tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Medicine and the Management of Living: Taming the Last Great Beast.
Authors: William Ray Arney, Bernard J. Bergen
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1985)

In recent years, relations between patients and physicians in America have undergone a dramatic change. The growing acceptance of natural childbirth, support groups for patients with serious illnesses, health maintenance organizations, and hospices for a happy  among family and friends is part of a redefinition of medical practice and reformulation of the field of medical power. No longer is medical practice confined to taming the beast of death and fighting the diseases observable in the human body. The modern practitioner is now a manager of the living, taking an ecological view of the  as a   in a network of relationships. Medicine and the Management of Living questions how it has been possible for the  to change from a silenced specimen observed in the clinic to a person whose subjective experience of illness is important to medical practice and discourse. Arney and Bergen ask, What incited the demand that medicine take the whole person, including the patient's presentation of his or her illness, into consideration? And in whose terms are patients speaking about themselves? The authors argue that the inclusion of patients' experiences in medical discourse that has come about since the 1950s is not so much a result of a patient rebellion as an activity preciptated by the medical establishment itself. Drawing inspiration from the work of Michel Foucault, Arney and Bergen examine the structure of medical power, contending that new social technologies like support groups make the patient's subjectivity available for medical evaluation, judgment, and manipulation. Throughout this sensitively written discussion, the authors vivify the issues they raise with excerpts from many sources the writings of a poet dying of cancer, the comments of doctors pondering their own fatal illnesses, and excerpts from popular magazines, medical journals, and sociological studies. They examine the changing role of the medical profession through history, using a modern advertising image and woodcuts from Vesalius's Renaissance anatomy text to show the symbolic portrayal of health and medicine. Their wide-ranging concerns lead the reader through such topics as teenage pregnancy; the historical treatment of medical anomalies like hermaphrodites and the elephant man (John Merrick); and literary representations of illness in Sartre, Chekhov, and Brian Clark's recent Broadway drama, Whose Life Is It Anyway? In a provocative yet thoughtful way, Medicine and the Management of Living points the way for a radical reassessment of medical power and the medical establishment.
Disparities in breast cancer mortality trends between 30 European countries: retrospective trend analysis of WHO mortality database
Authors: P. Autier, M. Boniol, C. LaVecchia, L. Vatten, A. Gavin, C. Hery, M. Heanue
Journal: BMJ (2010)

To examine changes in temporal trends in breast cancer mortality in women living in 30 European countries.Retrospective trend analysis. Data source WHO mortality database on causes of deaths Subjects reviewed Female deaths from breast cancer from 1989 to 2006Changes in breast cancer mortality for all women and by age group (<50, 50-69, and >or=70 years) calculated from linear regressions of log transformed, age adjusted death rates. Joinpoint analysis was used to identify the year when trends in all age mortality began to change.From 1989 to 2006, there was a median reduction in breast cancer mortality of 19%, ranging from a 45% reduction in Iceland to a 17% increase in Romania. Breast cancer mortality decreased by >or=20% in 15 countries, and the reduction tended to be greater in countries with higher mortality in 1987-9. England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland had the second, third, and fourth largest decreases of 35%, 29%, and 30%, respectively. In France, Finland, and Sweden, mortality decreased by 11%, 12%, and 16%, respectively. In central European countries mortality did not decline or even increased during the period. Downward mortality trends usually started between 1988 and 1996, and the persistent reduction from 1999 to 2006 indicates that these trends may continue. The median changes in the age groups were -37% (range -76% to -14%) in women aged <50, -21% (-40% to 14%) in 50-69 year olds, and -2% (-42% to 80%) in >or=70 year olds.Changes in breast cancer mortality after 1988 varied widely between European countries, and the UK is among the countries with the largest reductions. Women aged <50 years showed the greatest reductions in mortality, also in countries where screening at that age is uncommon. The increasing mortality in some central European countries reflects avoidable mortality.
Obesity, Prostate-Specific Antigen Nadir, and Biochemical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy: Biology or Technique? Results from the SEARCH Database
Authors: Tammy Ho, Leah Gerber, William J. Aronson, Martha K. Terris, Joseph C. Presti, Christopher J. Kane, Christopher L. Amling, Stephen J. Freedland
Journal: European Urology (2012)
Alternobaric Vertigo--a Diving Hazard
Authors: C. E. G. Lundgren
Journal: BMJ (1965)

