tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Quantitative DNA analysis of low grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and human papillomavirus infection by static and flow cytometry.
Authors: K C Watts, O A Husain, M J Campion, F Lorriman, E B Butler, D McCance, D Jenkins, A Singer
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Quantitative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis of cervical biopsy specimens from 26 women with cytological, colposcopic, and histological evidence of mild cervical atypia consistent with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I, reactive atypia, or human papillomavirus infection alone or in combination was performed in a comparative evaluation of Feulgen microspectrophotometry, the fast interval processor image analysis system, and flow cytometry. The fast interval processor image analysis system showed a distinct advantage over the other methods, being faster and allowing the operator to see the cells that were selected for measurement. The three methods of measurement together showed that the DNA content of at least 2% of the cells measured exceeded 5C (C being the haploid amount of DNA in a normal cell and 2C representing the diploid complement of a normal cell) in all cases of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I and reactive atypia and in 87% of those reported as showing human papillomavirus infection alone. In contrast, the DNA content of cervical biopsy specimens from the transformation zone of 11 normal controls did not exceed 4C. This study shows the value of using a DNA threshold--that is, the "5C exceeding rate"--to distinguish between normal and neoplastic appearances of the cervix. These results support the view that cervical infection by human papillomavirus is a true precursor of neoplasia.
The cardiovascular effects of the continuous infusion of dobutamine in patients with severe cardiac failure.
Authors: C V Leier, J Webel, C A Bush
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Twenty-five patients with left ventricular failure and low cardiac output received a 72 hour infusion of dobutamine (10-15 microgram/kg/min) in order to determine the cardiovascular properties of this new inotropic agent. Left ventricular contractile performance improved significantly during the infusion as measured by systolic time intervals and echocardiographic parameters. Mean PEP/LVET decreased from 0.76 +/- 0.03 to 0.58 +/- 0.03 (P less than 0.05). The percent change in internal dimension of the left ventricle from diastole to systole increased from 9.5 +/- 1 to 16.8 +/- 1 (P less than 0.05) and Vcf increased from 0.47 +/- 0.05 to 0.80 +/- 0.06 circ/sec (P less than 0.05). Mean cardiac output (nine patients) rose from 1.97 +/- 0.15 to 3.33 +/- 0.50 L/min/m2 while mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure fell from 28 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 2 mm Hg during the infusion period (both P less than 0.05). These changes in cardiac function occurred without significant changes in heart rate, ventricular irritability, or blood pressure. Urine flow and urine sodium concentration increased during the infusion period. The improvement of cardiac function without the simultaneous development or exacerbation of undesirable effects (tachycardia, premature ventricular contractions, increased pulmonary or systemic resistance, tachyphylaxis, etc.) makes dobutamine a highly desirable inotropic agent.
Abstract 9883: Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Non-ST-Segment Elevation versus ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Undergoing Early Invasive Intervention
Authors: Young Bin Song, Jianqiang Xu, Joo-Yong Hahn, Hyeon-Cheol Gwon, Sung-A Chang, Seung-Hyuk Choi, Jin-Ho Choi, Sang Hoon Lee
Journal: Circulation (2011)

