tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pneumocystis carinii as Foamy Exudate in Bone Marrow
Authors: Hitomi Momose
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Pulmonary infection with<i>Pneumocystis carinii</i>is common among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and other immune system disorders.<sup>1</sup>Aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis has been shown to prolong survival of patients with AIDS by preventing lung involvement.<sup>2</sup>Although uncommon, extrapulmonary<i>P carinii</i>infection involving lymph nodes, spleen, adrenal glands, bone marrow, gastrointestinal tract, heart, and eyes has been documented.<sup>3,4</sup>Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis can occur in patients who receive aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis since this manner of administration, unlike the conventional intravenous method, does not result in high serum or systemic drug levels.<sup>5</sup>Extrapulmonary pneumocystosis can be diagnosed if a biopsy of the involved organ is done appropriately. A 35-year-old man with a 2.5-year history of AIDS was admitted for fatigue and dyspnea. He had been treated for<i>P carinii</i>pneumonia with pentamidine and had been followed up with monthly aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. The patient's history included cytomegalovirus retinitis and
Effect of rifampicin on liver function in man
Authors: P. Capelle, D. Dhumeaux, M. Mora, G. Feldmann, P. Berthelot
Journal: Gut (1972)

Liver function and serum concentrations of rifampicin, a highly cholephilic antibiotic, have been studied after ingestion of a single dose of 600 mg of rifampicin in 12 patients, six of them having a normal liver and six a cirrhotic, and during treatment with 600 mg of rifampicin per day for 17 days in eight patients, four of them having a normal liver and four a cirrhotic. Rifampicin produced competition for the elimination of bilirubin and bromsulphalein by the liver. This competition, which seemed to involve mainly the uptake by the liver cell, was always rapidly reversible when treatment was discontinued. It makes it impossible, however, to interpret a bromsulphalein test during treatment with rifampicin. In the eight patients treated for 17 days, apart from the competition already mentioned, no clinical, biological, or morphological abnormalities of the liver were ascertained. But in this limited number of patients it is not possible to exclude the fact that rifampicin could provoke jaundice by idiosyncrasy in a small percentage of cases. The serum concentrations of rifampicin were higher in cirrhotic patients than in patients with normal livers, especially after one or two weeks of treatment. It is suggested that efficient blood concentrations of rifampicin would be achieved with small doses in case of previous hepatocellular insufficiency.
Mutation of hepatocyte nuclear factor–1β inhibits Pkhd1 gene expression and produces renal cysts in mice
Authors: Thomas Hiesberger, Yun Bai, Xinli Shao, Brian T. McNally, Angus M. Sinclair, Xin Tian, Stefan Somlo, Peter Igarashi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta (HNF-1beta) is a Pit-1, Oct-1/2, UNC-86 (POU)/homeodomain-containing transcription factor that regulates tissue-specific gene expression in the liver, kidney, and other organs. Humans with autosomal dominant mutations of HNF-1beta develop maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 5 (MODY5) and congenital cystic abnormalities of the kidney. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an inherited cystic disorder that produces renal failure in infants and children and is caused by mutations of PKHD1. The proximal promoter of the mouse Pkhd1 gene contains an evolutionarily conserved HNF-1-binding site that is located near a region of deoxyribonuclease hypersensitivity. HNF-1beta and the structurally related HNF-1alpha bind specifically to the Pkhd1 promoter and stimulate gene transcription. Mutations of the HNF-1 site or expression of a dominant-negative HNF-1beta mutant inhibit Pkhd1 promoter activity in transfected cells. Transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative HNF-1beta mutant under the control of a kidney-specific promoter develop renal cysts, similarly to humans with MODY5. Pkhd1 transcripts are absent in the cells lining the cysts but are present in morphologically normal surrounding tubules. These studies identify a link between two cystic disease genes, HNF1beta (MODY5) and PKHD1 (ARPKD). HNF-1beta directly regulates the transcription of Pkhd1, and inhibition of PKHD1 gene expression may contribute to the formation of renal cysts in humans with MODY5.
