tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A CASE OF SENILE GANGRENE.
Authors: JAMES A. ROLLS
Journal: JAMA (1901)

S. G., Mexican, aged 78, has always been a man of temperate habits, no history of venereal disease, enjoyed good health and was exceptionally robust until 56 years of age, at which time his right foot became gangrenous without any apparent cause. Dr. W. R. Tipton of Las Vegas, to whom the case was referred at that time, August, 1877, has kindly given me the following notes from his records: "The disease began with pain in the sole of the foot, the toes became cold and assumed a purplish color; finally they became somewhat edematous and a spreading gangrene developed; amputated through the calf of the leg, and the gangrene appearing in both flaps, did a subsequent operation at the upper third of the thigh, which was entirely successful." After this operation the patient's health remained good for twenty-three years. On February 1, however, he noticed some numbness in the
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS
Authors: Susanna Harris, T. N. Harris, Miriam B. Farber
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1958)

In earlier studies it was shown that if rabbit lymph node cells were incubated with Shigella-trypsin filtrate and transferred to other, recipient, rabbits, agglutinins to Shigella appeared subsequently in the sera of the recipients. However, if leucocytes from the donor rabbits were injected into the recipients at a suitable interval prior to lymph node cell transfer, agglutinins to Shigella did not appear after cell transfer. In the present study, a number of experiments were done which bear on the immunologic character of this suppressive effect on the transferred cells, the "pre-injection effect." X-irradiation of the recipients before the injection of donor leucocytes led to a decrease in the extent of the pre-injection effect, i.e. to the appearance of higher agglutinin liters, in the recipient animals. It was found possible to transfer the pre-injection effect by cells of rabbit lymph nodes draining sites of injection of rabbit leucocytes. No such effect was obtained with heated aliquots of these cell suspensions or with lymph node cells from sheep-erythrocyte-injected donors. It was also possible to transfer the pre-injection effect passively by serum. Suppression of transferred lymph node cells was observed regularly after injection of serum pooled from groups of rabbits which had been injected with leucocytes pooled from the blood of 60 to 70 rabbits. The active material in anti-leucocyte serum could be precipitated in the globulin fraction of the serum and could be removed by absorption with rabbit lymph node cells. In the course of experiments on the passive transfer of the pre-injection effect by antisera of individual rabbits to leucocytes of individual donor rabbits, evidence was obtained of the existence in the sera of some normal rabbits of antibodies to some of the rabbit leucocyte antigens.
Use of car headlamps.
Authors: J Primrose
Journal: BMJ (1979)

histamines, which were significantly associated with motorcycle accidents (although not with road accidents of all types).Dr Wheatley repeats his previous assertion' that general practitioners usually warn patients about possible effects of tranquillisers on driving skills, but he does not cite any evi- dence to support it.Unfortunately, the type of warning that he describes could not be relied on to prevent accidents, because it is postulated that tranquillisers "produce subtle effects undetected by the patient."In tests of low- speed vehicle handling, Betts and his col-leagues2 showed that drivers whose performance was affected by tranquillisers did not experience subjective effects.
The normal liver harbors the vitamin D nuclear receptor in nonparenchymal and biliary epithelial cells
Authors: Marielle Gascon-Barré, Christian Demers, Ali Mirshahi, Stéphane Néron, Sylvia Zalzal, Antonio Nanci
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

