tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Hepatic Metastasis or Granuloma
Authors: Allan N. Krutchik, Aman U. Buzdar
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

Letters and Corrections1 June 1978Hepatic Metastasis or GranulomaALLAN N. KRUTCHIK, M.D., AMAN U. BUZDAR, M.D.ALLAN N. KRUTCHIK, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, AMAN U. BUZDAR, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-88-6-844_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Breast carcinoma commonly metastasizes to the liver. When this occurs in a patient receiving chemotherapy, it indicates that chemotherapy has failed and must be discontinued. When a patient develops signs of relapse of the primary cancer in a single organ, it is critical to obtain histologic confirmation of metastatic disease before the patient is considered a failure on chemotherapy and effective treatment is discontinued. We recently saw a patient with breast carcinoma who developed granulomatous disease of the liver while receiving chemotherapy and immunotherapy with bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine.A 50-year-old black woman with inoperable carcinoma of the...References1. AUNGST C, SOKAL J, and JAGER B: Complications of BCG vaccination in neoplastic disease. Ann Intern Med 82:666-669, 1975 LinkGoogle Scholar2. SPARKS F, SILVERSTEIN M, HUNT J, HASKELL C, PILCH Y, and MORTON D: Complications of BCG immunotherapy in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 289:827-830, 1973 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: ALLAN N. KRUTCHIK, M.D.; AMAN U. BUZDAR, M.D.Affiliations: M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute Houston, TX 77030 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1978Volume 88, Issue 6Page: 844-845KeywordsBacille calmette guerinBreast cancerCancer chemotherapyCancer treatmentChemotherapyGranulomasLiverLiver diseasesVaccines ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...
Harvest or Procurement Of Organs for Transplant
Authors: Judd Marmor
Journal: JAMA (1968)

To the Editor:—  It has become customary in the medical literature on organ transplants to talk about the harvesting or the procurement of cadaver organs. It seems to me that neither of these terms is psychologically appropriate. The term harvesting calls to mind an image of surgeons gleefully gathering together gruesome basketfuls of hearts, kidneys, and other assorted organs, and congratulating themselves on the size of the crop. The term procurement seems to connote a military draft or some secretive, illicit transaction. Neither of these terms is psychologically conducive to encouraging either patients or relatives to participate voluntarily and with minimum ambivalence in what is potentially a deeply humanistic and life-saving purpose.  I would like to suggest, therefore, that the use of the terms harvesting and procurement be avoided in future transplant literature and be supplanted by the term salvaging, which carries with it the connotation of saving an organ
Priming with Whole-Cell versus Acellular Pertussis Vaccine
Authors: Juventila Liko, Steve G. Robison, Paul R. Cieslak
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

About 15 years ago, as part of the pediatric series of vaccines for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis, a transition from whole-cell to acellular pertussis vaccine occurred. In this report, investi...
Visualization of Caput Medusa in a Patient with Hepatoma
Authors: HAROLD L. ATKINS, ZVI H. OSTER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

