tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prenatal and postnatal hydralazine treatment does not prevent renal vessel wall thickening in SHR despite the absence of hypertension.
Authors: J S Smeda, R M Lee, J B Forrest
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that the renal blood vessels of 21-week-old Wistar-Kyoto spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibited thicker vascular walls than age matched Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats. Morphometric analysis of the relaxed renovasculature revealed an increase in the cross-sectional area of the media, which in most cases was associated with an increase in the number of smooth muscle cell layers. To test if these structural changes occur in the absence of raised blood pressure, hydralazine was administered to spontaneously hypertensive rats and normotensive controls prior to and during pregnancy (100 ml/l drinking water), and to the newborn males up to 21 weeks of age (16.9 mg/kg/day by gavage until weaning followed by 100 mg/l in the drinking water). Treated animals were compared with untreated rats. Treatment prevented hypertension development in spontaneously hypertensive rats but did not alter the structural changes found in untreated animals with hypertension. At 21 weeks of age, hydralazine-treated spontaneously hypertensive rats had similar wall-to-lumen area ratios, medial cross-sectional areas and numbers of medial smooth muscle layers as untreated hypertensive rats while these parameters were greater in treated and untreated spontaneously hypertensive rats than in either treated or untreated normotensive controls. Withdrawal of hydralazine from 26-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats that had been treated in utero and postnatally and had normal blood pressures throughout life resulted in the rapid onset of hypertension. Our results show that renal vascular wall thickening in spontaneously hypertensive rats occurs in the absence of high blood pressure and therefore is not a secondary effect of raised blood pressure.
Leucocyte sodium pump activity after meals or insulin in normal and obese subjects: cause for increased energetic efficiency in obesity?
Authors: L L Ng, M A Bruce, T D Hockaday
Journal: BMJ (1987)

As cellular sodium pumping is an energy consuming process and differences in the obese may account for their energetic efficiency, leucocyte sodium-22 efflux was studied in obese and normal volunteers both in the fasting state and after a test meal or infusion of glucose and insulin intravenously. The 22Na ouabain sensitive efflux rate constant was significantly higher in obese subjects than normal (mean (1 SD) 2.69 (0.40)/h v 2.35 (0.49)/h). Two hours after a 4.2 MJ (1000 kcal) meal there was an increase in the efflux rate constant from its fasting value in normal weight subjects (2.39 (0.33)/h to 2.71 (0.40)/h) but not in obese subjects (2.65 (0.54)/h to 2.61 (0.58)/h). The rise in ouabain sensitive efflux rates was significantly higher in normal than obese subjects. Both groups showed a rise in intracellular sodium concentrations. The euglycaemic clamp produced similar results. Feeding or infusion of insulin increases sodium pump activity more in normal than obese subjects. This difference may contribute to any defective dietary thermogenesis in obesity, which may lead to energetic efficiency and a tendency to gain weight.
1123-184 Predictors of outcome in pulmonary artery hypertension patients on epoprostenol or bosentan therapy
Authors: Ajoy Kapoor, Richard Sheppard, Jessica Panyon, Michele Svitek, Michael A Mathier, Linda Cadaret, Guy A MacGowan, Dennis M McNamara, Srinivas Murali
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
End-of-Life Care Content in 50 Textbooks From Multiple Specialties
Authors: Michael W. Rabow
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextPrior reviews of small numbers of medical textbooks suggest that end-of-life care is not well covered in textbooks. No broad study of end-of-life care content analysis has been performed on textbooks across a wide range of medical, pediatric, psychiatric, and surgical specialties.ObjectiveTo determine the quantity and rate the adequacy of information on end-of-life care in textbooks from multiple medical disciplines.Design and SourcesA 1998 review of 50 top-selling textbooks from multiple specialties (cardiology, emergency medicine, family and primary care medicine, geriatrics, infectious disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS], internal medicine, neurology, oncology and hematology, pediatrics, psychiatry, pulmonary medicine, and surgery) for the presence and adequacy of content in 13 end-of-life care domains.Main Outcome MeasuresChapters on diseases commonly causing death and those devoted to end-of-life care were identified, read, rated, and compared by textbook specialty, chapter, and domain for the presence of helpful information in the 13 domains. Content for each domain was rated as absent, minimally present, or helpful. Textbook indexes were analyzed for the number of pages relevant to end-of-life care.ResultsOverall, helpful information was provided in 24.1% (range, 8.7%-44.2%) of the expected end-of-life content domains; in 19.1% (range, 6.2%-38.5%), expected content received minimal attention; and in 56.9% (range, 23.1%-77.9%), expected content was absent. As a group, the textbooks with the highest percentages of absent content were in surgery (71.8%), infectious diseases and AIDS (70%), and oncology and hematology (61.9%). Textbooks with the highest percentage of helpful end-of-life care content were in family medicine (34.4%), geriatrics (34.4%), and psychiatry (29.6%). In internal medicine textbooks, the content domains with the greatest amount of helpful information were epidemiology and natural history. Content domains covered least well were social, spiritual, ethical, and family issues, as well as physician after-death responsibilities. On average, textbook indexes cited 2% of their total pages as pertinent to end-of-life care.ConclusionTop-selling textbooks generally offered little helpful information on caring for patients at the end of life. Most disease-oriented chapters had no or minimal end-of-life care content. Specialty textbooks with information about particular diseases often did not contain helpful information on caring for patients dying from those diseases.
Increasing confusion in a man after a fall--just a head injury?
Authors: K. Birdi, J. Weir-McCall, R. Grace, D. C. Howlett
Journal: BMJ (2011)

