tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Six Bucks, Doc
Authors: Elliott B. Oppenheim
Journal: JAMA (1984)

It's the part of town where Precision Machine Parts and Len's Auto Rebuild are neighbors to Reasonably Honest Dave's Used Appliances and Charlie's Finest Adult Movies. If you haven't a friend in the world, you'll find one here, proclaims the sign over the Mission on Commerce Street at 15th.  You can't reject me, Doc.... I need the money, protests a mother whose serum protein level is too low. Fortunately, her husband can donate plasma in exchange for gas money.  My job is to make sure the blood products donated here conform to federal standards and to treat uncommon, adverse donor reactions such as dizziness, convulsions, citrate intoxication, or a major blood group mismatch should the incorrect cells be infused. Why the handcuffs?  In case my old lady gets out of control.... I snap 'em on 'er and hook 'er to a tree. The tattooed one with the heavy leather vest
Biclonal B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Jeffrey Sklar, Michael L. Cleary, Kristiaan Thielemans, Julie Gralow, Roger Warnke, Ronald Levy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1984)

The cells of most tumors are considered to be genetically homogeneous because they are assumed to represent a single clone descended from one abnormal cell. We have discovered three cases of B-cell lymphoma for which this generalization is not true. In each case, the tumor was composed of two subpopulations of cells, each expressing a different immunoglobulin molecule. Antibodies directed against these immunoglobulins were used to separate the two cell subpopulations of each tumor on a fluorescence-activated cell sorter. DNA extracted from the original tumor and the two fractionated subpopulations was analyzed to determine the configuration of immunoglobulin genes. Differences were found in the arrangement of DNA in at least one immunoglobulin gene for each of the two subpopulations. Thus, biclonality of these tumors was revealed by examination of both protein markers (cell-surface immunoglobulin) and DNA markers (immunoglobulin-gene rearrangements). Our results indicate that the incidence of biclonal B-cell lymphoma may be higher than previously recognized, possibly as high as 10 per cent of all B-cell lymphomas. Furthermore, our findings may have important implications for the diagnosis and therapy of lymphoid cancers.
Health secretary will "pause" and listen to staff over reform bill
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2011)

The government has promised to pause and listen to objections to its NHS reform bill. In a statement to the House of Commons the health secretary for England, Andrew Lansley, conceded that some of the concerns raised about the bill are genuine and said that he wanted to “listen to, engage with, and learn from experts, patients, and frontline staff within the NHS and beyond and to respond accordingly.”

The bill has passed the committee stage in the Commons, so being forced to acknowledge flaws at this stage is embarrassing. The Labour leader, Ed Miliband, called the reforms “extremely dangerous” in exchanges with the prime minister in the Commons but struck a different note in a speech at the Royal Society of Arts, where he promised to enter the debate with an open mind “if there is a genuine attempt to address weaknesses of Tory reorganisation …
THE EMERGENCE OF ANTIBODIES WITH EITHER IDENTICAL OR UNRELATED INDIVIDUAL ANTIGENIC SPECIFICITY DURING REPEATED IMMUNIZATIONS WITH STREPTOCOCCAL VACCINES
Authors: Klaus Eichmann, Dietmar G. Braun, Ten Feizi, Richard M. Krause
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1970)

