tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Determination of Liver and Spleen Perfusion by Quantitative Sequential Scintigraphy: Results in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Portal Hypertension
Authors: H J BIERSACK, J TORRES, M THELEN, O MONZON, C WINKLER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1981)

Quantitative sequential hepatosplenic scintigraphy was performed to determine the arterial and portal components of the total liver circulation in 135 patients (no liver disease in 20, liver cirrhosis and portal ;hypertension in 115). Portal circulation in healthy patients is calculated to be 70.4 +/- 6.2% of the total liver blood flow, whereas patients with portal hypertension showed a clear reduction of portal perfusion to 20.2 +/- 10.9%. Thirteen of 20 patients having portosystemic shunt surgery showed no portal perfusion. This new, noninvasive diagnostic technique yields vital information particularly useful in ;the surgical evaluation of portal hypertension. Other indications are also discussed.
Alexander (“Alastair”) Cameron
Authors: D N L Ralphs
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former consultant surgeon Norfolk and Norwich Hospital (b 1933; q Edinburgh 1956; ChM, FRCS Ed, FRCS), d 20 February 2004.

Alastair served as surgeon lieutenant on HMS Torquay and HMS Scarborough and was present at the nuclear tests on Christmas Island—which he held later to be responsible for his bald pate—before being appointed senior house officer at the North Middlesex Hospital in London. He became senior lecturer and honorary consultant surgeon at the Middlesex Hospital in 1970 and carried out pioneering work on fashioning the continent ileostomy. Alastair was appointed consultant surgeon at the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital in 1974, where he was its first specialist colo-proctologist. After a series of heart attacks he retired in 1988, and indulged his interests in astronomy, microscopy, modern languages, and ancient Greek. He leaves a wife, Elizabeth, and four sons.
Mitochondrial DNA copy number is modulated by genetic variation in the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
Authors: Tomas Fernández Gianotti, Gustavo Castaño, Carolina Gemma, Adriana L. Burgueño, Maria Soledad Rosselli, Carlos J. Pirola, Silvia Sookoian
Journal: Metabolism (2011)
G.P. Maternity Beds
Authors: D. G. May
Journal: BMJ (1961)

<h3>BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:</h3> Changes in cerebrovascular reactivity can be used to assess disease progression and response to therapy but require discrimination of pathology from normal test-to-test variability. Such variability is due to variations in methodology, technology, and physiology with time. With uniform test conditions, our aim was to determine the test-to-test variability of cerebrovascular reactivity in healthy subjects and in patients with known cerebrovascular disease. <h3>MATERIALS AND METHODS:</h3> Cerebrovascular reactivity was the ratio of the blood oxygen level–dependent MR imaging response divided by the change in carbon dioxide stimulus. Two standardized cerebrovascular reactivity tests were conducted at 3T in 15 healthy men (36.7 ± 16.1 years of age) within a 4-month period and were coregistered into standard space to yield voxelwise mean cerebrovascular reactivity interval difference measures, composing a reference interval difference atlas. Cerebrovascular reactivity interval difference maps were prepared for 11 male patients. For each patient, the test-retest difference of each voxel was scored statistically as z-values of the corresponding voxel mean difference in the reference atlas and then color-coded and superimposed on the anatomic images to create cerebrovascular reactivity interval difference z-maps. <h3>RESULTS:</h3> There were no significant test-to-test differences in cerebrovascular reactivity in either gray or white matter (mean gray matter, <i>P</i> = .431; mean white matter, <i>P</i> = .857; paired <i>t</i> test) in the healthy cohort. The patient cerebrovascular reactivity interval difference z-maps indicated regions where cerebrovascular reactivity increased or decreased and the probability that the changes were significant. <h3>CONCLUSIONS:</h3> Accounting for normal test-to-test differences in cerebrovascular reactivity enables the assessment of significant changes in disease status (stability, progression, or regression) in patients with time.
Megavitamin This and Megavitamin That
Authors: Philip L. White
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Elsewhere in this issue (p 550), Prof Thomas Jukes has a piece on megavitamin therapy. It is a bold article addressing a subject that has more popular appeal than scientific credibility. Megavitamin therapy means dosage with massive quantities of the vitamins (usually specified in grams), not dosage with amounts a million times the human requirement. Megavitamin therapy raises questions of propriety, regulatory process, pharmacology, and toxicology as well as professional and public responsibility. Impressive public figures, from two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling to members of Congress, apparently support the concept. Public acceptance of the practice is so deeply rooted that more than 20 bills have been introduced to weaken proposed regulations published by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and to pave the way for pharmacological lunacy. As pointed out by Prof Jukes, the movement to destroy the FDA regulations was generated primarily by the National Health Federation (NHF).
Survival after radiofrequency ablation and salvage transplantation in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and Child-Pugh A cirrhosis
Authors: Gisèle N’Kontchou, Mounir Aout, Alexis Laurent, Pierre Nahon, Nathalie Ganne-Carrié, Véronique Grando, Iman Baghad, Dominique Roulot, Jean Claude Trinchet, Nicolas Sellier, Daniel Cherqui, Eric Vicaut, Michel Beaugrand, Olivier Seror
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
OC-046 Guidelines on the endoscopic assessment of gastric polyps: is the workload justified?
Authors: T Jobson, P Thomas
Journal: Gut (2012)

