tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chronic HIV Infection: Can Anyone Afford a Drug Holiday?
Authors: Brigid Kane
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Current Clinical Issues20 August 2002Chronic HIV Infection: Can Anyone Afford a Drug Holiday?Brigid KaneBrigid KaneSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-4-200208200-00031 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Managing chronic conditions with medication has always been challenging for patients and physicians alike. The reasons for imperfect adherence to, or compliance with, medication regimens are numerous; these reasons can be complex and or as straightforward as “I forgot.” Compliance research shows that the nature of the condition and the consequences are not always compelling enough to motivate patients because low adherence rates have been documented in such settings as posttransplantation, epilepsy, and HIV–AIDS.Although the virologic, immunologic, and clinical benefits of potent antiretroviral therapy consisting of three or more antiretroviral drugs have been extolled by clinical researchers and the ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Brigid KaneAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoChronic HIV Infection Benjamin Jacobs and David M. Aboulafia Metrics Cited byAseptic meningitis and acute HIV syndrome after interruption of antiretroviral therapyChronic HIV InfectionBenjamin Jacobs and David M. Aboulafia, MD 20 August 2002Volume 137, Issue 4Page: 301-304KeywordsAntiretroviral therapyAntiretroviralsDrug therapyDrugsHIVHIV infectionsRNARandomized trialsViral loadViremia ePublished: 20 August 2002 Issue Published: 20 August 2002 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2002 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Incremental prognostic value of the exercise electrocardiogram in the initial assessment of patients with suspected angina: cohort study
Authors: N. Sekhri, G. S Feder, C. Junghans, S. Eldridge, A. Umaipalan, R. Madhu, H. Hemingway, A. D Timmis
Journal: BMJ (2008)

<b>Objective</b> To determine whether resting and exercise electrocardiograms (ECGs) provide prognostic value that is incremental to that obtained from the clinical history in ambulatory patients with suspected angina attending chest pain clinics. <b>Design</b> Multicentre cohort study. <b>Setting</b> Rapid access chest pain clinics of six hospitals in England. <b>Participants</b> 8176 consecutive patients with suspected angina and no previous diagnosis of coronary artery disease, all of whom had a resting ECG recorded. 4848 patients with a summary exercise ECG result recorded (positive, negative, equivocal for ischaemia) comprised the summary ECG subset of whom 1422 with more detailed exercise ECG data recorded comprised the detailed ECG subset. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Composite of death due to coronary heart disease or non-fatal acute coronary syndrome during median follow-up of 2.46 years. <b>Results</b> Receiver operating characteristics curves for the basic clinical assessment model alone and with the results of resting ECGs were superimposed with little difference in the C statistic. With the exercise ECGs the C statistic in the summary ECG subset increased from 0.70 (95% confidence interval 0.68 to 0.73) to 0.74 (0.71 to 0.76) and in the detailed ECG subset from 0.74 (0.70 to 0.79) to 0.78 (0.74 to 0.82). However, risk stratified cumulative probabilities of the primary end point at one year and six years for all three prognostic indices (clinical assessment only; clinical assessment plus resting ECG; clinical assessment plus resting ECG plus exercise ECG) showed only small differences at all time points and at all levels of risk. <b>Conclusion</b> In ambulatory patients with suspected angina, basic clinical assessment encompasses nearly all the prognostic value of resting ECGs and most of the prognostic value of exercise ECGs. The limited incremental value of these widely applied tests emphasises the need for more effective methods of risk stratification in this group of patients.
Peptide binding specificity of HLA-DR4 molecules: correlation with rheumatoid arthritis association.
Authors: J Hammer, F Gallazzi, E Bono, R W Karr, J Guenot, P Valsasnini, Z A Nagy, F Sinigaglia
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

