tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Human Herpesvirus-6 in Transplantation: An Emerging Pathogen
Authors: Nina Singh
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1996)

Background: Human herpesvirus-6 can be an opportunistic pathogen in transplant recipients. Purpose: To summarize the epidemiologic and clinical aspects of human herpesvirus-6 infection, the immunologic basis of the pathogenicity of human herpesvirus-6, and the management of human herpesvirus-6 infection in transplant recipients. Data Sources: English-language articles identified through a MEDLINE search from 1986 (when human herpesvirus-6 was discovered) to the present, bibliographies of identified articles, and recognized texts. Study Selection: Reports on human herpesvirus-6 infections in bone marrow transplant recipients and in solid organ transplant recipients. Data Extraction: Data on the virology, detection, epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment of human herpesvirus-6 infection were manually abstracted from the indicated sources and summarized. Data quality and validity were independently assessed by both authors. Data Synthesis: Human herpesvirus-6 infection occurred in 38% to 60% of bone marrow transplant recipients and 31% to 55% of solid organ transplant recipients, usually 2 to 4 weeks after transplantation. Human herpesvirus-6 has two variants, designated variant A and variant B; transplant recipients were infected almost exclusively with variant B. Bone marrow suppression, interstitial pneumonitis, and encephalitis were the most commonly reported types of clinical disease caused by human herpesvirus-6. The marrow-suppressive effect of human herpesvirus-6 ranged from transient or self-limited bone marrow suppression to chronic or fatal aplastic anemia; bone marrow suppression was thought to be partially cytokine-mediated. Because it can depress cell-mediated immunity, human herpesvirus-6 may facilitate superinfection by other pathogens. Human herpesvirus-6 resembles cytomegalovirus in its antiviral susceptibilities: It is resistant to acyclovir but susceptible to ganciclovir and foscarnet. Prophylaxis of human herpesvirus-6 infection is feasible in transplant recipients, but this issue must be studied further. Conclusion: Human herpesvirus-6 can be a pathogen in transplant recipients. Prompt recognition of disease associated with human herpesvirus-6 is important because this virus is susceptible to currently available antiviral agents. Future research should focus on delineating the complete clinical spectrum, immunologic sequelae, and efficacy of prophylactic strategies for human herpesvirus-6 infection in transplant recipients.
The neonatal behavioral assessment scale as a biomarker of the effects of environmental agents on the newborn.
Authors: E Z Tronick
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

