tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Do white matter hyperintensities on MRI matter clinically?
Authors: A. Wallin, T. Fladby
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Yes, and they should prompt detailed screening for stroke and dementia risk factors

Small vessel disease in the brain is one of the most common of all neurological disorders.1 It is often present even in young otherwise healthy people,2 and it leads to neurodegeneration, vascular cognitive disorder, and disability.3 As yet, small vessel disease cannot be directly measured. However, a specific clinical syndrome or white matter lesions identified on imaging (such as white matter hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging) can be used as surrogate markers of small vessel disease. In the linked systematic review (doi:10.1136/bmj.c3666), Debette and Markus assess the association between white matter hyperintensities and the risk of stroke, cognitive decline, dementia, and death.4 

Small vessel disease comprises different pathological processes mainly affecting arterioles that supply the deep part of the brain. The lack of anastomoses in the vascular architecture of the deep part of the brain makes tissue more susceptible to disease and easily compromised during haemodynamically unfavourable conditions.5

The most common small vessel disease in the brain …
Cancer--attack or retreat?
Authors: P. P. Pekar
Journal: JAMA (1974)

AT THE SIGNING of the National Cancer Act of 1971, the President said:  I hope that in the years ahead that we look back on this day and this action shown as being the most significant action taken during this administration.  The present situation surrounding biomedical research is but a fleeting concept, when the continuing cancer developments are taken into account. Change is the order of the day—change in the agri-business industry, change in the US economy, change in biomedical research. The biomedical research industry stands at the threshold of a new era. Perhaps never before has the industry had, at the same time, so many problems and such bright prospects for the future. Excellent business planning, research, and management will be required to solve the problems and realize the prospects for the future. Actions taken by government and research institutions during the next few years will set the course
Differential Response of Large and Small Coronary Arteries to Nitroglycerin and Angiotensin
Authors: MICHAEL V. COHEN, EDWARD S. KIRK
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

Large proximal and smaller distal coronary arteries respond differently to pharmacologic agents, but the role of autoregulation is not known. We examined this role in dogs by cannulating the main left coronary artery and a distal left anterior descending artery branch. With coronary flow held constant, the distal coronary artery pressure and the gradient from proximal to distal artery were proportional to the small and the large vessel resistance, respectively. At normal perfusion pressure, nitroglycerin injected directly into the coronary artery caused a transient fall in small vessel resistance and a prolonged decrease in large vessel resistance. During ischemia, when small vessels autoregulated and small vessel resistance was minimal, nitroglycerin lowered only large vessel resistance. Angiotensin injected directly into the coronary artery increased small and large vessel resistance; the slower response of large vessel resistance followed a passive dilation caused by increased perfusion pressure. Continuous infusions of nitroglycerin and angiotensin maintained dilation and constriction of large vessels, respectively, but small vessels demonstrated tachyphylaxis. Only adenosine infusion maintained dilation in both large and small vessels. In response to varying perfusion, small vessels autoregulated and large vessels responded passively to changes in perfusion pressure. We concluded that small coronary arteries respond to cardiac metabolism and demonstrate escape from prolonged dilation and constriction. Conversely, large vessels respond continuously to sustained mechanical and pharmacologic stimuli independently of the nutritional state of the myocardium.
Advances in hepatic transport: Molecular mechanisms, genetic disorders, and treatment. A summary of the 1998 AASLD single topic conference
Authors: Allan W. Wolkoff, Frederick J. Suchy, Richard H. Moseley, Peter J. Meier, John L. Gollan, Nelson Freimer, Gregory J. Fitz, James L. Boyer, Paul D. Berk, Bruce F. Scharschmidt
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Transport: Molecular Mechanisms, Genetic Disorders, and Treatment was held at the Airlie Conference Center in Virginia on
Repair of Large Bone Defects with the Use of Autologous Bone Marrow Stromal Cells
Authors: Rodolfo Quarto, Maddalena Mastrogiacomo, Ranieri Cancedda, Sergei M. Kutepov, Vladimir Mukhachev, Alexander Lavroukov, Elizaveta Kon, Maurilio Marcacci
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

