tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review: The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone in the Healthy Elderly
Authors: Hau Liu, Dena M. Bravata, Ingram Olkin, Smita Nayak, Brian Roberts, Alan M. Garber, Andrew R. Hoffman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2007)

Background: Human growth hormone (GH) is widely used as an antiaging therapy, although its use for this purpose has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and its distribution as an antiaging agent is illegal in the United States. Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of GH therapy in the healthy elderly. Data Sources: The authors searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for English-language studies published through 21 November 2005 by using such terms as growth hormone and aging. Study Selection: The authors included randomized, controlled trials that compared GH therapy with no GH therapy or GH and lifestyle interventions (exercise with or without diet) with lifestyle interventions alone. Included trials provided GH for 2 weeks or more to community-dwelling participants with a mean age of 50 years or more and a body mass index of 35 kg/m2 or less. The authors excluded studies that evaluated GH as treatment for a specific illness. Data Extraction: Two authors independently reviewed articles and abstracted data. Data Synthesis: 31 articles describing 18 unique study populations met the inclusion criteria. A total of 220 participants who received GH (107 person-years) completed their respective studies. Study participants were elderly (mean age, 69 years [SD, 6]) and overweight (mean body mass index, 28 kg/m2 [SD, 2]). Initial daily GH dose (mean, 14 µg per kg of body weight [SD, 7]) and treatment duration (mean, 27 weeks [SD, 16]) varied. In participants treated with GH compared with those not treated with GH, overall fat mass decreased (change in fat mass, −2.1 kg [95% CI, −2.8 to −1.35] and overall lean body mass increased (change in lean body mass, 2.1 kg [CI, 1.3 to 2.9]) (P < 0.001), and their weight did not change significantly (change in weight, 0.1 kg [CI, −0.7 to 0.8]; P = 0.87). Total cholesterol levels decreased (change in cholesterol, −0.29 mmol/L [−11.21 mg/dL]; P = 0.006), although not significantly after adjustment for body composition changes. Other outcomes, including bone density and other serum lipid levels, did not change. Persons treated with GH were significantly more likely to experience soft tissue edema, arthralgias, carpal tunnel syndrome, and gynecomastia and were somewhat more likely to experience the onset of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose. Limitations: Some important outcomes were infrequently or heterogeneously measured and could not be synthesized. Most included studies had small sample sizes. Conclusions: The literature published on randomized, controlled trials evaluating GH therapy in the healthy elderly is limited but suggests that it is associated with small changes in body composition and increased rates of adverse events. On the basis of this evidence, GH cannot be recommended as an antiaging therapy.
THE ACTION OF STRYCHNIN IN PULMONARY CONSUMPTION IN RELATION TO THE NEUROTIC ORIGIN OF THIS DISEASE.
Authors: THOMAS J. MAYS
Journal: JAMA (1896)

composed, her only complaint being that she felt sore.Said she knew nothing of the attacks, when they came on or how they affected her, but expressed great mor- tification on account of her affliction.I noticed that the fall was rather guarded, that she
Development of a macrophage-based nanoparticle platform for antiretroviral drug delivery
Authors: Huanyu Dou, Christopher J. Destache, Justin R. Morehead, R. Lee Mosley, Michael D. Boska, Jeffrey Kingsley, Santhi Gorantla, Larisa Poluektova, Jay A. Nelson, Mahesh Chaubal, Jane Werling, James Kipp, Barrett E. Rabinow, Howard E. Gendelman
Journal: Blood (2006)
Low-Dose Aspirin to Prevent Pregnancy-Induced Hypertensive Disease
Authors: Neal Clemenson
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The recent meta-analysis of aspirin and pregnancy-induced hypertension by Imperiale and Petrulis<sup>1</sup>caught our interest, and we examined this issue from the standpoint of clinical decision making. Since the meta-analysis included studies that were not randomized, not blinded, or used dipyridamole in addition to aspirin, we excluded data from those studies. Using data from the remaining studies that addressed cesarean sections,<sup>2-4</sup>we found that 5.6% of the aspirin group required cesarean sections, compared with 23.9% of the control group. With a maximum aspirin cost of $4.60 and a cost difference between cesarean and vaginal birth of $3014,<sup>5</sup>the overall expected cost with aspirin is $173 per patient vs $720 without aspirin treatment. This indicates a significant cost saving by the reduction of cesarean births alone. Two concerns may alter this assessment. As mentioned in the meta-analysis, the indications for cesarean section were not uniformly
Inhibition of intravascular thrombosis in murine endotoxemia by targeted expression of hirudin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor analogs to activated endothelium
Authors: Daxin Chen, Konstantinos Giannopoulos, Paul G. Shiels, Zoe Webster, John H. McVey, Geoff Kemball-Cook, Edward Tuddenham, Marilyn Moore, Robert Lechler, Anthony Dorling
Journal: Blood (2004)
Dermatology has been decimated by political meddling
Authors: D. J. Eedy, N. Levell
Journal: BMJ (2015)