The organization of the newborn's brain and the nature of the effects of toxins and pollutants conspire to produce complex and difficult problems for the assessment of the behavioral effects of environmental agents. The newborn's brain can be characterized as relatively undifferentiated, and more vulnerable to, but potentially more capable of recovery from, the effects of environmental agents specific to this time period than it will be later in development. Environmental agents tend to have nonspecific, possibly subtle, effects that invade many areas of newborn functioning. These characteristics of the newborn and the behavioral effects of teratogens make assessment at this point in development difficult. Further exacerbating this difficulty is the nature of development. Development is critically dependent on the care the newborn receives. Distortions of a newborn's behavior can produce disturbances in the caretaking environment, and these caretaking disturbances can amplify the original behavioral distortion and produce other distortions. Attention to these types of effects must be built into an assessment. These considerations lead to the conclusion that an apical assessment of newborn behavior is required. The most standardized, valid, and reliable instrument currently available is the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale developed by Brazelton. It assesses the integrated actions of the infant that function to regulate simultaneously the infant's internal state and exchanges with the animate (caretaking) and inanimate environment. The scale uses a set of reflex and behavioral items to assess the critical domains of infant functioning (e.g., the infant's ability to control his states of consciousness).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Epigenetic Inactivation of the Chromosomal Stability Control Genes <i>BRCA1, BRCA2</i>, and <i>XRCC5</i> in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Ming-Ni Lee, Ruo-Chia Tseng, Han-Shui Hsu, Jia-Yang Chen, Ching Tzao, William L. Ho, Yi-Ching Wang
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Purpose: Lung cancer cells frequently exhibit marked chromosome instability. We postulated that alterations of the double-strand break repair genes (BRCA1, BRCA2, and XRCC5) might be involved in lung cancer. Patients and Methods: We examined the loss of protein and mRNA expression and the 5′CpG hypermethylation and allelic imbalance of the BRCA1, BRCA2, and XRCC5 genes in 98 non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples. Anchorage-dependent growth after reexpression of these genes was examined in a lung cancer cell line that originally lacked BRCA1 and BRCA2 expression. Results: The data indicated that low protein expression of BRCA1 and BRCA2 was frequent in lung adenocarcinomas (42-44%), whereas low XRCC5 protein expression was more prevalent among squamous cell carcinoma (32%). In addition, low BRCA1 expression was significantly associated with low RB expression, especially in lung adenocarcinoma. Concurrent alterations in XRCC5 and p53 were the most frequent profiles in smoking patients. Importantly, low mRNA and protein expressions of BRCA1, BRCA2, and XRCC5 were significantly associated with their promoter hypermethylation. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment of NSCLC cells showed demethylation and reexpression of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes and reduced anchorage-independent growth. Conclusions: Our retrospective study provides compelling evidence that low mRNA and protein expression in the BRCA1/BRCA2 and XRCC5 genes occur in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively, and that promoter hypermethylation is the predominant mechanism in deregulation of these genes. Alteration of the double-strand break repair pathway, perhaps by interacting with p53 and RB deregulation, is important in the pathogenesis of a subset of NSCLC.
Transgenerational Inheritance of Increased Fat Depot Size, Stem Cell Reprogramming, and Hepatic Steatosis Elicited by Prenatal Exposure to the Obesogen Tributyltin in Mice
Authors: Raquel Chamorro-García, Margaret Sahu, Rachelle J. Abbey, Jhyme Laude, Nhieu Pham, Bruce Blumberg
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

We have previously shown that exposure to tributyltin (TBT) modulates critical steps of adipogenesis through RXR/PPARγ and that prenatal TBT exposure predisposes multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to become adipocytes by epigenetic imprinting into the memory of the MSC compartment.We tested whether the effects of prenatal TBT exposure were heritable in F2 and F3 generations.We exposed C57BL/6J female mice (F0) to DMSO vehicle, the pharmaceutical obesogen rosiglitazone (ROSI), or TBT (5.42, 54.2, or 542 nM) throughout pregnancy via the drinking water. F1 offspring were bred to yield F2, and F2 mice were bred to produce F3. F1 animals were exposed in utero and F2 mice were potentially exposed as germ cells in the F1, but F3 animals were never exposed to the chemicals. We analyzed the effects of these exposures on fat depot weights, adipocyte number, adipocyte size, MSC programming, hepatic lipid accumulation, and hepatic gene expression in all three generations.Prenatal TBT exposure increased most white adipose tissue (WAT) depot weights, adipocyte size, and adipocyte number, and reprogrammed MSCs toward the adipocyte lineage at the expense of bone in all three generations. Prenatal TBT exposure led to hepatic lipid accumulation and up-regulated hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid storage/transport, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in all three subsequent generations.Prenatal TBT exposure produced transgenerational effects on fat depots and induced a phenotype resembling nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through at least the F3 generation. These results show that early-life obesogen exposure can have lasting effects.
Echocardiography and Tumor Invasion of the Heart
Authors: Richard B. Kurzel
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The ability of echocardiography to delineate intracardiac structures has made it useful in detecting abnormal masses within the chambers of the heart. In the last two years, echocardiography has been used to diagnose the presence of left<sup>1</sup>and right<sup>2</sup>atrial myxomas, as well as a right ventricular tumor.<sup>3</sup>The use of this technique to detect pericardial effusion is also a standard procedure.<sup>1</sup>However, echocardiographic detection of a tumor invasion of the heart resulting in constrictive pericarditis has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 64-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lung on June 23, 1975. His chief complaint was progressive shortness of breath. The original diagnosis was made in August 1974 by a needle aspiration biopsy. Radiation therapy (5,000 rads) originally produced evidence of tumor shrinkage, but further therapy was discontinued
Self referral to allied health professionals will prevent medical "merry-go-round"
Authors: A. Cole
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Patients are to be allowed to bypass their GP and refer themselves directly to a physiotherapist or other therapist after a successful pilot programme for people with musculoskeletal problems.

