tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inherent increase of apoptosis in liver tumors: Implications for carcinogenesis and tumor regression
Authors: B Grasl-Kraupp, B Ruttkay-Nedecky, L Mullauer, H Taper, W Huber, W Bursch, R Schulte-Hermann
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

We quantitatively assessed rates of cell replication and of apoptosis during the development and regression of liver cancer. In rats, apoptotic activity gradually increased from normal liver to putative preneoplastic foci (PPF), to hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), and to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). At all stages, rates of cell replication were higher than of apoptosis, allowing a preferential net gain of (pre)neoplastic cells. As in rats, in human HCC, birth and death rates were increased manifold, indicating a species-independent phenomenon. Implications of the increasing cell turnover were studied in rats using the administration and withdrawal of nafenopin (NAF), a liver mitogen and nongenotoxic carcinogen. Prolonged NAF treatment enhanced cell number in normal liver by 25%, while PPF and liver tumors were amplified at least 100-fold. After stopping NAF treatment, cell replication ceased, while cell elimination by apoptosis was increased in normal and (pre)neoplastic liver. HCA and HCC showed the most pronounced shifts from replication toward apoptosis. As a result, 5 weeks after halting NAF, 20% of cells in normal liver, but about 85% of (pre)neoplastic lesions including HCC, were eliminated. The implications of these findings include that nongenotoxic carcinogens can act as survival factors even for malignant cells. Furthermore, tumor cells not only exhibit excessive proliferation, but also undergo apoptosis at rates that far exceed those in normal tissue. Therefore, inhibition of cell death by the survival activity of nongenotoxic carcinogens results in selective growth of (pre)neoplastic lesions. On the other hand, blockade of survival effects leads to excessive apoptosis in (pre)neoplasia and seems promising as a therapeutic concept for the selective elimination of (liver) cancer.
Airway responsiveness in wheezy infants: evidence for functional beta adrenergic receptors.
Authors: A Prendiville, S Green, M Silverman
Journal: Thorax (1987)

The effect of nebulised salbutamol on the bronchial response to nebulised histamine was studied in five wheezy infants aged 3-12 months. The response to doubling concentrations of up to 8 g/l of histamine was assessed by the change in the maximum flow at FRC (VmaxFRC), measured by flow-volume curves produced during forced expiration with a pressure jacket. The concentration of histamine required to provoke a 30% fall in VmaxFRC (PC30) was measured. All of the infants responded to low concentrations of histamine during control tests before and after nebulised saline (mean PC30 1.07 and 0.51 g/l). On a separate day there was a similar response to histamine before salbutamol (PC30 0.57 g/l), but after salbutamol the response was completely abolished up to the maximum concentration of histamine in all subjects (PC30 greater than 8 g/l). Thus wheezy infants have highly effective beta 2 adrenoceptors in intrathoracic airways.
Remarks on the Treatment of Pleurisy
Authors: E. Rickards
Journal: BMJ (1892)

TREATMENT OF PLEURISY.LicL JOVAt 1G67rapidly increased, and at length the eleventh dorsal vertebra became prominent, but no tumour could be felt, and there was no tenderness on percussion over the spine.He died about twelve months after I first saw him, and at the post- mortem examination a small oxalate of lime calculus was found in his right kidney, and there was a tumour connected with the lower dorsal and first lumbar vertebrae, which was examined microscopically by Dr. Goodhart, and reported by him to be carcinoma.Mr. Jacobson, writing on this subject,2 says, "the great difficulty which may arise in diagnosing between certain cases of spinal caries and renal calculus is not yet sufficiently recognised " and Mr. G. A. Wright3 has recorded a case in
High prevalence of potentially virulent strains of Helicobacter pylori in the general male British population
Authors: J Danesh
Journal: Gut (2000)