To the Editor: The reconstruction of large bone segments is an important clinical problem, and none of the approaches proposed thus far have proved very effective. In animals, repair and functional...
Safety and diagnostic yield of renal biopsy in the intensive care unit
Authors: Jean-François Augusto, Vincent Lassalle, Pierre Fillatre, Dominique Perrotin, Ferhat Meziani, Maleka Schenck-Dhif, Pierre Edouard Bollaert, Damien du Cheyron, Gaetan Beduneau, Christophe Vinsonneau, Christophe Guitton, Nicolas Lerolle
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2012)
Three quarters of outpatients get an appointment within six weeks
Authors: O. Mashta
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Patients’ experiences of outpatient care and treatment have improved since the last national surveys on the services were carried out, says the health and social care services watchdog

Patients reported improvements in most aspects of outpatient services in 2009, but in particular with waiting times and communication with doctors since the national surveys were last carried out in 2003 and 2004, report findings from the Care Quality Commission.

More than 72 000 adult outpatients who visited 163 acute and specialist NHS trusts in England between July and October 2009 responded to the third outpatient survey, a response …
Factors associated with pericardial effusion in acute Q wave myocardial infarction.
Authors: T Sugiura, T Iwasaka, Y Takayama, M Matsutani, T Hasegawa, N Takahashi, M Inada
Journal: Circulation (1990)

To elucidate the clinical characteristics associated with pericardial effusion in the early phase of myocardial infarction, 330 patients with acute Q wave infarction were studied. According to echocardiography, 83 patients had pericardial effusion on the third day of hospitalization, and careful auscultation revealed that a pericardial rub was absent in 45 patients and was present in 38 patients. Based on seven clinical variables, multivariate analysis was performed to determine the important variables related to the occurrence of pericardial effusion with and without pericardial rub. Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and left ventricular segments with advanced asynergy were the significant factors related to the occurrence of pericardial effusion without a pericardial rub. The presence of ventricular aneurysmal motion, left ventricular segments with advanced asynergy, and alveolar arterial oxygen difference were related to pericardial effusion with a pericardial rub. Therefore, a hemodynamic factor was the major mechanism associated with the increase in extravascular myocardial fluid and the consequent occurrence of hydropericardia in the absence of a pericardial rub, whereas an increase in the microvascular permeability in the myocardium with excessive fluid exudating through the irritated epicardial surface was the mechanism related to pericardial effusion with a pericardial rub in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction.
Benchmarking Next-Generation Transcriptome Sequencing for Functional and Evolutionary Genomics
Authors: J. G. Gibbons, E. M. Janson, C. T. Hittinger, M. Johnston, P. Abbot, A. Rokas
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2009)

Next-generation sequencing has opened the door to genomic analysis of nonmodel organisms. Technologies generating long-sequence reads (200-400 bp) are increasingly used in evolutionary studies of nonmodel organisms, but the short-sequence reads (30-50 bp) that can be produced at lower cost are thought to be of limited utility for de novo sequencing applications. Here, we tested this assumption by short-read sequencing the transcriptomes of the tropical disease vectors Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae, for which complete genome sequences are available. Comparison of our results to the reference genomes allowed us to accurately evaluate the quantity, quality, and functional and evolutionary information content of our "test" data. We produced more than 0.7 billion nucleotides of sequenced data per species that assembled into more than 21,000 test contigs larger than 100 bp per species and covered approximately 27% of the Aedes reference transcriptome. Remarkably, the substitution error rate in the test contigs was approximately 0.25% per site, with very few indels or assembly errors. Test contigs of both species were enriched for genes involved in energy production and protein synthesis and underrepresented in genes involved in transcription and differentiation. Ortholog prediction using the test contigs was accurate across hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Our results demonstrate the considerable utility of short-read transcriptome sequencing for genomic studies of nonmodel organisms and suggest an approach for assessing the information content of next-generation data for evolutionary studies.
Study of 'victimization' gains impetus worldwide
Authors: Terra Ziporyn
Journal: JAMA (1983)

