tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The cruellest month
Authors: G. Dunea
Journal: BMJ (1996)

This April in Chicago the weather was unseasonably cold; Waterstone's closed their bookstore off Michigan Avenue; the Commission on Tall Buildings ruled that the twin Petronas towers in Kuala Lumpur and not the Sears tower were the tallest skyscrapers in the world; and dust blown from work on pipes caused two schools to be temporarily closed because of high lead levels. This coincided with a report from Boston suggesting that lead was an independent risk factor for hypertension and renal insufficiency.

Elsewhere the law caught up again with a man, known for his engaging bedside manner, who first practised orthopaedics, then switched …
Availability of Food Iron
Authors: A. Jacobs, D. A. Greenman
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Iron has been extracted from 25 common foods under conditions resembling those prevailing in the stomach under physiological conditions. In most cases less than half the iron in the foods is released into solution. The soluble iron is mainly in ionizable form, except in the case of meat products and black pudding. The amount of food iron released is influenced by cooking and the presence of iron-binding substances in some foods. The total dietary iron probably does not represent the amount available for absorption.
Human Data on Bisphenol A and Neurodevelopment
Authors: Matthew P. Longnecker
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

A 531 4.7% respectively, compared with the previous year.Also in 2007, China issued its first National Environment and Health Action Plan (2007-2015) (Ministry of Health of China 2007).The plan addresses the need to establish nationwide surveillance networks for environment and health, and for different government agencies and stake holders to share information and take responsibility.According to the action plan, China will conduct national surveys to obtain accurate information on the nature and extent of environmental pollution and its health impact.China aims to form a comprehensive and efficient system for environmental health by 2015.Furthermore, the Chinese government will need to overcome policy and institutional barriers, such as lack of effective legislation, mechanisms for interdepartmental coordination, involvement of health authorities in environmental management, and adequate staffing at the local level.
Abstract 279: Small interfering RNA targeting CD44 blocks EGFR signaling in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)
Authors: Aymee Perez, Mark Jacobs, Judy Wen, Lutecia Pereira, David M. Neskey, Elizabeth J. Franzmann
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is a disease that accounts for 90% of the 600,000 new diagnoses of head and neck cancers worldwide each year. CD44 is a purported cancer stem cell (CSC) marker, and its colocalization with EGFR has been proposed to activate tyrosine kinase (TK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Therapies tend to have dismal cure rates. Understanding the interaction between CD44 and EGFR may result in improved therapies for HNSCC. METHODS: To evaluate the effect of CD44 on EGFR, we inhibited CD44 expression in a CD44-overexpressing HNSCC cell line, CAL27, using the siRNA method. The cell line was stably transfected with a DNA plasmid designed to knock down the expression of CD44. We then performed western blots examining CD44 and phosphorylated EGFR (Y1068) in siRNA knockdown clones and in scrambled sequence, followed by implantation of the CD44siRNA clones and scramble controls in nude mice. The mice were sacrificed, and the tumors were embedded in paraffin for IHC analysis. CD44 and EGFR colocalization was examined in 5 HNSCC cases and in CAL 27 xenografts by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). RESULTS: Downregulation of CD44 by siRNA in CAL 27 cells inhibited constitutive EGFR phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo. Knocking down of CD44 by siRNA reduced the tumor growth in mice compared to CAL 27 and scrambled siRNA. CD44 and EGFR coexpression and colocalization were observed in 80% (4/5) of HNSCC cases and in CAL 27 xenografts. CONCLUSION: Based on these studies, targeting CD44 may provide an additional therapeutic option for HNSCC that does not respond favorably to other treatments. Anti- CD44 therapy in HNSCC may target the cancer stem cell population and alter EGFR signaling. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 279. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-279
Concomitant use of pazopanib and simvastatin increases the risk of transaminase elevations in patients with cancer
Authors: C.F. Xu, Z. Xue, N. Bing, K.S. King, L.A. McCann, P.L. de Souza, V.L. Goodman, C.F. Spraggs, V.E. Mooser, L.N. Pandite
Journal: Annals of Oncology (2012)
Correction: Understanding the Slow Depletion of Memory CD4+ T Cells in HIV Infection
Authors: Andrew Yates, Jaroslav Stark, Nigel Klein, Rustom Antia, Robin Callard
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2008)

In the published manuscript, Figures 3,4, 6, and 7 were generated using slightly different parameter values than those quoted in the captions.Corrected versions of these figures are shown here.
In Vivo Expression of Natural Killer Cell Inhibitory Receptors by Human Melanoma–Specific Cytolytic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Daniel E. Speiser, Mikaël J. Pittet, Danila Valmori, Rod Dunbar, Donata Rimoldi, Danielle Liénard, H. Robson MacDonald, Jean-Charles Cerottini, Vincenzo Cerundolo, Pedro Romero
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1999)

