tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analyses of the Relation between Silicone Breast Implants and the Risk of Connective-Tissue Diseases
Authors: Esther C. Janowsky, Lawrence L. Kupper, Barbara S. Hulka
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

The postulated relation between silicone breast implants and the risk of connective-tissue and autoimmune diseases has generated intense medical and legal interest during the past decade. The salience of the issue persists, despite the fact that a great deal of research has been conducted on this subject. To provide a stronger quantitative basis for addressing the postulated relation, we applied several techniques of meta-analysis that combine, compare, and summarize the results of existing relevant studies.
Insulin Resistance as a Determinant of Platelet Activation in Obese Women
Authors: Stefania Basili, Giovanni Pacini, Maria Teresa Guagnano, Maria Rosaria Manigrasso, Francesca Santilli, Caterina Pettinella, Giovanni Ciabattoni, Carlo Patrono, Giovanni Davì
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2006)
Cardiovascular responses to carotid and vertebral artery infusions of propranolol
Authors: S. Stern, M. Hoffman, K. Braun
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1971)

The cardiovascular effects of intracarotid and intravertebral injections of propranolol were studied in open-chest anaesthetized dogs. After injection of 0.1 mg/kg propranolol into the common or internal carotid artery, a decrease in blood pressure started after a latent period of 2–3 sec. There was a slight but not significant decrease in heart rate, but no change in aortic flow or myocardial contractile force. Injection of propranolol into the vertebral artery induced a decrease in blood pressure after a latent period of 3–4 sec. By contrast, injection of the drug into the femoral artery caused a decrease in blood pressure only after a latent period of 7–8 sec. The injection of propranolol proximal or distal to the carotid bifurcation – that is, proximal or distal to the carotid chemo- and baro-receptors – did not change the magnitude or latent period of the pressure drop. We conclude that propranolol acts on some structure or structures in the central nervous system within the area of distribution of the carotid and/or vertebral arteries, and that this effect contributes to its hypotensive action. The carotid chemo- and baro-receptors apparently play no part in the decrease in blood pressure induced by the drug.
THE EFFECTS OF THYMUS AND OTHER LYMPHOID ORGANS ENCLOSED IN MILLIPORE DIFFUSION CHAMBERS ON NEONATALLY THYMECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: David Osoba
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

When neonatally thymectomized CBA mice were implanted at 9 to 12 days of age with Millipore diffusion chambers (pore size, 0.1 micro) containing either syngeneic or allogeneic neonatal thymus, they were subsequently found to have the capacity to reject skin homografts and to form antibodies to sheep erythrocytes. In spite of displaying restored immune reactivity, thymectomized mice bearing thymus-filled diffusion chambers still had a lymphopenia and diminished numbers of small lymphocytes in their spleens, lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Comparison of the lymphoid organs of these mice with those of the thymectomized control mice did not reveal any appreciable difference in the numbers of primary follicles or small lymphocytes. It is postulated that the thymus humoral factor induced immunological competence in lymphoid cells which had left the thymus prior to neonatal thymectomy. The paucity of circulating and tissue small lymphocytes in thymectomized animals, the immune reactivity of which was restored by thymus tissue in diffusion chambers, argues against the theory that the thymus humoral factor has a lymphocytosis-stimulating effect. There was no restoration of immune reactivity in those neonatally thymectomized mice which had been implanted with diffusion chambers containing neonatal or adult spleens, or adult lymph nodes. Thus, the competence-inducing factor is elaborated by the thymus but not by the spleen or lymph nodes. Allogeneic (C57Bl) neonatal thymus tissue, enclosed within diffusion chambers, had the capacity to restore the immune reactivity of totally thymectomized CBA mice, not only to skin homografts of a totally unrelated strain (Ak), but also to grafts isogeneic with the donor of the allogeneic thymus. Therefore, there is no strain barrier to the action of thymus humoral factor. To explain the apparent lack of full participation of thymus lymphocytes in immune reactions it is postulated that thymus lymphocytes are functionally immature in situ, and that they leave the thymus before attaining immunological competence. In the periphery, they undergo further maturation under the influence of the competence-inducing factor produced by the thymus.
Putting social marketing into practice
Authors: Gerard Hastings, Laura McDermott
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Social marketing is acquiring a familiar ring to people in the health sector. The UK government's recent public health white paper talks of the “power of social marketing” and “marketing tools applied to social good [being] used to build public awareness and change behaviour.”1 This has led to the formation of the National Social Marketing Centre for Excellence, a collaboration between the Department of Health and the National Consumer Council. The centre will develop the first social marketing strategy for health in England. Similarly, the Scottish Executive recently commissioned an investigation into how social marketing can be used to guide health improvement. Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States all have social marketing facilities embedded high within their health services. Evans has outlined social marketing's basic precepts.2 We develop some of these ideas and suggest how social marketing can help doctors and other health professionals to do their jobs more effectively.

