tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The OECD program to validate the rat uterotrophic bioassay: an overview.
Authors: William Owens, Herman B W M Koëter
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2003)

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development has undertaken an international validation program for the rodent uterotrophic bioassay. This validation program comprised two major parts. The first part was the development of a detailed background review document compiling the existing data on the bioassay's history, the molecular and physiologic basis for the bioassay's mechanistic relevance to detect estrogen agonists and antagonists, a review of important bioassay protocol parameters, and a review of the data generated by in vitro assays, previous uterotrophic bioassays, and developmental and reproductive assays to assess and support the overall predictivity of the uterotrophic bioassay. The second part was an extensive multiyear effort managed by a validation management group to demonstrate the operating characteristics of four protocols. The effort was conducted in two phases. The phase 1 results with the reference agonist ethinyl estradiol (EE) and antagonist ZM 189,154 has been published previously. This Environmental Health Perspectives mini-monograph is devoted to the phase 2 work using five weak estrogen agonists, bisphenol A, genistein, methoxychlor, nonylphenol, and o,p -DDT, as well as the negative substance dibutylphthalate. These data show that all protocols successfully detected increases in uterine weights when a sufficient dose level of the weak agonists was administered, whether the substances were known or provided as coded doses to the laboratory. The data with both the reference EE and all five weak agonists are reproducible over time and under a variety of different experimental conditions (e.g., animal strain, diet, housing, bedding, vehicle, animal age). In conclusion, all protocols now have sufficient data to support their validity.
Single-balloon enteroscopy-assisted direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy
Authors: H. Aktas, P. Mensink, E. Kuipers, H. van Buuren
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

Direct percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (DPEJ) has emerged as a viable alternative for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy with jejunal extension (PEG-J) in patients who cannot tolerate gastric feeding. Reportedly, DPEJ placement with regular endoscopes fails in up to one-third of cases. The aim of the current study was to assess the efficacy and safety of single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE)-assisted DPEJ. The DPEJ placement technique was comparable to conventional PEG placement. A total of 12 DPEJ procedures were performed in 11 patients (mean age 55 years [range 24 – 83 years]; seven males). SBE-assisted DPEJ was successful in 11 of the 12 procedures (92 %). Post-procedural complications included gastroparesis and aspiration pneumonia in one case each. We conclude that SBE-assisted DPEJ placement seems a safe and successful approach for patients requiring jejunal enteral feeding.
New Pain Guideline for Older Patients
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2009)

