tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The Experimental Prevention of Stone in the Bladder in Rats
Authors: R. McCarrison
Journal: BMJ (1927)

T= waDrs 159 an.d phonation fairly good, though her voice was very uncertain in quality and pitch, anTd changed with disconcerting suddenness.It was observed that if annoyed sbe spoke withi a strong gruff voice, but under examination began to whisper again.On this date t-he patient was given a general anaesthetic and Killian's laryngoscope was used.The direct view of the cord conifirmed the above findings.An attempt was then made by
High-Tech Predicament: Pulmonary Artery Catheter
Authors: Roger C. Bone
Journal: JAMA (1990)

There have been few, if any, studies to evaluate physician interpretation and application of pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) data. The information presented in the article by Iberti et al<sup>1</sup>in this issue of<i>JAMA</i>is important to both intensivists and to all practitioners whose patients undergo these procedures. The authors document that "physician understanding of the use of the PAC is extremely variable and frighteningly low." Mean scores on their multiple-choice examination designed to measure knowledge about the PAC varied independently by training, frequency of use of PAC data in patient management, frequency of inserting a PAC, and whether the respondent's hospital was a primary medical school affiliate. There was an increase in correct responses with increased training and frequency of PAC use, but 47% of respondents to the questionnaire were unable to determine pulmonary capillary wedge pressure from a clear tracing. Furthermore, 44% of respondents could not correctly identify
Prediction scores in gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and quantitative appraisal
Authors: N. de Groot, J. Bosman, P. Siersema, M. van Oijen
Journal: Endoscopy (2012)

<b>Background and study aims:</b> Several algorithms predicting outcomes in acute gastrointestinal bleeding have been developed over the past three decades. These algorithms differ substantially and therefore the aim of the current study was to conduct a systematic review to compare their predictive performance and methodological quality in gastrointestinal bleeding. <b>Methods:</b> A PubMed literature search was performed up to 1 July 2011. All studies reporting prediction scores in gastrointestinal bleeding were included. Studies were analyzed for predictive performance, and a quality appraisal of these rules was performed for which a score range of 0 (lowest) to 29 (highest) was used. <b>Results:</b> A total of 372 studies were identified, of which 16 were eligible for inclusion. The studies evaluated different outcomes: mortality (n = 5), rebleeding (n = 2), intervention required (n = 2), or a combination (n = 7). The predictive performance of the identified prediction scores varied between an area under the curve of 0.71 – 0.92 (if given). The mean overall quality rating was 17 (SD 4.0, range 9 – 25). Major methodological shortcomings were the absence of validation and absence of impact analyses. Eight of 16 scores (50 %) were determined "easy to use," and five scores (31 %) reported some type of action based on the results. <b>Conclusion:</b> Substantial heterogeneity in outcomes and results was seen in the 16 identified prediction scores. Moreover, the methodological quality was suboptimal in most studies. However, we suggest that clinicians should use the "best available" scores according to performance and quality, which are the Blatchford score to assess the need for intervention, and the scores of Villanueva et al. for poor outcome, Guglielmi et al. for rebleeding, and Chiu et al. for mortality risk.
Penicillamine-Induced Pemphigus
Authors: John Zone
Journal: JAMA (1982)

Penicillamine therapy has been associated with a variety of autoimmune disorders, including pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. The "late scaling rash" or oral ulcerations associated with penicillamine may represent the superficial erosions of early pemphigus. We describe four patients with pemphigus induced by penicillamine therapy and emphasize the "seborrhea-like" characteristics of this eruption that may obscure the diagnosis. A high prevalence (71%) of HLA-B15 is noted in the seven patients on whom HLA data are available. Early recognition is important because of the potentially fatal nature of pemphigus. The mechanism by which penicillamine induces or unmasks pemphigus and other immunologic syndromes remains to be elucidated.
Percutaneous Transcatheter Balloon Valvuloplasty for Bioprosthetic Tricuspid Valve Stenosis
Authors: Kei Yunoki, Takahiko Naruko, Akira Itoh, Junko Ohashi, Kohei Fujimoto, Naoya Shirai, Koichi Shimamura, Ryushi Komatsu, Yuji Sakanoue, Kazuo Haze
Journal: Circulation (2006)
<i>ROS1</i> Rearrangements in Lung Cancer: A New Genomic Subset of Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Pasi A. Jänne, Matthew Meyerson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2012)

