tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nicotine Metabolism and Intake in Black and White Smokers
Authors: Eliseo J. Pérez-Stable
Journal: JAMA (1998)

Context.—Racial differences in tobacco-related diseases are not fully explained by cigarette-smoking behavior. Despite smoking fewer cigarettes per day, blacks have higher levels of serum cotinine, the proximate metabolite of nicotine.Objective.—To compare the rates of metabolism and the daily intake of nicotine in black smokers and white smokers.Design.—Participants received simultaneous infusions of deuterium-labeled nicotine and cotinine. Urine was collected for determination of total clearance of nicotine and cotinine, fractional conversion of nicotine to cotinine, and cotinine elimination rate. Using cotinine levels during ad libitum smoking and clearance data, the daily intake of nicotine from smoking was estimated.Setting.—Metabolic ward of a university-affiliated public hospital.Participants.—A total of 40 black and 39 white smokers, average consumption of 14 and 14.7 cigarettes per day, respectively, of similar age (mean, 32.5 and 32.3 years, respectively) and body weight (mean, 73.3 and 68.8 kg, respectively).Main Outcome Measures.—Clearance (renal and nonrenal), half-life, and volume of distribution of nicotine and cotinine and the calculated daily intake of nicotine.Results.—The total and nonrenal clearances of nicotine were not significantly different, respectively, in blacks (17.7 and 17.2 mL·min−1·kg−1) compared with whites (19.6 and 18.9 mL·min−1·kg−1) (P=.11 and .20). However, the total and nonrenal clearances of cotinine were significantly lower, respectively, in blacks (0.56 and 0.47 mL·min−1·kg−1) than in whites (0.68 vs 0.61 mL·min−1·kg−1; P =.009 for each comparison). The nicotine intake per cigarette was 30% greater in blacks compared with whites (1.41 vs 1.09 mg per cigarette, respectively; P =.02). Volume of distribution did not differ for the 2 groups, but cotinine half-life was higher in blacks than in whites (1064 vs 950 minutes, respectively; P =.07).Conclusions.—Higher levels of cotinine per cigarette smoked by blacks compared with whites can be explained by both slower clearance of cotinine and higher intake of nicotine per cigarette in blacks. Greater nicotine and therefore greater tobacco smoke intake per cigarette could, in part, explain some of the ethnic differences in smoking-related disease risks.
STUDIES ON REGENERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Gregory Shwartzman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

The regeneration of an extreme dilution of bacteriophage in a large volume of broth, as described by Gratia and De Kruif, is due to the influence of partial anaerobiosis upon the regeneration of the principle. The influence of partial anaerobiosis upon regeneration of an extremely diluted bacteriophage was investigated in relation to different factors with the following results. 1. The See PDF for Equation. expresses the degree of anaerobiosis necessary for regeneration of an extreme dilution of the bacteriophage. An increase in this ratio interferes with regeneration. 2. The regeneration of the highly diluted bacteriophage under partial anaerobiosis begins definitely at the 3rd hour of bacterial growth and is completed after about the 6th hour. 3. To obtain the full regeneration of an extreme dilution of bacteriophage it is sufficient to restrict for one hour the supply of air to a culture containing it, providing that this restriction be produced within the first 3 hours of the bacterial growth.
HMG-CoA reductase inhibition improves endothelial cell function and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation in human saphenous veins
Authors: Zhihong Yang, Toshiyoki Kozai, Bernd van de Loo, Hema Viswambharan, Mario Lachat, Marko I Turina, Tadeusz Malinski, Thomas F Lüscher
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
New horizons in hepatitis C antiviral therapy with direct-acting antivirals
Authors: Alessio Aghemo, Raffaele De Francesco
Journal: Hepatology (2013)

