tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Patterns of Lymphatic Drainage to Sentinel Lymph Nodes by Primary Melanoma From Different Anatomic Sites
Authors: Stanley P. L. Leong, Eugene T. Morita, Martin S??dmeyer, Jeffrey Chang, David Shen, Theodore A. Achtem, Robert E. Allen, Mohammed Kashani-Sabet
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

We want to define the patterns of lymphatic drainage for primary melanoma to sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) based on a large lymphoscintigraphic database. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy was used to identify and classify SLN drainage basins and patterns of drainage.Lymphoscintigraphy using intradermally administered technetium-99m labeled sulfur colloid was performed on 400 consecutive patients with malignant melanoma to define lymphatic drainage channels and draining SLN basins before surgery. Primary tumor sites consisted of head and neck, upper extremity, trunk, and lower extremity. Different types of drainage patterns were classified and correlated with different anatomic sites.SLN(s) were identified in over 98% of the patients, whereas lymphatic drainage channels were successfully identified in 90% of the patients. Drainage from the primary site to a single SLN through a single lymphatic channel (type IA) was seen in 186 of 400 patients (47%) as the most common type. In patients with a single SLN within a single basin (type I-V), the percentage of patients with primary lesions in the head and neck, upper extremity, trunk, and lower extremity regions were 61%, 79%, 55%, and 78%, respectively. In cases of multiple lymphatic channels (type VI-VII), the percentages of patients with primary lesions in the head and neck, upper extremity, trunk, and lower extremity regions were 24%, 8%, 36%, and 19%, respectively.Various drainage patterns were noted from primary melanomas in different anatomic sites. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy is important in establishing the SLN basins for harvesting the SLN(s).
Death in heat waves
Authors: W. R Keatinge
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Simple preventive measures may help reduce mortality 

Increasing evidence shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are rising and are causing global warming.1 Record air temperatures were recorded in Britain during the last month. Accurate estimates of the consequences of these must wait until daily mortality data are available, but press reports indicate that the hot weather caused around 1000 deaths during one week alone in Britain and perhaps 10 000 overall in France, where temperatures were higher.

Mortality in Britain is lowest when the mean daily temperature is 17-18°C. The number of heat related deaths per year, obtained as the number of excess deaths on days hotter than this, has averaged around 800 in recent years.2 Most of those deaths are of people over 70 years of age, and most occur in the first day or two of a period of high temperature.3

Few of these deaths are recognisable clinically as being due to heat.4 5 Heat stress causes loss of salt and water …
Clinically practical lead systems for improved electrocardiography: comparison with precordial grids and conventional lead systems.
Authors: R L Lux, M J Burgess, R F Wyatt, A K Evans, G M Vincent, J A Abildskov
Journal: Circulation (1979)

The use of limited leads for estimating total body surface potential distributions was investigated as a practical solution to the problem associated with extensive electrocardiographic sampling used in surface potential mapping. Two practical, limited lead sets of 32 leads each were derived and contrasted to a set of 30 precordial leads similar to those used in ST-segment and QRS mapping for estimating infarct size, and to a set of nine leads simulating those used in conventional 12-lead examinations. The two arrays, one of which excluded posterior sites for use in recumbent patients, showed little difference in ability to estimate 192 lead measured maps (average rms voltage error of 35 muV and average correlation coefficient of 0.97). The 30- and 9-lead arrays consistently showed twice the voltage (72 muV) and poorer pattern estimation (average correlation coefficient of 0.91) than either of the 32 lead arrays. These findings indicate the need for 20-35 properly located electrodes for accurate total body surface potential estimation. They also show that there is no difference in the abilities of a 30-lead precordial array and conventional leads to estimate maps.
Sodium Taurocholate Modifies the Bile Acid-Independent Fraction of Canalicular Bile Flow in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Alfred L. Baker, R. A. B. Wood, A. R. Moossa, James L. Boyer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1979)

