tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis using autologous indium-III-labelled platelets.
Authors: A Fenech, J K Hussey, F W Smith, P P Dendy, B Bennett, A S Douglas
Journal: BMJ (1981)

Forty-eight patients who had undergone surgical reduction of a fractured neck of femur or in whom deep vein thrombosis was suspected clinically were studied by ascending phlebography and imaging after injection of autologous indium-111-labelled platelets to assess the accuracy and value of the radioisotopic technique in diagnosing deep vein thrombosis. Imaging was performed with a wide-field gammacamera linked with data display facilities. Phlebography showed thrombi in 26 out of 54 limbs examined and a thrombus in the inferior vena cava of one patient; imaging the labelled platelets showed the thrombi in 24 of the 26 limbs and the thrombus in the inferior vena cava. The accumulation of indium-111 at sites corresponding to those at which venous thrombi have been shown phlebographically indicates that this radioisotopic technique is a useful addition to methods already available for the detection of deep vein thrombosis.
18F-FDG PET/CT Superscan in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Matthieu Bailly, Hélène Besse, Rémi Kerdraon, Gilles Metrard, Sabine Gauvain
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2014)

F-FDG PET/CT of a patient with inflammatory lower back pain reveals diffuse bony metastases, similar to the "superscan" found on a Tc-methylene diphosphonate scintigraphy, and also demonstrates a prostatic lesion which appears to be a poorly differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma.
Intermediate care is ageist
Authors: G. Bulger
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—With reference to the editorial by Pencheon, intermediate care is logical if you do not want people to go to hospital.1 Since there is no other avenue to obtain rapid assessment of patients and access to diagnostic facilities, hospital remains the safest option, provided that hospital is proactive with a rapid discharge policy. The problems general practitioners have in getting …
Controlled Diarrhea in the Treatment of Cirrhosis
Authors: Paul M. Gertman
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Fluid and electrolyte problems or ascites in patients with cirrhosis of the liver are usually managed by a combination of controlled dietary intake of fluid and sodium and enhancement of renal excretion. Occasionally, in severely ill patients oliguria develops or the kidneys are not responsive to diuretic agents. In an attempt to find an effective alternative to renal diuresis, the use of the intestinal tract to increase sodium or water loss from the body was examined. In 1933 Carr and Krantz<sup>1</sup>observed that the oral feeding of mannitol to rats produced a marked diarrhea. Ellis and Krantz<sup>2</sup>reported that the "threshold dose" for laxative effect in man was 10 to 20 gm of orally administered mannitol. According to information furnished by the Pharmacology Branch and on file with the Federal Drug Administration, the manufacturer has found that approximately 14 gm of mannitol will produce diarrhea in man. In
Quantitation of Collagen in Human Myocardium
Authors: DONALD E. OKEN, ROBERT J. BOUCEK
Journal: Circulation Research (1957)

The collagen concentrations of the four cardiac chambers of normal hearts were determined chemically. Right ventricles and atria contained significantly higher collagen concentrations than did left ventricles and atria. The atria contained twice the collagen concentration of the ventricles. Severe atherosclerosis, hypertrophy and coronary occlusion did not necessarily increase the concentration of collagen in the left ventricle of diseased hearts.
Discovering Adverse Drug Reactions
Authors: Louis Lasagna
Journal: JAMA (1983)

When a new drug is marketed, one can be sure that not everything (good or bad) about the drug is known. There are always some surprises in store. Sometimes they are pleasant surprises. When lidocaine was introduced as a local anesthetic, who would have dreamed that it would one day become a drug of choice for terminating cardiac arrhythmias? Diazepam used to carry labeling that its use was hazardous to epileptics; it went on to be recognized as a treatment for status epilepticus. Probenecid was first used to augment the effects of penicillin by preventing the tubular secretion of the latter drug; today it is useful as a uricosuric agent in the treatment of gout. Aspirin, first marketed as a simple analgesic, is now not only a major drug for treating arthritis but can prevent vascular thrombosis. These are just a few of the many examples one could cite. The
Recombinant allergen-based ELISA for the simultaneous detection of IgE to clinically relevant latex allergens
Authors: T. Palosuo, T. Karkkainen, K. Frisk, K. Turjanmaa, H. Alenius, M. Kulomaa, N. Kalkkinen, T. Reunala
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2003)
Cardiovascular Events After Bariatric Surgery in Obese Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Stefano Romeo, Cristina Maglio, Maria Antonella Burza, Carlo Pirazzi, Kajsa Sjöholm, Peter Jacobson, Per-Arne Svensson, Markku Peltonen, Lars Sjöström, Lena M.S. Carlsson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2012)

