tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Oxfam India mounts campaign to protect affordable drugs
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Oxfam India has launched a campaign to protect India’s intellectual property system that enables production of affordable drugs after US authorities have started talks with Indian government officials to review current regulations.1

The campaign, “Save our Medicines,” is collecting signatories to a petition calling on the US government and drug companies to stop putting pressure on India to change its laws on intellectual property. These enable Indian companies to produce generic drugs if patented versions cost more than patients can afford.

“The system has fostered robust generic competition, which slashes the prices of medicines—by more than 90% in …
REMARKS ON A CASE OF 'BLACK CATARACT'
Authors: H. H. Walton
Journal: BMJ (1855)

ollaped ad soLd; in the other, the affieotd lung wa re- dueed in siwe was of a very dark oolour, generally crnified, containing no air except at its apex, and covered at its lower three-fourths by false membrane, which was remarkably tough, of a white colour, and nearly a quarter of an inch thick in some parts.The lung was attached to the pleura costalis by long adhesive bands of considerable strength.The next case is one a little under three months.The
Functional and biochemical studies of multinucleated giant cells derived from the culture of human monocytes.
Authors: L Schlesinger, R A Musson, R B Johnston
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

We compared phagocytic and metabolic activities of multinucleated giant cells (MGC) and macrophages derived from human monocytes after 9-14 d in culture. Phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes (E) coated with IgG, of E coated with IgM and complement, and of Candida albicans was comparable in MGC and macrophages. The same percentage of ingested fungi was killed by MGC (24 +/- 4%) and macrophages (21 +/- 5%). Approximately 70% of MGC and macrophages exhibited superoxide-dependent reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium during stimulation. Ia antigen was present on approximately 75% of both cell types. Analysis of cell populations separated by nuclear fluorescence indicated that beta-glucosaminidase, acid phosphatase, and beta-glucuronidase activity per cell was higher in MGC, but specific activity of these enzymes was greater in macrophages. These results suggest that MGC have the capacity to function like macrophages in host defense against infection.
Hospital and community health service costs: England and Scotland compared
Authors: A. Maynard, S. Birch
Journal: BMJ (1988)

value of photic radiations) are well known, one wonders why no epidemiological survey of seasonal affective disorder has been undertaken.Presumably congenitally blind people could pro- vide controls worth exploring, other psychological drawbacks notwithstanding.Is the condition more pronounced among the Eskimos, who probably use less artificial light than Swedes?When travel- ling through Peru I was struck by the paucity of artificial illumination in rural areas.Is anything known about psychiatric conditions there or is life too hard for seasonal affective disorder to flourish?What happens near the equator, where seasonal variations ought to be minimal?Relevant expert epidemiological studies might provide a short cut to meaningful results, which might elude an apparently more direct approach.
Forest plots: trying to see the wood and the trees
Authors: S. Lewis
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Few systematic reviews containing meta-analyses are complete without a forest plot. But what are forest plots, and where did they come from?

#### Summary points

Forest plots show the information from the individual studies that went into the meta-analysis at a glance

They show the amount of variation between the studies and an estimate of the overall result

Forest plots, in various forms, have been published for about 20 years

During this time, they have been improved, but it is still not easy to draw them in most standard computer packages

In a typical forest plot, the results of component studies are shown as squares centred on the point estimate of the result of each study. A horizontal line runs through the square to show its confidence interval—usually, but not always, a 95% confidence interval. The overall estimate from the meta-analysis and its confidence interval are put at the bottom, represented as a diamond. The centre of the diamond …
Correction: Appropriate Models for the Management of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Helen J Wearing, Pejman Rohani, Matt J Keeling
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

The following sentence contains an incorrect number: "Only by massaging the numbers could one fi gure out that physicians would need to put 700 women on statins to eliminate one cancer case (in medical parlance, this is called number needed to treat)."The corrected sentence is as follows: "Only by massaging the numbers could one fi gure out that physicians would need to put 140 women on statins to eliminate one cancer case (in medical parlance, this is called number needed to treat).
Confocal fluorescence microscopy for detection of gastric angiodysplasia
Authors: A. Meining, M. Bajbouj, R. Schmid
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

