tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Weight Gain, and Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Young and Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Matthias B. Schulze
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Sugar-sweetened beverages like soft drinks and fruit punches contain large amounts of readily absorbable sugars and may contribute to weight gain and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, but these relationships have been minimally addressed in adults.To examine the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight change and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.Prospective cohort analyses conducted from 1991 to 1999 among women in the Nurses' Health Study II. The diabetes analysis included 91,249 women free of diabetes and other major chronic diseases at baseline in 1991. The weight change analysis included 51,603 women for whom complete dietary information and body weight were ascertained in 1991, 1995, and 1999. We identified 741 incident cases of confirmed type 2 diabetes during 716,300 person-years of follow-up.Weight gain and incidence of type 2 diabetes.Those with stable consumption patterns had no difference in weight gain, but weight gain over a 4-year period was highest among women who increased their sugar-sweetened soft drink consumption from 1 or fewer drinks per week to 1 or more drinks per day (multivariate-adjusted means, 4.69 kg for 1991 to 1995 and 4.20 kg for 1995 to 1999) and was smallest among women who decreased their intake (1.34 and 0.15 kg for the 2 periods, respectively) after adjusting for lifestyle and dietary confounders. Increased consumption of fruit punch was also associated with greater weight gain compared with decreased consumption. After adjustment for potential confounders, women consuming 1 or more sugar-sweetened soft drinks per day had a relative risk [RR] of type 2 diabetes of 1.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-2.36; P<.001 for trend) compared with those who consumed less than 1 of these beverages per month. Similarly, consumption of fruit punch was associated with increased diabetes risk (RR for > or =1 drink per day compared with <1 drink per month, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.33-3.03; P =.001).Higher consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with a greater magnitude of weight gain and an increased risk for development of type 2 diabetes in women, possibly by providing excessive calories and large amounts of rapidly absorbable sugars.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE IMMUNE BODIES OCCURRING IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM
Authors: Oswald T. Avery
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1915)