Strains of Helicobacter pylori that express the cytotoxin associated gene product A (CagA) may be more strongly associated with serious gastric diseases, such as gastric cancer and peptic ulceration, than other strains. Data, however, are sparse on the prevalence, risk factors, and other correlates of these strains in the general population.To characterise aspects of the seroepidemiology of CagA(+) strains of H pylori in the general British population.We measured serum IgG antibodies to mixed H pylori antigens and separately to CagA in 1025 men aged 40-59 years who were randomly selected from a larger group of participants in a community based survey conducted in 18 different British towns.Overall, 44% (95% confidence interval 41-47%) of the men were seropositive to CagA antibodies, representing about 61% (57-65%) of the men seropositive to mixed antigen H pylori. The risk factors for seropositivity to CagA antibodies were similar to those for seropositivity to mixed antigen H pylori, apart from an increased prevalence of reported bedroom sharing in childhood (p<0.01).In a nationwide study of potentially virulent H pylori strains, there was a high prevalence of the infection, with some evidence that acquisition of such strains might occur earlier in life than other strains.
Breast-feeding and plasma oxytocin concentrations.
Authors: A Lucas, R B Drewett, M D Mitchell
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The patterns of response of oxytocin to a breast feed were studied in 10 mothers in the first week post partum. The initiation of lactation did not appear to be related to release of oxytocin. In established lactation an oxytocin response did not appear to be essential for adequate milk flow and did not occur always at the time of peak milk flow. The only factor identified that positively correlated with release of oxytocin was multiparity. In those subjects who showed a response the hormone was released in surges, some of which persisted in the circulation for less than one minute. These findings cast some doubt on the conventional view that release of oxytocin is essential for satisfactory milk flow during breast-feeding.
Phagolysosomal pH in alveolar macrophages.
Authors: K Nyberg, U Johansson, A Johansson, P Camner
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

We studied phagolysosomal pH in alveolar macrophages (AM) using fluorescein-labeled yeast (FYP) and silica particles (FSP) as probes. Fluorescence intensities from the ingested test particles were measured on populations of AM using fluorescence spectrometry and on individual phagolysosomes using fluorescence microscopy. Measurements were performed on rabbit AM, which had been incubated with FYP or FSP (in vitro procedure). We also instilled FYP or FSP via the trachea into rabbit lungs and after 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months lavaged the lungs and measured the pH in AM (in vivo procedure). Phagolysosomal pH was independent of the number and size of the fluorescent particles. Measurements of populations of AM with fluorescence spectrometry and of individual phagolysosomes with fluorescence microscopy gave similar average pH. For the FYP, pH decreased during the first day after lavage both in the in vitro and the in vivo procedures. For the FSP, pH was unchanged during the same period. After 1 day pH was similar for both particles. Electron microscopy showed a larger number of lysosomes in contact with phagosomes and a higher percentage of vacuolated phagosomes for FYP than for FSP. In the in vivo procedure, pH was unchanged at least up to 1 month, and this pH was lower than that in the in vitro procedure. The difference was probably due to conditions at the time of phagocytosis. Particles retained in the lung parenchyma were within AM, and their location within the AM appeared unchanged from 1 week up to 3 months.
Is coeliac disease a confounding factor in the diagnosis of NASH? Reply
Authors: A GRIECO
Journal: Gut (2001)

