tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
'Do Not Resuscitate' Orders
Authors: Ronald L. Stephens
Journal: JAMA (1986)

A RECENT issue ofThe Journalcontains the encouraging results of Youngner et al,<sup>1</sup>who found a willingness among physicians in a large university hospital to write a "do not resuscitate" (DNR) order for patients then residing in the medical intensive care unit. The authors found that 14% of the patients, otherwise requiring the more concentrated nursing attention of an intensive care unit, had received a DNR order. While it was reassuring that patients were given the level of care dictated by their medical condition despite their DNR status, the authors did raise the issue of overtreatment and proper allocation of limited medical resources. In an accompanying editorial, Veatch<sup>2</sup>both praised the Youngner et al study and also raised important ethical concerns over how the decision to write a DNR order was reached. The amount of actual participation by the patient in the decision not to undergo resuscitation
Characterization of Left Heart Volumes and Mass in Normal Children and in Ifants with Intrinsic Myocardial Disease
Authors: THOMAS P. GRAHAM, M. M. JARMAKANI, RAMON V. CANENT, M. PAUL CAPP, MADISON S. SPACH
Journal: Circulation (1968)

Quantitation of myocardial volumes, mass, and ejection fractions was performed in a group of 26 patients (10 of whom were infants less than 2 years old) with normal left ventricles and in a separate group of 13 children with intrinsic myocardial disease and clinical decompensation. All patients were studied by use of biplane cineangiocardiography, and volumes were determined by the area-length method. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume in "normal" infants below 2 years of age was 44.8 ± 8.5 cc/m 2 , and it was 71.4 ± 8.0 cc/m 2 in older normal children ( P &lt;0.001), ages 3 to 16 years. Left ventricular ejection fraction also was different in the younger normals: 0.76 ± 0.07 versus 0.63 ± 0.05 in older normals ( P &lt;0.001). Left ventricular mass and left atrial maximal volume were not significantly different in normal infants and older children, averaging 81.7 ± 10.0 g/m 2 and 33.6 ± 10.1 cc/m 2 , respectively. All patients in the cardiomyopathy group had significant elevations of left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass, and the ejection fraction was reduced in all patients except one infant with severe mitral insufficiency. Five infants with chronic left ventricular failure and no mitral insufficiency had normal left atrial maximal volumes. Left atrial maximal volumes were increased significantly in six patients with myocardial disease, all of whom had mitral insufficiency. These results emphasize the potential value of the quantitative estimation of left heart volume and provide normative base-line data for left heart volume and mass parameters in both infants and children.
Effects of 15-Deoxyspergualin on Experimental Autoimmune Giant Cell Myocarditis of the Rat
Authors: Makoto Kodama, Shaosong Zhang, Haruo Hanawa, Makihiko Saeki, Takayuki Inomata, Keisuke Suzuki, Sen Koyama, Akira Shibata
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background The benefits of immunosuppressive therapy for human myocarditis are controversial. The effects of a new immunosuppressant agent, 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), on rats with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM), an animal model of human giant cell myocarditis, were examined. Methods and Results Lewis rats were immunized with cardiac myosin in Freund’s complete adjuvant on day 0. In the first experiment, the effective doses of DSG required to prevent EAM were investigated. Rats were placed into one of five groups: the control group (A) was administered saline from days 1 to 10; group B, 0.3 mg/kg per day of DSG; group C, 1.0 mg/kg per day of DSG; group D, 3.0 mg/kg per day of DSG, and group E, 10.0 mg/kg per day of DSG. Rats were killed on day 28. The heart weight/body weight ratios of the rats of groups D and E were significantly lower than that of the control group. Macroscopic and microscopic scores for myocarditis decreased in groups D and E. In the next experiment, the effects of delayed administration of DSG in preventing autoimmune myocarditis were studied. Two groups of rats received 3.0 and 10.0 mg/kg per day of DSG from days 6 to 15, respectively. Two other groups of rats received the same doses of DSG from days 11 to 20. No preventive effect of delayed DSG treatment was observed. The effects of long-term, delayed initiation therapy then were evaluated. Rats were administered 10.0 mg/kg per day of DSG from days 6 to 25. The heart weight/body weight ratio and macroscopic and microscopic scores of the rats so treated significantly decreased compared with the controls. Conclusions It was demonstrated that DSG can prevent the development of cardiac myosin–induced autoimmune myocarditis.
Non-specific effects of vaccination on child survival: prospective cohort study in Burkina Faso
Authors: J Vaugelade, S Pinchinat, G Guiella, E Elguero, F Simondon
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b> To study the effect of vaccination on mortality before 2 years of age in a developing country. <b>Design</b> Prospective cohort study. <b>Setting</b> Rural communities in Burkina Faso. <b>Participants</b> 9085 children born in the study area between 1985 and 1993. <b>Main outcome measure</b> Child death rate. <b>Results</b> Mortality before 2 years of age was lower in children who had been vaccinated: those vaccinated with BCG only had significantly lower mortality (risk ratio for vaccinated <i>v</i> unvaccinated children 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.29 to 0.48) as did those vaccinated with diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis only (0.24, 0.13 to 0.43). The second dose of diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis was not associated with lower mortality (0.80, 0.58 to 1.12). <b>Conclusion</b> Vaccination with diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis as well as BCG is associated with better survival of children up to 2 years of age.
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: Primary Site and Hepatic Metastases Both Detected on Tc-99m-Pyrophosphate Bone Scan
Authors: LORNA QUE, JOSEPHINE WISEMAN, IAN B. HALES
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1980)

