tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of School-Based Influenza Vaccination
Authors: James C. King, Jeffrey J. Stoddard, Manjusha J. Gaglani, Kristine A. Moore, Laurence Magder, Elizabeth McClure, Judith D. Rubin, Janet A. Englund, Kathleen Neuzil
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

Vaccination of children in school is one strategy to reduce the spread of influenza in households and communities.We identified 11 demographically similar clusters of elementary schools in four states, consisting of one school we assigned to participate in a vaccination program (intervention school) and one or two schools that did not participate (control schools). During a predicted week of peak influenza activity in each state, all households with children in intervention and control schools were surveyed regarding demographic characteristics, influenza vaccination, and outcomes of influenza-like illness during the previous 7 days.In all, 47% of students in intervention schools received live attenuated influenza vaccine. As compared with control-school households, intervention-school households had significantly fewer influenza-like symptoms and outcomes during the recall week. Paradoxically, intervention-school households (both children and adults) had higher rates of hospitalization per 100 persons than did control-school households. However, there was no difference in the overall hospitalization rates for children or adults in households with vaccinated children, as compared with those with unvaccinated children, regardless of study-group assignment. Rates of school absenteeism for any cause (based on school records) were not significantly different between intervention and control schools.Most outcomes related to influenza-like illness were significantly lower in intervention-school households than in control-school households. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00192218.)
Comparison of Physician Workforce Estimates and Supply Projections
Authors: Douglas O. Staiger
Journal: JAMA (2009)

<h3>Context</h3>Estimates of physician supply in the United States have been based on data that may overestimate the number of older physicians in the workforce.<h3>Objective</h3>To compare physician workforce estimates and supply projections using the American Medical Association Physician Masterfile (Masterfile) data with estimates and projections using data from the US Census Bureau Current Population Survey (CPS).<h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3>Parallel retrospective cohort analyses of employment trends of the number of active physicians by age and sex using annual data from the Masterfile and the CPS between 1979 and 2008. Recent workforce trends were used to project future physician supply by age.<h3>Main Outcome Measure</h3>Annual number of physicians working at least 20 hours per week in 10-year age categories.<h3>Results</h3>In an average year in the sample period, the CPS estimated 67 000 (10%) fewer active physicians than did the Masterfile (95% confidence interval [CI], 57 000-78 000; P &lt; .001), almost entirely due to fewer active physicians aged 55 years or older. The CPS estimated more young physicians (ages 25-34 years) than did the Masterfile, with the difference increasing to an average of 17 000 (12%) during the final 15 years (95% CI, 13 000-22 000; P &lt; .001). The CPS estimates of more young physicians were consistent with historical growth observed in the number of first-year residents, and the CPS estimates of fewer older physicians were consistent with lower Medicare billing by older physicians. Projections based on both the CPS and the Masterfile data indicate that the number of active physicians will increase by approximately 20% between 2005 and 2020. However, projections for 2020 using CPS data estimate nearly 100 000 (9%) fewer active physicians than projections using the Masterfile data (957 000 vs 1 050 000), and estimate that a smaller proportion of active physicians will be 65 years or older (9% vs 18%). The increasing proportion of female physicians had little effect on physician supply projections because, unlike male physicians, female physicians were found to maintain their work activity after age 55 years.<h3>Conclusion</h3>Compared with the Masterfile data, estimates using the CPS data found more young physicians entering the workforce and fewer older physicians remaining active, resulting in estimates of a smaller and younger physician workforce now and in the future.
Review: PPI use in pregnancy was not associated with increased congenital malformations, spontaneous abortion, or preterm delivery
Authors: Adil E. Bharucha
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2009)

