tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
United Kingdom research governance strategy: Authors' reply
Authors: S. Kerrison
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Editor—Sullivan is correct that partnerships with industry such as the new networks will need careful scrutiny. Subsequent to the influential Baker report in 1999,1 every government report on research and development and higher education has emphasised the role of industry in NHS research, the most recent being the Bioscience Innovation and Growth Team's report.2

New networks and other bodies have been created to “form a platform to bring in other players from industry and the science base on a collaborative basis to maximise opportunities for innovation and research.”3 For example, the National Cancer Research Institute, established to take a strategic oversight of cancer research in the United Kingdom, also has industry represented on its board. The overall policy goals of the institute—namely, the drive to increase subject recruitment to clinical trials and to translate new products more quickly to trials—are consistent across the Pharmaceutical Industry Competitiveness Taskforce, National Cancer Research Network, and National Translational Cancer Research Network. Others have noted that these increased collaborative relationships with industry will alter the strategic direction of research.4,5 Like Sullivan, we too have concerns over the current organisational change in the NHS.

In our second paper we show how the Department of Health's draft research governance strategy is a response to increasing legislation, such as the Data Protection Act, Human Rights Act, Human Tissue Bill, and EU Clinical Trials Directive. Studies falling under these regulations must be conducted according to the rules laid down by the regulator, not to the investigators' own rules. By April 2004 our trust will have to have in place framework agreements with over 200 organisations with which it has collaborative research relationships.

Irrespective of whether it is the government's intent to formalise research, implementation of the research governance framework will have the effect of transferring the control of research from individual clinical researchers to institutions.
COMA DIABETICUM: ITS TREATMENT.
Authors: HEINRICH STERN
Journal: JAMA (1900)

In a recent communication a New York writer expresses the opinion that most cases of diabetes mellitus end with coma. A research made by me of all the original death certificates of individuals who have died from diabetes mellitus in the city of New York—Manhattan and the Bronx—during 1899 revealed the fact that among a total mortality from diabetes mellitus of 202, but 60 cases, that is, about 30 per cent., terminated in coma. The greater number of these sixty instances which were designated as "coma," it is safe to assume were not those of typical diabetic coma. Coma associated with diabetes deserves the appelation "diabetic coma" only in certain well-defined cases. A number of writers have furnished statistical data as to the frequency of coma in diabetes, but have omitted to differentiate between the typical condition and that which is the sequence of complications co-ordinate or intercurring with diabetes
Drug spending in North America rose by 11% in 2003
Authors: Ray Moynihan
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Spending on drugs in the United States and Canada rose 11% last year, according to new figures released last week by a leading market analyst firm, Intercontinental Marketing Services (IMS).

The IMS World Review shows that global drug sales rose 9% in 2003, to almost $500bn (£270bn; €400bn).

Almost half of the world's drug sales occur in the United States and Canada, which spent almost $230bn. The increase in sales is less than in …
Magnesium Intake and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Young Adults
Authors: Ka He, Kiang Liu, Martha L. Daviglus, Steven J. Morris, Catherine M. Loria, Linda Van Horn, David R. Jacobs, Peter J. Savage
Journal: Circulation (2006)

Studies suggest that magnesium intake may be inversely related to risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus and that higher intake of magnesium may decrease blood triglycerides and increase high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, the longitudinal association of magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome has not been investigated.We prospectively examined the relations between magnesium intake and incident metabolic syndrome and its components among 4637 Americans, aged 18 to 30 years, who were free from metabolic syndrome and diabetes at baseline. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel III definition. Diet was assessed by an interviewer-administered quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and magnesium intake was derived from the nutrient database developed by the Minnesota Nutrition Coordinating Center. During the 15 years of follow-up, 608 incident cases of the metabolic syndrome were identified. Magnesium intake was inversely associated with incidence of metabolic syndrome after adjustment for major lifestyle and dietary variables and baseline status of each component of the metabolic syndrome. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of magnesium intake, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of metabolic syndrome for participants in the highest quartile was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.52 to 0.91; P for trend <0.01). The inverse associations were not materially modified by gender and race. Magnesium intake was also inversely related to individual component of the metabolic syndrome and fasting insulin levels.Our findings suggest that young adults with higher magnesium intake have lower risk of development of metabolic syndrome.
IL-22+CD4+ T Cells Promote Colorectal Cancer Stemness via STAT3 Transcription Factor Activation and Induction of the Methyltransferase DOT1L
Authors: Ilona Kryczek, Yanwei Lin, Nisha Nagarsheth, Dongjun Peng, Lili Zhao, Ende Zhao, Linda Vatan, Wojciech Szeliga, Yali Dou, Scott Owens, Witold Zgodzinski, Marek Majewski, Grzegorz Wallner, Jingyuan Fang, Emina Huang, Weiping Zou
Journal: Immunity (2014)
THE UTILITY OF STREPTOCOCCAL VACCINES IN THE TREATMENT OF PUERPERAL SEPSIS
Authors: R. R. Armstrong, W. Shaw
Journal: BMJ (1928)

