tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
How can we determine if living close to industry harms your health?
Authors: I Harvey
Journal: BMJ (1994)

fied to allow decisions to be formally reconsidered at short notice.The committee proposes a national prescribing list (a "white list" of inclusions rather than a black list of exclu- sions) as a logical and desirable extension of the selected list policy to all therapeutic categories.The list would automatically include all new drugs at the time of launch and for five years thereafter, making all new drugs prescribable on the NHS.After five years-enough time to allow formal assessment of the product's therapeutic value-each drug should be reviewed using the criteria now applied to drugs in the NHS selected list.Those found to be less effective, or more expensive with no therapeutic advantage, would no longer be paid for by the NHS.All products that are now prescribable would be simi- larly reviewed, and manufacturers would be given five years' notice of this.Such a scientific review for the NHS would mean more than the five yearly rubber stamp re- licensing under the Medicines Act.The long notice would give companies time to organise clinical trials and assemble data.The scheme would link the principles of the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme and the selected list, and could replace both.It would discourage irrelevant research and reward clinically useful work-functions that the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme has not per- formed.It would help patients, prescribers, the NHS, and the industry and deserves enthusiastic support.
Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles.
Authors: H C Yeh, R F Phalen, O G Raabe
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1976)

Because the initial deposition pattern of inhaled particles of various toxic agents determines their future clearance and insult to tissue, respiratory tract deposition is important in assessing the potential toxicity of inhaled aerosols. Factors influencing the deposition of inhaled particles can be classified into three main areas: (1) the physics of aerosols, (2) the anatomy of the respiratory tract and (3) the airflow patterns in the lung airways. In the physics of aerosols, the forces acting on a particle and its physical and chemical properties, such as particle size or size distribution, density, shape, hygroscopic or hydrophobic character, and chemical reactions of the particle will affect the deposition. With respect to the anatomy of the respiratory tract, important parameters are the diameters, the lengths, and the branching angles of airway segments, which determine the deposition. Physiological factors include airflow and breathing patterns, which influence particle deposition. Various lung models used in predicting particle deposition are reviewed and discussed. The air-way structures of various animal species are compared, showing the unique structure of the human lung compared to the animal species under study. Regional deposition data in man and dog are reviewed. Recent deposition data for small rodents are presented, showing regional difference in deposition with the right apical lobe having the highest relative deposition.
RISK STRATIFICATION AND EARLY INVASIVE STRATEGY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES WITHOUT ST ELEVATION. MEDICAL JUDGMENT AND TIMI RISK SCORE IN THE REAL WORLD
Authors: Maximiliano M. de Abreu, Javier Mariani, Juan Gagliardi, Alejandro Silberstein, Simon Salzberg, Adrian Charask, Hernan Doval, Carlos Tajer
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Diffeomorphic metric mapping and probabilistic atlas generation of hybrid diffusion imaging based on BFOR signal basis
Authors: Jia Du, A. Pasha Hosseinbor, Moo K. Chung, Barbara B. Bendlin, Gaurav Suryawanshi, Andrew L. Alexander, Anqi Qiu
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2014)

We first propose a large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping algorithm to align multiple b-value diffusion weighted imaging (mDWI) data, specifically acquired via hybrid diffusion imaging (HYDI). We denote this algorithm as LDDMM-HYDI. We then propose a Bayesian probabilistic model for estimating the white matter atlas from HYDIs. We adopt the work given in Hosseinbor et al. (2013) and represent the q-space diffusion signal with the Bessel Fourier orientation reconstruction (BFOR) signal basis. The BFOR framework provides the representation of mDWI in the q-space and the analytic form of the emsemble average propagator (EAP) reconstruction, as well as reduces memory requirement. In addition, since the BFOR signal basis is orthonormal, the L2 norm that quantifies the differences in the q-space signals of any two mDWI datasets can be easily computed as the sum of the squared differences in the BFOR expansion coefficients. In this work, we show that the reorientation of the q-space signal due to spatial transformation can be easily defined on the BFOR signal basis. We incorporate the BFOR signal basis into the LDDMM framework and derive the gradient descent algorithm for LDDMM-HYDI with explicit orientation optimization. Additionally, we extend the previous Bayesian atlas estimation framework for scalar-valued images to HYDIs and derive the expectation–maximization algorithm for solving the HYDI atlas estimation problem. Using real HYDI datasets, we show that the Bayesian model generates the white matter atlas with anatomical details. Moreover, we show that it is important to consider the variation of mDWI reorientation due to a small change in diffeomorphic transformation in the LDDMM-HYDI optimization and to incorporate the full information of HYDI for aligning mDWI. Finally, we show that the LDDMM-HYDI outperforms the LDDMM algorithm with diffusion tensors generated from each shell of HYDI.
A Report ON CANCER RESEARCH: AN INVESTIGATION BY "IN VITRO" METHODS
Authors: H. C. Ross, C. Macalister
Journal: BMJ (1909)