ACP Journal Club17 November 2009Review: PPI use in pregnancy was not associated with increased congenital malformations, spontaneous abortion, or preterm deliveryAdil E. Bharucha, MDAdil E. Bharucha, MDMayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (A.E.B.)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-10-200911170-02014 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Source CitationGill SK, O’Brien L, Einarson TR, Koren G. The safety of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1541-5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19491869Clinical Impact RatingsGIM/FP/GP: Gastroenterology: References1 http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/Prilosec.pdf (accessed 5 Oct 09). Google Scholar2 Product information: Prevacid IV, lansoprazole. Lake Forest, IL: TAP Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2004a. Google Scholar3 Yang YX, Lewis JD, Epstein S, Metz DC. Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture. JAMA. 2006:296:2947-53. [PMID: 17190895] Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA (A.E.B.)This article was published at Annals.org on 3 November 2009. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 17 November 2009Volume 151, Issue 10Page: JC5-14KeywordsCohort studiesCongenital disordersMiscarriagePregnancyRetrospective studiesSafetyToxicity ePublished: 17 November 2009 Issue Published: 17 November 2009 CopyrightCopyright © 2009 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF DownloadLoading ...
Reconciling Fechner and Stevens: Toward a unified psychophysical law
Authors: Lester E. Krueger
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1989)

Abstract How does subjective magnitude, S . increase as physical magnitude or intensity, I , increases? Direct ratings (magnitude scales; partition or category scales) can be fitted by the power function, S = aI b , in which S equals I raised to a power or exponent, b , and multiplied by a measure constant, a . The exponent is typically about twice as large for the magnitude scale (Stevens) as for the corresponding partition or category scale, but the higher exponent may be explained by the overly expansive way people use numbers in making magnitude estimations. The partition or category scale and the adjusted (for the use of number) magnitude scale for a given modality or condition generally agree with the neurelectric scale and the summated just noticeable difference (jnd) scale. A unified psychophysical law is proposed in which each jnd has the same subjective magnitude for a given modality or condition, subjective magnitude increases as approximately a power function of physical magnitude with the exponent ranging from near 0 to 1 (compressive function), and subjective magnitude depends primarily on peripheral sensory processes, that is, no nonlinear central transformations occur. An undue reliance on Weber's law blinded Fechner to the fact that the true psychophysical scale is approximately a power function. Rejecting Weber's law, which is not valid, means that we no longer have to choose between letting the summated jnd scale be a logarithmic function (Fechner's law) and introducing a nonlinear central transformation to make it into a power function (Brentano–Ekman-Teghtsoonian's law). Fechner and Stevens erred equally about the true psychophysical power function, whose exponent lies halfway between that of Fechner (an exponent approaching zero) and that of Stevens. To be reconciled, Fechnerians must give up the assumptions that Webers law is valid and that the jnd has the same subjective magnitude across modalities and conditions; Stevensians must give up the assumption that the unadjusted (for the use of number) magnitude scale is a direct measure of subjective magnitude.
Organic: What's in a name?
Authors: B E Fisher
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1999)

The organic foods industry is booming: by one estimate, the market for organic foods is worth $4 billion annually and is expected to grow at a rate of more than 24% per year. Faced with the threat of pesticide exposures and other food safety problems, many consumers are turning to organic foods in hopes of finding a healthy alternative, but there is currently no consistency in organic food labeling and no guarantee that foods labeled as organic are actually grown and processed in a purely organic fashion. There is also controversy about whether the label "organic" covers such new technologies as irradiation and genetic engineering. As part of the 1990 Farm Bill, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is working to develop a proposed rule on organic foods. The rule would regulate the allowable methods, practices, and substances used in producing and handling crops and their processed products. The first draft of the proposed rule, released in December 1997, met with unprecedented opposition, which centered around the fact that the proposal appeared to virtually ignore the recommendations of a standards board formed to assist in the rule's development. Other criticism opposed three practices put forward for comment by the USDA: irradiation, genetic engineering, and the use of sewage sludge in farming. Due to the vehemence of the opposition to its original proposal, the USDA has decided to rewrite the proposed rule. In preparation for that proposal, the USDA Agricultural Marketing Service released three issue papers in October 1998 for public comment. The 10,000-plus comments received in response to those papers will be incorporated into the second draft proposal, due out later this year.
Secondary Surgical Cytoreduction for Advanced Ovarian Carcinoma
Authors: Peter G. Rose, Stacy Nerenstone, Mark F. Brady, Daniel Clarke-Pearson, George Olt, Stephen C. Rubin, David H. Moore, James M. Small
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