OBJECTIVE Obese individuals with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The effect of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular events in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes remains to be determined. The Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study is a prospective, controlled intervention study that examines the effects of bariatric surgery on hard end points. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of bariatric surgery on cardiovascular events in the SOS study participants with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS All SOS study participants with type 2 diabetes at baseline were included in the analyses (n = 345 in the surgery group and n = 262 in the control group). Mean follow-up was 13.3 years (interquartile range 10.2–16.4) for all cardiovascular events. RESULTS Bariatric surgery was associated with a reduced myocardial infarction incidence (38 events among the 345 subjects in the surgery group vs. 43 events among the 262 subjects in the control group; log-rank P = 0.017; adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.56 [95% CI 0.34–0.93]; P = 0.025). No effect of bariatric surgery was observed on stroke incidence (34 events among the 345 subjects in the surgery group vs. 24 events among the 262 subjects in the control group; log-rank P = 0.852; adjusted HR 0.73 [0.41–1.30]; P = 0.29). The effect of surgery in reducing myocardial infarction incidence was stronger in individuals with higher serum total cholesterol and triglycerides at baseline (interaction P value = 0.02 for both traits). BMI (interaction P value = 0.12) was not related to the surgery outcome. CONCLUSIONS Bariatric surgery reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction in obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Preoperative BMI should be integrated with metabolic parameters to maximize the benefits of bariatric surgery.
Smoking: out for the count
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2009)

The first campaigner against passive smoking was probably the greatest novelist the world has ever known, Leo Tolstoy. In his essay “Why do Men Stupefy Themselves?”—published in 1890 as an introduction to a book by his medical brother in law, Dr S P Alexeyev, with the title Drunkenness (he was against it)—Tolstoy wrote: “Everyone of average education considers it inadmissible, ill bred, and inhumane to infringe the peace, comfort, and yet more the health of others for his own pleasure. But out of a thousand smokers not one will shrink from producing unwholesome smoke in a room where the air is breathed by non-smoking women and children.”