The move, announced this week by the health secretary, Alan Johnson, was welcomed by Phil Gray, chief executive of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy, who said it would end the current “merry-go-round” between GP, consultant, and physiotherapists endured by many patients. The economic argument for managing the problem at source was “irrefutable,” he said.

But the BMA questioned whether self referral would work without extra …
TREATMENT OF FRACTURES OF THE NECK AND SHAFT OF THE FEMUR.
Authors: FRANK E. PECKHAM
Journal: JAMA (1907)

<h3>I. FRACTURE OF THE NECK OF THE FEMUR IN ADULTS.</h3> The treatment of the fracture of the neck of the femur in the old familiar way by weight and pulley, extension and a long T-splint, was always disappointing and the result was a more or less crippled condition of the patient, which remained for life. To be sure the trochanter would be pushed upward and make for itself a sort of socket in the soft tissues, which would tolerate some weight-bearing, but a crutch or cane was a necessity in the majority of cases. This was not the fault of the medical attendant, but rather of the method of treatment. A patient put up in this manner is far from being immobilized as regards the fracture. Every time the bed-pan is inserted, which is several times daily, the fragments are moved. If the body is turned at all for the
South Korea cracks down on medical corruption
Authors: J. McManus
Journal: BMJ (1999)

In late January, the head of South Korea's Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) was arrested on bribery charges. According to local press reports (in the Korea Herald and Korea Times), Park Jong-se was charged with receiving 185m won (£94000, $150000) between 1992 and 1995 from an executive of a pharmaceutical company, allegedly in exchange for helping new medicines developed by the company pass government …
Computerized drug interaction programs: how reliable?
Authors: K. E. Kraft
Journal: JAMA (1996)

ABSTRACT To the Editor. —How often do we prescribe two or more adversely interacting drugs to the same patient? Maybe more often than we think. One benefit to busy pharmacists designed to minimize this problem is the computerized drug-interaction database, which can alert them to potential interactions between drugs entered into a patient's profile. However, this is only as useful as the information entered into the database is accurate.We recently observed an adverse drug interaction when a 40-year-old woman taking Nardil (phenelzine sulfate) for chronic depression was also prescribed Midrin (isometheptene mucate plus dichloralphenazone and acetaminophen) for headaches. Forty minutes after the first dose of Midrin, the patient experienced neck pain, palpitation, worsening headache, diaphoresis, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and premature ventricular contractions. The patient was taken to the hospital emergency department and treated for a hypertensive crisis. The patient was treated with intravenous phentolamine and had rapid resolution of her
India must change health priorities to tackle HIV
Authors: G. Mudur
Journal: BMJ (2002)

India could have between 20 million and 25 million people infected with HIV by 2010, the highest number for a single country, says an unclassified US intelligence report. It has also identified China, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Russia as other countries set to experience the “next wave” of the HIV epidemic.

The report from the US National Intelligence Council said it would be difficult for any of the five countries to limit the growing epidemic by 2010 without major shifts in priorities. In all five countries, the report said, risky sexual practices are driving infection rates upward, health services are inadequate, and the cost of education and treatment would be overwhelming.