A 79 year old man presented with his carer to the accident and emergency department with a recent history of generalised weakness, tiredness, and weight loss. According to his carer, the patient had been having generalised aches and pains and had become increasingly irritable and confused after a head injury during a recent fall.

On examination, his Glasgow coma scale score was 13 and he was mildly disoriented in time and place. Soft tissue swelling was noted over his forehead, which was consistent with his fall. His neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory examinations were unremarkable. Blood tests showed a haemoglobin concentration of 98 g/L (reference range 130-180), mean cell volume 87 fl (82-100), urea 10.9 mmol/L (2.5-7.5), creatinine 172 μmol/L (46-92), calcium 3.32 mmol/L (2.1-2.55), total protein 120 g/L (63-82), albumin 22 g/L (35-50), white cell count 3.9×109/L (4-11), neutrophil count 2.4×109/L (2-7.5), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate 98 mm in the first hour (<10). 

In view of his altered consciousness level and history of head injury, he was referred for a cranial computed tomography, which showed age related involutional change and no acute intracranial haemorrhage. However, lucent areas were identified in the skull vault and a lateral skull radiograph was performed for further evaluation (fig 1⇓).



Fig 1 Lateral skull radiograph





### 1 What are the radiographic findings?

#### Short answer

The skull radiograph shows the typical appearance of a “pepper pot” skull, characterised by numerous well defined “punched out” lytic lesions.

#### Long answer

Multiple well defined osteolytic lesions of varying sizes throughout the skull vault giving it a “pepper pot” appearance (fig 2⇓).1 



Fig …
Multicenter clinical trial results with the LifeSite® hemodialysis access system
Authors: Steve J. Schwab, Mark A. Weiss, Fred Rushton, John P. Ross, Jerry Jackson, Toros Kapoian, James Yegge, Melvin Rosenblatt, Woody J. Reese, Ramesh Soundararajan, Jack Work, Jamie Ross, Brian Stainken, Alexander Pedan, John A. Moran
Journal: Kidney International (2002)
MELANO-EPITHELIOMA OF THE ESOPHAGUS
Authors: Herman J. Moersch
Journal: JAMA (1927)

