tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Consciousness and the “causal paradox”
Authors: Max Velmans
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1996)

Viewed from a first-person perspective, consciousness appears to be necessary for complex, novel human activity. Viewed from a third-person perspective, however, consciousness appears to play no role in the activity of brains – producing a"causal paradox." To resolve this paradox one needs to distinguish consciousness of processing from consciousness accompanying processing or causing processing. Accounts of consciousness/brain causal interactions switch between first- and third-person perspectives. However, epistemically, the differences between first-and third-person access are fundamental. First- and third-person accounts are complementary and mutually irreducible.
Male procreative superiority index (MPSI): the missing coefficient in African anthropogenetics.
Authors: F I Konotey-Ahulu
Journal: BMJ (1980)

The adult man in Africa, unlike the average European man, can have a biological fitness exceeding that of this wife. Sociocultural factors allow, and indeed encourage, this state of affairs, which may have far-reaching genetic consequences. The male procreative superiority index (MPSI) of any man is easily worked out by dividing the total number of a man's children by the average number of children born to each wife. The country-wide mean MPSI for 3095 fathers contacted throughout Ghana was 2 . 03, indicating that the Ghanaian father on the average has twice as many children as the mother. The genetic consequences of this phenomenon are discussed, bringing out effects on such diverse genes as those for abnormal haemoglobins, twins, and extra digits. African anthropogenetics needs rethinking more on factual lines than on theoretical evolutionary concepts.
Immunologic evaluation of long‐term effects of childhood all chemotherapy: Analysis of in vitro NK‐ and K‐cell activities of peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: M. B. McGeorge, E. C. Russell, T. Mohanakumar
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1982)

Abstract Twenty‐five children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were tested for natural killer (NK) and K‐cell activity in vitro using the nonsensitized myeloid/erythroid cell line K562 and the K562 sensitized with rabbit antithymocyte globulin, respectively. The patients consisted of two groups: 1) 13 patients in continuous first remission undergoing maintenance chemotherapy and 2) 12 patients in remission for at least five years in whom chemotherapy had been discontinued at least six months before this study. The first group consistently demonstrated a marked depression in their NK activity and antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (K‐cell activity), as compared with normal controls. In contrast, normal levels of cytotoxicity were found in the second group of patients off of all chemotherapy. One patient studied while on chemotherapy and on two occasions following discontinuation of maintenance medications demonstrated that while NK and K‐cell activity was depressed during therapy, normal activity returned within days when immunosuppressive therapy was stopped. Thus, present modes of chemotherapy clearly had a profound effect on the in vitro NK and K‐cell activity; however, no long‐term effect on these functions was noted in our studies.
PREDICTORS FOR IN-HOSPITAL MORTALITY IN PATIENTS WITH STRESS-INDUCED CARDIOMYOPATHY PRESENTING DIVERSE MORPHOLOGIC SPECTRUMS OF LEFT VENTRICLE
Authors: Sung Woo Kwon, Byung Ok Kim, Myung-Hyun Kim, Chi Young Shim, Duk Kyu Cho, Seung Kee Yoo, Se-Jung Yoon, Bum-Kee Hong
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
The Human Gut Microbiome
Authors: Timothy E. Sweeney, John M. Morton
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

Recent advances in parallel genomic processing and computational mapping have been applied to the native human microbial environment to provide a new understanding of the role of the microbiome in health and disease. In particular, studies of the distal gut microbiome have proposed that changes in gut microbiota are related to obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and Western diet. We examined the changes in the distal gut microbiome composition as it relates to the lean and obese phenotypes, particularly after surgical weight loss. A PubMed search of publications from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2012, used the search terms weight, obesity, microbiome, and bariatric surgery. We included studies that provided information on subjects' weight and/or body mass index and a formal assessment of the microbiome. Certain bacteria, specifically the archaeon Methanobrevibacter smithii, have enhanced ability to metabolize dietary substrate, thereby increasing host energy intake and weight gain. With weight loss, there is a decrease in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phyla. One major finding from microbial sequencing analyses after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is the comparative overabundance of Proteobacteria in the distal gut microbiome, which is distinct from the changes seen in weight loss without Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. This review provides the practicing surgeon with (1) an update on the state of a rapidly innovating branch of clinical bioinformatics, specifically, the microbiome; (2) a new understanding of the microbiome changes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and weight loss; and (3) a basis for understanding further clinical applications of studies of the distal gut microbiome, such as in Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis, and infectious colitis.
Metastatic Adenocarcinomas of Unknown Primary Site
Authors: R. L. Woods, R. M. Fox, M. H. N. Tattersall, J. A. Levi, G. N. Brodie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

