severity of acute respiratory failure (ARF). The present study evaluates the relative importance of the two phenomena in a large series of patients. The clinical and biological data of all patients who developed ARDS during a 26 month period (January 1993 until February 1995) in our intensive care unit (ICU) were reviewed retrospectively. A total of 129 patients developed ARDS during the study period, representing an incidence of 2.4% of all ICU admissions. The mortality rate was 52%. The primary cause of death was sepsis/MOF (49%), followed by respiratory failure (16%), cardiac failure or arrhythmias (15%), neurological failure (10%), and other causes (8%). The mortality rate was related to age and degree of organ failure. MOF was not always a cause of late death, since half the deaths occurred within 5 days after admission. In addition, mortality was higher in septic than in nonseptic patients, and lower in trauma and surgical than in medical patients. We conclude that sepsis/multiple organ failure is still the most common cause of death in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Improvements in outcome of acute respiratory distress syndrome may depend more on treatment of sepsis and multiple organ failure than on oxygenation measures.
Crohn’s disease severity in familial and sporadic cases
Authors: F Carbonnel, G Macaigne, L Beaugerie, J P Gendre, J Cosnes
Journal: Gut (1999)

Background Having a relative with inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk for Crohn’s disease but may also increase its severity in affected patients. Aims To evaluate the influence of a family history on Crohn’s disease course and severity. Methods 1316 patients followed in the same unit were studied retrospectively. Age at onset, duration of illness, site, and extent of disease were determined in patients with and without a family history. Additionally, disease severity was estimated by the need for medical therapy (steroid and immunosuppressive requirement) and the frequency and extent of excisional surgery. Results 152 (12%) patients had a family history of inflammatory bowel disease. Duration of follow up was longer in patients with a family history and there were more operations for perforating complications in familial cases. However, the importance of medical therapy, and the incidence and extent of excisional surgery were similar in familial and and sporadic cases. Kaplan-Meier estimated time to prescription of immunosuppressive drugs and first intestinal resection were similar in familial and sporadic cases. When the 152 patients with familial Crohn’s disease were paired for sex, location of disease at onset, date of birth, and date of diagnosis with 152 patients with sporadic Crohn’s disease, the disease severity remained similar in the two groups of paired patients. Conclusion Patients with Crohn’s disease and a family history of inflammatory bowel disease do not have a more severe course.
"Alcohol in Official Preparations."
Authors: Francis Hemm
Journal: JAMA (1907)

St. Louis, Feb. 24, 1907. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —A letter inThe Journal, February 9, page 535, by Dr. George Homan, on the above subject, interests me. The statements regarding the dangers from the use of alcohol in medicinal preparations when not necessary, are very much to the point. Adding his views to the many others recently expressed, it seems that the time has really come to curtail the employment of alcohol as far as practicable. Speaking pharmaceutically, I would call the prescriber's attention to the fact that the U. S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary as now constituted offer the choice of so many non-alcoholic liquid medicines that it is scarcely ever necessary to have to resort to those containing even small quantities of alcohol. Those containing objectionable amounts could be ignored and would never be missed. The entire therapeutics of the Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary must be
Heat shock factor-1 protein in heat shock factor-1 gene-transfected human epidermoid A431 cells requires phosphorylation before inducing heat shock protein-70 production.
Authors: X Z Ding, G C Tsokos, J G Kiang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Heat shock factor-1 (HSF1) is a transcriptional factor that binds to heat shock elements located on the promoter region of heat shock protein genes. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the regulation of the expression of the heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) gene. The HSF1 gene was inserted into pCDNA3 plasmid and then transfected into human epidermoid A431 cells using the CaOP3 method. Control cells were transfected with vector alone. Expression of HSP-70, HSF1, and HSF2 genes and protein were determined. We found a significant increase in the expression of the HSF1 gene, but not HSP-70 and HSF2 genes, in the HSF1 gene-transfected cells. The amount of HSF1-heat shock element complex was significantly increased in both the nucleus and cytosol in HSF1 gene-transfected cells, indicating increased synthesis of HSF1. The amount of HSP-72 in these cells did not change. Therefore, overexpression of HSF1 protein failed to initiate transcription of the HSP-70 gene. Subsequently, we treated the cells with 1 microM PMA (a protein kinase C stimulator), and HSP-70 mRNA and protein were measured at 1 or 4 h of the treatment, respectively. The levels of both HSP-70 mRNA and HSP-72 protein were significantly increased in nontransfected and transfected cells; the levels of HSP-72 in HSF1 gene-transfected cells were greater than that found in the vector-transfected cells. The PMA-induced increase in HSP-72 protein peaked 8 h after treatment with PMA and returned to baseline levels at 72 h. This increase was blocked by a PKC inhibitor, staurosporine. After treatment with PMA, HSF1 translocated quickly from cytosol to nucleus. The results suggest that phosphorylation of newly synthesized HSF1 and possibly of other factors are necessary for the induction of HSP-72. Activation of PKC can cause phosphorylation of HSF1, which leads to an enhanced but transient increase in HSP-70 production.
Stem cells and cardiac disorders: an appraisal
Authors: M Goldenthal
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

