tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary function changes in asthmatics associated with low‐level SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> air pollution, weather, and medicine intake
Authors: L. Moseholm, E. Taudorf, A. Frøsig
Journal: Allergy (1993)

This paper presents the response in subjects with asthma to gaseous air-pollution levels, weather, and medicine intake as identified by principal-component analysis and neural network techniques. Pulmonary function measured by respiratory peak-flow rate in nonallergic asthmatics was associated with ambient, low-level, air-pollution concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, temperature, relative humidity, and medicine intake. Results from 27 nonallergic asthmatics aged 18-60 years with well-characterized bronchial asthma and regular medical treatment were analyzed from two cities. During an 8-month period, each subject kept a diary table, which included symptoms, lung function (evening peak flow), medicine intake, and tobacco smoking. High intake of medicine and high ambient temperatures corresponded to decreased peak flow. The changes in temperature did not occur in situations with low medicine intake. During frost periods, peak-flow values decreased independently of medicine intake and levels of SO2. During other times, increased levels of SO2 and NO2 increased temperature, and increased intake of medicine, and low relative humidity corresponded to decreased peak flow. Increased levels of SO2 and NO2 corresponded synergistically to decreased peak flow at levels above 40 micrograms/m3.
Climate variability and change in the United States: potential impacts on vector- and rodent-borne diseases.
Authors: D J Gubler, P Reiter, K L Ebi, W Yap, R Nasci, J A Patz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Diseases such as plague, typhus, malaria, yellow fever, and dengue fever, transmitted between humans by blood-feeding arthropods, were once common in the United States. Many of these diseases are no longer present, mainly because of changes in land use, agricultural methods, residential patterns, human behavior, and vector control. However, diseases that may be transmitted to humans from wild birds or mammals (zoonoses) continue to circulate in nature in many parts of the country. Most vector-borne diseases exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern, which clearly suggests that they are weather sensitive. Rainfall, temperature, and other weather variables affect in many ways both the vectors and the pathogens they transmit. For example, high temperatures can increase or reduce survival rate, depending on the vector, its behavior, ecology, and many other factors. Thus, the probability of transmission may or may not be increased by higher temperatures. The tremendous growth in international travel increases the risk of importation of vector-borne diseases, some of which can be transmitted locally under suitable circumstances at the right time of the year. But demographic and sociologic factors also play a critical role in determining disease incidence, and it is unlikely that these diseases will cause major epidemics in the United States if the public health infrastructure is maintained and improved.
Psychological Correlates of Functional Secondary Amenorrhoea
Authors: Christa Schreiber, Irmela Florin, Wolfgang Rost
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1983)

15 women with functional secondary amenorrhoea and 15 controls (matched closely in age and educational status) were compared as to their knowledge of menstruation, their attitude towards those parts of the body likely to be associated with sexuality, and the amount of life events over the 6-month period preceding the onset of amenorrhoea, or an analogue time-span for control subjects. Comparison of means confirmed the research hypotheses: Knowledge of menstruation proved to be significantly lower and attitude towards sexuality-related body parts was significantly more negative in women with amenorrhoea than in control women (p less than 0.01 each). Also, in agreement with our expectations, subjects with amenorrhoea showed more problems in their partner-related sexuality than control subjects did (p less than 0.05), and had experienced more negative life events before the onset of amenorrhoea than the healthy group had over an analogue period of time (p less than 0.05).
Reverse Influence Modeling: Estimating Source-by-Source Health Benefits of Reduced Emissions
Authors: Lindsey Konkel
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Traditional model-based studies that evaluate air quality control measures predict how the health benefits of a prescribed reduction in emissions will be distributed across different locations-for instance, how reformulating gasoline will benefit people in New York versus those in Los Angeles.But traditional models cannot feasibly quantify the influence of individual emissions sources on human health.Now researchers from Carleton University in Ontario have devised a method for tracing nationwide short-term mortality back to reductions at specific locations [EHP 121(5):572-579; http://dx.doi.org/10.
Decreased Ca <sup>2+</sup> Uptake by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum after Coronary Artery Occlusion for 60 and 90 Minutes
Authors: KWANG S. LEE, HERBERT LADINSKY, JACKSON H. STUCKEY
Journal: Circulation Research (1967)