A 70-year-old man presented with a history of alcohol abuse and three prior episodes of bleeding from esophageal varices. On physical examination, he had ascites and a bruit over the right lobe of the liver. A diagnosis of hepatoma was established by needle biopsy. Radionuclide studies demonstrated a photon-deficient region in the liver by Tc-99m sulfur colloid, which picked up Ga-67 citrate. Angiography with Tc-99m labeled RBCs demonstrated an arterioportal fistula and a caput medusa.
Good Technical Outcome, Poor Service Experience
Authors: Leon Eisenberg
Journal: JAMA (2001)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Journals JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Tubal Ligation, Hysterectomy, and Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Ann-Louise S. Silver
Journal: JAMA (1994)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Hankinson and colleagues<sup>1</sup>report a strong inverse association between tubal ligation and ovarian cancer in which tubal ligation reduced the risk of ovarian cancer to about one-third that of the control group; simple hysterectomy was almost as effective. How can one explain this? The authors speculate that blood supply to the ovaries might be affected. Also, they mention that oral contraceptives also have been shown to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer.<sup>2</sup>Meanwhile, they report on the intriguing data implicating talc as a causative agent,<sup>3-5</sup>but do not highlight this evidence of the flow of carcinogenic and other agents from perineum to ovaries. Is it possible that tubal ligation prevents ovarian cancer simply by limiting the upward flow of yet-to-be-identified toxins? Are contraceptive foams and gels to be implicated? Were these materials studied in the Nurses' Health Study? Tubal ligation, hysterectomy, and oral
Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) in inpatients having surgery: summary of NICE guidance
Authors: Jennifer Hill, Tom Treasure
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Deep vein thrombosis occurs in over 20% of patients having major surgery and over 40% of patients having major orthopaedic surgery. The postoperative risk of pulmonary embolism can be as high as 5% in the highest risk groups. However, many patients are probably not currently receiving adequate prophylactic measures.1 2 This article summarises the most recent guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on how to reduce the risk of venous thromboembolism in inpatients having surgery.3 NICE recommendations are based on systematic reviews of best available evidence. When minimal evidence is available, a range of consensus techniques is used to develop recommendations. In this summary, recommendations derived primarily from consensus techniques are indicated with an asterisk (*). ### Assess patient for risk factors Assess patients for the following risk factors, and inform all patients of the risks of venous thromboembolism and the effectiveness of prophylaxis.
Carotid Atherosclerosis and Serum Lipoprotein(a) Concentrations in Patients With NIDDM
Authors: Maki Yamamoto, Genshi Egusa, Michio Yamakido
Journal: Diabetes Care (1997)