Electrophoretically monodisperse antibody components in rabbit antisera to the carbohydrates of the Groups A and C streptococci have been examined for their individual antigenic specificity. In these antibody components which were isolated by preparative electrophoresis, individual antigenic specificity was confined to the specific antibody and was absent in the nonantibody gamma-globulin. Radioprecipitation experiments and the use of immune absorbent columns constructed from goat anti-antisera, which had been absorbed with fraction II, revealed that all the specific antibody in an electrophoretically monodisperse component was reactive with the homologous anti-antibody. Antibodies with either identical or distinct individual antigenic specificities may occur in the same rabbit with repeated immunizations. Antibodies with identical antigenic specificity had identical electrophoretic mobility, whereas antibodies with unrelated antigenic specificities had distinct electrophoretic mobilities. In the interval between immunizations, if antibody to the carbohydrate antigen was absent, there was no detectable antibody with individual antigenic specificity.
Dose-Response Relationships for <i>N</i>7-(2-Hydroxyethyl)Guanine Induced by Low-Dose [14C]Ethylene Oxide: Evidence for a Novel Mechanism of Endogenous Adduct Formation
Authors: Debbie A. Marsden, Donald J.L. Jones, Robert G. Britton, Ted Ognibene, Esther Ubick, George E. Johnson, Peter B. Farmer, Karen Brown
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Ethylene oxide (EO) is widely used in the chemical industry and is also formed in humans through the metabolic oxidation of ethylene, generated during physiologic processes. EO is classified as a human carcinogen and is a direct acting alkylating agent, primarily forming N7-(2-hydroxyethyl)guanine (N7-HEG). To conduct accurate human risk assessments, it is vital to ascertain the relative contribution of endogenously versus exogenously derived DNA damage and identify the sources of background lesions. We have therefore defined in vivo dose-response relationships over a concentration range relevant to human EO exposures using a dual-isotope approach. By combining liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-accelerator mass spectrometry analysis, both the endogenous and exogenous N7-HEG adducts were quantified in tissues of [14C]EO-treated rats. Levels of [14C]N7-HEG induced in spleen, liver, and stomach DNA increased in a linear manner from 0.002 to 4 adducts/108 nucleotides. More importantly, the extent of damage arising through this route was insignificant compared with the background abundance of N7-HEG naturally present. However, at the two highest doses, [14C]EO exposure caused a significant increase in endogenous N7-HEG formation in liver and spleen, suggesting that EO can induce physiologic pathways responsible for ethylene generation in vivo and thereby indirectly promote N7-HEG production. We present evidence for a novel mechanism of adduct formation to explain this phenomenon, involving oxidative stress and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as a potential biosynthetic precursor to ethylene in mammalian cells. Based on the proposed pathway, N7-HEG may have potential as a biomarker of cellular oxidative stress. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):3052–9]
Why Is “Hard” Evidence “Hard” to Accept?
Authors: David L. Hahn
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2006)

I would like to reflect on a recent editorial (1) lamenting lack of evidence for spirometry in case finding, diagnosis, and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in primary care (2). I was struck by the editorialists’ honest selfassessment that this “unimpeachable review of the evidence [was] . . . hard to accept, especially for those like ourselves, who cannot conceive of practicing without objective assessment of pulmonary function” (1). My perspective is that of a board-certified family physician primary care specialist who has cared for patients with lung conditions for over 30 years, and also that of a clinical researcher with training in epidemiology, trial design, and critical assessment ofmedical evidence.As part ofmyclinical care and research, I have personally performed hundreds of preand post-bronchodilator spirometry and peak expiratory flow measurements. It was not hard for me to accept the lack of evidence. Why should it be so for others? I believe it is hard because of a deeply held, often unstated (and even more often incorrect) assumption that permeates theAmerican referral specialist medical community. This assumption (or “faith”) is that medical technologies, clinical skills, and treatment strategies that serve referral specialists in caring for sick patients will also improve the health of the greater number of Americans who are not referred. That this assumption is patently incorrect was illustrated years ago in a humorous but insightful commentary that should be read by all who seek to understand the complementary roles played by primary care specialists and referral care specialists seeking to achieve optimum health for their patients (3). I agree with Boushy and colleagues (1) that “gaps in the evidence . . . need to be filled by carefully designed studies of sufficient size.” It should be obvious that primary care studies need to be performed on primary care patient populations. What is less obvious but most important is that primary care studies should be designed to ask and answer primary care questions. Success in answering questions about the utility of spirometry in primary care will depend on a meaningful collaboration between primary care specialists and referral specialists, who will have to share power and perspective that, in the United States, have traditionally been relegated entirely to them. As this process of collaborative research proceeds, I suggest it will be wise for all concerned to continuously reassess their underlying assumptions about similarities and differences between primary and referral care.
Fatal Acute Candida albicans Bronchopneumonia
Authors: Gonzalo Ramirez
Journal: JAMA (1967)

