tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
LITHEMIC NASOPHARYNGITIS DUE TO SYSTEMIC DISTURBANCE.
Authors: J. A. STUCKY
Journal: JAMA (1904)

Inasmuch as closer and more accurate observation has been made, new facts brought out, old theories exploded, and better results obtained, since the reading and discussion of this topic at the Western Section of the American Rhinological, Otological and Laryngological Society held in St. Louis two years ago, I do not feel that it is necessary to offer any apology for bringing the subject again before you. I desire to emphasize in the very beginning that it is full and free discussion that we are after. In the treatment of all disease, whether due to pathologic condition or functional disturbance, the fact as to the cause of the existing condition is what concerns us most. What is the matter and why does it exist, and what will relieve or palliate most effectually the condition that confronts us, are the perplexing questions that we must face.
Mast cells in the rat heart during normal growth and in cardiac hypertrophy.
Authors: K Rakusan, K Sarkar, Z Turek, P Wicker
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

Mast cells in rat hearts were studied quantitatively during normal postnatal growth and in two types of cardiac hypertrophy. Normally, cardiac mast cell density in 11-12-day-old animals is very low, but increases markedly in the following 2-3 weeks to its highest values, with a subsequent decline toward adult values. At the peak of mast cell density, the percentage of mast cells in close proximity to capillaries is also highest. In adult animals, mast cell counts are significantly higher in the right ventricle than in the left. This relation is preserved even when the right ventricle is hypertrophic, as in rats born at simulated high altitude. Chronic hypertension and swimming have little effect on the mast cell density in rat hearts. Conspicuous changes in the mast cell density at the time of capillary proliferation seem to indicate a special role played by these cells in the formation of new vessels.
Commentary: controversies in NICE guidance on management of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Stephen Atkin, Christopher Walton
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Publication of the original guidelines (in 2002) from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) for type 2 diabetes predated the wholesale change in the delivery of diabetes services in the England and Wales. As a consequence of the national service framework in 2001 and the new general practitioners’ contract in 2003, primary care now delivers much more diabetes treatment, with fewer instances of insulin being started in secondary care. Consequently, the revised guidance1 will now be judged much more on its relevance to general practice diabetes care, including the drive to hit targets on blood glucose control.

It is reassuring that a trial of lifestyle intervention with education is still encouraged before a patient is started on metformin, rather than the immediate prescription of metformin at diagnosis as suggested in the consensus document from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes.2 The place of quality assured structured education programmes is rightly emphasised. However, the delivery …
Retinoblastoma Deficiency Increases Chemosensitivity in Lung Cancer
Authors: William A. Zagorski, Erik S. Knudsen, Michael F. Reed
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The retinoblastoma (RB) tumor suppressor is mutated or functionally inactivated in the majority of human malignancies, and p16INK4a-cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4-RB pathway aberrations are present in nearly all cases of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, the distinct role of RB loss in tumorigenic proliferation and sensitivity to chemotherapeutics was determined in NSCLC cells. Attenuation of RB led to a proliferative advantage in vitro and aggressive tumorigenic growth in xenograft models. Clinically, such aggressive disease is treated with genotoxic and cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. In vitro analysis showed that RB deficiency resulted in bypass of the checkpoint response to multiple chemotherapeutic challenges concomitant with an elevated apoptotic response. Correspondingly, RB deficiency in xenograft models led to increased chemosensitivity. However, this response was transient, and a durable response was dependent on prolonged chemotherapeutic administration. Together, these findings show that although RB deficiency enhances sensitivity to chemotherapeutic challenge, efficient and sustainable response is highly dependent on the specific therapeutic regimen, in addition to the molecular environment. [Cancer Res 2007;67(17):8264–73]
Rhinoviruses Associated With Common Colds in a Student Population
Authors: C. Alan Phillips
Journal: JAMA (1965)