but, looking about the room, he asked whence the strong smell of violets came.I inquired as to the revival of long-past impressions, and it seems that occurrences which took place before his present memory existed, had been revived and verified, but still more interesting was his experience in reference to a mathematical formula which he had forgotten.Being hypnotized he dictated it, and though when once more awake he did not remember it, when shown what he had just dictated he recognized it as the lost formula.This, of course, is in a way parallel to the solution of difficult problems during sleep.I feel that in passing to the subjects of experimental psychology, and more particularly to hypnotism, I am on what might be called dangerous ground.Many of my colleagues, I know, shake their heads and doubt the utility of hypnotism, and the fitness for the subject being seriously considered.But one of the great pieces of advice which Harvey gave was that we were to follow truth without fear as to whither it may lead.I am doing my best to direct the line of advance by means of observation, and it seems more than likely that the two opposing forces as they appear at present-experimental psychology and hypnotism-may, after all, unite in the scientific advance.And now, gentlemen, it is time for me to bring this my Harveian Oration to a conclusion.No one can be more coilscious of its shortcomings than myself, but I have done my best to present to you a brief survey of the great Harvey and his environment, and I have naturally dealt with the subject from the point of view of my own special line of work.Let me take leave of him with a few final words of reverence and appreciation.Amongst the most prominent characteristics of Harvey was the singleness of purpose of his life.He had formed definite aims, or, rather, he determined to look for himself into things without fear or prejudice.And his power for steady scientific work did not prevent him from entering into practical profes- sional duties of all kinds.He was socially accept- able alike in England and in Italy; but, with all this, he seems to have disregarded the great men of his time.Shakespeare was living, and writing, and acting;Milton was in full evidence by his politics and his poetry; Chancellor Bacon was known, but was not appreciated; and so with many others of the very distinguished men of his time.Science was his mistress; literature, as sucb, did not appeal to him.Though the exact sciences, like mathematics, formed an interest up to the end of his life, he still followed the anatomical and the physiological rather than the mathematical sciences.Religion did not seem to take a prominent hold of his character, and, though living in the most stormy political period, he seemed to be little moved by the tragic events through which he passed.He was a man of kindly family affection, yet his one object-the pursuit of truth-so domi- nated him that little else appears upon the horizon.
Malignant angiosarcoma of the scalp: a case report with immunohistochemical studies
Authors: J.A. NEWTON, J. SPAULL, D.H. MCGIBBON, E. WILSON JONES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