The immune bodies of antipneumococcus serum are completely precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate. They are incompletely precipitated by (a) ammonium sulphate in less than 38 per cent. saturation, (b) saturation with sodium chloride, (c) dilution and saturation with carbon dioxide, (d) removal of crystalloids by dialysis. The immune bodies of antipneumococcus serum are, therefore, associated or combined with that fraction of the globulins precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate. The immune body fraction does not correspond exactly with the ordinary euglobulin (one-third saturation with ammonium sulphate or complete saturation with sodium chloride) or with the insoluble globulins precipitated by carbon dioxide or dialysis. These fractions carry with them only a part of the immune bodies. Neither the albumin nor that fraction of the globulin not precipitated by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation of ammonium sulphate contain any of the demonstrable antibodies. The most promising method for the practical purification of the immune bodies occurring in antipneumococcus serum appears to be precipitation by 38 to 42 per cent. saturation with ammonium sulphate.
Abstract CT337: Phase I/Ib study of the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib (O) with carboplatin (C) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) at low genetic risk (NCT00647062)
Authors: Victoria L. Chiou, Elise C. Kohn, Christina M. Annunziata, Lori Minasian, JoAnne Zujewski, Minshu Yu, Jay Ji, James Doroshow, Nicolas Gordon, Nicole Houston, Jung-Min Lee
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Background: PARPi O demonstrates single agent activity in breast and ovarian cancer (Br/OvCa) pts with germline BRCA1/2 mutation (gBRCAm), and with BRCA-like phenotype. Subsets of TNBC are known to respond to therapies targeting DNA repair mechanisms. We hypothesize that O and C combination can be safely tolerated in TNBC pts and may result in benefit. Methods: Pts with recurrent or unresectable TNBC, BRCAPro score &amp;lt;10% or absent gBRCAm, and normal end-organ function were eligible. An open-label 3x3 dose escalation included daily oral O capsule formulation (200mg then 400 mg q12h, d1-7) with C/AUC3-5 on d2 q21d (dose level [DL]1-3). No more than 8 O/C cycles were given, followed by daily O until progression. Pts were evaluated for toxicity every 3 weeks by CTCAEv3.0, and every two cycles for response using RECISTv1.0. Results: 25 women (median age 52 [39-76]) were treated. All pts except one received prior therapy (median 5 [0-12]; prior platinum in 3pts). DLT was thrombocytopenia (DL 2: O 400mg/C AUC4 [1/6pts] and DL3: O 400mg/C AUC 5 [2/3pts]). MTD was reached at DL3 (C/AUC 5 with O 400mg capsule q12h d1-7 q21d). The expansion dose was O 400mg q12h d1-7, C/AUC 4. Gr 3/4 AEs included neutropenia (36%), thrombocytopenia (12%), and anemia (12%). 2 pts required C dose reduction and early discontinuation due to delayed marrow recovery. 13 pts (52%) needed peg-filgrastim, 6 (24%) blood transfusion, and 3 (12%) erythropoietin on at least one cycle. Responses (N=22 evaluable) included 1 CR (46+ mo), 2 PR (3, 5 mo), and 8 with SD ≥4 mo (36%; median 5 [4-7]), for a disease control rate of 50%. The pt who achieved CR had a strong family history of Br/OvCa. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells preC1, d3 or d7, and prior to C2 were collected for PAR incorporation ELISA. Paired tumor biopsies (pre/post-cycle1) were obtained from expansion cohort patients for biomarker proteomics and apoptosis endpoints; results will be presented. Conclusions: RP2D O capsule formulation 400 mg q12h d1-7 with C AUC4 q21d is tolerable in heavily pretreated TNBC pts. Interactive marrow suppression was observed. Citation Format: Victoria L. Chiou, Elise C. Kohn, Christina M. Annunziata, Lori Minasian, JoAnne Zujewski, Minshu Yu, Jay Ji, James Doroshow, Nicolas Gordon, Nicole Houston, Jung-Min Lee. Phase I/Ib study of the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib (O) with carboplatin (C) in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) at low genetic risk (NCT00647062). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr CT337. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-CT337
Hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy for patients with prostate cancer (HYPRO): late toxicity results from a randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial
Authors: Shafak Aluwini, Floris Pos, Erik Schimmel, Stijn Krol, Peter Paul van der Toorn, Hanja de Jager, Wendimagegn Ghidey Alemayehu, Wilma Heemsbergen, Ben Heijmen, Luca Incrocci
Journal: The Lancet Oncology (2016)
Saturated fat intake and insulin resistance in men with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project Investigators and Staff.
Authors: D J Maron, J M Fair, W L Haskell
Journal: Circulation (1991)

BACKGROUND To determine whether there is an association between diet and plasma insulin concentration that is independent of obesity, we studied the relation of dietary composition and caloric intake to obesity and plasma insulin concentrations in 215 nondiabetic men aged 32-74 years with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS After adjusting for age, the intake of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol were positively correlated (p less than 0.05) with body mass index (r = 0.18, r = 0.16), waist-to-hip circumference ratio (r = 0.21, r = 0.22), and fasting insulin (r = 0.26, r = 0.23). Carbohydrate intake was negatively correlated with body mass index (r = -0.21), waist-to-hip ratio (r = -0.21), and fasting insulin (r = -0.16). Intake of monounsaturated fatty acids did not correlate significantly with body mass index or waist-to-hip circumference ratio but did correlate positively with fasting insulin (r = 0.24). Intake of dietary calories was negatively correlated with body mass index (r = -0.15). In multivariate analysis, intake of saturated fatty acids was significantly related to elevated fasting insulin concentration independently of body mass index. CONCLUSIONS These cross-sectional findings in nondiabetic men with coronary artery disease suggest that increased consumption of saturated fatty acids is associated independently with higher fasting insulin concentrations.
Endocrine Manipulation of Meningiomas with Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
Authors: Thomas-Marc Markwalder, Ernst R. Waelti
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (1991)