The Emergency Room and the Changing Pattern of Medical Care
Authors: Ernest C. Shortliffe, T. Stewart Hamilton, Edward H. Noroian
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

EARLY in 1954 a survey of the Emergency Suite at Hartford Hospital was undertaken by a special joint committee of the medical and surgical staff and the administration. The action was prompted by rising apprehensions about the adequacy of physical facilities and supervision of the clinical work performed in the emergency unit. There was also a recognition of the need for the hospital to undertake a revision of its disaster plan and of the fact that the Emergency Room could well serve as a triage center in the event of a catastrophe. At the same time, problems had been presented . . .
P1-253: Quality of life (QOL) evaluation for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a comparison between vinorelbine and gemcitabine followed by docetaxel (VGD) versus paclitaxel and carboplatin (PC) regimen on a phase III protocol JMTO LC00-03 (BRI LC03-01)
Authors: Masaaki Kawahara, Akihiro Tokoro, Harue Tada, Ryota Ishiwata, Satoshi Teramukai, Masanori Fukushima, Kaoru Kubota, Tetsu Shinkai, Kiyoyuki Furuse
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2007)
Genome-Wide Methylation Changes in the Brains of Suicide Completers
Authors: Benoit Labonté, Matt Suderman, Gilles Maussion, Juan Pablo Lopez, Luis Navarro-Sánchez, Volodymyr Yerko, Naguib Mechawar, Moshe Szyf, Michael J. Meaney, Gustavo Turecki
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2013)

Objective Gene expression changes have been reported in the brains of suicide completers. More recently, differences in promoter DNA methylation between suicide completers and comparison subjects in specific genes have been associated with these changes in gene expression patterns, implicating DNA methylation alterations as a plausible component of the pathophysiology of suicide. The authors used a genome-wide approach to investigate the extent of DNA methylation alterations in the brains of suicide completers. Method Promoter DNA methylation was profiled using methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) followed by microarray hybridization in hippocampal tissue from 62 men (46 suicide completers and 16 comparison subjects). The correlation between promoter methylation and expression was investigated by comparing the MeDIP data with gene expression profiles generated through mRNA microarray. Methylation differences between groups were validated on neuronal and nonneuronal DNA fractions isolated by fluorescence-assisted cell sorting. Results The authors identified 366 promoters that were differentially methylated in suicide completers relative to comparison subjects (273 hypermethylated and 93 hypomethylated). Overall, promoter methylation differences were inversely correlated with gene expression differences. Functional annotation analyses revealed an enrichment of differential methylation in the promoters of genes involved, among other functions, in cognitive processes. Validation was performed on the top genes from this category, and these differences were found to occur mainly in the neuronal cell fraction. Conclusions These results suggest broad reprogramming of promoter DNA methylation patterns in the hippocampus of suicide completers. This may help explain gene expression alterations associated with suicide and possibly behavioral changes increasing suicide risk.
Family Practice: Quality and Credibility
Authors: Julian F. Keith
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

The decline of general practice as an acceptable mode of medical-care delivery began with the publication of the Flexner Report. This decline was further accelerated by the emergence of the specialty boards in the 1930's. Because of increasing doubts concerning the competence and qualifications of general practitioners, the rapid development of subspecialties and the geometric increase in medical knowledge, the decades after World War II almost killed general practice. The passing of the family physician was a real and distinct possibility.The decline was slowed by the emergence of the American Academy of General Practice in 1948. Reversal of the . . .
GYNECOLOGY, ITS CONTRIBUTION TO GENERAL SURGERY.
