tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diabetes management in the USA and England: comparative analysis of national surveys
Authors: Arch G Mainous, Vanessa A Diaz, Sonia Saxena, Richard Baker, Charles J Everett, Richelle J Koopman, Azeem Majeed
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2006)

Objectives To compare diabetes management in adults between England and the United States, particularly focusing on the impact of a universal access health insurance system. Design Analysis of the nationally-representative surveys Health Survey of England, 2003 (unweighted n=14 057) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2002 (unweighted n=5411). Setting and Participants Adults 20–64 years of age; individuals &gt;65. Main Outcome Measures Glycaemic, lipid and blood pressure control and medication use among individuals with previously diagnosed diabetes. Results Among those aged 20–64 the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was lower in England (2.7%) than in the USA (5.0%). The proportion with diabetes receiving treatment was similar for the two countries. However, the mean HbA1c in England was 7.6%: in the USA it was 7.5% for those with insurance and 8.6% for those without insurance. The proportion of individuals on ACE inhibitors in England was 39%: in USA it was 39% for those with insurance, and 14% for those without. Conclusions Individuals in a healthcare system providing universal access have better managed diabetes than those in a market based system once one accounts for insurance.
Advertising watchdog orders website to remove claims linking MMR vaccine with autism
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A website that offers parents information about childhood immunisation has been told to remove claims that the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine could be causing autism in some children, as they were misleading.

The UK Advertising Standards Authority ruled that this and other claims on the BabyJabs website (www.babyjabs.co.uk) breached the code of the advertising industry body the Committee of Advertising Practice, which was designed to ensure that advertising did not mislead or harm consumers. The claims must not appear again, it said.

BabyJabs offers a children’s vaccination service providing a choice of single and small combination vaccines in addition to providing information to help parents “plan a personalised immunisation …
Histocheinistry; theory, practice, and bibliography
Authors: M. H. Hack
Journal: JAMA (1963)

This is another histochemistry cookbook. Although a number of remarks throughout the book show that the authors are evidently cognizant of the value of histochemistry and the nature of its problems, yet they refrain from taking a firm stand in aiding in the solution of these problems. The numerous vague statements and generalities coupled with some ambiguity prevent serious consideration of this work. The section on lipids, for example, clearly indicates the authors' inadequate practical understanding of this important group of biological compounds. The plasmalogens are very ambiguously discussed and some of the reviewer's work is incorrectly cited. Sphingomyelin is said to be PAS positive on page 72 and PAS negative on page 153; properties of other lipids are inaccurately described. There are few printer's errors (see p 37) and misspellings. In the reviewer's opinion, the extensive bibliography is unwarranted.<i>Acta Histochemica</i>, for example, provides a much more extensivee annual
The Small α5β1 Integrin Antagonist, SJ749, Reduces Proliferation and Clonogenicity of Human Astrocytoma Cells
Authors: Anne Maglott, Petr Bartik, Sedat Cosgun, Philippe Klotz, Philippe Rondé, Guy Fuhrmann, Kenneth Takeda, Sophie Martin, Monique Dontenwill
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract The potential role of α5β1 integrins in cancer has recently attracted much interest. However, few α5β1-selective antagonists have been developed compared with other integrins. The most specific nonpeptidic α5β1 antagonist described thus far, SJ749, inhibits angiogenesis by affecting adhesion and migration of endothelial cells. We investigated the effects of SJ749 in two human astrocytoma cell lines, A172 and U87, which express different levels of α5β1. SJ749 dose-dependently inhibited adhesion of both cell types on fibronectin. Application of SJ749 to spread cells led to formation of nonadherent spheroids for A172 cells but had no effect on U87 cell morphology. SJ749 also reduced proliferation of A172 cells due to a long lasting G0-G1 arrest, whereas U87 cells were only slightly affected. However, under nonadherent culture conditions (soft agar), SJ749 significantly reduced the number of colonies formed only by U87 cells. As U87 cells express more α5β1 than A172 cells, we specifically examined the effect of SJ749 on A172 cells overexpressing α5. Treatment of α5-A172 cells with SJ749 decreased colony formation similarly to that observed in U87 cells. Therefore, in nonadherent conditions, the effect of SJ749 on tumor cell growth characteristics depends on the level of α5β1 expression. Our study highlights the importance of α5β1 as an anticancer target and shows for the first time that a small nonpeptidic α5β1-specific antagonist affects proliferation of tumor cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(12): 6002-7)
Effect on clinical outcome of breast feeding during acute diarrhoea.
Authors: M U Khin, None Nyunt-Nyunt-Wai, None Myo-Khin, None Mu-Mu-Khin, U Tin, None Thane-Toe
Journal: BMJ (1985)