A 75-year-old female patient was submitted to our institution for further evaluation of chronic anemia. The patient took a vitamin K antagonist due to an aortic valve prosthesis. Hematemesis, melena or hematochezia were absent. For further evaluation, an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed, which revealed five red spots in the antrum and duodenum (maximum size was 2 mm).
Anatomic Properties of Myocardial Bridge Predisposing to Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Yukio Ishikawa, Yoshikiyo Akasaka, Koyu Suzuki, Mieko Fujiwara, Takafumi Ogawa, Kazuto Yamazaki, Hitoshi Niino, Michio Tanaka, Kentaro Ogata, Shojiroh Morinaga, Yoshiro Ebihara, Yutaka Kawahara, Hitoshi Sugiura, Toshiro Takimoto, Akio Komatsu, Toshihito Shinagawa, Kazuhiro Taki, Hideaki Satoh, Kazuaki Yamada, Maki Yanagida-Iida, Reiko Shimokawa, Kazuyuki Shimada, Chiaki Nishimura, Kinji Ito, Toshiharu Ishii
Journal: Circulation (2009)

A myocardial bridge (MB) that partially covers the course of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) sometimes causes myocardial ischemia, primarily because of hemodynamic deterioration, but without atherosclerosis. However, the mechanism of occurrence of myocardial infarction (MI) as a result of an MB in patients with spontaneously developing atherosclerosis is unclear.One hundred consecutive autopsied MI hearts either with MBs [MI(+)MB(+) group; n=46] or without MBs (n=54) were obtained, as were 200 normal hearts, 100 with MBs [MI(-)MB(+) group] and 100 without MBs. By microscopy on LADs that were consecutively cross-sectioned at 5-mm intervals, the extent and distribution of LAD atherosclerosis were investigated histomorphometrically in conjunction with the anatomic properties of the MB, such as its thickness, length, and location and the MB muscle index (MB thickness multiplied by MB length), according to MI and MB status. In the MI(+)MB(+) group, the MB showed a significantly greater thickness and greater MB muscle index (P<0.05) than in the MI(-)MB(+) group. The intima-media ratio (intimal area/medial area) within 1.0 cm of the left coronary ostium was also greater (P<0.05) in the MI(+)MB(+) group than in the other groups. In addition, in the MI(+)MB(+) group, the location of the segment that exhibited the greatest intima-media ratio in the LAD proximal to the MB correlated significantly (P<0.001) with the location of the MB entrance, and furthermore, atherosclerosis progression in the LAD proximal to the MB was largest at 2.0 cm from the MB entrance.In the proximal LAD with an MB, MB muscle index is associated with a shift of coronary disease more proximally, an effect that may increase the risk of MI.
Unexplained melena associated with a history of endovascular stent grafting of abdominal aortic aneurysms: aortoduodenal fistula
Authors: Y. Sukawa, A. Goto, H. Okuda, K. Suzuki, Y. Hasegawa, K. Yonezawa, T. Abe, Y. Shinomura
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

Aortoduodenal fistulas (ADFs) are rare but potentially lethal causes of massive gastrointestinal tract bleeding. Here, we report the typical endoscopic findings of ADFs.
Effective and long-term control of EBV PTLD after transfer of peptide-selected T cells
Authors: Andreas Moosmann, Iris Bigalke, Johanna Tischer, Leah Schirrmann, Julitta Kasten, Stefanie Tippmer, Marina Leeping, Dušan Prevalšek, Gundula Jaeger, Georg Ledderose, Josef Mautner, Wolfgang Hammerschmidt, Dolores J. Schendel, Hans-Jochem Kolb
Journal: Blood (2010)
Infopoints: IER---an educational resource for health informatics in general practice
Authors: A. Hassey, P. Robinson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The New NHS sets a premium on high quality information to support patient care.1 This requirement has been recognised through the publication of NHS strategy documents on information. 2 3 Emerging from these policy initiatives is the need for high quality health data accessible through electronic patient record systems.4 The quality of general practice data will underpin clinical care, practice payments, clinical governance, assessment of health needs, commissioning, and even professional reaccreditation. These policy initiatives have been accompanied by the emergence of the new discipline of health informatics in the academic curriculum and a clear need to develop training in informatics.5