Article Tools UNDERSTANDING THE PATHWAY Article Tools OPTIONS & TOOLS Export Citation Track Citation Add To Favorites Rights & Permissions COMPANION ARTICLES No companion articles ARTICLE CITATION DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.4197 Journal of Clinical Oncology - published online before print January 3, 2012 PMID: 22215755 ROS1 Rearrangements in Lung Cancer: A New Genomic Subset of Lung Adenocarcinoma Pasi A. JännexPasi A. JänneSearch for articles by this author Matthew MeyersonxMatthew MeyersonSearch for articles by this author Show More Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MADana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston; and Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.39.4197 Full Text PDF Figures and Tables "ROS1 Rearrangements in Lung Cancer: A New Genomic Subset of Lung Adenocarcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology, 30(8), pp. 878–879© 2012 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
Generic and Specific Influences of Nutrition in the Total Support of Arthritics
Authors: R. Pemberton, C. W. Scull
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1942)

STUDIES of patients with chronic arthritis reveal that they have disturbances not only in the joints but also in the major systems of the body.It is conceivable that the systemic manifestations of the disorder are referable to deviations of function secondary to some central factor.Information on this possibility, however, is not sufficiently well developed to establish such an hypothesis -as fact.In any event the clinical syndrome of arthritis cannot now be regarded as a symptom-complex produced by a single extraneous agent or agency, such as infection.It is, indeed, recognised that many factors are operative in bringing about the syndrome.It appears reasonable, therefore, at least for the present, to consider the disorder, not as a consequence of a partial attack by a single aetiologic agent, but rather as a resultant of the cumulative effects of a " total war " waged by various contributing factors, with varying emphasis, respectively, upon and in the body as a whole.Any therapeutic regimen to be regarded as satis- factory must, therefore, combat not only one but all of the impinging destructive agencies.Measures directed toward single deviations characterising the disease (that is, partial support) are usually inadequate, except by chance.Active intervention must proceed against all directly destructive or subversive influences within the body, such as physical fatigue, anemia, nervous or endocrinous imbalance, faulty nutrition, postural defects and focal infection.In short, a programme of therapy to be effective must involve " total support " of the patient." Total support " implies and may be defined as a correlation of various therapeutic procedures which, applied singly, may be of slight avail in arresting the disease, but when applied in co-ordination and appropriately are of great and apparently unappreciated value.Added significance attaches to the conception of " total support " of the arthritic in that the doctrine of focal infection,
Why we should emphasise prevention over treatment of non-communicable disease
Authors: R. Smith
Journal: BMJ (2011)

I sympathise with Heath’s anxiety about turning people into “patients” by identifying those at risk of developing non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but is she really advocating that we wait until people are “sick” and then have them looked after by doctors?1 She seems to argue for treatment rather than prevention.

Her thinking perhaps flows from an attachment to the medical model. She …
The T-Tube
Authors: Richard Danford
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  Your recent EDITORIAL T-Tube: To  or Not To Use (224:1644, 1973), implies that a T-Tube is only a pacifier for the surgeon who may have left a stone in place. Unfortunately, even though preoperative and intraoperative cholangiography is performed almost routinely in most medical centers today, retained common duct stones are still a problem. Many of these lie within intrahepatic ducts at the time of surgery, and often these ducts are not filled at the time of operative cholangiography.  Recent development of a guidable catheter system now allows extraction of retained common duct stones postoperatively without surgery. This procedure can only be performed if a T-Tube has been left in place in the common duct so a fistulous tract is open.  Whether or not the T-Tube is only a pacifier for the surgeon is inconsequential, but the T-Tube certainly offers the patient excellent insurance for not requiring
Penicillin gets some help against resistant pathogens
Authors: J. Henehan
Journal: JAMA (1982)