We have investigated whether sequence 67 to 74 shared by beta chains of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated HLA-DR molecules imparts a specific pattern of peptide binding. The peptide binding specificity of the RA-associated molecules, DRB1*0401, DRB1*0404, and the closely related, RA nonassociated DRB1*0402 was, therefore, determined using designer peptide libraries. The effect of single key residues was tested with site-directed mutants of DRB1*0401. The results have demonstrated striking differences between RA-linked and unlinked DR allotypes in selecting the portion of peptides that interacts with the 67-74 area. Most differences were associated with a single amino acid exchange at position 71 of the DR beta chain, and affected the charge of residues potentially contacting position 71. The observed binding patterns permitted an accurate prediction of natural protein derived peptide sequences that bind selectively to RA-associated DR molecules. Thus, the 67-74 region, in particular position 71, induces changes of binding specificity that correlate with the genetic linkage of RA susceptibility. These findings should facilitate the identification of autoantigenic peptides involved in the pathogenesis of RA.
THE USE OF DRUGS IN THE TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC WAR NEUROSES
Authors: ROBERT G. HEATH, STEPHEN H. SHERMAN
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1944)

Physiologic changes resulting from fear, play a major rôle in the persistence and intensification of the battle reaction. They increase irritability which results in exaggeration of the effects of both internal and external stimuli. Drug therapy in order to be successful must break this cycle. The patient is then better able to face memories of his traumatic experience and be unconditioned to them. Sedatives, by depressing the central nervous system and thereby producing sleep, are effective in shutting out external stimuli. This is curative in the fatigue state which predisposes to battle reaction, once it develops. Narcosynthesis not only reduces autonomic overactivity by depressing the hypothalamus, but promotes mental catharsis at the same time. The process of unconditioning the traumatic experience is therefore hastened. There are some drawbacks: 1. It often causes the patient to go beyond the war experience, stirring up old neurotic conflicts which may merge with the war reaction, thereby adding to danger of chronicity. 2. It can be administered continuously over only relatively short periods of time. Ergotamine interrupts the physiologic cycle of the battle reaction by neutralizing adrenalin liberated at the end organ. Desensitization to memories of the traumatic incident is hastened, because they can be discussed without the usual marked discomfort.
Grace Blain Steven (nee Aitken)
Authors: M. Steven
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Rheumatologist who discovered the cause of fatal kidney failure in victims of the Blitz Eric George Lapthorne Bywaters played an important role in the rise of modern rheumatology as part of general medicine.After qualifying with a gold medal and honours in pathology, he worked at the Courtauld Institute of Pathology on the metabolism of articular cartilage.In 1937 he was invited to the Massachusetts General Hospital, where he studied patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, returning to the Hammersmith Hospital in 1939 and taking on the rheumatism clinic.During the bombing of London he studied the "crush syndrome" in people whose limbs had been trapped by falling masonry and who were released by the rescue services only to die later from kidney failure.This work was later transferred to a Medical Research Council unit at the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne.The cause, Bywaters found, was release of the protein myoglobin into the circulation from crushed muscles.This blocked the tiny ducts in the kidneys, preventing urine and waste products from being filtered from the blood.He used animal models to show that alkaline fluids by mouth or intravenously
Changes in Basement Membrane Thickening and Pulse Volume Concomitant with Improved Glucose Control and Exercise in Patients with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Charles M Peterson, Robert L Jones, James A Esterly, George E Wantz, Robert L Jackson
Journal: Diabetes Care (1980)

Ten patients with type I diabetes mellitus were enrolled in a program of exercise and carbohydrate “control” using self-monitored glucose determinations and self-adjusted insulin. Glucose control was improved for the group, although normoglycemia was not uniformly achieved. Pulse volume measurements performed at the onset and after 8–10 mo documented a drop in systolic arm blood pressure with increases in the ankle-arm index (P &amp;lt; 0.001). Quadriceps biopsy was successfully performed at the beginning and after 8–10 mo for analysis of basement membrane thickening (BMT) in seven patients. Six patients showed a decrease in basement thickening on rebiopsy (P = 0.02). One patient showed increased BMT. This was the only patient to maintain a mean hemoglobin A1c of greater than 10% for the duration of the study. These observations indicate that abnormalities of BMT and pulse volume recordings may be more labile measurements than previously thought and may be amenable to therapeutic intervention. The relationship of these variables to the severe micro- and macrovascular sequelae of diabetes mellitus remains to be established.
Alterations in the redox state and liver damage: Hints from the EASL Basic School of Hepatology
Authors: Gianluca Tell, Carlo Vascotto, Claudio Tiribelli
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)

