tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Intravenous N-acetylcysteine: still the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning.
Authors: L F Prescott, R N Illingworth, J A Critchley, A T Proudfoot
Journal: BMJ (1980)

One hundred cases of severe paracetamol poisoning were treated with intravenous N-acetylcysteine (acetyl-cysteine). There was virtually complete protection against liver damage in 40 patients treated within eight hours after ingestion (mean maximum serum alanine transaminase activity 27 IU/1). Only one out of 62 patients treated within 10 hours developed severe liver damage compared with 33 out of 57 patients (58%) studied retrospectively who received supportive treatment alone. Early treatment and acetylcysteine also prevented renal impairment and death. The critical ingestion-treatment interval for complete protection against severe liver damage was eight hours. Efficacy diminished progressively thereafter, and treatment after 15 hours was completely ineffective. Intravenous acetylcysteine was more effective than cysteamine and methionine and noticeably free of adverse effects. It is the treatment of choice for paracetamol poisoning.
Changes to letters in Thorax
Authors: J R Hurst, J A Wedzicha
Journal: Thorax (2007)

Updated guidelines for authors of letters to Thorax 

Here at Thorax we believe that letters are the life blood of a journal. Correspondence in response to published articles provides comment and alternative interpretations of data that promote debate, may be unexpected, and add value to the original work. Readers may also take the opportunity to present complementary research findings in such a letter. Moreover, we also publish research letters in Thorax and these are a useful method to present original and important data, or interesting observations that are too limited in scope to require a complete paper. All our letters are cited in PubMed and linked to the original paper.

We wish to encourage you to submit more letters, to …
Abstract 3136: Activated Src increases total Rac levels and requires Rac and IL6 for full neoplastic transformation
Authors: Carmeline D'Abreo, Rozanne Arulanandam, Mulu Geletu, Leda H. Raptis
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Activated Src (vSrc) was previously shown to activate Rac through the exchange factors Vav2 and Tiam, and to require Rac for neoplastic transformation, but the exact mechanism remains unclear. Since Src requires the function of the Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3), a Rac target for transformation, we explored the potential role of the Rac/Stat3 axis in transformation by vSrc. In fact, we recently demonstrated a dramatic increase in the activity of Stat3 in breast carcinoma as well as normal epithelial cells and fibroblasts, as a consequence of cell to cell adhesion (Oncogene 23:2600). In light of these findings, we revisited the question of the role of Rac and Stat3 in vSrc transformation. The results showed that, as previously demonstrated, vSrc expressing mouse fibroblasts had higher Rac activity, at all densities examined. Unexpectedly, our results also demonstrate for the first time a dramatic surge in total Rac upon Src expression, which was at least in part responsible for the Stat3 activity increase. Moreover, Rac activation caused an increase in levels of cytokines of the IL6 family, which was required for Stat3 activation, as shown by the fact that knockdown of gp130, the common receptor subunit of this family, reduced Stat3 activation and neoplastic transformation. Besides transformation, the Rac/IL6/Stat3 axis was required for apoptosis inhibition upon vSrc expression. (supported by CIHR, CBCF-Ontario chapter, US Army breast cancer program, NSERC and Breast Cancer Action Kingston). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3136.
REMARKS ON THE RELATIONS OF HUMAN AND BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: C. H. Cattle
Journal: BMJ (1902)

I THZ BRITISH for ten minutes, and is also more difficult to carry out, as it is easy with simple domestic apparatus such as Aymard's, or other double saucepan, or Soxhlet's, or Hawksley's bottleholding tins to keep the milk in a bath of boiling water for ten minutes.In times of epidemic summer diarrhoea the heating should be prolonged for at least half an hour, and the milk drunk within a fewlhours, or subjected again to the process, as the spores of the bacillus sporogenes enteritidis are very resistant.Under all circumstances milk, whether raw or " sterilised " should be drunk as fresh as possible, and then the liability to gastro-enteritis and nutritional diseases will be diminished; but it is my emphatic opinion that infants who live wholly or mainly on milk as at present supplied to us should never be exposed to the dangers lurking in the raw fluid.Lastly, let me say that nothing in this paper is intended to detract first from the paramount importance of children being suckled by their mothers for the first seven or eight months of their life; and, secondly, from the equally vital matter of securing a pure milk supply from healthy cows, hygienic stables and dairies, and clean milk cans.Educa- tional and legislative measures to secure such a pure milk supply should have the heartiest support of every medical man.
Mitochondria — potential role in cell life and death
Authors: E Griffiths
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