Dogs were placed on total cardiopulmonary bypass and the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was occluded for the duration of 15 min, 60 min or 90 min. In some experiments the coronary perfusion was restored after the occlusion. Fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum were isolated from ischemic and nonischemic cardiac tissue and the Ca 2+ transport mechanism of the reticulum was studied. The Ca 2+ uptake of reticulum fragments obtained from cardiac tissue ischemic for 15 min was not impaired compared to the nonischemic control hearts. However, ischemia for 60 or 90 min caused impairment of Ca 2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from the ischemic tissue. The functional damage brought by coronary occlusion for 60 min could be reversed by the restoration of coronary circulation after the occlusion, but after occlusion for 90 min it was irreversible.
Supporting Biomedical Research
Authors: Robert Tjian
Journal: JAMA (2015)

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) has spent 60 years experimenting and learning how to support biomedical research effectively.From the time Mr Hughes first began funding research in the 1950s, institute leaders and scientists have found that the most important advances and influential discoveries often come unexpectedly-and that often, the profound "breakthroughs" derive from deep fundamental insights of surprising, sometimes obscure biological systems.HHMI's experience suggests that scientific research is far from understanding the fundamentals of human biology or physiology and that there are several paths to gaining the necessary knowledge of molecular mechanisms governing disease pathologies.Studying model organisms such as yeast, worms, and flies remains a powerful and productive way to learn new biology.Directly studying human diseases caused by single or small numbers of mutations that allow for in-depth analysis (ie, hemoglobinopathies, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis) offers another effective path to discovering the molecular basis of disease.In both approaches, success requires a sustained, diverse pipeline of scientists inspired to "follow their nose" and equipped with the best research tools available.At the same time that HHMI has increased its commitment to its mission to support basic research in innovative ways, it is disheartening to see that less and less of the total research funding in the United States goes to discovery research.For example, it has become increasingly difficult for scientists to obtain funding from federal or state agencies to explore model organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans, Arabadopsis, and Drosophila, which all have led to fundamental discoveries such as programmed cell death, novel RNA metabolism, and critical cancer pathways.Funding targeted to translational and clinical work continues to increase disproportionately, despite clear historical evidence that most "gamechanging" discoveries and technologies come predominantly from single investigator-initiated research motivated by basic biological questions.No group has more forcefully made the case for robust funding of basic research than the heads of biotech and pharmaceutical companies, who have firsthand experience in the perils of drug development when there are deficits in understanding the complex biology so critical to developing successful new therapeutics and diagnostics.To illustrate the disruptive potential of basic research tools, consider 3 recent examples: The CRISPR/ CAS9-mediated genome editing system has revolutionized rapid and efficient targeted homologous recombination to generate knockout or knock-in mice and
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition attenuates postinfarction left ventricular remodeling
Authors: Sunil Mankad, J.Thomas Peterson, Leah Teekell-Taylor, James A. Magovern, Robert W.W. Biederman, Walter J. Rogers, Jane Ripple, June Yamrozik, Nathaniel Reichek
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
Self-Reported Diabetes in Northland, New Zealand
Authors: Shane R. Reti, Felicity A. Goodyear-Smith, Ross I. McCormick
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

There is little published community prevalence diabetes data in Northland, an area at the northernmost part of New Zealand containing 3.8% (140,088) of the total population (1). Māori, the indigenous people, are known to be at increased risk of diabetes (2), and Northland has a Māori population (29%) (1) higher than the national average (14.7%) (3). Hospitalization rates for diabetes are high in Northland, with a standardized relative ratio against the national rate of 1.77 (95% CI 1.55–1.92) (4). The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of self-reported diabetes in Northland and to calculate a two-factor (obesity and first-degree family history of diabetes) …
Report calls for shake up in management of sick notes
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2008)

GPs would be able to refer patients who have been signed off sick to a “fit for work” multidisciplinary team, under radical new plans designed to overhaul attitudes to occupational health and reverse Britain’s “sick note culture.”