Marketing has long been a force to be reckoned with in public health. In the hands of the tobacco, alcohol, and food industries it has had a well documented effect on our behaviour.3–6 In the case of tobacco companies this has culminated in extensive controls being placed on their marketing activities. Social marketing argues that we can borrow marketing ideas to promote healthy behaviour. If marketing can encourage us to buy a Ferrari, it can persuade us to drive it safely.

Marketing is based on a simple and unobtrusive idea: putting the consumer and the stakeholder at the heart of the business process. Whereas Henry Ford focused on selling what he could produce—any colour you want as long as it's black—modern marketers invert this rubric and produce what they can sell. This deceptively simple change has revolutionised …
Dietary Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Marc Rendell
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2000)

In the past decade, many new drugs have become available for patients with diabetes mellitus. The sulfonylurea drugs and metformin have been joined by disaccharidase inhibitors, meglitinides, and thiazolidinediones. Several new insulin preparations have been developed, with a wide spectrum of times of peak action and durations of action. Insulin lispro is the first of these to reach the market. In the face of this impressive progress in drug treatment of diabetes, the article by Chandalia et al. in this issue of the Journal 1 serves as a timely reminder that, until the advent of insulin in the 1920s, the only . . .
The role of nutrient loading and eutrophication in estuarine ecology.
Authors: J L Pinckney, H W Paerl, P Tester, T L Richardson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2001)

Eutrophication is a process that can be defined as an increase in the rate of supply of organic matter (OM) to an ecosystem. We provide a general overview of the major features driving estuarine eutrophication and outline some of the consequences of that process. The main chemical constituent of OM is carbon (C), and therefore rates of eutrophication are expressed in units of C per area per unit time. OM occurs in both particulate and dissolved forms. Allochthonous OM originates outside the estuary, whereas autochthonous OM is generated within the system, mostly by primary producers or by benthic regeneration of OM. The supply rates of limiting nutrients regulate phytoplankton productivity that contributes to inputs of autochthonous OM. The trophic status of an estuary is often based on eutrophication rates and can be categorized as oligotrophic (<100 g C m(-2) y(-1), mesotrophic (100-300 g C m(-2) y(-1), eutrophic (300-500 g C m(-2) y(-1), or hypertrophic (>500 g C m(-2) y(-1). Ecosystem responses to eutrophication depend on both export rates (flushing, microbially mediated losses through respiration, and denitrification) and recycling/regeneration rates within the estuary. The mitigation of the effects of eutrophication involves the regulation of inorganic nutrient (primarily N and P) inputs into receiving waters. Appropriately scaled and parameterized nutrient and hydrologic controls are the only realistic options for controlling phytoplankton blooms, algal toxicity, and other symptoms of eutrophication in estuarine ecosystems.
Obstetric Analgesia And Anesthesia
Authors: Otto C. Phillips
Journal: JAMA (1968)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Your subscribers should not be left supposing that the review of John J. Bonica's<i>Principles and Practice of Obstetric Analgesia and Anesthesia</i>(<b>202</b>:249, 1967) represents, by any chance, the opinions of physicians actually giving obstetric anesthesia. This work is a scholarly, comprehensive, and up-to-date presentation of current principles and available techniques; it should serve for years as a reference for anesthesiologists and obstetricians seriously interested in pain relief for the mother. Admittedly, it does not offer a "cookbook" presentation of how to manage each situation, and one must agree with the reviewer that in the 15 or 20 minutes before a complicated vaginal delivery or an emergency cesarian section, it would probably be of little practical value. The inference is frightening, namely, that a handbook for this type of obstetric anesthesia personnel would be valuable rather than hazardous. The review should be evaluated in the perspective
Defective glia induce neuronal apoptosis in the repo visual system of Drosophila
Authors: Wen-Cheng Xiong, Craig Montell
Journal: Neuron (1995)

