tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fatal Pancytopenia and Acetazolamide Therapy
Authors: Garth W. Englund
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Acetazolamide (Diamox), a sulfonamide and a potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is used in the control of fluid secretion and in the promotion of diuresis in cases of fluid retention. Adverse reactions to sulfonamides are well known, however, a brief review of the literature revealed only two previously reported cases of bone marrow depression due to acetazolamide, one with recovery,<sup>1</sup>and one fatal.<sup>2</sup>To these is added one of severe, fatal bone marrow depression with leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia after 3 1/2 months of treatment for glaucoma with 500 mg twice daily. <h3>Report of a Case:—</h3> A 66-year-old man was hospitalized because of severe pharyngitis, stomatitis, and cheilitis which had an onset approximately five days prior to hospitalization and had not responded to treatment with lincomycin and penicillin. The patient had been well prior to this except for recent onset of weakness, fatigue, mild dyspnea, and
THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE TISSUES OF THE RABBIT AS A RESULT OF REDUCED OXIDATION
Authors: H. G. Martin, A. S. Loevenhart, C. H. Bunting
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1918)

Exposure of rabbits to an atmosphere of low oxygen content results in a stimulation of the cardiorespiratory systems, in an extension (hyperplasia) of red bone marrow and probably of a thyroid hyperplasia, with the further production of hydropic and hyaline degeneration in the cells of the parenchymatous organs. An atmosphere of high carbon dioxide and normal oxygen content produces, however, a stimulation of the cardiorespiratory systems, but no marrow extension and, in the concentrations used, but slight hydropic degeneration in the parenchyma of the glandular organs.
Medicine's Leveson
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The Leveson inquiry into the culture, practice, and ethics of the UK newspaper industry is running like a tabloid scoop, with daily, star studded exposes. But it has taken a new turn. Incestuous relationships between public institutions and the media are alleged to have bred a culture of illegal undisclosed payments to public officials. This is clearly intolerable and wrong but results from a cultural change. Such change is driven by unpredictable events, in spite of the government’s attempts to change culture through crude and expensive initiatives. And change is coming to a profession near you too. …
You, Your Patients and Radioactive Fallout
Authors: Shields Warren
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

WERE Dr. Shattuck alive today his analytical mind, keen for public health, would have had an active part in the discussions of radioactive fallout. This topic, unknown to our predecessors, has been discussed freely and at times so inaccurately that it has become an ethical and political issue, more important as a symbol than it is as an actual health hazard.Man and his domestic animals have been exposed to ionizing radiation at natural background levels for millions of years at least and are not noticeably the worse for it. Only in the past few years, however, have man-made sources . . .
The International Diabetes Federation: losing its credibility by partnering with Nestlé?
Authors: David Beran, Simon Capewell, Maximilian de Courten, Edwin Gale, Geoffrey Gill, Abdullatif Husseini, Harry Keen, Ayesha Motala, Martin O'Flaherty, Ambady Ramachandran, Boyd Swinburn, Solomon Tesfaye, Nigel Unwin, Sarah Wild, John S Yudkin
Journal: The Lancet (2012)
PERIPHERAL VASCULAR REACTIONS IN ANAPHYLAXIS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Philip D. McMaster, Heinz Kruse
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1949)