<h3>Introduction</h3> British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of gastric polyps<sup>1</sup> recommend increased intensity of evaluation compared with traditional practice, including biopsy of ALL polyps, biopsy of intervening gastric mucosa (hyperplastic/adenomatous polyps) and 1 year follow-up of dysplasia; a considerable increase in endoscopic and histological workload. The purpose is to reduce risk, and increase early detection of gastric carcinoma. It would therefore be expected that in clinical practice there would be an association between gastric polyp detection and subsequent carcinoma, and that application of the guidelines would improve patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether this association exists in a DGH setting where traditional polyp assessment and surveillance was followed. <h3>Methods</h3> Our database was searched for gastroscopies where polyps were found over 5 years. These records were cross-referenced against the local cancer database for those 5 years plus 1 year of follow-up. Any cases where polyps were found along with subsequent cancers were audited. <h3>Results</h3> Details of 15 489 gastroscopies in 11 938 patients over 5 years (2006–2010) were analysed. 670 patients (756 gastroscopies) were found to have gastric polyps (5.6%—in line with larger studies).<sup>2</sup> In 2006–2011, 1328 upper GI cancers were recorded on the local register. Cross reference of these revealed 57 patients with polyps at gastroscopy who had a co-existent record on the local cancer register. Cases were excluded where cancer was diagnosed at the index endoscopy [45 patients with polypoid tumours or co-existent polyps where the guidelines would not have influenced outcome]. Seven of the remainder had non-gastric neoplasia. Of the remaining 5, 3 had a small neuroendocrine tumour on follow-up endoscopy, with no specific treatment. The other two were an 80 year old with a dysplastic polyp, followed up at 3 and 6 months when carcinoma was identified (the patient was not fit for radical treatment); and a patient with a large suspicious polyp—inflammatory on initial biopsies with dysplasia identified following intensive follow-up (leading to resection). Neither would have benefited from application of the guidance. <h3>Conclusion</h3> This retrospective analysis reveals no patients where an initial suspicion of simple fundic polyps was followed by a subsequent diagnosis of significant neoplasia, or where follow-up of hyperplastic polyps would prevent progression. On the basis of these results, the upper 95% confidence limit for patient benefit from the proposed algorithm is ≈0.5%. These guidelines should therefore be more thoroughly assessed for cost effectiveness. <h3>Competing interests</h3> None declared. <h3>References</h3> 1. <b>Goddard AF</b>, Badreldin R, Pritchard DM, <i>et al.</i><i>Gut</i> 2010;<b>59</b>:1270–6. 2. <b>Carmack SW</b>, Genta RM, Schuler CM, <i>et al.</i><i>Am J Gastroenterol</i> 2009;<b>104</b>:1524–32.
Tobacco advertising near schools
Authors: B Guthrie
Journal: BMJ (1994)