The liver is generally considered negative for the vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR n ), even though several studies have shown significant effects of 1,25–dihydroxyvitamin D 3 (1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ) on liver cell physiology. The low abundance of VDR n in the liver led us to propose that hepatocytes (the largest hepatic cell population) were most likely negative for the receptor, whereas the small hepatic sinusoidal and ductular cell populations that contain cell types known to express VDR n in other tissues should express the receptor. Using freshly isolated cells from normal livers as well as biliary and epithelial hepatic cell lines, our data show that the human, rat, and mouse hepatocytes express very low VDR n messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. In contrast, sinusoidal endothelial, Kupffer, and stellate cells of normal rat livers as well as the mouse biliary cell line BDC and rat hepatic neonatal epithelial SD6 cells clearly expressed both VDR n mRNA and protein. In addition, specimens of human hepatocarcinoma as well as intrahepatic colon adenocarcinoma metastases were also found to express the VDRn gene transcript. Kupffer, stellate, and endothelial cells responded to 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 by a significant increase in the CYP24 , indicating that the VDR n is fully functional in these cells. In conclusion, selective hepatic cell populations are targets for the vitamin D endocrine/paracrine/intracrine system.
Gaza patients "forced" to help security services in exchange for Israeli medical treatment
Authors: M. Sarig
Journal: BMJ (2009)

A report issued this week by Physicians for Human Rights-Israel indicates that the Shin Bet security services conduct a policy of forcing patients to provide information as a condition of being allowed to leave the Gaza Strip for medical care. 

According to the human rights organisation the number of Palestinian patients who are summoned for interrogation as a precondition to receiving an exit permit from Gaza for treatment has risen. Between January 2008 and March 2009 at least 438 patients were interrogated by the Shin Bet. 

The report, which was presented this week to the United Nations Committee …
Musical Hallucinations in Deafness
Authors: Harold L. Mendelson
Journal: JAMA (1975)

To the Editor.—  As a psychiatrist, I must comment on the article entitled Musical Hallucinations in Deafness (231:620, 1975).  An alternate theory to auditory hallucinations in deafness being benign and nonpsychiatric can certainly be that they are psychiatric as well as relatively benign; this explanation is probably most often the case.
New Zealand's new health sector reforms: back to the future?
Authors: N. Devlin
Journal: BMJ (2001)

New Zealand attracted much international attention in the late 1980s and 1990s for its radical economic and social reforms. This reforming tendency shows no signs of abating. In late 1999 the national (conservative) government was replaced by a Labour led coalition, which is rapidly and significantly changing the way publicly financed health services are organised.

Before the general election, Labour had criticised the national government's quasimarket system for its narrow focus on the production of services rather than the improvement of health, for having fragmented a public service, for fostering inappropriate commercial behaviour, for increasing transaction costs, and for lacking local democratic input.1 These problems were attributed to the “corporate model” of public hospital provision and a single, national purchasing agency. Both will now be replaced with a system promoted as allowing greater community “voice” in health sector decision making and “putting the public back into the public health system.”

This paper reviews New Zealand's experience with the quasimarket model and appraises the rationale for another round of structural change. We identify challenges policymakers face in achieving their goals, consider the general lessons provided by New Zealand's frequent U-turns in policy, and offer a set of criteria against which the new system might be assessed.

#### Summary points

New Zealand is implementing major changes to the way the health system is organised

The key elements are the development of national strategies and radical restructuring of the healthcare system

The changes reject the current quasimarket approach. Twenty one largely elected district health boards will be responsible for planning most services and delivering hospital services

Challenges facing the new system include the tension between local autonomy and national consistency, avoiding hospital domination designing a defensible formula for allocating funds to district health boards, and ensuring that the reorganisation achieves the government's health goals

Evaluation …
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation decisions should be extended to nurses
Authors: Caroline White
Journal: BMJ (2007)