See article by Mathur et al. [10] ( pages 126 -138) inaccepted that it is this Ca signal in the mitochondria this issue.which stimulates ATP production in response to an increased demand energy by the cell (reviewed in [5]).However, under certain conditions, most notably oxidative 21
Pyroglobulinemia
Authors: Ivan J. Lipman
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE TERM "pyroglobulinemia" was introduced in 1953 by Martin and Mathieson<sup>1</sup>to describe the presence of a circulating, heat-coagulable protein and is the antithesis of cryoglobulinemia. This entity is usually encountered unsuspectedly when serum is heated to 56 C to inactivate complement for the performance of complement fixation tests. The rarity of pyroglobulinemia is attested to by the few detailed reports of its occurrence in the literature.<sup>1-6</sup>In over 700,000 complement fixation tests done at the Cleveland Clinic between 1921 and 1951, only four such cases were found.<sup>6</sup> Of the 27 cases of pyroglobulinemia reported in the English literature, 16 were associated with multiple myeloma. There were four patients with no disease diagnosed, and two in whom macroglobulinemia developed (Waldenström syndrome). There was one instance each of lymphosarcoma, lupus erythematosus, carcinoma of the esophagus, "convulsive disorder," hypervitaminosis D, and a "systemic illness of unknown nature." It is
Implementation and the Legacy of Health Care Reform
Authors: Christopher C. Jennings
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Now that President Barack Obama has signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, pundits and politicians are debating whether the landmark legislation will be a political asset or an albatross. The truth is that the legacy of this new law will be determined by the underlying policy and the competence with which it is implemented.The stakeholders in Washington, D.C., know all too well that the players who will wield the most influence over how the law's reforms are integrated into the nation's health care system do not reside in the Capitol Building. The new power brokers . . .
The Use of Lithium in the Treatment of Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: R. Temple, M. Berman, J. Robbins, J. Wolff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

Since lithium has been shown to inhibit release of iodine from the thyroid, we have investigated its therapeutic potential in thyrotoxicosis. Eight detailed 131I kinetic studies were performed on seven thyrotoxic women and data was analyzed using a computer program. Lithium at serum levels of about 1 mEq liter decreased the loss of 131I from the thyroid, led to a fall in serum 131I levels and diminished urinary 131I excretion. Computer simulation of the lithium effect required, in every case, that lithium inhibit hormonal and nonhormonal thyroid iodine release. In five cases a second lithium effect was required for a satisfactory fit of the model soluton with observed data: namely, an inhibition of hormone disappearance from serum.
Parathyroid hormone is essential for normal fetal bone formation
Authors: Dengshun Miao, Bin He, Andrew C. Karaplis, David Goltzman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2002)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a potent pharmacologic inducer of new bone formation, but no physiologic anabolic effect of PTH on adult bone has been described. We investigated the role of PTH in fetal skeletal development by comparing newborn mice lacking either PTH, PTH-related peptide (PTHrP), or both peptides. PTH-deficient mice were dysmorphic but viable, whereas mice lacking PTHrP died at birth with dyschondroplasia. PTH-deficient mice uniquely demonstrated diminished cartilage matrix mineralization, decreased neovascularization with reduced expression of angiopoietin-1, and reduced metaphyseal osteoblasts and trabecular bone. Compound mutants displayed the combined cartilaginous and osseous defects of both single mutants. These results indicate that coordinated action of both PTH and PTHrP are required to achieve normal fetal skeletal morphogenesis, and they demonstrate an essential function for PTH at the cartilage-bone interface. The effect of PTH on fetal osteoblasts may be relevant to its postnatal anabolic effects on trabecular bone.
ABSCESS FOLLOWING ABORTION.
Authors: EDWARD W. ADAMSON
Journal: JAMA (1907)