The use of stem cells has proved to be an important tool in investigating the events of early cardiac development, differentiation, and morphogenesis. In addition, stem cell transplantation in the treatment of certain cardiac disorders has shown early promise. We have attempted to present a balanced review of both basic studies and clinical–therapeutic potential of stem cells transplantation in the damaged heart.
Evaluation of Problems in Assisted Ventilation
Authors: E. Leslie Chusid
Journal: JAMA (1981)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The article by Goodman and Putman, "Radiological Evaluation of Patients Receiving Assisted Ventilation" (1981;245:858-860), contains pertinent information for all physicians interested in critical care. I would like to add three other examples of patient ventilation problems wherein radiological evaluation is important. The first is the inspection of the inflated cuff site of the endotracheal tube. On chest films this is found by measuring 2 to 3 cm up from the radiopaque tip of the endotracheal tube. One should measure the diameter of the trachea at this level and compare it with the tracheal diameter at a noncuff site. According to Khan and Reddy,<sup>1</sup>an intratracheal cuff-site diameter to non-cuff-site diameter ratio (C/T ratio) of more than 1.5:1 could mean tracheal membrane thinning or excessive cuff pressure, possibly leading to postintubation stenosis. Therefore, the C/T ratio represents an important radiological guide. The second example is that of
Psychosocial Factors and Complications of IDDM. The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. VIII
Authors: Cathy E Lloyd, Karen A Matthews, Rena R Wing, Trevor J Orchard
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

Objective — To investigate whether psychosocial factors are associated with diabetic complications. Research Design and Methods — Questionnaires on quality of life, depressive symptomatology, and personality type were completed and a clinical assessment was performed. The study population was an incident cohort of childhood-onset insulin-dependent diabetic (IDDM) subjects whose duration of IDDM was ≥ 25 yr (n = 175). Results — Patients with macrovascular disease (P &amp;lt; 0.01) or nephropathy (P &amp;lt; 0.05) reported significantly poorer quality of life compared with those who were free from all complications. Patients with macrovascular disease also reported greater depressive symptomatology (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Quality of life significantly deteriorated according to the presence of multiple (≥ 4) complications (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Higher depression symptom scores were also related to the presence of ≥4 complications (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Those with multiple complications reported less type A behavior than those without any complications (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusions — This study shows that psychosocial differences exist according to both the number and the type of diabetic complications present. Because poorer quality of life and symptoms of depression may both result form complications, prospective follow-up is needed to clarify their temporal interrelationships, and to determine whether type A personality affords any protection against complications or is diminished as a result of developing complications.
Dual role of collagen in factor XII–dependent thrombus formation
Authors: Paola E. J. van der Meijden, Imke C. A. Munnix, Jocelyn M. Auger, José W. P. Govers-Riemslag, Judith M. E. M. Cosemans, Marijke J. E. Kuijpers, Henri M. Spronk, Steve P. Watson, Thomas Renné, Johan W. M. Heemskerk
Journal: Blood (2009)
The Bradshaw Lecture on the Treatment of Enteric Fever: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London on November 15th, 1904
Authors: F. F. Caiger
Journal: BMJ (1904)

