tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Tetanus Caused by Intestinal Irritation.
Authors: B. A. Duncan
Journal: JAMA (1889)

agent until an enlightened Indian prince came forward and handsomely defrayed the cost of its re-examination.Statistics of admission to Scottish lunatic asy¬ lums indicate an unmistakable seasonal variation.The Report of the Commissioners contains a tableshowing the numbers for each month of the eight years 1880-1887.The average monthly total is 1,699, but during the three months of May, June and July that average is exceeded by 628, while in the four months of October, November, Decem¬ ber and January the admissions are 462 below the mean.These two periods of maximum and mini¬ mum are the extremes of a regular annual rise and fall.A steady increase is perceptible through
The total institution of Somerset Maugham
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2012)

In the days of the old Soviet Union, hospitals (at least when I visited them) had an air of inspissated pointlessness. This had its attractions: no one rushed around, indeed the corridors were mainly empty both of people and equipment. The patients, many of whom seemed scarcely to be ill, lay in bed in small, overheated wards, where fresh air never entered. They were more like residents of a boarding house than patients in a hospital. There appeared to be no pretence either of investigating their illness or of trying to cure it. They had nothing to do but talk philosophy all day, as in a Russian novel of the 19th century, and if the physical conditions …
A new, sympathetic look at KATP channels in the heart
Authors: C Remme
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1999)

See article by Oe et al. ([10], pages 125–134) in this issue. 

Myocardial ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are closed during physiological conditions but are activated by a decrease in intracellular ATP-concentration [1]. KATP activation during myocardial ischaemia postpones the onset of irreversible damage, and reduces the size of the area of myocardial infarction (reviewed in [2]). Blockade of KATP channels by sulfonylurea derivatives and sodium 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) reverses these cardioprotective effects [2]. The exact mechanism of cardioprotection by KATP activation has not yet been unravelled. Shortening of action potential duration due to the opening of KATP channels [4,5], the previously supposed underlying mechanism, is not a prerequisite for cardioprotection to occur [3]. Mitochondrial KATP channels may play a role, but further studies are needed for clarification [6].

Another potential contributing mechanism involves KATP channels in cardiac sympathetic nerve-endings. Throughout the central nervous system, KATP channels are located on both pre- and postsynaptic neurones [7]. Release of neurotransmitters in the brain can be influenced by neuronal KATP modulation, both under normoxic and ischaemic-like conditions [8,9]. In this edition of Cardiovascular Research, Oe et al. show a relationship between KATP modulation and norepinephrine release from the atrium under physiological conditions [10]. To correctly interpret their results and appreciate the potential role of KATP channels in catecholamine release modulation during myocardial ischaemia, understanding of the mechanisms of catecholamine secretion during physiological and pathophysiological conditions is essential.

In the sympathetic nerve terminals, norepinephrine (NE) is contained … 

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +31-20-566-3265; fax: +31-20-697-5458 c.a.remme{at}amc.uva.nl
Age-Related Changes in Slow Wave Sleep and REM Sleep and Relationship With Growth Hormone and Cortisol Levels in Healthy Men
Authors: Eve Van Cauter
Journal: JAMA (2000)

