tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Causality and Scientific Explanation, vol 1: Medieval and Early Classical Science; vol 2: Classical and Contemporary Science
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Concepts of causality and of explanation have received intensive study and discussion among philosophers of science, especially those who hold a special interest in physics. But these topics, also fundamental to the biological and medical sciences, have received less attention from historians. Professor Wallace has made an important contribution to both the history and philosophy of science. The work is in two volumes. The first, devoted especially to scientists, begins with Aristotle (and to a lesser degree his precursors); it then continues with the leading medieval scientists, through the Renaissance, to what Wallace calls "Early Classical Science"—ie, the great figures of the 17th century, Gilbert, Kepler, Galileo, Harvey, and Newton. Wallace analyzes the different meanings of causality and the differing modes of explanation in relation to the work of these men. The presentation is distinguished by clear writing and lucid exposition. While the emphasis rests on physics, the discussion of
TRIC Agent as a Cause of Neonatal Eye Sepsis
Authors: P. G. Watson, D. Gairdner
Journal: BMJ (1968)

Among 2,700 babies born in a maternity hospital there were 71 (2.6%) cases of eye sepsis, mostly mild. Forty-four of these cases were screened for inclusions of TRIC agent. Four certain positives and a further four very suggestive cases were found-an incidence of 18% of the cases of eye sepsis investigated. The true incidence is probably somewhat higher.Follow-up showed that even minimal and transitory eye sepsis from TRIC infection in the neonate can lead to permanent scarring of the conjunctiva and cornea, with or without pannus.
Intravenous immune globulin prevents venular vaso-occlusion in sickle cell mice by inhibiting leukocyte adhesion and the interactions between sickle erythrocytes and adherent leukocytes
Authors: Aslihan Turhan, Pegah Jenab, Pierre Bruhns, Jeffrey V. Ravetch, Barry S. Coller, Paul S. Frenette
Journal: Blood (2003)
Unusual Finding of Thoracic Kidney on Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Using SPECT/CT
Authors: Wen-Yi Li, Mei-Fang Cheng, Fu-Chun Chiu, Yen-Wen Wu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2009)