Background To define causes and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying differences in clinical outcomes, we compared the findings of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE-MRI) between patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) who received early invasive intervention. Methods In 168 patients undergoing early invasive intervention for STEMI (n=113) and NSTEMI (n=55), CE-MRI was performed a median of 6 days after the index event. Infarct size was measured on delayed-enhancement imaging and area at risk (AAR) was quantified on T2-weighted images. Results The median infarct size was significantly smaller in the NSTEMI group than in the STEMI group (10.7% [5.6-18.1] versus 19.2% [10.3-30.7], P &lt;0.001). Although there was a trend of greater myocardial salvage index ([AAR - infarct size] × 100/ AAR) in the NSTEMI group than the STEMI group (48.2 [30.4-66.8] versus 40.5 [24.8-53.5], P =0.056), myocardial salvage index was similar between the groups in patients with anterior infarction (39.6 [20.0-54.9] versus 35.5 [23.2-53.4], P =0.96). The NSTEMI group also had a significantly lower extent of microvascular obstruction and smaller number of segments with &gt;75% of infarct transmurality relative to the STEMI group (0% [0-0.6] versus 0.9% [0-2.3], P &lt;0.001 and 3.0±2.3 versus 4.6±2.9, P =0.001, respectively). Myocardial hemorrhage was detected less frequently in the NSTEMI group than the STEMI group (22.6% versus 43.8%, P =0.029). In multivariate analysis, baseline Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction flow grade 3 and hemorrhagic infarction were closely associated with ST-segment elevation (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.13-0.81, P =0.017; OR 5.66, 95% CI 1.77-18.12, P =0.003, respectively). Conclusions In vivo pathophysiological differences revealed by CE-MRI assessment include more favorable infarct size, AAR, myocardial salvage and reperfusion injury in patients with NSTEMI than in those with STEMI undergoing early invasive intervention.
Pregnancy and Travel: The Risks of Hepatitis and Scuba Diving
Authors: Ludwig A. Lettau
Journal: JAMA (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The recent article concerning the special problems of traveling during pregnancy was a useful summary of information for physicians involved in travel medicine.<sup>1</sup>I have two comments related to viral hepatitis. First, with respect to hepatitis B, the authors suggest that only pregnant women with risk factors for previous hepatitis B infection should be screened for the carrier state. It is now recommended that all pregnant women be tested for hepatitis B surface antigen early in pregnancy.<sup>2</sup> Secondly, a potential risk to pregnant women that was not discussed by the authors is that of enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. This type of viral hepatitis has been characterized consistently by a 10% to 20% mortality rate in pregnant women, with the highest risk of severe liver infection and death in the third trimester.<sup>3</sup>Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis occurs in both epidemic and endemic forms
Comment on O’Connor et al. Randomized Trial of Telephone Outreach to Improve Medication Adherence and Metabolic Control in Adults With Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014;37:3317–3324
Authors: Irene D. Blackberry, John S. Furler, James D. Best, Doris Young
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

In their recent trial, O’Connor et al. (1) examined the effectiveness of a low-intensity telephone outreach intervention among adults with diabetes being prescribed new classes of medications for out-of-target glycemia, blood pressure, and lipids in a primary care setting. They attributed their negative trial outcomes to the brevity of the intervention, a single telephone call of up to 5 min duration by a trained health professional not based in the primary care setting. Furthermore, …
Non-interpretative metacognition for true beliefs
Authors: Ori Friedman, Adam R. Petrashek
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2009)

Abstract Mindreading often requires access to beliefs, so the mindreading system should be able to self-attribute beliefs, even without self-interpretation. This proposal is consistent with Carruthers' claim that mindreading and metacognition depend on the same cognitive system and the same information as one another; and it may be more consistent with this claim than is Carruthers' account of metacognition.
Risk assessment for spinal injury after trauma
Authors: Jim Wardrope, G Ravichandran, Tom Locker
Journal: BMJ (2004)

The guidelines are simple and evidence based 

About 600-700 people sustain acute traumatic injuries to the spinal cord in the United Kingdom each year. Previously published data indicate that the injury to the spinal cord remains unrecognised in 4-9% of individuals.1 2 Inadequate management of patients with injury to the spinal cord has the potential to lead to neurological deterioration, additional functional handicaps, and possibly medical litigation. Thousands of patients, however, routinely present to primary care centres every day with injuries to the neck and back. The immediate care and appropriate assessment of patients with spinal injury is a skill that is expected of all doctors. General practitioners and hospital doctors with little or no training and experience of caring for patients with trauma might have to help the victims of a recent accident. They will certainly have to advise patients who complain of spinal pain after injury. This article is written to guide clinicians in these situations.