We evaluated the effect of adding secondary cytoreductive surgery to postoperative chemotherapy on progression-free survival and overall survival among patients who had advanced ovarian cancer and residual tumor exceeding 1 cm in diameter after primary surgery.
TWO CASES OF CHRONIC SIMPLE CYSTITIS OF UNUSUAL ETIOLOGY
Authors: Miguel Lavandera
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The infrequency of this form of cystitis, and the unusual etiology of the cases in question, are the reasons for this report. <h3>REPORT OF CASES</h3><h3>Case 1.</h3> —Miss L. P., aged 30, a milliner, was referred to me, March 9, 1917, on account of intermittent frequent, painful, burning urination present for the last three months. The condition had been of gradual onset. The history otherwise was of no importance. Cystoscopy revealed the bladder mucosa intensely red throughout. Scattered over the trigon were small, grayish flakes, easily dislodged by the tip of the ureteral catheter. Both ureters were catheterized to the kidney pelvis, and clear urine was obtained. Physical examination revealed no other abnormality. Smears from the urethral meatus and from Skene's and Bartholin's glands showed some pus cells and organisms, but no gonococci. Catheterized bladder urine was cloudy, of offensive odor and alkaline, and contained a few pus cells. There
Microbubbles Targeted to Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Bind to Activated Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells
Authors: Flordeliza S. Villanueva, Ron J. Jankowski, Sasha Klibanov, Maris L. Pina, Sean M. Alber, Simon C. Watkins, Gary H. Brandenburger, William R. Wagner
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Preclinical atherosclerosis is associated with increased endothelial cell (EC) expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules (LAMs), which mediate monocyte adhesion during atherogenesis. Identification of cell-surface LAMs may uniquely allow assessment of endothelial function, but there are no in vivo methods for detecting LAMs. We tested a new microbubble designed to bind to and allow specific ultrasound detection of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Methods and Results —A perfluorobutane gas–filled lipid-derived microsphere with monoclonal antibody to ICAM-1 covalently bound to the bubble shell was synthesized. Bubbles with either nonspecific IgG or no protein on the shell were synthesized as controls. Coverslips of cultured human coronary artery ECs were placed in a parallel-plate perfusion chamber and exposed to 1 of the 3 microbubble species, followed by perfusion with culture medium. Experiments were performed with either normal or interleukin-1β–activated ECs overexpressing ICAM-1, and bubble adherence was quantified with epifluorescent videomicroscopy. There was limited adherence of control bubbles to normal or activated ECs, whereas a 40-fold increase in adhesion occurred when anti–ICAM-1–conjugated bubbles were exposed to activated ECs compared with normal ECs (8.1±3.5 versus 0.21±0.09 bubbles per cell, respectively, P &lt;0.001). Although diminished, this difference persisted even after perfusion at higher wall shear rates. Conclusions —A gas-filled microbubble with anti–ICAM-1 antibody on its shell specifically binds to activated ECs overexpressing ICAM-1. Diagnostic ultrasound in conjunction with targeted contrast agents has the unique potential to characterize cell phenotype in vivo.
The economic value of the Earth's resources
Authors: Graciela Chichilnisky
Journal: Trends in Ecology & Evolution (1996)

Economics is the driving force of today's widespread environmental destruction. Markets undervalue the earth's resources and compound their overuse. Since World War II the world has used resources voraciously. The situation can be described as the industrial countries overconsuming resources, which are overextracted and exported by developing countries and traded at prices that are lower than the social costs. Resource-intensive patterns of growth and trade are Inefficient for the world economy, and lead to tragic maldistribution of the Earth's riches. They should be replaced by knowledge-intensive patterns of growth. Information technology and the environmental agenda are two of the most important trends in the world economy. Together they can lead to growth that is Intrinsically compatible with the environment.
Reproductive mortality and oral contraceptives
Authors: A. Rosenfield
Journal: JAMA (1983)