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) acted as a competitive binder to progesterone receptors (PR) of meningioma cytosols after in-vivo administration (PRmean =15.6 fmol/mg protein 338.3 fmol/g tumor, n = 15), in comparison to 54.9 fmol/mg protein (2813 fmol/g tumor) in our untreated meningioma series (n = 58). In cases of two-stage resection of meningiomas MPA significantly decreased cytoplasmic PR activity. In monolayer tissue culture of primary meningioma cells (n = 37) in vivo MPA-pretreated meningiomas showed sufficient growth in 38% whereas untreated meningiomas grew well in 50%. MPA-induced inhibition or delay of growth was observed in 35%. Furthermore the effect of MPA on growth fractions of ex vivo meningiomas was demonstrated by use of the Ki-67 monoclonal antibody in three cases of meningiomas operated on in two stages and in meningioma specimens from a group of 21 patients operated on in one single stage after MPA therapy. In the three cases of two-stage operation of the tumors, the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells in meningioma tissue was lower by a factor of 6, 5, and 3, respectively, after MPA therapy. In meningioma specimens from patients receiving no MPA therapy (n = 11), Ki-67-positive cells were present in 1.02 ± 0.48%; in samples from MPA-treated tumors the percentage of Ki-67-positive cells was 0.41 ± 0.40. Although immunocytochemical evidence of the presence of genuine PR in meningiomas has been established and MPA significantly reduces PR activity there is no obvious correlation between PR activity and the potential suppression of the tumor growth fraction. Recent results indicate that the effects of MPA may be mediated by a decreasing content of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-R) in meningiomas resulting in a decrease of tumor growth. This decrease of EGF-R content offers an explanation for the diminution of meningioma growth fractions after MPA therapy.
Ventricular contracture and compliance changes with global ischemia and reperfusion, and their effect on coronary resistance in the rat.
Authors: C S Apstein, M Mueller, W B Hood
Journal: Circulation Research (1977)

We measured ventricular contracture and compliance (passive distensibility) of the isolated rat heart during and after 30 minutes of complete global ischemia.The passive filling or distensibility curves of intra-left ventricular pressure vs. volume were linear between 0 and 30 mm Hg during the control, ischemic, and reperfusion periods.During ischemia the effective stiffness (distensibility slope) of the ventricle increased from the preischemic control of 0.229 ± 0.027 to 0.514 ± 0.083 mm Hg/pl (P < 0.005); with reperfusion, stiffness markedly increased to 1.743 ± 0.442 mm Hg//tl (P < 0.001 vs. control).The changes in passive distensibility were parallel to changes in contracture which occurred when the ventricle was held in the isovolumic condition; during ischemia, contracture increased the preischemic diastolic pressure of -2 ± 1 to 17 ± 3 mm Hg (P < 0.001); in the early reperfusion period intense ventricular contracture occurred to a pressure of 75 ± 6 mm Hg (P < 0.001 vs. preischemic control).After 30 minutes of reperfusion contracture pressure decreased to 34 ± 7 mm Hg, (P < 0.001 vs. control).Contracture during reperfusion was associated with a parallel increase in the coronary vascular resistance; postischemic contracture may thus contribute to the no reflow phenomenon observed with attempted reperfusion of ischemic myocardium.The severity of contracture which occurred during ischemia and reperfusion was inversely related to the amount of ischemic tissue lactate accumulation and did not correlate with changes in tissue water content.Thus, global ischemia and reperfusion markedly decreased passive ventricular compliance; in the intact animal ventricular filling could be impaired by this process and diastolic pressure measurements would reflect the change in compliance as well as in ventricular contractile function.THE DIASTOLIC properties of the myocardium are a major determinant of ventricular filling and overall hemodynamic function.A decrease in ventricular distensibility also has the effect of increasing the diastolic presst e at a
A Growing Industry and Menace: Makeshift Laboratory's Designer Drugs
Authors: Terra Ziporyn
Journal: JAMA (1986)

ESTIMATED TO BE a billion dollar (and growing) industry by the Drug Enforcement Administration, so-called designer drugs represent the flip side of specifically engineered legitimate pharmaceuticals. They are synthetic chemicals designed in makeshift laboratories to elicit specific responses and then sold on the street to drug abusers. Another term that some persons concerned with the problem use for these drugs is "controlled substances analogues." Today, these drugs include analogues of fentanyl; meperidine, particularly MPPP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-propionoxypiperidine) and PEPAP (1 [2-phenylethyl]-4-acetyloxypiperidine); phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP); the phenylisopropylamine methylenedioxy-amphetamine (MDA); and MDA's Nmethyl analogue (MDMA). Designer drugs can be made-to-order or substituted without the buyer's knowledge for such drugs as heroin. "The term 'designer drugs' was originally coined to mean the manufacture of synthetic drugs designed to the consumer's specifications," Mark W. Stanford, PhD, clinical director of the Pathway Society, Inc, in Santa Clara, Calif, told a Boston audience at this fall's North American
Accidental poisoning deaths in British children 1958-77.
Authors: N C Fraser
Journal: BMJ (1980)