The evidence base for this subject has improved recently with some large scale studies from North America.3 4 Several consensus guidelines have been published by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence and the British Trauma Society.5 6 Most of the patients in these studies have been treated in secondary care, but …
Vitamin K2 inhibits the growth and invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via protein kinase A activation
Authors: Motoyuki Otsuka, Naoya Kato, Run-Xuan Shao, Yujin Hoshida, Hideaki Ijichi, Yukihiro Koike, Hiroyoshi Taniguchi, Masaru Moriyama, Yasushi Shiratori, Takao Kawabe, Masao Omata
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common human malignancy. Its high mortality rate is mainly a result of high intrahepatic recurrence and portal venous invasion (PVI). We previously reported that the development of PVI is related to levels of des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP), a serum protein that increases at a notably higher rate in patients with HCC. Because DCP is produced by a vitamin K shortage, we examined the biological effects of extrinsic supplementation of vitamin K(2) in HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Consequently, vitamin K(2) inhibits the growth and invasion of HCC cells through the activation of protein kinase A, which modulates the activities of several transcriptional factors and inhibits the small GTPase Rho, independent of suppression of DCP. In addition, administration of vitamin K(2) to nude mice inoculated with liver tumor cells reduced both tumor growth and body weight loss. In conclusion, similar to an acyclic retinoid--which was previously reported to prevent the recurrence of HCC--vitamin K(2), another lipid-soluble vitamin, may be a promising therapeutic means for the management of HCC.
The costs of prevention
Authors: J. Cairns
Journal: BMJ (1995)

To many doctors it seems fundamentally wrong to let people become ill before intervening when it would be possible to take effective action at an earlier stage—for example, by screening. Delayed intervention results in avoidable suffering and possibly a much poorer prognosis. People are also willing to believe that screening is a good investment, whereby costs are incurred now to avoid greater costs in the future. This faith in early action is part of folk wisdom, captured in aphorisms such as “a stitch in time saves nine.” In short, there is a widely held view that prevention is better than cure.

If women aged 65-69 are not routinely screened for breast cancer, or are screened every three years rather than every two years, some will not receive care that would benefit them. However, the view that it is wrong not to benefit a …
Treatment of Experimental Penicillin-resistant Staphylococcal Lesions with BRL 1241
Authors: R. E. M. Thompson, J. L. Whitby, J. W. Harding
Journal: BMJ (1960)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <h3>Background</h3> Patients with advanced lung disease who present with suspicious pulmonary nodules (SPNs) undergoing transthoracic needle aspiration pose a diagnostic challenge given risk for complications. Virtual bronchoscopic navigation (VBN) is an alternative means to biopsy patients. <h3>Study Design</h3> The study was a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent VBN with the Archimedes platform. Demographic information, radiographic evidence of parenchymal lung disease and pulmonary function testing were gathered. Peri-procedure complications and clinical data on biopsy results were gathered to assist in determining both adequate tissue sample (defined if adequate specimen was obtained as per pathology/cytology report) and diagnostic yield (defined as if after further testing/CT imaging from 1 year post-procedure the diagnosis did not change). Univariate analysis was performed to determine the impact of clinical factors on diagnostic yield. <h3>Results</h3> Ninety-six patients with 110 nodules underwent VBN. Eight-eight patients (92%) had radiographic emphysema with 56% having moderate to severe. Fourteen patients (17%) had radiographic ILD. Adequate tissue sample at time of VBN was 93%. Overall diagnostic yield in 80 patients (excluding 16 patients who were initially benign/non-diagnostic that were lost to follow-up) was 72%. Overall complication rate was 7% with 1-pneumothorax (1%), 3-significant bleeding and 3-hospitalized for respiratory failure. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In our cohort of patients the diagnostic yield and complication rate were comparable to other studies where there were fewer patients with advanced lung disease. This data suggests that VBN-guided bronchoscopic biopsy of SPNs is a viable diagnostic option with an acceptable safety profile.
Isolation of Measles Virus from Cell Cultures of Brain from a Patient with Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
Authors: Francis E. Payne, Joseph V. Baublis, Hideo H. Itabashi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