To the Editor.—  The article by Sachs et al entitled Reproductive Mortality in the United States, which appeared inThe Journal(1982;247:2789) could be misleading to a reader on a few important points. For example, the article implied that the number of reproductive deaths would be reduced by almost half if women stopped using oral contraceptives. This assumes that no woman who stopped using the pill would die of any pregnancy-related cause. In fact, some women would get pregnant because they used a less effective contraceptive method, and some of these women would die of some disease related to pregnancy.  In addition, there are reliable epidemiologic data that suggest that the pill protects women against such serious diseases as ovarian and endometrial cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ectopic pregnancy. Some women who stopped taking the pill would die of these causes. The article noted that 45% of reproductive deaths in
MYH10 protein expression in platelets as a biomarker of RUNX1 and FLI1 alterations
Authors: Iléana Antony-Debré, Dominique Bluteau, Raphael Itzykson, Véronique Baccini, Aline Renneville, Françoise Boehlen, Margot Morabito, Nathalie Droin, Caroline Deswarte, Yunhua Chang, Guy Leverger, Eric Solary, William Vainchenker, Rémi Favier, Hana Raslova
Journal: Blood (2012)
Oral malignant acanthosis nigricans associated with endometrial adenocarcinoma
Authors: Han-Wen Chu, Jing-Min Li, Guan-Fu Chen, Jing-Yuan Ma
Journal: International Journal of Oral Science (2014)

We report a 59-year-old patient with malignant acanthosis nigricans associated with metastasis of endometrial carcinoma. The patient presented papillomatosis lesions that appeared to be benign on multiple skins of body folds, particularly on lips. The lesions in lips and axilla had histological characteristic appearances of acanthosis nigricans, while the masses in abdomen and pelvis were metastasis endometrial adenocarcinoma. The article highlights the importance of biopsy and histopathological diagnosis in presumed benign lesions and the role of doctors in screening for body internal tumors.
PERSONAL EXPERIENCE IN SPINAL SURGERY.
Authors: JOHN A. WYETH
Journal: JAMA (1896)

My personal experience with the surgery of the spinal cord embraces the following cases: <h3>Case 1.</h3> —G. W. V., male, 31 years, April 19, 1888, while working at the bottom of an elevator shaft, the car descended upon him, striking the back of his head and shoulders, doubling him over forward with great force and producing fracture of the 11th and 12th dorsal and 1st lumbar vertebræ. He immediately became paraplegic, the bladder and rectum being involved in the paralysis. He was carried to his home and put to bed. November 1, more than six months after the injury, I examined him. He had some troublesome bed-sores in the region of the sacrum and hips and had been confined to his bed ever since the accident. I treated him by extension and plaster-of-Paris jacket, which he wore for more than a year. A zone of plaster-of-Paris, in which iron staples
Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Papillary Fibroelastoma Presenting With Non–ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Alessandro Vivacqua, Alexis Shafii, Vidyasagar Kalahasti, Carmela Tan, Gonzalo Gonzalez-Stawinski
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
4F-PCC was noninferior to plasma in patients with acute major bleeding who needed urgent VKA reversal
Authors: Eddy Lang
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Source Citation Sarode R, Milling TJ Jr, Refaai MA, et al. Efficacy and safety of a 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate in patients on vitamin K antagonists presenting with major bleeding: a randomized, plasma-controlled, phase IIIb study. Circulation. 2013;128:1234-43. 23935011
Phylogenomic Evidence for Separate Acquisition of Plastids in Cryptophytes, Haptophytes, and Stramenopiles
Authors: D. Baurain, H. Brinkmann, J. Petersen, N. Rodriguez-Ezpeleta, A. Stechmann, V. Demoulin, A. J. Roger, G. Burger, B. F. Lang, H. Philippe
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2010)