Editor,—We read with great interest the paper by Wigg et al ((2001) Gut 48:206–11; [OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2]) concerning the role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but we would like to comment on the enrolment criteria used for their study. We agree with Farrell ((2001) Gut 48:148–9; [OpenUrl][3][CrossRef][4][PubMed][5][Web of Science][6]) that the Adelaide group's failure to characterise the variables of obesity and diabetes in their population might result in selection bias. Moreover, they made no attempt to exclude the possibility of coeliac disease (CD) which can also be associated with altered intestinal permeability even when the disease is subclinical.1 In approximately 40% of all adults with this disease, increased serum transaminase levels are found at diagnosis,2 and such elevations may be the only abnormality in cases of "occult" CD.3 In fact, in a study by Bardella et al , 9.3% of cases of unexplained chronic hypertransaminasaemia were ultimately diagnosed … A Wigg. alan.wigg{at}flinders.edu.au [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DGut%26rft.stitle%253DGut%26rft.aulast%253Dvan%2BElburg%26rft.auinit1%253DR%2BM%26rft.volume%253D34%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D354%26rft.epage%253D357%26rft.atitle%253DIntestinal%2Bpermeability%2Bin%2Bpatients%2Bwith%2Bcoeliac%2Bdisease%2Band%2Brelatives%2Bof%2Bpatients%2Bwith%2Bcoeliac%2Bdisease.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fgut.34.3.354%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8472983%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=gutjnl&resid=34/3/354&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F49%2F4%2F596.1.atom [3]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DHepatology%2B%2528Baltimore%252C%2BMd.%2529%26rft.stitle%253DHepatology%26rft.aulast%253DBardella%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D22%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D833%26rft.epage%253D836%26rft.atitle%253DPrevalence%2Bof%2Bhypertransaminasemia%2Bin%2Badult%2Bceliac%2Bpatients%2Band%2Beffect%2Bof%2Bgluten-free%2Bdiet%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0270-9139%252895%252990305-4%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7657290%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1016/0270-9139(95)90305-4&link_type=DOI [5]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=7657290&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F49%2F4%2F596.1.atom [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1995RT11600021&link_type=ISI
New insights into the mechanism and management of allergic diseases: atopic dermatitis
Authors: N. Novak
Journal: Allergy (2009)

Rapidly increasing knowledge on the complex background of atopic dermatitis (AD) on the genetic, immunological and environmental level in combination with the continuous improvement in our diagnostic options has initiated an ongoing discussion on factors, which primarily promote the disease on one hand and mechanisms which emerge rather secondarily as a consequence of disease-specific modifications, on the other hand. Beside a sustained search for reliable and meaningful diagnostic tools for elicitors of the disease, novel therapeutic approaches are required, as most of the treatments of AD are limited to symptomatic therapies. In contrast, therapeutic approaches selectively regulating aberrant pathophysiological mechanisms in AD itself would be much more effective and promising.
Abstract 3502: Understanding the pathways involved in the repair of CNDAC induced DNA damage
Authors: Sheelagh Frame, Sian Armour, Clare Munro, Morag Hogben, Ruth Jones, David G. Blake, David E. MacCallum, Simon R. Green
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract CNDAC is the active metabolite of sapacitabine, which is currently being evaluated in Phase II clinical trials for acute myeloid leukaemia, myelodysplastic syndrome and non small cell lung cancer. CNDAC (2′-C-Cyano-2′-deoxy-β-D-arabino-pentafuranosylcytosine) was designed as a novel cytosine analogue with a unique mechanism of action. The presence of the cyano-group within the ribose moiety of the molecule causes the formation of single-stranded DNA strand breaks, following incorporation of CNDAC into an extending DNA chain. These breaks are difficult to repair and are processed into double-strand DNA breaks that activate the dsDNA damage checkpoint. As a consequence of this unique mechanism of action, CNDAC arrests cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in contrast to other nucleoside agents such as cytarabine and gemcitabine which cause an S-phase arrest. As such CNDAC may have unique therapeutic applications as a single agent in certain tumour types as well as in combination with other agents compared with standard nucleoside analogues. In order to identify options for maximising that activity of CNDAC, two approaches were taken to evaluate the repair mechanisms involved for CNDAC induced DNA damage. First a small scale siRNA screen was used to identify genes that were synthetically lethal with CNDAC. Ten targets were initially selected; prioritising genes known to be involved in DNA repair and including BRCA, ATM, CHK and ERCC1. The most dramatic increase in CNDAC sensitivity was seen when BRCA2 was targeted by siRNA, indicating that the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway is involved in the repair of CNDAC induced DNA damage. The second approach involved a cytotoxicity screen evaluating synergy with commercially available agents that either target DNA repair or induce DNA damage themselves. The most promising combinations were then followed up with flow cytometry analysis to examine the induction of cell death. Using this approach the best synergy was detected between CNDAC and either the ATM inhibitor, KU55933 or the CHK inhibitor PF477736. Again these data indicate that the homologous recombination pathway is involved in the repair of CNDAC induced DNA damage. These data suggest that it would be feasible to explore the clinical use of sapacitabine in diseases where the homologous recombination DNA repair pathway is compromised, such as BRCA deficient tumours. Data from these ongoing studies will be presented. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3502.
Complications With Heparin-Lock Needles
Authors: Guillermo J. Couchonnal
Journal: JAMA (1979)