An estimated 175 million working days were lost to illness in the United Kingdom in 2006. In England, the annual cost of sick leave and worklessness added up to more than £100bn (€130bn; $200bn)―more than the current annual NHS budget for England and Wales.

Under the new plans, drawn up by Carol Black, the UK’s national director for health and work, …
Two loci control tuberculin skin test reactivity in an area hyperendemic for tuberculosis
Authors: Aurelie Cobat, Caroline J. Gallant, Leah Simkin, Gillian F. Black, Kim Stanley, Jane Hughes, T. Mark Doherty, Willem A. Hanekom, Brian Eley, Jean-Philippe Jaïs, Anne Boland-Auge, Paul van Helden, Jean-Laurent Casanova, Laurent Abel, Eileen G. Hoal, Erwin Schurr, Alexandre Alcaïs
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2009)

Approximately 20% of persons living in areas hyperendemic for tuberculosis (TB) display persistent lack of tuberculin skin test (TST) reactivity and appear to be naturally resistant to infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Among those with a positive response, the intensity of TST reactivity varies greatly. The genetic basis of TST reactivity is not known. We report on a genome-wide linkage search for loci that have an impact on TST reactivity, which is defined either as zero versus nonzero (TST-BINa) or as extent of TST in millimeters (TST–quantitative trait locus [QTL]) in a panel of 128 families, including 350 siblings, from an area of South Africa hyperendemic for TB. We detected a major locus (TST1) on chromosomal region 11p14 (P = 1.4 × 10−5), which controls TST-BINa, with a lack of responsiveness indicating T cell–independent resistance to M. tuberculosis. We also detected a second major locus (TST2) on chromosomal region 5p15 (P &amp;lt; 10−5), which controls TST-QTL or the intensity of T cell–mediated delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) to tuberculin. Fine mapping of this region identified SLC6A3, encoding the dopamine transporter DAT1, as a promising gene for further studies. Our results pave the way for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance to M. tuberculosis infection in endemic areas (TST1) and for the identification of critical regulators of T cell–dependent DTH to tuberculin (TST2).
A 10-YEAR REVIEW OF THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY IN PATIENTS WITH ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN HONG KONG &amp;ndash; INTRACRANIAL BLEEDING AND OTHER OUTCOMES
Authors: Simon Lam, Stephen Wl Lee, Kelvin Chan, Michael Chan, Jo-Jo Hai, Frankie Tam, Michael Wong, Anthony Wong, Arthur Yung, Shun Ling Kong, Linda Lam, Raymond Chan
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Use of Medical Service
Authors: Steven Jonas
Journal: JAMA (1984)

To the Editor.—  In their article, How Cost Sharing Reduced Medical Spending, Drs Keeler and Rolph 1 have shown elegantly and at great expense that persons who are provided with medical care entirely free of cost at the time of service will use more service than persons whose care is not entirely free—in the early years of that state of grace. Drs Keeler and Rolph do not tell us what the preexperiment insurance status was of any of the participants in their study. However, since few persons in the United States other than health maintenance organization members have entirely free medical care, it is unlikely that more than a few of the subjects of this experiment did so before they entered it. Thus, the Keeler-Rolph study, and possibly the whole Rand Insurance Study, tells no more than we already know from the British National Health Service experience and, indeed, our
Dietary Management of Acute Oliguric Renal Failure
Authors: L. J. Lawson, J. D. Blainey, P. Dawson-Edwards, S. M. Tonge
Journal: BMJ (1962)