In the 20 years 1958-77 598 deaths were registered as due to accidental poisoning in British children under the age of 10-343 boys and 255 girls. Drugs caused 484 deaths, non-medicinal products 111, and plants three. The annual number of deaths reached a peak in 1964 but fell steadily thereafter; 16 deaths occurred in 1977. After 1970 tricyclic antidepressants replaced salicylates as the most commonly fatal poison. The next ten drugs most often recorded in 1970-7 were, in order, opiates (including diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil)), barbiturates, digoxin, orphenadrine (Disipal), quinine, potassium, iron, fenfluramine (Ponderax), antihistamines, and phenothiazines. In 20 years paracetamol caused one death, and before 1976 deaths caused by aspirin had fallen to fewer than two a year. Thus the introduction in 1976 and 1977 of safety packaging of these drugs can be expected to have little impact on the mortality from them in childhood.
Subcellular trafficking and transfection efficacy of polyethylenimine–polyethylene glycol polyplex nanoparticles with a ligand to melanocortin receptor-1
Authors: Mikhail O. Durymanov, Elena A. Beletkaia, Alexey V. Ulasov, Yuri V. Khramtsov, Georgiy A. Trusov, Nikita S. Rodichenko, Tatiana A. Slastnikova, Tatiana V. Vinogradova, Natalia Y. Uspenskaya, Eugene P. Kopantsev, Andrey A. Rosenkranz, Eugene D. Sverdlov, Alexander S. Sobolev
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2012)
Persistent pain and sensory disturbances after treatment for breast cancer: six year nationwide follow-up study
Authors: M. K. Mejdahl, K. G. Andersen, R. Gartner, N. Kroman, H. Kehlet
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Objective</b> To examine the development of persistent pain after treatment for breast cancer and to examine risk factors associated with continuing pain. <b>Design</b> Repeated cross sectional study in a previously examined nationwide cohort. All eligible women who underwent surgery for primary breast cancer in Denmark in 2005 and 2006 and were examined in 2008 were surveyed again with the same questionnaire. <b>Setting </b>Surgical centres in Denmark. <b>Main outcome measures </b>Prevalence, location, and severity of persistent pain after treatment for breast cancer in well defined treatment groups and changes in pain reporting and sensory disturbances from 2008 to 2012. <b>Participants </b>In 2012, 2828 women were eligible in our database, and 108 were excluded. Exclusion criteria were death; new, recurrent, or other cancer; reconstructive breast surgery; and emigration. <b>Results </b>2411 (89%) women returned the questionnaire. Prevalence of persistent pain after treatment for breast cancer ranged from 22% to 53% depending on treatment. In 2012, 903 (37%) women reported such pain, a fall from 45% in 2008. Of these, 378 (16%) reported pain of ≥4 on a numerical rating scale (scale 0-10), a fall from 19%. Among women reporting pain in 2008, 36% no longer reported it in 2012. In contrast, 15% of the women who did not report pain in 2008 reported it in 2012. Risk factors for having pain were axillary lymph node dissection rather than sentinel lymph node biopsy (odds ratio 2.04, 95% confidence interval 1.60 to 2.61; P&lt;0.001) and age ≤49 (1.78, 1.25 to 2.54; P&lt;0.001). No particular method of treatment or age was associated with an increase in pain from 2008 to 2012. <b>Conclusions</b> Persistent pain after treatment for breast cancer remains an important problem five to seven years later. The problem is not static as it can either progress or regress with time. <b>Trial registration </b>Clinicaltrials.gov NCT No 01543711.
The Haemochromogen Crystal Test for Blood
Authors: D. J. A. Kerr, V. H. Mason
Journal: BMJ (1926)

THE HAEMOCHROMOGEII CRYSTAL TEST FOR BLOOD.ITzJBmTa and a vesical fistula may form.Fig. 19 shlows a constric-Vion which was adherent to the bladder.Perforation into .heperitoneal cavity is rare, but may occur.Carcinoma may arise in a diverticulous bowel, but is not frequent.There were 5 cases in our series, a smaller number thanl was found in 100 control patients of the same age.
The immunobiology of bile and biliary epithelium
Authors: Sandra Reynoso-Paz, Ross L. Coppel, Ian R. Mackay, Nathan M. Bass, Aftab A. Ansari, Eric M. Gershwin
Journal: Hepatology (1999)