This case is reported as illustrating both the serious results that may follow an abortion and the surgical importance of the omentum. <h3>History.</h3> —Mrs. H., Mexican, age unknown, mother of five children. Family and personal history negative. I first saw the woman June 22, 1906, when she complained of severe pain in hypogastrium. She had had a spontaneous abortion, following a family fight, six weeks before, and had been more or less sick since. She had had no movement of the bowels for four days; temperature was 102.5 F., pulse 110. Her tongue was badly coated and breath fetid. Urination was frequent and she had vomited once just before my arrival, but the vomitus was not saved. I found the patient on the floor on a blanket. <h3>Examination.</h3> —There was no abdominal rigidity and only slight tenderness just above the pubes. Bimanual examination disclosed a slightly enlarged uterus, in normal
BCG vaccination scars: an avoidable problem?
Authors: R Sanders, M G Dickson
Journal: BMJ (1982)

assessment of central nervous system function and yield information which may help in diagnosis and in the manage- ment of patients with a variety of neurological disorders.The sensitivity of the techniques is likely to increase with further developments in instrumentation and methods for analysis of the response, with the development of new methods for assessing the temporal properties of conduction in specific pathways, and with improved definition of control groups.38The analysis of late cortical components in patients with dementia and cognitive disturbances3'" and recording of poten- tials associated with limb movement40 I ' are promising developments with the possibility for clinical application and warrant continuing investigation.
Abstract 3348: Netrin-4/Integrin beta-4 interaction promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation and protects from temozolomide induced cellular senescence via activating PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors: Yizhou Hu, Irene Ylivinkka, Li Li, Ping Chen, Sampsa Hautaniemi, Tuula A. Nyman, Jorma Keski-Oja Keski-Oja, Marko Hyytiäinen
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Netrin-4 (NTN4) is a secreted laminin-related protein, which was originally observed to guide neuronal axons during neuronal development. Recently, it has been found to be expressed in many other tissues and tumor types, and to contribute to the regulation of cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary tumor of central nervous system (CNS). Although there is no remedy for this fatal disease, the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) -an orally taken alkylating agent- has been demonstrated in the treatment of glioblastoma. However, the sensitivity of GBM cells to TMZ is interfered by many factors such as MGMT expression, AKT activation, etc. Here we have explored the functions and molecular mechanisms of NTN4 in GBM. The suppression of NTN4 expression in GBM cell lines significantly reduced cell proliferation and motility and increased serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. By using tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometric analysis, we identified the physical interaction between integrin beta-4 (ITGB4) and NTN4. This interaction mediates AKT phosphorylation and concomitant mitogenic effects. Furthermore, silencing either NTN4 or ITGB4 in GBM cell induced cellular senescence. Temozolomide induces cellular senescence in MGMT devoid glioma cell lines. Addition of exogenous recombinant NTN4 protein rescued TMZ induced senescence and AKT dephosphorylation in GBM cells in an ITGB4 dependent manner. Current data suggest that the NTN4-ITGB4 interaction promotes GBM cell proliferation and protects GBM cell from TMZ triggered cellular senescence via activating PI3K/AKT pathway. Citation Format: Yizhou Hu, Irene Ylivinkka, Li Li, Ping Chen, Sampsa Hautaniemi, Tuula A. Nyman, Jorma Keski-Oja Keski-Oja, Marko Hyytiäinen. Netrin-4/Integrin beta-4 interaction promotes glioblastoma cell proliferation and protects from temozolomide induced cellular senescence via activating PI3K/AKT pathway. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3348. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3348
Sickledex Tests With Unstable Hemoglobin Disorders
Authors: Virgil F. Fairbanks
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the article by Nalbandian and co-workers entitled "Sickledex Test for Hemoglobin S: A Critique" (<b>218</b>:1679-1680, 1971), it is stated that false-positive results may be given by "... non-S sickling hemoglobins such as C<sub>Harlem</sub>... and Heinz-body-forming hemoglobins." Some readers may interpret this statement to mean that the "Heinz-body-forming hemoglobins" both sickle and give positive Sickledex tests. To ascertain whether this is correct, we have examined blood specimens from four patients with unstable hemoglobin disorders: one patient with hemoglobin H disease, two with hemoglobin Köln disease (α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2</sub><sup>98 valine</sup>), and one with hemoglobin Olmsted disease (α<sub>2</sub>β<sub>2</sub><sup>141 arginine</sup>). Sickle cell tests with 2% sodium metabisulfite were negative in each case. The saponin-dithionite turbidity test as specified by Nalbandian et al gave normal results in the patient with hemoglobin H disease and in both patients with hemoglobin Köln disease; however, the test
Cooperative Clofibrate Trial
Authors: Barbara J. Leibowitz
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> I am concerned about the closing statement in the editorial on the Cooperative Clofibrate Trial (241:2638,1979), which I think did not represent the statements and views of the principal investigators. The principal investigators did not recommend clofibrate for use in community-wide programs.<sup>1,2</sup>The report in the<i>British Heart Journal</i>stated, "The trial confirmed the basic hypothesis that reduction of high serum cholesterol levels even in middle age can reduce the incidence of ischaemic heart disease." In their general comments on page 1101, the investigators listed a number of factors that might have led to more striking results. One of these was that the duration of the lowering, of lipid levels in the study might not have been long enough to influence long-standing coronary artery disease. The belief in the lipid hypothesis has stimulated many public health programs aimed at reducing serum cholesterol levels in hopes of
Cushing's Syndrome Presenting with Features of a "Type II" Nephritis
Authors: E. W. Wolff
Journal: BMJ (1950)