Pronounced vascular changes occurring in the ears and claws of mice during anaphylactic shock are described. Practically at once after a foreign serum (pig, horse, or rabbit) enters the blood stream of sensitized animals both the arterial and venous vessels undergo marked, local or generalized constriction in the organs mentioned. Usually spasm of the vessel walls occurs simultaneously in the arteries and veins, but it may appear first in the arteries, or occasionally in the veins. When venous spasm precedes arterial spasm, the true capillaries become distended with cells; if the reverse order holds, the ears appear bloodless. There is no active constriction or dilatation of capillaries; the capillary behavior follows passively the changes in the large vessels. Peripheral vascular spasm occurs while the carotid blood pressure is high, but a few minutes later, while this still holds true, the ear vessels begin to relax and the circulation is resumed. Shortly afterwards the blood pressure falls to levels far below normal, but the vessels remain open. If the circulation of one ear is obstructed while anaphylactic shock is produced, no vascular spasm occurs in it. Release of the obstruction during the animal's recovery results in belated constriction of the blood vessels of this ear although by now the vessels in the other ear are dilated and the general systolic blood pressure is very low. The vascular reactions in the ears appear to be uninfluenced by the blood pressure in the large vessels, and they are not a response to nervous stimuli. They are local in origin. The vascular changes are often not clearly perceptible in the gross but are plainly to be seen under a low power of the microscope. They occur in some sensitized mice exhibiting no manifest signs of shock, differing only in degree from the changes taking place when shock is severe or fatal.
Neurochemical Studies of Early-Onset Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Paul T. Francis, Alan M. Palmer, Neil R. Sims, David M. Bowen, Alan N. Davison, Margaret M. Esiri, David Neary, Julie S. Snowden, Gordon K. Wilcock
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

Multiple neurotransmitter deficits found in recent autopsy studies of patients with Alzheimer's disease may militate against the success of "simple cholinergic replacement" as treatment. To study acetylcholine synthesis, we measured the incorporation of radiolabeled glucose into the transmitter in temporal-cortex specimens obtained at diagnostic craniotomy in 17 young patients with Alzheimer's disease. Synthesis of acetylcholine was significantly correlated with cognitive impairment. These results are consistent with the view that the deficit in the presynaptic cholinergic system is a relatively early change in the development of the clinical features of the disease. Other alterations in noradrenergic cells, some cortical neurons, postsynaptic cortical receptors, and possibly serotoninergic cells may not be closely associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Long-Term Regulation of Adipocyte Glucose Transport Capacity by Circulating Insulin in Rats
Authors: Masashi Kobayashi, Jerrold M. Olefsky
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

We have tested the idea that the circulating plasma insulin level plays an important role in the long-term regulation, or maintenance, of the cellular glucose transport system, distinct from insulin's ability to acutely accelerate glucose transport. To study this hypothesis, groups of rats were made either hyperinsulinemic or hypoinsulinemic by daily insulin injections, or streptozotocin treatment, respectively. Different levels of hypoinsulinemia were produced by using different doses of streptozotocin (40 and 55 mg/kg). The mean (±SE) 9 a.m. plasma insulin level for each experimental group was: hyperinsulinemic animals, 65±5 μU/ml; controls, 32±3 μU/ml; low dose streptozotocin group, 18±3 μU/ml; and high dose streptozotocin group 5±2 μU/ml. Isolated adipocytes were prepared from each animal and glucose transport was assessed by measuring the initial rates of uptake of the nonmetabolyzable hexose 2-deoxy glucose. The Vmax and Km values for adipocyte glucose transport were calculated from the 2-deoxy glucose uptake data. The results demonstrated that in cells from control animals the Vmax of in vitro adipocyte glucose transport was 7.1±0.7 nmol/min per 106 cells in the basal state and 22.9±0.9 nmol/min per 106 cells in the presence of a maximally effective insulin concentration (25 ng/ml) in the buffer. In cells from the experimentally hyperinsulinemic animals these Vmax values were increased to 11.7±0.8 and 44.2±1.1 nmol/min per 106 cells. Using adipocytes from both groups of streptozotocin-treated (high dose, 55 mg/kg; low dose, 40 mg/kg) insulin-deficient diabetic animals, Vmax values were found to be progressively decreased. Thus, in the low dose group, basal-and insulin-stimulated Vmax values were 1.6±0.5 and 5.7±0.7 nmol/min per 106 cells, as compared to values of 0.9±0.2 and 1.7±0.6 in the high dose group. Thus, when considered as group data a positive relationship was found between circulating plasma insulin levels and adipocyte glucose transport Vmax, with increased Vmax values in hyperinsulinemic rats and decreased Vmax values in hypoinsulinemic rats. Furthermore, when the individual data were analyzed, highly significant correlation coefficients were found between the height of the plasma insulin level and both the basal (r = 0.82, P < 0.001) and insulin-stimulated (r = 0.93, P < 0.001) Vmax values. The apparent Km for 2-deoxy glucose uptake was the same under all conditions.
People in richest countries live 23 years longer than those in poorest, finds WHO
Authors: J. Zarocostas
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Life expectancy worldwide is edging upwards, but big gaps still exist between rich and poor countries in spending on fighting infectious and chronic diseases, says a report by the World Health Organization.