Bile acid-independent secretion and the choleretic response to taurocholate were determined in rhesus monkeys fitted with indwelling silastic cannulas in the common bile ducts. Bile acids were infused intravenously in random order at 3.5, 7.0, or 10.5 μmol/min for 1.5 h each. When data were analyzed with a single regression line, bile flow increased in proportion to the level of bile acid secretion, although the y-intercepts (the conventional measurement of bile acid-independent secretion) varied widely (77.9±40.9 ml/24 h). The variation in y-intercepts was observed between animals and with repeated studies in the same animal and could not be explained by sex differences or the effects of the indwelling silastic cannulas, but seemed to be related to the order of bile acid infusion. With only two taurocholic acid infusion rates (7.0 and 3.5 μmol/min), [14C]erythritol clearance was greater per mole of secreted bile acid when the initial bile acid infusion was at the high level, but approached zero at low bile acid secretion rates, which suggests that so-called bile acid-independent canalicular flow is closely related to bile acid secretion or is small in size. The augmentation in [14C]erythritol clearance when the high infusion rate was given first was also associated with an increase in biliary clearance of [3H]inulin, which indicates that the premeability to inulin was also enhanced. Identical experiments which substituted equimolar infusions of a nonmicelle-forming bile acid (taurodehydrocholate) for taurocholate failed to demonstrate any difference in choleretic response or biliary clearance of [3H]inulin with the order of bile acid infusion. These experiments demonstrate that a micelleforming bile acid, taurocholate, can increase the permeability of the biliary system to large molecular weight solutes and simultaneously modify the y-intercept and the volume of bile secreted in response to the transported bile acid. Taurocholate may, therefore, modify its own choleretic response, perhaps by altering the structure or function of bile secretory membranes, and appears to be a major determinant of so-called bile acid-independent flow in rhesus monkeys.
Function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and expression of its Ca2(+)-ATPase gene in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in the rat.
Authors: D de la Bastie, D Levitsky, L Rappaport, J J Mercadier, F Marotte, C Wisnewsky, V Brovkovich, K Schwartz, A M Lompré
Journal: Circulation Research (1990)

The reduction in Ca2+ concentration during diastole and relaxation occurs differently in normal hearts and in hypertrophied hearts secondary to pressure overload. We have studied some possible molecular mechanisms underlying these differences by examining the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the expression of the gene encoding its Ca2(+)-ATPase in rat hearts with mild and severe compensatory hypertrophy induced by abdominal aortic constriction. Twelve sham-operated rats and 31 operated rats were studied 1 month after surgery. Eighteen animals exhibited mild hypertrophy (left ventricular wt/body wt less than 2.6) and 13 animals severe hypertrophy (left ventricular wt/body wt greater than 2.6). During hypertrophy we observed a decline in the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum as assessed by the oxalate-stimulated Ca2+ uptake of homogenates of the left ventricle. Values decreased from 12.1 +/- 1.2 nmol Ca2+/mg protein/min in sham-operated rats to 9.1 +/- 1.5 and 6.7 +/- 1.1 in rats with mild and severe hypertrophy, respectively (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.001, respectively, vs. shams). This decrease was accompanied by a parallel reduction in the number of functionally active CA2(+)-ATPase molecules, as determined by the level of Ca2(+)-dependent phosphorylated intermediate: 58.8 +/- 7.4 and 48.1 +/- 13.5 pmol P/mg protein in mild and severe hypertrophy, respectively, compared with 69.7 +/- 8.2 in shams (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01, respectively, vs. shams). Using S1 nuclease mapping, we observed that the Ca2(+)-ATPase messenger RNA (mRNA) from sham-operated and hypertrophied hearts was identical. Finally, the relative level of expression of the Ca2(+)-ATPase gene was studied by dot blot analysis at both the mRNA and protein levels using complementary DNA clones and a monoclonal antibody specific to the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2(+)-ATPase. In mild hypertrophy, the concentrations of Ca2(+)-ATPase mRNA and protein in the left ventricle were unchanged when compared with shams (mRNA, 93.8 +/- 10.6% vs. sham, NS; protein, 105.5 +/- 14% vs. sham, NS). in severe hypertrophy, the concentration of Ca2(+)-ATPase mRNA decreased to 68.7 +/- 12.9% and that of protein to 80.1 +/- 15.5% (p less than 0.001 and p less than 0.05, respectively), whereas the total amount of mRNA and enzyme per left ventricle was either unchanged or slightly increased. The slow velocity of relaxation of severely hypertrophied heart can be at least partially explained by the absence of an increase in the expression of the Ca2(+)-ATPase gene and by the relative diminution in the density of the Ca2+ pumps.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pim Cuijpers, Anna S. Geraedts, Patricia van Oppen, Gerhard Andersson, John C. Markowitz, Annemieke van Straten
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)