Bravo for Tolstoy, …
Synergistic Activation of Innate Immunity by Double-Stranded RNA and CpG DNA Promotes Enhanced Antitumor Activity
Authors: Mark M. Whitmore, Michael J. DeVeer, Andrea Edling, Rhonda K. Oates, Brenna Simons, Daniel Lindner, Bryan R. G. Williams
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and unmethylated CpG sequences in DNA are pathogen-associated molecular patterns of viruses and bacteria that activate innate immunity. To examine whether dsRNA and CpG DNA could combine to provide enhanced stimulation of innate immune cells, murine macrophages were stimulated with poly-rI:rC (pIC), a dsRNA analog, and CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN). Combined treatments demonstrated synergy in nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor α, and IL-6 production. Studies using neutralizing antibodies for type I interferons (IFNs), IFN-α and IFN-β, indicated that nitric oxide synthase synergism is mediated by paracrine/autocrine effects of IFN-β. In contrast, enhanced cytokine production occurred independent of type I IFN and was maintained in macrophages from IFN-α/β receptor knockout mice. Cotransfection of human Toll-like receptors 3 and 9 (receptors for dsRNA and CpG DNA, respectively) into 293T cells supported synergistic activation of an IL-8 promoter reporter construct by pIC, indicating interaction of the signaling pathways in driving the synergy response. In vivo stimulation of mice with pIC and CpG-ODN demonstrated synergy for serum IL-6 and IL-12p40 levels that correlated with an enhanced antitumor effect against established B16-F10 experimental pulmonary metastases. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with pIC and CpG-ODN in combination resulted in enhanced nitric oxide synthase expression in lung tissue and enhanced up-regulation of class I major histocompatibility complex on splenic dendritic cells relative to treatments with either agent alone. In conclusion, the combined detection of viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns, i.e., dsRNA and CpG DNA, may mimic definitive viral recognition, resulting in an enhanced innate immune response that could be used for tumor vaccination or immunotherapy.
Chronic morphine use does not induce peripheral tolerance in a rat model of inflammatory pain
Authors: Christian Zöllner, Shaaban A. Mousa, Oliver Fischer, Heike L. Rittner, Mohammed Shaqura, Alexander Brack, Mehdi Shakibaei, Waltraud Binder, Florian Urban, Christoph Stein, Michael Schäfer
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Although opioids are highly effective analgesics, they are also known to induce cellular adaptations resulting in tolerance. Experimental studies are often performed in the absence of painful tissue injury, which precludes extrapolation to the clinical situation. Here we show that rats with chronic morphine treatment do not develop signs of tolerance at peripheral mu-opioid receptors (micro-receptors) in the presence of painful CFA-induced paw inflammation. In sensory neurons of these animals, internalization of mu-receptors was significantly increased and G protein coupling of mu-receptors as well as inhibition of cAMP accumulation were preserved. Opioid receptor trafficking and signaling were reduced, and tolerance was restored when endogenous opioid peptides in inflamed tissue were removed by antibodies or by depleting opioid-producing granulocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes with cyclophosphamide (CTX). Our data indicate that the continuous availability of endogenous opioids in inflamed tissue increases recycling and preserves signaling of mu-receptors in sensory neurons, thereby counteracting the development of peripheral opioid tolerance. These findings infer that the use of peripherally acting opioids for the prolonged treatment of inflammatory pain associated with diseases such as chronic arthritis, inflammatory neuropathy, or cancer, is not necessarily accompanied by opioid tolerance.
An Epidemic of Urinary Retention Caused by Dimethylaminopropionitrile
Authors: James P. Keogh, Alan Pestronk, Debra Wertheimer, Rebecca Moreland
Journal: JAMA (1980)

An epidemic of urinary retention among workers in a polyurethane manufacturing plant was discovered in the spring of 1978. The most severely affected workers had neurogenic bladders confirmed by cystometrograms and mild sensory peripheral neuropathy. A survey of the plant disclosed increased incidence of urinary retention, muscle weakness, paresthesia, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction in exposed workers. A catalyst containing dimethylaminopropionitrile was identified as the probable causative agent, and after its removal no new cases occurred.
Post-operative hyponatraemia and elective arthroplasty surgery: A review of the incidence, contributing factors, treatment and outcomes following total hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in a regional primary joint unit
Authors: Catherine Higgins, Catherine Mullan, Christopher O'Neill, Tim Mawhinney, Sonia Derbyshire, David Beverland
Journal: International Journal of Surgery (2013)
Pulmonary endarterectomy in sickle cell haemoglobin C disease
Authors: A. Jerath, P. Murphy, M. Madonik, D. Barth, J. Granton, M. de Perrot
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2011)

because macrophages in diabetic hosts are impaired in the suppression of spore germination [9].Because zygomycosis has the characteristic features of angioinvasion, vascular thrombosis and tissue necrosis [10], mediastinal zygomycosis may erode into the adjacent bronchus and produce a bronchial perforation.Though the second mechanism is a more reasonable explanation for the presentation in this case, further studies are still needed for confirmation.Based on an early diagnosis and reversal of the underlying predisposing condition, this patient with subacute presentation of mediastinal zygomycosis was treated successfully with AMB and L-AMB.Along with histoplasmosis and tuberculosis, zygomycosis should be considered in patients with clinical manifestations of chronic mediastinitis and bronchial perforations.
Reduced Infant Lung Function, Active Smoking, and Wheeze in 18-Year-Old Individuals
Authors: David Mullane, Steve W. Turner, Des W. Cox, Jack Goldblatt, Lou I. Landau, Peter N. le Souëf
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2013)