A case of angiosarcoma of the scalp is reported. The histogenesis of this tumour is discussed in terms of the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical findings. This type of angiosarcoma is uncommon and carries a poor prognosis; the therapeutic alternatives are discussed.
STATINS IMPROVE THE FUNCTIONAL PROFILE OF T-LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS: AN EX VIVO STUDY IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Authors: Mara Campioni, Giovanna Liuzzo, Anna Severino, Simona Giubilato, Alessandra Tritarelli, Michela Narducci, Vincenzo Pazzano, Daniela Pedicino, Vincenzo A. Galiffa, Ada Giglio, Francesca Graziani, Luigi M. Biasucci, Salvatore Brugaletta, Filippo Crea
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Rapid Left-to-Right Shunt Quantification in Children by Phase-Contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Combined With Sensitivity Encoding (SENSE)
Authors: Philipp Beerbaum, Hermann Körperich, Jürgen Gieseke, Peter Barth, Matthias Peuster, Hans Meyer
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Parallel imaging by sensitivity encoding (SENSE) may considerably reduce scan time in MRI. For rapid flow quantification in children with congenital heart disease, we evaluated phase-contrast MRI (PC-MRI) techniques combined with SENSE.In 22 pediatric patients (mean age, 7.2+/-6.2 years) with cardiac left-to-right shunt, blood flow rate in the pulmonary artery (Qp) and ascending aorta (Qs) and flow ratio Qp/Qs were determined by PC-MRI with SENSE reduction-factor 2 and 3 (SF-2 and SF-3). Additionally, we used PC-MRI with higher spatial in-plane resolution (1.6x2.1 versus 2.3x3.1 mm) with and without SF-3. Results were compared with a recently validated standard PC-MRI protocol and tested in vitro using a pulsatile flow phantom. Reduction of signal averages from 2 to 1 and application of SENSE accelerated flow measurements by a factor of 3.5 (5.2) using PC-MRI with SF-2 (SF-3) compared with standard PC-MRI. For blood flow rate through the pulmonary artery and aorta, as well as for the Qp/Qs ratio we found negligible differences of +/-3%, lower limits of agreement (mean+/-2 SD) of -7% to -18%, and upper limits of agreement (mean+/-2 SD) of +3 to +24%, demonstrating good agreement with standard PC-MRI. Mean Qp/Qs ratio by standard PC-MRI was 1.69+/-0.45 (range, 1.27 to 2.79). Interobserver variability was low, and high accuracy was confirmed in vitro for all protocols.PC-MRI for flow quantitation may be combined with SENSE to achieve a substantive reduction of scanning time. In children with left-to-right shunt, Qp/Qs quantification is possible by PC-MRI+SF-3 in <60 seconds. Use of higher in-plane resolution did not improve measurement results.
Liver in Felty's Syndrome
Authors: L. M. Blendis, I. D. Ansell, K. L. Jones, E. Hamilton, R. Williams
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Liver function and histology, together with the haematological changes, were investigated in 12 patients with Felty9s syndrome. Six of them were anaemic. The red cell mass was either normal or increased, and the anaemia was due to a considerable increase in the plasma volume. Two patients had increased haemolysis associated with red cell sequestration by the enlarged spleens. In eight patients liver function tests were abnormal, while in five the liver histology showed lymphocytic infiltration of the sinusoids and portal tracts together with portal tract fibrosis. One of these was later found to have a macronodular cirrhosis. In another there were apparent nodules without a true cirrhosis, and this appearance was also seen in two other patients with Felty9s syndrome in whom histology was available. An increased blood flow through the spleen was found in the two patients examined.
Preventing hospital admissions for COPD: role of physical activity
Authors: M D L Morgan
Journal: Thorax (2003)

<h3>Objectives</h3> To investigate how the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic influenced decisions of rheumatologists and health professionals in rheumatology regarding the management of patients with inflammatory rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). <h3>Methods</h3> An English-language questionnaire was developed by a EULAR working group and distributed via national rheumatology societies of EULAR countries, EMEUNET and individual working group members. Responses were collected using an online survey tool. Descriptive statistics were calculated. <h3>Results</h3> We analysed 1286 responses from 35/45 EULAR countries. Due to containment measures, 82% of respondents indicated cancellation/postponement of face-to-face visits of new patients (84% of them offering remote consultation) and 91% of follow-up visits (96% with remote consultation). The majority of respondents (58%) perceived that the interval between symptom onset and first rheumatological consultations was longer during containment restrictions than before. Treatment decisions were frequently postponed (34%), and the majority (74%) of respondents stated that it was less likely to start a biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD)/targeted synthetic DMARD during the pandemic, mainly because of patients’ fear, limited availability of screening procedures and decreased availability of rheumatological services. Use of (hydroxy)chloroquine (HCQ) and tocilizumab (TCZ) for the COVID-19 indication was reported by 47% and 42% of respondents, respectively, leading to a shortage of these drugs for RMDs indications according to 49% and 14% of respondents, respectively. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Measures related to containment of COVID-19 pandemic led to a perceived delay between symptom onset and a first rheumatological visit, postponement of treatment decisions, and shortage of HCQ and TCZ, thereby negatively impacting early treatment and treat-to-target strategies.
FDA moves towards becoming a global public health agency
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The US’s Food and Drug Administration has announced how it is broadening its scope and collaborating with foreign agencies to ensure that imported food, drugs, medical devices, and other products that it regulates meet the same standards as those made in the United States.