A case of small cell anaplastic carcinoma of the lung with hepatic secondaries has been found to accumulate Tc-99m-pyrophosphate in both lung primary and hepatic metastases and to our knowledge is the first such case reported in the literature. There was no radiographic evidence of calcification in the tumor or hepatic metastases.
Abstract 2493: Molecular biomarkers for cancer biospecimen integrity
Authors: Lokesh Agrawal, Jim Vaught, Helen Moore
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Successful implementation of personalized health care requires the availability of biospecimens of sufficient quality to ensure accurate downstream test results, which will in turn determine optimal patient management. Cancer biospecimens of known quality with appropriate clinical annotation are also critical to the process of biomarker discovery and validation that lead to the development of clinical tests. Due to widely varying methods of biospecimen collection, processing, and storage, numerous pre-analytical factors can affect human biospecimen integrity for biomarker research. Such pre-analytical variability can affect the integrity of research biospecimens including plasma/serum and fixed cancer tissues used for biomarker analysis. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) Biorepositories and Biospecimen Research Branch (BBRB) was established to address the scientific and policy issues that affect the procurement of and access to high quality specimens for research. The NCI Biospecimen Research Network (BRN) was established to sponsor and conduct research on biospecimen pre-analytical factors and their affect on molecular integrity, to support the development and adoption of evidence-based standardized biospecimen handling procedures. In this presentation we will summarize BRN-supported studies to identify biomarkers that may be used as sentinel markers of plasma stability using mass spectroscopy proteomics and analysis of circulating miRNA, and the development of intrinsic controls for FFPE tissues. In one of the projects, identification of protein biomarkers using mass-spectrometry and Illumina arrays in plasma led to the development of a biomarker panel for serum/plasma integrity; these biomarkers are currently being validated. A second project studied the effects of pre-analytical variables on circulating miRNA and identified and validated new and improved housekeeping miRNA, as well as novel biomarkers associated with breast cancer. In another study, a series of biomarkers have been validated by construction of tissue microarrays from 93 breast cancer specimens with known time to fixation delays. A tissue quality index (TQI) model was generated to predict the time to fixation and tissue quality by measuring a subset of biomarker proteins in breast cancer tissues using AQUA technology. The progressive efforts taken by BRN investigator-led projects to identify and validate biomarkers for sample integrity will be incorporated into efforts to develop new biospecimen evidence-based practices for clinical biomarker research. Citation Format: Lokesh Agrawal, Jim Vaught, Helen Moore. Molecular biomarkers for cancer biospecimen integrity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2493. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2493
The Pathology of Abortion in Relation to Treatment
Authors: M. Cameron
Journal: BMJ (1888)