Surgeon-Major Kleine, and in spite of repeated microscopical examinations no trace of trypanosome could ever be dis- covered.But the dog experiment in this case, as well as in that of the Togo mare, proved the existence of trypanosomes.This artidcially-immunized animal, in spite of apparent good health, retained thl trypanosome for years.It was in the eame condition as the large antelopes andl buffaloes which are, according to those most experienced in the tsetse regions, the principal source of tsetse infection.If we were to attempt to make whole herds of cattle immune in this way we would produce more permanent sources of infection, and tsetse disease, which we hoped to exterminate by artificial immunization, would in this way be permanently retained.Under these circumstances it will be clearly understood that [ do not think it advisable to combat tsetse disease by arti- ticial immunization.PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES.We must look for other means of attacking this epidemic, and these are, fortunately, not wanting.Action might be taken either against the intermediary, the stinging fly, or the parasites themselves.Whether anything can be done
Laparoscopic Aspects of Lepromatous Leprosy
Authors: J.M. Herrerias, A. Ariza, M. Garrido
Journal: Endoscopy (1980)

The authors performed laparoscopy on eight patients (six females and two males) with lepromatous leprosy. The findings show that goose flesh hepatomegaly (100% of the cases), and red or gray splenomegaly (75% of the cases) can be considered as laparoscopic hallmarks of lepromatous leprosy.
Tear of Plantar Fascia and Tibiocalcaneal Ligament With Positive F-18 FDG PET Findings
Authors: Ba D. Nguyen, Spencer F. Chivers
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

Although PET/CT imaging provides the most comprehensive evaluation of cancer, coexisting hypermetabolic benign processes may interfere with the staging of aggressive malignancy such as melanoma and extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Acute and subacute skeletal injuries have been reported as false-positive PET findings. The authors present additional mimickers of high metabolic malignancy with a case of stage III recurrent melanoma featuring F-18 FDG accumulation at partially torn medial plantar fascia and tibiocalcaneal ligament of the left foot.
Gastrointestinal endoscopic findings in men with unexplained anemia and low normal ferritin values
Authors: Sa A. Wang, Oluwole Fadare, Anil Nagar, Nelofar Q. Shafi, Michal G. Rose
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2006)