The …
Complications of liver biopsy in liver transplant patients: Increased sepsis associated with choledochojejunostomy
Authors: Mark E. Bubak, Michael K. Porayko, Ruud A. F. Krom, Russell H. Wiesner
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

We investigated the incidence and types of liver biopsy complications in our first 160 consecutive liver transplantations. A significant complication was identified by the need for therapeutic intervention (for example, hospitalization, transfusion, intravenous fluids, chest tube, surgery or antibiotic therapy). A total of 950 percutaneous hepatic allograft biopsies were performed in 136 patients (mean = 6.9 biopsies/graft; range = 1 to 29). A significant complication was reported after 17 (1.8%) liver biopsies in 13 (9.6%) patients. Bleeding complications occurred in 11 patients and serious infection developed in 6 patients, but all patients recovered with appropriate therapy. Of special interest was that five of six patients with infectious complications had undergone Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy as part of the transplantation operation. The incidence of infectious complications related to a series of biopsies was significantly greater in patients who underwent choledochojejunostomy (12.5%) than in patients who underwent duct-to-duct biliary anastomosis (1%) (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, all septic events in patients who underwent choledochojejunostomy were related to enteric organisms. This investigation reaffirms the safety and low incidence of complications related to percutaneous liver biopsy even in this unique patient population. However, we did identify a subgroup of patients with biliary-enteric anastomoses who appear to be at increased risk of septic complications after liver biopsy. Antibiotic prophylaxis at the time of liver biopsy may be appropriate in this high-risk subgroup to decrease the frequency of infectious complications.
Housing for the Elderly
Authors: R.H. KAMPMEIER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

Editorial Notes1 August 1977Housing for the ElderlyR.H. KAMPMEIER, M.D., M.A.C.P.R.H. KAMPMEIER, M.D., M.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-87-2-242 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptOn occasional Saturdays in my youth I bicycled over several miles of a dusty Iowa road to the smelly county poor farm to deliver a pail of soup and a loaf of my mother's freshly baked bread to an old couple living there. The origins of our county poor farms trace back to Elizabethan England. In 1601 the "Old Poor Law" designated the parish as the unit to support, by a "poor rate" levy, relief of the poor of the community and, if necessary, to build cottages on "the waste or the commons" to house them. English workhouses and almshouses...References1. BALLPOLLARD RM: Caring for the dependent elderly. Ann Intern Med 85:387-388, 1976 LinkGoogle Scholar2. Chronic conditions and limitations of activity and mobility: United States July 1965—June 1967. HEW Public Health Service Publication No. 1000, Series 10, No. 61. Washington, U.S. Government Printing Office Google Scholar3. KAMPMEIER R: The deinstitutionalization of the aging: a way back to independent living, in Independent Living for the Aging: Special Report on the Proceedings for the Tennessee Institute on Aging. Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Middle Tennessee State University, 1973, pp. 23-33 Google Scholar4. of Nashville—an experiment in preventive medicine (editorial). J Tenn Med Assoc 59:1267-1269, 1966 Google Scholar5. To meet the need of housing for the aged (editorial). South Med J 62:1158-1160, 1969 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, Tennessee PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 August 1977Volume 87, Issue 2Page: 242-243KeywordsAdolescentsBreadElderly Issue Published: 1 August 1977 PDF DownloadLoading ...
State Expenditures for Tobacco-Control Programs and the Tobacco Settlement
Authors: Cary P. Gross, Benny Soffer, Peter B. Bach, Rahul Rajkumar, Howard P. Forman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Despite controversy surrounding the use of funds arising from settlement agreements with the tobacco industry, little is known about the role of these funds in expenditures for state tobacco-control programs.
787-5 Systemic Effect of Ramipril on Endothelin, but not on Elcosanoid Levels in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Bernhard R. Winkelmann, Gerian Grönefeld, Karen Nelson, Matti Verho, Norbert Bender, Roland Kirsten, Wolfgang Schulz, Martin Kaltenbach
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
Extracts from "Clinical Evidence": Hip fracture
Authors: W. J. Gillespie
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Competing interests: WG is coordinating editor of the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Injuries Group and has participated in several of the cited systematic reviews.