The report has also cautioned that, as the …
Continuing Medical Education
Authors: Bernard S. Linn
Journal: JAMA (1980)

The impact of continuing education in emergency room burn care was evaluated in a 20-hospital controlled study. The process of care provided by 298 physicians for 2,492 treated and released patients and 172 admitted patients was significantly improved in experimental hospitals where training had been given compared with control hospitals. Outcomes of care, such as mortality, morbidity, compliance with medical regimens, and satisfaction with care, were significantly correlated with process. Two outcomes were influenced significantly between experimental and control patients. In the treated and released group, experimental patients complied more frequently with medical regimens. In the admitted group, experimental patients had fewer early complications from their burns. The study demonstrates that practice of physicians can be altered favorably by continuing education; however, there is still room for much improvement in emergency medical services. (<i>JAMA</i>244:565-570, 1980)
Mumps orchitis and testicular tumours.
Authors: W Ehrengut, M Schwartau
Journal: BMJ (1977)

or antagonists depending on the test condition.7The 8-hydroxyquinolines may be acting as imitators of prostaglandin action in acro- dermatitis.It is possible that a prostaglandin deficiency may be involved in acne.Diphenylhydantoin is a drug whose long-term use is frequently associated with acne-like eruptions.Because we have shown that membrane-stabilising drugs can have prostaglandin antagonist actions7 and because diphenylhydantoin is known to be a membrane stabiliser we have recently tested it and shown it to be a com- petitive prostaglandin antagonist.We suggest that zinc is effective in acne because it stimulates prostaglandin synthesis and that this is also the basis of its action in acrodermatitis.
Out of Africa and back again: nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome variation
Authors: M. F. Hammer, T. Karafet, A. Rasanayagam, E. T. Wood, T. K. Altheide, T. Jenkins, R. C. Griffiths, A. R. Templeton, S. L. Zegura
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

We surveyed nine diallelic polymorphic sites on the Y chromosomes of 1,544 individuals from Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the New World. Phylogenetic analyses of these nine sites resulted in a tree for 10 distinct Y haplotypes with a coalescence time of approximately 150,000 years. The 10 haplotypes were unevenly distributed among human populations: 5 were restricted to a particular continent, 2 were shared between Africa and Europe, 1 was present only in the Old World, and 2 were found in all geographic regions surveyed. The ancestral haplotype was limited to African populations. Random permutation procedures revealed statistically significant patterns of geographical structuring of this paternal genetic variation. The results of a nested cladistic analysis indicated that these geographical associations arose through a combination of processes, including restricted, recurrent gene flow (isolation by distance) and range expansions. We inferred that one of the oldest events in the nested cladistic analysis was a range expansion out of Africa which resulted in the complete replacement of Y chromosomes throughout the Old World, a finding consistent with many versions of the Out of Africa Replacement Model. A second and more recent range expansion brought Asian Y chromosomes back to Africa without replacing the indigenous African male gene pool. Thus, the previously observed high levels of Y chromosomal genetic diversity in Africa may be due in part to bidirectional population movements. Finally, a comparison of our results with those from nested cladistic analyses of human mtDNA and beta-globin data revealed different patterns of inferences for males and females concerning the relative roles of population history (range expansions) and population structure (recurrent gene flow), thereby adding a new sex-specific component to models of human evolution.
Intracavitary Administration of Radioactive Colloidal Gold (Au<sup>198</sup>) for the Treatment of Malignant Effusions
Authors: Melvin P. Osborne, Bradley E. Copeland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

THE therapeutic use of radioactive colloidal gold (Au198) was first described by Sheppard et al.,1 who reported on intravenous use in 1947. Its possibilities for the treatment of various malignant processes have been explored in great variation. It is the purpose of this paper to appraise the results in the treatment of malignant peritoneal and pleural effusions in 31 patients seen at the New England Deaconess Hospital since August, 1951. The series is consecutive, and all patients have been traced.This material is produced by irradiation of gold foil in an atomic nuclear reactor pile, solution of the activated . . .
Medicine's Metaphors: Messages &amp;amp; Menaces
Authors: George Dunea
Journal: JAMA (1977)