Abstract Most direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that are being developed as therapy against hepatitis C virus target the NS3/4A protease, the NS5A protein, and the NS5B polymerase. The latter enzyme offers different target sites: the catalytic domain for nucleos(t)ide analogues as well as a number of allosteric sites for nonnucleos(t)ide inhibitors. Two NS3/4A protease inhibitors have been approved recently, and more than 40 new NS3/4A, NS5A, or NS5B inhibitors are in development. These agents can achieve very high cure rates when combined with pegylated interferon-β and ribavirin and show promising clinical results when administered in all-oral combinations. In addition to the more canonical drug targets, new alternative viral targets for small-molecule drug development are emerging, such as p7 or NS4B and viral entry. Future research will need to define well-tolerated and cost-effective DAA combinations that provide the highest rates of viral eradication in all patients (including those with advanced liver disease), the broadest spectrum of action on viral genotypes showing minimal or no clinical resistance, and the shortest treatment duration. (Hepatology 2013)
Hominid brain expansion and reproductive success
Authors: C. Owen Lovejoy
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

Although many aspects of human cognition are likely to be "spandrels" passively affiliated with the primary impetus for hominid brain expansion during the Plio-Pleistocene, that expansion was most likely generated and maintained not by "housekeeping" functions but by improved capacities of reproductive success, especially survivorship.
Inflammatory cells, IgA, C3, fibrin and fibronectin in skin lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis
Authors: S. REITAMO, T. REUNALA, Y.T. KONTTINEN, O. SAKSELA, O.P. SALO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

Journal Article Inflammatory cells, IgA, C3, fibrin and fibronectin in skin lesions in dermatitis herpetiformis Get access S. REITAMO, S. REITAMO Department of Dermatology and Fourth Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital, and Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. REUNALA, T. REUNALA Department of Dermatology and Fourth Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital, and Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland Dr T.Reunala, M.D., Department of Dermatology, University Central Hospital, Snell‐maninkatu 14, SF‐OOI7O Helsinki 17, Finland. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Y.T. KONTTINEN, Y.T. KONTTINEN Department of Dermatology and Fourth Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital, and Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar O. SAKSELA, O. SAKSELA Department of Dermatology and Fourth Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital, and Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar O.P. SALO O.P. SALO Department of Dermatology and Fourth Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital, and Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 105, Issue 2, 1 August 1981, Pages 167–177, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1981.tb01202.x Published: 01 August 1981 Article history Accepted: 14 November 1980 Published: 01 August 1981
THE CLINIC AS A CENTER OF GRADUATE STUDY
Authors: HENRY A. CHRISTIAN
Journal: JAMA (1931)

"Things in nature rarely are static; they increase or they decrease; they grow or they decay; they progress or they retrogress. Man's education in many respects resembles things of nature; rarely is it static; when knowledge does not increase, almost always it decreases. Physicians should remember this and make every effort to keep out of the static state and on the side of increase, of growth, of progress. "Physicians can be divided into two great groups, those that are learning and those that are forgetting, those that each year know more, and those that each year know less. There seems no third group, those that are stationary. "A few physicians increase in knowledge from within and grow from their own doing. These are the innate investigators. The rank and file require outside help to grow and to progress. Books, meetings, contacts, discussions, teachers are our armamentarium for progress. Like the
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF CHOLELITHIASIS.
Authors: GEORGE DOCK
Journal: JAMA (1907)