Noncardiac abnormalities are not uncommon in myocardial perfusion imaging. With the advent of SPECT/CT hybrid system, CT could produce high-quality attenuation maps to improve resolution. In addition, extracardiac abnormalities are easily differentiated by using SPECT/CT. We report a 47-year-old man who felt chest tightness on exertion for 2 months. He denied hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or hyperlipidemia. Dipyridamole stress and redistribution myocardial SPECT revealed no perfusion defect. However, a retrocardiac mass with focal radioactivity was identified in the projection images, corresponding to a kidney shadow in the low-dose noncontrast CT scan. Subsequent conventional CT scan confirmed the diagnosis of thoracic renal ectopia.
Sex and the Practicing Physician
Authors: William F. Sheeley
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Since ancient times and before, people have turned to the family physician for help with problems affecting their sex lives. Although they may not say so unless he encourages them, they expect his help to understand the perplexing and often terrifying emotions which they feel in themselves and observe in others. Parents ask him to explain to an adolescent son "the facts of life" of which they themselves are not too sure even after years of marriage. Or the son himself haltingly asks the doctor to explain the alarming things going on in his body and in his thoughts. Couples bring to him problems blighting their marriage bed. Other people question him about fears that they are perverted, weak, or diseased. These sexual problems are often not as simple as they seem. They may be but the overt show of many hidden conflicts. The complexity of these problems is not
1227 Delayed recovery of pegylated interferon and ribavirin induced anemia
Authors: H AZZAM, F AHMED, B PETERSON, D ROVNER, N TAYLOR, I JACOBSON
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Treatment with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin produces a sustained virologic response (SVR) in approximately 60% of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients. Alternate options are needed for patients who relapse or do not respond to therapy.This prospective, international, multicenter, open-label study evaluated efficacy and safety of peginterferon alfa-2b (1.5 μg/kg/wk) plus weight-based ribavirin (800–1400 mg/day) in 2333 chronic HCV-infected patients with significant fibrosis/cirrhosis whose previous interferon alfa/ribavirin therapy failed. Patients with undetectable HCV-RNA at treatment week (TW) 12 received 48 weeks of therapy; patients with detectable HCV-RNA at TW12 could enter maintenance studies at TW18; 188 patients with low/detectable HCV-RNA at TW12 continued therapy at the investigator's request.Overall, 22% of the patients attained SVR (56% with undetectable HCV-RNA and 12% with low/detectable HCV-RNA at TW12). SVR was better in relapsers (38%) than nonresponders (14%), regardless of previous treatment, and in patients previously treated with interferon-alfa/ribavirin (25%) than peginterferon alfa-ribavirin (17%). Predictors of response in patients with undetectable HCV-RNA at TW12 were genotype (2/3 vs 1, respectively; odds ratio [OR] 2.4; P < .0001), fibrosis score (F2 vs F4; OR, 2.2; F3 vs F4; OR, 1.7; P < .0001), and baseline viral load (≤600,000 vs >600,000 IU/mL; OR, 1.4; P = .0223). These factors plus previous treatment and response were overall predictors of SVR. Safety was similar among fibrosis groups.Peginterferon alfa-2b plus weight-based ribavirin is effective and safe in patients who failed interferon alfa/ribavirin therapy. Genotype, baseline viral load, and fibrosis stage were predictors of response.
The Examination of 'Routine' Tests
Authors: Gordon Cuzner
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Our health care system has spawned a rise in costs that is rightfully alarming the nation. Unquestionably, physicians are responsible. We as physicians allocate the finances that are available for health expenditures; ie, we decide what diagnostic and treatment modalities will be purchased. Unless we stop the rising costs, our professional freedom will be lost in the coming public and private reactions. Furthermore, health expenditure per physician will decline even with no overt wresting of power from physician to legislators and thirdparty creditors. Economic forces that presently exist are enough to ensure it.<sup>1</sup> Therefore, physicians must reevaluate methods of diagnosis and treatment to provide maximum health care per dollar expended. As an example of a possible solution, we examined the "routine" preoperative upper gastrointestinal series (UGIS) for people with documented gallbladder (GB) disease. This is a procedure universally recommended to rule out a concomitant pathological condition.
Plasma Cell Leukemia with Excretion of Half-Molecules of Immunoglobulin A (α_1 λ_1)
Authors: GEORGE M. BERNIER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

A patient with plasma cell leukemia and myelofibrosis excreted free immunoglobulin light chains and an abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) A in her urine. The IgA that was present in serum and urine had a sedimentation coefficient of 4.0 S. The molecule was comprised of both heavy and light chains but was antigenically deficient compared to normal IgA. As excreted in the urine, the protein appeared to be a half-molecule of IgA, with a partial deletion in the heavy chain, probably involving part or all of the C-terminal domain.
Language Barriers in Medicine-Reply
Authors: Steven Woloshin
Journal: JAMA (1995)

