tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Heroin users in general practice: ascertainment and features
Authors: R. G Neville, J. F McKellican, J. Foster
Journal: BMJ (1988)

A case-control study of heroin users in general practice showed a prevalence of roughly two per 1000 of the urban population or four per "average" general practice list of patients. A method of studying heroin users who attend general practice was used that has advantages over existing techniques. Thirty six heroin users had a statistically significantly higher yearly doctor-patient consultation rate than a group of matched controls. More heroin users also failed to attend appointments than controls. When consultations directly related to heroin and its effects were excluded, however, the consultation rates in the two groups were similar. The heroin users did not have an excess of psychiatric disorder or disturbed family background compared with controls but had a noticeable history of dishonest and violent behaviour towards medical staff. A high proportion of heroin users in the study were antibody positive for the human immunodeficiency virus. General practitioners should take advantage of their frequent contacts with heroin users and their families to give them support and counselling about the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Textbook of Nephrology
Authors: Irwin Singer
Journal: JAMA (1989)

The proliferation of renal textbooks over the last decade has created in book reviewers a feeling of déjà vu. The repetitive rosters of authors of particular topics and the similarity of encyclopedic approaches render choices and comparative assessment extremely difficult. A few excellent textbooks dominated the field in earlier decades, but many more are now available. Yet, despite the similarity of new textbooks covering the specialty, differences in editorial philosophy provide some important distinguishing aspects. While most renal textbooks rely on an encyclopedic approach for their relatively long chapters, the<i>Textbook of Nephrology</i>edited by Drs Massry and Glassock offers a distinctly different approach. The table of contents reads like a student's wish list. It promises coverage of many areas in clinical nephrology in succinct individual essays. Herein lies the real strength of this textbook, and the success of this approach is a reflection of the thoughtful planning of experienced
Severe hypersensitivity reaction as acute eosinophilic pneumonia and skin eruption induced by proguanil
Authors: N. Just, O. Carpentier, C. Brzezinki, F. Steenhouwer, D. Staumont-Sallé
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

To the Editors:

The combination of atovaquone and proguanil is effective and safe in the prevention and treatment of malaria. We present the first report of proguanil-induced acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) associated with skin eruption. On December 18, 2006, a 40-yr-old female was admitted to our hospital (Victor Provo Medical Centre, Roubaix, France) for shortness of breath and widespread skin lesions. She had a 10-pack-yr smoking history but no respiratory illness or relevant comorbidity. On the morning of December 8, 2006, she had initiated atovaquone–proguanil treatment for malaria prophylaxis prior to a trip to Senegal. She had taken the same treatment for the first time 1 yr previously without any complications. That evening she developed progressive dyspnoea with nonproductive cough and subacute fever (38°C). She only stayed in Senegal for 4 days and did not leave her hotel room during this time. After returning to France she continued to take atovaquone–proguanil for 1 week. Increased shortness of breath prompted her to consult her general practitioner, who prescribed amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid for bronchitis. This treatment was withdrawn on the day 4 because of rapidly spreading skin eruptions on day 3. Although …
Limited coronary flow reserve after dipyridamole in patients with ergonovine-induced coronary vasoconstriction.
Authors: R O Cannon, W H Schenke, M B Leon, D R Rosing, J Urqhart, S E Epstein
Journal: Circulation (1987)