EDITOR, - Richard Smith has presented the case for a ban on tobacco advertising.1 Advertising and promotion of tobacco are currently regulated by a voluntary agreement between the government and the tobacco industry,2 and this has been used as a reason not to introduce such a ban. The voluntary agreement relies on the commitment of the tobacco industry to be effective, but the industry has frequently circumvented it - for example, by using sports sponsorship to gain access to television.3 …
Production of parathyroid hormone‐related protein by cultured human myeloma cells
Authors: Akira Suzuki, Takayuki Takahashi, Yoshiaki Okuno, Reiko Tsuyuoka, Yutaka Sasaki, Manabu Fukumoto, Hideki Katakami, Kenkichi Kita, Tsunefumi Shibuya
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1994)

We examined whether or not parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP) is produced in cultured human myeloma cells. PTH-rP protein was detected in the cell extract of one (U266) of 6 myeloma cell lines examined by radioimmunoassay. Also we demonstrated the expression of PTH-rP mRNA in all of the 6 lines. These findings indicate that PTH-rP may be one of the factors responsible for the bone destruction or hypercalcemia in multiple myeloma.
Radioisotopes as Diagnostic Aids in Gastroenterology
Authors: Julian M. Ruffin
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The value of I<sup>131</sup>-labeled triolein in the demonstration of impaired intestinal absorption in diseases of the small bowel and of the pancreas and also following subtotal resection for peptic ulcer has been well established. The distinction between a defect of digestion and an error of absorption can be made by the successive use of I<sup>131</sup>-labeled triolein and the I<sup>131</sup>-labeled oleic acid. Co<sup>60</sup>-labeled B<sub>12</sub>, in conjunction with intrinsic factor and antibiotics, has been found valuable in distinguishing between sprue, pernicious anemia, and the blind-loop syndrome. Red blood cells tagged with Cr<sup>51</sup>have been used to demonstrate intestinal bleeding; I<sup>131</sup>-labeled albumin is helpful in determining plasma volume.
Risk factors for acanthamoeba keratitis
Authors: C. F Radford, J. K G Dart, D. C Minassian
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Pitfalls in the interpretation of tumour markers ED1TOR,-We do not agree with H S Pandha and colleagues that poor sensitivity and specificity of assays cause a major problem in the measurement of a fetoprotein concentrations.'Measurements of a fetoprotein are used in several clinical situations, including to diagnose and monitor neoplastic disorders (such as germ cell tumours and hepa- tomas) and in antenatal screening for Down's syndrome and neural tube defects.Modem immunoassays for a fetoprotein have adequate sensitivity, and it is important for clinical labora- tories to use an assay that is specific for a feto- protein but that adequately detects all its molecular forms in view of the variety of clinical settings in which a fetoprotein is measured.In specific cases, identification of the particular form of a fetoprotein secreted may be valuable, but this is not generally required.Although concentrations of both a fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin were initially raised in the case reported, the authors do not comment on the absence of any increase in the concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin concomitant with the second increase in a fetoprotein concentration.This might have suggested that this increase in a fetoprotein concentration was not due to recurrence of the primary tumour.However, recurrent tumour deposits or metastases may not secrete the same tumour markers (or may not secrete them in the same proportions) as the primary tumour, and this may cause particular difficulty with heterogeneous tumours such as teratomas.
Oregon Pioneers `More Ethical' Medicaid Coverage With Priority-Setting Project
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1989)

