tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Shifting Breast Cancer Trends in the United States
Authors: William F. Anderson, Anne S. Reiner, Rayna K. Matsuno, Ruth M. Pfeiffer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2007)

Purpose United States breast cancer incidence rates declined during the years 1999 to 2003, and then reached a plateau. These recent trends are impressive and may indicate an end to decades of increasing incidence. Methods To put emerging incidence trends into a broader context, we examined age incidence patterns (frequency and rates) during five decades. We used age density plots, two-component mixture models, and age-period-cohort (APC) models to analyze changes in the United States breast cancer population over time. Results The National Cancer Institute's Connecticut Historical Database and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program collected 600,000+ in situ and invasive female breast cancers during the years 1950 to 2003. Before widespread screening mammography in the early 1980s, breast cancer age-at-onset distributions were bimodal, with dominant peak frequency (or mode) near age 50 years and smaller mode near age 70 years. With widespread screening mammography, bimodal age distributions shifted to predominant older ages at diagnosis. From 2000 to 2003, the bimodal age distribution returned to dominant younger ages at onset, similar to patterns before mammography screening. APC models confirmed statistically significant calendar-period (screening) effects before and after 1983 to 1987. Conclusion Breast cancer in the general United States population has a bimodal age at onset distribution, with modal ages near 50 and 70 years. Amid a background of previously increasing and recently decreasing incidence rates, breast cancer populations shifted from younger to older ages at diagnosis, and then back again. These dynamic fluctuations between early-onset and late-onset breast cancer types probably reflect a complex interaction between age-related biologic, risk factor, and screening phenomena.
Risk of death found to be raised in chronic kidney disease patients with low diastolic blood pressure
Authors: A. Cole
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Rigorous control of hypertension is recommended for patients with chronic kidney disease, but a US study has found that patients with the condition have a higher risk of mortality if their diastolic blood pressure falls too low.1

Blood pressure recommendations are stricter for patients with chronic kidney disease than for the general population and focus on lowering systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Recent guidelines from the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Initiative recommended a blood pressure target of less than 140/90 mm Hg in chronic kidney patients who have no proteinuria and a stricter target of 130/80 mm Hg in patients with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria.2 The targets emphasize the importance of lowering systolic blood pressure but do not consider the potential clinical effects of low diastolic blood pressure.

However, …
Fanconi anemia signaling network regulates the spindle assembly checkpoint
Authors: Grzegorz Nalepa, Rikki Enzor, Zejin Sun, Christophe Marchal, Su-Jung Park, Yanzhu Yang, Laura Tedeschi, Stephanie Kelich, Helmut Hanenberg, D. Wade Clapp
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2013)

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a heterogenous genetic disease with a high risk of cancer. The FA proteins are essential for interphase DNA damage repair; however, it is incompletely understood why FA-deficient cells also develop gross aneuploidy, leading to cancer. Here, we systematically evaluated the role of the FA proteins in chromosome segregation through functional RNAi screens and analysis of primary cells from patients with FA. We found that FA signaling is essential for the spindle assembly checkpoint and is therefore required for high-fidelity chromosome segregation and prevention of aneuploidy. Furthermore, we discovered that FA proteins differentially localize to key structures of the mitotic apparatus in a cell cycle-dependent manner. The essential role of the FA pathway in mitosis offers a mechanistic explanation for the aneuploidy and malignant transformation known to occur after disruption of FA signaling. Collectively, our findings provide insight into the genetically unstable cancers resulting from inactivation of the FA/BRCA pathway.
Epicutaneous Immunotherapy-Induced Regulatory T Cells Could Migrate To More Various Sites Of Allergen Exposure Compared To Sublingual Or Subcutaneous Immunotherapy In Mice Sensitized To Peanut
Authors: Vincent Dioszeghy, Lucie Mondoulet, Véronique Dhelft, Mélanie Ligouis, Emilie Puteaux, Camille Plaquet, Christophe Dupont, Pierre Henri Benhamou
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
A COMPLEX VACCINE AGAINST INFLUENZA A VIRUS
Authors: Frank L. Horsfall, Edwin H. Lennette, Elsmere R. Rickard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1941)