The incidence of phlebitis was determined for heparin-lock needles after use of three different methods of skin preparation and follow-up care. Phlebitis was significantly more frequent when iodophor solution and iodophor ointment, respectively, were used than when iodophor solution alone was used for heparin-lock needles in use longer than 48 hours, with more than ten manipulations of the systems, and when only one drug was infused through the systems. Iodophor solution skin preparation followed by daily application of iodophor solution is recommended to minimize the occurrence of associated phlebitis.
Decision Analysis to Evaluate Lymphangiography in the Management of Patients with Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Charles Safran, Jane F. Desforges, Philip N. Tsichlis, Avrum Z. Bluming
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

We used decision analysis to explore the role of lymphangiography for staging Hodgkin's disease. Factors included were status of the patient before the test, accuracy and mortality of lymphangiography, mortality of laparotomy and effectiveness of selected treatment. We analyzed hypothetical cases with varying probabilities being in Stages I+II, III and IV to determine the population in which indication for laparotomy would depend upon results of lymphangiography. Calculations made for asymptomatic patients revealed that the diagnostic usefulness of lymphangiography is restricted to patients either with a relatively low probability of Stage IV or with a very high probability of Stage IV disease. This population is further restricted as false-positive and false-negative results of lymphangiography increase.
Campylobacter Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Henry M. Feder
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<i>CAMPYLOBACTER jejuni</i>is a microaerophilic, curved to spiral, gram-negative bacillus. A frequent cause of bacterial diarrhea,<i>C jejuni</i>also causes extraintestinal infections that include sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, cholecystitis, peritonitis, and prostatitis.<sup>1-3</sup>We report a case of<i>C jejuni</i>urinary tract infection (UTI). <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 6-year-old girl presented to the Hartford (Conn) Hospital pediatric ambulatory care center with a threeday history of urinary frequency and incontinence. Her urine was described as cloudy and foul smelling. She had had no episodes of diarrhea. Her medical history was significant for multiple symptomatic UTIs that began at 15 months of age. At that time, radiologic studies showed a complete ureteral duplication on the right and bilateral vesicoureteral reflux. At 4 years of age, she underwent bilateral ureteral reimplantations. After surgery, she was asymptomatic until the present episode. On physical examination, she was afebrile and appeared well. She had neither costovertebral
Sex steroid influence on triglyceride metabolism.
Authors: H J Kim, R K Kalkhoff
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1975)

Triglyceride metabolism was investigated in groups of fed and fasted rats after 21 days of parenteral estradiol (5 mug daily), progesterone (5 mg daily), or the two steroids in combination. Results were compared with control groups receiving an oil solvent alone. In rats given estradiol separately or combined with progesterone, hypertriglyceridemia was uniformly associated with increased plasma triglyceride entry, estimated with the i.v. Triton WR1339 technique. Progesterone alone had no effect on these parameters. Plasma postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA), adipose, mammary gland, and protamine-resistant liporotein lipases (LPL) were significantly increased in progesterone-treated rats and significantly decreased in rats receiving estradiol with the exception of mammary gland LPL, which was also increased to a slight extent. The combined regimen reduced plasma PHLA and increased protamine-resistant adipose, and mammary gland LPL activity. Sex steroid treatments had minimal effects on plasma glucose and free fatty acid concentrations, but all increased plasma insulin significantly. Hyperinsulinemia did not parallel changes in body weight or other measured parameters. Linear regression analyses revealed that plasma triglyceride concentrations in all fed, treated rats correlated significantly with triglyceride entry but not very uniformly with plasma or tissue LPL activity. We conclude that estradiol, unlike progesterone, has substantial lipemic effects in the rat which relate best to triglyceride entry. Hyperinsulinemia, changes in body weight, plasma PHLA, and tissue LPL activities did not consistently predict the influence of sex steroid treatment on plasma triglyceride concentrations.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENDOCARDIAL AND EPICARDIAL LEFT VENTRICULAR MYOCARDIAL DEFORMATION IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: Masatoshi Minamisawa, Ayako Minamisawa, Jun Koyama, Kazunori Aizawa, Hiroki Kasai, Atsushi Izawa, Takeshi Tomita, Yusuke Miyashita, Uichi Ikeda
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
THE NAUSEA AND VOMITING FOLLOWING ADMINISTRATION OF DIETHYLSTILBESTROL
Authors: J. WILLIAM FINCH
Journal: JAMA (1942)

