tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fluoroscopically Assisted Biopsy for Mid and Peripheral Lung Lesions
Authors: Stuart S. Sagel
Journal: JAMA (1974)

THE determination of the etiology of a pulmonary infiltrate or mass lesion seen in the middle third or periphery of the lung on a chest roentgenogram, is a common clinical problem. In many instances, following exclusion of a systemic disease process, the pulmonary disease cannot be diagnosed by the usual clinical work-up: sputum examination and culture (including transtracheal aspiration), serologic studies, and other procedures. Establishment of the nature and cause of the lesion or lesions depends on examination of tissue from the roentgenographically demonstrated pulmonary density. The ideal diagnostic test, with no risk and 100% yield, unfortunately does not exist. Diagnostic thoracotomy is unquestionably the most reliable method of diagnosis. However, it is also the most expensive, painful, and dangerous. A fundamental logic in medicine dictates that the procedure least likely to injure should be used first, before progressing to the more dangerous, discomforting, and expensive technique. <h3>Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy</h3> Regarding
Erratum: Corrigendum: Regulation of cardiovascular development and integrity by the heart of glass– cerebral cavernous malformation protein pathway
Authors: Benjamin Kleaveland, Xiangjian Zheng, Jian J Liu, Yannick Blum, Jennifer J Tung, Zhiying Zou, Shawn M Sweeney, Mei Chen, Lili Guo, Min-min Lu, Diane Zhou, Jan Kitajewski, Markus Affolter, Mark H Ginsberg, Mark L Kahn
Journal: Nature Medicine (2009)
It was Dr. Fish, and not Dr. Burgess.
Authors: E.F. Fish
Journal: JAMA (1895)

Milwaukee, Wis., Oct. 5, 1895. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —In your issue of the 5th inst., you state on page 578 that Dr. A. J. Burgess of Milwaukee said " so-and-so." These remarks, abbreviated though they be, were mine. I believe I am the only Fellow of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in this State—and at least the only one present at this discussion. I most decidedly object to your quoting some one else for me, or your attributing remarks to me made by another. Yours truly,
Air pollution: II--Road traffic and modern industry.
Authors: F Godlee
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Diabetes * Blood cholesterol concentrationThe risk of heart attack is trebled if the patient smokes, has a serum cholesterol concentration of 6 mmol/l, and has a diastolic blood pressure of 85 mm Hg Treatment of arterial disease * Operation * Control of hypertension, blood sugar, and lipids * Thrombolytic drugs * STOP SMOKING SmokingThe third important risk factor is smoking-especially cigarettes but probably also pipes and cigars if the smoke is inhaled.Smoking roughly doubles the risk of heart attack and (in hypertensive patients) of stroke, and it massively aggravates the progression of ischaemic complications of peripheral arterial disease.The number of cigarettes smoked seems less important than the mere fact of smoking, and the type of cigarette is largely irrelevant (for the vascular system there is no "safer cigarette").Unfortunately we still do not know the guilty component(s) of tobacco smoke or their mode of action, but this probably includes thrombogenesis, and stopping smoking brings swift benefit. Combinations ofrisk factorsCombinations of risk factors are the main trouble makers.The risk of coronary disease is roughly trebled by a serum cholesterol concentration of 9 mmol/l or by a diastolic blood pressure of 115 mm Hg, and when seen these will not be overlooked because they are most unusual.The risk is also trebled (compared with a low risk subject) by cigarette smoking, plus a cholesterol concentration of 6 mmol/l, plus a diastolic pressure of 85 mm Hg-a combination so common that the doctor may say "My patient has no risk factors."Most vascular disease is caused by such combinations because the arteries stand up reasonably well to one single factor in isolation.The therapeutic corollary of this is that management must also take account of all aspects.Surgery, acute care of patients with myocardial infarction, control of blood sugar concentrations in diabetes, or control of blood pressure in hypertension-each is just one component in the management of a chronic disease with many causes.
Candesartan did not improve clinical or functional outcomes in patients with acute stroke and elevated BP
Authors: Rick Frieden
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2011)