ETHICS AND LEGISLATORS often figure in the news, usually because the latter have abused the former. But in two western states, elected officials attempting to solve the tough problem of guaranteed access to medical care are coming to grips with ethics in its root meaning: moral duty and obligation. Enthusiastically supported by the Oregon Medical Association, the state has enacted legislation aimed at using Oregon's health care resources more justly. It will provide services considered basic for a greater number of people on Medicaid while curtailing payment for other types of service deemed less necessary or of benefit to only a few. This type of arrangement has been denoted "rationing," and been piously denounced by policymakers who say, "Any legislation concerning who gets what service is a terrible idea. It means health care rationing will be aimed at poor people, and that's not fair." But what really isn't fair, says
The Origin of Multiple Sex Chromosomes in Tiger Beetles
Authors: Jose Galián, James E. Hogan, Alfried P. Vogler
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

In most holometabolous insects, sex determination involves differentiated sex chromosomes of the XY type (ZW, with heterogametic females in Lepidoptera). In Coleoptera (beetles) a general karyotype with meioformula 2n 5 9 1 XY is prevalent in the approximately 3,000 species studied to date (Smith and Virkki 1978; Petitpierre 1996), but the genetic system of Cicindelidae (tiger beetles) is unusually diverse, with many species exhibiting multiple sex chromosomes, XnY, where n varies between 2 and 4. During meiosis these heterosomes form a characteristic rosette-like multivalent linked by telomeric connections without forming chiasmata between the various X chromosomes (Giers 1977). The multiple sex chromosome system is widespread in cicindelids and is found in both the recognized subfamilies, including the Cicindelinae with a multiple system, which has been described for 55 species mostly in the species rich genus Cicindela (sensu lato), and the Collyrinae with three representatives studied to date. Other cicindelids, including two species of Megacephala (Serrano, Galian, and Ortiz 1986; Galian and Hudson 1999) and two species in the genus Cicindela, were found to have XY or X0 systems. Multiple sex chromosome systems in insects appear to be evolutionarily short-lived because they are generally confined to small taxonomic groups, where close relatives exhibit simple genetic systems. The unusually broad taxonomic distribution of multiple systems in Cicindelidae may suggest either a common ancestry of this trait and evolutionary stability (single-origin hypothesis) or a tendency to generate multiple systems repeatedly in this lineage (multiple origin). It is possible that lineagespecific properties canalize the evolution of structural features of the karyotype, and a repeated origin of a multiple system may represent the outcome of ‘‘karyotypic orthoselection’’ (White 1973). In either case the wide distribution of the multiple system in Cicindelidae and the comparison with related species exhibiting simple sex chromosome systems lend themselves to investigation of the evolution and the functional significance of this intriguing phenomenon. Here, we analyzed the evolutionary origin of multiple sex chromosomes in Cicindelidae by establishing the distribution of the multiple systems in major taxonomic groups in the context of a phylogenetic tree derived from 18S rRNA gene sequences. Chromosome
Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells selectively express tyrosine hydroxylase and contain endogenous catecholamines subserving an autocrine/paracrine inhibitory functional loop
Authors: Marco Cosentino, Anna Maria Fietta, Marco Ferrari, Emanuela Rasini, Raffaella Bombelli, Elena Carcano, Federica Saporiti, Federica Meloni, Franca Marino, Sergio Lecchini
Journal: Blood (2006)
Liver Cell Adenoma
Authors: P. G. Cornish
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I read with interest Dr Baum's letter (232:1329) and would like to add another case to the group— one with a different treatment. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> In August 1974, a 29-year-old woman was admitted with the now-typical history and findings of hemorrhage from liver cell adenoma. She had been taking birth control pills for more than five years. At operation, there was bleeding from the undersurface of the right lobe of the liver, where the capsule had been torn. Frozen section of the liver tissue was interpreted as necrotic liver. As temporary occlusion of the right hepatic artery had controlled the bleeding, this was made permanent with clips and the wound was closed with drainage to the subhepatic space. Permanent sections were interpreted as liver cell adenoma. Postoperatively, she had bilateral pleural effusions, moderate fever, and tachycardia, all of which resolved without special treatment. Liver function,
Penicillin Hypersensitivity, Acute Pericarditis, and Eosinophilia
Authors: Arthur H. Schoenwetter
Journal: JAMA (1965)