Two things have contributed to put the treatment of cholelithiasis on a certain basis. First, the demonstration by Naunyn that the chief elements in the formation of gallstones are infection of the bile tract and stagnation of bile. An important addition is suggested by the recent experiments of S. P. Kramer, who shows that the germs most commonly concerned, perhaps, in bile tract infection—<i>Bacillus coli</i>and<i>B. typhosus</i>—precipitate bile by their activity in test tubes. Second, the revelations of the actual conditions in gallstone disease by surgeons, correcting and amplifying the study of the anatomic conditions as made known previously by postmortem examinations. Prevention of cholelithiasis, in a broad sense, is an academic question, like physiologic perfection in any other respect. In practice, aside from general advice, such as few people heed, prevention must be limited to those patients who have an especial tendency, as indicated by a
Found in translation: metoprolol improves survival more than carvedilol in a mouse model of inherited dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: R. Aguilar-Torres
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Over the past two decades, many mutations responsible for inherited forms of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) have been identified, providing important pathogenic insights. The first paradigm for explaining the role of genes in the mechanisms of ventricular dilation and dysfunction was elaborated after the identification of mutant proteins of the cytoskeleton that were implicated in defects of transmission of contractile force.1 In the year 2000, a mutation of a sarcomeric protein causally linked to DCM, a deletion (ΔLys210 or ΔK210 ) of the gene TNNT2 resulting in the loss of a lysine residue within a portion of the Ca2+-sensitive binding domain of troponin T (TnT), was described for the first time.2 Two years latter, in isolated cardiac muscle fibres,3 it was demonstrated that the functional consequence of this mutation is a decrease in the Ca2+ sensitivity of cardiac muscle contraction, suggesting a deficiency of force generation by the sarcomere as the primary mechanism of this type of DCM. The idea was proposed that both mechanisms, cytoskeletal and sarcomeric, may be implicated in the origin of DCM. Either the reduction of contractile force or its transmission leads to ventricular dilation as a compensatory mechanism for the decrease in stroke volume.

In recent years, new evidence about clinical characteristics, prevalence, and risks of different mutations in patients with inherited DCM has been collected.4–7 TnT mutations (e.g. ΔLys210) seem to be particularly prevalent in cases with early-onset ventricular dilatation and dysfunction, leading to severe heart failure (HF) with poor outcome and, … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +34 93 2746212; fax: +34 93 2746244. E-mail address : rioaguilar{at}pulso.com
Appraisal of Current Concepts in Anesthesiology
Authors: William H. L. Dornette
Journal: JAMA (1964)

In this the second volume Dr. Adriani and members of his fulltime and resident staff appraise certain concepts in the broad field of anesthesiology. Presumably the book is meant to supplement rather than supplant the first volume, which appeared in 1961. In most instances different subjects are covered but some of the material presented in the first volume which has become obviously outdated could well have been brought up to date in this one. In a few instances, notably that portion dealing with the ephedrine-response test to Rauwolfia therapy, the latest information is lacking. The prospective purchaser should realize, however, that a six- to nine-month lag necessarily has occurred between preparation of the various reviews and the time of publication, and that the material represents current thinking as of early or mid-1963. In 45 chapters the book covers a like number of topics ranging from airway resistance to xenon anesthesia.
319 DEVELOPMENT OF A PLATFORM TO DETECT DRUG RESISTANCE MUTATIONS IN THE NON-STRUCTURAL PROTEIN REGION OF THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS GENOTYPES 1, 2, 3, AND 4
Authors: S. Dumont, B. Fevery, K. Van den Brande, V. Baumer, H. Ceulemans, H. DeWolf, L.J. Stuyver, D. Koletzki
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
The Language of the Heart
Authors: Richard S. Blacher
Journal: JAMA (1976)

WE HAVE been concerned about the diagnostic terms that colleagues use when describing cardiac disease to their patients. Despite their efforts to be scrupulously honest in their explanations, the technical words they often use may fail to convey an actual understanding of the condition and may indeed mislead the patient and evoke unnecessary and even devastating anxiety. Physicians can translate medical jargon and understand the physiological state we are trying to describe. Not so our patients. For example, to the laymen the term "heart failure" sounds terrifying and implies a terminal cardiac state. When the physician dispenses digitalis to such a patient and tells him that the "heart muscle is a bit tired and lacks the normal vigor of contraction," the message so transmitted is actually more informative and is certainly less destructive to the patient's morale. "Heart block" is another term that is widely misinterpreted. To the physician, this
Glucose Homeostasis During Short-term and Prolonged Exposure to High Altitudes
Authors: Orison O. Woolcott, Marilyn Ader, Richard N. Bergman
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (2015)