Natural killer (NK) receptor signaling can lead to reduced cytotoxicity by NK cells and cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in vitro. Whether T cells are inhibited in vivo remains unknown, since peptide antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells have so far not been found to express NK receptors in vivo. Here we demonstrate that melanoma patients may bear tumor-specific CTLs expressing NK receptors. The lysis of melanoma cells by patient-derived CTLs was inhibited by the NK receptor CD94/NKG2A. Thus, tumor-specific CTL activity may be decreased through NK receptor triggering in vivo.
Bone pyrophosphate in uremia and its association with extraosseous calcification.
Authors: A C Alfrey, C C Solomons
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

The mean bone pyrophosphate was 0.360 +/- 0.15 mg/g in 8 controls and 1.22 +/- 1.39 mg/g bone in 27 uremic patients (P less than 0.0025). 13 of the 27 uremic patients had bone pyrophosphate levels greater than 2 SD above control values. The ash content of uremic bones with increased pyrophosphate levels (group II) was 56 +/- 9% as compared to 64 +/- 2% in control bones (P less than 0.01) and 60 +/- 7% in uremic bones having normal pyrophosphate levels (P less than 0.1) (group I). The magnesium content of bones in group II was 338 +/- 47 as compared to 211 +/- 13 (P less than 0.0005) in the controls and 294 +/- 73 mmol/kg ash (P less than 0.05) in group I. In group II, but not group I, there was a significant inverse correlation between duration of dialysis and percent bone ash (r = -0.59) (P less than 0.05). A definite relationship existed between elevated bone pyrophosphate levels and soft tissue calcification. In group II the mean pulmonary calcium content was 530 +/- 459 as compared to 32 +/- 26 mmol/kg/ash in group I (P less than 0.0025). All patients with a bone pyrophosphate level greater than 1.4 mg/g bone had extensive pulmonary calcification. It is concluded that the excess bone pyrophosphate present in some uremic patients is either deposited in the apatite crystal in the transphosphorylated form or else as the magnesium salt since the pyrophosphate is resistant to pyrophosphatase and surface adsorption of pyrophosphate is not altered by the increased bone pyrophosphate levels. The excess bone pyrophosphate could disturb bone calcification mechanisms in uremic patients. The association between increased bone pyrophosphate and soft tissue calcification suggests that the disordered pyrophosphate metabolism may be important in the pathogenesis of extraosseous calcification.
Agammaglobulinemia and Bronchiectasis
Authors: H. Douglas Collins, H. Robert Dudley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1955)

IN 1952 Bruton1 reported the first case of agammaglobulinemia in an eight-year-old boy. The absence of antibody formation was illustrated by infection with the virus of epidemic parotitis three times, failure to acquire a negative Schick test after repeated injections of diphtheria toxoid and failure to develop immune bodies after injection of pneumococcal polysaccharides and killed typhoid bacteria. The total serum protein was 6.65 gm., the albumin 4.07 gm., and the globulin 2.58 gm. per 100 cc. Electrophoretic studies showed that there was no gamma globulin. Treatment with parenteral administration of gamma globulin was apparently successful in preventing new infections. . . .
Nicholson acts to ensure that trusts and CCGs do not blacklist drugs approved by NICE
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The Department of Health for England is taking action against cash strapped primary care trusts that blacklist expensive drugs approved by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and thereby create a “postcode lottery.”

The NHS chief executive, David Nicholson, has told primary care trust clusters and the clinical commissioning groups that will replace them that they must publish, by 1 April 2013, details of which NICE recommended drugs are included in their formularies.

This information must be published online in a clear and simple format that can be easily understood by patients. And from April 2013 …
THE ADMINISTRATION OF HYPERTONIC SALT SOLUTIONS FOR THE RELIEF OF INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE
Authors: TEMPLE FAY
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The use of magnesium sulphate to assist in controlling intracranial tension was first introduced into this clinic a little more than two years ago. During this time, certain observations as to its effects and mode of administration have been recorded, and the conditions in which its use is beneficial will be noted. It was adopted by the neurosurgical service as a means of reducing intracranial pressure and volume, following my observation that infants showed a marked retraction of the fontanels after its use, because of the dehydration that it produces throughout the cerebral system.  At the time a method brought forward by Cushing and Foley 1 of the intravenous injection of 35 per cent, sodium chlorid solution was in use, but since that time this method has been replaced in the majority of cases by the easier and more satisfactory administration of magnesium sulphate solution, either by rectum or by
Communication of Emotional Meaning, Alexithymia, and Somatoform Disorders: A Proposal for a Diagnostic Axis
Authors: Fernando Lolas
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1989)