The 2011 edition of the World Health Statistics series, which tracks more than 100 health indicators worldwide, says that poor countries are lagging behind and still struggle to cut numbers of maternal and child deaths caused by infectious diseases. But these countries also face a growing epidemic of chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart diseases, and cancers.

Poor countries need “strong health systems” with more doctors, funds, and drugs to tackle this “double burden” of disease, said Ties Boerma, WHO’s director for health statistics and informatics.

Average global life expectancy at birth, the report says, rose …
Fulminant Wilson's disease with haemolysis and renal failure: copper studies and assessment of dialysis regimens.
Authors: A N Hamlyn, J L Gollan, A P Douglas, S Sherlock
Journal: BMJ (1977)

Two girls, aged 12 and 17 years, presented with hepatocellular dysfunction and severe haemolysis due to Wilson9s disease (hepatolenticular degeneration). This was accompanied by acute renal failure. In the absence of renal function sufficient for the urinary excretion of penicillamine, studies were performed to assess the potential of peritoneal dialysis, ascites removal by ultrafiltration-reinfusion, and haemodialysis as alternative excretory pathways for copper. The greatest amount of copper, as judged by rising bath concentrations, seemed to be eliminated with haemodialysis. But this was accompanied by a progressive increase in serum copper concentrations with rapid clinical and biochemical deterioration leading to death within 48 hours. A small amount of copper was lost with ascites removal. Significant amounts of copper were removed during peritoneal dialysis (36 mumol/day (2287 microgram/day)), although a clinical response was not evident before haemodialysis was introduced. The administration of penicillamine orally, intravenously, or intraperitoneally produced no measurable increase in copper excretion into the peritoneal dialysate. Hence peritoneal dialysis alone appears to offer the greatest potential benefit with regard to both eliminating copper and altering the course of this fulminant form of Wilson9s disease.
Differences in HDL Cholesterol Concentrations in Japanese, American, and Australian Children
Authors: Terence Dwyer, Hisao Iwane, Kimberlie Dean, Yuko Odagiri, Teruichi Shimomitsu, Leigh Blizzard, Sathanur Srinivasan, Theresa Nicklas, Wendy Wattigney, Malcolm Riley, Gerald Berenson
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Background Mortality from coronary heart disease is relatively low in Japan compared with other developed countries and has remained low despite an increasing standard of living and an apparent increase in mean plasma cholesterol concentration in adults over the past three decades. Important differences in childhood plasma lipoprotein profile might contribute to some of the difference in coronary heart disease mortality seen between Japan and both Australia and North America. Methods and Results Plasma HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol were surveyed in representative populations of schoolchildren in Australia, Japan, and Bogalusa, La. The mean concentration of plasma HDL cholesterol (but not total cholesterol) was higher for Japanese schoolchildren than for Australian or US schoolchildren ( P &lt;.001). In addition, the difference in plasma HDL cholesterol between the ages of 8 to 10 years and 12 to 15 years was much greater for Australian (boys, 15.2%; girls, 2.6%) and US (boys, 9.1%; girls, 2.7%) children than for their Japanese counterparts (boys, 4.2%; girls, 1.9%). An examination of potential explanatory factors revealed little difference in body mass index between samples, higher physical activity levels for the Japanese compared with the Australians, and substantial differences in dietary intake between Japanese and Australian schoolchildren. Conclusions The relatively high ratio of plasma HDL cholesterol to total cholesterol in Japanese schoolchildren and the relatively small negative difference of plasma HDL cholesterol with age may help to explain why the coronary heart disease mortality rate in Japan is low compared with that in other developed countries.
Origin of Contractile Dysfunction in Heart Failure
Authors: N. Gustavo Pérez, Katsuji Hashimoto, Sylvia McCune, Ruth A. Altschuld, Eduardo Marbán
