tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The suction pseudopolyp technique: a novel method for the removal of small flat nonpolypoid lesions of the colon and rectum
Authors: V. Pattullo, M. Bourke, K. Tran, D. McLeod, S. Williams, A. Bailey, S. Alexander, A. Mishra, J. Co
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Small flat nonpolypoid lesions of the colorectum can be technically difficult to target and completely remove; techniques such as hot biopsy forceps electrocauterization are associated with serositis, delayed bleeding, and perforation. This study aimed to describe a novel technique for the removal of such lesions and demonstrate its safety and efficacy.Patients aged 18 - 80 years with flat nonpolypoid lesions (Paris-Japanese classification 0-IIa and 0-IIb, measuring less than 10 mm) identified at colonoscopy were included in this prospective study. The lesions were removed by the suction pseudopolyp technique (SPT): the lesion is aspirated into the suction channel of the colonoscope and continuous suction applied for 5 seconds whilst the colonoscope is gently retracted. On release of the suction, the resulting pseudopolyp containing the lesion and a margin of normal tissue is easily ensnared and resected. The primary outcomes were endoscopic completeness of polyp resection and complication rate.Over a 12-month period, 1231 polyps were removed during 2656 colonoscopies; 126 polyps (in 101 patients) met inclusion criteria. Complete endoscopic resection was achieved in 100 % of the polyps, without immediate or delayed complication. Of the resected lesions, 57 % had malignant potential (adenomas 47 % and sessile serrated lesions 10 %); a higher proportion of lesions removed from the right colon had malignant potential compared with those from the left colon (75 % vs. 41 %, P = 0.0066).Diminutive flat lesions of the colorectum are predominantly adenomas and sessile serrated lesions. SPT is a safe, effective, and reproducible therapy for removal of these lesions.
Personal experiences in the malaria eradication campaign 1955-1962
Authors: A. Brown
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2002)

By the 1950s the age-old scourges of smallpox, cholera, plague, typhus and yellow fever had declined in economic and political importance. Other infectious diseases, however, were still the main cause of death and invalidity in the world. With an extraordinary sense of international purpose the Eighth World Health Assembly, in 1955, singled out malaria as the first priority and set up the most grandiose health project ever undertaken. Encouraged by success in South America and by scientific assurances that eradication was feasible, governments of malaria-afflicted countries went into action. Many aid organizations were involved, but the World Health Organization (WHO) was responsible for overall coordination and for the technical approval of individual projects. Vast quantities of men, money and materials were mobilized. Great efforts were made by even the poorest countries. It was a project worthy of Homo sapiens at his best. Yet it failed in its main objective of eradicating the disease1.

From 1955 to 1962 I was WHO's Representative in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Among other things, I looked after WHO-assisted programmes, advised the governments on public health matters and liaised with various participants. Malaria was prevalent in all three countries, and when the national programmes started to roll, the voices of a few Jeremiahs were drowned in the clamour to get on and finish the job.

The strategy was simple, and with minor variations national plans followed a standard pattern. That for Cambodia will serve as a general example. In that country, infection was spread by an anopheline mosquito called ‘Minimus’—a small, innocent-looking insect. When a female ingested blood from an infected person whose blood contained the parasite, she imbibed some malarial parasites along with it. The parasites, finding themselves in new surroundings, prepared themselves for transfer to some new, unfortunate human host. The metamorphosis takes a couple of weeks, during which the parasite is harmless. At the end of two weeks the metamorphosed parasites have installed themselves in the salivary glands of the mosquito. Before sucking blood, the mosquito injects a little saliva (which now contains malarial parasites) into the new human host, completing the cycle.