Isolation of measles virus from the brain of a patient with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis was accomplished by in vitro propagation of the patient's brain cells and cocultivation of the brain cells with a line of green-monkey-kidney cells. This observation offers direct evidence that measles virus has a a role in the etiology of the disease. Before the production of detectable, mature virus by the cell cultures, there was a prolonged period when they produced syncytia containing measles antigen, but they failed to hemadsorb.
Relationship Between Methodological Trial Quality and the Effects of Selective Digestive Decontamination on Pneumonia and Mortality in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Christianne A. van Nieuwenhoven
Journal: JAMA (2001)

ContextAlthough meta-analyses of randomized trials have shown that selective digestive decontamination (SDD) prevents nosocomial pneumonia in critically ill patients, the influence of trial quality on the effectiveness of SDD has not been rigorously evaluated.Objective To assess the methodological quality of individual studies of SDD and its relation to the reported effects on pneumonia and mortality.Design Thirty-two studies were identified in a MEDLINE and reference list search and their methodological quality was assessed using a scoring system (range, 0-13 points) based on allocation and concealment, patient selection, patient characteristics, blinding of the intervention, and the definition of pneumonia.Main Outcome Measure Methodological quality of the primary trials and its effect on the relative risk reductions (RRRs) of SDD on pneumonia and mortality. ResultsThe mean (SD) methodological quality score was 7.8 (2.9) (range, 1-11).The RRRs ranged from -0.1 to 1.0 for pneumonia and from -0.1 to 0.6 for mortality.The methodological quality score was associated with the RRR for pneumonia so that for each quality-point added, the RRR decreased by 5.8% (95% confidence interval, 2.4%-9.3%).No association between trial quality and the impact of SDD was found on mortality.Of the individual trial quality characteristics, patient selection, allocation of intervention, and blinding most strongly influenced the treatment effect. ConclusionsThe inverse relationship between methodological quality score and the benefit of SDD on the incidence of pneumonia may have resulted in overly optimistic estimates of SDD in prior meta-analyses.This emphasizes the importance of rigorous trial design in evaluating preventive interventions in the intensive care unit.
Modeling the hepatitis C virus epidemic in France using the temporal pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma deaths
Authors: Jenny Griffiths, Barry Nix
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Deuffic et al. developed a compartmentalized model that characterized the evolution and spread of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) within France. There were various parameters defining the age- and sex-dependent transition probabilities between chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis in need of determination to completely specify their model. These were estimated by means of a weighted least-squares procedure that was executed numerically. The objective function used was based on the distribution of the age at death from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rather than the temporal pattern of deaths due to HCC from 1979 to 1995. In this report, we investigate the impact of using an objective function based on the temporal pattern of deaths. We show that the dynamics of the epidemic can be quite different, in particular, short-term prediction of HCC deaths by HCV infection and times to death from onset of disease.
A STUDY OF THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SNAKE VENOM UPON BLOOD CORPUSCLES
Authors: Hideyo Noguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1905)

Washed blood corpuscles of certain species of animals in a concentration of about (5) per cent suspended in salt solution containing above 4 per cent of cobra venom undergo changes in their resistance to certain physical and chemical agents. They become non-haemolyzable by water, ether, saponin, and quite strong solutions of lecithin, provided always that the excess of venom has not been entirely removed. On the other hand, certain acids and alkalis, excepting ammonia, lake the venomized corpuscles more easily than they lake normal corpuscles. Venom solutions of 2 per cent and less exert no protective property upon blood corpuscles, but they induce changes in the corpuscles whereby they are rendered more easily laked by the same physical and chemical agents.
Engineered long terminal repeats of retroviral vectors enhance transgene expression in hepatocytes in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Kanji Yamaguchi, Katsuhiko Itoh, Naoki Ohnishi, Yoshito Itoh, Christopher Baum, Takashi Tsuji, Toshikazu Nagao, Hiroaki Higashitsuji, Takeshi Okanoue, Jun Fujita
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