Source Citation Sandset EC, Bath PM, Boysen G, et al. The angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2011;377:741-50. 21316752
Correction: Tobramycin Trade Names
Authors: JEFFREY D. LAZAR
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

Comments and Correction1 January 1976Correction: Tobramycin Trade NamesJEFFREY D. LAZAR, M.D.JEFFREY D. LAZAR, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-84-1-103_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In the recent paper on amikacin by Tally and co-workers (Ann Intern Med 83:484-488, 1975) appears an error being made with increasing frequency in our medical center, and I am sure elsewhere.In the second paragraph, tobramycin is referred to as Tobracin⌖ (Eli Lilly & Co.). Although Tobracin was initially sought as the trade name, it was turned down by the FDA and is presently pending as the trade name in Japan (Eli Lilly & Co., personal communication).Trobicin⌖ is Upjohn's trade name for spectinomycin, the preferred alternate parenteral therapy for gonorrhea for those with penicillin hypersensitivity.... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1976Volume 84, Issue 1Page: 103-103KeywordsFood and Drug AdministrationGonorrheaHypersensitivityPenicillin ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 January 1976 PDF downloadLoading ...
Internet helps communication between doctors and patients
Authors: B. Pal
Journal: BMJ (2000)

EDITOR—I found the articles by Jadad and Shepperd et al on using the internet to provide patients with information helpful. 1 2 The internet is beginning to transform health care, but there is fear that clinicians may remain ill prepared unless action is taken now. Jadad was unable to identify my article on this subject.3 I have developed the concept of cyberclinics in rheumatology and osteoporosis with …
Once there is hope, there is life
Authors: Chikwe Ihekweazu
Journal: BMJ (2005)

species and discussed some of the research approaches used in their investigation.Recent initiatives that bear this out are the establishment by the Medical Research Council of the Comparative Clinical Science Panel to foster research links between human and veterinary medicine, and scientific symposia in comparative medicine organised by bodies such as the Royal Society of Medicine.Many clinical benefits are also to be derived from collaboration between the professions in terms of diagnostics and therapeutics (both medical and surgical).In gastroenterology, these have included improved surgical techniques, management of adhesions, advances in critical care, drug therapies, and parenteral nutrition.The direction of this knowledge transfer has traditionally been from human to veterinary medicine, but it is now clear that the movement of information can be two way, with mutual benefit.We thank W H Tremaine for providing figure 1.
Honing the treatment of early breast cancer
Authors: John Henahan
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Most women with early breast cancer who undergo conservative surgery followed by radiation therapy can expect the same five- to ten-year survival rates as those women who undergo radical mastectomy, along with excellent cosmetic results, according to the findings of several large retrospective and prospective clinical trials detailed at the Sixth Annual Bristol-Myers Symposium on Cancer Research in Venice. Data are also emerging on clinical factors that may predict a poor response to such treatment in some women with early breast cancer. Evaluating the results of a series of retrospective studies carried out in Europe, involving a total of 2,600 women with early infiltrating carcinomas of the breast, Robert Calle, MD, Institut Curie, Paris, reported that the five-year survival rate ranged from 62% to 80%. Although protocols varied somewhat from center to center, treatment generally involved removal of the tumor bulk with several forms of limited surgery (lumpectomy, wedge resection,
Strategies to Overcome Medication Nonadherence
Authors: Sharon Glave Frazee, David J. Muzina, Robert F. Nease
Journal: JAMA (2014)

The suggestions by Dr Zullig and colleagues1 for improving medication adherence are laudable, but we believe their list of barriers to nonadherence overlooks 2 fundamental features of human behavior, inattention and inertia, while overemphasizing the need for engagement.