A quantitative study of the antigenicity of various vaccines containing influenza A virus has been made in human beings. A complex vaccine prepared from chick embryos inoculated with both influenza A virus and the X strain of canine distemper virus was found to be more effective than other vaccines in stimulating the production of neutralizing antibodies against the former virus. The increased antibody levels which resulted from the administration of this vaccine remained almost unaltered for at least 5 months.
GANGRENE OF THE LUNG IN EARLY LIFE, WITH REPORT OF A CASE IN A CHILD OF TWO YEARS.
Authors: D. J. MILTON MILLER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Although pulmonary gangrene is uncommon in early life, numerous cases appear in the literature. It is more frequent in children than the analogous condition of pulmonary abscess; for in reviewing the literature on these subjects, one discovers more instances of gangrene than of the latter affection. J. Renault<sup>1</sup>states that one case is seen in children or adolescents to six or seven in adults, and in the Children's Hospital, Philadelphia, only one case is recorded between the years 1896 and 1906. Henoch<sup>5</sup>affirms, on the other hand, that children suffer more than older persons. The majority of the cases in early life occur between 2 and 16 years of age, yet many instances are recorded as having occurred at a still earlier period. Thus, Bednar (Renault<sup>1</sup>) saw the disease at two and three months; Steiner and Neuretter (Renault<sup>1</sup>) at one and four months; while Kohts (Renault
The immediate and delayed effects of different types of vagotomy on human gastric myoelectrical activity.
Authors: C J Stoddard, R Smallwood, B H Brown, H L Duthie
Journal: Gut (1975)

The immediate and delayed effects of different types of vagotomy on the antral myoelectrical activity have been studied in 52 patients who had previously undergone either highly selective vagotomy (HSV) or truncal vagotomy and pyloroplasty (TV + P) for the treatment of chronic duodenal ulceration up to eight years previously. The frequency of the electrical activity was not statistically different between the two types of operation. After HSV the triphasic waveshape of the antral myoelectrical activity was retained; it was recorded more frequently in the delayed tests (98.0 plus or minus 1-7%) of the recording period than in immediate tests (74-7 plus or minus 6-5%) whereas mean amplitude in the immediate tests (1-59 plus or minus 0-13 mV) was not significantly changed in the delayed tests (1-49 plus or minus 0-08mV). After TV + P the waveform was more sinusoidal in shape, being recorded more often in the delayed tests (91-7 plus or minus 2-7%) than in the immediate tests (41-4 plus or minus 8-9%) although the mean amplitude between the immediate (0-090 plus or minus 0-06 mV) and delayed tests (0-94 plus or minus 0-07 mV) was not significantly different. The only significant change in the myoelectrical activity with the passage of time after vagotomy was an increase in the percentage activity.
Court allows second man the right to die
Authors: C Dyer
Journal: BMJ (1994)

A 24 year old man who has been in a persistent vegetative state in Britain for two and a half years after taking a drug overdose died last weekend, hours after the Court of Appeal sanctioned a decision by doctors not to replace his gastrostomy tube, which had become accidentally dislodged. Three judges ruled that doctors at Cossham Hospital in Bristol were entitled to conclude that the patient, named only as S, be allowed to die.

The case was the first application concerning the right to die to reach the courts since …
Plasma 11-Hydroxycorticoid Levels after Carbenoxolone Sodium
Authors: D. Mattingly, C. Tyler, E. Bilton
Journal: BMJ (1970)

A definite rise in plasma 11-hydroxycorticoid levels has been shown in eight patients with duodenal ulcer following the oral administration of carbenoxolone sodium. A similar rise was seen in one patient with sarcoidosis whose pituitary A.C.T.H. secretion had been acutely suppressed with dexamethasone. No such rise, however, was seen in three patients suffering from adrenal insufficiency. It is suggested that carbenoxolone acts directly on the adrenal cortex, causing an increased production of corticosteroids.
Cardiovascular Effects of Ophthalmic Timolol
Authors: CARL V. LEIER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