To investigate the association of carotid atherosclerosis and serum lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] concentrations in subjects with NIDDM.We measured carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and Lp(a) concentrations in 117 NIDDM subjects. Subjects were divided into tertiles according to IMT values and number of plaques.Serum Lp(a), but not lipid and apoprotein levels, increased significantly with increasing IMT (20.0 +/- 2.3, 24.7 +/- 3.3, and 39.8 +/- 4.3 mg/dl [mean +/- SE], respectively, P < 0.001). Serum Lp(a) increased with increasing number of plaques (18.4 +/- 2.5 mg/dl in 59 subjects with no plaques, 25.8 +/- 2.5 mg/dl in 24 subjects with 1 plaque, and 38.7 +/- 5.1 mg/dl in 34 subjects with more than 1 plaque; P < 0.05). Furthermore, the mean IMT and Lp(a) levels in the subjects with cerebrovascular disease (CD) were significantly higher than in those without CD (1.25 +/- 0.04 mm and 41.2 +/- 4.7 mg/dl vs. 1.08 +/- 0.03 mm and 22.2 +/- 1.9 mg/dl; P < 0.005). The mean IMT and Lp(a) levels were higher in subjects with ischemic heart disease (IHD) than in those without IHD, although statistical significance was not observed (1.21 +/- 0.06 mm and 31.7 +/- 4.7 mg/dl vs. 1.10 +/- 0.03 mm and 27.0 +/- 2.4 mg/dl, respectively).Elevated serum Lp(a) concentrations are associated with carotid atherosclerosis in NIDDM subjects.
Selective inhibition of IDO1 effectively regulates mediators of antitumor immunity
Authors: Xiangdong Liu, Niu Shin, Holly K. Koblish, Gengjie Yang, Qian Wang, Kathy Wang, Lynn Leffet, Michael J. Hansbury, Beth Thomas, Mark Rupar, Paul Waeltz, Kevin J. Bowman, Padmaja Polam, Richard B. Sparks, Eddy W. Yue, Yanlong Li, Richard Wynn, Jordan S. Fridman, Timothy C. Burn, Andrew P. Combs, Robert C. Newton, Peggy A. Scherle
Journal: Blood (2010)
Freebies: Is the Enemy Us?
Authors: Robert P. Ferguson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Letters15 April 1993Freebies: Is the Enemy Us?Robert P. Ferguson, MDRobert P. Ferguson, MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00032 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:As an internal medicine residency program director, I have welcomed the opportunity to meet medical students at residency fairs sponsored by the American Medical Student Association, but I don't like what they are evolving into.At the October 1992 regional meeting in Cleveland, more than 90 programs, especially in family medicine and internal medicine, were represented. I was out of my league. My modest descriptive poster was surrounded by elaborate program curriculum displays that even included white-water rafting. Students who ran the gauntlet reached me, sheepishly holding shopping bags full of logo-emblazoned mugs, sweatshirts, backpacks, water bottles, ...References1. Goldfinger SE. Physicians and the pharmaceutical industry. Ann Intern Med. 1990; 112:64-6. Google Scholar2. Waud DR. Pharmaceutical promotionsa free lunch? N Engl J Med. 1992; 27:351-3. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 April 1993Volume 118, Issue 8Page: 653KeywordsDrugsHealth promotionResidency Issue Published: 15 April 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Book Review Legal Aspects of HIV/AIDS: A Guide for Policy and Law Reform By Lance Gable, Katharina Gamharter, Lawrence O. Gostin, James G. Hodge, Jr., and Rudolf V. Van Puymbroeck. 225 pp. Washington, DC, World Bank, 2007. $22. 978-0-8213-7105-3
Authors: Alicia Ely Yamin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)
Failure, instead of inhibition, should be monitored for the distinction of self/other and actual/possible actions
Authors: Takaki Makino
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2008)