PHYSICIANS TREATING PATIENTS aged 75 years or older for chronic pain should avoid using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), according to an updated guideline issued by the American Geriatrics Society (AGS) in May. NSAIDsshouldbe“consideredrarely, and with extreme caution, in highly selected individuals,” the new guideline states, contradicting the AGS’s 2002 guideline.Thenewrecommendationreflects evidence about serious cardiovascular and gastrointestinal tract risks associated with this class of drugs that has emerged since 2002, said Bruce Ferrell, MD, chair of the panel that created new guideline and professor of medicine and geriatrics at the University of California, LosAngeles.Thesedrugsalsomaycomplicate the treatment of common conditions in this population, such as hypertension and congestive heart failure. Acetaminophen remains the initial therapy of choice, though the guideline cautions against using it in patients with liver conditions. But it encourages physicians to consider opioids for elderly patients with persistent pain. Persistent pain is a common and often undertreated problem in older adults, according to the AGS. Such pain is particularly common among those with degenerative spine conditions, arthritis, nightly leg pain, or those with cancer. But selecting an appropriate analgesic for older patients who may have multiple conditions and who may take several medications requires careful thought. Ferrell notes that nondrug therapies also may be appropriate and have been addressed in previous versions of the guideline. Despiteanimprovedunderstandingof the risks that NSAIDs pose to older patients, including that of gastrointestinal bleeding, these drugs have remained a
Hypertriglyceridemia and hypoalphalipoproteinemia in azoospermic and oligospermic young men: Relationships of endogenous testosterone to triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol metabolism
Authors: Soaira G. Mendoza, Alfonso Osuna, Angela Zerpa, Peter S. Gartside, C.J. Glueck
Journal: Metabolism (1981)
Uses of Clinical Algorithms
Authors: Carmi Z. Margolis
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The clinical algorithm (flow chart) is a text format that is specially suited for representing a sequence of clinical decisions, for teaching clinical decision making, and for guiding patient care. A representative clinical algorithm is described in detail; five steps for writing an algorithm and seven steps for writing a set of algorithms are outlined. Five clinical education and patient care uses of algorithms are then discussed, including a map for teaching clinical decision making and protocol charts for guiding step-by-step care of specific problems. Clinical algorithms are compared as to their clinical usefulness with decision analysis. Three objections to clinical algorithms are answered, including the one that they restrict thinking. It is concluded that methods should be sought for writing clinical algorithms that represent expert consensus. A clinical algorithm could then be written for any area of medical decision making that can be standardized. Medical practice could then be taught more effectively, monitored accurately, and understood better.
Consequences of atrial electrical remodeling for the anti-arrhythmic action of class IC and class III drugs
Authors: M DUYTSCHAEVER, Y BLAAUW, M ALLESSIE
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2005)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) induces electrical and ionic remodeling of the atria. We investigated whether AF-induced remodeling alters the electrophysiological and anti-fibrillatory effects of class I (flecainide) and class III (d-sotalol, ibutilide) anti-arrhythmic drugs.In 9 goats, the effects of flecainide (6 mg/kg) and d-sotalol (6 mg/kg) on atrial electrophysiology were measured both before and after 48 h of electrically induced AF. During a 1-h infusion period the atrial effective refractory period (AERP) and conduction velocity (CV) were measured both during slow and rapid pacing (interval 400 and 200 ms). In 8 other goats, the rate-dependent effects of ibutilide (0.12 mg/kg) on AERP were determined.The effects of flecainide on atrial conduction and refractoriness were not altered after 48 h of AF. At a dose of 6 mg/kg flecainide reduced the CV200 by 19+/-5% in normal atria and by 21+/-9% after 48 h of AF (p=0.20). The AERP200 was prolonged by 10+/-6% and 8+/-7%, respectively (p=0.40). In contrast, the effect of d-sotalol on atrial refractoriness was markedly diminished. During control d-sotalol prolonged the AERP400 by 17+/-6% compared to only 6+/-5% after 2 days of AF (p<0.01). Also ibutilide lost much of its class III effect on the AERP by electrical remodeling (from 15 to 5%; p<0.05). The loss of class III action was less pronounced at rapid heart rates.AF-induced atrial electrical remodeling in the goat did not modulate the action of flecainide on atrial conduction and refractoriness. In contrast, the class III effects of d-sotalol and ibutilide on the atria were strongly reduced after 2 days of AF. The prolongation of QT-duration was not affected.
TRAUMATIC INJURY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Authors: C. S. FAIRCHILD
Journal: JAMA (1899)