THE ROLE of<i>Candida albicans</i>as a pathogenic organism of primary pulmonary disease has not been widely or completely accepted. Most of the reluctance arises from the fact that<i>C albicans</i>forms part of the normal flora of the mouth, and sputum cultures yield the organism in about 20% to 55% of normal individuals.<sup>1</sup>The organism has also been recovered from bronchial aspiration cultures in persons free of pulmonary disease.<sup>2</sup>The incidence of<i>C albicans</i>infections has increased especially in debilitated patients suffering from acute or chronic diseases or both, and in patients receiving treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics or steroids.<sup>3</sup>Davis and Warren (1937) showed that<i>C albicans</i>could become pathogenic and cause fatal pulmonary candidiasis even without the action of the antibiotics.<sup>4</sup> The case to be reported here is a rare case of acute<i>C albicans</i>bronchopneumonia terminating in death and having no relation to
Disparities in outcomes from chronic disease
Authors: J. A Krishnan, G. B Diette, C. S Rand
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Papers pp 962, 967 

Recent developments in basic biomedical research offer the great promise that we will increasingly understand factors that underlie risk and expression of disease and, with further advances in genetic engineering, translate this knowledge into highly individualised treatments to reduce the burden from both acute and chronic diseases. Two studies in this issue, however, remind us that this idealised world of risk prediction and tailored treatments will have to succeed in the real world of cultural and ethnic diversity and imbalances in socioeconomic status.

Chalmers et al (p 967) report findings from a cohort study examining the relations between socioeconomic status and chronic disease and mortality in Scotland.1 Consistent with studies in other patient populations, 2 3 individuals in the …
THE DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETIC COMA
Authors: HOWARD F. ROOT
Journal: JAMA (1923)

Unconsciousness in a patient who has sugar in the urine demands prompt use of the physician's utmost diagnostic skill, (1) to avoid hasty and harmful injection of insulin in unsuitable cases; (2) to adjust treatment to both diabetes and probable complications; (3) to protect the rights of the patient's family, and (4) to improve our knowledge of diabetes by more accurate tabulation of statistics.  The term  coma should be reserved for unconsciousness (not mere drowsiness) due to diabetic acidosis. It is characterized clinically by air hunger (Kussmaul respiration), and chemically by an excess in blood and urine of sugar and of the end-products of faulty fat metabolism (the acetone bodies). Absence of any of these symptoms implies that the unconsciousness is not due solely to true diabetic acidosis, and that therefore it cannot be safely treated with large doses of insulin.  A gradual, not a sudden, onset characterizes uncomplicated
Controlled Study of Alexithymic Characteristics in Patients with Psychogenic Pain Disorder
Authors: T.G. Sriram, S.K. Chaturvedi, P.S. Gopinath, V. Shanmugam
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1987)

Alexithymic characteristics were examined in a sample of 30 patients fulfilling the DSM-III criteria for psychogenic pain disorder using an interviewer-rated scale (Beth Israel Hospital Psychosomatic Questionnaire), a self-rated scale (Toronto Alexithymia Scale) and a projective technique (Thematic Apperception Test). The findings were compared with a control group of healthy subjects matched on sociodemographic variables. Pain patients were found to be more alexithymic in contrast to the control group as evidenced by the interviewer-rated and self-rated scales. The correlations among the three measures were in the expected direction.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF PROPRIETARY MEDICINES. THE CRUX OF THE SITUATION.
Authors: C. S. N. HALLBERG
Journal: JAMA (1905)