Objective: Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), a structured and time-limited therapy, has been studied in many controlled trials. Numerous practice guidelines have recommended IPT as a treatment of choice for unipolar depressive disorders. The authors conducted a meta-analysis to integrate research on the effects of IPT. Method: The authors searched bibliographical databases for randomized controlled trials comparing IPT with no treatment, usual care, other psychological treatments, and pharmacotherapy as well as studies comparing combination treatment using pharmacotherapy and IPT. Maintenance studies were also included. Results: Thirty-eight studies including 4,356 patients met all inclusion criteria. The overall effect size (Cohen's d) of the 16 studies that compared IPT and a control group was 0.63 (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.36 to 0.90), corresponding to a number needed to treat of 2.91. Ten studies comparing IPT and other psychological treatments showed a nonsignificant differential effect size of 0.04 (95% CI=–0.14 to 0.21; number needed to treat=45.45) favoring IPT. Pharmacotherapy (after removal of one outlier) was more effective than IPT (d=–0.19, 95% CI=–0.38 to –0.01; number needed to treat=9.43), and combination treatment was not more effective than IPT alone, although the paucity of studies precluded drawing definite conclusions. Combination maintenance treatment with pharmacotherapy and IPT was more effective in preventing relapse than pharmacotherapy alone (odds ratio=0.37; 95% CI=0.19 to 0.73; number needed to treat=7.63). Conclusions: There is no doubt that IPT efficaciously treats depression, both as an independent treatment and in combination with pharmacotherapy. IPT deserves its place in treatment guidelines as one of the most empirically validated treatments for depression.
INCIDENCE AND PREVENTION OF INCISIONAL HERNIAS
Authors: HENRY W. CAVE
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Incisional hernias continue to remain serious surgical problems. Countless procedures have been advocated for the cure of them; numerous suggestions have been offered to prevent them.  It seems reasonable to presume that though considerable time and concentration are utilized in the performance of the operation within the abdomen, often a too hurried and careless closure is effected by a weary operator or an inexperienced assistant.  INCIDENCE  The incidence seems variable according to the reports. In hospitals where many hernias are operated on, incisional hernias are less frequent than other types of ruptures. B. L. Coley, 1 in 3,000 consecutive herniotomies performed at the hospital for the ruptured and crippled in New York, reported only a 1.5 per cent incidence of postoperative hernias. During a four year period (1923 to 1927, inclusive) at the Boston City Hospital 2 there were 304 patients with this condition operated on. Stanton 3 noted 24
The NK Receptor NKp30 Mediates Direct Fungal Recognition and Killing and Is Diminished in NK Cells from HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Shu Shun Li, Stephen K. Kyei, Martina Timm-McCann, Henry Ogbomo, Gareth J. Jones, Meiqing Shi, Richard F. Xiang, Paul Oykhman, Shaunna M. Huston, Anowara Islam, M. John Gill, Stephen M. Robbins, Christopher H. Mody
Journal: Cell Host & Microbe (2013)
Perforated and Embedded Intrauterine Devices-Reply
Authors: David Zakin
Journal: JAMA (1983)