METASTATIC adenocarcinoma from an unknown primary site (ACUP) is common in most general medical and oncology practices. We and others1 , 2 have suggested that the role of investigations intended to define the site of such primary tumors is limited. Despite extensive endoscopic and radiologic studies, a primary cancer site is seldom identified, and then only rarely does discovery influence subsequent management. The condition often presents such a diagnostic challenge that treatment assumes secondary importance.3 We report a randomized study of two combination-chemotherapy regimens with a broad spectrum of antitumor activity in symptomatic patients with metastatic ACUP. One regimen (CMF) combined cyclophosphamide, . . .
"Motor Learning and Human Performance"
Authors: J. G. P. Williams
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1971)

<h3>Abstract</h3> The lignin biosynthetic pathway is highly conserved in angiosperms, yet pathway manipulations give rise to a variety of taxon-specific outcomes. Knockout of lignin-associated <i>4-coumarate:CoA ligases</i> (<i>4CLs</i>) in herbaceous species mainly reduces guaiacyl (G) lignin and enhances cell wall saccharification. Here we show that CRISPR-knockout of <i>4CL1</i> in <i>Populus tremula</i> × <i>alba</i> preferentially reduced syringyl (S) lignin, with negligible effects on biomass recalcitrance. Concordant with reduced S-lignin was downregulation of <i>ferulate 5-hydroxylases</i> (<i>F5Hs</i>). Lignification was largely sustained by 4CL5, a low-affinity paralog of 4CL1 typically with only minor xylem expression or activity. Levels of caffeate, the preferred substrate of 4CL5, increased in line with significant upregulation of <i>caffeoyl shikimate esterase1</i>. Upregulation of <i>caffeoyl-CoA O-methyltransferase1</i> and downregulation of <i>F5Hs</i> are consistent with preferential funneling of 4CL5 products toward G-lignin biosynthesis at the expense of S-lignin. Thus, transcriptional and metabolic adaptations to <i>4CL1</i>-knockout appear to have enabled 4CL5 catalysis at a level sufficient to sustain lignification. Finally, genes involved in sulfur assimilation, the glutathione-ascorbate cycle and various antioxidant systems were upregulated in the mutants, suggesting cascading responses to perturbed thioesterification in lignin biosynthesis. <h3>One sentence summary</h3> Knockout of lignin-associated <i>4CL1</i> in <i>Populus</i> reveals a 4CL5-dependent, caffeate-modulated compensatory pathway for lignification with links to thiol redox balance and sulfur assimilation.
1059-11 Venous endothelium dysfunction is also presented in hypertensive patients
Authors: Marcelo C Rubira, Fernanda Marciano Consolim-Colombo, Rodrigo Dm Plentz, Eneida Rejane Rabelo, Juan Carlos Yugar-Toledo, Heitor Moreno Junior, Eduardo Moacir Krieger, Maria Claudia Irigoyen
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
The Safety of X-ray Examination or Radioisotope Scan
Authors: Harold M. Swartz, Barbara A. Reichling
Journal: JAMA (1978)