hours.Then, making sections of each in the usual wa I have satisfied myself that there was no greater loss of epithelium in saliva than in water, and the same result has been given when the experiment was conducted at a temperature of 1000 F. as at the ordinary temperature of a room.Whatever effect, therefore, i8 to be attributed to want of saliva, it is not by loss of any sol- vent action.Other causes have been shown to conspire to make the tongue coated, but it would seem that want of saliva by itself will do this.A boy was brouglht under the care of my colleague, Mr. Rouse, with, as was believed, a fracture of the base of the skull.Hie had left facial paralysis, and an injury apparently of the chorda tympani on this side.The tonlgue was normally protruded, but the left lhalf, slharply defined by the median liue, was dry and presented a milky appearance.The suppression of saliva was
P139Switching off Hsp70 abrogates crocin mediated cardioprotective effect in experimental model of acute myocardial infarction
Authors: S Bharti, N Rani, D.S Arya
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Purpose: We established previously that Crocus sativus and its carotenoid crocin protects the myocardium via augmenting the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Since, heat shock protein70 (Hsp70) actively participates in shielding the cell from oxidative stress, programmed or necrotic cell deaths; we hypothesized that Hsp70 might be the actual mediator behind the cardioprotective effects of crocin.
Study claiming Tamiflu saved lives was based on "flawed" analysis
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

A study that found that neuraminidase inhibitors reduced the risk of death among adults treated in hospital during the 2009-10 H1N1 flu pandemic was based on a flawed analysis, a statistician has claimed.

Mark Jones, a senior research fellow in the School of Population Health at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, told the BMJ that “a crude analysis of the data shows an increased risk of mortality associated with neuraminidase inhibitor treatment,” suggesting that the finding of a reduced risk of death was incorrect.

He has called for the authors of the meta-analysis to release their data so that a full independent analysis could be done. Jones is working on a study to answer the same research question.

For the study, researchers analysed data on 29 234 patients worldwide who were …
Transient Fetal Hydrops and Prune Belly in One Identical Female Twin
Authors: Mark Lubinsky, Peggy Rapoport
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

"PRUNE BELLY" refers to the lax, wrinkled abdomen of abdominal-muscle hypoplasia. It is most common in males and is usually accompanied by urinary-tract abnormalities.1 Its cause is a subject of debate.2 We report on identical female twins discordant for prune belly. Ultrasound showed transient fetal hydrops in the affected child. Postnatal studies suggested a twin–twin transfusion as the cause of the anasarca, which apparently affected the abdominal musculature. The urinary tract was normal. This unusual experiment of nature offers some insights into this rare condition.Case ReportsTwin AThe weight of the firstborn girl was 1.52 kg, her length . . .
849-4 Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (etanercept) treatment enhances left ventricular dysfunction in an experimental model of chronic chagas disease cardiomyopathy
Authors: Angelina M Bilate, Vera C Salemi, Felix J Ramires, Daniel Gregio, Jorge Kalil, Edecio Cunha-Neto
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Parenteral Iron Therapy
Authors: Paul R. McCurdy, Charles E. Rath, Gerald E. Meerkrebs
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

ALTHOUGH oral administration of iron salts is the therapy of choice in iron-deficiency anemia, certain circumstances make it advisable to administer iron by injection. Until recently, saccharated iron oxide was the only effective preparation for this purpose. This required intravenous injection and was potentially dangerous.1 In the search for a nontoxic effective preparation, British investigators combined iron with a dextran of low molecular weight. This compound can be injected intravenously or intramuscularly, although the latter route is recommended. It has been reported to be both effective and nontoxic.2 , 3 The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate further these properties of the . . .
CD8<sup>+</sup>T Lymphocytes in Viral Hyperreactivity and M<sub>2</sub>Muscarinic Receptor Dysfunction
Authors: Darryl J. Adamko, Allison D. Fryer, Bruce S. Bochner, David B. Jacoby
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