We studied cardiovascular effects related to ophthalmic timolol maleate, a beta-adrenergic blocker commonly used to treat chronic glaucoma. Twenty normal subjects were randomly assigned to two double-blind treatment groups each with ten subjects. One group received two drops of ophthalmic timolol (0.5%) twice daily for 4 weeks, and the other received two drops of placebo (artificial tears) twice daily for 4 weeks. Ophthalmic timolol significantly decreased resting and maximal exercise heart rate after the first dose and maximal exercise heart rate during chronic dosing. Chronic timolol administration reduced oxygen consumption at maximal exercise and blunted the augmentation in exercise capacity seen during chronic placebo therapy. Cardiac sympathetic tone and inotropy were reduced after ophthalmic timolol treatment. Despite the presence of drug-induced cardiovascular effects, the plasma levels of timolol were often undetectable and never exceeded 2.8 ng/mL.
Curarizing substance in myasthenia gravis.
Authors: L P Laurent
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Miss Round.2We await the estimations of vitamin D levels to be completed on random samples from children in our survey.Maybe we shall be shown to be wrong, but in view of the marked difference between the heights and weights of our treated children and the control groups and the correlation of vitaniin D levels with serum alkaline phosphatase found in Asians by Dr. O'Riordan and his colleagues3 we doubt it.A full report on the effects of treatment and on alkaline phos- phatase levels will be submitted for publication shortly.-Weare, etc.,-
Preventing Neonatal Herpes — Current Strategies
Authors: Ronald S. Gibbs, Philip B. Mead
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

DESPITE more than three decades of research, there is no effective strategy for preventing most cases of neonatal infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). From the early 1970s until 1988, it was recommended that pregnant women with a history of genital HSV infection be screened close to term with weekly genital cultures and that those with evidence of infection at the time of delivery or a recent positive culture have a cesarean delivery to avoid fetal contact with the infected site. These practices are no longer recommended,1 2 3 4 because antepartum cultures do not reliably predict maternal infectivity at the time of . . .
Physical Activity Reduces Systemic Blood Pressure and Improves Early Markers of Atherosclerosis in Pre-Pubertal Obese Children
Authors: Nathalie J. Farpour-Lambert, Yacine Aggoun, Laetitia M. Marchand, Xavier E. Martin, François R. Herrmann, Maurice Beghetti
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2009)
PROGRESSION OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN AN ASYMPTOMATIC POPULATION - EFFECT OF LIPID SUBCLASS
Authors: Ankit D. Rathod, Apurva Badheka, Palaniappan Manickam, Vikas Veeranna, Rajeev Sudhakar, Tamam Mohamad, Sony Jacob, Luis Afonso
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Maternal segregation of the Dutch preeclampsia locus at 10q22 with a new member of the winged helix gene family
Authors: Marie van Dijk, Joyce Mulders, Ankie Poutsma, Andrea A M Könst, Augusta M A Lachmeijer, Gustaaf A Dekker, Marinus A Blankenstein, Cees B M Oudejans
Journal: Nature Genetics (2005)
Renal Medullary Countercurrent System Studied with Hydrogen Gas
Authors: KNUT AUKLAND, ROBERT W. BERLINER
Journal: Circulation Research (1964)

The renal countercurrent exchange mechanism was studied by recording the removal of hydrogen gas from the medulla of dogs. Hydrogen was administered by respiration or by intra-arterial infusion of hydrogen-saturated saline. Simultaneous desaturation curves were recorded polarographically by means of two or three needle-shaped platinum electrodes inserted into various positions in the medulla. It was found that the desaturation rate in the inner medulla was mainly dependent on urine flow, in such a way that the fractional rate of removal increased from 0.05 to 0.75 min -1 when urine flow was raised from 0.1 to 5 cc/min/kidney. Saline, mannitol and water diuresis had the same effect. On the basis of pelvic urine desaturation curves, which were practically identical to desaturation curves from the tip of the papilla, it was calculated that as much as two-thirds of the medullary hydrogen content may be removed by urine. The clearance rate was higher in the outer medulla and less dependent on urine flow. No consistent correlation with effective renal blood flow could be demonstrated in any segment of the medulla. The results indicate a very high efficiency of the countercurrent exchange mechanism with respect to hydrogen, and recordings from the corticomedullary border gave direct evidence for a high degree of hydrogen shunting across the vessel loops. Physiological implications of the findings with respect to oxygen and sodium chloride are discussed.
After Daybreak: The Liberation of Belsen, 1945
Authors: Alex Paton
Journal: BMJ (2005)

S ixty years ago, on 15 April 1945, British soldiers of the 63rd Anti-Tank Regiment entered the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp near Celle in northwest Germany. What they found sent shockwaves around the world. At first they came upon apathetic scarecrows in filthy, striped prison rags, sitting in their own excreta, so emaciated that it was difficult to tell women from men, living from dead. Then, as word spread, the soldiers were mobbed by wailing, stick-like figures, struggling frantically for help. The dusty barren ground was littered with piles of unburied corpses.