Authors: HENRY O. MARCY
Journal: JAMA (1901)

As we stand upon the threshold of a new century, it is wise that we review the history of the past and garner its lessons for the future. Until within the latter half of the Nineteenth Century, the practice of medicine had continued in quite the same general way as for the indefinite past. Even surgery, as a specialty, was so exceptional that, after my return from the army service as surgeon, in 1865, my revered master, Dr. Henry I. Bowditch, urged that I abandon my purpose of making surgery my lifework, with the statement that there was but one man in New England who, as a surgeon, obtained more than a competency. The introduction of ether into general use, followed by the wide experience gained by a large proportion of our younger graduates in the civil war, gave to surgery in America a new impeteus, and this, with a
Doctors try of halt performance pay
Authors: C Court
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Patients' care will suffer if the government insists on introducing performance related pay for doctors, the British Medical Association (BMA) has warned. Consultants, junior doctors, and public health doctors have tabled 25 motions in opposition to performance related pay for their annual conferences later this month.

Performance related pay would not be added on top of existing salaries. Instead the Department of Health is proposing that the Doctors' and Dentists' Review Body should recommend a lower salary for doctors this year than it would have done. Local trusts would then have to find the extra money for performance related pay by making productivity …
244 Does transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt increase hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with cirrhosis? pathological study from explanted livers
Authors: E. Borentain, E. Ananian, S. Garcia, S. Hendon, C. Barrantes, D. Botta-Fridlund, Y.P. Letreut, R. Gerolami
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Examination of the Preschool Child
Authors: Evan Charney
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1964)

EXAMINATION of the preschool child by the private physician can serve a variety of purposes. First of all, it is clear that straightforward medical problems are common at this age — a conservative study of first-grade children in Rochester, New York, detected adverse conditions in 20 per cent, and these did not include dental, eye or hearing problems.1 Secondly, the examination also enables the physician to establish or deepen a relation with the child and his family, a fact of obvious importance both in effecting therapy for existing problems and in anticipating future difficulty. The Rochester study further revealed that . . .
American Indian Anthropology and Medicine
Authors: Tee L. Guidotti
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The hypothesis advanced by Wellmann that North American Indian rock paintings were executed by shamans under the influence of hallucinogens (239:1524, 1978) is intriguing. Grant<sup>1</sup>also proposed this explanation and suggested that much of the rock art in Southern California likely dealt with healing, puberty, and fertility ceremonies. If this hypothesis is true, it serves to underscore two points often overlooked. First, the traditional use of hallucinogens and intoxicants among Indian tribes was a highly structured, religious experience. The introduction of grain alcohol led to a fundamentally antitraditional movement in which social controls of behavior were undermined.<sup>2</sup>Secondly, there existed within American Indian cultures an unusually strong interest in empirical pharmacology and medical practice. The European invaders failed to recognize this shared interest, which could have served as a unique cultural bridge when the two societies encountered one another.<sup>2</sup> California holds yet another mystery
Anti-CD74 Antibody-Doxorubicin Conjugate, IMMU-110, in a Human Multiple Myeloma Xenograft and in Monkeys
Authors: Puja Sapra, Rhona Stein, Jennifer Pickett, Zhengxing Qu, Serengulam V. Govindan, Thomas M. Cardillo, Hans J. Hansen, Ivan D. Horak, Gary L. Griffiths, David M. Goldenberg
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: IMMU-110 is a drug immunoconjugate composed of doxorubicin conjugated to the humanized anti-CD74 monoclonal antibody, hLL1, at a doxorubicin/monoclonal antibody ratio of ∼8:1 (mol/mol). CD74 is a rapidly internalizing molecule associated with HLA-DR, which has high expression by several tumor types. Here, we describe safety evaluations of IMMU-110 in mice and monkeys as well as efficacy studies in a xenograft model of the human multiple myeloma cell line, MC/CAR. Experimental Design: In vitro binding of IMMU-110 was determined by a cell-based ELISA and cytotoxicity of IMMU-110 assayed with a tetrazolium assay. Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of radiolabeled IMMU-110 were examined in tumor-free BALB/c mice, and the therapeutic effectiveness was evaluated in severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing MC/CAR cells. Acute toxicity of IMMU-110 was studied in CD74-positive cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). Results: In vitro, IMMU-110 specifically binds to CD74 and is cytotoxic against MC/CAR cells. In vivo, IMMU-110 displayed a pharmacokinetic and biodistribution profile identical to that of unconjugated hLL1 monoclonal antibody, except for higher kidney uptake. Treatment with a single dose of IMMU-110 as low as 50 μg antibody/mouse (or 1.4 μg doxorubicin/mouse), 5 days postinjection of the multiple myeloma cells, resulted in cure of most mice. In mice, no host toxicity of IMMU-110 was observed at the highest protein dose tested (125 mg/kg). In cynomolgus monkeys, bone marrow toxicity was observed at 30 and 90 mg/kg doses. Conclusions: The excellent safety and efficacy profile of IMMU-110 supports clinical testing of this immunoconjugate in the treatment of CD74-positive B-cell malignancies.