We read with concern that only 55% of contracts awarded by clinical commissioning groups go to the NHS.1

Dermatology is a prime example of how political meddling is decimating the NHS. This specialty has suffered disproportionately because it is perceived as being easy to shift “into the community” using private providers, but this has led to decommissioning of hospital services and …
The state of the oceans, part 1: Eating away at a global food source.
Authors: John Tibbetts
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

A 283C onsumer demand for seafood has skyrocketed since the 1970s.Total fish consumption worldwide jumped from almost 50 million metric tons in 1976 to 95.5 million metric tons in 1990, according to the 2002 State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.This does not include fish used to feed farmed fish, poultry, and other livestock, which hovers around 30 million metric tons a year.Worldwide, about 1 billion people rely on fish for at least 30% of their animal protein, according to the FAO.Some small island nations depend on fish for protein almost exclusively.Seafood has long been a primary source of protein, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids for the world's poor.Human populations have risen significantly in many developing countries where fish consumption patterns have historically been high, says Nikolas Wada, a senior research assistant at the Washington, D.
Clinical Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing Data Assessment in Specific Patient Populations
Authors: Marco Guazzi, Volker Adams, Viviane Conraads, Martin Halle, Alessandro Mezzani, Luc Vanhees, Ross Arena, Gerald F. Fletcher, Daniel E. Forman, Dalane W. Kitzman, Carl J. Lavie, Jonathan Myers
Journal: Circulation (2012)
Anesthesia and the Full Stomach
Authors: Robert R. Cross
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In his discussion of the problem of anesthetizing the patient with a full stomach (<b>214</b>:2343, 1970), I fear that your consultant engages in a damaging contradiction —potentially damaging, at least, in the medicolegal sense. While I certainly agree that there are no rules-of-thumb which are absolutely dependable for handling this problem, I cannot accept the statement that vomiting and aspiration is a complication "which should be 100% preventable." Vomiting is a reflex action (as is breathing or aspiration), and cannot be prevented 100% of the time by any known maneuver, not even by an awake intubation during the very performance of which the complication<i>may</i>occur. I am afraid that the only sure thing about this matter is that such a dogmatic answer finds its place in the files of 100% of lawyers who do medical malpractice work.
Forty Years' Surgical Wisdom
Authors: A. Logan
Journal: BMJ (1970)

the total of just under 250 references are derived from this volume.The gas laws are also well known and many of the electrical analogues described elsewhere.The physiol- ogist is not therefore likely to gain much from its perusal.On the other hand, the chest physician, the anaesthetist, and the thoracic surgeon could find it very useful as it brings together in one volume a straightforward integrated mechanical view of the respiratory system considered from both a theoretical and practical standpoint.
NHS to settle small compensation claims without litigation
Authors: Clare Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Patients in England who suffer as a result of shortcomings in NHS care could get up to £20 000 ($35 000; €29 000) compensation without resorting to litigation, under plans for a small claims system to divert low value cases from the courts.

The NHS Redress Bill, published last week, sets up the framework for a scheme that will provide apologies, investigations, and, where appropriate, compensation up to an expected ceiling of £20 000 when mistakes are made.