Most tumors of the esophagus are of the carcinomatous type, the squamous-cell epithelioma being by far the most common. Contrary to the general opinion, carcinomas of the esophagus are highly malignant. Broders has found most of them to be graded 3 or 4. Benign tumors of the esophagus are generally regarded as unusual. Many cases of hemangioma, fibroma and lipoma of the esophagus are reported in the literature, whereas we were able to find only one account of a melano-epithelioma of the esophagus. The case was one of primary melanoma of the esophagus reported by Dr. Emil Bauer<sup>1</sup>of Stuttgart, Germany, in 1906. The patient died in 1896, and the melanoma was found at necropsy by Dr. Roloff in the pathologic institute in Tübingen. Prior to death the condition had been diagnosed carcinoma. It was recently our privilege to examine such a pathologic specimen. So far as we can
Abstract 3492: A novel PI3K/mTOR dual inhibitor provides correlations of pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic and tumor growth inhibition in a prostate PC3 xenograft model for application in clinical trials
Authors: William W. Carley, Shubha Bagrodia, Jing Yuan, Jingjing Ye, Hengmiao Cheng, Shaoxian Sun, Carleen Cullnane, Grant McArthur
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract PF-04691502 is a dual inhibitor of both PI3K and mTOR, inhibits PI3K signaling in cancer cell lines, and exhibits in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative activity in PI3K-pathway driven cell lines. It is a nanomolar inhibitor of all 4 isoforms of the catalytic subunit of PI3K and of both TORC1 and TORC2. Anti-cancer activity of the inhibitor is hypothesized to be through inhibition of survival, proliferative, and anti-apoptotic processes. Its predicted human bioavalibility is roughly 60% and it will soon be entering phase 1 studies. To provide an improved predictability of this compound and its PD markers in the clinic we correlated PK, PD (phosphoproteins and FDG-PET imaging) and tumor growth inhibition in a single model. Since this inhibitor exhibits an IC50 of 37 nM in the PC3 prostate cell line (PTEN null) in vitro we chose this cell line for a xenograft model. Three groups (Vehicle, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg.) were dosed p.o. daily and subsequently evaluated. Tissues were harvested on day 7 and 13 at 4.5 hr post-dose. FDG-PET imaging was completed on days 1, 3, 7 and 13 at 3 hr post-dose. First, negative correlations were established between blood levels of PF-04691502 and the following tumor phosphoprotein epitopes: pS6, pAKTS473 and pAKTT308. The R2 values for these proteins were −0.3, −0.4 and −0.4, respectively. P-values of the correlations are all significant for all three proteins. Second, all PD markers were positively correlated with TGI. When correlating FDG-PET and TGI, day 7 has the best correlation and an R2 of 0.3 while days 3 and 13 have poorer correlations (R2 of 0.04 and 0.13, respectively). Although the R2 isn't high for day 7, the positive trend between image and TGI is statistically significant. When correlating PD markers and TGI, R2 values for pS6, pAKTS473 and pAKTT308 were 0.6, 0.8 and 0.6, respectively. In conclusion, the data from this single model indicates PD phosphoprotein markers are more reflective of TGI than FDG-PET imaging. These results will be applied to estimating the size of the cohort recruited for mechanistic evaluation in phase 1 trials of PF-04691502. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3492.
Diabetes Mellitus and Its Vascular Complications in Japanese Migrants on the Island of Hawaii
Authors: Ryoso Kawate, Michio Yamakido, Yukio Nishimoto, Peter H Bennett, Richard F Hamman, William C Knowler
Journal: Diabetes Care (1979)