Most of the literature related to high altitude medicine is devoted to the short-term effects of high-altitude exposure on human physiology. However, long-term effects of living at high altitudes may be more important in relation to human disease because more than 400 million people worldwide reside above 1500 m. Interestingly, individuals living at higher altitudes have a lower fasting glycemia and better glucose tolerance compared with those who live near sea level. There is also emerging evidence of the lower prevalence of both obesity and diabetes at higher altitudes. The mechanisms underlying improved glucose control at higher altitudes remain unclear. In this review, we present the most current evidence about glucose homeostasis in residents living above 1500 m and discuss possible mechanisms that could explain the lower fasting glycemia and lower prevalence of obesity and diabetes in this population. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate and maintain the lower fasting glycemia in individuals who live at higher altitudes could lead to new therapeutics for impaired glucose homeostasis.
Studies of the Epidemiology of Staphylococcal Infection
Authors: Willis R. Keene, B. Harvey Minchew, Leighton E. Cluff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

THE clinical course of staphylococcal disease may be affected by the number and virulence of the invading micro-organism, susceptibility of the infected host and the treatment given. Determinants of susceptibility are perhaps the least well understood of these factors. It is recognized, however, that certain patients, such as those with dermatitis and diabetes mellitus, are unduly susceptible to staphylococcal disease.1 , 2 Furthermore, reports of epidemics of nosocomial infections suggest that postoperative patients and newborn infants are peculiarly susceptible.2 3 4 5 6 7 It has been shown experimentally that starvation and the feeding of certain pharmacologically active substances, such as thyroxine and dinitrophenol, affect adversely the . . .
GUNSHOT WOUND OF THE CHEST; REPORT OF A CASE; RECOVERY.
Authors: J. LUE SUTHERLAND
Journal: JAMA (1896)

Fritz Thavenet, aged 9 years, by the accidental discharge of a small target rifle in his own hands, consequently at close range, was shot through the chest from front to back. The ball, a 22-caliber, conical, entered one inch below and one-half inch to the left of the tip of the ensiform cartilage and almost touching the costal arch at a point exactly opposite the costo-cartilaginous articulation of the seventh rib. It ranged upward, backward and a very little outward, emerged between the ribs, at the point shown in photograph, and lodged in the trapezius muscle from which it was easily extracted. A line drawn horizontally around the chest at this point is just four and one-half inches above the entrance wound. His condition one hour after receiving the wound was, pulse 84, respiration 26 and rather shallow; temperature not taken, but seemed to be slightly subnormal and there was
Are Intracardiac Injections Proved Safe?
Authors: Alan Jay Schwartz
Journal: JAMA (1981)

To the Editor.—  In the recent report reevaluating the utility and safety of intracardiac injections (ICIs) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), Davison et al (1980;244:1110) concluded that ICI carries a low risk and is a desirable alternative (or even primary?) drug administration route. Harrison (1981;245:1315) concurs with and congratulates Davison and colleagues. We have a major concern with these conclusions.  The study by Davison et al may have selected those victims receiving ICI who had serious, life-threatening complications 1 from this procedure. The 55% CPR survival rate indicates that their study population was somewhat different from the usual, random adult population with only a 20% to 25% CPR survival rate. How many of the nonsurvivors, excluded from the study owing to a lack of autopsy results, were victims of more serious ICI complications?  While Davison et al may be theoretically correct about the clinical utility of ICI for drug administration, we
Ceramide-CD300f binding suppresses experimental colitis by inhibiting ATP-mediated mast cell activation
Authors: Toshihiro Matsukawa, Kumi Izawa, Masamichi Isobe, Mariko Takahashi, Akie Maehara, Yoshinori Yamanishi, Ayako Kaitani, Ko Okumura, Takanori Teshima, Toshio Kitamura, Jiro Kitaura
Journal: Gut (2015)