A total of 111 specimens obtained from 105 college and medical students with upper-respiratory-tract infections were studied during the 1963 to 1964 school year. Twenty-two viral agents were isolated (20%), including 19 rhinoviruses, one adenovirus, and two herpes simplex viruses. Four new rhinovirus serotypes were isolated using a newly introduced cell line obtained from tissue cultures of human aorta. The "common cold" syndrome with mild sore throat, rhinorrhea, cough, and malaise was seen in students from whom rhinoviruses and herpesviruses were isolated. A more severe picture with marked sore throat, cervical adenopathy, conjunctivitis, and high fever was seen in the student who yielded the adenovirus. All available paired sera showed a rise in antibody titer to the homologous virus. Rhinoviruses belonging to different serotypes were found throughout the six-month period of October through March, but a given serotype was found during short periods of four to six weeks.
A Randomized, Prospective Evaluation of Noninvasive Ventilation for Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: THOMAS J. MARTIN, JEFFREY D. HOVIS, JOSEPH P. COSTANTINO, MORRIS I. BIERMAN, MICHAEL P. DONAHOE, ROBERT M. ROGERS, JOHN W. KREIT, FRANK C. SCIURBA, RONALD A. STILLER, MARK H. SANDERS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

We compared noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV), using bilevel positive airway pressure, with usual medical care (UMC) in the therapy of patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) in a prospective, randomized trial. Patients were subgrouped according to the disease leading to ARF (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], a non-COPD–related pulmonary process, neuromuscular disease, and status postextubation), and were then randomized to NPPV or UMC. Thirty-two patients were evaluated in the NPPV group and 29 in the UMC group. The rate of endotracheal intubation (ETI) was significantly lower in the NPPV than in the UMC group (6.38 intubations versus 21.25 intubations per 100 ICU days, p = 0.002). Mortality rates in the intensive care unit (ICU) were similar for the two treatment groups (2.39 deaths versus 4.27 deaths per 100 ICU days, p = 0.21, NPPV versus UMC, respectively). Patients with hypoxemic ARF in the NPPV group had a significantly lower ETI rate than those in the UMC group (7.46 intubations versus 22.64 intubations per 100 ICU days, p = 0.026); a similar trend was noted for patients with hypercapnic ARF (5.41 intubations versus 18.52 intubations per 100 ICU days, p = 0.064, NPPV versus UMC, respectively). Patients with ARF in the non-COPD category had a lower rate of ETI with NPPV than with UMC (8.45 intubations versus 30.30 intubations per 100 ICU days, p = 0.01). Although the rate of ETI was lower among COPD patients receiving NPPV, this trend did not reach statistical significance (5.26 intubations versus 15.63 intubations per 100 ICU days, p = 0.12, NPPV versus UMC, respectively). In conclusion, NPPV with bilevel positive airway pressure reduces the rate of ETI in patients with ARF of various etiologies. Martin TJ, Hovis JD, Costantino JP, Bierman MI, Donahoe MP, Rogers RM, Kreit JW, Sciurba FC, Stiller RA, Sanders MH. A randomized, prospective evaluation of noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure.
AN ANALYSIS OF 263 CASES OF TABES
Authors: B. Bramwell
Journal: BMJ (1908)