Peripheral nerve injuries constitute a very interesting chapter in railroad surgery, on account of the uncertainty of the remote effects on the nerves themselves and on the organs and parts supplied by them. As implied in the above statement, peripheral nerve injuries may be considered under two heads: 1, the effects of injury on the nerve itself ; 2, the effects on the tissues supplied by the nerve. In fact, however, the results, so far as the nerve itself is concerned, are so closely associated with the effects secondarily induced in other tissues supplied by it that they can not be considered wholly separate, and therefore can be more properly stated as the primary and secondary results of nerve injuries. The more recent advancements in neurophysiology and neuropathology have served to clear up-from a scientific standpoint at least-much that in the recent past was obscure, and
Feelings and the enjoyment of music
Authors: Alexander Rozin, Paul Rozin
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract We wonder about tying the universal appeal of music to emotion as defined by psychologists. Music is more generally about feelings, and many of these, such as moods and pleasures, are central to the enjoyment of music and fall outside the domain of emotion. The critical component of musical feelings is affective intensity, resulting from syntactically generated implications and their outcomes.
Improved nonalcoholic steatohepatitis after 48 weeks of treatment with the PPAR-γ ligand rosiglitazone
Authors: B Neuschwander-Tetri
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Insulin resistance (IR) commonly is associated with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). To establish whether IR causes NASH, this study was undertaken to determine if improving IR would improve the histologic features that define NASH. Thirty adults with prior biopsy evidence of NASH were enrolled to receive rosiglitazone, 4 mg twice daily for 48 weeks. All patients were overweight (body mass index [BMI] > 25 kg/m(2)) and 23% were severely obese (BMI > 35 kg/m(2)); 50% had impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes. Liver biopsy specimens were obtained before beginning treatment and at treatment completion. Twenty-six patients had posttreatment biopsies; of these, 22 had initial protocol liver biopsies that met published criteria for NASH on subsequent blinded evaluation. Within this initial NASH group, the mean global necroinflammatory score significantly improved with treatment and biopsies of 10 patients (45%) no longer met published criteria for NASH after treatment. Significant improvement in hepatocellular ballooning and zone 3 perisinusoidal fibrosis also occurred. Five patients withdrew early; the 25 patients completing 48 weeks of treatment had significantly improved insulin sensitivity and mean serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (104 initially, 42 U/L at the end of treatment). Adverse effects led to withdrawal of 3 patients (10%). Weight gain occurred in 67% of patients and the median weight increase was 7.3%. Within 6 months of completing treatment, liver enzyme levels had increased to near pretreatment levels. In conclusion, improving insulin sensitivity with rosiglitazone resulted in improved histologic markers of NASH, an observation suggesting that insulin resistance contributes to its development and that improving insulin sensitivity may be important in treating this liver disease.
Insignificant bilateral convergence of preganglionic vagal fibers on postganglionic neurons to the canine heart.
Authors: S A Lang, H Zieske, M N Levy
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

We determined the extent of convergence of preganglionic fibers from the right and left vagus nerves on postganglionic neurons that supply the sinoatrial node in chloralose-anesthetized dogs. We administered hemicholinium-3 and stimulated the right vagus nerve at a high frequency to deplete acetylcholine from the postganglionic parasympathetic neurons supplied by that nerve. We compared the effects of this "depletion regimen" with the responses in two control groups: a stimulation control group, which was subjected to high-frequency right vagus stimulation only, and a drug control group, which received a hemicholinium-3 infusion only. The effects of right vagus stimulation did not differ from those of left vagus stimulation in either of the control groups. In the animals subjected to the depletion regimen, the responses to right vagus stimulation were almost abolished. However, the left vagus nerve retained its ability to prolong cardiac cycle length in these animals. Thus, our experiments indicate that left vagus preganglionic fibers do not converge with right vagus preganglionic fibers on a substantial pool of postganglionic neurons that innervate the canine sinoatrial node.
Changing Distribution of Medical Scientists in Medical Schools
Authors: H. Stanley Bennett
Journal: JAMA (1964)

The HUMANE physician's compassionate concern for his patient's problems was recognized and eloquently called for by Hippocrates and is every bit as valuable and necessary today. The great physicians of today, though no less humane than their predecessors, are vastly more capable of aiding their patients substantively and vastly less helpless to stem the course of disease. It is this growing power to be effective which distinguishes the understanding and sympathetic physician of today from his forefathers of classic times. It is necessary, but not sufficient, that the physician approach his patient with humility, humanity, and concern for broad welfare. It is also essential that the physician deal effectively with the specific problems in human biology which may be impairing the well-being of his patient. Research has given the physician power to cope with many of these problems. From earliest days, great physicians, taxed beyond their knowledge by baffling disease,
Pseudotumor of the Orbit and Limited Wegener's Granulomatosis
Authors: STANLEY M. CASSAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