In Reply.—  Dr Wright used cervical hysterotomy in removing an IUD, which, from his description, appears to have been a type 1-2 partial perforation. He is to be congratulated on the fortunate outcome. Although the method served him well, we do not believe that it can be recommended as a routine or usual procedure in cases of partial perforation, particularly with the inadequate information provided by ultrasonography. In our series of 22 verified cases of perforated and embedded IUDs (unpublished data), there were eight cases of complete perforation, which need not concern us further, as well as seven cases of partial perforation and seven cases of deep embedding. Only one case was treated by cervical hysterotomy; a postoperative roentgenogram showed that a fragment of the IUD (metallic) had been left behind.  Cervical hysterotomy goes a step beyond dilation and curettage by replacing the less accurate instrumental palpation by the more
Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: David H. Spodick
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Echocardiography is particularly important in congenital heart disease because it is a record of dynamic (ie, time-motion) morphology. Organized in an extended outline format with many carefully captioned illustrations, this book superbly presents the state of the art in a manner that permits ready reference while remaining easy to read. The authors are necessarily masters of their craft (echocardiography, like playing the violin, should be technically perfect or not attempted) who understand fully its capabilities and limitations. They undertake three aims: understanding clinical situations in which echocardiography is useful, judging the reliability of echo findings in relation to artifacts and anatomic variations, and providing familiarity with the appropriate technique.  Chapters cover normal echocardiographic anatomy of each important cardiac structure, echocardiographic diagnosis in acyanotic heart disease, ventricular inflow and outflow obstructions, and echocardiographic diagnosis in cyanotic heart disease. Subsections cover special items like individual valves or septal defects. The sections are
Metabolic risk factors in southern Taiwanese with impaired fasting glucose of 100 to 109 mg/dL
Authors: Wei-Wen Hung, Chai-Jan Chang, Yau-Jiunn lee, Shih-Chieh Hsin, Kun-Der Lin, Ming-Chia Hsieh, Pi-Jung Hsiao, Shyi-Jang Shin
Journal: Metabolism (2007)
FDA's hands somewhat tied on hair dye-cancer link
Authors: Phil Gunby
Journal: JAMA (1979)

After April 16, 1980, the following words will be added to labels of some hair dyes that are shipped across state lines: "Warning. Contains an ingredient that can penetrate your skin and has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals." Food and Drug Administration officials have been working for about two years to get that warning added to the labels. But that is about as far as they can go. The FDA's hands are tied because coal tar hair dyes have been exempt since 1938 from the adulteration section of food, drug, and cosmetic laws. Says Sherwin Gardner of the agency, "The FDA long has urged Congress to repeal this exemption. The agency thinks these dyes should be subject to the same safety regulations that are applied to other cosmetics." The warning requirement that goes into effect next April applies to all permanent hair dyes shipped interstate that contain
Legionnaires' Disease: Clinical Features of 24 Cases
Authors: BARBARA D. KIRBY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Twenty-four cases of Legionnaires' disease were diagnosed at the Wadsworth Veterans Administration Hospital during a 5-month period. All cases occurred in persons exposed to the hospital environment during the usual incubation period of Legionnaires' disease. The clinical illness was quite characteristic. All patients complained of weakness, malaise, anorexia, and cough. Rigors, diarrhea, and pleuritic pain were frequent symptoms. All patients had a maximum temperature of greater than or equal to 39.4 degrees C. Thirteen of 22 patients had relative bradycardia. Chest roentgenograms documented pneumonia in all patients. Leukocytosis, hyponatremia, hypophosphatemia, and abnormal liver-function test results were typical. Diagnosis was made by serologic criteria in 20 patients, postmortem examination of tissue in two, and both serology and tissue examination in two. Four patients in whom the disease was not suspected died of Legionnaires' disease. One patient died of unrelated causes. Fifteen of 19 survivors received erythromycin therapy. The presentation of Legionnaires' disease was characteristic enough to allow early, specific therapy.
Mortality in the survival with ORal D-sotalol (SWORD) trial: Why did patients die?
Authors: Craig M. Pratt, A.John Camm, William Cooper, Peter L. Friedman, Daniel J. MacNeil, Kathleen M. Moulton, Bertram Pitt, Peter J. Schwartz, Enrico P. Veltri, Albert L. Waldo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Systemic inflammation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by elevated levels of CCL2
Authors: John Willy Haukeland, Jan Kristian Damås, Zbigniew Konopski, Else Marit Løberg, Terese Haaland, Ingeborg Goverud, Peter A Torjesen, Kåre Birkeland, Kristian Bjøro, Pål Aukrust
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
David Porter Heap — From Carthage to the Capitol City
Authors: Leonard G. Dauber
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1967)