New approaches to putting the sting back into penicillin drugs to which a variety of pathogens have developed resistance are proving themselves clinically effective, according to several presentations at the Third Mediterranean Congress of Chemotherapy in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia. One approach involves mixing an antibiotic—such as amoxicillin—with clavulanic acid, a substance that inhibits the β-lactamase enzymes that pathogenic bacteria use to hydrolyze the drug. Another more recent development combines an antibiotic and an enzyme inhibitor in a single molecule. Clinical trials carried out in France showed that oral administration of a 4 to 1 mixture of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (called augmentin) could achieve a high cure rate against previously resistant nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract and urinary tract as well as against pediatric ear and throat infections. Side effects were minimal, and the relapse rate was low. The amoxicillin-clavulanic acid combination cured respiratory infections in 30 of 34 adult
Medical Exorcism Required as Revitalized Revenant of Tuberculosis Haunts and Harries the Land
Authors: Marsha F. Goldsmith
Journal: JAMA (1992)

THE AMERICAN Lung Association (ALA) has got   Blues. At a press conference held during its annual meeting in Miami Beach, Fla, a recording of this old lament sung by Jimmie Rodgers set  tone for a nationwide call to arms against  resurgent threat of tuberculosis.  From  1960s until a few years ago,  belief that this disease was nearly gone from  United States allowed  ALA to expand its activities into areas far beyond  scope of  National Association for  Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, founded in 1904,  group from which it developed.  Now, says new ALA president Lee B. Reichman, MD, the association is working overtime to keep  American public in  know about TB, until this dreaded, deadly disease is eradicated in this country once and for all.  Reichman says  TB situation will soon be out of control
Selective Cancer Targeting via Aberrant Behavior of Cancer Cell-associated Glucocorticoid Receptor
Authors: Amarnath Mukherjee, Kumar P Narayan, Krishnendu Pal, Jerald M Kumar, Nandini Rangaraj, Shasi V Kalivendi, Rajkumar Banerjee
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are ubiquitous, nuclear hormone receptors residing in cell types of both cancer and noncancerous origin. It is not known whether cancer cell-associated GR alone can be selectively manipulated for delivery of exogenous genes to its nucleus for eliciting anticancer effect. We find that GR ligand, dexamethasone (Dex) in association with cationic lipoplex (termed as targeted lipoplex) could selectively manipulate GR in cancer cells alone for the delivery of transgenes in the nucleus, a phenomenon that remained unobserved in normal cells. The targeted lipoplex (i) showed GR-targeted transfections in all cancer cells experimented (P < 0.01), (ii) significantly diminished transfection in cancer cells when GR is downregulated (P < 0.01), and (iii) elicited specific nuclear translocation of targeted lipoplex in cancer cells, followed by upregulated transactivation of glucocorticoid response element (GRE)- promoted gene. Using anticancer gene, targeted lipoplex induced significant tumor growth retardation in mice in comparison to different control groups (P < 0.05). Interestingly, cell surface-associated Hsp90 in cancer cells assisted the intracellular uptake of GR-targeted lipoplex. Moreover, selective inhibition of Hsp90 in noncancer cells resulted in cancer cell-like, aberrant, GR activation. The current study discovers a therapeutically important, unique property of cancer cell associated-GR that may be linked to a compromised role of Hsp90.Molecular Therapy (2009) 17 4, 623-631 doi:10.1038/mt.2009.4.
Color Atlas and Synopsis of Clinical Dermatology
Authors: Neil A. Fenske
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Dr Fitzpatrick has done it again! In addition to his editorial contributions, to what many dermatology residents and staff consider the definitive textbook of dermatology ( Dermatology in General Medicine , edited by Thomas B. Fitzpatrick et al, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1979), he has now collaborated with Drs Polano and Suurmond in producing a valuable, yet reasonably priced, addition to the dermatologic education of medical students. Despite his exhaustive research endeavors, he has always retained the enviable ability to convey his thoughts in a comprehensible manner to even the medical neophyte. As such, he and his collaborators have produced an excellent synopsis and atlas of clinical dermatology tailored to the needs of the medical student pursuing basic dermatologic education.  The text consists of a concise discussion of the most common dermatologic conditions, followed by appropriate visual reinforcement with high-quality color illustrations. I am particularly pleased with the outline format in
Does Obesity Modify the Effect of Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease?
Authors: Karri Silventoinen, Patrik K.E. Magnusson, Martin Neovius, Johan Sundström, G. David Batty, Per Tynelius, Finn Rasmussen
Journal: Circulation (2008)