Method and MaterialsAn automatic isotope dilution technique was employed, using a machine, the Volemetron, which can be set for iodinated serum albumin, or chromated red cells, or both (Williams and Fine, 1961).Because of its greater simplicity, we have used iodinated
Managing Symptoms Among Patients With Breast Cancer During Chemotherapy: Results of a Two-Arm Behavioral Trial
Authors: Charles W. Given, Alla Sikorskii, Deimante Tamkus, Barbara Given, Mei You, Ruth McCorkle, Victoria Champion, David Decker
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2008)

In this study, we compare symptom response and times to response among patients with breast cancer who were assigned to either a cognitive behavioral Nurse-Administered Symptom Management intervention or an Automated Telephone Symptom Management (ATSM) intervention.
Granulosa-cell Tumours Causing Precocious Puberty
Authors: I. Bruk, C. P. Dancaster, W. P. U. Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1960)

A review of the literature in 1955 revealed 62 cases of precocious puberty associated with granulosa-cell tumour (Pedowitz et al., 1955).Oestrogenic activity of the urine had been assayed biologically in some of these cases and found to be greatly raised.We report three further cases of precocious puberty caused by granulosa-cell tumour, in two of which both urinary and tumour oestrogens were fractionated and assayed biochemically.So far as we are aware, this is the first report of quantitative biochemical oestrogen estimation in this condition.Case 1 A coloured girl aged 2 years presented with a two-months history of progressive enlargement of the breasts and growth of pubic.and axillary hair (Fig. 1).For two weeks before admis- sion she had had intermittent vaginal bleeding, which varied i n intensity.T h e breasts were lumpyresembling fibro- adenosis, though a E.....
Tests of Testicular Function
Authors: Richard L. Landau
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The evaluation of testicular function can be readily divided into two categories, those procedures designed to evaluate fertility and those restricted to the testing of the endocrine function of the glands. The term "hypogonadism" generally refers to the condition resulting from a deficiency of male hormone. Often hypogonadism includes or is accompanied by seminiferous-tubule failure or impairment. However, there are exceptions in which spermatogenesis appears intact despite a clinically apparent androgen deficiency. Except for functioning carcinoma of the interstitial cells of Leydig, no syndrome characterized by testicular androgen excess has been described. <h3>Endocrine Function</h3> Interest in the internal secretion of the testis was a dominant factor influencing some of the fathers of endocrinology.<sup>1</sup>The effects of castration and prepubertal testicular failure have been well-described. The physical findings of the androgen-deficient adult male must be included among the tests for testicular androgen secretion, for they remain the hallmark by which
Genetic Determinants of Food Sensitization in Early Childhood: A Prospective Birth Cohort Study
Authors: X. Hong, H. Tsai, G. Wang, C. Pearson, K. Ortiz, R. Kumar, H. Bauchner, R. Schleimer, J.A. Pongracic, X. Wang
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
hsa-miR-29c* Is Linked to the Prognosis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Harvey I. Pass, Chandra Goparaju, Sergey Ivanov, Jessica Donington, Michele Carbone, Moshe Hoshen, Dalia Cohen, Ayelet Chajut, Shai Rosenwald, Harel Dan, Sima Benjamin, Ranit Aharonov
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