According to the chromalveolate hypothesis (Cavalier-Smith T. 1999. Principles of protein and lipid targeting in secondary symbiogenesis: euglenoid, dinoflagellate, and sporozoan plastid origins and the eukaryote family tree. J Eukaryot Microbiol 46:347–366), the four eukaryotic groups with chlorophyll c–containing plastids originate from a single photosynthetic ancestor, which acquired its plastids by secondary endosymbiosis with a red alga. So far, molecular phylogenies have failed to either support or disprove this view. Here, we devise a phylogenomic falsification of the chromalveolate hypothesis that estimates signal strength across the three genomic compartments: If the four chlorophyll c–containing lineages indeed derive from a single photosynthetic ancestor, then similar amounts of plastid, mitochondrial, and nuclear sequences should allow to recover their monophyly. Our results refute this prediction, with statistical support levels too different to be explained by evolutionary rate variation, phylogenetic artifacts, or endosymbiotic gene transfer. Therefore, we reject the chromalveolate hypothesis as falsified in favor of more complex evolutionary scenarios involving multiple higher order eukaryote–eukaryote endosymbioses.
A CASE OF TONSILLAR CALCULUS
Authors: J. M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (1911)

the mttcous membrane soft, and helps to prevent cruLst .formation. Conqlveations.This operation is not without certain minor danigers, most of which can be avoided by careful mlanageiiment.Operations within thc niasal cavities usually do very well, septic troubles being almost uniknown.The few coiniplications which occurred in the 100 cases under consideration are.briefly mentionied.Jamnzatowia of the Septulum.-Inthis case the nose was plugged on onc side only with gauze strips.A few lhours after the comnpletion of the operation the patient sneezed violently and a portion of the plug was blown out, the
Genome Microevolution of Chikungunya Viruses Causing the Indian Ocean Outbreak
Authors: Isabelle Schuffenecker, Isabelle Iteman, Alain Michault, Séverine Murri, Lionel Frangeul, Marie-Christine Vaney, Rachel Lavenir, Nathalie Pardigon, Jean-Marc Reynes, François Pettinelli, Leon Biscornet, Laure Diancourt, Stéphanie Michel, Stéphane Duquerroy, Ghislaine Guigon, Marie-Pascale Frenkiel, Anne-Claire Bréhin, Nadège Cubito, Philippe Desprès, Frank Kunst, Félix A Rey, Hervé Zeller, Sylvain Brisse
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2006)

Background A chikungunya virus outbreak of unprecedented magnitude is currently ongoing in Indian Ocean territories. In Réunion Island, this alphavirus has already infected about one-third of the human population. The main clinical symptom of the disease is a painful and invalidating poly-arthralgia. Besides the arthralgic form, 123 patients with a confirmed chikungunya infection have developed severe clinical signs, i.e., neurological signs or fulminant hepatitis. Methods and Findings We report the nearly complete genome sequence of six selected viral isolates (isolated from five sera and one cerebrospinal fluid), along with partial sequences of glycoprotein E1 from a total of 127 patients from Réunion, Seychelles, Mauritius, Madagascar, and Mayotte islands. Our results indicate that the outbreak was initiated by a strain related to East-African isolates, from which viral variants have evolved following a traceable microevolution history. Unique molecular features of the outbreak isolates were identified. Notably, in the region coding for the non-structural proteins, ten amino acid changes were found, four of which were located in alphavirus-conserved positions of nsP2 (which contains helicase, protease, and RNA triphosphatase activities) and of the polymerase nsP4. The sole isolate obtained from the cerebrospinal fluid showed unique changes in nsP1 (T301I), nsP2 (Y642N), and nsP3 (E460 deletion), not obtained from isolates from sera. In the structural proteins region, two noteworthy changes (A226V and D284E) were observed in the membrane fusion glycoprotein E1. Homology 3D modelling allowed mapping of these two changes to regions that are important for membrane fusion and virion assembly. Change E1-A226V was absent in the initial strains but was observed in >90% of subsequent viral sequences from Réunion, denoting evolutionary success possibly due to adaptation to the mosquito vector. Conclusions The unique molecular features of the analyzed Indian Ocean isolates of chikungunya virus demonstrate their high evolutionary potential and suggest possible clues for understanding the atypical magnitude and virulence of this outbreak.