Some studies have suggested that increased blood pressure has a stronger effect on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in lean persons than in obese persons, although this is not a universal finding. Given the inconsistency of this result, we tested it using a large population-based cohort data set.Systolic and diastolic blood pressures (BPs) and body mass index were measured in 1 145 758 Swedish men born between 1951 and 1976 who were in young adulthood (median age 18.2 years). During the register-based follow-up, which lasted until the end of 2006, 65 611 new CVD events took place, including 6799 myocardial infarctions and 8827 strokes. Hazard ratios (HRs) per 1-SD increase in systolic and diastolic BP were computed within established body mass index categories (underweight, normal, overweight, or obese) with Cox proportional hazards models. The strongest associations of diastolic BP with CVD (HR 1.18), myocardial infarction (HR 1.22), and stroke (HR 1.13) were observed in the obese category. For systolic BP, the strongest associations were observed in the obese category with CVD (HR 1.16) and stroke (HR 1.29) but in the overweight category with myocardial infarction (HR 1.19). We observed statistically significant interactions (P<0.0001) with body mass index for diastolic BP in relation to CVD and for systolic BP in relation to CVD and stroke.In contrast to the findings of previous studies, we observed a general increase in the magnitude of the association between blood pressure and subsequent CVD with increasing body mass index. Hypertension should not be regarded as a less serious risk factor in obese than in lean or normal-weight persons.
Pregnane‐x‐receptor controls hepatic glucuronidation during pregnancy and neonatal development in humanized<i>UGT1</i>mice
Authors: Shujuan Chen, Mei-Fei Yueh, Ronald M. Evans, Robert H. Tukey
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

In humanized UDP glucuronosyltransferase-1 (hUGT1) mice that express the entire UGT1 locus, the maternal hepatic UGT1A genes are dramatically induced 12-14 days after conception. Steroid induction of the UGT1A1 gene indicates that xenobiotic sensors, such as the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), may underlie the induction process. In contrast, neonatal hUGT1 mice display severe hyperbilirubinemia, with limited expression of the UGT1A genes. This study identifies PXR as both a positive and negative regulator of the UGT1A1 gene. Pregnancy hormones, in particular the glucocorticoids, target PXR as a positive regulator of human glucuronidation. Employing reverse genetics, where PXR has been genetically deleted, hUGT1/Pxr(-/-) mice show limited induction of the liver UGT1A genes during pregnancy, whereas the exact opposite occurs in newborn mice. Neonatal hUGT1 mice show delayed expression of hepatic UGT1A1 and are severely hyperbilirubinemic. However, in hUGT1/Pxr(-/-) mice, hyperbilirubinemia is greatly reduced due to induction of hepatic UGT1A1. Thus, PXR serves to repress UGT1A1 gene expression during development. Transcriptional silencing of the UGT1A1 gene was relieved in neonatal hUGT1 hepatocytes through interruption of PXR by small interfering RNA.PXR is a key regulator of pregnancy induced glucuronidation capacity in addition to modulating the severity of neonatal jaundice.
Salmonella with Transferable Drug Resistance
Authors: David H. Smith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