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —Chronic congestive heart failure is a common, often lethal disorder of cardiac contractility. The fundamental pathophysiology of the contractile failure remains unclear, the focus being on abnormal Ca 2+ cycling despite emerging evidence for depressed myofilament function. Methods and Results —We measured intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) and contractile force in intact ventricular muscle from SHHF rats with spontaneous heart failure and from age-matched controls. At physiological concentrations of extracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] o ), [Ca 2+ ] i transients were equal in amplitude in the 2 groups, but [Ca 2+ ] i peaked later in SHHF muscles. Twitch force peaked slowly and was equivalent or modestly decreased in amplitude relative to controls. Steady-state analysis revealed a much greater (53%) depression of maximal Ca 2+ -activated force in SHHF muscles, which, had other factors been equal, would have produced an equivalent suppression of twitch force. Phase-plane analysis reveals that the slowing of Ca 2+ cycling prolongs the time available for Ca 2+ to activate the myofilaments in failing muscle, partially compensating for the marked dysfunction of the contractile machinery. Conclusions —Our results indicate that myofilament activation is severely blunted in heart failure, but concomitant changes in [Ca 2+ ] i kinetics minimize the contractile depression. These results challenge prevailing concepts regarding the pathophysiology of heart failure: the myofilaments emerge as central players, whereas changes in Ca 2+ cycling are reinterpreted as compensatory rather than causative.
THE ACTIVATION OF SPHINGOSINE-1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTOR BY FINGOLIMOD DURING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IMPROVES DIASTOLIC FUNCTION IN PIGS
Authors: Carlos G. Santos-Gallego, Torsten Vahl, Beln Picatoste, Georg Goliasch, Matteo Crippa, Teresa Arias, Javier Sanz, Partho Sengupta, Roger Hajjar, Valentin Fuster, Juan Badimon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Digital angiographic impulse response analysis of regional myocardial perfusion. Detection of autoregulatory changes in nonstenotic coronary arteries induced by collateral flow to adjacent stenotic arteries.
Authors: H Schühlen, N L Eigler, J S Whiting
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Our study compares the effect of acute proximal stenosis of a coronary artery supplying a myocardial perfusion bed with that of stenosis of an adjacent artery resulting in collateral flow diversion supplied by the same perfusion bed. These alterations in coronary physiology were quantified by digital angiographic impulse response analysis of contrast material mean transit time for the coronary microcirculation, Tmicro, and by flowmeter and microsphere assessment of flow and regional flow distribution. METHODS AND RESULTS In 25 open-chest, anesthetized dogs, progressive circumflex artery stenosis led to a concordant decrease of circumflex artery resting and hyperemic flow, coronary flow reserve, and inverse angiographic mean transit time Tmicro-1 (P &lt; .01). Progressive left anterior descending artery stenosis led to no or only minor changes of circumflex artery resting or hyperemic flow or flow reserve; only occlusion induced a significant decrease of coronary flow reserve (from 4.0 +/- 0.7 to 3.2 +/- 0.5, P &lt; .05), whereas resting flow was increased by +8.6 +/- 5.9%. In contrast, circumflex artery Tmicro-1 diminished significantly with critical left anterior descending artery stenosis and occlusion (from 16.7 +/- 4.2 to 12.6 +/- 2.2 [P &lt; .05] and 12.0 +/- 3.0 min-1 [P &lt; .01], respectively). In 8 dogs, collateral flow induced by left anterior descending artery occlusion was quantified by microsphere injections. The decrease of circumflex artery Tmicro-1 correlated with the magnitude of collateral flow (r = .76) and was associated with the angiographic extent of collateral filling. CONCLUSIONS Digital angiographic impulse response analysis is a sensitive method to detect the influence of proximal artery stenosis on an artery's myocardial perfusion bed as well as the changes induced by an adjacent artery stenosis inducing collateral flow diversion from the supplying myocardial perfusion zone.
COPPER–TELLURITE–COPPER THERMOCOUPLES FOR MEASURING ACUTE CHANGES IN SKIN BLOOD FLOW
Authors: P. F. D. NAYLOR, N. T. S. EVANS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1968)