The effects of oral rehydration fluid alone and of oral rehydration fluid plus breast feeding on the course and outcome of acute diarrhoea were assessed in two groups of 26 children aged under 2 years. Children who continued to be breast fed during treatment with oral rehydration solutions passed significantly fewer diarrhoeal stools. They also passed, on average, a smaller volume of diarrhoeal stools and recovered from diarrhoea sooner after the start of treatment. Their requirement for oral rehydration fluid was significantly reduced. Breast feeding exerts a beneficial effect on the course and outcome of acute diarrhoea by reducing the number and volume of diarrhoeal stools.
Drug-Associated Isoelectric EEGs
Authors: David J. Powner
Journal: JAMA (1976)

AN ISOELECTRIC EEG is often regarded as the definitive feature of death. However, some pharmaceuticals have been reported to be associated with an isoelectric EEG in patients who subsequently showed neurologic and EEG improvement. A literature review was conducted to identify such agents. This information is of importance in the care of patients with undiagnosed coma or drug overdose who may be candidates for organ donation if true "brain death" can be certified. Some agents were found to produce only relatively short periods of cerebral silence but are included here because of the inherent tragedy of a "false-positive" brain-death evaluation. Those drugs previously reported to be associated with isoelectric periods of any duration include the following: barbiturates,<sup>1-7</sup>methaqualone,<sup>1,6,7</sup>diazepam,<sup>1</sup>mecloqualone,<sup>1</sup>meprobamate,<sup>1,3</sup>and trichloroethylene.<sup>1,8</sup> Other drugs commonly ingested in toxic quantities but not found to produce an isoelectric EEG as a primary drug effect are
David Innes Williams
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Founder of the specialty of paediatric urology 



It was the case of a boy with posterior urethral valves that led Sir David Innes Williams to found the specialty of paediatric urology. Innes Williams, known to his colleagues as DI, was resident at St Peter’s—a now defunct hospital in central London that specialised in urology—when the patient was admitted, and he realised that no one had the expertise to manage the condition.

Paediatrics was gaining ground as a specialty at this time. Innes Williams got a job at Great Ormond Street Hospital where he was attached to Sir Thomas Twistington Higgins, a general surgeon who had an interest in genito-urology.

In an interview published in 2011 Innes Williams said that he “got hooked on the idea of doing [paediatric urology] because it seemed to be exciting and nobody else was much doing it . . . and because Great Ormond Street is a remarkable place, and you only had to say you were interested in something and the patients came in.”1

He was appointed consultant paediatric urologist at Great Ormond Street in 1952 …
A CASE OF BRILL'S DISEASE
Authors: H. M. Royds-Jones
Journal: BMJ (1931)

were ameliorated.He took the case of the Impregnable Training Establishment in 1912-13 (reported by Dudley).The boys, aged 15j, were housed in three old wooden battleships, the air space was continuous, and the hammocks were 16 inches apart.The incidence of ton- sillitis was 397 and of rheumatic fever 43.7 per 1,000 respectively-a very high figure.This dropped to normal proportions on transference of the boys to barracks ashore.In the report of the health of the Royal Air Force for 1928 a similar epidemic of tonsillitis and acute rheumatism is recorded, although the crowding here was not so marked.The incidence of tonsillitis was 175 and of rheumatism 16.5 per 1,000 respectively.In the instance under discussion it is suggested, in view of the synchronicity of the attacks and the crowded living conditions, that these three children have either infected one another or have been infected by a possible carrier in the person of the fourth child, the boy with chronicallv infected tonsils.The latter seems the more likely, since the patient in Case 3 had not seen her sisters for a period of six weeks previous to admission to hospital herself, as the sisters had been in hospital and at a con- valescent home for that time.This would imply a very long latent period for chorea.CONCLUSIONS 1. Chorea may assume epidemic proportions in a family where the living conditions show overcrowding.2. The cases reported -support the contention that rheumatism may be contagious in overcrowded conditions.
CASE OF COMPLETE BALDNESS FROM ALOPECIA AREATA: (In Progress of Recovery under Treatment.)
Authors: B. Squire
Journal: BMJ (1902)