In this paper, a plea is made for establishing the dimension communication of emotional meaning as a descriptive axis in biopsychosocial diagnosis. Studies on alexithymia and somatic illness suggest that this dimension possesses not only diagnostic implications but also prognostic and therapeutic ones. A transactional viewpoint considering the definitions and expectations of patients, professionals and society would convert multiaxial into multidimensional diagnosis adapted to a given culture. Somatoform disorders are taken as illustration of the usefulness of the proposed dimension for further research and theorizing.
Priorities in Preventive Medicine
Authors: Thomas McKeown
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

AT the outset the contributor to this distinguished series of lectures must decide whether to discuss a specific problem of preventive medicine or to attempt the ambitious task of assessing its role in the period of which he speaks. In choosing the second possibility I am acutely aware of the difficulties, which are mainly of two kinds. The first is that the incompleteness of data, particularly concerning morbidity, makes it hard to assess accurately the size and character of the task of prevention. And secondly, the traditional pattern of preventive services is so firmly rooted in one's mind that it . . .
Plasma Glucose, Insulin, Glucagon, and Growth Hormone in Kindreds with Maturity-Onset Type of Hyperglycemia in Young People
Authors: JOSE BARBOSA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Two kindreds affected by maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people were studied. The postglucose-load hyperglycemia segregated as an autosomal dominant trait; it was always mild, never requiring insulin, and generally seemed to start in the first two decades of life. Glucose, insulin, glucagon, and growth hormone were measured during glucose-tolerance tests in patients, relatives, and control subjects. Most hyperglycemic patients were found to have insulin deficiency. There was no correlation between the age of the patients and insulin secretion. Plasma glucagon and growth hormone were normal. Maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people may be a frequent type of hyperglycemia, and its identification will generally depend on the presence of a strong family history. The recognition of maturity-onset type of hyperglycemia in young people as a specific disease different from juvenile, insulin-dependent diabetes is important, especially to prevent unnecessary use of insulin in hyperglycemic children.
Recurrent chest infection in a 5 year old boy
Authors: A M Murdoch, L P Thia, A Gupta, C L Hogg
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A boy born at 38 weeks’ gestation presented with neonatal respiratory distress requiring oxygen and was found to have dextrocardia. During the first few years of life he had persistent mucopurulent rhinitis, intermittent wet cough, and bilateral serous otitis media. He was treated with several courses of oral and intravenous antibiotics for respiratory tract infections. The chest radiograph (figure⇓) was taken when he was 5 years old. Fig 1 Chest radiograph of 5 year old boy ### Short answers
Biopsy of the Labial Mucous Salivary Glands in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Lawrence H. Meskin, Betty Bernard, Warren J. Warwick
Journal: JAMA (1964)

INPATIENTS WITH cystic fibrosis pathological changes in the morphology and function of the major salivary glands are confined to the submaxillary and sublingual glands. The parotid gland is not morphologically affected.<sup>1-5</sup>The changes in minor salivary glands have been almost completely ignored, although Bodian<sup>6</sup>found that children who died from cystic fibrosis had pathological changes in these glands. If the minor salivary glands were frequently affected during the lifetime of patients with cystic fibrosis, these glands could provide valuable tissue for histochemical studies as well as conventional and electron microscopy. We have developed, and reported in abstract,<sup>7</sup>a simple, reliable, procedure for biopsy of the labial mucous salivary glands. Our technique is based on these facts<sup>8</sup>: many hundreds of minor salivary glands are present in the oral cavity. They are predominantly mucous secreting and have only a few scattered semilunes of serous tissue. They lie above
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GLYCOPEPTIDES FROM HUMAN γM-GLOBULINS
Authors: Joseph M. Davie, C. Kirk Osterland
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1968)

A survey of human pathological macroglobulins revealed that γM can be divided into at least two groups on the basis of carbohydrate composition. Differences between the two groups exist in the total percentage of carbohydrate (10.69 ± 1.49% for group 1, 7.71 ± 0.65% for group II) which is attributable to variation in hexose content. Glycopeptides from macroglobulins of each group were purified from pronase digests and characterized chemically. Macroglobulins from each group contain three types of oligosaccharides. Glycopeptide I for each group consisted of mannose, galactose, and NAG with a ratio of 3:2:1 for group I and a ratio of 2:1:2 for group II. Glycopeptide II consisted of mannose, galactose, and NAG (9:1:2) for group I, and mannose, fucose, galactose, and NAG (2:1:3:2) for group II. Glycopeptide III in both groups consisted of mannose, fucose, galactose, NAG, and sialic acid with a ratio of 6:2.5:2.5:5.5:2 for group I and a ratio of 5:1:1:6:1 for group II. Molecular weight estimations by gel filtration indicates that there are 10 glycopeptides I and II and 20 units of glycopeptide III per molecule of γM.
The Utility and Futility of Radiographic Skull Examination for Trauma
Authors: Russell S. Bell, John W. Loop
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Abstract Increasing use of x-ray evaluation of head injury adds to the cost of medical care, but produces diminishing yields of useful information. Classification of 1500 patients on the basis of preliminary clinical examination resulted in their assignment to high-yield groups (92 fractures in 1065 radiographic examinations) or low-yield groups (one fracture in 435 radiographic examinations). X-ray examination in the latter group could have been deferred or omitted without adverse effect on the patient's medical care. Such a strategy applied on a national scale potentially could result in a yearly saving of $15,000,000 in health-care cost.
Primary care for children. Illustrations perpetuate bad practice.
Authors: J K Wales
Journal: BMJ (1993)