Human attention is both scarce and fragile, with most behaviors occurring automatically rather than being deliberate and overt.2- 4 Humans devote their attention to that which is either pleasing or pressing; thus, things that do not immediately demand attention may not receive it. Because many behaviors are important over the long-term but not immediately pressing, inattention often leads to inertia, which creates a gap between good intentions (more exercise, better diet, taking medications as prescribed) and action.
Our chemical romance
Authors: Des Spence
Journal: BMJ (2007)

I love music. At 9 am, hunched over my computer, I try to buy tickets on Ticketmaster before the touts do. Briefly the NHS internet is jammed, and I can almost hear the desperate sound of mouse clicks across the country. At 9 02 I whoop inappropriately loudly, as I receive my email confirming the My Chemical Romance tickets. At 9 05 I call in my first patient, apologise for being late, and say, “No, I have no idea what that animal noise was.” …
Reflections on the control of mites and mite allergens
Authors: R. de Boer
Journal: Allergy (1998)

In cool climates, the humidity circumstances in a home during the summer months are more important for allergen accumulation than those in the winter months. For the same reasons, a reduction of humidity will have a much greater impact during the summer months. Not only the relative humidity, but also the removal of the dust mites' food by cleaning can be an important factor in determining the ultimate level of mite allergens. These theoretic deductions remain to be experimentally tested. An understanding of the dynamics of mite populations and allergen concentrations in homes and public buildings is still hampered by gaps in our knowledge. These gaps mainly concern the food availability and food requirements of dust mites and the kinetics of mite allergens.
Contribution to Heart Rate Variability by Mechanoelectric Feedback
Authors: S.M. Horner, C.F. Murphy, B. Coen, D.J. Dick, F.G. Harrison, Z. Vespalcova, M.J. Lab
Journal: Circulation (1996)

Background Heart rate variability is an important prognostic indicator for sudden death. An increased risk of sudden death and arrhythmia is associated with reduced heart rate variability in heart failure. In heart failure, there is also dilatation of the atria, which raises the prospect that there could be some physiological basis to possibly link heart rate variability with atrial dilatation. We therefore investigated whether sustained atrial stretch could modulate heart rate variability directly. Methods and Results Pigs were anesthetized and their hearts exposed. A specially built device stretched the sinoatrial node before and after vagal section and then after administration of propranolol. Stretch of the sinoatrial node decreases heart rate variability in the following ways: The standard deviation of the beat-to-beat interval decreases (4.2 to 2.6 ms; P =.004), and the high-frequency components are reduced (control, 6.5±2.2 ms 2 ; during stretch, 1.4±0.3 ms 2 ; P =.003). After section of both vagi, the high-frequency components are reduced by stretch of the sinoatrial node (2.8±0.9 ms 2 for control versus 1.2±0.3 ms 2 during stretch; P =.05). Similarly, after both vagal section and β-blockade, stretch of the sinoatrial node reduces the high-frequency components (10.6±3.5 ms 2 for control versus 3.0±1.5 ms 2 during stretch; P =.01). Conclusions We conclude that stretch of the sinoatrial node reduces high-frequency heart rate variability. This may account in part for the reduced heart rate variability seen in clinical conditions in which the right atrium is dilated, such as congestive cardiac failure.
HODGKIN'S DISEASE OCCURRING DURING ACUTE LEUKÆMIA IN REMISSION
Authors: R.K. Woodruff, R.L. Brearley, J.M.A. Whitehouse, T.A. Lister, A.G. Stansfeld, J.S. Malpas, S.B. Sutcliffe, E.I. Thompson, R.J.A. Aur
Journal: The Lancet (1977)
Effects of inhaled alpha-emitting actinides on mouse alveolar macrophages.
Authors: A Morgan, R J Talbot
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1992)

The effects of inhaled alpha-emitting actinides on the alveolar macrophage (AM) population of the rodent lung are reviewed and, in particular, of the effects of 239PuO2 on murine AM. The effects discussed include changes the AM pool size, macrophage diameter, mobility, phagocytic competence, and enzyme content. Finally, similarities in the dose-response relationships for the induction of nuclear aberrations by alpha emitters and in the induction of lung tumors by the same materials are noted.
TNFα genotype affects TNFα release, insulin sensitivity and the severity of liver disease in HCV chronic hepatitis
Authors: Luca Valenti, Edoardo Pulixi, Anna Ludovica Fracanzani, Paola Dongiovanni, Marco Maggioni, Alessandra Orsatti, Cristina Gianni, Silvia Fargion
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2005)
An Ezrin/Calpain/PI3K/AMPK/eNOS <sub>s1179</sub> Signaling Cascade Mediating VEGF-Dependent Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production
Authors: Ji-Youn Youn, Ting Wang, Hua Cai
Journal: Circulation Research (2008)