In the airways, inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors (M2Rs) on parasympathetic nerves limit acetylcholine release. Viral infection causes M2R dysfunction, which increases acetylcholine release and leads to airway hyperreactivity. In these studies we tested the role of CD8+ T cells in parainfluenza virus-induced hyperreactivity and M2R dysfunction in normal guinea pigs and in guinea pigs previously sensitized to ovalbumin. Depleting CD8+ T cells prevented virus-induced M2R dysfunction and hyperreactivity in sensitized animals, but not in nonsensitized animals. Sensitization increased the number of eosinophils in close relation to the airway nerves where, when activated, they release major basic protein, which binds to and blocks the M2Rs. Regardless of sensitization, viral infection decreased the number of visible tissue eosinophils, likely reflecting eosinophil degranulation via cytolysis. Depleting CD8+ T cells prevented this virus-induced eosinophil degranulation. In addition, an antiviral effect of sensitization, which we previously showed to be eosinophil mediated, was again seen. This was prevented by depletion of CD8+ Tcells. Thus, CD8+ T cells play a role in airway hyperreactivity and M2R dysfunction of sensitized virus-infected guinea pigs by mediating eosinophil degranulation near airway nerves. In contrast, CD8+ T cells are not necessary for virus-induced hyperreactivity and M2R dysfunction in nonsensitized guinea pigs.
Thyroid-Antithyroid Therapy of Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: William L. Green
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Selenkow in a recent letter (<b>214</b>:2198, 1970) criticized the failure to cite Fraser and Wilkinson's paper on combined thyroid-antithyroid therapy for thyrotoxicosis<sup>1</sup>in my comments at THERAPEUTIC GRAND ROUNDS (<b>213</b>: 1652, 1970). I shall not dispute Selenkow's desire for historical accuracy; this point has been well discussed by Wartofsky (<b>215</b>:1325, 1971). However, since my earlier discussion may have implied a blanket approval of combined therapy, I do wish to dissociate myself from Selenkow's statement that "adjunctive use of antithyroid drugs is considered requisite for treating thyrotoxic patients during pregnancy." It is generally agreed that antithyroid drugs can cross the placenta and cause goiter and hypothyroidism in the fetus. However, there is much debate about whether administration of thyroid hormones to the mother as recommended by Selenkow (120 to 180 mg desiccated thyroid daily<sup>2</sup>) will prevent such fetal damage. Thyroid hormones do not cross
Protein synthesis in the developing rat liver: Participation of initiation factors eIF-2 and eIF-2B
Authors: Ana M. García, M. Elena Martín, Alberto Alcázar, Juan L. Fando, A. M. Salinas
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