It is related of an old-time country practitioner, in a southern state, who not only had faithfully served the community in attending to the first arrivals, but also had usually been called on to name the little newcomers, that his patience finally became so exhausted that when appealed to in an especially urgent case, he petulantly retorted, "Oh name the twins Belshazzar and Beelzebub!" "Oh pa!" gleefully shouted the mother, "the doctor has named the babies Belshazzar and Beelzebub!" "Wal!" responded the fond father, "if the kids be only as good as their names they will be all right!" The incident may or may not be true, as it may or may not have any bearing on the naming of proprietary medicines. Let us see. The names looked imposing and mysterious, they had a suggestive and familiar sound, possessed a peculiar euphony, and in this case were thought proper names
Reply to Ruth E. Langley, Patricia Price and Paul D. Abel’s Letter to the Editor re: Claude C. Schulman, Jacques Irani, Juan Morote, et al. Androgen-Deprivation Therapy in Prostate Cancer: A European Expert Panel Review. Eur Urol Suppl 2010;9:675–91
Authors: Claude Schulman
Journal: European Urology (2011)
John Terence Hennigan
Authors: W. I Fraser
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Former general practitioner Ealing (b Newcastle 1939; q Glasgow 1964), d 6 July 2002.

John did house jobs in medical surgery and obstetrics in Glasgow before travelling to London to work in haematology at St Thomas's and in chest medicine at the Brompton Hospital. He then became a general practitioner in Ealing until he retired in 1990 because of ill health. He was a distinguished chess player and spent many Saturday mornings coaching mini rugby. Divorced in 1993, he leaves four sons.
Endoscopic Removal of a Perforating Toothpick
Authors: H. H. Mohr, A. Dierkes-Globisch
Journal: Endoscopy (2001)

Foreign bodies in the colon are encountered with increasing frequency, but, to date, only sporadic reports concerning their management have appeared in the literature [1] [2] . While most ingested foreign bodies usually pass through the gastrointestinal tract uneventfully, sharp foreign bodies such as toothpicks infrequently cause intestinal perforation and may even result in death [3].
Abstract 4972: Phosphorylation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 by p21-activated protein kinase (PAK)2 inhibits chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Xiang Li, Feng Zhu, Ann M. Bode, Ziming Dong, Zigang Dong
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract P21-activated kinase (PAK)2, a member of PAK family of serine/threonine protein kinases, plays an important role in physiological processes such as motility, survival, mitosis, and apoptosis. However, the role of PAK2 in chemotherapy resistance remains unclear. Here we report that PAK2 is highly expressed in human breast cancer cell lines and human breast invasive carcinoma tissue compared with human non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell lines and adjacent normal breast tissue respectively. Interestingly, we found that PAK2 can phosphorylate caspase-3 at Thr77, Thr152 and Thr245. Moreover, PAK2 can bind with caspase-7 and phosphorylate caspase-7 at Ser30, Thr173 and Ser239. Functionally, the phosphorylation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 decreases their activity, thereby inhibiting staurosporine and doxorubicin HCl-induced cellular apoptosis. Our data indicate that highly expressed PAK2 mediates chemotherapy resistance in human breast invasive ductal carcinoma by negatively regulating caspase-3 and caspase-7 activity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4972. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4972
Longitudinal Study of New Eye Lesions in Treated Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Laura Phan, Kristen Kasza, Jessica Jalbrzikowski, A. Gwendolyn Noble, Paul Latkany, Annie Kuo, William Mieler, Sanford Meyers, Peter Rabiah, Ken Boyer, Charles Swisher, Marilyn Mets, Nancy Roizen, Simone Cezar, Jack Remington, Paul Meier, Rima McLeod
Journal: Ophthalmology (2007)
P258 The 24-hour Lung Function Profile Of Once-daily Tiotropium And Olodaterol Fixed-dose Combination Compared With Placebo And Monotherapies In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: E. Derom, J. Westerman, L. Gronke, A. Hamilton, C. Li, K. Beeh
Journal: Thorax (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Tiotropium (T), a once-daily long-acting muscarinic antagonist, is a well-established first-line maintenance treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Olodaterol (O) is a once-daily long-acting β<sub>2</sub>-agonist, recently approved in several EU countries. This study investigated the 24-hour bronchodilator profile of once-daily fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) of T and O delivered via the Respimat<sup>®</sup> Soft Mist™ inhaler in patients with Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2–4 COPD. <h3>Methods</h3> This double-blind, placebo-controlled, Phase III, incomplete crossover study randomised 219 patients to receive four of the following treatments for 6 weeks (with a 3-week washout period in between): placebo, O 5 µg, T 2.5 µg, T 5 µg, T+O FDC 2.5/5 µg, T+O FDC 5/5 µg. The primary end point was forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<sub>1</sub>) area under the curve from 0–24 h (AUC<sub>0–24</sub>) after 6 weeks. Secondary end points included additional spirometric parameters over 24 h and body plethysmography parameters in a sub-set of patients (2:30 and 22:30 h post-dose). <h3>Results</h3> The 24-hour time profiles for both FDCs were similar, with clear, consistent increases in FEV<sub>1</sub> compared to placebo and monotherapies. For FEV<sub>1</sub> AUC<sub>0–24</sub>, both FDCs were significantly superior to placebo (T+O 5/5 µg: 0.280 L, p &lt; 0.0001; T+O 2.5/5 µg: 0.277 L, p &lt; 0.0001) and monotherapies (T+O 5/5 µg: 0.110–0.127 L, p &lt; 0.0001; T+O 2.5/5 µg: 0.107–0.124 L, p &lt; 0.0001). There were significantly greater increases in trough FEV<sub>1</sub> with both FDCs compared to placebo (0.201–0.207 L, p &lt; 0.0001) and monotherapies (T+O 5/5 µg: 0.079–0.107 L, p &lt; 0.0001; T+O 2.5/5 µg: 0.073–0.101 L, p &lt; 0.0001). In the body plethysmography sub-study, both FDC doses separated from placebo and monotherapies in functional residual capacity (p &lt; 0.001) and residual volume (p &lt; 0.0001). Both FDCs were well tolerated; overall incidence of adverse events ranged between 36.0% (T+O 2.5/5 µg) and 46.4% (placebo). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Both FDC 24-hour time profiles showed clear and consistent increases in FEV<sub>1</sub> compared to placebo and monotherapies, with a similar tolerability profile to T.
The Effect Of The Ragweed Sublingual Immunotherapy Tablet MK-3641 On Rescue Medication Use
Authors: Sandra M. Gawchik, Peter S. Creticos, Kevin R. Murphy, Gary D. Berman, David I. Bernstein, Jennifer Maloney, Amarjot Kaur, Hendrik Nolte
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Medical Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Graeme J. Hankey
Journal: JAMA (2006)