Calpain was recently reported to mediate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis. In the present study, we investigated detailed molecular mechanisms. VEGF (100 ng/mL) induced a marked increase in endothelial cell production of NO(*), specifically detected by electron spin resonance. This response was abolished by inhibition of calpain with N-acetyl-leucyl-leucyl-norleucinal (ALLN) or Calpeptin. Both also diminished membrane-specific calpain activation by VEGF, which was intriguingly attenuated by silencing ezrin with RNA interference. A rapid membrane colocalization of calpain and ezrin occurred as short as 10 minutes after VEGF stimulation. AKT, AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)(s1179) phosphorylations in VEGF-stimulated endothelial cells were markedly enhanced, which were however significantly attenuated by either ALLN, Calpeptin, or ezrin small interfering RNA, as well as by Wortmannin or compound C (respectively for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K] or AMPK). The latter 3 also abolished VEGF induction of NO(*). These data indicate that AMPK and AKT are both downstream of PI3K and that AKT activation is partially dependent on AMPK. The interrelationship between AMPK and AKT, although known to be individually important in mediating VEGF activation of eNOS, is clearly characterized. Furthermore, AMPK/AKT/eNOS(s1179) was found downstream of a calpain/ezrin membrane interaction. These data no doubt provide new insights into the long mystified signaling gap between VEGF receptors and PI3K/AKT or AMPK-dependent eNOS activation. In view of the well-established significance of VEGF-dependent angiogenesis, these findings might have broad and important implications in cardiovascular pathophysiology.
Hereditary Gastrointestinal Polyposis and Nonpolyposis Syndromes
Authors: Anil K. Rustgi
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1994)

Colon cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in men and women in the United States.1 There is a 6 percent lifetime risk of colon cancer in the general population.1 Approximately 160,000 new cases arise every year, and despite advances in detection and therapy, 60,000 people die of colon cancer and its complications each year.2 Epidemiologic studies have implicated environmental factors in the pathogenesis of the disease. Support for these findings comes from the wide variations in the incidence of colon cancer among different populations.3 In Western societies, with diets high in fat and low in fiber, the rates . . .
Cigarette Smoke Produces Airway Wall Remodeling in Rat Tracheal Explants
Authors: Rong D. Wang, Hsin Tai, Changshi Xie, Xiaoshan Wang, Joanne L. Wright, Andrew Churg
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Small airway remodeling ("small airways disease") is a common finding in cigarette smokers and is an important cause of airflow obstruction. Airway remodeling is usually attributed to the effects of cigarette smoke-induced inflammation in the airway wall, but little is actually known about its pathogenesis. We exposed rat tracheal explants to cigarette smoke and then maintained them in air organ culture. At 24 hours after smoke exposure, there was a dose-dependent increase in gene expression of procollagen and a significant increase in tissue hydroxyproline, a measure of collagen content. Greater increases in procollagen gene expression were found with repeated smoke exposures. Increased procollagen gene expression could be prevented with SN50, a selective inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaB activation, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, and tetramethylthiourea, scavengers of active oxygen species. AG1478, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, also prevented increased procollagen gene expression, but PD98059 and SB203580, inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinases, did not. These findings indicate that cigarette smoke can directly induce airway remodeling, specifically airway wall fibrosis, probably through active oxygen species-dependent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and subsequent nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Smoke-evoked inflammatory cells are not required for this process.
BCG vaccination in patients with severe combined immunodeficiency: Complications, risks, and vaccination policies
Authors: Beatriz E. Marciano, Chiung-Yu Huang, Gyan Joshi, Nima Rezaei, Beatriz Costa Carvalho, Zoe Allwood, Aydan Ikinciogullari, Shereen M. Reda, Andrew Gennery, Vojtech Thon, Francisco Espinosa-Rosales, Waleed Al-Herz, Oscar Porras, Anna Shcherbina, Anna Szaflarska, Şebnem Kiliç, Jose L. Franco, Andrea C. Gómez Raccio, Persio Roxo, Isabel Esteves, Nermeen Galal, Anete Sevciovic Grumach, Salem Al-Tamemi, Alisan Yildiran, Julio C. Orellana, Masafumi Yamada, Tomohiro Morio, Diana Liberatore, Yoshitoshi Ohtsuka, Yu-Lung Lau, Ryuta Nishikomori, Carlos Torres-Lozano, Juliana T.L. Mazzucchelli, Maria M.S. Vilela, Fabiola S. Tavares, Luciana Cunha, Jorge A. Pinto, Sara E. Espinosa-Padilla, Leticia Hernandez-Nieto, Reem A. Elfeky, Tadashi Ariga, Heike Toshio, Figen Dogu, Funda Cipe, Renata Formankova, M. Enriqueta Nuñez-Nuñez, Liliana Bezrodnik, Jose Gonçalo Marques, María I. Pereira, Viviana Listello, Mary A. Slatter, Zohreh Nademi, Danuta Kowalczyk, Thomas A. Fleisher, Graham Davies, Bénédicte Neven, Sergio D. Rosenzweig
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2014)
Cytochromes P450 in benzene metabolism and involvement of their metabolites and reactive oxygen species in toxicity.
Authors: I Gut, V Nedelcheva, P Soucek, P Stopka, B Tichavská
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1996)