People who are acutely ill out of hours should have easy access to a wider range of innovative medical services in the community to improve their care and reduce unnecessary hospital visits, a report by the Royal College of Physicians recommends.The report, Acute Medical Care: The Right Person, in the Right Setting, First Time, argues that current out of hours care is generally inadequate and inflexible, so patients with acute illness go to hospitals because there is no alternative.It recommends that provision of acute, unscheduled medical care in the community should expand with a range of different levels of emergency care, offering extended opening times and direct access to competent staff.New options might include urgent care centres in the community; rapid access medical outpatient clinics; and specialist outreach services from hospitals for acute deterioration of long term illness.These services must be evidence based, and the professionals delivering them must have the same competencies in acute medical care as hospital providers, it says.Competent decision making requires diagnostic support, says the report, which calls for improved availability of these services.The task force that developed the recommendations, based on a review of available evidence, wants to replace "see and greet"-in which services provide an initial assessment before referring on-with "see and treat"-providing accurate assessment and delivery of treatment at the first contact.Bryan Williams, professor of medicine at the University of Leicester, and chairman of the task force, said, "Getting it right for acute medical care needs changes in the way care is organised to get the most and the best out of staff and local resources and to provide fast and efficient care for patients.It needs changes in the way we work as professionals across the board, to provide wider and more flexible access to clinical decision makers."Big acute hospitals that serve local regions should provide the most intensive level of emergency and complex acute medical care in each area.They should have emergency departments located close to acute medical and critical care units, ideally as part of an emergency floor.To ensure that people are aware of the range of services, the report recommends developing local navigation hubs, each with a single, well publicised access telephone number distinct from 999, the emergency services number.
Pregnancy Outcome of Partners of Male Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Report From the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study
Authors: Daniel M. Green, John A. Whitton, Marilyn Stovall, Ann C. Mertens, Sarah S. Donaldson, Frederick B. Ruymann, Thomas W. Pendergrass, Leslie L. Robison
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2003)

This study was undertaken to determine the effect, if any, on pregnancy loss, live births, and birthweight of treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence.We reviewed pregnancy outcome among sexually active male Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS) participants who responded to a questionnaire before February 3, 2000. Medical records of all members of the cohort were abstracted to obtain chemotherapeutic agents administered, the cumulative dose of drug administered for several drugs of interest, and the doses, volumes, and dates of administration of all radiotherapy.There were 4,106 sexually active males; 1,227 reported they sired 2,323 pregnancies (69% live births, 1% stillbirths, 13% miscarriages, 13% abortions, 5% unknown or in gestation). The male-to-female ratio of the offspring of the partners of the male survivors was significantly different from that of the offspring of the partners of the male siblings of the survivors (1.0:1.03 v 1.24:1.0) (P =.016). The proportion of pregnancies of the partners of male survivors that ended with a liveborn infant was significantly lower than for the partners of the male siblings of the survivors who were the control group for comparison (relative risk = 0.77, P =.007). There were no significant differences in pregnancy outcome by treatment.This large study did not identify adverse pregnancy outcomes for the partners of male survivors treated with most chemotherapeutic agents. The reversal of the sex ratio and the association observed for procarbazine warrant further investigation.
Tryptophan Catabolites from Microbiota Engage Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Balance Mucosal Reactivity via Interleukin-22
Authors: Teresa Zelante, Rossana G. Iannitti, Cristina Cunha, Antonella De Luca, Gloria Giovannini, Giuseppe Pieraccini, Riccardo Zecchi, Carmen D’Angelo, Cristina Massi-Benedetti, Francesca Fallarino, Agostinho Carvalho, Paolo Puccetti, Luigina Romani
Journal: Immunity (2013)
Kaposi's Varicelliform Eruption
Authors: Kenneth M. Halprin
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Numerous vesicles and pustules superimposed on underlying dry eczematous dermatitis suddenly developed in a child with infantile eczema (Figure). A diagnosis of "bacterial infection" led to antibiotic therapy but the lesions continued to spread and were unresponsive to a second antibiotic. These lesions were unresponsive to antibiotic therapy because the clinical sequence of events is typical of the common viral invasion of eczematous skin originally described by Kaposi. The umbilicated vesicles resemble the lesions of varicella (chicken pox) and therefore led to the name in the title but the causative organism is herpes simplex or vaccinia virus. In infants primary infection by these viruses may be accompanied by severe manifestations of toxicity, fever, and lymphadenopathy. Systemic infection with hepatitis, meningitis, and encephalitis may lead to death and prompt supportive measures are needed. Older children and adults on the other hand are usually affected by recurrent herpes infection. They already have
Bleuler on Schizophrenia
Authors: W. Mayer-Gross
Journal: BMJ (1952)