"An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth." Fine, but what about the psychological trauma inflicted on the first one-eyed, gap-toothed victim? The Code of Hammurabi didn't say much about that, nor does modern psychiatry. While the psychology of murderers, muggers, batterers, rapists, burglars, kidnappers, and arsonists has long fallen into the psychiatrist's domain, the severe emotional effects on the victims have, until lately, received much less attention. Now a small group of psychiatrists and social scientists has begun to study and report on this field of trauma, which is called "victimization." Several of them presented reports at this year's Seventh World Congress of Psychiatry in Vienna. In addition to the victims of felonies, investigators ("victimologists") also study victims of natural disasters and of any unexpected, unprovoked traumatic event because they believe that, whatever the trauma, the reactions are much the same. "There appears to be a generic
Suppression of thrombolysis in a canine model of pulmonary embolism.
Authors: J J Marsh, R G Konopka, I M Lang, H Y Wang, C Pedersen, P Chiles, C F Reilly, K M Moser
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND The brisk fibrinolytic response of canines has impaired efforts to develop a canine model of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Difficulties in retaining chronic embolic residuals were partially overcome by administration of tranexamic acid (TXA) (Circulation. 1991;83:1272-1279.). In this study, we used type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), a major inhibitor of the endogenous fibrinolytic system, to determine its efficacy in the suppression of thrombolysis in canines. METHODS AND RESULTS Thrombus was induced in the inferior vena cava of anesthetized mongrel dogs with thrombin and a special double-balloon catheter; 2 hours later, the thrombus was embolized. In one group of dogs, activated type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) (130 micrograms) was delivered directly into the forming thrombus; in another, TXA (110 mg/kg) was given intravenously before thrombus formation; in controls, thrombus was induced without inhibitors. Cross-linked fibrin degradation product (D-dimer) appeared in the blood of control animals within 1 hour of thrombus induction (176 +/- 62.5 versus 1.02 +/- 0.39 ng/mL baseline; mean +/- SEM), was maximal by 4 hours (413 +/- 110 ng/mL) and remained elevated at 24 hours (90.8 +/- 19.5 ng/mL). Compared with controls, PAI-1 and TXA suppressed D-dimer release by 80% and 85%, respectively, over the first 24 hours. One week later, animals were killed, and residual emboli were harvested. Perfusion scan defects persisted in all animals at this time, but there were no scan defect differences among groups. However, emboli recovered from animals receiving PAI-1 still harbored immunoreactive PAI-1 and were, on average, more than twofold greater in mass (393 +/- 56 mg) than emboli recovered from either controls (183 +/- 76 mg) or animals receiving TXA (180 +/- 80 mg). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous TXA and intrathrombus PAI-1 effectively suppress thrombolysis for 24 hours in canines. Thromboemboli enriched with PAI-1 appear to resist lysis for longer periods of time (up to 1 week). These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that PAI-1 remains associated with the embolus, where it continues to inhibit lysis, whereas TXA eventually diffuses out of the embolus, allowing lysis to ensue.
Psycho-Oncology: Psychological Well&amp;middot;Being as One Component of Quality of Life
Authors: Denise M. Tope, Tim A. Ahles, Peter M. Silberfarb
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1993)