The scheme is largely based on proposals in Making Amends , a report by the chief medical officer for England, …
A New Endoscopic Resection Technique for Early Gastric Cancer, Using an Endoscopic Ligating Device Designed to Treat Esophageal Varices: Preliminary Report of Four Cases
Authors: T. Yokoyama, K. Usui, M. Tsujimoto, H. Kitamura, S. Kawasaki, M. Makuuchi
Journal: Endoscopy (1995)
Paralysed man will ask judges to let a doctor end his life
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2013)

A man paralysed for 23 years after a traffic crash will try to persuade three judges next month that a doctor should be allowed to end his life.

Paul Lamb, who lives in Leeds, will take the issue to the Court of Appeal in mid-May in place of Tony Nicklinson, who died after refusing food and contracting pneumonia a week after losing his case in the High Court.

Like Nicklinson, Lamb is too paralysed for assisted suicide (killing himself with a doctor’s help) and is asking for a ruling that a doctor can legally end his life by voluntary euthanasia. Such an act would constitute …
The Debt and the Cash Flow of Residents: I. The Grim Present-Reply
Authors: Louis S. Binder
Journal: JAMA (1990)

In Reply.—  We thank Drs Berman, Bohlmann, Marshall, Stanford, and Corkery and Mr Loehr for their interest and insights regarding our article. The model was purposely kept as simple as possible (by varying indebtedness and cost-of-living data only) to enhance both its comprehension by the reader and its applicability to most young physicians. We believe it does portray a realistic financial picture of the economic realities facing most medical students and residents. The criticisms of the model offered by Mr Loehr carry some validity, but they do not change its conclusions.  Though salary figures do vary somewhat by region (by $1000 to $2000 per year), 1 the higher salaries typically occur in geographic areas with a higher cost of living and would not significantly impact (by more than a few thousand dollars) the indebtedness predictions in our model. Additionally, although Guaranteed Student Loans are legally available up to $7500 per
Production of interleukin 1beta by human hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Authors: K Watari, H Mayani, F Lee, W Dragowska, P M Lansdorp, J W Schrader
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

The production of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) by human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells was studied to explore the concept that these cells are not merely responders to stimuli from their microenvironment, but can themselves produce a powerful biomodulator. Cells with a CD34+ CD45RA(lo) CD71(lo) phenotype were purified from human umbilical cord blood and cultured one per well in serum-free medium with a mixture of cytokines. Cells that had divided over 2-5 d to form doublets were identified and the daughter cells were studied individually. 91% (460/506) of daughter cells had clonogenic potential. Analysis of these individual daughter cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that 29% of them (14/48) were positive for IL-1beta mRNA. One of the cells that was strongly positive for IL-1beta mRNA had a sibling that generated 366,000 cells of multiple lineages after 14 d. IL-1beta converting enzyme mRNA, which is necessary to produce IL-1beta, was also detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction at the single-cell level. Moreover, enzyme immunoassay for mature secreted IL-1beta in culture supernatants demonstrated the production of IL-1beta protein by these cells. This was confirmed by fluorescent immunostaining of the cells for human IL-1beta which showed a significant portion of positive cells. Taken together, the results demonstrate the capacity of early hematopoietic cells to synthesize IL-1beta. The capacity of human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells to produce IL-1beta may be involved in regulation of their proliferation and differentiation under certain circumstances and dysregulation of this process may be modified in leukemogenesis.
Pharmacology of Portal Hypertension: Old Problems and New Ideas
Authors: Andres T. Blei
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In this issue ofThe Journal(p 666), Lambert and colleagues present evidence to include ischemic colitis in the long list of complications associated with vasopressin therapy. This naturally occurring nonapeptide, when infused at pharmacologic doses, will result in generalized arterial vasoconstriction, decreasing (among other regional circulations) mesenteric blood flow. In spite of this generalized effect, vasopressin is used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding caused by portal hypertension. Vasopressin has been employed for at least two decades and it appears that its use will continue. However, when infused intravenously for treatment of bleeding esophageal varices, the drug is associated with a high rate of failure (20% to 50%)<sup>1,2</sup>and dangerous cardiac and intestinal complications. The intestinal ischemia is related to decreased mesenteric blood flow, and to the inability of the intestinal cell to increase oxygen extraction as a response to the reduced flow; this latter phenomenon probably reflects
Calcium Intake and Peak Bone Mass
Authors: Velimir Matkovic
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1992)