In<i>Medical Metaphors</i>Samuel Vaisrub extends the concept of metaphor to encompass all borrowing or extrapolation of concepts and theories from one discipline to another. For this kind of exercise, medicine is clearly a fruitful field, for it is endowed with a vocabulary that is colorful and evocative, though likely to produce a permanent aversion to such articles as nutmeg and sago pudding, not to mention rice-water, pea soup, and currant jelly. The book, opening with the metaphorical but now extinct housemaid and her inflamed bursa, is divided, like Gaul,<i>in partes tres</i>. "Inflow" brings together all that medicine owes to war, the criminal world, mythology, fiction, dreams, religion, and the sciences. Among animals the lion is underrepresented, with only leontiasis ossea and the leonine facies of leprosy; but the other beasts get a lion's share with tigroid fundi, lupus vulgaris, leopard spots, buffalo humps, staghorn calculi, elephantiasis, hare lips,
Lentivirus-mediated Short Hairpin RNA Knockdown Of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Markedly Decreases FcɛRI-mediated Human Mast Cell Cytokine Production
Authors: M.K. Radinger, M. Kim, D.D. Metcalfe, A.M. Gilfillan
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)
Rapid Desynchronization of an Electrically Coupled Interneuron Network with Sparse Excitatory Synaptic Input
Authors: Koen Vervaeke, Andrea Lőrincz, Padraig Gleeson, Matteo Farinella, Zoltan Nusser, R. Angus Silver
Journal: Neuron (2010)

Electrical synapses between interneurons contribute to synchronized firing and network oscillations in the brain. However, little is known about how such networks respond to excitatory synaptic input. To investigate this, we studied electrically coupled Golgi cells (GoC) in the cerebellar input layer. We show with immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and electrophysiology that Connexin-36 is necessary for functional gap junctions (GJs) between GoC dendrites. In the absence of coincident synaptic input, GoCs synchronize their firing. In contrast, sparse, coincident mossy fiber input triggered a mixture of excitation and inhibition of GoC firing and spike desynchronization. Inhibition is caused by propagation of the spike afterhyperpolarization through GJs. This triggers network desynchronization because heterogeneous coupling to surrounding cells causes spike-phase dispersion. Detailed network models predict that desynchronization is robust, local, and dependent on synaptic input properties. Our results show that GJ coupling can be inhibitory and either promote network synchronization or trigger rapid network desynchronization depending on the synaptic input.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Childhood
Authors: John T. Sandlund, James R. Downing, William M. Crist
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

Lymphomas are the third most common group of cancers in children and adolescents in the United States, accounting for approximately 13 percent of newly diagnosed cancers in this age group.1 Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas represent approximately 60 percent of these diagnoses, and Hodgkin's disease accounts for the remainder.2,3 Approximately 500 cases of childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occur annually in the United States.4 Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are categorized as low, intermediate, or high grade on the basis of their clinical aggressiveness. Low- and intermediate-grade tumors predominate in adults, whereas more than 90 percent of children with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma have high-grade tumors. This difference is . . .
Influence of glass and polymer coatings on CHO cell morphology and adhesion
Authors: Thomas Sordel, Frederique Kermarec-Marcel, Stephanie Garnier-Raveaud, Nicolas Glade, Fabien Sauter-Starace, Catherine Pudda, Mathias Borella, Marc Plissonnier, Francois Chatelain, Franz Bruckert, Nathalie Picollet-D’hahan
Journal: Biomaterials (2006)
Declining Autopsy Rates and Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Lawrence K. Altman
Journal: JAMA (1984)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Reports on the declining autopsy rates and failure to diagnose myocardial infarctions may have even greater implications beyond those stated in the Sept 2 issue ofThe Journal. The decline in autopsies began in 1965.<sup>1</sup>The decline in cardiovascular mortality began in 1968.<sup>2</sup>The near-simultaneous occurrence of these two phenomena raises a crucial question: To what extent, if any, has the declining autopsy rate contributed to the decrease in cardiovascular mortality figures? Errors of diagnosis in myocardial infarction could affect the decline in cardiovascular death rates in either direction, depending on the cause of death cited in the misdiagnosed cases. Unfortunately, such data were not included in the article by Zarling et al. The methodology used in the Memphis study makes it impossible to determine the validity of the results in other American hospitals. It would be important to rule out the decline in autopsies