dentine. It is interesting to note that even in sections of teeth in which caries appears to be completely arrested the dentinal tubules may contain micro-organisms. These, how ever, are apparently inactive. For instance, some Gram positive bacteria were found in the dentinal tubules of the teeth ground sections of which are seen in Figs. 2 and 3. The production of secondary dentine in puppies by arti ficial stimuli has been related to the intake of vitamin D.8 9 With an abundance of this vitamin much well-calcified secondary dentine is formed as * the result of a given stimulus, whereas with little of the vitamin there is little or no reaction. The arrest of caries in children
Sequential variceal pressure measurement by endoscopic needle puncture during maintenance sclerotherapy: the correlation between variceal pressure and variceal rebleeding
Authors: Ming-Chih Hou, Han-Chieh Lin, Benjamin Ing-Tieu Kuo, Tung-Min Liao, Fa-Yauh Lee, Full-Young Chang, Shou-Dong Lee
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Cytogenetics in Clinical Endocrinology
Authors: Griff T. Ross
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Cytogenetic studies in clinical endocrinology began after the demonstration of sex-related dimorphism in nuclei of human tissues by Moore and Barr in 19541Techniques of nuclear sexing, based upon these observations, were promptly applied to the study of patients with abnormalities of gonadal development and function.2Results suggested an abnormality of chromosome number or morphology or both in some of these clinical syndromes.  Development of methods for studying the chromosomes of man,3,4led to studies of the karyotype in these patients. An association of abnormalities of the karyotype with some abnormalities of gonadal development and function was soon established. However, despite extensive studies, the relationship between chromosome number and morphology, on the one hand, and the pathogenesis and clinical expression of hypogonadal states in man, on the other, is still obscure. We shall consider the findings of cytogenetic studies in patients seen by the endocrinologist and evaluate
Indole-3-carbinol Inhibits 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone Plus Benzo(<i>a</i>)pyrene–Induced Lung Tumorigenesis in A/J Mice and Modulates Carcinogen-Induced Alterations in Protein Levels
Authors: Fekadu Kassie, Lorraine B. Anderson, Robyn Scherber, Nanxiong Yu, David Lahti, Pramod Upadhyaya, Stephen S. Hecht
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract We tested the chemopreventive efficacy of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a constituent of Brassica vegetables, and its major condensation product, 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM), against lung tumorigenesis induced by a mixture of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) in A/J mice. The mixture of NNK plus BaP (2 μmol each) was administered by gavage as eight weekly doses, whereas I3C (112 μmol/g diet) and DIM (2 and 30 μmol/g diet in experiments 1 and 2, respectively) were given in the diet for 23 weeks beginning at 50% of carcinogen treatment. I3C reduced NNK plus BaP–induced tumor multiplicity by 78% in experiment 1 and 86% in experiment 2; the respective reductions in tumor multiplicity by DIM were 5% and 66%. Using a quantitative proteomics method, isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified and quantified at least 250 proteins in lung tissues. Of these proteins, nine showed differences in relative abundance in lung tissues of carcinogen-treated versus untreated mice: fatty acid synthase, transketolase, pulmonary surfactant-associated protein C (SP-C), l-plastin, annexin A1, and haptoglobin increased, whereas transferrin, α-1-antitrypsin, and apolipoprotein A-1 decreased. Supplementation of the diet of carcinogen-treated mice with I3C reduced the level of SP-C, l-plastin, annexin A1, and haptoglobin to that of untreated controls. These results were verified using immunoblotting. We show here that tumor-associated signature proteins are increased during NNK plus BaP–induced lung carcinogenesis, and I3C inhibits this effect, suggesting that the lung tumor chemopreventive activity of I3C might be related to modulation of carcinogen-induced alterations in protein levels. [Cancer Res 2007;67(13):6502–11]
THE PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF DOBUTAMINE CARDIOVASCULAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN PATIENTS WITH KNOWN OR SUSPECTED CAD.
Authors: Sebastian Kelle, Christoph Klein, Amedeo Chiribiri, Juliane Vierecke, Christina Egnell, Ingo Paetsch, Cosima Jahnke, Ernst Wellnhofer, Eckart Fleck
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
Adsorbents as antiendotoxin agents in experimental colitis.
Authors: K R Gardiner, N H Anderson, M D McCaigue, P J Erwin, M I Halliday, B J Rowlands
Journal: Gut (1993)