ContextIn young adults, sleep affects the regulation of growth hormone (GH) and cortisol. The relationship between decreased sleep quality in older adults and age-related changes in the regulation of GH and cortisol is unknown.ObjectiveTo determine the chronology of age-related changes in sleep duration and quality (sleep stages) in healthy men and whether concomitant alterations occur in GH and cortisol levels.Design and SettingData combined from a series of studies conducted between 1985 and 1999 at 4 laboratories.SubjectsA total of 149 healthy men, aged 16 to 83 years, with a mean (SD) body mass index of 24.1 (2.3) kg/m2, without sleep complaints or histories of endocrine, psychiatric, or sleep disorders.Main Outcome MeasuresTwenty-four–hour profiles of plasma GH and cortisol levels and polygraphic sleep recordings.ResultsThe mean (SEM) percentage of deep slow wave sleep decreased from 18.9% (1.3%) during early adulthood (age 16-25 years) to 3.4% (1.0%) during midlife (age 36-50 years) and was replaced by lighter sleep (stages 1 and 2) without significant increases in sleep fragmentation or decreases in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The transition from midlife to late life (age 71-83 years) involved no further significant decrease in slow wave sleep but an increase in time awake of 28 minutes per decade at the expense of decreases in both light non-REM sleep (−24 minutes per decade; P&lt;.001) and REM sleep (−10 minutes per decade; P&lt;.001). The decline in slow wave sleep from early adulthood to midlife was paralleled by a major decline in GH secretion (−372 µg per decade; P&lt;.001). From midlife to late life, GH secretion further declined at a slower rate (−43 µg per decade; P&lt;.02). Independently of age, the amount of GH secretion was significantly associated with slow wave sleep (P&lt;.001). Increasing age was associated with an elevation of evening cortisol levels (+19.3 nmol/L per decade; P&lt;.001) that became significant only after age 50 years, when sleep became more fragmented and REM sleep declined. A trend for an association between lower amounts of REM sleep and higher evening cortisol concentrations independent of age was detected (P&lt;.10).ConclusionsIn men, age-related changes in slow wave sleep and REM sleep occur with markedly different chronologies and are each associated with specific hormonal alterations. Future studies should evaluate whether strategies to enhance sleep quality may have beneficial hormonal effects.
Just call me
Authors: James Owen Drife
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Like all consultants, I have a mobile phone. It never ceases to amaze me. Its batteries seem to last forever and no matter how many times it falls out of my top pocket when I bend over, it continues to work.

It does not take pictures, receive emails, open like a powder compact, sound like a frog, or play “Delilah” during meetings, but it does do texting. This means that my tutorial group can send me messages saying …
Rapid Akt activation by nicotine and a tobacco carcinogen modulates the phenotype of normal human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Kip A. West, John Brognard, Amy S. Clark, Ilona R. Linnoila, Xiaowei Yang, Sandra M. Swain, Curtis Harris, Steven Belinsky, Phillip A. Dennis
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2003)

Tobacco-related diseases such as lung cancer cause over 4.2 million deaths annually, with approximately 400,000 deaths per year occurring in the US. Genotoxic effects of tobacco components have been described, but effects on signaling pathways in normal cells have not been described. Here, we show activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt in nonimmortalized human airway epithelial cells in vitro by two components of cigarette smoke, nicotine and the tobacco-specific carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). Activation of Akt by nicotine or NNK occurred within minutes at concentrations achievable by smokers and depended upon alpha(3)-/alpha(4)-containing or alpha(7)-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, respectively. Activated Akt increased phosphorylation of downstream substrates such as GSK-3, p70(S6K), 4EBP-1, and FKHR. Treatment with nicotine or NNK attenuated apoptosis caused by etoposide, ultraviolet irradiation, or hydrogen peroxide and partially induced a transformed phenotype manifest as loss of contact inhibition and loss of dependence on exogenous growth factors or adherence to ECM. In vivo, active Akt was detected in airway epithelial cells and lung tumors from NNK-treated A/J mice, and in human lung cancers derived from smokers. Redundant Akt activation by nicotine and NNK could contribute to tobacco-related carcinogenesis by regulating two processes critical for tumorigenesis, cell growth and apoptosis.
UK health departments to lead on food safety
Authors: J. Warden
Journal: BMJ (1998)

The health departments will assume responsibility for food policy in Britain under the government's plans to establish a new food standards agency. A white paper this week, The Food Standards Agency: A Force for Change , paves the way for legislation in 1999. It will create an independent agency to protect consumers’ interests in every aspect of food safety, as wellas nutrition.

The proposed transfer of policy functions from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food to the Department of Health is …
Return of left ventricular function after reperfusion in patients with myocardial infarction: importance of subtotal stenoses or intact collaterals.
Authors: W J Rogers, W P Hood, J A Mantle, W A Baxley, J K Kirklin, G L Zorn, H P Nath
Journal: Circulation (1984)

