tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Produces Prolonged Alterations of Neural Control in Airways of Developing Ferrets
Authors: GIUSEPPE N. COLASURDO, VAL G. HEMMING, GREGORY A. PRINCE, ANDREW S. GELFAND, JOAN E. LOADER, GARY L. LARSEN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

A dysfunction of pathways that normally cause contraction or relaxation of airways has been proposed to explain heightened levels of responsiveness produced by various insults to the airway. For example, we previously reported (4) that infection of cotton rats with the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) leads to a significant decrease in an airway's nonadrenergic noncholinergic inhibitory (NANCi) response shortly after the infection. In the present study we addressed the more chronic effects of HRSV infection on airway function in young ferrets during a period of rapid somatic growth. Animals 1 wk old received HRSV or uninfected cell culture medium intranasally. In vitro studies of airway function were performed on tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) segments at 4, 8, and 24 wk of age. To evaluate neurally mediated contractile responses, frequency-response curves to electrical field stimulation (EFS) were performed with results expressed in terms of the frequency causing 50% of the maximal contractile response (ES50). In addition, contractile responses of TSM to methacholine (MCh) were also assessed with results expressed as the concentration needed to produce 50% of the maximal contractile response (EC50). To gauge NANCi responses, TSM was contracted with neurokinin A in the presence of atropine, propranolol, and indomethacin. Relaxant responses to EFS were assessed at frequencies from 5 to 30 Hz, with results expressed as mean percent relaxation. We found increased contractile responses to EFS in infected animals compared with that in the control group in both 4- and 8-wk old animals (p = 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). This difference had resolved by 24 wk of age. There was no difference in TSM responses to MCh between the groups at any age. Although there were no NANCi responses in 4-wk-old ferrets from either group, NANCi responses were significantly decreased in 8-wk-old ferrets previously infected with HRSV in the first week of life (p = 0.0001). A significant difference persisted (p = 0.008), albeit to a lesser degree, at 24 wk of age. These findings demonstrate that HRSV produces prolonged alterations of TSM function in ferret airways in vitro.
GlaxoSmithKline pays $3bn to settle dispute over rosiglitazone and other drugs
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2011)

GlaxoSmithKline is to pay a record $3bn (£1.9bn; €2.2bn) to settle longstanding disputes with the US government over marketing of some of its best known drugs.

The disputes, some of which go back to 1997, include an investigation by the US Justice Department into the marketing of the antidiabetes drug rosiglitazone (marketed as Avandia) and GSK’s alleged attempts to market the antidepressant bupropion (Wellbutrin) as a slimming aid. The settlement also includes the alleged misuse of “nominal pricing” arrangements to overcharge the Medicaid programme.

Comparison with other large fines levied by the US authorities is difficult, because so many different drugs are involved in the GSK case, but the amount it is prepared to pay exceeds the previous highest levied at one …
Responsibilities of Consultants
Authors: P. Abbey, T. D. Anderson, G. P. Arden, D. W. Bain, D. L. Bennett, J. Blaxland, E. J. D'Arcy, K. R. Dempster, C. T. F. Ealand, R. J. Luck, C. F. M. Pierce, J. Rubie, S. C. Simmons, D. S. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1968)
Concordance of Preoperative Clinical Risk With Angiographic Severity of Coronary Artery Disease in Patients Undergoing Vascular Surgery
Authors: Sumita D. Paul, Kim A. Eagle, Karen M. Kuntz, Jess R. Young, Norman R. Hertzer
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Preoperative clinical indexes to stratify cardiac risk have not been validated angiographically. Our aims were to determine the concordance of clinical risk with severity of coronary stenosis and to develop and validate a preoperative clinical index to exclude the presence of significant coronary stenosis. Methods and Results We carried out a prospective study of 878 consecutive patients (including the derivation and validation sets). “Severe” stenosis was defined as three-vessel (≥50% stenosis in each), two-vessel (≥50% stenosis in one when the other is ≥70% stenosis of the left anterior descending), or left main disease (≥50%); “critical” stenosis was three-vessel (≥70% stenosis in each) and/or left main stenosis ≥70%. A preoperative clinical index (diabetes mellitus, prior myocardial infarction, angina, age &gt;70 years, congestive heart failure) was used to stratify patients. A gradient of risk for severe stenosis was seen with increasing numbers of clinical markers. The following prediction rules were developed: The absence of severe coronary stenoses can be predicted with a positive predictive value of 96% for patients who have no (1) history of diabetes, (2) prior angina, (3) previous myocardial infarction, or (4) history of congestive heart failure. The absence of critical coronary stenoses can be predicted with a positive predictive value of 94% for those who have no (1) prior angina, (2) previous myocardial infarction, or (3) history of congestive heart failure. Conclusions By reliably identifying a large proportion of patients with a low likelihood of significant stenoses, these prediction rules can help to substantially reduce healthcare costs associated with preoperative cardiac risk assessment for noncardiac surgery.
SCINTIGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF TORSION OF THE TESTICULAR APPENDAGES
Authors: D. F. Eggli
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