Arachnoid granulations are common incidentally detected small dural lesions which are usually asymptomatic and follow cerebrospinal fluid density/signal intensity on CT/MRI. Such lesions reaching a size of more than 1 cm are termed as giant arachnoid granulations (GAGs) which have been previously reported to cause venous hypertension and headaches. We report a case of GAG involving the proximal half of the superior sagittal sinus in a 45-year-old male patient which was associated with left temporal thrombosed dural arteriovenous fistula (AVF) whose thrombosed draining veins were seen converging towards the site of GAG. The patient presented with three episodes of generalised tonic-clonic seizures and improved with conservative treatment. No reports of such association of GAG with AVF is available in the literature, and we believe it could have occurred due to venous hypertension induced by GAG.
Postheparin plasma triglyceride lipases in chronic hemodialysis: Evidence for a role for hepatic lipase in lipoprotein metabolism
Authors: Deborah Applebaum-Bowden, Andrew P. Goldberg, William R. Hazzard, Donald J. Sherrard, John D. Brunzell, Jussi K. Huttunen, Esko A. Nikkila, Christian Ehnholm
Journal: Metabolism (1979)
Obstetrics and Gynecology for Medical Students
Authors: Louis Keith
Journal: JAMA (1993)

As Dr Martin Stone so aptly points out in his preface to<i>Obstetrics and Gynecology for Medical Students</i>, the comprehensive standard textbooks in our field fail to meet the unique needs of medical students engaged in their clerkships. Such has been the case for almost 20 years. Available books have either been encyclopedic, confined solely to obstetrics or gynecology, or so limited in their scope that they could be perused in two evenings but failed to provide references or a stimulus for additional study. The problem of an inappropriate text often was compounded by a foreshortening of the clerkship in many schools to six or fewer weeks. Fortunately for students, the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO) long ago developed instructional objectives for a Clinical Curriculum in Obstetrics and Gynecology. This document was regularly modified by a committee based upon commentary and suggestions from educators throughout the country.
The inhibitory receptor <scp>CD</scp>300a is up‐regulated by hypoxia and <scp>GM</scp>‐<scp>CSF</scp> in human peripheral blood eosinophils
Authors: A. H. Nissim Ben Efraim, L. Karra, M. Ben‐Zimra, F. Levi‐Schaffer
Journal: Allergy (2013)