To analyze the important elements for retroviral expression in hepatocytes, cis-acting elements in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the polycythemic strain of spleen focus-forming virus (SFFVp) were analyzed in a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Two cis-acting elements located within the upstream region of the direct repeat, which positively regulated retroviral expression, were identified. Transcription factors NFAT5 and Sp1, which are ubiquitously expressed in a variety of tissues, bound to these elements. To increase specificity without lowering the potency of retroviral expression in hepatocytes, these elements were replaced by a sequence derived from the hepatitis B virus enhancer II region. Novel vectors, SF-Hep3 and SF-Hep5 (SFFVp-based vector for hepatocytes 3 and 5), were developed with these engineered LTRs. The engineered LTRs of these vectors enhanced the retroviral expression only in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines in vitro. These vectors also increased transgene expression 4- to 9-fold or 3.5- to 5-fold in comparison with a Moloney murine leukemia virus-based vector or a vector containing the wild-type LTR of SFFVp, respectively, in murine hepatocytes in vivo.
Legal Neglect of the Mentally Ill
Authors: NEIL L. CHAYET
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1968)

Despite the increasing availability of legal services to the poor, the mentally ill remain excluded from such benefits. Once an individual has been committed to an institution, the law makes little provision for the protection of his legal and civil rights. This author examines the issues of involuntary commitment, what procedures should be employed, and what safeguards must be taken to preserve the rights of the committed person. He cites illustrations from the proposed revision of the laws governing involuntary hospitalization in Massachusetts.
More Pathogenic Vibrios
Authors: Charles C. J. Carpenter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

The Center for Disease Control, with its uniquely trained cadre of physician epidemiologists and microbiologists, continues, by its painstaking detective work, to delineate new and treatable communicable diseases. The past few years, for example, have witnessed its description of Legionnaires' disease, and its recognition of Giardia lamblia as one of the leading causes of waterborne outbreaks of diarrheal disease in the United States. Officers of the Epidemiologic Intelligence Service, on overseas assignments, have recently made major contributions in determining the role of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and of rotaviruses in acute diarrheal illnesses in developing areas of the world. Now, in . . .
Establishment and characterization of a novel Waldenström macroglobulinemia cell line, MWCL-1
Authors: Lucy S. Hodge, Anne J. Novak, Deanna M. Grote, Esteban Braggio, Rhett P. Ketterling, Michelle K. Manske, Tammy L. Price Troska, Steven C. Ziesmer, Rafael Fonseca, Thomas E. Witzig, William G. Morice, Morie A. Gertz, Stephen M. Ansell
Journal: Blood (2011)
Use of the left ventricular peak systolic pressure/end-systolic volume ratio to predict symptomatic improvement with valve replacement in patients with aortic regurgitation and enlarged end-systolic volume
Authors: Mark J. Pirwitz, Richard A. Lange, John E. Willard, Charles Landau, D.Brent Glamann, L.David Hillis
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1994)
Pain in the Face
Authors: J. Garfield
Journal: BMJ (1968)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> Pathogenic mutations in the BRCA2 tumor suppressor gene predispose to breast, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and other cancers. BRCA2 maintains genome stability through homology-directed repair (HDR) of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and replication fork protection. Nonsense or frameshift mutations leading to truncation of the BRCA2 protein are typically considered pathogenic, however, missense mutations resulting in single amino acid substitutions can be challenging to functionally interpret. The majority of missense mutations in BRCA2 have been classified as Variants of Uncertain Significance (VUS) with unknown functional consequences. In this study, we identified three BRCA2 VUS located within the BRC repeat region to determine their impact on canonical HDR and fork protection functions. We provide evidence that S1221P and T1980I, which map to conserved residues in the BRC2 and BRC7 repeats, compromise the cellular response to chemotherapeutics and ionizing radiation, and display deficits in fork protection. We further demonstrate biochemically that S1221P and T1980I disrupt RAD51 binding and diminish the ability of BRCA2 to stabilize RAD51-ssDNA complexes. The third variant, T1346I, located within the spacer region between BRC2 and BRC3 repeats, is fully functional. We conclude that T1346I is a benign allele whereas S1221P and T1980I are hypomorphic disrupting the ability of BRCA2 to fully engage and stabilize RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments. Our results underscore the importance of correctly classifying BRCA2 VUS as pathogenic variants can impact both future cancer risk and guide therapy selection during cancer treatment. <h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>