ContextPeripheral arterial disease (PAD) affects approximately 20% of adults older than 55 years and is a powerful predictor of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death due to vascular causes. The goals of treatment are to prevent future major coronary and cerebrovascular events and improve leg symptoms.ObjectiveTo review the best evidence for medical treatment of PAD.Evidence AcquisitionMEDLINE and the Cochrane database were searched from 1990 to November 2005 for randomized trials and meta-analyses of medical treatments for PAD. References from these articles were also searched. Search terms included, singly and in combination: peripheral arterial disease, peripheral artery disease, PAD, randomized controlled trial, controlled trial, randomized, and meta-analysis. Particular attention was directed toward randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses of clinically relevant medical treatments for PAD. Outcome measures included leg symptoms (intermittent claudication and walking distance), death, and major coronary and cerebrovascular events.Evidence SynthesisSymptoms of leg claudication, walking distance, and quality of life can be improved by smoking cessation (physician advice, nicotine replacement therapy, and bupropion), a structured exercise program, statin drugs, cilostazol, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. The risk of major coronary and cerebrovascular events can be reduced through lowering blood pressure with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and other antihypertensive drugs, use of statin drugs, antiplatelet therapy with aspirin or clopidogrel, and probably by stopping smoking.ConclusionThe substantial and increasing burden of PAD, and its local and systemic complications, can be reduced by lifestyle modification (smoking cessation, exercise) and medical therapies (nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion, antihypertensive drugs, statins, and antiplatelet drugs).