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2E1 was the most efficient CYP enzyme that oxidized benzene to soluble and covalently bound metabolites in rat and human liver microsomes. The covalent binding was due mostly to the formation of benzoquinone (BQ), the oxidation product of hydroquinone (HQ), and was inversely related to the formation of soluble metabolites. In rats, inhalation of benzene (4 mg/liter of air) caused a rapid destruction of CYP2B1 previously induced by phenobarbital. The ability of benzene metabolites to destroy liver microsomal CYP in vitro decreased in the order BQ > HQ > catechol > phenol. The destruction was reversed by ascorbate and diminished by alpha-tocopherol, suggesting that HQ was not toxic, whereas BQ and semiquinone radical (SQ) caused the effect. In the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced (NADPH) the microsomes did not oxidize HQ to BQ, while the formation of superoxide anion radical from both HQ and BQ was markedly quenched. Destruction of CYP in vitro caused by HQ or BQ was not mediated by hydroxyl radical formation or by lipid peroxidation. On the contrary, HQ and BQ inhibited NADPH-mediated lipid peroxidation. Ascorbate induced high levels of hydroxyl radical formation and lipid peroxidation, which were differentially affected by quinones, indicating different mechanisms. Despite reducing the toxicity of HQ and BQ, ascorbate appeared to induce its own toxicity, reflected in high levels of lipid peroxidation. Iron redox cycling played a significant role in the NADPH-induced hydroxyl radical formation but not in that caused by ascorbate; however, lipid peroxidation induced by NADPH or ascorbate was suppressed by ethylenediaminetraacetate, indicating a crucial role of iron. Thus, the data indicate that the quinones destroyed CYP directly and not via oxygen activation or lipid peroxidation.
Urinary Tract Infection Localization in Women-Reply
Authors: Godfrey K. M. Harding
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Hellerstein et al have compiled interesting data that support the findings of Jodal et al,<sup>1</sup>indicating a lack of correlation between ACB in the urine sediment and the site of infection within the urinary tract in children. A positive test result for ACB was found in a number of children whose infections localized to the lower urinary tract. We do not understand why the results in adult women are at variance with those in children. We agree that the tests should be standardized. We have shown to our satisfaction that the presence of only a few brightly fluorescent organisms is compatible with renal infection. In many instances, relatively small numbers of perhaps less than 1% of those present in the voided urine originated within the renal parenchyma. Our criteria for a positive test was a relatively small number of uniformly fluorescing organisms. Schaberg et al<sup>2</sup>have