ALTHOUGH hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin are numerous and diverse, and the pericardium is one of the structures in which allergic phenomena are regarded as frequent,<sup>1</sup>instances of penicillin-induced pericarditis are virtually undocumented in the medical literature. Pericardial friction rubs, without other evidence of pericarditis, have been noted in several patients with allergic skin reactions to penicillin.<sup>2</sup>Subsequently, an instance of penicillin hypersensitivity with electrocardiographic changes consistent with pericarditis was described.<sup>3</sup> The case which forms the basis of this report demonstrated, in addition to electrocardiographic signs of pericarditis, a pericardial friction rub, pericardial and pleural effusion, and an extreme degree of eosinophilia during the course of an allergic reaction to penicillin. A penicillin-induced syndrome of this kind has not been previously reported, although such an allergic etiology is postulated in a recent review of pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia (PIE) syndrome.<sup>4</sup> <h3>Report of a Case</h3> The patient, a
Structural and Biochemical Modification of a Collagen Scaffold to Selectively Enhance MSC Tenogenic, Chondrogenic, and Osteogenic Differentiation
Authors: Steven R. Caliari, Brendan A. C. Harley
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

Biomaterial approaches for engineering orthopedic interfaces such as the tendon‐bone junction (TBJ) are limited by a lack of understanding of how insoluble (microstructure, composition) and soluble regulators of stem cell fate work in concert to promote bioactivity and differentiation. One strategy for regenerating the interface is to design biomaterials containing spatially graded structural properties sufficient to induce divergent mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into multiple interface‐specific phenotypes. This work explores the hypothesis that selective structural modification to a 3D collagen–glycosaminoglycan (CG) scaffold combined with biochemical supplementation can drive human bone‐marrow‐derived MSC differentiation down tenogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. Tenogenic differentiation is enhanced in geometrically anisotropic scaffolds versus a standard isotropic control. Notably, blebbistatin treatment abrogates this microstructurally driven effect. Further, enhanced osteogenic differentiation and new mineral synthesis are achieved by incorporation of a calcium phosphate mineral phase within the CG scaffold along with the use of osteogenic induction media. Finally, chondrogenic differentiation is optimally driven by combining chondrogenic induction media with a reduced density scaffold that promotes increased cellular condensation, significantly higher expression of chondrogenic genes, and increased GAG deposition. Together these data provide critical insight regarding design rules for elements of an integrated biomaterial platform for orthopedic interface regeneration.
Why there is an IRS.
Authors: R M O'Brien, D K Granner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1995)

Why There Is an IRS Editorial Insulin regulates the expression of at least 100 genes (1).This major action of the hormone is important for normal metabolism but gains added significance in view of the fact that insulin resistance is the cornerstone of genetic diseases such as non- insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity.The possibility that faulty regulation of gene expression by insulin could result in disease is now given credence by the observations reported by Li et al. ( 2) in this issue of The Journal.Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.Plasma triglycerides are carried mainly in VLDL and chylomicrons, both of which contain apo CIII as a major protein constituent; several studies have suggested that the overexpression of apo CIII causes some forms of HTG (3).Perhaps most convincing is the observation that overexpression of human apo CIII in transgenic mice results in HTG (4).Chen et al. ( 5) showed that transcription of the hepatic apo CIII gene is increased in diabetic mice and that insulin treatment reduces apo CIII gene transcription to basal levels.In addition, a reporter gene containing the apo CIII promoter sequence from -854 to + 22 is inhibited by insulin (5), thus the DNA sequence responsible for the insulin effect must be in that segment.Recently, Dammerman et al. (3) identified five polymorphisms in this region of the apo CIII promoter.Li et al. ( 2) now show that single base pair changes at either of two of the five variant sites (at -482 and -455) abolish the repression of apo CIII gene transcription by insulin, an observation that reveals why these mutations lead to apo CIII overexpression.The functional
Group Now Advises Against Routine PSA Screening
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2013)

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