Community-Academic Health Care Partnership
Authors: Geoffrey A. Smith
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —I am an otolaryngologist in solo practice. I have worked within and outside the University of California, San Diego, and have a considerable amount of experience working for the underserved populations in the San Diego region. The conclusion reached by Dr Levine and colleagues<sup>1</sup>appears to be to give money to the schools of medicine, public health, and nursing, to give incentives (eg, matching funds) to areas that are providing programs working with the academic centers, to develop reimbursements from taxpayers, and to provide for federal incentives (ie, tax benefits) to businesses that are providing support and money for this new academic initiative. As a frontline physician, I am not impressed that the inclusion of local academic centers does much to bring down costs for medical care in underserved areas. In my experience, I have found that if patients wind up at an academic center emergency
Hepatocyte proliferative activity in chronic liver damage as assessed by the monoclonal antibody MIB1 Ki67 in archival material: The role of etiology, disease activity, iron, and lipid peroxidation
Authors: F Farinati, R Cardin, A D'Errico, N De Maria, R Naccarato, A Cecchetto, W Grigioni
Journal: Hepatology (1996)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)– and hepatitis C virus (HCV)–related liver damage is linked to an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma, but the mechanisms underlying hepatitis C viral activity are not known. We therefore compared hepatocellular proliferative activity in chronic C virus–related hepatitis and in liver damage of other etiology. Hepatocyte proliferation rate was investigated in 56 patients with chronic hepatitis using the Ki67 MIB1 monoclonal antibody in archival material. According to etiology, the patients were subgrouped as follows: HCV (34), HBV (11), Alcohol (4), HCV + Alcohol (4), and Hemochromatosis (3). Proliferation rate was correlated with age, sex, etiology, disease activity, liver iron storage, free–radical production, and glutathione levels by regression and discriminant analysis. HCV–positive patients had significantly more MIB1–positive hepatocytes in the periportal area ( P &lt; .011) and in the low–proliferating perivenular area (zones 2 and 3) ( P &lt; .05). The number of MIB1–positive cells correlated directly with alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, Knodell index (KI), and, inversely, with iron saturation. By stepwise discriminant analysis, ALT levels and etiology were identified as single independent variables. These data suggest that HCV infection induces increased and abnormal hepatocyte proliferation, which might be related to the increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with HCV–related liver damage.