Journal Article COPPER–TELLURITE–COPPER THERMOCOUPLES FOR MEASURING ACUTE CHANGES IN SKIN BLOOD FLOW Get access P. F. D. NAYLOR, P. F. D. NAYLOR Departments of Dermatology and Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital and Medical School, London S.E.1. and Medical Research Council, Experimental Radiopathology Research Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Rd., London, W.12 Requests for reprints should be addressed to: Dr. P. F. D. Naylor, Department of Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital Medical Sehool, London S.E. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar N. T. S. EVANS N. T. S. EVANS Departments of Dermatology and Medicine, St. Thomas' Hospital and Medical School, London S.E.1. and Medical Research Council, Experimental Radiopathology Research Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Rd., London, W.12 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 80, Issue 9, 1 September 1968, Pages 606–610, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1968.tb12360.x Published: 01 September 1968 Article history Accepted: 13 May 1968 Published: 01 September 1968
Paediatric lung transplant outcomes vary with<i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i>complex species
Authors: Paul D. Robinson, Kathryn A. Harris, Paul Aurora, John C. Hartley, Victor Tsang, Helen Spencer
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2013)

To the Editor: 

Mycobacterium abscessus complex species are rapid-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) with multiple drug resistance profiles [1]. Increasing prevalence in cystic fibrosis (CF) subjects [1] may reflect several factors, including improved detection and increased CF survival. Persistent NTM infection post-transplantation is associated with poorer outcome [2], and the risk is highest with M. abscessus [3]. However, recent small case series have suggested improved short-term post-transplantation outcomes may be achievable despite pre-transplantation M. abscessus infection [3]. The current approach to listing varies markedly across transplant centres and refusal to consider transplantation in those with active infection is common. Recent data have suggested a stratified approach to transplant listing for CF subjects with Burkholderia cepacia complex may be appropriate, as poor outcomes were attributable to genomovar III ( B. cenocepacia ) alone [4].

Recently, M. abscessus has been recognised to be a complex of three closely related species: M. abscessus ( sensu stricto ), hereafter referred to as M. abscessus , M. massiliense and M. bolletii , which are collectively termed M. abscessus complex [5]. The transplantation literature to date has not examined the impact of M. abscessus species type on outcome. In this case series we describe experience at a single paediatric lung transplant centre (Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK) with subjects infected with M. abscessus complex pre-transplantation and provide pilot data suggesting post-transplantation outcome may be influenced by the particular M. abscessus complex species encountered.

Five subjects have been transplanted since 2003 …
Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues of the Human Genome Project: What to Do with What We Know.
Authors: C Pellerin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Since fisal year 1991, the U.S. Human Genome Project has spent $170.6 million in federal funds to help isolate genes associated with Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, neurofibromatosis types 1 and 2, myotonic dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome and to localize genes that predispose people to breast cancer, colon cancer, hypertension, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. Now comes the hard part. Biology's 21st century megaproject starts to look relatively manageable compared to another challenge facing the enterprise: sorting out ethical, legal, and social issues associated with using this information. "The Human Genome Project," wrote Senior Editor Barbara Jasny in the October 1 Science editorial, stretches "the limits of the technology and the limits of our ability to ethically and rationally apply genetic information to our lives."