Worse was to come. A camp that had been built to house 7000 “elite” Jews to be used as bargaining counters had swollen to more than 40 000, as others were evacuated in advance of the Russians. More than a hundred huts measuring 90 by 30 metres and built to hold at most 50 to 80 people now housed an average of 500 sick, dying, or dead people; in one hut 400 of the …
Immunology of Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases
Authors: Jeffrey S. Flier, Mary Jean Moore, Christopher R. Strakosch, Björn E. Wenzel, Vas V. Row, Robert Volpé
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1982)

IN 1897 Ehrlich1 coined the term "horror autotoxicus" to describe his view that the body seemed "unwilling" to mount an immune assault on its own tissues. In the early part of this century, with the hypothesis that the hyperplastic thymus gland might, in some obscure way, cause Graves' disease,2 the field of thyroid autoimmunity was opened, and in the past two decades it has received particular impetus. The study of autoimmune thyroid disorders has provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis not only of specific thyroid disorders but also of autoimmune diseases in general.The B Lymphocyte in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease . . .
Proinvasive Properties of Ovarian Cancer Ascites-Derived Membrane Vesicles
Authors: Laura E. Graves, Edgardo V. Ariztia, Jason R. Navari, Heather J. Matzel, M. Sharon Stack, David A. Fishman
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Malignant ovarian ascites are rich in cellular components, membrane-bound vesicles, and soluble proteins. This study focused on the structure of membrane-bound vesicles and their ability to promote invasion in cultured malignant ovarian epithelium. Membrane vesicles were derived from women with stage I–IV malignant ovarian ascites and from nonmalignant gynecologic ascites. Isolated vesicles were characterized by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. Using gel zymography for matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) detection and a colorimetric assay for urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) analysis, we analyzed the proteinase activities of MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA from the prepared vesicles, whole cells isolated from ascites, and the cell-free ultracentrifuged supernatant. The invasiveness of established cultured malignant ovarian epithelium on addition of ascites-derived vesicles was tested using a Matrigel-based invasion assay. Fractionation of malignant ascites revealed that extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases including MMPs and uPA are localized preferentially in membrane vesicles. All malignant vesicles tested, regardless of cancer stage, stimulated invasion. Furthermore, the combination of ovarian cancer cells and membrane vesicles resulted in greater uPA activation than that of cells or vesicles alone. Membrane vesicles from malignant ascites were also found to contain activated MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA. Our data suggest that vesicle-stimulated proteinase activation leads to increased extracellular matrix degradation, which may facilitate tumor cell invasion and metastasis.
Concomitant Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Myeloid Sarcoma in Pre-Existing Pterygium of the Conjunctiva: Diagnostic Challenges
Authors: Manish Mani Subramaniam, Marcus Tan, Shir Ying Lee, Shantha Amrith, Petersson Fredrik, Siok Bian Ng
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)
CHEMOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC
Authors: Louise Pearce, Wade H. Brown
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1915)

1. All arsenical compounds do not produce the same type of renal injury. 2. In general, there are two broad groups of kidneys produced, the red and the pale, with a variety of subdivisions of each group depending upon modifications in the chemical constitution of the compound, dosage, and length of survival of the animal.
Correlation of IgE/IgG4 milk epitopes and affinity of milk-specific IgE antibodies with different phenotypes of clinical milk allergy
Authors: Julie Wang, Jing Lin, Ludmilla Bardina, Marina Goldis, Anna Nowak-Węgrzyn, Wayne G. Shreffler, Hugh A. Sampson
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Standard of Care in Clinical Research with Human Tissue Engineered Products (HTEPs)
Authors: Leen Trommelmans, Kris Dierickx
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2009)