After feeding, mosquitoes like to rest for a while, and normally do so on the nearest wall. If the wall had been sprayed with the new wonder chemical DDT, the now-infected mosquito would receive a lethal dose and expire before it could infect another human being. Transmission would therefore be interrupted. It was planned that eradication would be achieved within 5 years. A geographical reconnaissance was necessary to map the targeted area, as the interior of every house had to be sprayed within a specific period.
Epicardial Mapping in a Variant of Type A Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome
Authors: JOHN M. NEUTZE, ALAN R. KERR, RALPH M. L. WHITLOCK
Journal: Circulation (1973)

Electrocardiographic and epicardial mapping studies are reported in a child with an atrial septal defect and a variant of type A Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome. The vectorcardiogram suggested a posterior area of early activation and this was confirmed by epicardial mapping studies. Premature activation apparently occurred from a site near the endocardium of the basal region of the left ventricle and surgical interruption could not be planned on the basis of data provided by epicardial mapping. The role of vectorcardiography in assessing patients with the WPW syndrome is discussed.
Test reduction: II--Bayes's theorem and the evaluation of tests.
Authors: C C Spicer
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The most useful statistical procedure for assessing diagnostic tests is based on a theorem named after the Rev Thomas Bayes, who discovered it in about 1760. Its use in the more general field of testing statistical hypotheses has caused a good deal of controversy, and it suffered for many years from the influential criticisms of Sir Ronald Fraser. In the applications to be discussed here the use of the theorem is not controversial and has much the same status as any other theorem, such as that of Pythagoras. The ideas incorporated in it are those familiar to all clinicians making a diagnosis, where the likelihood of disease being present depends not only on the signs and symptoms but also on the frequency of the disease in the community. The latter probability is called the a priori or prior probability, and is familiar to every medical student through the maxim that common things commonly occur.
COLONIZATION WITH STAPHYLOCOCCI IN DERMATOLOGY WARDS WITH DIFFERENT DESIGNS AND PRACTICES
Authors: B. NYSTROM, L. MOLIN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1972)

Journal Article COLONIZATION WITH STAPHYLOCOCCI IN DERMATOLOGY WARDS WITH DIFFERENT DESIGNS AND PRACTICES Get access B. NYSTRÖM, B. NYSTRÖM Departments of Clinical Bacteriology and Dermatology, Karolinska sjukhuset, S‐104 01 Stockholm 60, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. MOLIN L. MOLIN Departments of Clinical Bacteriology and Dermatology, Karolinska sjukhuset, S‐104 01 Stockholm 60, Sweden Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 86, Issue s8, 1 June 1972, Pages 21–27, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1972.tb15410.x Published: 01 June 1972
DIETARY TREATMENT OF PERNICIOUS ANEMIA
Authors: C. J. Noonan
Journal: JAMA (1926)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The paper on the treatment of pernicious anemia by a special diet (The Journal, August 14, p. 470) recalls the advocacy of red bone marrow (which the authors state has the nutritional composition of liver and kidneys) by the late Francis Delafield, in the treatment of pernicious anemia. He used an extract of bone marrow, or had the butcher slice beef bones, which were then toasted and spread on bread. Bones prepared in this way could be made into a broth or jelly. Has pernicious anemia shown an increase in frequency with the diminution of meat eating? Some increase would be expected with present diagnostic methods. Years ago liver and bacon was a common breakfast, kidney stew a not unusual supper.
"Rejuvenating" Effect of Procaine
Authors: G. C. Chiu
Journal: JAMA (1961)

Since 1956, Prof. Anna Asian and her associates of the C. I. Parhon Institute of Geriatrics, Bucharest, Rumania, have published several articles on the "rejuvenating" effect of procaine, which they designated as vitamin H3.<sup>1-6</sup>These reports have generated great enthusiasm in Rumania, Russia, Czechoslovakia, and Germany. In the past two years the news gained considerable publicity in the lay press in England and the United States. There has been a flood of inquiries about this "scientific breakthrough." Attempts have even been made, at great trouble and expense, to import the "wonder drug" from Bucharest, although procaine is available in almost every pharmacy in the civilized world. Therefore, it seems timely to review the subject. <h3>Asian's Reports</h3> The treatment consists of intramuscular injections of 5 ml. of a 2 per cent solution of procaine hydrochloride three times a week for a series of 12 injections. The medication is to
PET Imaging for Alzheimer Disease: Are Its Benefits Worth the Cost?
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2013)

With positron emission tomography (PET), radiologists can now detect human brain ?-amyloid plaques, one of the pathological features of Alzheimer disease. Some advocates of PET imaging believe this technology will mean earlier diagnosis and treatment for patients with Alzheimer disease, leading to improvements in quality of life and perhaps even outcomes. But skeptics argue that so far, no rigorous studies show that PET imaging, at a cost of more than $3000 per visit, provides any benefit in patient care and outcomes.
CD44 is necessary for optimal contact allergic responses but is not required for normal leukocyte extravasation.
Authors: R L Camp, A Scheynius, C Johansson, E Puré
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