The clinical histories, physical findings, and manage- ment of 47 infants and children ill as the result of low-humidity heat-wave conditions are presented.Results of an inquiry into the factors of disease and home management which may have caused the special susceptibility of these cases are discussed.It is suggested that failure of mothers to offer extra fluid was the m.ost important factor, but that pre-existing feeding difficulties were important, and in most of the older children were due to severe mental defect or chronic disease.Loss of water in excess of replacement resulted in acute cellular water-depletion with uncon- sciousness, and hyperpyrexia occurred in many.Cooling and urgent intravenous infusion constituted the treatment, and during recovery fits were common, difficult to control, and dangerous; they were not related to the type of fluid infused.In all, 12 patients died of heat illness, six of whom were dead on arrival.Post-mortem findings in these cases are briefly recorded.Four children from country areas who had been exposed to heat for a longer period showed salt depletion, and responded to intravenous administration of saline.It is hoped later to report a follow-up of the survivors.At the time of this investigation we were all members of the Clinical Research Unit, and we are grateful to the Director (Dr.H. E. Williams) for allowing us the oppor- tunity to carry it out and for helpful criticisms of the
Physician-Assisted Suicide: The Dutch Case-Reply
Authors: Linda Ganzini
Journal: JAMA (1997)

In my review I expressed concern that, at times, Dr Hendin contradicted himself. This reflects my conviction that the debate about assisted suicide deserves carefully crafted and consistent reasoning.  Hendin asserts that his most notable suggestion regarding the Dutch patient, whom he never met, was that time alone would have helped. In his book, however, he recommends a less narrowly focused psychotherapy, a trial of medication and involvement in a youth suicide prevention program. He wrote that the patient needed someone who could tell her in a firm but kind way that she had never really lived for herself and that it was not too late to try. In other cases he criticizes physicians' interactions with dying patients and makes psychotherapeutic recommendations, even though he interviewed neither the patients nor the physicians. The reader may be misled into believing that dying persons who desire hastened death simply need more psychiatric
Photodynamic Therapy in Gastroenterology - Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: S. G. Bown
Journal: Endoscopy (1993)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising technique for producing localized destruction of small cancers in the gastrointestinal tract. Following prior intravenous administration of a photosensitising drug, the tumour area is exposed to low power red light from a laser. There is a small degree of selectivity for tumour areas, but even if there is damage to normal tissues, this heals by regeneration. Thus the tumour and a surrounding cuff of normal tissue can be treated without the need for surgery and with safe healing of all treated areas without risk of perforation. There are 2 main problems. PDT can only be applied to small tumours (up to 1-2 cm thick) partly because the red light used only penetrates a few mm into tissue, but also because there is a risk of delayed haemorrhage following partial necrosis of large lesions. However, it may be complementary to other techniques. If the main bulk of a cancer is removed by surgery, PDT may be able to destroy any small areas of remaining cancer that are not accessible for resection. The other problem is that the most frequently used photosensitizer, haematoporphyrin derivative (HpD), leaves the patient sensitive to sunlight for several weeks after treatment. This will be much less of a problem with the newer photosensitizers such as aluminium sulphonated phthalocyanines and amino laevulinic acid, both of which should be ready for preliminary clinical trials within a few months. PDT has been applied on its own for the palliation of dysphagia from advanced oesophageal cancers, but the results as far are purely anecdotal and it seems unlikely that this will prove a useful approach unless PDT is combined with other therapies. The potential for PDT in treating gastrointestinal tumours is great, but a careful understanding of the biology involved is essential before this can be realized.
New Treatments for Hyponatremia
Authors: Robert W. Schrier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) was described by Schwartz and Bartter and their colleagues in 1957.1 At that time is was clearly shown that the hyponatremia associated with this syndrome does not respond to sodium replacement, and that rather severe restriction of water intake is necessary to raise plasma sodium concentration. In many patients this approach is satisfactory, because in the absence of severe symptoms, a rapid correction of the hyponatremia is not necessary. Also, in many circumstances, such as with acute pulmonary and Central-nervous-system infections, the duration of the syndrome is short-lived. The inconvenience of . . .
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF COMBINED PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENTS
Authors: DÉSIRÉ ANNAU
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1955)