The inability to forecast outcomes for malignant mesothelioma prevents clinicians from providing aggressive multimodality therapy to the most appropriate individuals who may benefit from such an approach. We investigated whether specific microRNAs (miR) could segregate a largely surgically treated group of mesotheliomas into good or bad prognosis categories. A training set of 44 and a test set of 98 mesothelioma tumors were analyzed by a custom miR platform, along with 9 mesothelioma cell lines and 3 normal mesothelial lines. Functional implications as well as downstream targets of potential prognostic miRs were investigated. In both the training and test sets, hsa-miR-29c* was an independent prognostic factor for time to progression as well as survival after surgical cytoreduction. The miR was expressed at higher levels in epithelial mesothelioma, and the level of this miR could segregate patients with this histology into groups with differing prognosis. Increased expression of hsa-miR-29c* predicted a more favorable prognosis, and overexpression of the miR in mesothelioma cell lines resulted in significantly decreased proliferation, migration, invasion, and colony formation. Moreover, major epigenetic regulation of mesothelioma is mediated by hsa-miR-29c* and was shown through downregulation of DNA methyltransferases as well as upregulation of demethylating genes. A single miR has the potential to be a prognostic biomarker in mesothelioma, and validation of these findings as well as investigation of its downstream targets may give insight for potential therapies in the future.
Medal of Honor-Reply
Authors: Roy J. Popkin
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I have received several comments regarding my statement that "physicians are rarely assigned to front-line units under combat conditions." I agree with Dr. McDougall and others that physicians were in positions in which the Medal of Honor could have been won. However, in comparison to the other combat units, their numbers were small. Many men in the medical department earned the award; none was an officer. Of 137 awards issued to Naval personnel during World War II seven were won by hospital apprentices or pharmacists's mates. In World War II, 292 awards were issued to the Army. Nine medical soldiers won the award. Several physicians called my attention to Harold Furlong, MD, now practicing in Pontiac, Mich. He won the award in World War I as an infantry lieutenant in France. Dr. Furlong obtained his medical degree after his military service. Dr. J. McC. Finney of Havre
Metabolism of arterial plasma estrogens by the splanchnic organs of the dog in vivo
Authors: Delwood C. Collins, Hugh D. Robinson, Carolyn M. Howard, John R. K. Preedy
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1970)

In order to study the splanchnic metabolism of blood-borne estrogens, a constant infusion of estrone-6,7-(3)H was made in a series of dogs, and arteriovenous (A-V) differences at equilibrium were determined for estrone-6,7-(3)H and for its products estradiol-17beta, estrone sulfate, estrone glucosiduronate, and estradiol-17beta glucosiduronate across the splanchnic bed (artery-hepatic vein), the small intestine (artery-superior mesenteric vein), and the spleen (artery-splenic vein). Per cent extractions (100 - [V/A] 100) were calculated. The plasma metabolic clearance rate (MCR) for estrone was measured. Principal findings were as follows: mean MCR was 731 liters/day per m(2), SEM 50. By comparison with estimated hepatic plasma flow and using the observed splanchnic extraction of estrone, 45-71% of estrone metabolism was calculated to be extrasplanchnic. The significant mean per cent extractions were as follows (SEM in parentheses): splanchnic bedestrone 85.9 (1.92), estradiol-17beta 88.11 (3.36), estrone sulfate 27.9 (5.22), estrone glucosiduronate -48.5 (9.33), estradiol-17beta glucosiduronate -33.3 (80.3); small intestine-estrone 45.3 (2.60), estradiol-17beta 46.1 (12.9), estrone glucosiduronate - 30.8 (7.9); spleen-estrone 35 (3.8), estrone glucosiduronate 12 (3.7). These results lead to the following conclusions. Both estrone and estradiol-17beta are nearly completely extracted in one passage through the splanchnic bed. There is net uptake of estrone sulfate and net production of estrone glucosiduronate and of estradiol-17beta glucosiduronate by the splanchnic bed. There is net uptake of estrone and of estradiol-17beta by the intestine, associated with substantial net production of estrone glucosiduronate. There is net uptake of estrone by the spleen and a small but significant net uptake of estrone glucosiduronate.
Effect of osmotic stress on sarcolemmal integrity of isolated cardiomyocytes following transient metabolic inhibition
Authors: M. Ruiz-Meana, D. Garcia-Dorado, M. A. Gonzalez, J. A. Barrabes, J. Soler-Soler
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