Torsion of a testicular appendage presents with a symptom complex often indistinguishable from torsion of the spermatic cord. Management of the former is conservative while torsion of the spermatic cord requires emergency surgery. Scintigraphic studies on 15 patients with a clinical or surgical diagnosis of torsion of a testicular appendage were reviewed to determine if a consistent scintigraphic pattern could be established. No large series on scintigraphic appearance of torsion of testicular appendages has been published. Only scattered cases have been described. One paper in the literature discusses fourteen patients with a final diagnosis of torsion of testicular appendages, but scintigraphic patterns were not discussed in detail. Studies were performed using Tc-99m-pertechnetate, 200 to 250 μCi per kg, pretreating with perchlorate to block the thyroid gland. Flow studies, tissue phase images, marker views, and late tissue phase views using a groin shield designed for testicular imaging were obtained. Two cases were surgically proven while 13 others were clinically proven with focal tenderness or palpable tender nodule present on clinical examination and a clinical response to conservative management. Eleven of the 15 patients studied had abnormal studies. Excluding hydroceles, none had focal photon deficiencies. Nine patients demonstrated focally increased activity at the upper pole of the symptomatic testis. Four of these faded rapidly after the flow phase of the study, with the abnormal focus disappearing during the initial blood pool image. Three more faded on later blood pool images. Two patients demonstrated only mild diffuse hyperemia, but the flow study was lost on one due to technical error. The scintigraphic appearance of torsion of a testicular appendage is variable. The diagnostic finding of the ‘hot dot’ at the upper pole may be very transient and may fade and disappear on the initial tissue phase image. The ability to demonstrate the diagnostic abnormality may depend on imaging sequence employed. The initial blood pool image may have to be terminated early to demonstrate the diagnostic finding.
Birth Weight, Genetic Susceptibility, and Adulthood Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Yanping Li, Qibin Qi, Tsegaselassie Workalemahu, Frank B. Hu, Lu Qi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

Both stressful intrauterine milieus and genetic susceptibility have been linked to later-life diabetes risk. The current study aims to examine the interaction between low birth weight, a surrogate measure of stressful intrauterine milieus, and genetic susceptibility in relation to risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood.The analysis included two independent, nested case-control studies of 2,591 type 2 diabetic case subjects and 3,052 healthy control subjects. We developed two genotype scores: an obesity genotype score based on 32 BMI-predisposing variants and a diabetes genotype score based on 35 diabetes-predisposing variants.Obesity genotype scores showed a stronger association with type 2 diabetes risk in individuals with low birth weight. In low-birth weight individuals, the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 2.55 (95% CI 1.34-4.84) by comparing extreme quartiles of the obesity genotype score, while the OR was 1.27 (1.04-1.55) among individuals with birth weight >2.5 kg (P for interaction = 0.017). We did not observe significant interaction between diabetes genotype scores and birth weight with regard to risk of type 2 diabetes. In a comparison of extreme quartiles of the diabetes gene score, the multivariable-adjusted OR was 3.80 (1.76-8.24) among individuals with low birth weight and 2.27 (1.82-2.83) among those with high birth weight (P for interaction = 0.16).Our data suggest that low birth weight and genetic susceptibility to obesity may synergistically affect adulthood risk of type 2 diabetes.
Criticism of new German chronic disease management is unfair
Authors: N. Schmacke
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—Tuffs' news item on the new chronic disease management programmes in Germany is misleading.1

The new programmes have arisen from economic analysis showing the importance of ensuring that health insurance funds should not continue to be penalised financially when they have large numbers of patients with chronic diseases.

The economic rationale for these programmes is not simply to fund deficits. There will be no extra money put into the system. Instead the existing risk adjustment strategy will take the higher costs for patients with chronic …
Antimyosin imaging in acute transmural myocardial infarctions: Results of a multicenter clinical trial
Authors: Lynne L. Johnson, David W. Seldin, Lewis C. Becker, Norman D. Lafrance, Henry A. Liberman, Christopher James, Jeffrey A. Mattis, Richard T. Dean, John Brown, Andrew Reiter, Valerie Arneson, Paul J. Cannon, Harvey J. Berger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1989)
Researchers discover novel way to get proteins into tumours
Authors: A. Berger
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Scientists have discovered a novel way to get cytotoxic proteins into the heart of tumours. Their discovery relies on a structural component produced by the herpes simplex virus which seems to invade cells with great ease. By fusing cytotoxic proteins to this component, the researchers hope to piggyback proteins directly into tumour cells, achieving a “direct hit.”