CASEIn.-M.S., aged 4o, domestio servant, caine to the hospital on 'e,brpary r4th, I9O1, with an alopecia areata patch over the right ear.The surface hair contained a surface layer of white hairs spread over the priginal black hair beneath.This appearance, together with the bald patch, resembled the first case so nearly that some of the hairs were exanined under the microscope.The latter showed moniliform structure with pigment broken up and distributed in nodes as well as iliternodes.(See No. 2 in Fig. ) CASE IV.-H.D., female, aged 5T, came to the hospital on March 7th, I9O0 complaining of a chronic skin trouble.On one knee was a circum- scribed patch of seborrhoeic eczema, the size of a hand, that had been there for fourteen years.The scalp was scaly; there were several " nits" in the hair, a few papules on the marnn of the hairy scalp; two or three scattered bald patches of areata, and signs of old eczema in the ears.Some of the grey hairs and brown hairs tuirning grey showed a characteristic moniliform arrangement.(No. 3 in Fig. ) 'Y'f~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' _AV.¢ 3.Ĉfosy.m .C., aged m , female, came to the hospital on
Variability of gastrointestinal transit in healthy women and men.
Authors: L P Degen, S F Phillips
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Measurements of gastrointestinal transit are made in clinical and research gastroenterology, yet their intrinsic variability is not well characterised. In particular, an influence of hormones on transit has been proposed as the basis for gastrointestinal symptoms that vary with the menstrual cycle. Our aims were to quantify individual differences in transit during the menstrual cycle in healthy women and to compare these with the intrinsic variability in healthy men. METHODS: On two occasions, whole gut transit was assessed scintigraphically and colonic transit quantified by radio-opaque markers. Thirty two healthy volunteers (12 women, 20 men) were studied, women during the follicular and luteal phases, men twice within a similar four week period. Diets and exercise were standardised prior to and during both studies. RESULTS: Colonic transit was significantly faster in men, and postlag gastric emptying was also more rapid; other indices of regional transit were not different between the sexes. Total colonic transit time was equally well reflected by the scintigraphic and radio-opaque marker methods. Important intraindividual differences were noted in both sexes. The variances in our samples predicted an 80% chance of detecting (with 95% confidence) a mean effect of menstrual hormones on transit that was in the same range as the intrinsic variation in men. CONCLUSIONS: Colonic transit was faster in men than in women. Although group means in the two studies were almost identical, single assessments of transit in subjects sometimes exhibited considerable variability, implying broad biological variations. Given this intrinsic variability, the influence of menstrual hormones on gastrointestinal transit must be small and of doubtful clinical significance.
Mastery of Surgery
Authors: Bruce J. Brener
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Surgical technique is learned in two ways. The first is intimate and direct. We learn one-on-one from a handful of practitioners, some famous and some unknown, some skilled and some clumsy, some clear thinkers and some muddy. The second is impersonal; we read atlases and journal articles. In a massive two-volume edition,<i>Mastery of Surgery</i>, Professors Nyhus and Baker have tried to combine the two methods by introducing us to almost 250 internationally known surgeons, who tell us in an informal but informative manner how to perform surgery their way. This book is different from the usual atlas. Each surgeon has written a text to accompany his illustrations, which includes preoperative preparation, indications, detailed descriptions, and postoperative results. More important, these chapters contain hints, tips, personal opinions, and alternative viewpoints, often presented in conversational fashion. Each chapter ends with a list of suggested reading, but the text has no citations;
Contamination of Cerebrospinal Fluid by Vertebral Bone-Marrow Cells during Lumbar Puncture
Authors: Margot S. Kruskall, Susan R. Carter, Lori P. Ritz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