The in vivo administration of certain monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the adhesion receptor, CD44, into normal mice induces both a modulation of CD44 from the surface of peripheral lymphocytes, and a concomitant increase in the amount of soluble CD44 in the serum. CD44-negative lymphocytes isolated from anti-CD44-treated mice exhibit normal homing patterns upon adoptive transfer, and are capable of reexpressing CD44 upon activation. The treatment of haptensensitized mice with anti-CD44 mAb inhibits their ability to mount a cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response within the first 24 h after hapten challenge. This inhibition reflects a block in both the edema and leukocyte infiltration of the cutaneous site of DTH, whereas the extravasation and accumulation of leukocytes in the draining lymph nodes progress normally. After 72 h, the leukocytes that extravasate into the site of antigen challenge express CD44. These results indicate that CD44 is not necessary for normal leukocyte circulation but is required for leukocyte extravasation into an inflammatory site involving nonlymphoid tissue.
JNK1 in Hematopoietically Derived Cells Contributes to Diet-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance without Affecting Obesity
Authors: Giovanni Solinas, Cristian Vilcu, Jaap G. Neels, Gautam K. Bandyopadhyay, Jun-Li Luo, Willscott Naugler, Sergei Grivennikov, Anthony Wynshaw-Boris, Miriam Scadeng, Jerrold M. Olefsky, Michael Karin
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2007)
Letter: An application of fetography
Authors: V. Messana
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> May I comment on the marvelous and efficient results of our now nongovernmental postal service? On April 8, I received the issues ofThe Journalfor 29 March and 8 April in the same mail. Today, the issues of 15 April and 22 April arrive together. Such is progress? Oh! For the "good old days" of interested and efficient postal employees.
Effect of endothelin on plasma volume and albumin escape.
Authors: R S Zimmerman, A J Martinez, M Maymind, R W Barbee
Journal: Circulation Research (1992)

Previous studies have demonstrated that endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor that decreases cardiac output and increases hematocrit. The present study was designed to determine if the rise in hematocrit and decrease in cardiac output are in part due to shifts of plasma from the vascular space to the interstitial space. Red blood cell volume and plasma volume were determined by using chromium-51-labeled erythrocytes and iodine-125-labeled albumin, respectively, in anesthetized, nephrectomized, splenectomized rats. The present study demonstrates that ET-1 increases mean arterial pressure and hematocrit. This effect is associated with an increase in total-body albumin escape, which is reflected by a marked reduction in whole-body plasma volume. ET-1 enhanced albumin escape primarily in the liver, lung, and heart at low doses. At high doses, albumin escape increased primarily in the liver, heart, and gastrointestinal tract but not the lung. The present study demonstrates that ET-1 increases hematocrit independent of splenic contraction or renal losses by enhancing loss of plasma volume to the interstitial space without affecting red blood cell volume. Because of the profound pressor effects of ET-1, it is likely that the plasma loss results from increased capillary hydrostatic pressure.
Revealed: the stories that broadcasters did not want to cover
Authors: Gary Schwitzer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Healthcare reform was a more important issue in the run up to the 2004 US presidential election than it had been since the Clinton administration health reform effort a decade ago. Yet an analysis I carried out suggests that local television news channels—a major source of news for many Americans—virtually ignored health policy in 2004. Viewers were far more likely to see one-sided political ads on health policy topics running during the commercial breaks in newscasts than they were to see independent coverage of health policy issues during the newscast itself. I monitored health policy news coverage throughout the 2004 election year on three local television stations—each of which won a national award in 2003 for excellence in television journalism. The stations are located in diverse parts of the country—Seattle (KIRO), Chicago (WMAQ), and Tampa (WFLA). I analysed each late night newscast on each station from 1 January to 2 November 2004–326 hours of newscasts. Any story that discussed any of the following themes was counted as a health policy story: health costs, quality, uninsured, managed care, prescription drugs, Medicare, Medic-aid, rationing, resource allocation, chronic illness management, health benefits in labour negotiations, presidential candidates' health plans, and national/state/local healthcare reform.
925. Novel Fusion Enzymes of Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Mutants and Guanylate Kinase for Improved Cancer Cell Ablation
Authors: Andressa Ardiani, Candice Willmon, Elizabeth Krabbenhoft, Margaret E. Black
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2006)