Long thought to be just a simple pipe involved in the delivery of bile from hepatocytes to the gallbladder and intestine, bile ducts are now regarded as highly dynamic structures consisting of cell populations involved in formation, transport and modification of bile by both secretory and absorptive processes. In fact, both bile and biliary epithelium appear to have active immunologic roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. These roles are becoming increasingly clear as techniques have been developed allowing for the study of bile and biliary epithelial cells (BECs) in mucosal immunity. Bile is actively involved in the transport of immunoglobulin to the intestine, while BECs secrete chemokines and cytokines and serve to localize the immune response by expressing critical cell adhesion molecules. Evidence suggests that BECs may also function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) and, in the process, contribute to the modulation of inflammatory reactions. Bile ducts and, in particular, BECs, are the primary site of damage in several immunologically mediated liver diseases. Progress in these important areas has been rapid and forms the basis of this review.
Mutagenic and carcinogenic significance and the possible induction of lung cancer by nitro aromatic hydrocarbons in particulate pollutants.
Authors: H Tokiwa, N Sera, A Nakashima, K Nakashima, Y Nakanishi, N Shigematu
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Studies of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of nitro aromatic hydrocarbons focus on their high mutagenicity for bacteria and mammalian cells. Nitrobenzo[a]pyrenes (NBPs) and related nitroazaarenes also are extraordinarily mutagenic. 3-Nitro-6-azabenzo[a]pyren-N-oxide was found to be a more potent mutagen than 1,8-dinitropyrene. Mutagenicity of NBPs was associated with the position of substitution of the nitro function when nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was substituted at the third position on the benzo[a]pyrene (BP) structure, as in 3,6-dinitrobenzo[a]pyrene but not in 1,6-diNBP. The NBPs were reduced by a rat liver postmitochondrial fraction to nitroso- and subsequently to amino-derivatives. Therefore, tumoral action in rats was induced at significant levels by subcutaneous injection of 3,6-diNBP, but no tumors were observed in rats given 1,6-diNBP. Carcinogenic nitropyrenes were detected in the resected lung of a patient with lung cancer. It is suggested that the presence of nitropyrenes and the resulting tumor were due to exposure to by-products of combustion of heavy oil. The patient was a nonsmoker and farmer who had bred chickens for 40 years. He used heavy oil for heating the chicken house. Similarly, a group of Chinese people at high risk of developing lung cancer was selected to determine the initiator of lung cancer. Lung cancers were obtained from six Chinese female nonsmokers who were living in Fuyuan County, China. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in resected lung specimens; they were benzo[k]fluoranthene, BP, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, and pyrene. These cases were associated with exposure to soot from combustion of coal usually used for heating and cooking indoors.
Lactic Acidosis and a Possible New Treatment
Authors: Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1978)

The accumulation of lactate in the blood has long been recognized as a normal response to vigorous exercise and as a manifestation of acute hypoxia secondary to shock or asphyxia. However, it was not until 1961 that Huckabee called attention to the occurrence of hyperlactatemia in a variety of clinical circumstances lacking evidence of either circulatory failure or hypoxemia.1 , 2 Since then, a large and still growing literature on this subject has appeared, and some experts now suspect that lactic acidosis may be the most frequent form of acute metabolic acidosis. It is also a not uncommon cause of congenital or . . .
Dermatoglyphic Defects and Rubella Teratogenesis
Authors: Stuart G. Purvis-Smith
Journal: JAMA (1969)

The dermatoglyphic patterns of 100 children with congenital rubella were studied and compared with those of 100 matched normal controls. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of abnormal palmar creases, digital whorl patterns, patterns in interdigital space III, and clinodactyly. The Sydney line, or extended proximal transverse palmar crease was seen in 27 of the patients and was established as an index of abnormality in children born with congenital rubella in New South Wales since 1955. Seventeen patients had simian lines and a total of 41 patients had one or more abnormal palmar creases. Fifty patients had either abnormal palmar creases or eight or more digital whorl patterns. Several mechanisms may cause dermatoglyphic abnormalities in children with congenital rubella.