Patients with anginal chest pain despite angiographically normal coronary arteries and left ventricles may have abnormalities of coronary flow reserve. Twenty-five patients were found to have limited flow reserve during rapid atrial pacing after administration of 0.15 to 0.30 mg iv ergonovine, associated with precipitation of chest pain and hemodynamic and metabolic evidence of myocardial ischemia. No significant narrowing occurred in epicardial coronary artery luminal diameter. An additional 15 patients had no chest pain during pacing; because they developed significantly higher great cardiac vein flow and lower coronary resistance they were considered to have normal vasodilator reserve. After administration of dipyridamole (0.5 to 0.75 mg/kg iv), the lowest absolute levels to which coronary resistance fell (0.79 +/- 0.23 vs 0.47 +/- 0.12 mm Hg X min/ml; p less than .001) and the maximal absolute levels to which great cardiac vein flow rose (134 +/- 34 vs 202 +/- 45 ml/min; p less than .001) were impaired in the 25 patients with ergonovine-induced flow limitation compared with the 15 patients without flow limitation after ergonovine. In addition, 18 of the 25 patients with limited flow reserve after dipyridamole experienced chest pain despite an increase in coronary flow. In these patients, dipyridamole-induced increased flow across small prearteriolar coronary arteries, which were narrowed because of abnormal tonus or sensitivity to vasoconstrictor stimuli, could have resulted in a transmural redistribution of blood flow away from the subendocardium, precipitating subendocardial ischemia. These studies suggest that patients with anginal chest pain despite normal epicardial coronary arteries may have exaggerated coronary responses to vasoconstrictor stimuli, which can result in myocardial ischemia during stress, as well as attenuated responses to coronary vasodilator stimuli.
Researchers Deal With Funding Frustrations
Authors: J. Glover
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Researchers Deal With Funding Frustrations Get access Janet Glover Janet Glover Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 10, 16 May 1990, Pages 812–813, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.10.812 Published: 16 May 1990
Reciprocity between tissue calmodulin and cAMP levels: modulation by excess zinc
Authors: MING K. HENG, MOON K. SONG, M.C.Y. HENG
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Signal transduction of many intracellular events is initiated by a minute influx of calcium ions into the cells, resulting in the formation of calcium-calmodulin complex and cAMP. Because zinc appears to have an inhibitory effect on a number of tissue reactions, it is postulated that this occurs through modulation of intracellular calcium influx. To test the hypothesis that the inhibitory effects of zinc are mediated through the calcium-calmodulin-cAMP pathway, zinc was administered by various routes to five groups of nude mice (control, intragastric, intraperitoneal, intradermal and oral groups), and calmodulin and cAMP concentrations were measured in the cytosol of epidermal cells. Calmodulin levels decreased significantly in the groups given intraperitoneal zinc (P < 0.025) and intradermal zinc (P < 0.001) injections. Significant elevations of cAMP levels were noted with intradermal zinc (P < 0.025). Overall, the relationship between calmodulin and cAMP appeared to be inversely logarithmic, with the lowest calmodulin levels associated with the highest cAMP concentrations. In addition, there was a significant trend towards a smaller calmodulin/cAMP ratio in all zinc-treated groups, except the mice fed dietary zinc. These results appear to correlate with tissue zinc levels obtained with these various forms of zinc administration. Our results therefore indicate that there is a reciprocity between epidermal calmodulin and cAMP levels, which may be modulated by external factors such as zinc.
Activation of the alternative complement pathway with rabbit erythrocytes by circumvention of the regulatory action of endogenous control proteins
Authors: DT Fearon, KF Austen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1977)