My purpose in this paper is twofold: First, a definite relation is shown to exist between the nausea and vomiting of early pregnancy and the nausea and vomiting which frequently follows the administration of diethylstilbestrol. Second, a method is described by which diethylstilbestrol may be administered with elimination of side effects in those patients who do not tolerate the drug. <h3>RELATION OF NAUSEA OF PREGNANCY TO NAUSEA FOLLOWING DIETHYLSTILBESTROL</h3> The clinical material used for this report consists of 95 patients given diethylstilbestrol for periods ranging from three months to two years. Diagnoses include the menopause (natural, surgical and irradiation), hypo-ovarianism, dysmenorrhea, vulvovaginitis of young girls, senile vaginitis, inhibition of lactation (postpartum), menometrorrhagia and 9 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy. As the investigation progressed it was observed repeatedly that patients who previously had experienced nausea and vomiting in excessive degrees during pregnancy also had nausea and vomiting following
Combination of diclofenac plus somatostatin in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: P. Katsinelos, K. Fasoulas, G. Paroutoglou, G. Chatzimavroudis, A. Beltsis, S. Terzoudis, T. Katsinelos, E. Dimou, C. Zavos, A. Kaltsa, J. Kountouras
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

<b>Background and study aims:</b> Pancreatitis is the most common complication of therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and many pharmacoprophylactic approaches have been suggested, though not without controversy. The aim was to investigate the impact of combined therapy with diclofenac plus somatostatin on reducing the frequency and severity of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). <b>Patients and methods:</b> A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in two tertiary referral centers, with 540 eligible patients randomized to receive either combined therapy with diclofenac 100 mg rectally 30 to 60 minutes before ERCP plus somatostatin 0.25 mg/h for 6 hours (group A), or a placebo suppository identical in appearance to the diclofenac along with saline solution (group B). Patients were clinically evaluated and serum amylase levels were determined before ERCP and at 6 and 24 hours post-procedure. Standardized criteria were used to diagnose and grade the severity of PEP. Adverse events were recorded prospectively. <b>Results:</b> There were no statistical differences between the groups regarding demographic data, ERCP findings, and procedure risk factors for PEP. The overall incidence of acute pancreatitis was 7.2 %. The PEP rate was significantly lower in the patients who received the combination therapy than in controls (4.7 % vs. 10.4 %, <i>P</i> = 0.015). Previous history of acute pancreatitis (<i>P</i> = 0.001), pancreatic opacification of first-class branches and beyond (<i>P</i> = 0.008), and absence of pharmacoprophylaxis (<i>P</i> = 0.023) were identified as independent risk factors for PEP in multivariate analysis. <b>Conclusion:</b> Although combined prophylactic therapy with diclofenac plus somatostatin was promising in reducing frequency of PEP, further comparative large-scale studies are needed to confirm our findings before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
The Epidemiology of Depression—A Review
Authors: CHARLOTTE SILVERMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

In community surveys reviewed in this article, prevalence rates for depression are under one per 1,000 population for depressive psychoses and two or three times that for depressive neuroses. Depressives are regarded in clinical practice as a high-risk group with respect to suicide: in epidemiologic terms there also seems to be a strong association between depression and suicide, leading one to the hypothesis that suicide is the mortality of depressive illness.
Great apes imitate actions of others and effects of others' actions
Authors: Robert W. Mitchell
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1998)

Apes imitate the effects of others' actions, but the evidence for program-level imitation seems contradictory and the evidence against bodily imitation and trial and error in learning the organization of complex activities seems ambiguous. Action-level imitations are more flexible than described and may derive from imitation of the effects of others' actions on objects.