liver.The breaking down of the haemoglobin produces various forms.of-abnormal pigment, which become deposited throughout the body and in the skin.The condition is known as "haemochromatosis," and the alteration in the colour of the skin'is sometimes ol a most remarkable character.If recognized, it may serve as an important sign of the Internal disorder.Most of the cases already described have been associated with disease of the liver or of the intestinal tract, not infrequently associated wlth glycosuria.This association, however, does not seem to be always necessary.I have under observation now a patient suffering from the disease, whom I first was called to see by one of my colleagues in the hospital.She was a young woman, a Board School teaoher, of about 24 _years of -age, emaciated to an extreme degree.On further -examination, the abdomen was noted to be greatly distended, %and obviously contaLined fluid.The most striking feature, however, was the fact that she had become deeply pigmented from head to foot.The pigmentation, as usual, was most Intense in the flexures of the body, where the tint could be -cmpared to a very deep grey-blue slate colour.It was not of the usual brown or black tint characteristic of the deposit of melanin.An abdominal section was performed for the pur- pose of removing the collection of fluid and of exploring the abdomen.A large quantity of free, clear fluid, containing a few flakes of lymph was evacuated.The abdominal viscera, so far as could be seen, were normal with the exception that In the upper and back part of the abdominal cavity and on the fnder surface of the liver a small quantity of lymph lining the peritoneal surface and a few adhesions were: seen.The operation was concluded, and I am glad to say that the patient ma4la an% v.t.A rannwvrw not #n% v from thA inneration but of her general health.Mhe soon coimmenced to increase in weight, to take her food properly, and was discharged from the hospital.She is still under R,mbergism, loss of the knee-jerk, and the Argyll.Robertson condition of the pupils, but In which there were no lightning pains, at the remarkably advanced age of 73. SOCiAL STATUS.Married, Widowe, or iS..gke-In 159, or 60.4 per cent., of the 263 oases, the patients were married; in 18 cases, or 670 M.DWiI.UNAL] 6.8jPer cent.,.widowers or widows; in 52 -cases, or 213 per cent., single; and in 30 cases, or 11.4 per cent., the condition as regards marriage is not sitated in the notes.
Effect of Calcium Supplementation on Blood Lead Levels in Pregnancy: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Adrienne S. Ettinger, Héctor Lamadrid-Figueroa, Martha M. Téllez-Rojo, Adriana Mercado-García, Karen E. Peterson, Joel Schwartz, Howard Hu, Mauricio Hernández-Avila
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Prenatal lead exposure is associated with deficits in fetal growth and neurodevelopment. Calcium supplementation may attenuate fetal exposure by inhibiting mobilization of maternal bone lead and/or intestinal absorption of ingested lead.Our goal was to evaluate the effect of 1,200 mg dietary calcium supplementation on maternal blood lead levels during pregnancy.In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted from 2001 through 2003 in Mexico City, we randomly assigned 670 women in their first trimester of pregnancy to ingest calcium (n = 334) or placebo (n = 336). We followed subjects through pregnancy and evaluated the effect of supplementation on maternal blood lead, using an intent-to-treat analysis by a mixed-effects regression model with random intercept, in 557 participants (83%) who completed follow-up. We then conducted as-treated analyses using similar models stratified by treatment compliance.Adjusting for baseline lead level, age, trimester of pregnancy, and dietary energy and calcium intake, calcium was associated with an average 11% reduction (0.4 microg/dL) in blood lead level relative to placebo (p = 0.004). This reduction was more evident in the second trimester (-14%, p < 0.001) than in the third (-8%, p = 0.107) and was strongest in women who were most compliant (those who consumed > or = 75% calcium pills; -24%, p < 0.001), had baseline blood lead > 5 microg/dL (-17%, p < 0.01), or reported use of lead-glazed ceramics and high bone lead (-31%, p < 0.01).Calcium supplementation was associated with modest reductions in blood lead when administered during pregnancy and may constitute an important secondary prevention effort to reduce circulating maternal lead and, consequently, fetal exposure.
Is the Association Between Parity and Coronary Heart Disease Due to Biological Effects of Pregnancy or Adverse Lifestyle Risk Factors Associated With Child-Rearing?
Authors: Debbie A. Lawlor, Jonathan R. Emberson, Shah Ebrahim, Peter H. Whincup, S. Goya Wannamethee, Mary Walker, George Davey Smith
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Parity is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. In the present study, we assessed the associations between number of children and CHD in both women and men. Methods and Results— A total of 4286 women and 4252 men aged 60 to 79 years from 24 British towns were studied. Number of children was positively associated with body mass index and waist-hip ratio in both sexes. In women but not in men, number of children was inversely associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and was positively associated with triglycerides and diabetes. For both sexes, similar “J” shaped associations between number of children and CHD were observed, with the prevalence lowest among those with 2 children and increasing linearly with each additional child beyond 2. For those with at least 2 children, each additional child increased the age-adjusted odds of CHD by 30% (odds ratio, 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.44) for women and by 12% for men (odds ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.22). Adjustment for obesity and metabolic risk factors attenuated the associations between greater number of children and CHD in both sexes, although in women some association remained. Conclusions— Lifestyle risk factors associated with child-rearing lead to obesity and result in increased CHD in both sexes; biological responses of pregnancy may have additional adverse effects in women.
Bilateral pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum during upper endoscopy: the role of gastric perforation and of cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers
Authors: S. Pallotta, G. Manes, E. Ferrara, E. Trabucchi, F. Pace, G. Bianchi Porro
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