A patient with bilateral orbital pseudotumor and bilateral cavitary pulmonary lesions is reported. This patient was considered to have the limited form of Wegener's granulomatosis that has been described recently, and his 15-year survival with this disease when last seen is unequaled in the literature. Orbital pseudotumor and its relationship with multifocal fibrosclerosis, polyarteritis nodosa, and Wegener's granulomatosis are reviewed.
Vitamin K And The Newborn: A Correction
Authors: Donald R. Davis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

To the Editor: Large errors in the stated vitamin K content of milks and formulas seem worth correcting (Sept. 23 issue)1. Human milk averages about 3 μg per liter,2,3 not 20 ng per liter. Cow's milk is only two- or threefold higher4 (not 15 to 17 mg per liter, or 106-fold higher). The commonly used infant formulas contain 54 to 105 μg per liter at 20 kcal per ounce (not 830 mg per liter).
Preanesthetic Evaluation and Preparation of the Patient with Peripheral Edema
Authors: Robert L. Chester
Journal: JAMA (1960)

Peripheral edema is an occasional finding in the preanesthetic evaluation of patients in all age groups. It should be looked for in every patient anticipating surgery, and its correction is an essential part of the preparation for anesthesia. Edema of the lower extremities is commonly associated with varicosities, congestive heart failure, renal disease, hepatic disorders, and poor nutrition. In the differential diagnosis the results of both physical examination and laboratory tests are important, particularly as regards the possibility of protein depletion and the danger of hypovolemia. The authors believe that preoperative restoration of blood volume in the absence of an emergency should always be by high protein nutritional diet.
Making better decisions: construction of clinical scoring systems by the Spiegelhalter-Knill-Jones approach.
Authors: D G Seymour, M Green, F G Vaz
Journal: BMJ (1990)

A study was carried out assessing the practical use of a simple system of scoring information which can help in making a diagnosis or establishing a prognosis in an individual patient. The system was introduced in 1984 for use in gastroenterology, but it can be employed in a wide range of medical and surgical settings. This series was concerned with predicting postoperative respiratory complications in a group of elderly surgical patients. The system combines elements from Baye9s theorem and logistic regression, though no mathematical knowledge is required to apply it in clinical practice. The method by which results are presented is easy to understand, yet at the same time more complex ideas such as conflict of evidence and doubt may be embraced if the clinician so desires.
Blunted Coronary Reserve in Myotonic Dystrophy An Early and Gene-Related Phenomenon
Authors: Djillali Annane, Pascal Merlet, He´le`ne Radvanyi, Bernard Mazoyer, Bruno Eymard, Marco Fiorelli, Claudine Junien, Michel Fardeau, Zine Ounnoughene, Philippe Gajdos, Andre´ Syrota, Denis Duboc
Journal: Circulation (1996)