Japanese migrants and their offspring on the island of Hawaii and Japanese living in Hiroshima were examined for diabetes mellitus and its vascular complications. the same methods and investigators were used in both locations. Death certificates of Japanese and Caucasians dying on the island during the past 26 yr were analyzed. Diabetes, defined as a venous serum glucose concentration of at least 200 mg/dl 2 h after a 50-g oral glucose load, was significantly more common in the Hawaiian Japanese than in the Hiroshima Japanese subjects. This suggests that diabetes is more prevalent in Japanese in Hawaii than in Japan, although lack of knowledge about the total population of Japanese migrants in Hawaii makes this generalization uncertain. The proportion of deaths attributed to diabetes was much higher in Japanese migrants and their offspring in Hawaii than in Japan. During the 1950s, the proportional death rate from diabetes was about half as large in Japanese Hawaiians as in Caucasian Hawaiians, but it increased to become 1.6 times the Caucasian rate during the 1970s. A nutritional study revealed that the total caloric intake was similar in Japanese in Hawaii and Hiroshima, although the estimated level of physical activity was less in the Hawaiian subjects. Consumption of animal fat and simple carbohydrates (sucrose and fructose) were at least twice as high in Hawaiian as in Hiroshima Japanese. Conversely, Hiroshima Japanese consumed about twice the amount of complex carbohydrate as the Hawaiian Japanese. These observations support the hypothesis that a high fat, high simple carbohydrate, low complex carbohydrate diet and/or reduced levels of physical activity increase risk of diabetes. The proportion of deaths attributed to ischemic heart disease was higher in both diabetic and nondiabetic Japanese Hawaiians than in diabetic subjects in Japan. The rates were similar for Japanese and Caucasians in Hawaii. There was no evidence of an environmental influence on the development of microangiopathy (retinopathy) in diabetes, as the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (stratified for diabetes duration) was similar in Japanese subjects in Hawaii and in Japan, and it was similar to previous reports from England. On the other hand, diabetes alone did not appear to account for the greater prevalence of macroangiopathy in Hawaiian Japanese than in Hiroshima. Thus environmental factors, possibly including diet, appear to be involved in the development of macrovascular complications of diabetes.
“The Diagnostic Accuracy of Thyroid Nodule Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology Following Thyroid Surgery: a Case–Control Study”
Authors: Eda Demir Onal, Fatma Saglam, Muhammed Sacikara, Reyhan Ersoy, Gulnur Guler, Bekir Cakir
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2013)
Coronary Thrombi Increase PTCA Risk
Authors: Christopher J. White, Stephen R. Ramee, Tyrone J. Collins, Alvaro E. Escobar, Arun Karsan, Dinesh Shaw, Suresh P. Jain, Theodore A. Bass, Richard R. Heuser, Paul S. Teirstein, Raoul Bonan, Paul D. Walter, Richard W. Smalling
Journal: Circulation (1996)

The presence of angiographically identified intracoronary thrombus has been variably associated with complications after coronary angioplasty. Angiography has been shown to be less sensitive than angioscopy for detecting subtle details of intracoronary morphology, such as intracoronary thrombi. The clinical importance of thrombi detectable by angioscopy but not by angiography is not known.Percutaneous coronary angioscopy was performed in 122 patients undergoing conventional coronary balloon angioplasty (PTCA) at six medical centers. Unstable angina was present in 95 patients (78%) and stable angina in 27 (22%). Therapy was not guided by angioscopic findings, and no patient received thrombolytic therapy as an adjunct to angioplasty. Coronary thrombi were identified in 74 target lesions (61%) by angioscopy versus only 24 (20%) by angiography. A major in-hospital complication (death, myocardial infarction, or emergency bypass surgery) occurred in 10 of 74 patients (14%) with angioscopic intracoronary thrombus, compared with only 1 of 48 patients (2%) without thrombi (P = .03). In-hospital recurrent ischemia (recurrent angina, repeat PTCA, or abrupt occlusion) occurred in 19 of 74 patients (26%) with angioscopic intracoronary thrombi versus only 5 of 48 (10%) without thrombi (P = .03). Relative risk analysis demonstrated that angioscopic thrombus was strongly associated with adverse outcomes (either a major complication or a recurrent ischemic event) after PTCA (relative risk, 3.11; 95% CI, 1.28 to 7.60; P = .01) and that angiographic thrombi were not associated with these complications (relative risk, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.36 to 2.00; P = .91).The presence of intracoronary thrombus associated with coronary stenoses is significantly underestimated by angiography. Angioscopic intracoronary thrombi, the majority of which were not detected by angiography, are associated with an increased incidence of adverse outcomes after coronary angioplasty.
Transformation of BALB/c-3T3 cells: IV. Rank-ordered potency of 24 chemical responses detected in a sensitive new assay procedure.
Authors: E J Matthews, J W Spalding, R W Tennant
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1993)