The importance of a correct balance between oxidative and reductive events has been shown to have a paramount effect on cell function for quite a long time. However, in spite of this body of rapidly growing evidence, the implication of the alteration of the redox state in human disease has been so far much less appreciated. Liver diseases make no exception. Although not fully comprehensive, this article reports what discussed during an EASL Basic School held in 2012 in Trieste, Italy, where the effect of the alteration of the redox state was addressed in different experimental and human models. This translational approach resulted in further stressing the concept that this topic should be expanded in the future not only to better understand how oxidative stress may be linked to a liver damage but also, perhaps more important, how this may be the target for better, more focused treatments. In parallel, understanding how alteration of the redox balance may be associated with liver damage may help define sensitive and ideally early biomarkers of the disorder.
CaMKII regulates diacylglycerol lipase-α and striatal endocannabinoid signaling
Authors: Brian C Shonesy, Xiaohan Wang, Kristie L Rose, Teniel S Ramikie, Victoria S Cavener, Tyler Rentz, Anthony J Baucum, Nidhi Jalan-Sakrikar, Ken Mackie, Danny G Winder, Sachin Patel, Roger J Colbran
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2013)
Nanotechnology for the Detection and Therapy of Stroke
Authors: Stuart Kyle, Sikha Saha
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2014)

Over the years, nanotechnology has greatly developed, moving from careful design strategies and synthesis of novel nanostructures to producing them for specific medical and biological applications. The use of nanotechnology in diagnostics, drug delivery, and tissue engineering holds great promise for the treatment of stroke in the future. Nanoparticles are employed to monitor grafted cells upon implantation, or to enhance the imagery of the tissue, which is coupled with a noninvasive imaging modality such as magnetic resonance imaging, computed axial tomography or positron emission tomography scan. Contrast imaging agents used can range from iron oxide, perfluorocarbon, cerium oxide or platinum nanoparticles to quantum dots. The use of nanomaterial scaffolds for neuroregeneration is another area of nanomedicine, which involves the creation of an extracellular matrix mimic that not only serves as a structural support but promotes neuronal growth, inhibits glial differentiation, and controls hemostasis. Promisingly, carbon nanotubes can act as scaffolds for stem cell therapy and functionalizing these scaffolds may enhance their therapeutic potential for treatment of stroke. This Progress Report highlights the recent developments in nanotechnology for the detection and therapy of stroke. Recent advances in the use of nanomaterials as tissue engineering scaffolds for neuroregeneration will also be discussed.
Bone Scintigraphy of Osteoid Osteoma: A Clinical Review
Authors: HAROLD A. GOLDSTEIN, SALVADOR TREVES
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1978)

Cardiac wall motion was evaluated in 54 patients by ECG-gated blood pool scintigraphy (GBPS) and computer assisted cine-radionuclide-equilibrium study (CRES). The cine format in CRES enhances the subtle aspects of great vessel and cardiac chamber motion and volume abnormalities. An off-line system using a general purpose computer permitted CRES to be initiated in smaller nuclear medicine facilities without large financial investments.
High Resolution Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in a Patient with Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: HIROSHI MATSUDA, SOTARO HIGASHI, SHIRO TSUJI, HISASHI SUMIYA, TSUTOMU MIYAUCHI, KINICHI HISADA, JUNKOH YAMASHITA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