In Reply.  —Dr Auerback reports success distributing information sheets in various languages explaining common medical problems to his non—English-speaking patients. His efforts are commendable and worthy of emulation. However, we offer two important caveats. First, translated information sheets should be used with caution because many patients who are not proficient in English are also unable to read in their native language. 1 Second, there is more to communication than preparing a well-translated information sheet. Transfer of information across languages is complex and requires both linguistic and cultural fluency to ensure that literal and cultural sense is achieved. This is a time-consuming process that necessitates iterative exchanges and clarifications. Preprepared documents are not likely to be an adequate substitute for real-time interpretation in most settings.  We applaud the Opening Doors program and its efforts to make health care more user-friendly. As they point out, the use of telephone interpretation is an
Malabsorption in Pernicious Anemia
Authors: MUNSEY S. WHEBY
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Editorial Notes1 November 1968Malabsorption in Pernicious AnemiaMUNSEY S. WHEBY, M.D., F.A.C.P.MUNSEY S. WHEBY, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-69-5-1070 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptLack of secretion of gastric intrinsic factor with resultant inadequate absorption of vitamin B12 is the hallmark of pernicious anemia. Destruction of the gastric mucosa by an autoimmune reaction is currently receiving most attention as the cause of the gastric atrophy, although the precise mechanism is still uncertain. Whatever the mechanism, progressive atrophy of the gastric mucosa occurs with virtual loss of all gastric secretions (achylia gastrica) in addition to loss of intrinsic factor. Thus, intestinal absorption might be affected deleteriously in pernicious anemia by at least two factors:1. Digestive inadequacy owing to loss of gastric hydrochloric acid and...References1. FOROOZANTRIER PJS: Mucosa of the small intestine in pernicious anemia. New Eng. J. Med. 277: 553, 1967. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. COOKBROWNVALBERC JDGMLS: The effect of achylia gastrica on iron absorption. J. Clin. Invest. 43: 1185, 1964. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. WAXMANPRATTHERBERT SPV: Malabsorption of hemoglobin iron in pernicious anemia: correction with intrinsic factor-containing substances. J. Clin. Invest. 47: 1819, 1968. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. BEZMANKINNEARZAMCHECK ADGN: Dxylose and potassium iodide absorption and serum carotene in pernicious anemia. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 53: 226, 1959. MedlineGoogle Scholar5. SHERWOODGOLDSTEINHAURANIWIRTS WCFFICW: Studies of the small-intestinal bacterial flora and of intestinal absorption in pernicious anemia. Amer. J. Dig. Dis. 9: 416, 1964. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6. BRODYESTRENHERBERT EASV: Coexistent pernicious anemia and malabsorption in four patients: including one whose malabsorption disappeared with vitamin B12 therapy. Ann. Intern. Med. 64: 1246, 1966. LinkGoogle Scholar7. HAURANISHERWOODGOLDSTEIN FIWF: Intestinal malabsorption of vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia. Metabolism 13: 1342, 1964. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8. CARMELHERBERT RV: Correctable intestinal defect of vitamin B12 absorption in pernicious anemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 67: 1201, 1967. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByHypocholesterolaemia and AnaemiaSmall-Intestinal Function in Vitamin B12 DeficiencyJOHN LINDENBAUM, M.D., JOHN F. PEZZIMENTI, M.D., NANCY SHEA, B.S.Tropical Enteropathy 1 November 1968Volume 69, Issue 5Page: 1070-1071KeywordsAtrophyGastric mucosaHydrochloric acidPernicious anemia Issue Published: 1 November 1968 PDF DownloadLoading ...
MECHANISMS OF THE INHIBITION OF CHEMOTAXIS BY PHOSPHONATE ESTERS
Authors: Peter A. Ward, Elmer L. Becker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1967)