Clinical observations led the author to the following conclusions: 1. Present-day psychiatric treatment methods have no specific, but have, to a certain degree, selective actions. 2. Electroconvulsive treatment relieves all forms of depressions and is able to alleviate emotional pressure. 3. Nonconvulsive electric treatment relieves anxiety and thus makes the patient amenable to productive psychotherapy. 4. Insulin coma treatment acts on an ideational level, thus enabling the patient to correct paranoid ideas. 5. Double electric shock treatment is necessary in highly emotionally disturbed states. 6. Combined treatments are indicated when different mechanisms are at work in creating psychotic symptoms. The author believes that these and similar clinical observations open many avenues to fruitful research, and that proper indications for treatment methods, together with satisfactory management of the hospital environment, would greatly improve our therapeutic results.
33. Non-Random Genomic Distribution of Retrovirus Vector Integration in Successful SCID-X1 Gene Therapy
Authors: Kerstin Schwarzwaelder, Manfred Schmidt, Steven Howe, Hanno Glimm, Claudia Prinz, Manuela Wissler, Annette Deichmann, Sonja Schmidt, Bobby Gaspar, Adrian Thrasher, Christof von Kalle
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Retrovirus gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells is an effective treatment of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID-X1). Nevertheless, the recent occurrence of T ALL like disease in three SCID-X1 patients led to intensive studies on vector biosafety with focus on insertional mutagenesis. Large-scale mapping of retrovirus integration sites in human cell lines revealed preferential vector integration into genomic coding regions, in particular near transcription start sites. We hypothesized that in clinical applications, the distribution of insertion sites may be influenced by additional factors, including the gene expression profile of the target cell population and the selection of hematopoietic cells capable of engrafting and proliferating in vivo. In this trial, six patients have been treated successfully since 2001 using a GALV-pseudotyped MLV-based vector carrying the therapeutic common gamma chain gene for transduction of autologous CD34+ cells. The patients did not receive any conditioning therapy before transplantation. Using a high-volume integration site sequencing approach, we have charcterized more than 400 unique integration sites derived from the patients. So far, no vector integration in the LMO2 oncogene could be detected in this trial, and the patients do not reveal any other evidence for malignancy or clonal deformation of their stem cell compartment. We could show that integration of the mammalian gammaretroviral vector in this gene therapy trial is not random. Integration of the vector happens generally within or close to gene coding regions, preferential surrounding the transcription start site. Moreover, we found common integration sites (CIS) in RefSeq gene regions. The targeted RefSeq genes were classified according to the Gene Ontology database. Our data strengthen the hypothesis that curative gene therapeutic treatment requires a sustained polyclonal contribution of ex vivo manipulated stem and progenitor cells. The distribution of insertions into the vicinity genes and common integration sites indicates that the observed distribution may also have been influenced by the biological effects these insertions may have caused in their target cells.
Words do not stand alone: Do not ignore a word's role when examining patterns of activation
Authors: Seth N. Greenberg, Monika Nisslein
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

Pulverm&amp;uuml;ller traces the differences in brain activity associated with function and content words. The model considers words displayed primarily in isolation. Research on letter detection suggests that what distinguishes function from content words are their roles in text. Hence a model that fails to consider context effects on the processing of words provides an insufficient accounting of word representation in the brain.
Does control of risk factors prevent coronary heart disease?
Authors: M F Oliver
Journal: BMJ (1982)

principal causes of the condition, it seems illogical to use local greasy applications or haemorrhoidectomy as the mainstay of treatment.Yet throughout the world, until recent years, classical medicine has espoused these methods.Many of the enlightened now regard both treatments as refuges of the proctologically destitute.They still have a place, but only within the whole armament of stool-bulking agents, anal dilatation, sphincterotomy, and mucosal fixation by fire, oil, or frost.