Cleavage of C3 by the alternative complement pathway occurs in at least two distinct phases: continuous low grade generation of C3b by the interaction of native C3, B, D, and P, and subsequent amplified cleavage of C3 by the interaction of C3b, B, D, and P which forms the amplification convertase, P,C3b,Bb. Transition to C3b-dependent amplification is necessary to achieve substantial C3 cleavage and is normally limited by the combined action of C3b inactivator (C3bINA) and betalH. An activator of the alternative pathway, such as rabbit erythrocytes (E(r)), provides sites that protect bound C3b and P,C3b,Bb from the action of these regulatory proteins and permits C3b deposited by the low grade fluid phase reaction to assemble a membrane-associated amplification convertase which can deposit additional protected C3b. Under conditions in which the control proteins, C3bINA and beta1H, almost completely inactivated C3b bound to sheep erythrocytes (E(s)), which does not activate the alternative pathway, the function of C3b bound to E(r) was diminished by less than one-fifth. Further, the P- stabilized amplification convertase on E(r) was 10-fold less sensitive to beta1H-mediated decay-dissociation than the convertase on E(s). The addition of E(r) to a regulated mixture of purified C3, B, D, P, C3bINA, and beta1H resulted in amplified inactivation of C3 and B by formation of the amplification convertase on E(r) as indicated by its lysis with subsequent exposure to C3-C9. In contrast, E(s) did not advance the low grade fluid phase inactivation of C3 and B to amplified inactivation and the cell was not converted to an intermediate susceptible to lysis by C3- C9. Since E(r) and E(s) did not differ in their inefficient fixation of C3b generated during an unregulated fluid phase reaction, the activating capacity of E(r) must reside in its protection of bound C3b and P, C3b,Bb from the regulatory proteins rather than in enhanced capacity to bind C3b from the fluid phase. When the reaction is limited to low grade fluid phase turnover, introduction of E(r) but not E(s) results in a 100-fold increase in the deposition of C3b, indicating that surface-dependent activation of the alternative pathway is characterized by efficient deposition of C3b on the initiating surface. Thus, the activating surfaces advance the interaction of the alternative pathway proteins to the amplification phase because of the selective inability of the regulatory proteins to deal with their substrates when deposited on these surfaces and results in a specificity that is not necessarily dependent on adaptive immunity.
PERSONNEL FACTORS IN THE NATIONAL HEALTH SURVEY
Authors: C. C. Lienau
Journal: JAMA (1942)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The editorial notice (The Journal, May 23, p. 347) of my paper on personnel factors of the national health survey of 1935-1936 (<i>Am. J. Hyg.</i><b>34</b>:110 [Nov.] 1941) discussed this paper on the assumption that its interest lies in providing a critique of the statistics produced by that survey. For this purpose the paper provides many interesting facts, which may not, however, be taken out of the context. I shall be glad to leave that part of the discussion of the survey to others. They should, for the sake of perspective, first recognize some well known facts of census history and also the fact that the paper is a product of the National Institute of Health. As a matter of census history it is the record of the first attempt of a statistical agency to test the ability of its staff in relation to the quality
THE SOLUBILITY OF LEAD SALTS IN HUMAN GASTRIC JUICE, AND ITS BEARING ON THE HYGIENE OF THE LEAD INDUSTRIES
Authors: A. J. CARLSON
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The following investigation was undertaken at the request of Dr. Alice Hamilton, special investigator of lead-poisoning for the federal Bureau of Labor, because of the availability in our laboratory of normal human gastric juice. The relative importance of the skin, the lungs, and the digestive tract as avenues of the lead absorption in workers in the lead industries seems to be determined only to this extent that the skin is the least important. While lead may be absorbed through the intact skin under special conditions of prolonged application of lead compounds to the skin, it may be questioned whether under ordinary working conditions absorption through the skin contributes to industrial plumbism. There remains, then, to consider the lungs and the digestive tract. Meillère<sup>1</sup>seems to show that while poisoning may occur by absorption of lead from the lungs, this is not a channel of absorption of practical importance in
Psoriasis occurring after myeloablative therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: S. Wahie, A. Alexandroff, N.J. Reynolds, S.J. Meggitt
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2005)

Journal Article Psoriasis occurring after myeloablative therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation Get access S. Wahie, S. Wahie Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, U.K. E‐mail: shyamalwahie@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Alexandroff, A. Alexandroff Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, U.K. E‐mail: shyamalwahie@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N.J. Reynolds, N.J. Reynolds Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, U.K. E‐mail: shyamalwahie@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S.J. Meggitt S.J. Meggitt Department of Dermatology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, U.K. E‐mail: shyamalwahie@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 154, Issue 1, 1 January 2006, Pages 194–195, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2005.07026.x Published: 01 January 2006
In vitro susceptibility of fungi to killing by neutrophil granulocytes discriminates between primary pathogenicity and opportunism.
Authors: A Schaffner, C E Davis, T Schaffner, M Markert, H Douglas, A I Braude
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