Studies in the time course of the response of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) to the complement-associated chemotactic factor have revealed that the response is virtually complete by 60 min with less than 15% additionally responding cells thereafter. Phosphonate esters with a well defined capacity to inhibit serine esterases have been used to study the cell-associated enzymes of the rabbit PMN required for the chemotactic response. Two types of inhibition of the cell response to the chemotactic factor have been found: (a) cell-dependent inhibition occurring as a result of pretreatment of PMN's with phosphonate esters; and (b) chemotactic factor-dependent inhibition demonstrated only when the phosphonate ester is present during the chemotactic response. Differences were found in these two modes of inhibition caused by various phosphonates, in terms of their time course of inhibition, in the dose response curves, and in the structure-activity relationships. It has been conclusively demonstrated that the phosphonate esters have no direct inhibitory effect on the chemotactic factor. This has been shown by retention of activity of the chemotactic factor following incubation with phosphonate esters and subsequent removal by dialysis. In addition, the activity of the chemotactic factor and its physical-chemical characteristics in density gradient ultracentrifugation were unaltered in the continued presence of a potent phosphonate inhibitor of chemotaxis. The uptake of the dye trypan blue was studied in cells treated with phosphonate in such a manner to induce cell-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis. Even when 84% cell-dependent inhibition of chemotaxis occurred, no uptake of the dye by leukocytes was found. Thus, phosphonate-induced inhibition of cell responsiveness in chemotaxis was not associated with generalized cell damage as defined by exclusion of the dye. It is concluded that cell-dependent inhibition is due to the presence of a cell-bound esterase which is already activated and thus susceptible to inhibition by phosphonate esters before contact of the cell with the chemotactic factor. The second type of inhibition, chemotactic factor-dependent inhibition, is considered due to a cell-bound esterase which becomes susceptible to inhibition by phosphonate esters only after contact of the PMN with the chemotactic factor. It is postulated that the chemotactic factor activates this phosphonate-resistant precursor making it susceptible to the inhibitory action of the phosphonate ester.
What Are We Teaching About Indigent Patients?-Reply
Authors: Steven H. Miles
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —I agree with Drs Stram, Moore, Tchertkoff, and Reinstein about the need for a clear medical ethic to define the obligation of the medical profession to the sick of our society. However disappointed Dr Jones may be, these physicians stated that they refused this patient because of the funding. Even if physicians may refuse indigent patients with basic care needs, I share Dr Kaufman's belief that this should not occur during medical education when the moral modeling of the physician-patient relationship is taught. Like Dr Stram's experience, the public university and affiliated hospitals where I now work accommodate indigent patients. The large role of private medical schools (such as the one where my case occurred) and private teaching hospitals<sup>1</sup>and their greater reliance on internal financial support are a formidable obstacle to implementing an antidumping standard for medical educators. I agree with Dr Eade that most physicians
Resolution of Established Cardiac Hypertrophy and Fibrosis and Prevention of Systolic Dysfunction in a Transgenic Rabbit Model of Human Cardiomyopathy Through Thiol-Sensitive Mechanisms
Authors: Raffaella Lombardi, Gabriela Rodriguez, Suet Nee Chen, Crystal M. Ripplinger, Wenwen Li, Junjie Chen, James T. Willerson, Sandro Betocchi, Samuel A. Wickline, Igor R. Efimov, Ali J. Marian
Journal: Circulation (2009)

Cardiac hypertrophy, the clinical hallmark of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), is a major determinant of morbidity and mortality not only in HCM but also in a number of cardiovascular diseases. There is no effective therapy for HCM and generally for cardiac hypertrophy. Myocardial oxidative stress and thiol-sensitive signaling molecules are implicated in pathogenesis of hypertrophy and fibrosis. We posit that treatment with N-acetylcysteine, a precursor of glutathione, the largest intracellular thiol pool against oxidative stress, could reverse cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in HCM.We treated 2-year-old beta-myosin heavy-chain Q403 transgenic rabbits with established cardiac hypertrophy and preserved systolic function with N-acetylcysteine or a placebo for 12 months (n=10 per group). Transgenic rabbits in the placebo group had cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, systolic dysfunction, increased oxidized to total glutathione ratio, higher levels of activated thiol-sensitive active protein kinase G, dephosphorylated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1) and phospho-p38, and reduced levels of glutathiolated cardiac alpha-actin. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine restored oxidized to total glutathione ratio, normalized levels of glutathiolated cardiac alpha-actin, reversed cardiac and myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, reduced the propensity for ventricular arrhythmias, prevented cardiac dysfunction, restored myocardial levels of active protein kinase G, and dephosphorylated NFATc1 and phospho-p38.Treatment with N-acetylcysteine, a safe prodrug against oxidation, reversed established cardiac phenotype in a transgenic rabbit model of human HCM. Because there is no effective pharmacological therapy for HCM and given that hypertrophy, fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction are common and major predictors of clinical outcomes, the findings could have implications in various cardiovascular disorders.
Paraffin Will Not Prevent X-Ray Burns.
Authors: Wm. Allen Pusey
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Chicago, Sept. 12, 1902. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The statement has recently appeared in several medical journals and in the lay press, and Dr. J. Mount Bleyer, New York, is given as authority for it, that a layer of paraffin interposed between an x-ray tube and the surface to be exposed will prevent x-ray burns. To test this matter I have performed the following experiment: I have been exposing to x-rays daily an area the size of a quarter, in the center of which was an epithelioma the size of a little finger nail. The surrounding surface has been protected by sheet lead, the surface exposed has been covered each time with a layer of paraffin 1/16 inch thick. In spite of this paraffin the surface now shows a well-marked x-ray dermatitis, not more or less than I would expect without the paraffin. This shows conclusively that an x-ray burn can
Practice Research. Computerisation--the choice.
Authors: M Pringle, J Dennis, A Hutton
Journal: BMJ (1982)