<h3>Importance</h3>This is the first study to link reduced lung function in early life, before the development of symptoms, to wheeze in 18-year-olds. Additionally, the study gives insight into factors other than reduced lung function that are also associated with persistent wheeze in young adults.<h3>Objective</h3>To test the hypothesis that reduced lung function in early life is associated with increased risk for persistent wheeze at age 18 years.<h3>Design</h3>Birth cohort study.<h3>Setting</h3>Perth, Western Australia.<h3>Participants</h3>Individuals followed up from age 1 month to 18 years.<h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3>Maximal flow at functional residual capacity (V′maxFRC) was measured in 1-month-old infants who were followed up at ages 6, 12, and 18 years. Based on reported symptoms, individuals were categorized as having remittent wheeze, later-onset wheeze, persistent wheeze, and no wheeze. Smoking status was noted at age 18 years.<h3>Results</h3>Of the 253 individuals originally recruited, 150 were followed up at age 18 years; 37 of the 150 had recent wheeze. Compared with the no-wheeze group (n = 96), persistent wheeze (n = 13) was independently associated with reduced percentage of predicted V′maxFRC (mean reduction, 43%; 95% CI, 13-74). Compared with the no-wheeze group, persistent wheeze was also associated with atopy in infancy (odds ratio = 7.1; 95% CI, 1.5-34.5), maternal asthma (odds ratio = 6.8; 95% CI, 1.4-32.3), and active smoking (odds ratio = 4.8; 95% CI, 1.0-21.3). When only wheeze at age 18 years was considered, reduced percentage of predicted V′maxFRC was associated with wheeze at age 18 years only among current smokers (P = .04).<h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3>Wheeze persisting from ages 6 to 18 years is associated with multiple factors, including reduced infant lung function, infant-onset atopy, maternal asthma, and active smoking. Wheeze at age 18 years (regardless of previous wheeze status) is associated with active smoking, but only among those with reduced lung function in infancy. These findings give unique insight into the cause of obstructive airways disease in 18-year-olds, and follow-up of this cohort might be expected to further extend our understanding.
Engineering a vascular endothelial growth factor 165-binding heparan sulfate for vascular therapy
Authors: Chunming Wang, Selina Poon, Sadasivam Murali, Chuay-Yeng Koo, Tracey J. Bell, Simon F. Hinkley, Huiqing Yeong, Kishore Bhakoo, Victor Nurcombe, Simon M. Cool
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
Effects of 4'-chlorodiazepam on cellular excitation-contraction coupling and ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit heart
Authors: D. A. Brown, M. A. Aon, F. G. Akar, T. Liu, N. Sorarrain, B. O'Rourke
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

Recent evidence indicates that the activity of energy-dissipating ion channels in the mitochondria can influence the susceptibility of the heart to ischaemia-reperfusion injury. In this study, we describe the effects of 4'-chlorodiazepam (4-ClDzp), a well-known ligand of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor, on the physiology of both isolated cardiomyocytes and intact hearts.We used current- and voltage-clamp methods to determine the effects of 4-ClDzp on excitation-contraction coupling in isolated rabbit heart cells. At the level of the whole heart, we subjected rabbit hearts to ischaemia/reperfusion in order to determine how 4-ClDzp influenced the susceptibility to arrhythmias and contractile dysfunction. In isolated rabbit cardiomyocytes, 4-ClDzp evoked a significant reduction in the cardiac action potential that was associated with a decrease in calcium currents and peak intracellular calcium transients. In intact perfused normoxic rabbit hearts, 4-ClDzp mediated a dose-dependent negative inotropic response, consistent with the observation that 4-ClDzp was reducing calcium influx. Hearts that underwent 30 min of global ischaemia and 30 min of reperfusion were protected against reperfusion arrhythmias and post-ischaemic contractile impairment when 4-ClDzp (24 microM) was administered throughout the protocol or as a single bolus dose given at the onset of reperfusion. In contrast, hearts treated with cyclosporin-A, a classical blocker of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, were not protected against reperfusion arrhythmias.The findings indicate that the effects of 4-ClDzp on both mitochondrial and sarcolemmal ion channels contribute to protection against post-ischaemic cardiac dysfunction. Of clinical relevance, the compound is effective when given upon reperfusion, unlike other pre-conditioning agents.
Noninvasive Etiologic Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis Using 99m Tc-3,3-Diphosphono-1,2-Propanodicarboxylic Acid Scintigraphy
Authors: Enrica Perugini, Pier Luigi Guidalotti, Fabrizio Salvi, Robin M.T. Cooke, Cinzia Pettinato, Letizia Riva, Ornella Leone, Mohsen Farsad, Paolo Ciliberti, Letizia Bacchi-Reggiani, Francesco Fallani, Angelo Branzi, Claudio Rapezzi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2005)
Regulation of breathholding time and sensation after heart-lung transplantation.
Authors: V Ninane, M Estenne
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