This review deals with the issues of quality of life and psychological well-being in cancer patients, with particular reference to the role of psychiatry in the oncology setting. The prevalence of psychiatric diagnoses as a measure of psychological well-being, the prediction of psychological well-being, the interactions between physical and psychological factors, and the impact of psychosomatic intervention on quality of life in cancer patients, are discussed.
Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action
Authors: Gregory A. Brent
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Our understanding of thyroid hormone action has been substantially altered by recent clinical observations of thyroid signaling defects in syndromes of hormone resistance and in a broad range of conditions, including profound mental retardation, obesity, metabolic disorders, and a number of cancers. The mechanism of thyroid hormone action has been informed by these clinical observations as well as by animal models and has influenced the way we view the role of local ligand availability; tissue and cell-specific thyroid hormone transporters, corepressors, and coactivators; thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoform–specific action; and cross-talk in metabolic regulation and neural development. In some cases, our new understanding has already been translated into therapeutic strategies, especially for treating hyperlipidemia and obesity, and other drugs are in development to treat cardiac disease and cancer and to improve cognitive function.
Minimizing the Risks Associated with the Prevention of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Peter F. Wright, David T. Karzon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

The global eradication of poliomyelitis has been targeted as a goal for the year 2000 by the World Health Organization,1 and naturally occurring poliomyelitis has already been eradicated from the Americas.2 Yet the occasional occurrence of paralytic poliomyelitis in association with the use of the trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine — either in vaccine recipients or in others who are in contact with recipients — remains a vexing problem. The basis for this rare breakthrough disease lies in the potential of the live attenuated virus in the vaccine to revert to increased virulence within the human gastrointestinal tract. Although such genetic . . .
Tuberculin Skin Testing-Reply
Authors: Haragopal Thadepalli
Journal: JAMA (1978)

We agree with Dr Rodney that control skin tests should always be done to exclude anergy in cases of tuberculosis. In our study, the skin testing was done by various house officers; controls were placed only on occasion.  The theme of our communication was to emphasize the fact that clinical impression is paramount and that a negative skin test should not deter the physician from pursuing more aggressive techniques such as transtracheal aspiration and even transthoracic lung biopsy on occasion when indicated. We still place our faith on ocular proof ofMycobacterium tuberculosisby smear and later confirmed by culture.
THE TRANSPLANTATION OF ORGANS.A PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION.
Authors: ALEXIS CARREL
Journal: JAMA (1905)

This operation consists of extirpating an organ, with its vessels, of putting it in another region, and of uniting its vessels to a neighboring artery and vein. If the organ is replaced in the same animal from which it was removed, the operation is called an autotransplantation. If it is placed in another animal of the same species it is called a homotransplantation, while if it is placed in an animal of a different species, the operation is called a heterotransplantation. The so-defined transplantation completely differs from the well-known experiments of subcutaneous or intraperitoneal grafts of small slices of organs. <h3>LITERATURE.</h3> The literature of the transplantation of organs is not extensive. In 1901-02 I began experimenting with the view of finding a method of substituting a sound organ for a diseased one, e. g., of treating Bright's disease by replacing the diseased kidney by a normal one, or myxedema by
Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Choreographs Multiple Ligand Interactions: Implications for Tumor Progression and Therapy
Authors: Andrew P. Mazar
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract The urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) has been implicated in the growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis of several solid and hemotologic malignancies. uPAR is part of a cell surface system that also consists of the serine protease uPA and several specific inhibitors (plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 and 2). This system has classically been thought to drive tumor progression by mediating directed extracellular proteolysis on the surface of migrating or invading cells, and intervening with this proteolysis by targeting uPAR has been proposed to represent a novel approach for inhibiting tumor progression. However, despite abundant evidence suggesting the utility of targeting uPAR for the treatment of cancer, there are currently no uPAR-targeted therapies being evaluated in clinical trials. Recent data have provided new insights into the role of uPAR in tumor progression. In addition to mediating proteolysis, this receptor appears to also mediate cell signaling, proliferation, and survival, and these observations have revealed novel ways to target uPAR. How these data have led to a paradigm shift in how the role of uPAR in tumor progression is perceived as well as past and present attempts to therapeutically target a molecule that is generating renewed interest as a cancer target will be discussed in this article.
Improved Technic for Blood-Counts
Authors: C. H. J. Barnett
Journal: JAMA (1913)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I desire to make a few comments regarding the clinical report of Dr. Allan Eustis on an "Improved Technic for Blood-Counts: Rapid Method for Securing Exact Amount of Suspension" (The Journal, Nov. 29, 1913, p. 1984). Although I have not seen the technic of placing the cover-glass on the counting-chamber, as recommended by Dr. Eustis, described in any book or journal before, yet it was the method in vogue at the William Pepper Laboratory of Hygiene at the University of Pennsylvania fourteen years ago. Incidentally, I would mention the following modification of the<i>modus operandi</i>as advised in the article above referred to. The cover-glass is placed on the edge of the counting-chamber, with its edge approximately parallel with the edge of the counting-chamber. Then the tips of the forefingers are placed on the distal side of the cover-glass and the ends of the thumbs on the
THE DIAMETER AND GROWTH PHASE OF HAIR IN RELATION TO AGE
Authors: SAMUEL C. ATKINSON, FRANK E. CORMIA, SHIRLEY A. UNRAU
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1959)