Exposure to hypotonic medium induces sarcolemmal rupture in metabolically inhibited cardiomyocytes. This study investigated the effect of osmotic stress applied during reoxygenation and the possible cooperation between cell swelling and hypercontracture to produce sarcolemmal disruption.Freshly isolated adult rat myocytes were submitted to 60 min of metabolic inhibition (NaCN 2 mM). Reoxygenation was simulated by changing to one of 3 inhibitor free buffers: (1) normo-osmotic (312 mOsm); (2) hypo-osmotic (80 mOsm); (3) low Na+ normo-osmotic (312 mOsm). The contribution of hypercontracture-induced reoxygenation on sarcolemmal rupture was investigated in myocytes submitted to hypo-osmotic reoxygenation in presence of 2,3-butanedione monoxime 30 mM, a blocker of contractility. Recovery from mechanical fragility was studied by exposing cells to hypotonic buffer 20 or 40 min after restoration of metabolic activity, in either presence or absence of 2,3-butanedione monoxime. Two control groups without metabolic inhibition were used. One was exposed to osmotic stress after 60 min incubation in control conditions, the other was induced to hypercontract by exposure to hypo-osmotic, high-calcium buffer. Cell viability was assessed by the Trypan blue test.Before any intervention 81.9(1.2)% of cells were rod-shaped. After 60 min of metabolic inhibition most cells developed rigor contracture and only 16.4(1.8)% remained rod-shaped. Restoration of metabolic activity induced hypercontracture of most cells with rigor independently of buffer osmolality. Cell viability, however, significantly differed among groups: only 25.9(4.4)% of cells reoxygenated with hypo-osmotic buffer were viable vs. 74.1(7.6)% in the normo-osmotic reoxygenation group, and 82.9(2.9)% in the control group. Addition of 2,3-butanedione monoxime 30 mM during hypo-osmotic reoxygenation prevented hypercontracture and preserved cell viability. Delaying osmotic stress 20 or 40 min after the onset of reoxygenation did not improve viability [19.3(3.9) and 34.9(1.3)%, respectively]. Contractile blockade with 2,3-butanedione monoxime during the first 20 or 40 min of reoxygenation was associated with a reduction in the number of hypercontracted cells after the removal of the inhibitor but did not increase the proportion of hypercontracted viable cells (25% and 27%, respectively).(1) Osmotic stress following transient metabolic inhibition produces sarcolemmal disruption, and this effect is not related to the low Na+ concentration present in the hypo-osmotic buffer; (2) reoxygenation-induced hypercontracture cooperates with cell swelling to produce sarcolemmal disruption; and (3) osmotic fragility persists for at least 40 min after restoration of metabolic activity.
Rewards of Careful Observation
Authors: Asher J. Finkel
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Clinical research is commonly believed to require extensive laboratory facilities, a large target population for study, an involved research protocol, and, frequently, a sizable research grant or contract. Nevertheless, opportunities exist for physicians to make penetrating observations in the course of their practice of medicine, which on further investigation may lead to substantial increments in medical knowledge. In the field of occupational medicine, an observation made by Flindt<sup>1</sup>when he was a medical officer in a factory that handled proteolytic enzymes for incorporation into laundry detergents led to the description of allergic pulmonary alveolitis as a result of exposure to these substances. Similarly, an observation by Creech and Johnson<sup>2</sup>on the increased incidence of angiosarcoma of the liver in workers at a plant that handled polyvinyl chloride led to a worldwide outburst of articles on this problem in the medical literature that has continued to this day. Elsewhere
Diagnostic Imaging in Internal Medicine
Authors: Richard M. Gore
Journal: JAMA (1985)

Perhaps no specialty in medicine is evolving as rapidly as radiology. In the past five years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), digital subtraction angiography, and positron emission tomography, along with significant improvements in ultrasound, computed tomography, and nuclear medicine technology, have revolutionized noninvasive imaging. Similarly dramatic changes have occurred in interventional radiology with the development of percutaneous biliary and renal drainage, abscess and pseudocyst drainage, transluminal angioplasty, and dilatation of gastrointestinal strictures.  To the author's credit, this explosion of new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques is smoothly and intelligently integrated with classic, albeit more prosaic, radiographs of bone diseases, pneumonias, infection, metabolic and immunologic disorders, ulcers, and polyps. This book lacks a section on obstetric radiology and, save for this one intentional omission, this work is comprehensive. Although written as an imaging complement to Harrison's Principles and Practice of Internal Medicine , it is actually an all-purpose review of contemporary radiology, propelling it
Epigenetic regulation of developmental expression of Cyp2d genes in mouse liver
Authors: Ye Li, Xiao-bo Zhong
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2012)