General practitioners all over Britain and world-wide' -* have shown great interest in computerisation. An open meeting for general practitioners in  Nottingham area to discuss computers drew representatives of 41 practices. It has been predicted5 ? that most practices will have computers, but among other factors  absence of financial incentives to install computers from  Department of Health and Social Security (despite publicity to  contrary') will delay this. We describe our experience over 18 months searching for and then installing a computer in our practice. We are a dispensing practice of three partners in a new purpose-built area health authority health centre. We have a practice manager, secretary, two full-time dispenser/receptionists, and five part-time receptionists. We have a close relationship with three district nurses and two part-time health visitors. Our list of 5200 patients covers 80 square miles. We had a common problem in our practice. A rapid turnover of partners had led to a partnership of young doctors but old practice tools. A 30-year-old patient register had become unintentionally loose leaf. We installed a manual repeat prescribing system to identify treatment groups, a system of patient recall for influenza vaccine and cervical cytology, a system to control drug stocks and ordering and for taxing salaries (PAYE), and sophisticated practice accounting systems. We then studied all  means of collating information manually?age, sex, and disease card index systems; E books; and tagged notes?but were deterred by  problems of using them,  the major disadvantage being  effort required to extract meaningful statistical analyses of even  two most basic factors, age and sex. Problems exist with computer files too, not least in ensuring  quality of  data, but their strength lies in  possibility of manipulat? ing information. We describe six somewhat artificial stages, which we feel reflect  course that many practices will travel if they decide to install a computer.
Long-term treatment of pulmonary hypertension with aerosolized iloprost
Authors: I.M. Lang, H. Baumgartner, M. Kneussl
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

y g ) was even more frequent than in young female patients, in contrast to the predominance of adenocarcinoma in young females in our series.Regional differences could be assumed.A genetic component in the evolution of lung cancer in young patients has already been described [1], leading to an ongoing prospective study on this subject, conducted by H.E. Wichmann and with the participation of our hospital.
The use of video image analysis for the measurement of venous ulcers
Authors: C. SOLOMON, A.R. MUNRO, A.M. RIJ, R. CHRISTIE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1995)

The accurate measurement of the size of skin wounds and ulceration is important for comparing the efficiency of treatment modalities and for monitoring progress in the individual patient. Although various methods of differing sophistication are in use, many of the common simpler techniques lack accuracy and reliability. We describe a new technique of ulcer measurement which uses video image recording, capture and computer analysis. A method of correcting for limb convexity in a two‐dimensional image is presented. The method has an overall accuracy of 1–82% and a clinical precision of 3–41%, both of which are significantly better than acetate tracings or photographic methods. The technique is simple and rapid, and once established it incurs minimal ongoing costs.