THE transfer of drug resistance between gram-negative bacteria was first observed in Japan in 1959 during studies on the etiology of multiple drug-resistant shigella.1 , 2 A strain resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, sulfonamides and tetracycline was first isolated in Japan in 1955,3 but by 1959, 8 per cent of all shigella, and 86 per cent of the resistant strains, isolated in 1 area of Japan were resistant to at least 3 of these drugs.4 The usual mechanisms of mutation and selection could not explain this rapid increase in the incidence of multiple resistance or certain epidemiologic findings: patients often excreted sensitive and . . .
Bromide Intoxication Secondary to Pyridostigmine Bromide Therapy
Authors: David M. Rothenberg
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The diagnosis of bromide intoxication is often aided by the detection of a low or negative anion gap due to the laboratory detection of bromide as chloride. A 59-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis who received a large dose of pyridostigmine bromide developed postoperative psychosis and was diagnosed as having bromide intoxication. The diagnosis was suspected in the setting of a negative anion gap and only later confirmed by direct measurement of the serum bromide level. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of bromide intoxication due to pyridostigmine bromide administration. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1990;263:1121-1122)
Ethical Debate: Case history: serious drug overdoses
Authors: B. Dalal
Journal: BMJ (1995)

A 30 year old man was found by his father in a drowsy confused state with an empty pack of 100 codydramol tablets (dihydrocodeine tartrate 10 mg, paracetamol 500 mg) by his side. The pack had been dispensed earlier that day. By the time of his arrival in the casualty department, about two hours after the overdose, the patient was unconscious with pinpoint pupils and a respiratory rate of 6 breaths/min. His father said that his son had been prescribed codydramol for a longstanding foot injury. He thought that his son had recently split up with a girlfriend, although he was not certain as they tended not to discuss personal affairs. There were no other relatives who might offer a clearer understanding of the reasons for the overdose, and there was no history of psychiatric illness, deliberate self harm, or alcohol misuse.

The patient was treated …
Serum Antibody Responses after Intradermal Vaccination against Influenza
Authors: Robert B. Belshe, Frances K. Newman, Joan Cannon, Carol Duane, John Treanor, Christian Van Hoecke, Barbara J. Howe, Gary Dubin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

If found to be safe and immunogenic, reduced doses of influenza vaccine given by the intradermal route could increase the number of available doses of vaccine.In an open-label study, we randomly assigned 119 subjects to receive an intradermal injection of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine, containing 6 mug of hemagglutinin for each antigen (40 percent of the usual dose), and 119 to receive an intramuscular injection of the standard dose of 15 mug of hemagglutinin for each antigen. The two groups were subdivided according to age (18 to 60 years and older than 60 years).Among subjects who were 18 to 60 years of age, serum antibody responses were vigorous and did not differ significantly between the intradermal and intramuscular groups, and all subjects had hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) titers of at least 1:40. Although the subjects who were older than 60 years of age also had a vigorous antibody response, there was a trend toward a better response in the intramuscular route, but this finding was significant only for antigen to the H3N2 strain. Nevertheless, 100 percent of older subjects in the intramuscular group and 93 percent of such subjects in the intradermal group had an HAI antibody titer to the H3N2 strain of more than 1:40, and 100 percent in each group had a titer of this level for both the H1N1 and B strains. Local pain was significantly more common in the intramuscular group than in the intradermal group among subjects who were 18 to 60 years of age but not among subjects who were over 60 years old. Signs of local inflammation were significantly more common among subjects in the intradermal group than among those in the intramuscular group, in both age groups.As compared with an intramuscular injection of full-dose influenza vaccine, an intradermal injection of a reduced dose resulted in similarly vigorous antibody responses among persons 18 to 60 years of age but not among those over the age of 60 years.
The Italian Pertussis Vaccine Trial: Ethical Issues
Authors: Donato Greco
Journal: JAMA (1994)

To the Editor.  —We would like to comment on the Medical News & Perspectives report inThe Journal1on the need for a national ethics advisory board in the United States. It is unclear to us why the clinical trial of pertussis vaccines in Italy (Progetto Pertosse) is automatically assumed to have inadequately protected the rights of human subjects. The report of the meeting of the Congressional Biomedical Research Caucus infers that conclusions of impropriety have been reached or there is wide dissenting opinion in Italy on the conduct of this project. As such, the scientific readership ofJAMAhas not had the opportunity to consider other views on the project from researchers of the Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS) (the technical and scientific body of the Italian Health System) who conducted the project or members of ethics, pharmacoepidemiologic, or pediatric groups in Italy.  While there is no doubt