Abstract Background: Most practice guidelines recommend endoscopic evaluation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in men and postmenopausal women with anemia and a serum ferritin less than 20–40 ng/ml. The diagnostic yield of endoscopy in patients with anemia, no GI symptoms or signs, and low normal ferritin is not known. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the yield of upper and lower GI endoscopic evaluations in anemic patients with ferritin levels between 40 and 100 ng/ml. Design: A retrospective review of patients' charts was conducted. Subjects and methods: Patients at the Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System who underwent GI endoscopic evaluation for the sole indication of anemia and ferritin in the low normal range (40–100 ng/ml) were included in this study. Measurements: Incidence of pathology of the upper and lower GI tract was determined. Results: We identified 54 male patients who had a ferritin level of 40–100 ng/ml and no GI symptoms or known GI bleeding. Upper GI findings (malignancy, peptic ulcers, Helicobacter pylori gastritis, arteriovenous malformations) were found in 14/47 cases (30%). Lower gastrointestinal findings, including large tubular adenomas and arteriovenous malformation, were identified in 3/53 cases (6.7%). Conclusion: Our study supports GI endoscopy in anemic patients with ferritin between 40 and 100 ng/ml, even in the absence of GI symptoms or documented bleeding. Am. J. Hematol. 81:324–327, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
MicroRNAs in Cancer: Small Molecules With a Huge Impact
Authors: Marilena V. Iorio, Carlo M. Croce
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Every cellular process is likely to be regulated by microRNAs, and an aberrant microRNA expression signature is a hallmark of several diseases, including cancer. MicroRNA expression profiling has indeed provided evidence of the association of these tiny molecules with tumor development and progression. An increasing number of studies have then demonstrated that microRNAs can function as potential oncogenes or oncosuppressor genes, depending on the cellular context and on the target genes they regulate. Here we review our current knowledge about the involvement of microRNAs in cancer and their potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools.
Delayed Treatment of Traumatic Rupture of the Thoracic Aorta With Endoluminal Covered Stent
Authors: H. Rousseau, P. Soula, P. Perreault, B. Bui, B. Janne d’Othée, P. Massabuau, G. Meites, P. Concina, M. Mazerolles, F. Joffre, P. Otal
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Stent grafting is emerging as a new treatment for several pathological conditions involving the thoracic aorta. We studied the feasibility and safety of this technique for delayed treatment of ruptures of the aortic isthmus. Methods and Results —Nine patients (14 to 76 years old; mean, 37 years; male/female ratio, 8/1) underwent stent grafting of the aortic isthmus in subacute (n=5) or chronic (n=4) aortic traumatic rupture after a motor accident. In subacute ruptures, this treatment was delayed (1 to 8 months; mean, 5.4 months) because of the severity of other associated injuries. Stent grafting was technically successful (defined as complete exclusion of the pseudoaneurysmal sac) in all patients. Short-term fever and biological inflammatory syndrome occurred in 3 patients. Two major complications occurred: in 1 patient, an early occlusion of the left subclavian artery was treated by placement of 2 Palmaz stents. In another patient, an atelectasis related to an increase of preexisting compression of the left main bronchus by the pseudoaneurysmal sac was successfully treated by temporary placement of an endobronchial silicone stent. Mean follow-up was 11.6 months (range, 3 to 21 months). Thrombosis of the pseudoaneurysmal sac was found in all patients. Conclusions —In the absence of available extended follow-up about the safety and effectiveness of endovascular grafting, this approach seems to be a viable therapeutic option for traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus, but appropriately controlled prospective studies are needed before we can recommend its widespread use.
Should hospices be exempt from following national cardiopulmonary resuscitation guidelines? No
Authors: C. Regnard, F. Randall
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is traumatic and often unsuccessful in seriously ill patients. <b>Max Watson and colleagues (</b>doi:10.1136/bmj.b965) argue that current guidelines on its use are unsuitable for hospices, but <b>Claud Regnard</b> and <b>Fiona Randall</b> believe they ensure all patients get the best care
Age-associated decrease of CD1d protein production in normal human skin
Authors: M.A. Adly, H.A. Assaf, M.R. Hussein, K. Neuber
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Journal Article Age‐associated decrease of CD1d protein production in normal human skin Get access M.A. Adly, M.A. Adly Department of Zoology, Sohag Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt *Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt †Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt ‡Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H.A. Assaf, H.A. Assaf Department of Zoology, Sohag Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt *Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt †Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt ‡Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M.R. Hussein, M.R. Hussein Department of Zoology, Sohag Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt *Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt †Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt ‡Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany Mahmoud R. Hussein. E‐mail: mrh17@swissinfo.org Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. Neuber K. Neuber Department of Zoology, Sohag Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt *Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Sohag Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Sohag, Egypt †Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt ‡Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Hamburg‐Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 155, Issue 1, 1 July 2006, Pages 186–191, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07277.x Published: 01 July 2006 Article history Accepted: 01 December 2005 Published: 01 July 2006