We studied the decline in protein synthesis in the developing liver in suckling rats (4 to 10 days) and adult rats (2 mo). The rate of protein synthesis was measured with a cell-free system and compared with the activity of two initiation factors, eukaryotic initiation factor-2 and eukaryotic initiation factor-2B, and with casein kinase II, which phosphorylates both factors in vitro. The specific activity of the three parameters decreased in adult rats compared with suckling rats and in parallel to the rate of protein synthesis. Quantification of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 in the ribosomal salt wash and in the postmicrosomal supernatant showed that both the specific activity and the levels of eukaryotic initiation factor-2, are much higher in the ribosomal salt wash fractions than in postmicrosomal supernatants, but no differences were found between the two age groups. The eukaryotic initiation factor-2/ribosome ratio was higher in adult rats than in suckling rats, and this parameter seems to be inversely proportional to the rate of protein synthesis. The phosphorylation state of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 alpha, as determined by isoelectric focusing followed by protein immunoblotting, revealed very low and equal levels of phosphorylation in the two animal groups. The lack of changes in eukaryotic initiation factor-2 levels and phosphorylation status suggests that a decrease in the activity or levels of eukaryotic initiation factor-2B could be responsible for the decrease in eukaryotic initiation factor-2 activity and account for, at least in part, the differences observed in the rates of protein synthesis.
Sulbactam/Ampicillin versus Metronidazole/Gentamicin in the Treatment of Severe Pelvic Infections
Authors: W. Crombleholme, D. Landers, M. Ohm-Smith, M. O. Robbie, W. K. Hadley, V. DeKay, D. Dahrouge, R. L. Sweet
Journal: Drugs (1986)
Compensation for medical misadventure and drug injury in the New Zealand no-fault system: feeling the way.
Authors: R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Legislators all round the globe are having problems in finding just and efficient systems for compensating people injured by medical misadventure and drugs. The medical malpractice problems of the United States are notorious, and in that country there are just as many difficulties with compensating people allegedly injured by drugs.1-3 In Britain the Pearson Com? mission reported five years ago on the problems of compensation for  injury,4 yet its recommendations have never been seriously debated.5 There has been no great increase in the numbers of cases of medical negligence, but there have been whispers of unhappiness with the system.6 For compensation for injury by defective products (which would include drugs) the Pearson Commission recommended a system of strict liability, whereby the plaintiff would not have to prove fault on the part of the defendant,4 and such a law is now being fashioned in Europe.7 But several commentators have criticised this proposed scheme,8-10 and American experience with strict liability does not suggest that it will lead to justice and efficiency.2 Many people believe that real progress towards justice and efficiency in compensation could be made by the introduction of a no-fault system, whereby injured people were compensated by a central fund without having to resort to the courts.3 5 Such a system exists in New Zealand for compensation for personal injury by accident; I have discussed the general aspects of the system in articles published in the last few weeks (24 April, p 1243; 1 May, p 1317). Some cases of medical misadventure and drug injury are covered by this scheme. This article examines more closely how the New Zealand system compensates these two categories of injury.
In Defense of Irreligious Bioethics
Authors: Timothy F. Murphy
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2012)

Abstract Some commentators have criticized bioethics as failing to engage religion both as a matter of theory and practice. Bioethics should work toward understanding the influence of religion as it represents people's beliefs and practices, but bioethics should nevertheless observe limits in regard to religion as it does its normative work. Irreligious skepticism toward religious views about health, healthcare practices and institutions, and responses to biomedical innovations can yield important benefits to the field. Irreligious skepticism makes it possible to raise questions that otherwise go unasked and to protect against the overreach of religion. In this sense, bioethics needs a vigorous irreligious outlook every bit as much as it needs descriptive understandings of religion. Keywords: atheismagnosticismbioethicsethicsirreligionreligiontheism Notes Sulmasy (Citation2009) puts many of the items that these commentators fold into religion under the umbrella of spirituality. That makes better sense to me, since it is possible to be oriented to all these issues without the assumption or belief in any kind of transcendent reality. I use term “secular” to signify morality “based solely on regard to the well-being of mankind in the present life, to the exclusion of all considerations drawn from the belief in God or in a future state” (Simpson and Weiner Citation1989, XIV, 849). Both searches carried out June 1, 2011.
Running exercises improve the strength of a partially ruptured Achilles tendon
Authors: E K N See, G Y F Ng, C O Y Ng, D T C Fung
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2004)

To examine the effects of running and swimming exercises on the functional performance and mechanical strength of a recovering Achilles tendon.30 Sprague-Dawley rats had surgical transection of their right medial Achilles tendon. The rats were divided into running (n = 11), swimming (n = 10), and control (n = 9) groups. The running and swimming groups were given daily exercise training, starting from the fifth day after the injury; the control group did not exercise throughout the period of the experiment. An Achilles functional index (AFI) was recorded before the operation and on the third, 10th, and 30th days after the operation. On the 30th day, the rats were killed and their Achilles tendons harvested for biomechanical testing of load relaxation properties, stiffness, and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). The AFI data were analysed by two way analysis of variance; load relaxation, stiffness, and UTS data were analysed by multivariate analysis, with alpha at 0.05.The UTS of the running group was higher than in the control group (p = 0.015), while there was no significant difference between the swimming and control groups (p = 0.228). Differences in stiffness and load relaxation were non-significant (p = 0.823 and 0.633, respectively). The AFI results did not differ among the three groups (p = 0.242).Running exercises can improve the strength of partially ruptured Achilles tendons at 30 days after injury.