This is a report of a patient who underwent high-resolution brain perfusion SPECT studies during and after an episode of transient global amnesia. During the attack, SPECT imaging showed increased perfusion in the left medial temporal region involving the amygdala and hippocampus. After recovery from amnesia, a follow-up SPECT examination showed slightly decreased perfusion in this region. These findings support the hypothesis that transient global amnesia is associated with transient hyperperfusion in the medial temporal brain structures, and confirm the utility of high-resolution SPECT imaging for the evaluation of the fine details of functional brain anatomy.
Agent Designed For War Now In Doctors' Armamentarium
Authors: F. X. Mahaney
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article Agent Designed For War Now In Doctors' Armamentarium Get access Francis X. Mahaney, Jr. Francis X. Mahaney, Jr. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 4, 21 February 1990, Pages 255–257, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.4.255 Published: 21 February 1990
Political correctness: a step too far?
Authors: M. Green, M. Davison
Journal: BMJ (2011)

M Green and M Davison encounter this ludicrous notice in their hospital’s postnatal ward



While conducting a postnatal ward round we found this notice fixed to the doors of every bay.⇑

In 2005 the Department of Health for England published the document Elimination of Mixed-Sex Hospital Accommodation …
Transplantation of conditionally immortalized hepatocytes to treat hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: I K Schumacher, T Okamoto, B Kim, N R Chowdhury, J R Chowdhury, I J Fox
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Transplantation of hepatocytes has been shown to provide metabolic support during liver failure in experimental models. The potential clinical application of hepatocyte transplantation, however, is limited by the need for readily available, well-characterized cells, and a worldwide shortage of donor organs. A clonal hepatocyte cell line that could be grown economically in vitro and would exhibit a differentiated, nontransformed phenotype following transplantation would be an attractive solution to this problem. To test this alternative, primary Lewis rat hepatocytes were conditionally immortalized by retroviral transduction with a thermolabile mutant Simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. The cloned immortalized cells proliferate in culture at 33 degrees C and stop growing at 37 degrees C to 39 degrees C. Transplanted into normal livers, these hepatocytes integrate normally into liver cords. When transplanted into the spleens of portacaval-shunted rats, they protect recipients from hyperammonemia-induced hepatic encephalopathy. The cells engrafted in the spleen exhibit normal morphology, secrete bile, and express albumin messenger RNA. The protection from hyperammonemia is reversed by splenectomy. These studies show that hepatocytes can be conditionally immortalized, expanded in culture, and are capable of providing metabolic support in chronic liver insufficiency. Safeguards that could make these cells clinically useful can be accomplished using currently available technology.
P159 CO-INHIBITORY RECEPTOR LAG-3 POSITIVE CD8 T CELLS PRODUCE IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TGF-β IN CHRONIC HBV
Authors: M. Lubowiecki, K. Pallmer, D. Jajbhay, L.J. Pallett, U. Gill, P.T. Kennedy, M. Maini, A. Schurich
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Contrast medium-induced nephropathy: The pathophysiology
Authors: P.B. Persson, M. Tepel
Journal: Kidney International (2006)