The intestinal mucosa protects the body from a large reservoir of intraluminal pathogenic bacteria and endotoxins. This mucosal barrier is disrupted by the inflammation and ulceration of inflammatory bowel disease and may permit the absorption of toxic bacterial products. Systemic endotoxaemia has been demonstrated in ulcerative colitis and Crohn9s disease and correlates with the extent and activity of disease. In this study the efficacy of absorbents as antiendotoxin agents in a hapten induced rat model of colitis is investigated. Induction of colitis was associated with systemic endotoxaemia. Enteral administration of terra fullonica and kaolin, but not of charcoal, significantly reduced systemic endotoxaemia (terra fullonica 4.2 (1.40) pg/ml; kaolin 5.29 (1.86) pg/ml; charcoal 32.7 (16.6) pg/ml; water 39.8 (12.6) pg/ml). Data expressed as mean (SE). With increasing severity of colitis, there was a decreasing ability of adsorbent therapy (terra fullonica) to control systemic endotoxaemia. Enteral administration of adsorbents controls gut derived systemic endotoxaemia in experimental colitis in animals and may be a useful antiendotoxin treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Evidence for Valine Intolerance in Patients with Cirrhosis
Authors: Peter Schauder, Karsten SchrÖDer, Lothar Herbertz, Klaus Langer, Ulrich Langenbeck
Journal: Hepatology (1984)