CONCERN over radiation hazards sometimes leads to medically unwise decisions on the part of patients and, sometimes, even physicians. The purpose of this article is to provide information to enable the physician to guide patients in their assessment of risks from radiation. <h3>General Principles</h3> The basic consideration is: does the benefit of the procedure outweigh the hazard? The basic recommendation is that almost without exception, if there is a reasonable medical indication for the study, the benefits outweigh the risks. The basis for this all-inclusive recommendation lies in an understanding of the nature and magnitude of the risks associated with radiation exposures in medical practice. The Table demonstrates some average doses to gonads and examined organs for some common diagnostic procedures. This information, in conjunction with the following discussion of potential deleterious effects of radiation, provides the basis for estimating risks. Regardless of the magnitude of the risks, it is
Denial in the Medical Interview
Authors: Vaughn Keller
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Drs Ness and Ende<sup>1</sup>present a fine analysis of the phenomenon of denial in their recent article. We appreciate their recommendations that there are times when we should let the patient stay in denial and other times when we might use techniques of clarification, confrontation, and interpretation. We would like to suggest a few additional considerations. All too often we use denial as a pejorative label for our patients' beliefs when we have too little understanding of how things look to them. Kleinman<sup>2</sup>believes we work hard to understand our patients' diseases, but do a poor job of understanding their illnesses. All too often we physicians do more denying than our patients, hearing little of what really matters to them because their thoughts don't fit our models of reality. Denial often seems to be an artifact of doctoring. Our patients really see things differently. We
Abstract 3314: Phenotypic plasticity in glioma stem cells mediated by NFκB signaling
Authors: Krishna P. L. Bhat, Brian Vaillant, Veerakumar Balasubramainyan, Ravesanker Ezhilarasan, Faith Hollingsworth, Johanna James, Kahlida Wani, Lindsey Goodman, Erik Sulman, Howard Colman, Kenneth Aldape
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Here we report the identification of two major subtypes of glioma stem cells (GSCs) that closely mirror previously described glioblastoma (GBM) groups, namely proneural (PN) and mesenchymal (MES), based on gene expression patterns. Using flow cytometry, we found that PN GSCs express both CD15/SSEA1, a marker for neural stem cells, as well as CD44, a MES marker. In contrast MES GSCs were CD15low/CD44high. MES GSCs and CD44high subpopulations in PN GSCs showed increased expression of transcription factors previously reported to induce the MES phenotype (STAT3, C/EBP-α, and TAZ), and were -resistant to α-irradiation. By distilling cytokines that can induce MES differentiation, we found that TNF-α found in patient-derived microglial conditioned media or conditioned media from MES GSCs caused a PN-to-MES transition through activation of NFκB resulting in radio-resistance. We found that NFκB mediates MES transition indirectly by inducing the transcriptional circuitry of STAT3, C/EBP-α, and TAZ. Blockade of NFκB activation using minocycline abrogated the MES phenotype (both induced and constitutive), reduced tumor growth, and rendered GSCs radio-sensitive. Taken together, our findings reveal that phenotypic and surface marker plasticity is common in GSCs, and that the NFκB driven PN-to-MES transition provides an escape mechanism for GSCs to evade cytotoxic treatment. Based on our studies, we propose that minocycline, a commonly used antibiotic, could target GSCs and should be further evaluated in preclinical studies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3314. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3314
Change of thyroid function in 50 patients with aplastic anemia
Authors: Qingxue Cao, Jianbin Liu
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1992)

The serum thyroid hormones were measured in 50 patients with aplastic anemia (AA). Serum T3 and T4 levels were significantly lower, especially in the elderly and in those in chronic AA, while they were normal in acute AA. There was no obvious difference with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). It was suggested that the result may be caused by euthyroid sick syndrome, a protective adaptation that helps in classifying and evaluating the prognosis of the disease.
GRIN2A mutations in acquired epileptic aphasia and related childhood focal epilepsies and encephalopathies with speech and language dysfunction
Authors: Gaetan Lesca, Gabrielle Rudolf, Nadine Bruneau, Natalia Lozovaya, Audrey Labalme, Nadia Boutry-Kryza, Manal Salmi, Timur Tsintsadze, Laura Addis, Jacques Motte, Sukhvir Wright, Vera Tsintsadze, Anne Michel, Diane Doummar, Karine Lascelles, Lisa Strug, Patrick Waters, Julitta de Bellescize, Pascal Vrielynck, Anne de Saint Martin, Dorothee Ville, Philippe Ryvlin, Alexis Arzimanoglou, Edouard Hirsch, Angela Vincent, Deb Pal, Nail Burnashev, Damien Sanlaville, Pierre Szepetowski
Journal: Nature Genetics (2013)
Myocardial lactate deprivation is associated with decreased cardiovascular performance, decreased myocardial energetics, and early death in endotoxic shock
Authors: Bruno Levy, Arnauld Mansart, Chantal Montemont, Sebastien Gibot, Jean-Pierre Mallie, Veronique Regnault, Thomas Lecompte, Patrick Lacolley
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2007)
Poor treatment of drug addicts in prison costs UK more than 3.5m in compensation and fees
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The UK government has agreed to pay more than £2m (€2.3m; $3.2m) in compensation and costs to settle claims by 499 prisoners and former prisoners with drug addiction who say that they suffered from a systemic failure by the prison service to ensure that they received acceptable standards of treatment for their addiction.