The role of glia in suppressing neuronal cell death was investigated in the visual system of the Drosophila mutant, reversed polarity (repo). The repo locus encodes a glial-specific homeodomain protein expressed in the optic lobes. Here, we show that survival of the laminar neurons in the optic lobe depends on repo expression in the laminar glia, indicating that the laminar glia supply factors required for neuronal survival. The repo glia also underwent cell death, suggesting that the laminar neurons are required for survival of the glia or that repo expression is required to suppress an intrinsic cell suicide program. Subsequent to the laminar cell death, the retinal cells in the repo visual system also degenerated, indicating that the retinal cell death was due to retrograde degeneration.
Calcitriol Production in Hypercalcemic and Normocalcemic Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: John F. Seymour, Robert F. Gagel, Frederick B. Hagemeister, Meletios A. Dimopoulos, Fernando Cabanillas
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

To determine the following: a reference range for serum calcitriol during hypercalcemia in a control group of patients with myeloma in whom calcitriol production is known to be appropriately suppressed; the incidence of elevated serum calcitriol levels in hypercalcemic patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma according to this derived reference range; and the incidence of abnormal calcium metabolism in normocalcemic patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Prospective clinical study.Referral cancer center.2 groups of hypercalcemic patients: 16 control patients with myeloma and 22 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma divided into those with elevated or normal serum calcitriol levels; 1 group of 22 normocalcemic patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.Serum chemistries and intact parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone-related protein, and urinary electrolyte levels.On the basis of the mean serum calcitriol level of the control group plus 3 standard deviations, the reference range for serum calcitriol during hypercalcemia was defined as less than 42 pg/mL. Although serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels in the study patients were similar to those in controls, 12 of the 22 hypercalcemic patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (55%) had serum calcitriol levels greater than 42 pg/mL (range, 51 to 170 pg/mL). No features distinguished the patients with elevated serum calcitriol levels from those with normal levels. Seventy-one percent of normocalcemic patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma were hypercalciuric, and 18% had serum calcitriol levels greater than the normocalcemic reference range (20 to 76 pg/mL).Serum calcitriol levels are elevated in most hypercalcemic patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the absence of elevated serum levels of parathyroid hormone, which implicates extrarenal calcitriol production in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Abnormal calcium metabolism, hypercalciuria, and dysregulated calcitriol production are also common in normocalcemic patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Abstract 12781: A New High Resolution 3D Echo Based Strain Method Gives Robust Characterization of Myocardial Mechanics: An In Vitro Validation Study
Authors: Muhammad Ashraf, Keith DesRochers, David J Sahn
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Background: Speckle tracking based strain has been shown to be an important tool in evaluation of segmental left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and dyssynchrony. We tested the accuracy and feasibility of a new 3D echo based feature tracking strain methods implemented in a GE Vivid E9 and EchoPac PC®. Methods: We studied 10 freshly harvested pig hearts. Each heart was mounted in a water bath to facilitate ultrasound scanning and connected to a calibrated pulsatile pump through a balloon secured in the LV cavity. Three sonomicrometry (sono) crystals were secured into the myocardium on the anterior of the LV as a triangle at mid cavity level, with crystals 1 & 2 in long axis and 2 & 3 along the LV short axis. Each heart was driven passively by a pump delivering 5 different calibrated stroke volumes (SV; 30–70ml) at a constant rate of 50bpm. Cardiac motion was scanned from the apical view to acquire gated full volume 3D image loops on a Vivid E9 ultrasound system with a new higher frequency matrix probe. Sector...
Low-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Visualize Chronic and Cycling Hypoxia in Tumor-Bearing Mice
Authors: Hironobu Yasui, Shingo Matsumoto, Nallathamby Devasahayam, Jeeva P. Munasinghe, Rajani Choudhuri, Keita Saito, Sankaran Subramanian, James B. Mitchell, Murali C. Krishna
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Tumors exhibit fluctuations in blood flow that influence oxygen concentrations and therapeutic resistance. To assist therapeutic planning and improve prognosis, noninvasive dynamic imaging of spatial and temporal variations in oxygen partial pressure (pO2) would be useful. Here, we illustrate the use of pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) as a novel imaging method to directly monitor fluctuations in oxygen concentrations in mouse models. A common resonator platform for both EPRI and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided pO2 maps with anatomic guidance and microvessel density. Oxygen images acquired every 3 minutes for a total of 30 minutes in two different tumor types revealed that fluctuation patterns in pO2 are dependent on tumor size and tumor type. The magnitude of fluctuations in pO2 in SCCVII tumors ranged between 2- to 18-fold, whereas the fluctuations in HT29 xenografts were of lower magnitude. Alternating breathing cycles with air or carbogen (95% O2 plus 5% CO2) distinguished higher and lower sensitivity regions, which responded to carbogen, corresponding to cycling hypoxia and chronic hypoxia, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis suggests that the fluctuation in pO2 correlated with pericyte density rather than vascular density in the tumor. This EPRI technique, combined with MRI, may offer a powerful clinical tool to noninvasively detect variable oxygenation in tumors. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6427–36. ©2010 AACR.
Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation using emergency cardiopulmonary bypass, coronary reperfusion therapy and mild hypothermia in patients with cardiac arrest outside the hospital
Authors: Ken Nagao, Nariyuki Hayashi, Katsuo Kanmatsuse, Ken Arima, Jyoji Ohtsuki, Kimio Kikushima, Ikuyoshi Watanabe
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2000)
Magnetic resonance angiography and venography were sensitive but had poor technical adequacy for diagnosing pulmonary embolism
Authors: Samuel Z. Goldhaber
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2010)