EXAMINATION of cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of cells provides useful information in many diseases of the central nervous system. Cells introduced into the cerebrospinal fluid during lumbar puncture, such as peripheral-blood,1 2 3 4 5 6 7 epithelial,8 or cartilage cells,7 , 9 , 10 may confuse the interpretation of the results, but these cells are well-recognized hazards. Inadvertent contamination of the spinal fluid by vertebral bone-marrow cells, on the other hand, has not usually been described as a complication of lumbar punctures in medical or neurology textbooks1 2 3 4 5 6 and is only briefly referred to, as an infrequent and harmless occurrence, in some cytology textbooks.7 , 9 , 10 However, we have found that . . .
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders in Bronchial Carcinoma
Authors: J. G. Azzopardi, E. Freeman, G. Poole
Journal: BMJ (1970)

In an unselected series of 185 patients with histologically confirmed bronchial carcinoma 16 had endocrine disturbances attributable to the tumour (excluding pulmonary osteoarthropathy). Of these, 11 patients had hypercalcaemia; three inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone; one Cushing's disease; three hypertrophic osteoarthropathy; and one gynaecomastia. Cushing's disease and inappropriate antidiuresis are specifically associated with oat-cell tumours, and hypercalcaemia occurs most frequently with squamous carcinoma. A negative correlation exists between gynaecomastia and osteoarthropathy on the one hand and oat-cell carcinoma on the other.
Propoxyphene and Congenital Malformations
Authors: Mark V. Barrow
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Since propoxyphene is the most commonly prescribed drug in the United States, it is of interest to know whether it might be associated with congenital malformations when given during pregnancy. The following case points out the pitfalls in attempting to establish such an association.  A 35-year-old married woman had a premature but normal baby boy at age 21 years, another normal child at age 23 years, and three spontaneous abortions over a seven-year period. At age 32 years, she began taking propoxyphene for chronic abdominal pain and a variety of emotional problems. From 20 to 36 capsules (65 mg each) were consumed daily and the patient also began noting peculiar seizures after withholding the medication for 12 to 18 hours. She therefore assumed she was addicted. At age 33 years, she became pregnant, developed much nausea and vomiting, and gained 50 lb. In addition to her usual
Auto-immune reactions in ulcerative colitis.
Authors: R Wright, S C Truelove
Journal: Gut (1966)

EDITORIAL SYNOPSIS This is a useful review of studies on auto-immune reactions in relation to ulcerative colitis.In this series 15 8% of patients were found to have auto-antibodies but there was no correlation with the length or severity of the illness.'This paper is based on a thesis by one of us (R.W.) accepted for the degree of
Expansion of metallic mesh stent hole using a Soehendra stent retriever in multiple stenting of biliary hilar obstruction
Authors: T. Hara, T. Yamaguchi, K. Sudo, K. Nakamura, T. Denda, T. Ishihara, O. Yokosuka, T. Kouzu
Journal: Endoscopy (2008)

A malignant hilar biliary stricture is usually unresectable at the time of diagnosis and requires multiple biliary stentings. Metallic mesh stents remain patent for a relatively long time in the biliary stricture compared to tube stents [1]. However, employing multiple metallic mesh stents is sometimes very difficult because of their small lumen, which impedes the delivery of a catheter. The Soehendra stent retriever (Soehendra SR; Wilson-Cook Medical Inc., Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA) is useful for dilating a stenosed biliary or pancreatic duct [2] [3] [4]. We used it to expand the mesh holes in metallic mesh stents placed in patients with malignant biliary hilar stricture who were undergoing multiple stenting.
A rare cause of diarrhea: pancreatic VIPoma
Authors: J. Johnson, L. Marsden, N. Samadder
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