The Ministry of Justice, the department now responsible for prisons, and the NHS litigation authority, on behalf of primary care trusts that in the mid-2000s took over responsibility for commissioning treatment in prisons, …
Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Postsurgical Alterations in Renal Function and Serum Electrolytes.
Authors: Ross M. Tucker
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1966)

s1 May 1966Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Postsurgical Alterations in Renal Function and Serum Electrolytes.Ross M. Tucker, M.D., James C. Hunt, M.D., F.A.C.P., F. Raymond Keating Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P., Frank T. Maher, M.D., F.A.C.P., B. Marden Black, M.D.Ross M. Tucker, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, James C. Hunt, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, F. Raymond Keating Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Frank T. Maher, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, B. Marden Black, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-64-5-1182_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptWe have evaluated renal function and serum electrolytes in 13 patients before and immediately after surgical exploration of the neck for removal of parathyroid tumors. There were nine females and four males (ages 15 to 67 years). Nine had histories of renal stone, five had genitourinary infection, and four complained of polyuria. Serum calcium levels were 10.3 to 13.5 mg/100 ml preoperatively (normal 8.9 to 10.1); these were normal in eight patients within 2 hours after operation and in all within 24 hours. Preoperatively, glomerular filtration inulin clearance (CIn) values were reduced in seven patients, and effective renal plasma flow... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Ross M. Tucker, M.D.; James C. Hunt, M.D., F.A.C.P.; F. Raymond KeatingJr., M.D., F.A.C.P.; Frank T. Maher, M.D., F.A.C.P.; B. Marden Black, M.D.Affiliations: Rochester, Minnesota PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1966Volume 64, Issue 5Page: 1182-1183KeywordsBlood plasmaCalciumGenitourinary infectionsHyperparathyroidismKidney stonesParathyroid tumorsSalts ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1966 PDF downloadLoading ...
Interspinous process device versus standard conventional surgical decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis: randomized controlled trial
Authors: W. A. Moojen, M. P. Arts, W. C. H. Jacobs, E. W. van Zwet, M. E. van den Akker-van Marle, B. W. Koes, C. L. A. M. Vleggeert-Lankamp, W. C. Peul
Journal: BMJ (2013)