If you are interested in being a contributor or peer reviewer for Clinical Evidence please visit the Clinical Evidence website (www.clinicalevidence.org)



Clinical Evidence is published by BMJ Publishing Group. The fourth issue is available now, and Clinical Evidence will be updated and expanded every six months. Individual subscription rate, issues 4 and 5 £75/$140; institutional rate £160/$245. For more information including how to subscribe, please visit the Clinical Evidence website at www.clinicalevidence.org
Neighborhood of Residence and Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Ana V. Diez Roux, Sharon Stein Merkin, Donna Arnett, Lloyd Chambless, Mark Massing, F. Javier Nieto, Paul Sorlie, Moyses Szklo, Herman A. Tyroler, Robert L. Watson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Where a person lives is not usually thought of as an independent predictor of his or her health, although physical and social features of places of residence may affect health and health-related behavior.
Achalasia like disorder of the oesophagus in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis.
Authors: P N Foster, M Stewart, J S Lowe, M Atkinson
Journal: Gut (1987)

The association of achalasia like disorder of the oesophagus with von Recklinghausen9s neurofibromatosis to our knowledge not previously reported is described in a 56 year old man who also had bladder dysfunction. At necropsy the oesophageal myenteric plexus showed ganglion cell depletion with nerve fibre hyperplasia probably the result of Schwann cell hyperplasia. We suggest that the disturbances of oesophageal and bladder function were a consequence of involvement of the autonomic nervous system by neurofibromatosis.
Spain: old people frequently live with their families
Authors: X. Bosch
Journal: BMJ (2002)

<h3>Abstract</h3> Continuing advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) demonstrate the promise it holds for revealing biological structures at chemical resolution, in which noncovalent interactions, RNA and protein modifications, and solvation can be modeled accurately. At present, the best cryo-EM-derived models of the bacterial ribosome are of the large (50S) ribosomal subunit with effective global resolutions of 2.4-2.5 Å, based on map-to-model Fourier shell correlation (FSC). Here we present a model of the <i>E. coli</i> 70S ribosome with an effective global resolution of 2.0 Å, based on maps showcasing unambiguous positioning of residues, their detailed chemical interactions, and chemical modifications. These modifications include the first examples of isopeptide and thioamide backbone substitutions in ribosomal proteins, the former of which is likely conserved in all domains of life. The model also defines extensive solvation of the small (30S) ribosomal subunit for the first time, as well as interactions with A-site and P-site tRNAs, mRNA, and the antibiotic paromomycin. The high quality of the maps now allows a deeper phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal components, and identification of structural conservation to the level of solvation. The maps and models of the bacterial ribosome presented here should enable future structural analysis of the chemical basis for translation, and the development of robust tools for cryo-EM structure modeling and refinement.
Justice, Health, and Healthcare
Authors: Norman Daniels
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2001)