Van der Graaf and van Delden (2009) point in their thoughtful contribution to the weaknesses in existing guidelines on the ‘standard of care’ in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). They suggest a ...
Possible role for adenosine in local regulation of absorptive hyperemia in rat intestine.
Authors: K G Proctor
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

To test whether extracellular adenosine participates in the local regulation of intestinal blood flow during nutrient absorption, the serosa of the jejunum was continuously suffused with adenosine deaminase (7 micrograms protein/ml) or theophylline (10(-4) M) in Ringer's solution. Using video microscopy, blood flow was calculated in submucosal arterioles from diameter and red cell velocity measurements. After a steady-state baseline, oleic acid (20 mM) + glucose (56 mM) were added to a bile salt solution suffusing the mucosa. Baseline arteriolar diameters and blood flows were 52 +/- 2 micron and 20 +/- 2 nl/sec with the serosal suffusate containing Ringer's; these values were not significantly altered by theophylline or deaminase treatment. During suffusion of the mucosa with a nutrient solution, diameter and blood flow transiently increased and these responses were not altered by deaminase or theophylline. Thereafter, diameter and blood flow stabilized at lower values for the duration of absorption. Diameter and blood flow were increased to 111 +/- 1% and 134 +/- 5% of control during absorption with Ringer's; the corresponding values were significantly lower with deaminase or theophylline. After absorption, diameter and blood flow stabilized near baseline with Ringer's within 7-12 minutes; the corresponding values were significantly lower with deaminase or theophylline for at least 30 minutes. Since deaminase and theophylline produced similar effects on absorptive hyperemia, adenosine might participate with other factors in the local regulation of that response. Adenosine applied to the serosa caused dose-dependent increases in calculated blood flow with a threshold near 10(-5) M and a maximum near 10(-3) M. In contrast, even 10(-2) M adenosine in the mucosal suffusate did not increase blood flow above baseline.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TRANSFUSION WITH PRESERVED RED BLOOD CELLS
Authors: O. H. Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1918)

1 X DIC£JOURwi 691 * This is Hogan's solution slightly modified.It is most easily pre- pared as follows: 25 grams of purest quiality gelatin (gold seal, finest quality) are dissolved in 200 c.om. distilled water, to which is added
Choledocho-Transverse Colon Fistula Seen With Hepatobiliary Imaging
Authors: TON-HO YOUNG, YOU-CHEN CHAO, HUNG-SHANG TANG, CHUNG-TE HSU, None HO-TOM, RONG-YAUN SHYU
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1996)

The authors present a case in which a choledocho-transverse colon fistula was diagnosed by hepatobiliary imaging.
Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research
Authors: Justin E. Bekelman, Yan Li, Cary P. Gross
Journal: JAMA (2003)

Despite increasing awareness about the potential impact of financial conflicts of interest on biomedical research, no comprehensive synthesis of the body of evidence relating to financial conflicts of interest has been performed.To review original, quantitative studies on the extent, impact, and management of financial conflicts of interest in biomedical research.Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (January 1980-October 2002), the Web of Science citation database, references of articles, letters, commentaries, editorials, and books and by contacting experts.All English-language studies containing original, quantitative data on financial relationships among industry, scientific investigators, and academic institutions were included. A total of 1664 citations were screened, 144 potentially eligible full articles were retrieved, and 37 studies met our inclusion criteria.One investigator (J.E.B.) extracted data from each of the 37 studies. The main outcomes were the prevalence of specific types of industry relationships, the relation between industry sponsorship and study outcome or investigator behavior, and the process for disclosure, review, and management of financial conflicts of interest.Approximately one fourth of investigators have industry affiliations, and roughly two thirds of academic institutions hold equity in start-ups that sponsor research performed at the same institutions. Eight articles, which together evaluated 1140 original studies, assessed the relation between industry sponsorship and outcome in original research. Aggregating the results of these articles showed a statistically significant association between industry sponsorship and pro-industry conclusions (pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio, 3.60; 95% confidence interval, 2.63-4.91). Industry sponsorship was also associated with restrictions on publication and data sharing. The approach to managing financial conflicts varied substantially across academic institutions and peer-reviewed journals.Financial relationships among industry, scientific investigators, and academic institutions are widespread. Conflicts of interest arising from these ties can influence biomedical research in important ways.