<b>Objective</b> To assess whether interspinous process device implantation is more effective in the short term than conventional surgical decompression for patients with intermittent neurogenic claudication due to lumbar spinal stenosis. <b>Design</b> Randomized controlled trial. <b>Setting</b> Five neurosurgical centers (including one academic and four secondary level care centers) in the Netherlands. <b>Participants</b> 203 participants were referred to the Leiden-The Hague Spine Prognostic Study Group between October 2008 and September 2011; 159 participants with intermittent neurogenic claudication due to lumbar spinal stenosis at one or two levels with an indication for surgery were randomized. <b>Interventions</b> 80 participants received an interspinous process device and 79 participants underwent spinal bony decompression. <b>Main outcome measures</b> The primary outcome at short term (eight weeks) and long term (one year) follow-up was the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire score. Repeated measurements were made to compare outcomes over time. <b>Results</b> At eight weeks, the success rate according to the Zurich Claudication Questionnaire for the interspinous process device group (63%, 95% confidence interval 51% to 73%) was not superior to that for standard bony decompression (72%, 60% to 81%). No differences in disability (Zurich Claudication Questionnaire; P=0.44) or other outcomes were observed between groups during the first year. The repeat surgery rate in the interspinous implant group was substantially higher (n=21; 29%) than that in the conventional group (n=6; 8%) in the early post-surgical period (P&lt;0.001). <b>Conclusions</b> This double blinded study could not confirm the hypothesized short term advantage of interspinous process device over conventional "simple" decompression and even showed a fairly high reoperation rate after interspinous process device implantation. <b>Trial registration</b> Dutch Trial Register NTR1307.
Eoin Leonard McQuitty
Authors: A. McQuitty
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Former general practitioner Totton, Hampshire (b 1919; q St Andrews 1941; MRCGP), died from metastatic cancer on 28 July 2002.

Eoin served with the Royal Army Medical Corps in north Africa, Italy, and Palestine. In 1947 he joined a partnership in Totton on the edge of the New Forest. He was a progressive GP, introducing 10 minute appointments in the 1970s and moving to a health centre at the first possible opportunity. He was an enthusiastic clinical teacher from the outset when Southampton started its medical school. He was a magistrate and took up book restoring in retirement. Predeceased by his eldest son, he leaves a wife, Christine; two children; and three grandsons.
Clues to Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: B. O. Scott
Journal: BMJ (1974)

pancreatitis are very variable and comparisons should be made cautiously.Corlett and Mishell considered early diag- nosis to be important in the management of the disease.Apart from pethidine and the debatable use of anticholinergics they sug- gest giving dextran to decrease pancreatic secretions.They also suggest giving saline intravenously initially since blood sugar levels influence pancreatic secretions, both exocrine and endocrine.However, there is probably an equally good argument for giving dextrose initially to prevent any vagal stimulation associated with hypoglycaemia.Glucagon is certainly a hyperglycaemic drug and may act in this way.It may yet be shown that it is the first few bottles of intravenous fluid which influence the outcome of the acute attack rather than recent therapeutic innovations.-Iam, etc.,
The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine: A Spatial Model for Cognitive Neuroscience
Authors: Neil Burgess
Journal: Neuron (2014)

Understanding how the cognitive functions of the brain arise from its basic physiological components has been an enticing final frontier in science for thousands of years. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014 was awarded one half to John O'Keefe, the other half jointly to May-Britt Moser and Edvard I. Moser "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain." This prize recognizes both a paradigm shift in the study of cognitive neuroscience, and some of the amazing insights that have followed from it concerning how the world is represented within the brain.
Quackery, flummery, and fleas
Authors: K. Barraclough
Journal: BMJ (1999)

“I've been to my cranial osteopath and she assures me that she can cure my asthma. But then, you won't believe any of that, anyway.”

I make no comment, as always. It is assumed that I, a member of a conservative profession, will hold a bigoted opinion about any form of alternative treatment.

But I do not respond. I fear the branding of intolerance. As though I, like some religious zealot, hold an intransigent …
Donation After Circulatory Death: Burying the Dead Donor Rule
Authors: David Rodríguez-Arias, Maxwell J. Smith, Neil M. Lazar
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2011)

Despite continuing controversies regarding the vital status of both brain-dead donors and individuals who undergo donation after circulatory death (DCD), respecting the dead donor rule (DDR) remains the standard moral framework for organ procurement. The DDR increases organ supply without jeopardizing trust in transplantation systems, reassuring society that donors will not experience harm during organ procurement. While the assumption that individuals cannot be harmed once they are dead is reasonable in the case of brain-dead protocols, we argue that the DDR is not an acceptable strategy to protect donors from harm in DCD protocols. We propose a threefold alternative to justify organ procurement practices: (1) ensuring that donors are sufficiently protected from harm; (2) ensuring that they are respected through informed consent; and (3) ensuring that society is fully informed of the inherently debatable nature of any criterion to declare death.