A 45-year-old man presented with watery, large-volume diarrhea for 4 years and 13.6 kg (30 lb) weight loss. Multiple admissions and investigations for dehydration, including computed tomography (CT), esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy with biopsies, and capsule endoscopy, yielded negative findings. Laboratory workup, including complete blood count, tissue transglutaminase, thyroid-stimulating hormone, cortisol, serum/urine protein electrophoresis, fecal fat, calprotectin, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)/C-reactive protein (CRP), was normal [1]. Workup for infectious diseases was negative for parasites, Clostridium difficile, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Stool electrolytes were consistent with secretory diarrhea based on an osmolar gap of 40 mOsm/kg. Neurohormonal testing revealed elevated chromogranin A (320 ng/mL, normal range: 0 – 95) and vasointestinal peptide (VIP) (360 pg/mL, normal range: 0 – 60), suspicious for neuroendocrine tumor producing VIP (VIPoma). Prior CT scans were inconclusive for neuroendocrine tumor, but octreotide scan showed marked accumulation of tracer in the pancreas and liver ([Fig. 1 a, b]). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) revealed a hypoechoic mass measuring 25 × 30 mm in the pancreatic neck ([Fig. 1 c]) and a hypoechoic 7 × 8 mm lesion in the right hepatic lobe. Fine needle aspiration showed mononuclear cells with granular cytoplasm and stippled chromatin, hyperchromatic nuclei, and stained positive for synaptophysin ([Fig. 2]) consistent with a neuroendocrine tumor. The patient had symptomatic improvement with administration of octreotide, and the diagnosis of VIPoma was confirmed.
Reporting research in medical journals and newspapers
Authors: V. Entwistle
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Newspapers are important sources of information about medical advances for many lay people and can influence those working in the health service. Medical journalists on newspapers routinely use general medical journals to obtain information on research. The Lancet and BMJ are both examined carefully by broadsheet journalists in Britain each week. These papers published an average of 1.25 stories from these journals every Friday. The stories focused on serious diseases, topical health problems, and new treatments rather than social problems. The newspaper stories were based on the full research article and not the journals' press releases, although the press releases were valued as early information. Journalists relied heavily on the peer review processes of the journals in ensuring accuracy.
Acute Toxicity and Prothrombotic Effects of Quantum Dots: Impact of Surface Charge
Authors: Jorina Geys, Abderrahim Nemmar, Erik Verbeken, Erik Smolders, Monica Ratoi, Marc F. Hoylaerts, Benoit Nemery, Peter H.M. Hoet
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Quantum dots (QDs) have numerous possible applications for in vivo imaging. However, toxicity data are scarce.To determine the acute in vivo toxicity of QDs with carboxyl surface coating (carboxyl-QDs) and QDs with amine surface coating (amine-QDs), we investigated the inflammatory properties, tissue distribution, and prothrombotic effects after intravenous injection.We performed particle characterization by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Carboxyl-QDs and amine-QDs were intravenously injected in mice (1.44-3,600 pmol/mouse). At different time intervals, analyses included fluorescence microscopy, blood cell analysis, bronchoalveolar lavage, wet and dry organ weights, and cadmium concentration in various organs. We examined the prothrombotic effects in vivo by assessing the effect of pretreatment with the anticoagulant heparin and by measuring platelet activation (P-selectin), and in vitro by platelet aggregation in murine and human platelet-rich plasma exposed to QDs (1.44-1,620 pmol/mL).At doses of 3,600 and 720 pmol/mouse, QDs caused marked vascular thrombosis in the pulmonary circulation, especially with carboxyl-QDs. We saw an effect of surface charge for all the parameters tested. QDs were mainly found in lung, liver, and blood. Thrombotic complications were abolished, and P-selectin was not affected by pretreatment of the animals with heparin. In vitro, carboxyl-QDs and amine-QDs enhanced adenosine-5'-diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation.At high doses, QDs caused pulmonary vascular thrombosis, most likely by activating the coagulation cascade via contact activation. Our study highlights the need for careful safety evaluation of QDs before their use in human applications. Furthermore, it is clear that surface charge is an important parameter in nanotoxicity.
Androsteroneetiocholanolone Ratios in Male Homosexuals
Authors: M. S. Margolese, O. Janiger
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Analyses of 24-hour specimens of urine from healthy adult males for androsterone and etiocholanolone produced values which, when calculated as discriminant scores, discriminated between heterosexual and exclusively homosexual individuals. This confirms a previous study. No significant differences were found between heterosexuals and homosexuals in parental ages, secondary sex characteristics, genitalia, anthropometry, 17-ketosteroids, and 17-ketogenic steroids. A significant difference was found between the heterosexual group and homosexual group in the number of homosexual relatives in the immediate and extended families.