organisms only during their growth phase in a nutrient medium and not while "resting" in a non-nutrient fluid.Glycerinated vaccine lymph is a non-nutrient-medium, which explains the failure of penicillin in reducing the bacterial flora.On the other hand, Strauss (1947) and Garrod (1948) have clearly demonstrated that streptomycin is bactericidal both in nutrient and in non-nutrient fluids, though needing higher concentrations in the latter; and streptomycin has likewise proved effective in lymph.Further, it acts synergistically with penicillin, as little as 500 [kg. of strepto- mycin with 500 units of penicillin per ml.producing an equally effective bacterial reduction of vaccine lymph.Chain and Duthie (1945), Himmelweit (1945), and Pulaski, Kleinman, and Duncan (1946) report that certain anti- biotics in combination with sulphonamides, bacteriophage, or other antibiotics have such a synergistic action.While the Therapeutic Substances Act permits up to 5,000 organisms per ml. of lymph, streptomycin-treated lymphs have barely 200 organisms per ml.-in some cases no bacteria at all.The minimal requirement for a con- sistently successful vaccination " take " in children in the Tropics is a 10-4 or 10-5 positive potency (as tested by continuous vaccinal vesiculation on the rabbit); the strepto- mycin-treated lymphs have usually a 10-8 positive potency, or more.This permits the use of highly diluted vaccines and effects a great saving in production cost. SummaryThe effects of penicillin and streptomycin on vaccine lymph (calf lymph) under different conditions are described.Penicillin is ineffective in reducing the bacterial flora of vaccine lymph under those conditions; this becomes evident only when tests are conducted after removal of residual penicillin from the penicillin-treated lymphs.Streptomycin successfully brings down the bacterial flora of the vaccine lymph to the required extent.Neither antibiotic affects the potency of vaccine lymph.The application of these findings to the preparation of purer cal lymph at a substantially lower cost than at present is discussed.I am grateful to Dr. T. Chandrasekhariah,
Biopsy of Occult Breast Lesions and Professional Liability
Authors: Robert J. Darios
Journal: JAMA (1990)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The idea of using more stringent mammographic criteria and second opinions before obtaining biopsy specimens from all occult breast lesions is a good one. Unfortunately, it may not be entirely practical in today's medicolegal environment. By using more stringent and specific mammographic criteria, Meyer et al<sup>1</sup>were able to identify many innocuousappearing lesions that had a very low incidence of malignancy. They quote a 1 of 100 or less chance of cancer and state that this alone is not adequate justification for a biopsy. Unfortunately, a 1 to 100 chance of cancer must be an indication for biopsy. Consider that making a wrong diagnosis, missing an occult malignancy, and deciding not to obtain a biopsy specimen could easily result in a million-dollar judgment against the physician who made that call. One would be very unlikely to ignore a 100 to 1 shot when a million
Towards an end to stillbirths
Authors: A. E. Heazell
Journal: BMJ (2010)

“I am sorry: I cannot see your baby’s heart beating” are words that parents do not expect to hear. There was no mention of stillbirth in popular books about pregnancy, no suggestion in the shopping catalogues full of smiling babies. I am a doctor, so even though I was aware that pregnancy was not risk free, I did not expect my own unborn child to die. I now realise that our son is one of many such deaths, and the impact of stillbirth is greater than anyone seems to recognise.