In myotonic dystrophy (DM), striated muscle is involved in relation to the size of the DNA mutation. Smooth muscle may be similarly impaired at the level of the urinary and digestive apparatus and possibly at the level of small vessels, since microangiopathy has been described in the iris and digital capillaries. Our purpose was to study the function of the myocardial microvasculature in relation to the size of the mutation in DM patients without clinical cardiac involvement and with normal left ventricular dimensions and function and normal large coronary arteries.In 6 control subjects and 10 DM patients, we investigated the coronary blood flow reserve using positron emission tomography with 15O-labeled water. Global and regional flow reserves were obtained from myocardial regions of interest manually drawn on a static FDG image encompassing, respectively, the whole left ventricle and the anterior, septal, and lateral walls. The DNA mutation size was determined on circulating lymphocytes in each DM patient. Compared with control subjects, DM patients had decreased global (2.39 +/- 0.39 versus 4.00 +/- 0.67, P = .00003) and regional (anterior, 2.39 +/- 0.64 versus 3.87 +/- 0.92, P = .002; septal, 2.60 +/- 0.48 versus 4.00 +/- 0.70, P = .0003; lateral, 2.26 +/- 0.58 versus 4.16 +/- 1.11, P = .0005) coronary reserves. In DM patients, the coronary reserve correlated strongly and inversely with the DNA mutation size (r = -.77, P = .009).The study demonstrated that global and regional coronary reserves are impaired, in relation to the DNA mutation size, in symptom-free DM patients with normal ventricular dimensions and function and normal large coronary vessels. We suggest that a gene-related blunted coronary reserve resulting from an impairment of vascular smooth muscle is an early component of DM cardiomyopathy.
Predicting future risk of asthma exacerbations using individual conditional probabilities
Authors: Cindy Thamrin, Joel Zindel, Regula Nydegger, Helen K. Reddel, Pascal Chanez, Sally E. Wenzel, Susan FitzPatrick, Rosemary A. Watt, Béla Suki, Urs Frey
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2011)
Abstract LB-91: Transcriptome analysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by SAGE identifies a new biomarker, NRD1
Authors: Naohiro Uraoka, Naoya Sakamoto, Naohide Oue, Kazuhiro Sentani, Katsuhiro Anami, Tsuyoshi Noguchi, Kazuhiro Yoshida, Wataru Yasui
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Because most ESCC is diagnosed at advanced stages, the overall 5-year survival rate of ESCC still remains low in spite of the use of various treatment modalities. Therefore, identification of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for ESCC is important. Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) is one of the common comprehensive methods to analyze transcript expression levels, and enables the quantitative and simultaneous analysis of a large number of transcripts. To identify potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for ESCC, the SAGE library was generated from one ESCC sample. A total of 14,430 tags were generated, including 5,765 that were unique. By comparing SAGE tags from the ESCC sample with those from normal human squamous esophagus, several genes that is upregulated in ESCC compared with normal squamous esophagus in ESCC were identified. Among these, we focused on the nardilysin (N-arginine dibasic convertase, NRD1) gene. NRD1 has been reported to be associated with ectodomein shedding of TNF-α through activation of ADAM proteases. There is only one report in the literature mentioning the association of NRD1 with cancer (breast cancer), however, there is no report that links expression of NRD1 and ESCC. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis showed a high level of NRD1 expression in three of five esophageal cancer cell lines and seven of 14 ESCC samples, but not in 14 normal systemic tissues. Western blot analysis also showed upregulation of NRD1 protein in total five esophageal cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed expression of NRD1 in cytoplasm of 43 out of 109 ESCC cases (39%), as well as heart, skeletal muscle, and testis in agreement with previous reports. In clinicopathological analysis, expression of NRD1 correlated with the advanced T grade, N grade and tumor stage, and was an independent predictor of survival in patients with ESCC. Knockdown of NRD1 in TE5 cells inhibited cell invasion ability. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis showed a reduction of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression in NRD1 knocked down cells. In conclusion, NRD1 is an independent predictor of survival, and contribute to cell invasion through regulation of MMP-2 in ESCC. NRD1 could be a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for ESCC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-91. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-LB-91
THE SULFONAMIDES AND ANTIBIOTICS IN TRACHOMA
Authors: Arthur A. Siniscal
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The following preparations were used and the results observed in a series of over 3,500 patients with trachoma at the Missouri Trachoma Hospital during 1941-1951: sulfanilamide, sulfapyridine, sulfathiazole, sulfathiazine, sulfacetamide (albucid), sodium sulfacetamide (albucid soluble), sulfamylon® (4-amino-2-methyl benzene sulfonamide hydrochloride), diacetylaminoazotoluene (prontosil®), combisul® (a combination of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfathiazole), sulfisoxazole diethanolamine (gantrisin®), penicillin, bacitracin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol (chloromycetin®), aureomycin, and terramycin. Some of the sulfonamide drugs were used in tablet form for internal medication and others in aqueous solution, as drops for local instillation into the conjunctival sac. Both of these methods were usually combined, and an overnight coating of the sulfa ointment was also used. The antibiotics were prepared in fresh, buffered, aqueous solutions daily, from crystalline powders supplied in sterile vials, and used for topical application every two hours. Only surface applications of antibiotics were used, since it was felt that systemic injections of adequate dosage do not