<h3>Objective</h3> Extracellular ATP mediates mast cell-dependent intestinal inflammation via P2X7 purinoceptors. We have previously shown that CD300f (also called the leucocyte mono-immunoglobulin-like receptor 3 (LMIR3)) suppresses immunoglobulin E-dependent and mast cell-dependent allergic responses by binding to ceramide. The aim of the present study was to clarify the role of ceramide–LMIR3 interaction in the development of IBD. <h3>Design</h3> The dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model was used in wild-type (WT), <i>LMIR3<sup>−/−</sup></i>, mast cell-deficient <i>Kit<sup>W-sh/W-sh</sup></i>, <i>Kit<sup>W-sh/W-sh</sup>LMIR3</i><i><sup>−/−</sup></i> or <i>Kit<sup>W-sh/W-sh</sup></i> mice engrafted with WT or <i>LMIR3<sup>−/−</sup></i> bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). The severity of colitis was determined by clinical and histological criteria. Lamina propria cell populations were assessed by flow cytometry. Production of chemical mediators from lamina propria cells was measured by real-time reverse transcription PCR. Production of chemical mediators from ATP-stimulated BMMCs in the presence or absence of ceramide was measured by ELISA. The severity of DSS-induced colitis was assessed in mice given either an Fc fusion protein containing an extracellular domain of LMIR3, and anticeramide antibody, or ceramide liposomes. <h3>Results</h3> LMIR3 deficiency exacerbated DSS-induced colitis in mice. <i>Kit<sup>W-sh/W-sh</sup></i> mice harbouring <i>LMIR3<sup>−/−</sup></i> mast cells exhibited more severe colitis than those harbouring WT mast cells. Ceramide–LMIR3 interaction inhibited ATP-stimulated activation of BMMCs. DSS-induced colitis was aggravated by disrupting the ceramide–LMIR3 interaction, whereas it was suppressed by treating with ceramide liposomes. <h3>Conclusions</h3> LMIR3-deficient colonic mast cells were pivotal in the exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis in <i>LMIR3<sup>−/−</sup></i> mice. Ceramide liposomes attenuated DSS-induced colitis by inhibiting ATP-mediated activation of colonic mast cells through ceraimide–LMIR3 binding.
Battle continues in US over fetal transplants
Authors: J Roberts
Journal: BMJ (1994)

The battle over research into transplantation of fetal tissue in the US continues - even though President Clinton lifted the ban on such trials over a year ago. The controversy now is over a $4.5m (pounds sterling 3m) grant awarded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), which is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The grant, the first given for fetal transplantation by a government body since the ban was lifted, will go to a group headed by Curt Freed of the University of Colorado. The group will conduct a randomised trial on 40 patients …
Whole-exome sequencing in del(5q) myelodysplastic syndromes in transformation to acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: A Pellagatti, M Fernandez-Mercado, C Di Genua, M J Larrayoz, S Killick, H Dolatshad, A Burns, M J Calasanz, A Schuh, J Boultwood
Journal: Leukemia (2013)
Sardari Lal Malhotra
Authors: Frank Tovey, Gabriella Malhotra
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Former chief medical officer Indian Railways (b 1919; q Lahore 1944), d 10 September 2004.​2004.




Figure 1




Sardari Lal Malhotra was known for his major contributions to gastroenterology. One of his outstanding papers was to show that rice-eating duodenal ulcer patients who changed to a Punjabi diet, which involved eating unrefined wheat, had significantly fewer relapses over five years than a group that continued on a rice diet. As chief medical officer of three Indian Railways he made an outstanding contribution to the training of railway medical officers, and to the establishment and organisation of railway hospitals all over India. He was later appointed associate professor of family and community medicine in Benghazi and then professor of medicine at Maidugiri in Nigeria. He leaves a wife, Gabriella.