Abstract I suggest that layer 4 of the shared circuits model (SCM) should monitor the failure of performing an action, instead of output inhibition, to obtain actual/possible and self/other distinctions. The target article's assumption of selective inhibition leaves some questions unanswered, such as the criteria for the selection. Monitoring failure can answer these questions because failure does not require selection. It also provides a basis for more likely explanation for the phylogenetic and ontogenetic origin of both monitoring and output inhibition.
Billboards for Better Health
Authors: Joan Stephenson
Journal: JAMA (1999)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Polymorphisms of drug‐metabolizing genes and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Hee Nam Kim, Nan Young Kim, Li Yu, Yeo‐Kyeoung Kim, Il‐Kwon Lee, Deok‐Hwan Yang, Je‐Jung Lee, Min‐Ho Shin, Kyeong‐Soo Park, Jin‐Su Choi, Hyeoung‐Joon Kim
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2009)

Abstract Drug metabolizing genes are involved in the detoxification of chemical carcinogens. Polymorphisms in drug‐metabolizing genes affect the risk of some forms of cancer. We analyzed six polymorphisms to evaluate their association with risk for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and to examine whether smoking modifies these associations in population‐based study in Korea (713 cases and 1,700 controls). The GSTP1 rs1695 AG and the combined AG/GG genotypes were associated with decreased risk of NHL (odds ratio (OR) AG = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.55–0.82; OR AG/GG = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.54–0.80) and DLBCL (OR AG = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.49–0.82; OR AG/GG = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.50–0.82). For T‐cell lymphoma, only the combined AG/GG genotype was associated with decreased risk (OR AG/GG = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.44–0.96). The CYP1A1 rs1048943 AG genotype and the combined AG/GG genotypes were associated with increased risk of NHL (OR AG = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.07–1.54; OR AG/GG = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.06–1.51) and DLBCL (OR AG = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.04–1.66; OR AG/GG = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.03–1.63), but not T‐cell lymphoma. Smoking does not modify the association between these polymorphisms and NHL risk. Our data provide evidence that the GSTP1 rs1695 and the CYP1A1 rs1048943 genotypes affect the risk of NHL in Korea. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
LINKAGE OF COL1A2 COLLAGEN GENE TO CYSTIC FIBROSIS, AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: P.J. Scambler, M. Farrall, P. Stanier, G. Bell, F. Ramirez, B.J. Wainwright, J. Bell, N.J. Lench, H. Kruyer, R. Williamson
Journal: The Lancet (1985)
Skeletal Scintigraphy Radiographic Artifacts
Authors: JEFF R. KESSLER, ROBERT G. WELLS, JOHN R. STY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Standard radiographs are frequently used in diagnostic nuclear medicine procedures to provide more specific diagnoses. In children, however, technetium-labeled radiopharmaceuticals within the body may significantly interfere with radiographic image quality. This is a result of exposure of the radiograph by photons emitted from the in vivo radiopharmaceutical. The severity and pattern of radiographic effects are largely determined by the dosage and biodistribution of the radiopharmaceutical, the time period since injection, and the length of time that the patient is in contact with the radiographic cassette. The effects can be minimized by the use of grids in conjunction with the film-screen system. Recognition of the radiographic artifacts that can be produced by radiopharmaceuticals is essential to prevent confusion with true disease. When possible, anticipated radiographs should be obtained before the nuclear medicine study.
Test Your Knowledge: Ten Questions on Depression in Adults
Authors: Gavin Yamey
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Question 1.What proportion of people seen in primary care settings has a major depressive disorder?About 1% About 5%-10% About 20%-30% Question 2. According to projections from the Global Burden of Disease Study, by 2020 where will depression rank in the list of the most common causes of disability worldwide (as measured by disabilityadjusted life-years)?Second, after cardiovascular disease Third, after cardiovascular disease (fi rst) and road traffi c injuries (second) Fourth, after cardiovascular disease (fi rst), road traffi c injuries (second), and cerebrovascular disease (third)
Lactoferrin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a specific MRI contrast agent for detection of brain glioma in vivo
Authors: Hui Xie, Yanhong Zhu, Weili Jiang, Qing Zhou, Hai Yang, Ning Gu, Yu Zhang, Huibi Xu, Haibo Xu, Xiangliang Yang
Journal: Biomaterials (2010)
Embryological Development of the Immune Mechanism
Authors: J F A P Miller, A J S Davies
Journal: Annual Review of Medicine (1964)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the globe, killing more than 4 million people and causing a severe economic crisis. ...Read More
Gene expression profiling in AML with normal karyotype can predict mutations for molecular markers and allows novel insights into perturbed biological pathways
Authors: A Kohlmann, L Bullinger, C Thiede, M Schaich, S Schnittger, K Döhner, M Dugas, H-U Klein, H Döhner, G Ehninger, T Haferlach
Journal: Leukemia (2010)
Studies in Experimental Pericardial Tamponade
Authors: JAMES METCALFE, JOHN W. WOODBURY, VICTOR RICHARDS, C. SIDNEY BURWELL
Journal: Circulation (1952)

As intrapericardial pressure is increased by the introduction of saline into the pericardial cavity, cardiac output falls. Intravascular pressures, arterial and venous, pulmonary as well as systemic, approach the same value. This equalization of intravascular pressure is due to the decreasing ability of the heart to maintain normal distribution of blood within the vessels.
Measuring and Reporting Managed Care Performance: Lessons Learned and New Initiatives
Authors: Randall K. Spoeri
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1997)