Source Citation Stein PD, Chenevert TL, Fowler SE, et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for pulmonary embolism: a multicenter prospective study (PIOPED III). Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:434-43. 20368649
THE HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL SCARLET FEVER IN MAN
Authors: LUDVIG HEKTOEN
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Most of the attempts to inoculate human beings with scarlet fever have been made, not for the purposes of studying the nature and mode of infection in this disease, but in the hope that a mild attack might result that would protect against further attacks. It was the success of inoculation of smallpox as a protective measure that led to the hope of like success from the inoculation of scarlet fever. Thus, Erasmus Darwin,<sup>1</sup>the grandfather of Charles Darwin, wrote: No one could do an act more beneficial to society, or glorious to himself, than by teaching humanity how to inoculate this fatal disease [scarlet fever]; and thus to deprive it of its malignity. Matter might be taken from the ulcers in the throat, which would probably convey the contagion. Or warm water might be put on the eruption, and scraped off again by the edge of a lancet.
THE POOR LAW AND THE MEDICAL PROFESSION
Authors: Jno. M. Rhodes
Journal: BMJ (1910)

BRITisN liever vanished.Looked at in this way, how essential it becomes to make every effort to bring the nutritional factor to the maximum point of efficiency, not only in order to promote local'repair, but to increase the general resistance against the essential cause of the disease !This will not necessarily be effected by excision or by short* circuiting, but by the more rational methods to which I will now briefly refer.3. As regards medical treatment, many cases of duodenal ulcer, both acute and chronic, recover, and recover com- pletely, under the medical regimes of starvation, semi- starvation, the milk, egg, and slop treatment, the Lenhartz diet, and so forth.It is also true that many of these cases relapse.In hospital patients almost any method may be followed by rapid and striking improvement, mainly on account of the change from a wholly indiscreet dietary indulged in before admission.The value of all statistics based on treatment of this class of case is, therefore,
Current Management of Asthma Patients with Corticosteroid Resistance
Authors: William W. Busse, Kelly McGill, Nizar N. Jarjour
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