Peter O'Hare and his team at the Marie Curie Institute in Surrey observed that the protein known as VP22, which is produced by the herpes simplex virus, is able to spread from a single cell, gaining rapid access through neighbouring cells.

Under the microscope VP22 is seen to create a “halo effect” around the central cell as it extends outwards, and within 40 hours a whole layer of …
Quality-adjusted Survival in the First Year after the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: DEREK C. ANGUS, AMJAD A. MUSTHAFA, GILLES CLERMONT, MARTIN F. GRIFFIN, WALTER T. LINDE-ZWIRBLE, TONY T. DREMSIZOV, MICHAEL R. PINSKY
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2001)

There is little information on long-term outcome after acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We measured quality-adjusted survival in the first year after ARDS in a prospective cohort (n = 200). All patients met traditional criteria for ARDS. Patients with sepsis and acute nonpulmonary organ dysfunction at presentation were excluded. The cohort was healthy before onset of ARDS as evidenced by high functional status (mean Karnofsky Performance Status index: 82.2/100 where ⩾ 80 = able to perform normal activities independently) and minimal comorbid illness (mean Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score: 0.32/17 where 0 = absence of chronic illness). We determined quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) using the Quality of Well-being (QWB) scale (0 to 1 scale where 1 = optimal well-being), measured at 6 and 12 mo. Survival was 69.5 ± 5.0% at 1 month, fell to 55.7 ± 3.7% at 6 mo, and did not change at 12 mo, yielding a survival of 59 life-years in the first year per 100 patients with ARDS. QWB was low at 6 and 12 mo (0.59 ± 0.015 and 0.60 ± 0.015), yielding a quality-adjusted survival of 36 QALYs per 100 patients (sensitivity range: 21 to 46 QALYs). We conclude that ARDS developing in previously healthy patients is associated with poor quality-adjusted survival. These data are important for cost-effectiveness analyses and long-term care.
Public health consequences of mercury spills: Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system, 1993-1998.
Authors: Perri Zeitz, Maureen F Orr, Wendy E Kaye
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

We analyzed data from states that participated in the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system maintained by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry to describe the public health consequences of mercury releases. From 1993 through 1998, HSEES captured 406 events in which mercury was the only substance released. Schools and universities, private residences, and health care facilities were the most frequent locations involved in mercury events, and human error was the contributing factor for most of the releases. Fourteen persons experienced adverse health effects as a result of the releases. An additional 31 persons had documented elevated levels of mercury in the blood. No fatalities resulted. Evacuations were ordered in 90 (22%) of the events, and the length of evacuation ranged from 1 hr to 46 days. Mercury spills have a significant public health impact and economic burden. Some actions that could potentially lessen the consequences of mercury spills are to switch to mercury-free alternatives, train people in the safe handling and disposal of mercury, and keep mercury securely stored when it is necessary to have it on hand.
Colonization of albumin-producing hepatocytes derived from transplanted F344 rat bone marrow cells in the liver of congenic Nagase's analbuminemic rats
Authors: Jun Arikura, Mitsuhiro Inagaki, Xiang Huiling, Atsuko Ozaki, Kazuhiko Onodera, Katsuhiro Ogawa, Shinichi Kasai
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2004)
Static public health funding will increase pressure on local government
Authors: C. White
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The government has not increased the annual pot of cash it gives to local authorities to carry out its ambitious public health programme in England, prompting concerns that this will only add to the financial pressures faced by local councils, amid swingeing cuts to their core budgets.1

Last week the Department of Health pledged a global ringfenced sum of £2.8bn (€3.6bn; $4.4bn) for public health for 2015-16, with an additional £5bn in incentives (the “health premium”) to be shared out among those councils that met designated public health improvement targets in 2014-15. The grant excludes the cost of councils taking on public health responsibility from October 2015 for children aged up to 5 years. A separate allocation has been made for this.

After some financial adjustments 18 local authorities will get less than last year, with Warwickshire the biggest loser at £2333 less per …
Color Atlas of AIDS and HIV Disease
Authors: John L. Ziegler
Journal: JAMA (1989)