Calcium is the most common mineral in the human body, where it is present in almost the same relative abundance as in the earth's crust. There are six stable isotopes of calcium; calcium-40 is the most common (97 percent), and calcium-46 the least abundant (0.003 percent). The ratios of the stable calcium isotopes in all terrestrial materials are virtually identical and were determined during nucleosynthesis 4.5 billion years ago. That humans have this same isotopic composition is no surprise, because dietary calcium depends on the isotopic composition of the soil. Calcium is present in variable amounts in all the foods . . .
Moratorium on GM food would perpetuate world hunger
Authors: R. Woodman
Journal: BMJ (1999)

There is a compelling moral imperative to make genetically modified crops available to developing countries who want to use them to alleviate hunger and poverty, according to a report by the Nuffield Council on Bioethics.

The council, an independent body which examines ethical issues raised by developments in medicine and biology, firmly rejected calls for a moratorium on the commercial planting of genetically modified (GM) crops, arguing that the technology has the potential to bring about important benefits such as improved nutrition, enhanced pest resistance, increased yields, and …
The thrifty genotype in non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Authors: P J Bradley
Journal: BMJ (1993)

ignored in the analysis of the results.It is quite invalid to infer a real effect if a change in one patient group achieves an arbitrary level of statistical significance while that in a control group does not.A direct statistical comparison of the change in each group is necessary.I assume that the appropriate analysis was omitted because of space constraints in this short report.
Influence of Prophylactic Local Administration of Epinephrine on Bleeding Complications After Polypectomy
Authors: C. Folwaczny, W. Heldwein, G. Obermaier, N. Schindlbeck
Journal: Endoscopy (1997)