Suicide gene therapy is a particularly attractive method of cancer therapy because of its ability to localize toxicity to tumor cells. The prototypical suicide gene, thymidine kinase, encodes a crucial enzyme in the pyrimidine salvage pathway, catalyzing the transfer of γ-phosphate from ATP to thymidine to form dTMP. Unlike human thymidine kinase, the Herpes Simplex Virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) has a broad substrate specificity and is able to phosphorylate pyrimidine, pyrimidine analogues, and purine analogues. One purine analogue, ganciclovir or GCV, is currently being used in combination with HSV-TK in numerous gene therapy clinical trials for cancer. Following initial phosphorylation by HSV-TK, GCV is further phosphorylated by the cellular kinases, guanylate kinase (gmk) and nucleoside diphosphokinase (ndk), to the toxic triphosphate form. Because the conversion to the diphosphate form of GCV by endogenous gmk has been shown to be limiting, our laboratory created a HSV-TK/gmk fusion gene. Data from our laboratory strongly suggest that the fusion enzyme of wild-type HSV-TK/mgmk displays increased activity towards GCV compared to HSV-TK alone. In a separate series of experiments our laboratory has also identified mutants of HSV-TK that confer improved sensitivity toward GCV in vitro. To further enhance the activation of GCV, we seek to construct and characterize fusions of HSV-TK mutants and guanylate kinase. We hypothesize that such fusion enzymes will offer more efficient prodrug activation, confer significantly improved sensitivity toward GCV and therefore improved tumor ablation. Several fusion constructs were evaluated for their cell killing effect and bystander effect in vitro. Mutants with exceptional prodrug converting properties will be beneficial because they allow administration of lower doses of GCV, thereby minimizing side effects without the loss of potency. The use of such novel mutant fusion constructs will advance suicide gene therapy treatment for cancer and improve the likelihood of complete tumor regression.
Airway Narrowing in Healthy Humans Inhaling Methacholine without Deep Inspirations Demonstrated by HRCT
Authors: ROBERT H. BROWN, PIERRE CROISILLE, BEATRICE MUDGE, FIONA B. DIEMER, SOLBERT PERMUTT, ALKIS TOGIAS
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

Normal subjects prevented from taking a deep breath show changes in airflow similar to those of asthmatics when challenged with methacholine (MCh). To confirm airway narrowing by MCh in this setting and to determine its location, we concurrently measured changes in airway lumenal area using high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and airflow using partial spirometry in five normal subjects challenged with increasing doses of MCh under prohibition of deep breaths. In an attempt to improve imaging accuracy, we corrected for the changes in lung volume during bronchoprovocation. At every step of the provocation, scanning was performed at approximately the same lung volume. On the HRCT images, airway area decreased in response to the increasing doses of MCh to 91 ± 2%, 88 ± 2%, and 80 ± 2% of baseline at the doses of MCh 0.25, 0.75, and 2.5 mg/ml, respectively (p < 0.001). Airway narrowing showed no predilection for particular airway sizes and occurred in a heterogeneous pattern. The changes in the mean airway lumenal area as measured by HRCT and the mean partial spirometric outcomes were highly correlated: FEV1p (r2 = 0.46, p = 0.001), FVCp (r2 = 0.20, p = 0.05), FEV1/FVCp (r2 = 0.55, p = 0.002), MMEFp (r2 = 0.31, p = 0.01), and τ p (r2 = 0.51, p = 0.0004). We conclude that in normal subjects who are prevented from taking a deep breath, the spirometric changes occurring with aerosol MCh challenge are associated with conducting airway narrowing.
The Dying Patient and His Family
Authors: Peter F. Regan
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The keystone to the management of the episode of death is the recognition that death is a crisis—for the patient, for his family, and for the physician. If the physician accepts his responsibility in directing this crisis toward a peaceful outcome for the patient and a healthy outcome for the family, he can follow certain procedures. In following these and in planning appropriate strategy, he can usually achieve satisfactory ends and prevent a tragic death from becoming a disaster.
The Relation Between Temperature, Ozone, and Mortality in Nine French Cities During the Heat Wave of 2003
Authors: Laurent Filleul, Sylvie Cassadou, Sylvia Médina, Pascal Fabres, Agnés Lefranc, Daniel Eilstein, Alain Le Tertre, Laurence Pascal, Benoit Chardon, Myriam Blanchard, Christophe Declercq, Jean-François Jusot, Hélène Prouvost, Martine Ledrans
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