Eosinophils are involved in several inflammatory processes including allergic inflammation. It has been shown that eosinophil functions may be regulated by activating or inhibitory receptors. Hypoxia is a feature of inflamed tissues and has recently been shown to regulate eosinophil viability and pro-angiogenic potential. In this study, the effect of hypoxia and GM-CSF on the inhibitory receptor CD300a in human peripheral blood eosinophils was investigated.CD300a expression on eosinophils was analyzed by flow cytometry and evaluated by immuno-fluorescence; mRNA levels were evaluated by RT-PCR.An increase in the expression of CD300a was observed in hypoxic eosinophils compared to the normoxic ones. GM-CSF strongly induced CD300a increase also after 3 h in culture. In addition, hypoxia augmented mRNA levels of CD300a. Inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 abolished the hypoxia-/GM-CSF-induced CD300a increase.CD300a expression is up-regulated by hypoxia, and GM-CSF where HIF-1 might play an important role. These results are important for the understanding of eosinophils behavior in inflamed tissue and suggest a new effect on their function in allergic inflammation. Taken together our data point out CD300a as a novel target for the treatment of allergy.
Pediatric Head Injuries
Authors: Anthony J. Raimondi
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Pediatric Head Injuries reviews extensively the literature and the author's own experience with head injuries from birth through adolescence. The section on mechanisms and pathology outlines a correlation between research and the underlying mechanisms of craniocerebral trauma. However, since the fundamental differences in the newborn, the infant, the toddler, and the adolescent have never been adequately studied, most of the mechanical and pathological concepts put forth as characteristic of the early months and years of life are, in essence, an extrapolation of information available on older patients. There is an excellent analysis of the dynamics which occur between primary damage to the brain and secondary reactions such as cerebral edema, cerebral infection, and the production and absorption of cerebral spinal fluid. The role of roentgenography in its various modalities is discussed, and excellent reproductions demonstrate various clinical entities. In discussing the clinical entities ranging from closed head injury through skull
Lack of Health Effects of Long-term Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin-Reply
Authors: Richard E. Hoffman
Journal: JAMA (1986)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Skin test results collected by two of the four skin test readers for both exposed and unexposed participants were excluded because the data were judged to be invalid by numerous criteria, exactly as if a laboratory had one run for a particular test out of its quality control limits. This is different from what Allison and Lewis suggest— that the skin test data were biased. The skin test results are the main reason for suggesting that TCDD exposure may be associated with depressed cell-mediated immunity. We could not, however, ignore a number of additional findings from the in vitro immune tests. These findings included statistically significant differences in mean lymphoproliferative response to pokeweed mitogen (increased in exposed group), the mean number of non-T cells (increased in exposed group), and the mean cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity (decreased activity in exposed group determined by using log10-transformed values) (A. P. Knutsen, MD,
Dietary potassium and magnesium supplementation in cyclosporine-induced hypertension and nephrotoxicity
Authors: Anna-Kaisa Pere, Leena Lindgren, Päivi Tuomainen, Leena Krogerus, Pekka Rauhala, Juha Laakso, Heikki Karppanen, Heikki Vapaatalo, Juhani Ahonen, Eero M.A. Mervaala
Journal: Kidney International (2000)
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease past, present and future
Authors: P M A Calverley, J A Wedzicha
Journal: Thorax (2007)

Progress in the understanding of COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a topic of clinical concern and active research that is strongly represented at the meetings of the British Thoracic Society and in Thorax . This has not always been the case and, for rather different reasons, this disease may not be as important in future decades because the impact of COPD—at least in the developing world—should finally diminish over the next 20 years. This reflects the demographics of smoking cessation and the availability of more effective treatments to reduce the impact of this condition. The problems with COPD are not as current as is often stated. Necropsy data from the late 18th century identified the pathological features of emphysema while the clinical associations of this condition were described by Rene Laennec in his treaties on diseases of the chest in 1819. However, the slow pace of the illness and its lack of dramatic physical signs delayed our appreciation of its importance.

In the 20th century three partly related developments changed this. The first was the impact of warfare, specifically the use of toxic gases in World War I which stimulated research on pulmonary gas exchange. In World War II the need to fly at high altitudes without the pilots blacking out led to a renaissance of respiratory physiology which had its full impact when the relevant research was declassified at the end of hostilities. The ability to make objective measurements has transformed our understanding of COPD and coincided with a time when clinicians became aware of its importance, partly because of the accelerated death rate from respiratory causes including “bronchitis” after the 1952 London smog which linked impaired air quality very clearly with respiratory death. Additionally, Sir Richard Doll began his studies into the causes of death from …
Acute Myocardial Infarction Caused by Extension of a Proximal Aortic Dissection Flap Into the Right Coronary Artery
Authors: Sang-Hoon Na, Tae-Jin Youn, Young-Seok Cho, Cheong Lim, Woo-Young Chung, In-Ho Chae, Dong-Ju Choi, Joong-Haeng Choh
Journal: Circulation (2006)
Quercetin protects human hepatocytes from ethanol-derived oxidative stress by inducing heme oxygenase-1 via the MAPK/Nrf2 pathways
Authors: Ping Yao, Andreas Nussler, Liegang Liu, Liping Hao, Fangfang Song, Anja Schirmeier, Natascha Nussler
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)