"Current Management of Asthma Patients with Corticosteroid Resistance." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 154(2_pt_2), pp. S70–S73
Regulation of devices
Authors: J. Avorn
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Lessons can be learnt from drug regulation

The development, approval, and surveillance of medical devices have some features in common with those for prescription drugs, as well as others that are even more challenging. Yet the regulatory traditions of the device world are strikingly different from those of drugs and often much more problematic. This is shown in the linked feature by Lenzer and Brownlee (doi:10.1136/bmj.c4753), which describes the history of a vagus nerve stimulator to treat epilepsy—a device with a worrying risk-benefit ratio⇓.1



BSIP, Laurent/Science Photo Library

It would be unthinkable for a drug company to go to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States or the European Medicines Agency and say, in effect, “This new drug is much like an older product we sell, except that we have added a new amine group and modified one of the side chains. Apart from that it’s pretty close, so we won’t be doing any new clinical tests on it. When can we begin marketing?” But this is essentially what happens with many new medical devices when they are approved. Unlike drugs, a new device can be approved for use if it is “substantially equivalent” to an existing product.2 The industry argues that many of its products, such as defibrillators or pacemakers, represent incremental modifications of predecessors, so the efficacy and safety of the older products can be presumed to apply to the new version as well.2

The device industry has …
Polyelectrolyte Capsules-containing HIV-1 p24 and Poly I:C Modulate Dendritic Cells to Stimulate HIV-1-specific Immune Responses
Authors: Winni De Haes, Stefaan De Koker, Charlotte Pollard, Derek Atkinson, Erika Vlieghe, Jessy Hoste, Joanna Rejman, Stefaan De Smedt, Johan Grooten, Guido Vanham, Ellen Van Gulck
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2010)

Polyelectrolyte microcapsules (MCs) are potent protein delivery vehicles which can be tailored with ligands to stimulate maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). We investigated the immune stimulatory capacity of monocyte-derived DC (Mo-DC) loaded with these MCs, containing p24 antigen from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) alone [p24-containing MC (MCp24)] or with the Toll-like receptor ligand 3 (TLR3) ligand poly I:C (MCp24pIC) as a maturation factor. MO-DC, loaded with MCp24pIC, upregulated CCR7, CD80, CD83, and CD86 and produced high amounts of interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine, to a similar extent as MCp24 in the presence of an optimized cytokine cocktail. MO-DC from HIV-infected patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) exposed to MCp24 together with cytokine cocktail or to MCp24pIC expanded autologous p24-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses as measured by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and IL-2 cytokine production and secretion. In vivo relevance was shown by immunizing C57BL/6 mice with MCp24pIC, which induced both humoral and cellular p24-specific immune responses. Together these data provide a proof of principle that both antigen and DC maturation signal can be delivered as a complex with polyelectrolyte capsules to stimulate virus-specific T cells both in vitro and in vivo. Polyelectrolyte MCs could be useful for in vivo immunization in HIV-1 and other infections.
Regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase activity in type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.
Authors: D J Betteridge, M J Higgins, D J Galton
Journal: BMJ (1975)

The regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase activity in leucocytes was studied in a family with familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia (WHO classification). The propositus was heterozygous and 16 other members of the family were studied. Leucocytes were isolated by a relatively quick and simple procedure and used for enzyme estimations. The results suggest that measurement of the regulation of this enzyme in leucocytes may be helpful in the diagnosis and management of the condition.
Impaired CD163-mediated hemoglobin-scavenging and severe toxic symptoms in patients treated with gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Authors: Maciej Bogdan Maniecki, Henrik Hasle, Lennart Friis-Hansen, Birgitte Lausen, Ove Juul Nielsen, Knud Bendix, Søren Kragh Moestrup, Holger Jon Møller
Journal: Blood (2008)