A widespread, rather general, definition of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an impairment in renal function occurring within 3 days following the intravascular administration of contrast media (CM) and the absence of an alternative aetiology. In spite of the vast clinical importance of CIN, its understanding and the pathophysiology behind CIN remain incomplete. Many studies have been performed; however, they have provided no widely accepted conclusion so far. Here the possible mechanisms underlying CIN are outlined, which span from altered rheological properties, perturbation of renal haemodynamics, regional hypoxia, auto-, and paracrine factors (adenosine, endothelin, reactive oxygen species) to direct cytotoxic effects. Although these potential mediators of CIN will be discussed separately, several factors may act in concert to perturb kidney function after exposure to contrast media. From the current knowledge of the mechanisms causing CIN, it is not possible to recommend a certain class of contrast media, except to avoid large doses of CM of the first generation. From a pathophysiological perspective, volume expansion is effective in avoiding CIN, since water permeability of the collecting ducts will decrease and enhance fluid excretion. Hence, CM in the distal portions of the tubular system is diluted, which implies reduced fluid viscosity and a lower risk of obstruction.
Prevalence of headache among handheld cellular telephone users.
Authors: B Hocking
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Errors in TCE AnalysisWe read with interest the epidemiologic overview and evaluation of trichloroethylene (TCE) and cancer recently published by Wartenberg et al. (1).Unfortunately, there were a number of errors in Table 5 (1) concerning risks reported in our study of workers exposed to TCE during the manufacturing of aircraft (2).For example, the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) presented for multiple myeloma were actually those for Hodgkin's disease.There were also serious errors in the listed SMR and CI for stomach cancer as well as discrepancies in the presentation of CIs for 10 other sites (Table 1).These incorrect values were included in the metaanalyses to make inferences regarding the carcinogenic potential of TCE; thus, they should be revised.We also found it peculiar that the reported CIs from our study were recalculated.We computed exact CIs, which are methodologically superior to the recalculated ones.The method of recomputation assumed that our upper but not lower confidence limit was correct.These recomputations had the unusual property of exaggerating the lower CI, thus making the results appear more statistically significant (or closer to statistical significance) than they actual were.
First identification of metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the Czech Republic
Authors: J Hrabák, M Fridrichová, M Štolbová, T Bergerová, H Zemlickova, P Urbaskova
Journal: Eurosurveillance (2009)

Since 2005, invasive isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been collected in the Czech Republic as part of the European Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS). Forty-eight microbiology laboratories throughout the country including approximately 81% of the population provide consecutive isolates from blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Surprisingly, no metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) was found in 1,259 invasive isolates tested over the past three years until the detection of two MBL-producing strains in mid-2008. Both strains were isolated from patients hospitalised in one regional hospital. The MBL was identified as IMP-7, which had been seen previously in Canada, Japan, Malaysia and Slovakia.
Long-Term Survivors and Progression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: C. Altisent, J.B. Montoro, I. Ruiz, J.I. Lorenzo
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

To the Editor: Much interest has been focused on long-term survivors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection,1,2 but little information is available about the progression of the di...
Mitochondrial/Cell-Surface Protein p32/gC1qR as a Molecular Target in Tumor Cells and Tumor Stroma
Authors: Valentina Fogal, Lianglin Zhang, Stan Krajewski, Erkki Ruoslahti
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract A tumor homing peptide, LyP-1, selectively binds to tumor-associated lymphatic vessels and tumor cells in certain tumors and exhibits an antitumor effect. Here, we show that the protein known as p32 or gC1q receptor is the receptor for LyP-1. Various human tumor cell lines were positive for p32 expression in culture, and the expression was increased in xenograft tumors grown from the positive cell lines. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses with anti-p32 antibodies showed that p32-positive cell lines expressed p32 at the cell surface. These cells bound and internalized LyP-1 peptide in proportion to the cell-surface expression level, which correlated with malignancy rather than total p32 expression in the cells. Like the LyP-1 peptide, p32 antibodies highlighted hypoxic areas in tumors, where they bound to both tumor cells and cells that expressed macrophage/myeloid cell markers and often seemed to be incorporated into the walls of tumor lymphatics. Significant p32 expression was common in human cancers and the p32 levels were often greatly elevated compared with the corresponding normal tissue. These results establish p32, particularly its cell-surface–expressed form, as a new marker of tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages/myeloid cells in hypoxic/metabolically deprived areas of tumors. Its unique localization in tumors and its relative tumor specificity may make p32 a useful target in tumor diagnosis and therapy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(17):7210–8]
Pocket Consultant Respiratory Medicine
Authors: B. O'D
Journal: Thorax (1990)

This book is the outcome of a meeting, in Florida in 1988, of a select group of academics and research workers with an interest in the pathophysiology of asthma.The work is divided into seven chapters, though they are really sections, under the headings of: clini- cal presentation, pathology, diagnostic procedures, physiology, cellular mechanisms, pharmacology and therapeutics, and epidemiology.Each section is com- posed of contributions from three to five different authors, who obviously bring their own particular interests and slant.That leads to a rather disjointed