Pathogenic fungi, according to their propensity to cause infection of apparently normal individuals, can be grouped into either primary pathogens (e.g., Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Paracoccidioides, Blastomyces, and Sporothrix) or opportunists (e.g., Candida, Mucoraceae, Aspergillus spp., Petriellidium, and Trichosporon). There is, however, no unifying concept explaining the difference between the virulence of the two fungal categories. Previously we have speculated that neutrophils are the common denominator of the high natural resistance to opportunistic fungi. Accordingly, we then compared the susceptibility to killing by neutrophil granulocytes of Histoplasma, Blastomyces, Paracoccidioides, and Sporothrix with that of 14 opportunistic fungi. We found the four virulent dimorphic yeasts, in contrast to opportunistic fungi, to be resistant to killing by neutrophils. Virulent dimorphic yeasts were ingested by neutrophils, and triggered a respiratory burst comparably to opportunists but were less susceptible to hydrogen peroxide, suggesting that differences in the susceptibility to microbicidal products of leukocytes may explain the difference in virulence.
Recurrent disseminated intravascular coagulation and fulminant intra hepatic thrombosis in a patient with the anti‐phospholipid syndrome
Authors: J. Stinson, G. Tomkin, G. McDonald, F. Jackson, M. Harrison, A. Murray, C. Feighery, J. Jackson
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1990)

Abstract We describe a patient with the lupus anti‐coagulant who had recurrent episodes, over a 2 year period, of a severe and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. This patient also had positive serological assays for syphilis and anti‐cardiolipin antibodies. Associated with the coagulopathy were co‐expressed episodes of liver disease, ultimately terminating in fulminant liver failure. At autopsy the features were characteristic of the Budd‐Chiari syndrome. This is the first report to document how consumptive coagulopathy may present as a dominant feature of the anti‐phospholipid syndrome. It also clearly describes an immune mediated thrombotic mechanism as a cause of hepatic veno‐occlusive disorders. Furthermore, this case highlights the varied clinical spectrum of the anti‐phospholipid syndrome and suggests that a high index of suspicion is required to ensure its diagnosis.
Complement Activation and the Resulting Placental Vascular Insufficiency Drives Fetal Growth Restriction Associated with Placental Malaria
Authors: Andrea L. Conroy, Karlee L. Silver, Kathleen Zhong, Monique Rennie, Peter Ward, J. Vidya Sarma, Malcolm E. Molyneux, John Sled, Joseph F. Fletcher, Stephen Rogerson, Kevin C. Kain
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)
Analysis of the Acute Circulatory Effects of Guanethidine and Bretylium
Authors: Thomas E. Gaffney, Eugene Braunwald, Theodore Cooper
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

The acute effects of guanethidine and bretylium on myocardial contractile force, heart rate, mean arterial pressure, and cardiac out put were studied in normal dogs and cardiac denervated, myocardial catecholamine-depleted dogs. Right ventricular contractile force was measured by means of a Walton-Brodie strain-gauge arch. Cardiac output was measured by the dye-dilution technique. In normal dogs, guanethidine produced marked increases of myocardial contractile force, heart rate, cardiac output, and arterial pressure. In the cardiac-denervated dogs. guanethidine produced a small decrease in myocardial contractile force and a small increase in heart rate ; the cardiac output and pressor responses were also markedly reduced. Thus, it appears that sudden release of myocardial eateeholamines is largely responsible for the acute circulatory effects of guanethidine. In normal dogs, bretylium increased myoeardial contractile force, heart rate, cardiac output, and arterial pressure. In cardiac denervated dogs, the increase in contractile force produced by bretylium was essentially unchanged from the normal, but the heart rate was decreased, and the cardiac output response appeared slightly reduced. These data suggest that myocard ial catecholamine release plays a limited but definite role in the acute circulatory effects of bretylium. The negative inotropic effect of guanethidine and the negative chronotropic effect of bretylium in the denervated. amine-depleted heart suggest that these responses are direct effects of these drugs which are manifest only in the amine-depleted heart.
Fabrication of Miniature PO2 and pH Sensors Using Microelectronic Techniques
Authors: C C Liu, M R Neuman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