CYP2D6 expression in liver is age-dependent. Because epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modifications, modulate age-related gene expression during development, and are highly conserved among species, the current study examined the epigenetic regulation of age-related expression of the Cyp2d genes in mouse liver. DNA methylation (DNAme), histone 3 lysine 4 dimethylation (H3K4me2), and histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) was established by ChIP-on-chip tiling microarrays from mouse livers at prenatal, neonatal, and adult stages. Levels of DNAme, H3K4me2, and H3K27me3 were analyzed in a genomic region containing the Cyp2d clustering genes and their surrounding genes. Gradually increased expression levels of the Cyp2d9, Cyp2d10, Cyp2d22, and Cyp2d26 genes from prenatal, through neonatal, to adult are associated with gradually increased levels of H3K4me2 in the nucleosomes associated with these genes. Gene expression patterns during liver development in several Cyp2d surrounding genes, such as Srebf2, Sept3, Ndufa6, Tcf2, Nfam1, and Cyb5r3, could be also explained by changes of DNA methylation, H3K4me2, or H3K27me3 in those genes. In conclusion, the current study demonstrates that the changes of DNA methylation and histone modifications are associated with age-related expression patterns of the Cyp2d genes and their surrounding genes in liver cells during development.
Simplification to coformulated elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine, and tenofovir versus continuation of ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor with emtricitabine and tenofovir in adults with virologically suppressed HIV (STRATEGY-PI): 48 week results of a randomised, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority trial
Authors: Jose R Arribas, Gilles Pialoux, Joseph Gathe, Giovanni Di Perri, Jacques Reynes, Pablo Tebas, Thai Nguyen, Ramin Ebrahimi, Kirsten White, David Piontkowsky
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2014)
Neuronal Ig/Caspr Recognition Promotes the Formation of Axoaxonic Synapses in Mouse Spinal Cord
Authors: Soha Ashrafi, J. Nicholas Betley, John D. Comer, Susan Brenner-Morton, Vered Bar, Yasushi Shimoda, Kazutada Watanabe, Elior Peles, Thomas M. Jessell, Julia A. Kaltschmidt
Journal: Neuron (2014)

Inhibitory microcircuits are wired with a precision that underlies their complex regulatory roles in neural information processing. In the spinal cord, one specialized class of GABAergic interneurons (GABApre) mediates presynaptic inhibitory control of sensory-motor synapses. The synaptic targeting of these GABAergic neurons exhibits an absolute dependence on proprioceptive sensory terminals, yet the molecular underpinnings of this specialized axoaxonic organization remain unclear. Here, we show that sensory expression of an NB2 (Contactin5)/Caspr4 coreceptor complex, together with spinal interneuron expression of NrCAM/CHL1, directs the high-density accumulation of GABAergic boutons on sensory terminals. Moreover, genetic elimination of NB2 results in a disproportionate stripping of inhibitory boutons from high-density GABApre-sensory synapses, suggesting that the preterminal axons of GABApre neurons compete for access to individual sensory terminals. Our findings define a recognition complex that contributes to the assembly and organization of a specialized GABAergic microcircuit.
Cardiotrophin-1 is an essential factor in the natural defense of the liver against apoptosis
Authors: Juan M. Marquès, Idoia Belza, Bettina Holtmann, Diane Pennica, Jesus Prieto, Matilde Bustos
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

We previously reported that exogenous cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, exerts hepatoprotective effects. Because CT-1 is expressed in the normal liver, we hypothesized that this cytokine may constitute an endogenous defense of the liver against proapoptotic stimuli. Here, we found that CT-1−/− mice died faster than wild-type animals after challenge with a lethal dose of the Fas agonist Jo-2. At sublethal doses of Jo-2, all wild-type mice survived whereas CT-1−/− animals developed extensive hepatocyte apoptosis with 50% mortality at 24 hours. Pretreatment with CT-1 improved survival and reduced injury in both CT-1−/− and wild-type animals. Upon Fas ligation the activation of STAT-3, a molecule that defends the liver against apoptosis, was lower in CT-1−/− mice than in wild-type animals despite similar IL-6 up-regulation in the 2 groups. Analysis of liver transcriptome in CT-1−/− and wild-type mice showed that 9 genes reported to be associated with cell survival/death functions were differentially expressed in the 2 groups. Four of these genes [IGFBP1, peroxiredoxin3, TNFR1, and calpastatin (endogenous inhibitor of calpain)] could be validated by real-time PCR. All of them were down-regulated in CT-1−/− mice and were modulated by CT-1 administration. Treatment of CT-1−/− animals with the calpain inhibitor MDL28170 afforded significant protection against Fas-induced liver injury. Conclusion: CT-1−/− mice are highly sensitive to Fas-mediated apoptosis due in part to deficient STAT-3 activation and inadequate control of calpain activity during the apoptotic process. Our data show that CT-1 is a natural defense of the liver against apoptosis. This cytokine may have therapeutic potential. (HEPATOLOGY 2007;45:639–648.)