This timely and informative atlas documents the panoply of clinical manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Part I describes the historical developments in the AIDS epidemic, followed by brief narrative and pictorial "snapshots" of AIDS immunology, virology, testing, and natural history. Part II provides an organ-specific display of the visible clinical features of AIDS in all manifestations. There are also sections on pediatric and African AIDS. Many clinical cases are accompanied by photomicrographs of diagnostic histological or microbiologic findings. The photographs are of high quality and well represent the conditions. The narrative is pithy, readable, and sprinkled with "pearls" of clinical wisdom along with advice on management. Two important sections on counseling and on risk by health care workers are presented. My criticisms of this atlas are minor. The atlas lacks an introduction, which should state that this volume is intended for general practitioners who may encounter AIDS patients
Regulation of chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation by stress
Authors: Michael J. Zuscik, Matthew J Hilton, Xinping Zhang, Di Chen, Regis J. O’Keefe
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification are the cartilage differentiation processes that lead to skeletal formation and growth in the developing vertebrate as well as skeletal repair in the adult. The exquisite regulation of these processes, both in normal development and in pathologic situations, is impacted by a number of different types of stress. These include normal stressors such as mechanical loading and hypoxia as well pathologic stressors such as injury and/or inflammation and environmental toxins. This article provides an overview of the processes of chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification and their control at the molecular level. A summary of the influence of the most well-understood normal and pathologic stressors on the differentiation program is also presented.
'Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection'-Reply
Authors: Dedra Buchwald
Journal: JAMA (1987)

In Reply.—  Dr Milbauer seems to have misread  article. We clearly state that the manner in which we recruited patients with a symptom complex suggestive of a chronic active EBV infection syndrome may well have yielded patients with a very mild form of the syndrome. The patients did not have evidence of other physical or emotional illnesses that could have produced many of the same symptoms. Dr Milbauer states that  article should have concluded that caution must be used in making the diagnosis of 'chronic active EBV infection,' given the large numbers of patients with overlapping symptomatology. We concluded that our study emphasizes the difficulties of diagnosing this syndrome using currently available serologic techniques, at least with patients seen in a general medicine primary care practice. With what is Dr Milbauer taking issue?
Bilateral Lung 99mTc-MDP Uptake on the Bone Scintigraphy in the Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)
Authors: Mehdi Mogharrabi, Hamid Javadi, Majid Assadi
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

We report a case of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) with unusual abnormal 99mTc-MDP activity throughout both lungs on whole-body bone scan. To explain the pancytopenia, bone marrow examination was carried out which showed hypocellularity in addition to large abnormal megakaryocytes indicating myelodysplastic changes. His whole-body bone scan showed increased 99mTc-MDP activity in both lungs, kidneys, and also along the proximal two thirds of the femora. It was concluded that lung uptake in addition to skeletal uptake on scintigraphic bone scanning should be kept in mind in patients with MDS.
Lymphoid Dependency and Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: R. T. PREHN
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Lymphoid Dependency and Cutaneous Melanoma Get access RICHARD T. PREHN RICHARD T. PREHN Department of Pathology, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 7, 4 April 1990, Pages 626–627, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.7.626 Published: 04 April 1990
Marijuana Use Starting in Youth Linked to IQ Loss
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2012)

a day of prescription or refill,” he said. McLellan, who is former deputy director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy, said too few efforts have been made to curb such deaths, in part because “there are a lot of people who think it’s somebody else’s problem.” But, he said, a multipronged effort is needed: physicians have to change their prescribing, pharmaceutical companies must be more responsible about aggressive marketing, law enforcement needs to be tougher on pill mills and charlatans, and patients need to take responsibility to use their medications safely and prevent diversion.Hearguedagainst restrictingprescribing of the drug for chronic pain, becausephysicianshave fewoptions for this prevalent condition. “I am urging physicians, pharmacies, and public health leaders to manage this problem,” he said. “I don’t think it can be legislated away.” In the meantime, physicians can take steps to minimize the potential for diversion or overdose among their chronic pain patients. McLellan and Foley suggested that physicians follow the guideline of the American Academy of Pain Medicine on the use of opioid medications for chronic noncancer pain (Chou R et al. J Pain. 2009;10[2]:113-130). Foley was among the coauthors of the guideline, along with Ballantyne and another PROP member, Roger Chou, MD, first author of the guideline and associate professor of medicine at the Oregon Health & Sciences University. Kolodny said the consensus guideline provides a good overview of the lack of evidence supporting this use but that he is concerned about the weak evidence base supporting the recommendations. ButMcLellansaidthattheguidelineoffers sensibleadvice, forexample, recommendingthatphysiciansaskaboutthepatient’shistoryof substanceabuse, collect aurinesamplebeforeprescribingopioids toverifywhethertheindividual isalready using opioids or illicit drugs, and create awrittenagreementwiththepatientabout his or her responsibilities. “The guideline is practical, reasonable, and responsible and will save lives,” McLellan said.
Demethylation of a hypermethylated P15/INK4B gene in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome by 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) treatment
Authors: Michael Daskalakis, Tudung T. Nguyen, Carvell Nguyen, Per Guldberg, Gabriele Köhler, Pierre Wijermans, Peter A. Jones, Michael Lübbert
Journal: Blood (2002)