911-37 Quinidine or Sotalol-induced Changes in QT-Dispersion During Pharmacological Conversion Therapy of Atrial Fibrillation: Link to Proarrhythmia as Assessed in a Prospective, andomized Trial
Authors: Stefan H. Hohnloser, Frank Baedeker, Andreas van de Loo
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1995)
PROPOSED GENERAL HOSPITAL AT PUTNEY
Authors: L. E. Shaw
Journal: BMJ (1906)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To analyse the time variation of topics in bioethical publications as a proxy of the relative importance. <h3>Methods:</h3> We searched the Medline database for bioethics publications using the words “ethics or bioethics”, and for 360 specific topics publications, associating Medical Subject Heading topic descriptors to those words. We calculated the ratio of bioethics publications to the total publications of Medline, and the ratio of each topic publications to the total bioethics publications, for five-year intervals, from 1970 to 2004. We calculated the time variation of ratios, dividing the difference between the highest and lowest ratio of each topic by its highest ratio. Four topics were described, selected to illustrate different patterns of variation: “Induced Abortion”, “Conflict of Interest”, “Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”, “Medical Education.” <h3>Results:</h3> The ratio of bioethics publications to total Medline publications increased from 0.003 to 0.012. The variation of the topic’s ratios was higher than 0.7 for 68% of the topics. The Induced Abortion ratios decreased from 0.12 to 0.02. Conflict of Interest ratios increased from zero to 0.07. The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ratios were nearly zero in the first three intervals, had a peak of 0.06 during 1985–9, followed by a decrease to 0.01. Medical Education ratios varied few, from 0.04 to 0.03. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> There was an increase of bioethical publications in the Medline database. The topics in bioethics literature have an important time variation. Some factors were suggested to explain this variation: current legal cases, resolution of the issue, saturation of a discussion and epidemiologic importance.
Sex differences in selection of pacemakers: retrospective observational study
Authors: R. Schuppel, G. Buchele, L. Batz, W. Koenig
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the effect of patients9 sex on selection of pacemakers. <b>Design:</b> Retrospective univariate and multivariate analysis of a large database. <b>Setting:</b> German central pacemaker register. <b>Subjects:</b> Records collected at the register for 1992 and 1993 (n=31 913), covering 64% of all implantations in Germany. <b>Main outcome measure:</b> Probability of receiving a single chamber, dual chamber, or rate responsive pacemaker in relation to sex. <b>Results:</b> Univariate analysis showed that women were more likely to receive single chamber pacemakers and less likely to receive dual chamber or rate responsive systems than men. After demographic and clinical variables were controlled for, women were still more likely to receive a single chamber system (atrial pacing: odds ratio 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.74 to 1.07; ventricular pacing: 0.85, 0.80 to 0.92) and less likely to receive a dual chamber (1.20, 1.12 to 1.30) or a rate responsive system (1.26, 1.17 to 1.37) than men. <b>Conclusions:</b> The data suggest sex differences in the selection of a pacemaker system which cannot be explained by the underlying cardiac disorder. Further research is needed to evaluate why guidelines for implanting pacemakers are not better adhered to. <h3>Key messages</h3> Use of pacemakers varies despite guidelines, and the reasons for this are unclear In this study women were more likely to receive single chamber pacemakers and less likely to receive dual chamber and rate responsive pacemakers than men Demographic and clinical variables cannot fully explain these differences Prospective studies are needed to evaluate the effect of sex and other non-medical variables on the selection of pacemakers
Future directions in epidemiologic studies of 1,3-butadiene-exposed workers.
Authors: J F Acquavella
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

To date, epidemiologic research on 1,3-butadiene has consisted of cohort mortality studies of workers in the styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene monomer industries. These studies have been extremely useful both in defining the focus on human health effects to the lymphopoietic cancers and in providing a perspective on which to evaluate the available animal models for human risk assessment. The next step for epidemiologic research will involve a lymphopoietic cancer case control approach to enable a more precise assessment of whether there is a relationship between 1,3-butadiene exposure and lymphopoietic cancer. In addition, periodic mortality updates of the 1,3-butadiene-exposed worker cohorts will be important to monitor trends in lymphopoietic cancer rates and to ensure that other cancers with long latency do not begin to show elevated rates. This paper describes an industry-sponsored program of case-control and cohort mortality update studies along with the critical elements in research design and analysis for each study. Epidemiological studies will play an important role in testing hypotheses developed from toxicological studies about potential biological mechanisms of 1,3-butadiene carcinogenesis in humans.