Healthcare (including public health) is special because it protects normal functioning, which in turn protects the range of opportunities open to individuals. I extend this account in two ways. First, since the distribution of goods other than healthcare affect population health and its distribution, I claim that Rawls's principles of justice describe a fair distribution of the social determinants of health, giving a partial account of when health inequalities are unjust. Second, I supplement a principled account of justice for health and healthcare with an account of fair process for setting limits of rationing care. This account is provided by three conditions that comprise "accountability for reasonableness."
Pain in the hip and knee
Authors: Andrew J Hamer
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Pain in the hip ChildhoodA child with hip disease may not present with pain or a history of trauma but with an unexplained limp.Unexplained knee pain should raise the suspicion of hip abnormality.Congenital dislocation of the hip-Ultrasound screening should detect children at risk, but missed cases may present with a delay in walking, limp, or discrepancy in leg length.Children usually present before the age of 5 years.Missed diagnosis can lead to a non-congruent joint and early osteoarthritic degeneration in adulthood.Perthes' disease-Disintegration of the femoral head, with subsequent healing and deformity of the hip, usually occurs in boys aged 5-10 years.The precise cause is unclear, but segmental avascular necrosis of the femoral head is probably responsible.A limp, hip pain, or knee pain may result.Treatment aims to contain the femoral head in the acetabulum to reduce the risks of future osteoarthritis.Slipped upper femoral epiphysis is typically seen in overweight, hypogonadal boys, who often present with pain referred to the knee, although girls can also be affected.Diagnosis can be difficult, but a "frog lateral" radiograph will show the deformity.Surgical stabilisation is needed urgently to prevent further slippage of the epiphysis.The contralateral hip is at high risk of slippage, and patients and parents should be warned to return if any knee or hip pain occurs.Septic arthritis is relatively uncommon, but it should be suspected in a child who is ill, toxic, and unable to walk.Pain prevents movement of the affected joint.Diagnosis is confirmed by raised white cell count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate and perhaps by effusion on ultrasound images.Urgent surgical drainage is vital to reduce the risk of late osteoarthritis.Diagnosis can be particularly difficult in neonates.Staphylococcus aureus is the usual infective organism.Transient synovitis or "irritable hip"-A reactive effusion may occur in the hip in association with a systemic viral illness.Affected children are not acutely unwell and can move the hip, but with some stiffness.Ultrasonography may show an effusion.The condition is usually self limiting.Perthes' disease may also present in the early stages with an effusion without changes visible on radiography.Other arthritides-Juvenile chronic arthritis may present with hip pain.General management of the arthritic process is important, with physiotherapy to prevent joint contracture.
1218 A prospective, controlled study assessing the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients on methadone maintenance
Authors: S MAUSS, F BERGER, G SCHMUTZ, B JACOB, J GOELZ
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to determine prospectively whether an intensive regimen of daily, high-dose interferon would improve the response rate for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in patients with unfavorable virological characteristics.METHODS:A total of 104 patients with chronic hepatitis C were randomized at eight centers to receive interferon alfa-2b at a dose of 5 million units (MU) daily or 3 MU t.i.w. for a period of 24 wk. Patients were prospectively randomized by low or high viral burden and stratified by genotype. HCV RNA was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and response rates were compared between the dosage regimens.RESULTS:HCV RNA levels dropped more rapidly to lower levels in the group treated with 5 MU daily. In this group, the initial virological response (IR) at wk 12 and the end-of-treatment response (ETR) at wk 24 were double that of patients treated with standard interferon (66% vs 33% and 48% vs 24%, p < 0.01). Sustained response rates were low for both dose groups (14% vs 4%, p = 0.08). Genotype-related differences in initial response rates were present in the standard dose group (63% non-1 genotype vs 24% genotype 1; p = 0.005) but not in those treated with 5 MU daily (66% vs 67%, p = NS). Using multivariate analysis, only the interferon dose was associated with IR and ETR (p = 0.002).CONCLUSIONS:Daily, high dose interferon rapidly dropped HCV RNA and increased initial and end-of-treatment response rates when compared to t.i.w. regimens. This effect, independent of viral burden and genotype, suggests that patients with unfavorable viral characteristics might benefit from an intensive regimen that promotes rapid viral clearance. These data support further study of the use of high-dose induction regimens. However, improvements in sustained response rates will require additional therapeutic maneuvers such as prolonged therapy or the adjunctive use of ribavirin.
Atherosclerosis of Arteries of Lower Limbs
Authors: G. W. Taylor, A. R. Calo
Journal: BMJ (1962)

ATHEROSCLEROSISBRITTsIHI 507 thrombogenic concept of atheroma.It is suggested that more detailed studies of the small lipid-containing arterial lesions in animals and of the comparatively rare cases of atherothrombosis might lead to a better understanding of essentially similar lesions in man.We thank Mr. H.Corbett, Mr. J. W. Miller, and Miss G. R. Latham for skilled technical assistance; Mr. P. Crocker for the photomicrographs;
1104-192 Heterologous transplantation of CD34 + cells from patients with coronary ischemia leads to myocardial salvage and enhanced functional recovery in murine model of myocardial infarction
Authors: Larry J Diaz-Sandoval, Atsuhiko Kawamoto, Young-Sup Yoon, Toshinori Murayama, Kengo Kusano, Marianne Kearney, Oren Tepper, Takayuky Asahara, Jeffrey M Isner, Douglas W Losordo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)