Miniature PO2 and pH sensors can be used in combination with enzymatic catalysts such as glucose oxidase and glucose dehydrogenase as the basis for the development of a small glucose sensor. The applications of microelectronic techniques such as photolithography techniques and thick- and thin-film metallization are novel approaches in fabricating highly uniform and reproducible sensors that are relatively simple to calibrate and operate.
The synthesis of proteoglycans in fat-storing cells of rat liver
Authors: Stephan Schäfer, Ottwin Zerbe, Axel M. Gressner
Journal: Hepatology (1987)

Fat-storing cells (perisinusoidal stellate cells) were isolated by enzymatic digestion of rat liver and purified by a single-step Nycodenz ® gradient to yield 11.4·10 6 cells per liver, with a purity of 74% and a viability of 76%. Monolayer cultures of fat-storing cells incorporated both [ 35 S]sulfate and [ 3 H]glucosamine into glycosaminoglycans; the rate of incorporation increased with culture time (3-fold between the third and eighth days in culture). About 80% of newly formed glycosaminoglycans were secreted into the medium. Analysis of the types of glycosaminoglycans revealed a different pattern for cells and medium, respectively, which is subject to culture time. Heparan sulfate remains primarily cell-bound and, therefore, has a low fractional secretion rate. Chondroitin sulfate and even more dermatan sulfate are the main types of glycosaminoglycans in the medium. Dermatan sulfate represents about 60% of total medium glycosaminoglycans. In advanced cultures (eighth day), this type becomes the predominant one in the cell layer. The reduction of the molecular weight of native medium-sulfated molecules by papain digestion and β-elimination and the puromycin-induced inhibition of their synthesis by more than 75% suggest the formation of glycosaminoglycans as complex proteoglycans. It is concluded that fat-storing cells are a major cellular source of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate in liver connective tissue. Since the pattern of proteoglycans of fat-storing cells closely resembles that found in the fibrotic liver matrix, this cell type might be of pathogenetic significance for the accumulation of chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate in cirrhotic connective tissue.
Incentive mechanisms require deeper understanding
Authors: R. E Ashcroft, T. M Marteau, A. Oliver
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Cookson and Popay make some important points about the merits and problems of using cash incentives to change health behaviour in disadvantaged populations.1 2

Cookson makes three moral arguments and one prudential argument. Firstly, cash incentives provide an inducement to recipients to change their behaviour to lessen harm to third parties. We could go further and consider direct coercion, for instance, through criminal sanctions. …
10 PRECLINICAL STUDIES ON MYRCLUDEX B, A NOVEL ENTRY INHIBITOR FOR HEPATITS B- AND HEPATITIS DELTA VIRUS (HDV) INFECTIONS
Authors: S. Urban, A. Schulze, A. Schieck, C. Gähler, Y. Ni, A. Meier, A. Alexandrov, W. Mier
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Reining in Radiation Injury: HIF2α in the Gut
Authors: Chang-Lung Lee, Everett J. Moding, David G. Kirsch
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2014)

Deletion of prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins or overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α) in the gastrointestinal epithelium improves survival of mice after abdominal irradiation (Taniguchi et al ., this issue).
Case of Morbus Coxarius in Process of Cure
Authors: R. Hindle
Journal: BMJ (1843)

In the " I)ublin Medical Press " of the 1st of March, a case of neuralgia of the face, thumb, and forearm, is related, which was promptly relieved by ten drops of the tincture of lndian hemp (strength one grain resini to ten drops) pre- scribed by Sir Jamcs Aurray.At the present date (27th) my patient is alto-ethler free from pIain.