Valine (62.5 mg per kg), leucine (70 mg per kg) and equal amounts of the calcium salts of the corresponding keto acids, i.e., α1-ketoisovaleric acid (KIVA) and α1-ketoisocaproic acid (KICA) were orally administered to patients with cirrhosis and to control subjects.Valine or leucine ingestion increased serum valine and leucine levels and the corresponding keto acids, KIVA and KICA, in cirrhotics and controls. KIVA or KICA ingestion increased serum KIVA and KICA concentrations within a few minutes associated with a rise in valine and leucine. In cirrhotics, administration of valine or KIVA resulted in significantly higher serum valine or KIVA concentrations than in control subjects. The clearance of valine and KIVA from blood was also delayed in cirrhotic patients. No such differences were observed after leucine or KICA ingestion. It is suggested that cirrhotics have a diminished tolerance for valine. Since the tolerance for KIVA, but not KICA, is also impaired, it appears that cirrhotics have a derangement in one or more metabolic steps distal to the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase.
Genome-wide association study identifies susceptibility loci for dengue shock syndrome at MICB and PLCE1
Authors: Chiea Chuen Khor, Tran Nguyen Bich Chau, Junxiong Pang, Sonia Davila, Hoang Truong Long, Rick T H Ong, Sarah J Dunstan, Bridget Wills, Jeremy Farrar, Ta Van Tram, Tran Thi Gan, Nguyen Thi Nguyet Binh, Le Trung Tri, Le Bich Lien, Nguyen Minh Tuan, Nguyen Thi Hong Tham, Mai Ngoc Lanh, Nguyen Minh Nguyet, Nguyen Trong Hieu, Nguyen Van N Vinh Chau, Tran Thi Thuy, Dennis E K Tan, Anavaj Sakuntabhai, Yik-Ying Teo, Martin L Hibberd, Cameron P Simmons
Journal: Nature Genetics (2011)
Diesel exhaust exposure favors TH2 cell recruitment in nonatopic subjects by differentially regulating chemokine production
Authors: Ying Chang, Stéphanie Sénéchal, Patricia de Nadai, Cécile Chenivesse, Jules Gilet, Han Vorng, Benjamin Legendre, André-Bernard Tonnel, Benoît Wallaert, Philippe Lassalle, Anne Tsicopoulos
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2006)
Women in White
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Women in White describes the role of women in medicine, from ancient mythology to the modern era. After discussing the ancient world, the medieval period (with such relatively unfamiliar figures as Trotula and Hildegard of Bingen), and the course of midwifery, the authors devote most of the volume to the 19th and early 20th century. Interestingly and effectively told is the story of the great pioneers—Elizabeth Blackwell, Elizabeth Garett Anderson, Mary Putnam Jacobi, Emily Dunning Barringer, Alice Hamilton, as well as many lesser figures—who struggled against overwhelming prejudice and male chauvinism, and did so much to liberate women.  The last part of the book tells of women who, although not physicians, had a great impact on medicine— Florence Nightingale, Dorothea Dix, Jane Addams, Marie Curie.  While directed primarily at the layman, the well-told narrative with its attractive illustrations can be heartily recommended to physicians who want to know more of
FDG PET/CT Findings of Solid Pseudopapillary Tumor of the Pancreas With CT and MRI Correlation
Authors: Aisheng Dong, Yang Wang, Hui Dong, Jian Zhang, Chao Cheng, Changjing Zuo
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate retrospectively 18F-FDG PET/CT findings of solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas (SPTP). Patients and Methods FDG PET/CT findings were reviewed in 8 patients with SPTP confirmed by pathology. Early PET/CT scans were performed 1 hour after FDG injection in all 8 patients. After an interval of 1 hour, delayed PET/CT scans were performed in 6 patients. All patients underwent enhanced CT and 4 patients underwent MRI. Results A total of 8 tumors were detected in all 8 patients. CT and MRI findings included encapsulation (n = 2), solid and cystic components (n = 4), focal calcification (n = 7), and weak enhancement during the arterial phase on enhanced CT or MRI and increasing enhancement during the portal venous phase (n = 8). All the tumors showed increased FDG uptake. The mean SUVmax of all tumors was 8.9, with a high variability of SUVmax among lesions ranging from 2.5 to 29.1. The tumors (n = 6) with high cellularity had stronger FDG uptake, whereas the tumors (n = 2) with low cellularity had relatively low FDG uptake. The tumors (n = 6) with pancreatic parenchymal, vascular, or perineural invasions had intense FDG uptake, whereas the tumors (n = 2) without invasions had slight-to-moderate FDG uptake. Two tumors with relatively high proliferative index had very strong FDG uptake, whereas those (n = 6) with low proliferative index or negative Ki-67 staining result had relatively lower FDG uptake. On delayed FDG PET/CT images, The SUVmax of SPTP increased in 4 patients and slightly decreased in 2 patients. Conclusions CT or MRI demonstrated morphological features of SPTP and FDG PET/CT that reflected the histopathological composition of the tumors. FDG uptake of SPTP may be related to tumor cellularity, proliferative index, or histological malignancy. Familiarity with the morphological and functional imaging findings of SPTP may be helpful for correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
Brain SPECT Artifact in Multidetector SPECT System
Authors: JAMES J. ZHANG, CHAN H. PARK, SUNG M. KIM
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1994)

Stringent quality control cannot be overemphasized in performing SPECT. SPECT artifacts related to camera uniformity, center of rotation, and the patient's motion are well recognized. In this communication, another rare cause of a SPECT artifact related to a triad system is reported. A triple-headed SPECT system was accidentally equipped with two ultrahigh-resolution collimators and a general all-purpose collimator during a brain SPECT study, causing a false cerebral blood flow defect.
Chronic Synovial Effusions Treated With Intra-Articular Radioactive Gold
Authors: Myer Makin, Gordon C. Robin
Journal: JAMA (1964)

The successful use of radioactive colloidal gold (Au<sup>198</sup>) in the treatment of malignant peritoneal and pleural effusions prompted its trial use in cases of persistent synovial effusion in which orthodox methods had consistently failed. A trial was carried out on 25 joints in 22 patients with persistent effusions. The injections were given intra-articularly. Follow-up ranging from ten months to six years showed three failures. Pain was almost always relieved and movement facilitated. No complications, either immediate or delayed, occurred as a result of the injection. The 10-mc dose used was estimated on an assumption of surface area of the synovium. The clinical success of the method would suggest that this dose is adequate to relieve effusion.
Implanting the Glucose Enzyme Electrode: Problems, Progress, and Alternative Solutions
Authors: Stuart J Updike, Mark Shults, Bo Ekman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