Performance measurement has become increasingly popular in the health care delivery system of the United States. Until recently, the hospital was the most commonly scrutinized setting. With the expansion of managed care and the resulting compilation of large administrative databases, interest in performance measurement beyond the hospital setting has increased considerably. In particular, the performance of health maintenance organizations is now being assessed and reported publicly. The performance of individual physicians is also garnering considerable attention. This paper summarizes some of the many developments in performance measurement in managed care. The Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) is described in the context of the national Report Card Pilot Project and with respect to local report card projects emerging around the United States. The lessons learned are identified, particularly with respect to external auditing of HEDIS data. Finally, the new initiatives of physician profiling and outcomes reporting are discussed.
Comprehensive Analysis of Mannan-Binding Lectin (MBL) Status in a Cohort of Healthy Donors as Determined by MBL Protein Concentration, MBL Complement Pathway Function and MBL and MASP-2 Genotypes
Authors: J. Yu, D. Sheets, J.F. Halsey, J.D. Hester
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
798 EFFICACY OF TELAPREVIR DOSED TWICE DAILY VERSUS EVERY 8 HOURS BY IL28B GENOTYPE: RESULTS FROM THE PHASE III OPTIMIZE STUDY
Authors: M. Buti, K. Agarwal, Y. Horsmans, W. Sievert, E. Janczewska, S. Zeuzem, L. Nyberg, R.S. Brown, C. Hezode, M. Rizzetto, R. Parana, S. De Meyer, R. DeMasi, D. Luo, J. Witek
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Chromosome-wide nucleosome replacement and H3.3 incorporation during mammalian meiotic sex chromosome inactivation
Authors: Godfried W van der Heijden, Alwin A H A Derijck, Eszter Pósfai, Maud Giele, Pawel Pelczar, Liliana Ramos, Derick G Wansink, Johan van der Vlag, Antoine H F M Peters, Peter de Boer
Journal: Nature Genetics (2007)
Use of antibodies against the variable regions of the T-cell receptor α/β heterodimer for the study of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas
Authors: ELISABETH RALFKIAER, ANNETTE WOLLF-SNEEDORFF, GUNHILD LANGE VEJLSGAARD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1991)

Recent studies have suggested that antibodies against the variable (V) regions of the T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) may be used as markers for clonality and malignancy in T‐cell infiltrates. We have investigated this by examining biopsy samples from 45 patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas (CTCL) for reactivity with seven antibodies against different V‐gene families on the TCR α/β heterodimer, i.e. ICI (VβSa), W112 (Vβ5b), OT145 (Vβ6a), 16G8 (Vβ8a), S511 (Vβ12a), Fl (Vα2a) and LC4 (αβVa). Serial biopsies were available in 13 patients and a total of 62 samples were studied. The neoplastic cells in five cases were positive for either Vβ5 (one case), Vβ6 (one case), Vβ8 (two cases) or Vβ12 (one case). In the remaining 40 cases, no staining was seen of the neoplastic cells. These findings indicate that while antibodies against the TCR V‐regions may be used as clonotypic markers for certain T‐cell neoplasms, there is as yet not a sufficient number of anti‐TCR V‐region antibodies available for the routine diagnosis of these conditions.
Has the prognosis of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy improved in the community? The heart muscle disease registry of Trieste
Authors: A. Di Lenarda, G. Sabbadini, C. Zanchi, C. Di Chiara, M. Davanzo, G. Scherl, M. Driussi, R. Gortan, G. Sinagra
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2000)
Three-dimensional scaffolds of acellular human and porcine lungs for high throughput studies of lung disease and regeneration
Authors: Darcy E. Wagner, Nicholas R. Bonenfant, Dino Sokocevic, Michael J. DeSarno, Zachary D. Borg, Charles S. Parsons, Elice M. Brooks, Joseph J. Platz, Zain I. Khalpey, David M. Hoganson, Bin Deng, Ying W. Lam, Rachael Floreani, Takamaru Ashikaga, Daniel J. Weiss
Journal: Biomaterials (2014)
Comment on Pilz et al. Insulin Sensitivity and Albuminuria: The RISC Study. Diabetes Care 2014;37:1597–1603
Authors: Jean-Philippe Bastard, Soraya Fellahi
Journal: Diabetes Care (2015)

In their recent study, Pilz et al. (1) showed in middle-aged adults from the RISC (Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and Cardiovascular Disease) study that insulin resistance measured by the gold-standard hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was continuously related to a higher risk of increasing urine albumin. Although this finding is of great interest, the authors did not find this association with surrogate indices to …