On average there are around 10 stillbirths every day in the United Kingdom and more than 4000 a year, the equivalent of a year’s births in many hospitals. The worldwide burden is estimated at 3 000 000 stillbirths a year, 99% of which are in the developing world.1 In the UK the rate of stillbirths has not fallen significantly for more than a decade, remaining at 5.3 per 1000 live births.2 In the same period advances in neonatal care have seen neonatal deaths fall from 4.1 to 3.4 per 1000.2 3 Deaths of infants during labour account for 7.8% of the total number of stillbirths in the UK2 but two thirds of associated litigation, …
Cell Kinetics and Practical Consequences for Therapy of Acute Leukemia
Authors: Howard L. Bleich, Emily S. Boro, Alvin M. Mauer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

KNOWLEDGE of the patterns of cell kinetics in acute leukemia has increased remarkably during the past two decades. Previously, the selective advantage of the malignant-cell population was attributed to rapid and uncontrolled proliferation, and chemotherapeutic strategies were thus designed primarily to interfere with cell division. Today, it is recognized that cell division is not more rapid in the malignant population than in normal cell counterparts. Furthermore, there is good evidence that the growth of malignant cells is influenced by regulatory mechanisms, which principally affect the proportion of tumor cells in an active phase of cycle.This presentation describes current understanding . . .
1066 GB virus-C clearance is frequent in HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving interferon and ribavirin treatment but does not adversely affect HIV-1 viremia: the adult ACTG A5071 study group
Authors: C ZANDER, J ANDERSEN, J BLACKARD, W LIN, D ZDUNEK, G HESS, M PETERS, M KOZIEL, K SHERMAN, G ROBBINS
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

All 51 cases of HIV-related malignant lymphoma in Denmark diagnosed from 1983 to 1989 were reviewed. There were 12 Burkitt-type lymphomas, 30 immunoblast-rich lymphomas and 9 other lymphomas. Patients with immunoblast-rich lymphomas had significantly lower CD4 cell counts (median 60 vs. 188 × 106/l, P < 0.05), and more often a history of previous AIDS-defining illnesses (50% vs. 0%, P < 0.005), compared with patients with Burkitt-type lymphomas. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA was demonstrated in 14 of 19 immunoblast-rich tumours, and in 2 of 7 Burkitt-type lymphomas (P = 0.10). Compared with EBV DNA-negative tumours EBV DNA-positive tumours were associated with lower CD4 cell counts (median 39 vs. 188 × 106/l, P = 0.01). It is concluded that two main types of HIV-related malignant lymphoma exist. One is associated with severe immunosuppression, is often of immunoblast-rich morphology, and may be linked to EBV, whereas the other may occur in the absence of immunosuppression, is often of Burkitt-type morphology, and is probably not linked to EBV. In addition to these two main types, other non-Hodgkin lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease do occur.
Patients With Mild Asthma and Concomitant Allergic Rhinitis (AR) Had Better AR and Asthma Treatment Success with Mometasone Furoate Nasal Spray when Compared with Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists, Non-Sedating Anti-Histamines (NSA) and Combinations of NSA and Decongestants
Authors: P. Navaratnam, G. Reardon, H.S. Friedman, G. Gopalan, J.H. Krouse
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Weighing Alternatives-Reply
Authors: Warren S. Browner
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We thank Dr Vandenbroucke for pointing out the interesting passage from the book by Woods and Russell. We do not know why Bayes' ideas have become lost in the teaching of medical statistics. Perhaps the recent proliferation of the statistical jungle has made it more difficult for physicians to see the forest for the<i>P</i>'s.