An implantable glucose sensor is needed before a reliable artificial pancreas can be realized. The principles and current status of one such device, the glucose enzyme electrode, is presented and discussed. While monitoring glucose this enzyme sensor consumes enough oxygen to become oxygen-limited. This problem has been solved by developing hydrophobic membranes that are more permeable to oxygen than to glucose. Two types of membranes with this property made from (1) cross-linked albumin and (2) sebacyl chloride (nylon) are described. Placing these membranes over the glucose enzyme electrode solves the problem of oxygen limitation. Furthermore, the addition of this type of membrane increases the linear response range of the electrode to glucose to include the entire clinical range of interest (0-400 mg/dl). Other problems in developing an implantable glucose sensor are discussed. Competing strategies to achieve an implantable artificial pancreas without using electronic or mechanical components are presented and evaluated.
Adoption of Radial Access and Comparison of Outcomes to Femoral Access in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Dmitriy N. Feldman, Rajesh V. Swaminathan, Lisa A. Kaltenbach, Dmitri V. Baklanov, Luke K. Kim, S. Chiu Wong, Robert M. Minutello, John C. Messenger, Issam Moussa, Kirk N. Garratt, Robert N. Piana, William B. Hillegass, Mauricio G. Cohen, Ian C. Gilchrist, Sunil V. Rao
Journal: Circulation (2013)

Background— Radial access for percutaneous coronary intervention (r-PCI) is associated with reduced vascular complications; however, previous reports have shown that &lt;2% of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) procedures in the United States are performed via the radial approach. Our aims were to evaluate temporal trends in r-PCI and compare procedural outcomes between r-PCI and transfemoral PCI. Methods and Results— We conducted a retrospective cohort study from the CathPCI registry (n=2 820 874 procedures from 1381 sites) between January 2007 and September 2012. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the adjusted association between r-PCI and bleeding, vascular complications, and procedural success, using transfemoral PCI as the reference. Outcomes in high-risk subgroups such as age ≥75 years, women, and patients with acute coronary syndrome were also examined. The proportion of r-PCI procedures increased from 1.2% in quarter 1 2007 to 16.1% in quarter 3 2012 and accounted for 6.3% of total procedures from 2007 to 2012 (n=178 643). After multivariable adjustment, r-PCI use in the studied cohort of patients was associated with lower risk of bleeding (adjusted odds ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval, 0.49–0.54) and lower risk of vascular complications (adjusted odds ratio, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.31–0.50) in comparison with transfemoral PCI. The reduction in bleeding and vascular complications was consistent across important subgroups of age, sex, and clinical presentation. Conclusions— There has been increasing adoption of r-PCI in the United States. Transradial PCI now accounts for 1 of 6 PCIs performed in contemporary clinical practice. In comparison with traditional femoral access, transradial PCI is associated with lower vascular and bleeding complication rates.
A matter of life or death: China moves towards changing its transplantation practices
Authors: Jane Parry
Journal: BMJ (2007)

China is changing—and changing fast. And, partly to gain acceptance on the global health stage, it has begun to tackle one of its more controversial healthcare practices: using organs harvested from executed prisoners for transplantation.

For Zhonghua Klaus Chen, vice chairman of the Chinese Organ Transplantation Society, a recent statement by the Chinese Medical Association against the use of executed prisoners' organs is a welcome boost to efforts to bring Chinese transplantation practices into line with international standards.

Having trained in Germany and the United Kingdom, including a stint with Cambridge University under the transplantation surgeon Roy Calne, Professor Chen became convinced that prisoners were not in a position to give free consent for organ donation after their deaths.

“As part of the organ procurement team in Cambridge I was very proud of what I was doing,” he said, “yet, in China, surgeons using prisoners' organs can't discuss their work with international colleagues. Execution is the dark side of human nature, and transplantation is the glorious side of health care. They can't be easily bundled together, and that should be stopped.”

He was delighted when the practice was deemed unacceptable by the Chinese Medical Association in October, during the World Medical Association's annual general assembly in Copenhagen. The Chinese association came out against the use of organs harvested from executed prisoners for transplantation, stating that the organs should be …