To determine whether subsequent improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction can be predicted from preintervention coronary arteriograms, we divided 63 patients with acute myocardial infarction into two groups based on findings at emergency coronary arteriography at a mean of 7 hr after onset of symptoms: (1) a "no-flow" group with an occluded infarct-related artery and no easily visible collaterals (n = 36) and (2) a "limited-flow" group with either subtotal stenosis or total occlusion of the infarct-related vessel with intact collaterals (n = 27). Of the 63 patients, 61 underwent emergency procedures to establish reperfusion. At follow-up angiography (contrast or radionuclide) performed 12 +/- 7 days after infarction, global ejection fraction had increased significantly in patients with limited flow to the infarct zone and "successful" early reperfusion intervention due primarily to a significant increase in the regional ejection fraction in the infarct zone. Global ejection fraction fell significantly between baseline and follow-up in patients with no flow to the infarct zone and "unsuccessful" early reperfusion intervention due primarily to a fall in the regional ejection fraction of the noninfarct zone. Global and regional ejection fractions did not change significantly in patients with no flow to the infarct zone and successful early reperfusion or in patients with limited flow to the infarct zone and unsuccessful early reperfusion intervention. The elapsed time before reperfusion did not relate significantly to the change in either regional or global ejection fraction. However, the magnitude of improvement in both global and regional ejection fraction at follow-up was greater among patients with anterior infarcts than among those with inferior infarcts, possibly because baseline ejection fraction was lower in patients with anterior infarcts. These data indicate that among patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing emergency coronary arteriography at a mean of 7 hr after onset of symptoms, improvement in global ejection fraction is unlikely to occur even after a successful early reperfusion intervention in the absence of preserved flow to the infarct area. However, among patients with subtotally occluded infarct-related arteries or significant collateral blood flow to the infarct zone, subsequent improvement in global and regional ejection fraction in the zone of myocardial infarction frequently occurs. Improvement in both global and regional ejection fraction may be more readily demonstrated in patients initially having more severe depression of these parameters.
Evidence for Dose-Additive Effects of Pyrethroids on Motor Activity in Rats
Authors: Marcelo J. Wolansky, Chris Gennings, Michael J. DeVito, Kevin M. Crofton
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

Pyrethroids are neurotoxic insecticides used in a variety of indoor and outdoor applications. Previous research characterized the acute dose-effect functions for 11 pyrethroids administered orally in corn oil (1 mL/kg) based on assessment of motor activity.We used a mixture of these 11 pyrethroids and the same testing paradigm used in single-compound assays to test the hypothesis that cumulative neurotoxic effects of pyrethroid mixtures can be predicted using the default dose-addition theory.Mixing ratios of the 11 pyrethroids in the tested mixture were based on the ED30 (effective dose that produces a 30% decrease in response) of the individual chemical (i.e., the mixture comprised equipotent amounts of each pyrethroid). The highest concentration of each individual chemical in the mixture was less than the threshold for inducing behavioral effects. Adult male rats received acute oral exposure to corn oil (control) or dilutions of the stock mixture solution. The mixture of 11 pyrethroids was administered either simultaneously (2 hr before testing) or after a sequence based on times of peak effect for the individual chemicals (4, 2, and 1 hr before testing). A threshold additivity model was fit to the single-chemical data to predict the theoretical dose-effect relationship for the mixture under the assumption of dose additivity.When subthreshold doses of individual chemicals were combined in the mixtures, we found significant dose-related decreases in motor activity. Further, we found no departure from the predicted dose-additive curve regardless of the mixture dosing protocol used.In this article we present the first in vivo evidence on pyrethroid cumulative effects supporting the default assumption of dose addition.
Acetylcysteine Reduces Plasma Homocysteine Concentration and Improves Pulse Pressure and Endothelial Function in Patients With End-Stage Renal Failure
Authors: Alexandra Scholze, Christiane Rinder, Joachim Beige, Reiner Riezler, Walter Zidek, Martin Tepel
Journal: Circulation (2004)