We report a case of gastric perforation in a 75-year-old woman who underwent upper endoscopy to investigate dysphagia; the procedure caused pneumoperitoneum, cardiac syncope, pneumomediastinum, and bilateral pneumothorax. We observed endoscopically a dilated esophagus, a substenotic cardia with irregular mucosa ([Fig. 1]), and a large sliding hernia. The cardia was sampled by biopsy. The stomach and duodenum were normal. After endoscopy the patient became cyanotic, poorly responsive, and pulseless, while oxygen saturation dropped to 30 %. After Ambu balloon ventilation, cardiac massage, and cardiac defibrillation, a radial pulse reappeared and oxygen saturation rose. Notwithstanding tracheal intubation, oxygen saturation dropped again after a few minutes, breathing sounds were markedly reduced, and the abdomen became tense. X-ray showed bilateral pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and pneumoperitoneum, and computed tomography revealed an enlarged cardia region but no perforation ([Fig. 2 a] and [Fig. 2 b]). Placement of two chest tubes led to rapid improvement. During a second endoscopy, which confirmed the cardia cancer but did not reveal any tear, intra-abdominal, but not intrapleural, pressure increased again. At surgery, a 3-mm-wide perforation of the posterior wall of the cardia was found and gastrectomy was performed. The patient was discharged 2 weeks later.
Cardiovascular Drug Therapy
Authors: Samuel Zoneraich
Journal: JAMA (1991)

This comprehensive and authoritative book establishes the link between cardiovascular pharmacology and clinical medicine. To that end, it describes extensively the routine cardiovascular agents well known to practicing physicians as well as those still unknown to the medical community but gradually gaining new and solid ground. The text is organized in 15 parts totaling 127 chapters. Under the heading "Emerging Concepts in Cardiovascular Therapy," some of the common conditions, such as acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, and hypertension, are masterfully discussed in the chapter on hypertension. Messerli and John Laragh continue to emphasize that mild hypertension may contribute to targetorgan disease and even become malignant hypertension, leading to stroke, heart attack, congestive heart failure, and renal insufficiency. However, the authors are placing under close scrutiny some of the accepted facts not too often discussed by those who treat hypertension, such as impairment of quality of life
Characterization of Chenopodiales <i>(Amaranthus retroflexus, Chenopodium album, Kochia scoparia, Salsola pestifer)</i> pollen allergens
Authors: P. A. Wurtzen, H. S. Nelson, H. Løwenstein, H. Ipsen
Journal: Allergy (1995)

Pollen extracts of the four taxonomically related weeds, Amaranthus retroflexus (Ama r), Chenopodium album (Che a), Kochia scoparia (Koc s) , and Salsola pestifer (S. kali) (Sal p) , were characterized by various methods including crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), and SDS‐PAGE immunoblotting. The allergen profiles were determined by CRIE and SDS‐PAGE IgE immunoblotting. CRIE detected from one to four important allergens, while SDS showed up to four bands that bound IgE from a number of patient sera. CRIE and SDS‐PAGE immunoblotting did not recognize the same number of important allergens in the individual weeds, and the number of allergens detected by the two methods differed considerably, suggesting that IgE‐binding epitopes may be denatured during SDS‐PAGE. However, it was possible to correlate the identity of some of the important allergens detected by CRIE and SDS‐PAGE immunoblotting in all four weeds.
TREATMENT OF BRAIN ABSCESS BY TAPPING
Authors: Albert T. Steegmann
Journal: JAMA (1930)

In a preliminary note by Dandy,<sup>1</sup>the indications for the treatment of brain abscess by tapping were outlined and the advantages of this method over the more radical measures were emphasized. Among other things, he pointed out that many patients afflicted with a brain abscess succumb as a result of the treatment rather than of the abscess itself, referring particularly to wide drainage and to drainage and irrigation. These methods cause an irritation which produces a more or less extensive encephalitis or meningitis, and this, in turn, an intracranial pressure which is beyond the natural compensating power of the patient. Coleman,<sup>2</sup>in a recent paper on the treatment of abscesses of the brain, states that no important advances in the treatment have been made since the time of McEwen's monograph published in 1893. Four distinct procedures have been applied in recent years, each having its limitations, advantages and
When Children Shoot Children
Authors: Garen J. Wintemute, Stephen P. Teret, Jess F. Kraus, Mona A. Wright, Gretchen Bradfield
Journal: JAMA (1987)