Background and Study Aims: Data concerning the potential benefit of local application of vasoconstricting substances prior to snare excision of colonic polyps are scarce. The influence of prophylactic submucosal injection of epinephrine in the prevention of hemorrhage after polypectomy was therefore evaluated in larger polyps.
Abstract 5781: ITRI-260, a new azaazulenone class kinase inhibitor, induces complete tumor regression and prolongs survival in AML mice
Authors: On Lee, Hsingjin Eugene Liu, Ching-Huai Ko, Yuan-Jang Tsai, Chih-Peng Liu, Yen-Chun Chen, Hsiang-Wen Tseng, Ying-Chu Shih, Ting-Shou Chen, Chih-Hung Chen, Shu-Jiau Chiou, Ling-Mei Wang, Chrong-Shiong Hwang
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract The FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3 (FLT3) is a receptor tyrosine kinase with important roles in hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell survival and proliferation. FLT3 is over-expressed in the majority of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the presence of FLT3 active mutations is associated with poor prognosis, implicating FLT3 as a potential target for AML treatment. ITRI-260 is a new azaazulenone class kinase inhibitor that inhibited FLT3-ITD-dependent MV4-11 cell growth with IC50 of 21 nM and cellular phosphorylation with IC50 of 17 nM. In in vivo PK study, ITRI-260 showed favorable oral PK profiles. The maximum concentration of ITRI-260 was 700 nM after a single 100 mg/kg oral dosing in mice, with dose proportional exposure from 10 to 150 mg/kg. ITRI-260 showed therapeutic efficacy in a human AML orthotopic SCID mouse model, following a 100 mg/kg/qd oral dosing regimen. The treatment group showed 100% survival of animals at day 90 after tumor cell inoculation, while the vehicle control group showed 100% mortality. In the other study, ITRI-260 also increased survival in primary tumor cell engraftment model inoculated with cells isolated from sunitinib- and sorafenib-resistant AML patient. Through hERG assay with patch clamp technology, we found higher IC50 of ITIR-260 compared with sunitinib and MLN-518, which indicates that ITRI-260 might arise less cardiotoxic concern. In a 14-day subchronic toxicology study in mice, ITRI-260 was generally tolerated at 300 mg/kg/qd. The most prominent adverse effect appeared at 600 mg/kg/qd group is starry sky appearance in spleen, which is moderate and reversible. No specific clinical signs or body weight loss were attributed to the test article. In conclusion, the in vitro/in vivo PK/PD/toxicology studies have provided the basis for the clinical developmental potential of ITRI-260 in AML. The bridge studies from discovery to development such as CMC, GLP toxicology/safety pharmacology and pre-formulation are now in progress. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5781.
Radiation Therapy in Wilms' Tumor
Authors: G. J. D'Angio
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The pioneering work of Gross and Neuhauser<sup>26</sup>indicated that early surgery and routine postoperative irradiation gave the best survival rates in children with Wilms' tumor, and it has become standard practice in many centers to deliver routine postoperative irradiation to the tumor bed of these patients. The meticulous accuracy essential in pediatric radiotherapy is assisted greatly by consultation, between the surgeon and the radiotherapist, in the operating room at the time of surgery. In this way, zones of doubtful involvement, the advisability of extending the surgical procedure or curtailing it, and similar decisions can be reached jointly. It is often helpful to have metal clips placed around the margins of the tumor bed and similarly to identify suspicious zones of tumor involvement. Radiotherapy is initiated shortly after surgery, often on the same day, since there is no need to await wound healing, and because children tolerate radiation therapy very
A Prospective Randomized Comparison in Humans of Biphasic Waveform 60-μF and 120-μF Capacitance Pulses Using A Unipolar Defibrillation System
Authors: Gust H. Bardy, Jeanne E. Poole, Peter J. Kudenchuk, G. Lee Dolack, Rahul Mehra, Paul DeGroot, Merritt H. Raitt, Gregory K. Jones, George Johnson
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Improving unipolar implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) effectiveness has favorable implications for ICD safety, efficacy, and size. Advances in defibrillation efficacy would accelerate ICD ease of use by decreasing device size and by minimizing morbidity and mortality related to an improved defibrillation safety margin. The specific purpose of the present study was to determine whether unipolar defibrillation efficacy could be improved further in humans by lowering biphasic waveform capacitance. Methods and Results We prospectively and randomly compared the defibrillation efficacy of a 60-μF and a 120-μF capacitance asymmetrical 65% tilt biphasic waveform using a unipolar defibrillation system in 38 consecutive cardiac arrest survivors before implantation of a presently available standard transvenous defibrillation system. The right ventricular defibrillation electrode had a 5-cm coil located on a 10.5F lead and was used as the anode. The system cathode was the electrically active 108-cm 2 surface area shell (or “can”) of a prototype titanium alloy pulse generator placed in a left infraclavicular pocket. The defibrillation pulse was derived from either a 60-μF or a 120-μF capacitance and was delivered from RV → CAN. Defibrillation threshold (DFT) stored energy, delivered energy, leading-edge voltage and current, pulse resistance, and pulse width were measured for both capacitances examined. The 60-μF capacitance biphasic pulse resulted in a stored-energy DFT of 8.5±4.1 J and a delivered-energy DFT of 8.4±4.0 J. In 34 of 38 patients (89%), the stored-energy DFT was &lt;15 J. Leading-edge voltage at the DFT was 517±128 V. Mean pulse impedance for the 60-μF waveform was 60.6±7.1 Ω. The 120-μF capacitance biphasic pulse resulted in a stored-energy DFT of 10.1±7.4 J and a delivered-energy DFT of 10.0±7.2 J ( P =.13 and .13, respectively). In 28 of 38 patients (74%), the stored-energy DFT was &lt;15 J ( P =.052). Leading-edge voltage at the DFT with the 120-μF capacitance pulse was 386±142 ( P &lt;.00001). Mean pulse impedance for the 120-μF waveform was 60.7±7.0 Ω ( P =.80). Conclusions The results of the present study suggest that a relatively small capacitance, 60 μF, can be used for unipolar defibrillation systems without compromising defibrillation energy requirements compared with more typical ICD capacitance values, but this will require a higher circuit voltage. The use of lower capacitance also provides a modest increase in the percent of patients who have very low energy defibrillation requirements, an important issue should maximum ICD energy be decreased from the present level of 34 J. Such a move to smaller output devices could allow significant decreases in device size, a necessary feature of making cardioverter-defibrillator implantation comparable to that of standard pacemaker surgery.