To assess whether pulmonary vagal afferents affect the duration of breathholding, the associated respiratory distress and their dependence on lung volume, we studied seven heart-lung transplant (HLT) patients with chronic pulmonary denervation and seven matched control subjects. Voluntary breathholds were performed at 20% and 80% vital capacity (VC) after rebreathing a 7% CO2-93% O2 gas mixture. Time to breakpoint, oxygen saturation, and end-tidal PCO2 were measured. All subjects were questioned on their sensations during breathholding; in addition, quantitative assessment of the sensations was obtained using a visual analog scale (VAS) in the seven control subjects and four HLT subjects. Breathholding time was comparable in both groups at each lung volume but was invariably shorter (p < 0.0005) at 20% VC (mean +/- SD; HLT versus control subjects: 68 +/- 29 versus 79 +/- 29 s) than at 80% VC (corresponding values: 92 +/- 35 versus 103 +/- 30 s). Similar results were obtained after anesthesia of intact tracheal and upper airway receptors in five HLT subjects. Six subjects from each group spontaneously reported air hunger and found it easier to perform breathholding at 80% than at 20% VC. The VAS ratings generally showed a maximum score at breakpoint, which implies that the distress increased more rapidly at low than at high lung volume. We conclude that in the absence of vagal afferent innervation from the lungs: (1) the air hunger form of dyspnea is maintained; (2) the duration of breathholding is not substantially modified; and (3) breathholding time and sensations still vary as a function of lung volume.
THE PHARMACIST IN THE ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
Authors: Albert White
Journal: JAMA (1918)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —There seems to be a well defined attitude toward pharmacists in the Army—that of almost completely ignoring their professional distinction, along with an amazing indifference as to their proper place and utilization. Needless to say, such a policy results not only lamentably as regards the pharmacist's status in the Army, but his professional value is lost to the Medical Department. It is also quite apparent that since modern war machines are essentially and thoroughly businesslike in structure and character, modern methods must be employed to achieve success. It is therefore logical and imperative that every branch and wing of that complex machine be conducted on the modern principle of specialization. The trained man, the specialist, was never more desirable, never more absolutely indispensable. Such a principle is the very backbone of all modern institutions, and invariably spells success. Division of labor and centralized effort are built, supported
Infectious Diseases of Children
Authors: Monty C. Hart
Journal: JAMA (1965)

As the authors state in their preface to this third edition, "dramatic changes in infectious diseases have occurred since 1960...." This is true of the text also. The presentation of respiratory infection caused by viruses has been reorganized. Chapters on adenoviral infections, the common cold, influenza, and acute laryngitis, separate in the second edition, have been incorporated into an expanded twochapter section on acute respiratory disease. The first of these chapters is concerned with the etiology of acute respiratory disease, with sections devoted to the myxoviruses, adenoviruses, reoviruses, herpes viruses, psittacosis-ornithosis viruses, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, and the picornaviruses.<i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae</i>is also discussed, as are the bacterial causes. The second chapter, on acute respiratory disease, concerns the various clinical syndromes in infants and children. The importance of cytomegalovirus infections is indicated by an entirely new chapter dealing with this problem. The clinical manifestations, etiology, diagnosis, and epidemiology are well discussed.
Projections for the Generalist Physician Workforce-Reply
Authors: Michael E. Whitcomb
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —First, I think that any reader of the relevant section of the COGME Third Report will reach the conclusion that COGME   (note, I did not say solely) on the 1984 article by Schroeder. 1 In fact, the article by Schroeder is the only source listed for the data displayed in Figure 7 on page 10 of the report (although, in fact, Schroeder's article is not the source for the critical data depicted for Canada). The readers of JAMA can form their own opinions on whether I used the term relied heavily correctly, or whether Dr Kindig is correct in calling me to task on this point.  Second, Kindig suggests my article may be misinterpreted. To be clear on the points he is concerned about, nowhere in my article do I state that the current or future rate of production of generalist physicians should be decreased, or