Between 1977 and 1983, eighty-eight California children 0 to 14 years of age were unintentionally shot and killed either by other children or by themselves. The majority of cases occurred while children were playing with guns they had found. Easy accessibility to guns, the resemblance of guns to toys, and gun malfunctions were all contributing factors. Handguns, particularly those of .22 caliber, were frequently involved.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Edwin H. Lennette
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

This week's Journal carries a paper (page 859) on Rocky Mountain spotted fever by Oster et al. that is interesting and timely — interesting because it reconsiders the important problem of the protective efficacy of specific rickettsial vaccines and timely because the prophylactic value of the entire vaccinal armamentarium of preventive medicine, constituting bacterial, viral and rickettsial vaccines, is under review and evaluation by the Bureau of Biologics of the Food and Drug Administration.Of the four rickettsioses indigenous to the United States, namely, Q fever, murine typhus, rickettsial-pox and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, the last, with an attack rate . . .
Phased Chest and Abdominal Compression-Decompression Versus Conventional Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Hans-Richard Arntz, Rahul Agrawal, Hans Richter, Stefan Schmidt, Tanja Rescheleit, Marlies Menges, Hubert Burbach, Joachim Schröder, Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background Several methods have been developed to improve the efficacy of mechanical resuscitation, because organ perfusion achieved with conventional manual resuscitation is often insufficient. In animal studies, phased chest and abdominal compression-decompression resuscitation by use of the Lifestick device has resulted in a better outcome compared with that of conventional resuscitation. In end-of-life patients, an increased coronary perfusion pressure was achieved. The aim of the present study was to determine the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the Lifestick compared with conventional resuscitation in patients with sudden nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods and Results The crews of 4 mobile intensive care units, staffed by an emergency physician and a paramedic, were trained to use the device. Fifty patients were randomized by sealed envelopes to either Lifestick (n=24) or conventional (n=26) resuscitation. No differences were found regarding demographic and logistical conditions between the groups. Nineteen of the patients (73%) with conventional resuscitation had ventricular fibrillation, 13 of whom survived to hospital admission (no survivals with other arrhythmias) and 7 were discharged. In contrast, in the Lifestick-CPR group, only 9 patients had ventricular fibrillation (38%; P =&lt;0.02; OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 0.6 to 10.6). Four of these 9 patients and 5 of 15 patients with other arrhythmias survived to hospital admission, but none survived to hospital discharge. Autopsy in a subgroup of patients who died at the scene revealed less injuries with Lifestick than with conventional resuscitation. Conclusion Lifestick resuscitation is feasible and safe and may be advantageous in patients with asystole or pulseless electric activity.
Contribution of plasticity of sensorimotor cerebral cortex to development of communication skills
Authors: Barry J. Sessle, Dongyuan Yao
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Several lines of evidence have underscored the remarkable neuroplasticity of the primate sensorimotor cortex, characterizing these cortical areas as dynamic constructs that are modelled in a use-dependent manner by behaviourally significant experiences. Their plasticity likely provides a neural substrate that may contribute to the dynamic systems paradigm argued by Shanker &amp; King (S&amp;K) as crucial for development of communication skills.
Allergy Training and Immunotherapy in Latin America: How Survey-Results Lead to a Regional Overview
Authors: D.E.S. Larenas Linnemann, M. Gomez, G. Passalacqua, S.N. Gonzalez Diaz, V.H. Croce, G.W. Canonica, C. Baena Cagnani
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Three Clinical Cases of Renal Transplantation
Authors: J. Hopewell, R. Y. Calne, I. Beswick
Journal: BMJ (1964)

ing cellular infiltration and bi-refringent crystals ( x 195).(b) Glomerulus and tubules (X220).FIG. 2.-Case 3. Renal transplant post mortem.Glomerulus between two red infarcts (X 96).FIG. 3.-Case 3. Renal transplant post mortem.Two vessels showing inti- mal thickening (X 60).