BackgroundDuring August 2003, record high temperatures were observed across Europe, and France was the country most affected. During this period, elevated ozone concentrations were measured all over the country. Questions were raised concerning the contribution of O3 to the health impact of the summer 2003 heat wave.MethodsWe used a time-series design to analyze short-term effects of temperature and O3 pollution on mortality. Counts of deaths were regressed on temperatures and O3 levels, controlling for possible confounders: long-term trends, season, influenza outbreaks, day of the week, and bank holiday effects. For comparison with previous results of the nine cities, we calculated pooled excess risk using a random effect approach and an empirical Bayes approach.FindingsFor the nine cities, the excess risk of death is significant (1.01%; 95% confidence interval, 0.58–1.44) for an increase of 10 μg/m3 in O3 level. For the 3–17 August 2003 period, the excess risk of deaths linked to O3 and temperatures together ranged from 10.6% in Le Havre to 174.7% in Paris. When we compared the relative contributions of O3 and temperature to this joint excess risk, the contribution of O3 varied according to the city, ranging from 2.5% in Bordeaux to 85.3% in Toulouse.InterpretationWe observed heterogeneity among the nine cities not only for the joint effect of O3 and temperatures, but also for the relative contribution of each factor. These results confirmed that in urban areas O3 levels have a non-negligible impact in terms of public health.
Strategies for Improving Maintenance of Weight Loss: Toward a continuous care model of obesity management
Authors: Michael G Perri, Samuel F Sears, Judith E Clark
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

The management of obesity represents an important objective in the care of many NIDDM patients. In recent years, progress has been made in increasing initial weight reductions, but poor long-term maintenance of weight loss remains a vital clinical concern. This article reviews the challenge of weight-loss maintenance and recommends the adoption of a continuous care model of obesity management. Strategies to improve the long-term maintenance of weight loss are described, and empirical tests of their effectiveness are reviewed. Collectively, the findings suggest that, after treatment for obesity, multifaceted programs comprised of continued professional contact, skills training, social support, and exercise, can enhance the long-term maintenance of weight loss.
THE EFFECT OF EOSIN UPON TETANUS TOXIN AND UPON TETANUS IN RATS AND GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: Simon Flexner, Hideyo Noguchi
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1906)

The study of the action of certain photodynamic substances upon living cells, ferments, and toxins has brought out highly interestL~g facts.The literature upon this subject is already large and will be briefly reviewed in the paper of one of us (Noguchi) upon the action of these chemicals upon snakevenom. 1 Jodlbauer and v. Tappeiner 2 studied the action of certain fluorescent substances upon diphtheria and tetanus toxins.They found that when the toxins were mixed with o.o 5 per cent. of eosin and exposed for three days to diffuse sunlight their toxicity had greatly diminished.The sample of tetanus toxin thus treated produced in ~ to xo m. 1. d. local tetanus only, while in 2 5 m. 1. d. and over it was fatal.Huber ~ stated that the addition of one per cent. of eosin to tetanus toxin, and an exposure of six hours to the sunlight, suffice to destroy the poison, but if the mixture is kept in the dark the poison is not deprived of its toxicity.The dose used by Huber in testing toxicity was ~ m.l.d.Huber also noted a loss of hmmolytic power.Our experiments with tetanus toxin were begun last spring and were completed before Huber's paper appeared.They embrace the study, first, of the influence of certain aniline dyes upon tetanolysin; second, the effect of eosin upon tetanospasmin; and, third, the influence of eosin upon the course of experimental tetanus in rats and guinea-pigs. The Effects of Certain Aniline Dyes upon Tetanolysin.Ehrlich * showed tetanus toxin to be composed of two poisons-the hmmolysin, tetanolysin, and the convulsive body, tetano-I To appear in the n e x t n u m b e r of this Journal.