Margaret Hamburg, the FDA’s commissioner, described the changes in the agency’s Global Engagement report on 23 April.

The FDA regulates products that account for 20-25% of US consumer spending. Imports of these products have grown dramatically in the past decade, and problems have occurred with some imported foods and drugs.

Imports of pharmaceutical products have risen by about 13% a year and …
Lack of TIR8/SIGIRR triggers progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in mouse models
Authors: Maria Teresa Sabrina Bertilaccio, Giorgia Simonetti, Antonis Dagklis, Martina Rocchi, Tania Veliz Rodriguez, Benedetta Apollonio, Alberto Mantovani, Maurilio Ponzoni, Paolo Ghia, Cecilia Garlanda, Federico Caligaris-Cappio, Marta Muzio
Journal: Blood (2011)
Quality of prescribing for children in general practice.
Authors: J C Catford
Journal: BMJ (1980)

In a feasibility study of how often doctors prescribe drugs inappropriately for children 6331 FP10 forms issued to children in September 1978 by a random sample of 72 general practitioners in Wessex were examined. Prescriptions for drugs long known to be contraindicated in children--for instance, chloramphenicol, barbiturates, tetracyclines, and those with effects on appetite--were not encountered. Most scripts were for one drug only. Only about 1% (80/6331) of prescriptions could legitimately be called into question on the basis of current modern specialist teaching, although 42% of the doctors used drugs that have recently been considered to be hazardous or undesirable. These were predominantly drugs to control the symptoms of diarrhoea, vomiting, and enuresis. It is concluded that aspects of prescribing for children are responsible in the main but that there is a lag in the availability or use of important information relevant to general practice. The approach used in this study is applicable to many other areas of clinical practice and does not threaten individual doctors. It may prove to be a convenient way of assessing the general quality of medical care for children.
The Cost–Utility of Screening for Depression in Primary Care
Authors: Marcia Valenstein, Sandeep Vijan, John E. Zeber, Kathryn Boehm, Amna Buttar
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2001)

Background: Depressive disorders are common in primary care and cause substantial disability, but they often remain undiagnosed. Screening is a frequently proposed strategy for increasing detection of depression. Objective: To examine the cost–utility of screening for depression compared with no screening. Design: Nonstationary Markov model. Data Sources: The published literature. Target Population: Hypothetical cohort of 40-year-old primary care patients. Time Horizon: Lifetime. Perspective: Health care payer and societal. Interventions: Self-administered questionnaire followed by provider assessment. Outcome Measures: Costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). Results of Base-Case Analysis: Compared with no screening, the cost to society of annual screening for depression in primary care patients is $192 444/QALY. Screening every 5 years and one-time screening cost $50 988/QALY and $32 053/QALY, respectively, compared with no screening. From the payer perspective, the cost of annual screening is $225 467. Results of Sensitivity Analyses: Cost–utility ratios are most sensitive to the prevalence of major depression, the costs of screening, rates of treatment initiation, and remission rates with treatment. In Monte Carlo sensitivity analyses, the cost–utility of annual screening is less than $50 000/QALY only 2.2% of the time. In multiway analyses, four model variables must be changed to extreme values for the cost–utility of annual screening to fall below $50 000/QALY, but a change in only one variable increases the cost–utility of one-time screening to more than $50 000/QALY. One-time screening is more robustly cost-effective if screening costs are low and effective treatments are being given. Conclusions: Annual and periodic screening for depression cost more than $50 000/QALY, but one-time screening is cost-effective. The cost-effectiveness of screening is likely to improve if treatment becomes more effective.
A screening and intervention program aimed to reduce mortality and serious morbidity associated with severe neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Jens Kjeldsen-Kragh, Mette Kjær Killie, Geir Tomter, Elzbieta Golebiowska, Ingrid Randen, Reidun Hauge, Berit Aune, Pål Øian, Lauritz B. Dahl, Jouko Pirhonen, Rolf Lindeman, Henrik Husby, Guttorm Haugen, Morten Grønn, Bjørn Skogen, Anne Husebekk
Journal: Blood (2007)
Elderly patients in a general surgical unit: do they block beds?
Authors: D G Seymour, R Pringle
Journal: BMJ (1982)