AS the tourist leaves the elevator at the top of the Washington monument to visit the gallery and view the capitol city beyond and below, he passes a small tablet set in a niche in the rock wall. This stone (Fig. 1), from the ruins of Roman Carthage, bears the inscription "presented by David Porter Heap, M.D., July 4th, 1855." Little is known of this physician and his career in the public service of his country. But such information as is available indicates that he was dedicated to the ideals of democracy and individual liberty and fought to preserve them. . . .
Acupuncture Anesthesia in the People's Republic of China
Authors: John J. Bonica
Journal: JAMA (1974)

During the past three decades, Dr. John J. Bonica has been greatly involved in the pioneering of American anesthesiology as a teacher, clinician, and investigator. He has devoted much of his professional effort to the study of pain mechanisms and the management of chronic pain syndromes. In 1953, he published<i>The Management of Pain</i>, a 1,500-page volume that has become established as the "bible" of pain. He has also published more than 100 articles on the subject and has recently edited two monographs reporting most recent research on pain. Dr. Bonica is Chairman of the Ad Hoc Committee on Acupuncture of the National Institutes of Health and a similar committee of the American Society of Anesthesiologists. Last year, he was selected by the Committee on Scholarly Communication with the People's Republic of China of the National Academy of Sciences to be a member of the first official American medical delegation to visit the People's Republic of China, and was given the responsibility of evaluating acupuncture and anesthesia as practiced in that country.
A piece of my mind. Laphroaig
Authors: J. T. Lynn
Journal: JAMA (1994)

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CAT Scanners — Conferring the Greatest Benefit on Mankind
Authors: Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine this year has been awarded to Cormack and Hounsfield for their development of the CAT scanner. Computerized axial tomography has been called the greatest technical advance in x-ray diagnosis since Roentgen. In the few years since its introduction, head scanning has already revolutionized the diagnosis of intracranial lesions; body scanning, an even newer application, promises to do the same for many other diagnostic problems.This much deserved recognition of the CAT scanner and its inventors comes at a time when the deployment of expensive medical technology is under increasing public scrutiny. A hospital . . .
Treatment for lymph node tuberculosis
Authors: R. S Sellar, E L Corbett, S. D'Sa, D. C Linch, K. M Ardeshna
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Treatment for lymph node tuberculosis must be preceded by adequate pathological investigation of the lymphadenopathy Among the numerous causes of lymphadenopathy, tuberculosis and lymphoma are both relatively common and potentially curable.The clinical features of tuberculous lymphadenitis overlap with those of lymphoma: some patients with each condition are asymptomatic apart from painless swelling, whereas others are unwell and have systemic symptoms such as fevers, weight loss, or night sweats.Accurate diagnosis depends on confirmation with appropriate pathology tests.We present three patients with
THE TREATMENT OF THE MALPOSITION OF THE LID BORDER IN TRACHOMA.
Authors: F. C. HOTZ
Journal: JAMA (1898)

It is needless to say that the faulty position of the lid border induced by trachoma and known as<i>entropium</i>, can be treated only by operations. And it is also unnecessary to state that there is scarcely any other malformation of the human body for which a greater number of operations has been invented. Yet it is hardly reasonable to suppose that a condition so typical as the trachoma entropium could be treated with equal success by methods based upon widely different principles. It is certainly very desirable that some order be brought into this chaos, and I believe this task is not so difficult as it may appear, if we clearly formulate our demands of what, in our judgment, a rational operation for entropium should and should not do. The first condition we must insist upon, is that we should always take into serious consideration the cosmetic effect of