This report introduces an improved method of detecting chemical-induced morphological transformation of A-31-1-13 BALB/c-3T3 cells. The new procedure uses an increased target cell population to assess chemical-induced damage by increasing the initial seeding density and by delaying the initiation time of chemical treatment. Furthermore, a newly developed co-culture clonal survival assay was used to select chemical doses for the transformation assay. This assay measured the relative cloning efficiency (RCE) of chemical treatments in high-density cell cultures. In addition, transformation assay sensitivity was enhanced through the use of improved methods to solubilize many chemicals. From a group of 24 chemicals tested in at least two trials, clear evidence of chemical-induced transformation was detected for 12 chemicals (aphidicolin, barium chloride-2H2O, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, C.I. direct blue 15, trans-cinnamaldehyde, cytosine arabinoside, diphenylnitrosamine, manganese sulfate-H2O, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, mezerein, riddelliine, and 2,6-xylidine); 2 chemicals had equivocal activity [C.I. direct blue 218 and mono(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate], 9 chemicals were inactive [carisoprodol, chloramphenicol sodium succinate, 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline, C.I. acid red 114, isobutyraldehyde, mono(2-ethylhexyl)adipate, sodium fluoride, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate), and 1 chemical had an indeterminate response (2,6-dinitrotoluene). All positive responses were detected in the absence of an exogenous activation system and exhibited significant activity at two or more consecutive doses. This report also presents a mathematical method that uses t-statistics for rank-ordering the potency of chemical-induced transformation responses. This model detects sensitivity differences in experiments used to evaluate chemical-induced transformation. Furthermore, it provides a method to estimate a chemical's transformation response in terms of the historical behavior of the assay, as well as its future activity. The most active of the 24 chemicals was mezerein, and the least active chemical was diphenylnitrosamine.
NGF Blockade at Early Times during Bone Cancer Development Attenuates Bone Destruction and Increases Limb Use
Authors: Gwen McCaffrey, Michelle L. Thompson, Lisa Majuta, Michelle N. Fealk, Stephane Chartier, Geraldine Longo, Patrick W. Mantyh
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Studies in animals and humans show that blockade of nerve growth factor (NGF) attenuates both malignant and nonmalignant skeletal pain. While reduction of pain is important, a largely unanswered question is what other benefits NGF blockade might confer in patients with bone cancer. Using a mouse graft model of bone sarcoma, we demonstrate that early treatment with an NGF antibody reduced tumor-induced bone destruction, delayed time to bone fracture, and increased the use of the tumor-bearing limb. Consistent with animal studies in osteoarthritis and head and neck cancer, early blockade of NGF reduced weight loss in mice with bone sarcoma. In terms of the extent and time course of pain relief, NGF blockade also reduced pain 40% to 70%, depending on the metric assessed. Importantly, this analgesic effect was maintained even in animals with late-stage disease. Our results suggest that NGF blockade immediately upon detection of tumor metastasis to bone may help preserve the integrity and use, delay the time to tumor-induced bone fracture, and maintain body weight.
Financial Incentives to Physicians
Authors: SEYMOUR HERSCHBERG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Comments1 October 1976Financial Incentives to PhysiciansSEYMOUR HERSCHBERG, M.D.SEYMOUR HERSCHBERG, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-85-4-541_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: I have just read the paper by Lyle and associates (Ann Intern Med84:594-601, 1976). I must take issue with the statement on page 598, "Financial incentives to the physician himself may have little bearing on this behavior." The authors rightly comment that it is theoretically possible to generate as much income by having a high number of encounters with individual members of a small patient pool as it is by having a lower number of encounters with a larger pool of patients. There is an implication that the latter can be accomplished if physicians use telephone,... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: SEYMOUR HERSCHBERG, M.D. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 October 1976Volume 85, Issue 4Page: 541-541KeywordsBehaviorMotivation ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 October 1976 PDF downloadLoading ...
Strategies for Stemming the Tide of Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Donald E. Low
Journal: JAMA (1998)

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