inheritance and characteristically manifests itself in the form of dissecting aortic aneurysm and aortic and arterial dilatation at a young age.3There are no obvious associated physical features, and the basic defect underlying this condition is unknown.As with the Marfan syndrome, surgical intervention has the potential to prolong life expectancy.I suggest that, in the light of two deaths from aortic dissection in separate generations of one family, the diagnoses of Erdheim's cystic medial necrosis and the Marfan syndrome should be considered in first degree relatives.
Infections of the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: G C Cook
Journal: Gut (1995)

Coeliac disease and autoimmune thyroid diseaseEDITor,-In their article Counsell et al state that the association between coeliac disease and autoimmune thyroid disease is not astonishing given that the HLA haplotypes B8 and DR3 are found more commonly in both than in the general population (Gut 1994; 35: 844-6).Based on the results of their data obtained in patients with coeliac disease they even suggest a routine check for thyroid func- tion at presentation and a recheck if a gluten free diet fails to repair macrocytosis or symp- toms, or both.Screening patients with autoimmune thyroid disease for coeliac disease, as it has been performed by Collin et all and by our group2 also unveils a clinically possibly impor- tant association between the two diseases.We, therefore, agree also with their second suggestion that coeliac disease should be con- sidered in patients with autoimmune thyroid disease.It seems noteworthy to me, however, to point out that patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis seem to have a higher risk of devel- oping coeliac disease than patients with Graves' disease.Patients with coeliac disease on the other hand also seem to develop hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's ?) rather than Graves' disease.Indeed, the young woman in our series of 27 patients with Hashimoto's disease, who was found to have oligosymptomatic coeliac disease was HLA-B8, DR 3 negative.This was not surprising, as we have shown earlier3 that the goitrous variant of this disease is associated with the HLA-DR5 haplotype.I therefore want to suggest that there must be another (additional ?) link between the two diseases.This in my view is even more plausible if you consider the reports that both, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and coeliac disease, may eventually result in lymphoma,4 5 whereas this has never been described in Graves' disease patients.
Short course antibiotics in community acquired pneumonia
Authors: N Champaneri
Journal: Thorax (2006)

▴ El Moussaoui R, de Borgie CA, van den Broek P, et al. Effectiveness of discontinuing antibiotic treatment after three days versus eight days in mild to moderate-severe community acquired pneumonia: randomised, double blind study. BMJ2006;332;1355–8[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] This … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBMJ%26rft.stitle%253DBMJ%26rft.aulast%253Del%2BMoussaoui%26rft.auinit1%253DR.%26rft.volume%253D332%26rft.issue%253D7554%26rft.spage%253D1355%26rft.atitle%253DEffectiveness%2Bof%2Bdiscontinuing%2Bantibiotic%2Btreatment%2Bafter%2Bthree%2Bdays%2Bversus%2Beight%2Bdays%2Bin%2Bmild%2Bto%2Bmoderate-severe%2Bcommunity%2Bacquired%2Bpneumonia%253A%2Brandomised%252C%2Bdouble%2Bblind%2Bstudy%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbmj.332.7554.1355%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16763247%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bmj&resid=332/7554/1355&atom=%2Fthoraxjnl%2F61%2F8%2F683.2.atom
How do things stand with cisplatin?
Authors: William Check
Journal: JAMA (1978)

Solid tumors are the nemesis of cancer chemotherapists because they resist the action of many drugs whether given alone or in combination with surgery and radiation therapy: Hence, the growing interest of oncologists and other physicians in the potential of cis-diaminodichloroplatinum (cisplatin), a relatively new experimental agent. Originally demonstrated to be active against disseminated testicular tumors (<i>JAMA</i>MEDICAL NEWS 237:2377 [May 30] 1977), cisplatin now has been shown to be active against several other forms of squamous cell carcinoma. It has produced substantial regression in advanced tumors of the head and neck, genitourinary tract, and lung, and this makes cisplatin, along with doxorubicin hydrochloride, one of the most promising new drugs against solid tumors. Several controlled randomized trials are now under way to determine whether the agent also increases survival in advanced cancers relative to currently used therapies. <h3>Head and Neck Cancer.—</h3> Activity of cisplatin alone against unresectable squamous cell