Journal Article THE DIAMETER AND GROWTH PHASE OF HAIR IN RELATION TO AGE Get access SAMUEL C. ATKINSON, M.D., SAMUEL C. ATKINSON, M.D. The Department of Medicine (Dermatology), New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, New York City Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar FRANK E. CORMIA, M.D., FRANK E. CORMIA, M.D. The Department of Medicine (Dermatology), New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, New York City Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar SHIRLEY A. UNRAU, B.S. SHIRLEY A. UNRAU, B.S. The Department of Medicine (Dermatology), New York Hospital, Cornell Medical Center, New York City Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 71, Issue 8-9, 1 August 1959, Pages 309–311, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1959.tb13429.x Published: 01 August 1959
The Coming Revolution in Medicine
Authors: Philip C. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1967)

The institution of American medicine seems to be changing with more than glacial speed now, and this alone could be called a revolution. A far faster rate of innovation is expected in the near future, as this book demonstrates in four essays which were modified from lectures given in the autumn of 1966. The author has guided the department of preventive medicine at Harvard University since 1947 and has practical experience with political affairs. He is well known for the general viewpoint he expresses here. The first essay demonstrates the basic paradox of modern medicine. While biomedical research, already splendid, continues to develop rapidly, medical care lags, remaining inferior in some important respects to the systems of nations spending far less money. To resolve this paradox, and meet other problems as well, the author urges significant change in the basic framework of medical practice, in addition to financial programs. The
HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors and the Risk of Fractures
Authors: Christoph R. Meier
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextRecent animal studies have suggested that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) increase bone formation, volume, and density. It is unknown whether use of statins is associated with a decreased risk of fractures in humans.ObjectiveTo determine whether exposure to statins, fibrates, or other lipid-lowering drugs is associated with reduced bone fracture risk.DesignPopulation-based, nested case-control analysis.SettingThe UK-based General Practice Research Database (GPRD), comprising some 300 practices, with data collection from the late 1980s until September 1998.SubjectsWithin a base population of 91,611 individuals aged at least 50 years (28,340 individuals taking lipid-lowering drugs, 13,271 untreated individuals with a diagnosis of hyperlipidemia, and 50,000 randomly selected individuals without diagnosis of hyperlipidemia), we identified 3940 case patients who had a bone fracture and 23,379 control patients matched for age (±5 years), sex, general practice attended, calendar year, and years since enrollment in the GPRD.Main Outcome MeasuresUse of statins, fibrates, or other lipid-lowering drugs in case patients vs control patients.ResultsAfter controlling for body mass index, smoking, number of physician visits, and corticosteroid and estrogen use, current use of statins was associated with a significantly reduced fracture risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.69) compared with nonuse of lipid-lowering drugs. Current use of fibrates or other lipid-lowering drugs was not related to a significantly decreased bone fracture risk (adjusted OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.70-1.08 and adjusted OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.41-1.39, respectively).ConclusionsThis study suggests that current exposure to statins is associated with a decreased risk of bone fractures in individuals age 50 years and older. This finding has a potentially important public health impact and should be confirmed further in controlled prospective trials.