In a prospective study of patients aged 65 years and over admitted to a general surgical unit only one patient in 10 remained in hospital for more than a month and fewer than one patient in a hundred became a "bed-blocker." While the over-65s had mean and median durations of stay which were longer than those of younger patients, in almost all cases a prolonged stay in hospital resulted from postoperative morbidity and was not related to social or administrative factors. Only a reduction in the incidence of postoperative morbidity could achieve a significant saving in the number of bed-days occupied by elderly people.
Severe necroinflammatory reaction caused by natural killer cell-mediated Fas/Fas ligand interaction and dendritic cells in human hepatocyte chimeric mouse
Authors: Akihito Okazaki, Nobuhiko Hiraga, Michio Imamura, C. Nelson Hayes, Masataka Tsuge, Shoichi Takahashi, Hiroshi Aikata, Hiromi Abe, Daiki Miki, Hidenori Ochi, Chise Tateno, Katsutoshi Yoshizato, Hideki Ohdan, Kazuaki Chayama
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

The necroinflammatory reaction plays a central role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) elimination. Cluster of differentiation (CD)8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are thought to be a main player in the elimination of infected cells, and a recent report suggests that natural killer (NK) cells also play an important role. Here, we demonstrate the elimination of HBV-infected hepatocytes by NK cells and dendritic cells (DCs) using urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficiency mice, in which the livers were highly repopulated with human hepatocytes. After establishing HBV infection, we injected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) into the mice and analyzed liver pathology and infiltrating human immune cells with flow cytometry. Severe hepatocyte degeneration was observed only in HBV-infected mice transplanted with human PBMCs. We provide the first direct evidence that massive liver cell death can be caused by Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) interaction provided by NK cells activated by DCs. Treatment of mice with anti-Fas antibody completely prevented severe hepatocyte degeneration. Furthermore, severe hepatocyte death can be prevented by depletion of DCs, whereas depletion of CD8-positive CTLs did not disturb the development of massive liver cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Our findings provide the first direct evidence that DC-activated NK cells induce massive HBV-infected hepatocyte degeneration through the Fas/FasL system and may indicate new therapeutic implications for acute severe/fulminant hepatitis B. (HEPATOLOGY 2012)
Prevention of HIV Infection-Reply
Authors: Paul R. Gustafson
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> In his letter, Dr Hopkins attempts to support the Centers for Disease Control's recommendations for voluntary HIV testing of high-risk persons<sup>1</sup>by pointing out the utility of testing in specific small groups. It is suggested that a positive test result would prompt additional personal steps to be taken by those infected or their health care providers. Among these, delaying pregnancy and avoiding breast feeding would appear to be a prudent recommendation for seropositive women. Thus, women in high-risk populations who are pregnant or contemplating pregnancy should be counseled and encouraged to undergo serological testing.<sup>2</sup>Knowledge of a patient's serological status would be useful in the case of a high-risk patient with a positive result on a purified protein derivative test or a patient needing immunosuppressive therapy. Immunosuppressive therapy, however, is rarely needed on an emergent basis and is usually required by only a small number of