Increased oxidative stress, elevated plasma homocysteine concentration, increased pulse pressure, and impaired endothelial function constitute risk factors for increased mortality in patients with end-stage renal failure.We investigated the metabolic and hemodynamic effects of intravenous administration of acetylcysteine, a thiol-containing antioxidant, during a hemodialysis session in a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study in 20 patients with end-stage renal failure. Under control conditions, a hemodialysis session reduced plasma homocysteine concentration to 58+/-22% predialysis (mean+/-SD), whereas in the presence of acetylcysteine, the plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly more reduced to 12+/-7% predialysis (P<0.01). The reduction of plasma homocysteine concentration was significantly correlated with a reduction of pulse pressure. A 10% decrease in plasma homocysteine concentration was associated with a decrease of pulse pressure by 2.5 mm Hg. Analysis of the second derivative of photoplethysmogram waveform showed changes of arterial wave reflectance during hemodialysis in the presence of acetylcysteine, indicating improved endothelial function.Acetylcysteine-dependent increase of homocysteine removal during a hemodialysis session improves plasma homocysteine concentration, pulse pressure, and endothelial function in patients with end-stage renal failure.
Surrogate End Points and FDA Approval
Authors: Bruce M. Psaty, Thomas Lumley
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2022 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Effects of the glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP2 1561C&gt;T) and reduced folate carrier (RFC1 80G&gt;A) allelic variants on folate and total homocysteine levels in kidney transplant patients
Authors: Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, Corinna Eberle, Gere Sunder-Plassmann, Manuela Födinger
Journal: Kidney International (2003)
Lowering Cholesterol and the Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Duncan D. Adams
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Being interested in medicine and having a pocket calculator, I have done some sums on the data from the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results (LRC-CPPT).<sup>1</sup>A group of 1,906 men received cholestyramine resin for seven years in comparison with 1,900 men who took a placebo. Two such groups are unlikely to have exactly the same incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD). One group will have more than the other. The point of interest is whether the difference is significant. The Table shows that it is not, if the proper two-sided statistical test is used. In any case, there is nothing magic about the one in 20 chance. On average, it crops up once in every 20 tests of difference between samples from the same population, and usually disappears on a second test. The point to be faced is that the trial data do
Imatinib Mesylate, Increased Bone Formation, and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Andrew Grey, Susannah O'Sullivan, Ian R. Reid, Peter Browett
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)

To the Editor: In a recent cross-sectional study, Berman et al. found that some patients who were treated with imatinib mesylate had hypophosphatemia, with low-normal serum calcium levels, elevated...
Department of Health's requirement for mandatory collection of data on ethnic group of inpatients
Authors: P. J Aspinall
Journal: BMJ (1995)

On 1 April the Department of Health introduced the mandatory collection of data on the ethnic group of patients admitted to hospital. Its coding was based on a national minimum standard for classifying ethnic groups, ostensibly using the categories in the 1991 census. In the census, however, one in four people from ethnic groups other than white, including many of mixed parentage, provided non-standard responses to the question on ethnic group. The Department of Health's standard does not include provision for respondents to write in a description of their ethnic group, and this has produced a flawed system out of step with current practice on collection of data on ethnic group. Different methods of analysis preclude comparison with census statistics, and the difficulties in aggregating more detailed local categories to the standard raise concerns about consistency of reporting and quality of the data.
Sickle cell disease: old discoveries, new concepts, and future promise
Authors: Paul S. Frenette, George F. Atweh
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

The discovery of the molecular basis of sickle cell disease was an important landmark in molecular medicine. The modern tools of molecular and cellular biology have refined our understanding of its pathophysiology and facilitated the development of new therapies. In this review, we discuss some of the important advances in this field and the impediments that limit the impact of these advances.
Oral Contraceptives and Myocardial Infarction — The Search for the Smoking Gun
Authors: Lisa Chasan-Taber, Meir Stampfer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

The use of oral contraceptives first became widespread some 40 years ago, and reports of an excess risk of cardiovascular disease among women who used these agents soon followed. Because the risks seemed to be dose related, manufacturers created new formulations with a lower hormone content. Nonetheless, their use still carried an increased risk of myocardial infarction, mainly attributable to a striking synergistic interaction with cigarette smoking. Heavy smokers who used oral contraceptives had risks that were at least 30 times as high as those of women with neither risk factor.1,2 These extreme relative risks contrasted with the excess . . .
Industrial Hypertension Program in a Rural State
Authors: Candace C. Walworth
Journal: JAMA (1977)

A program was designed to evaluate the efficacy and cost of detecting and treating hypertension in an industrial population of a rural state. Original screening and evaluation was initiated by a trained blood-pressure technician team, but initiation of therapy was the responsibility of the private physician. Follow-up data were obtained at one year by rescreening in 83% and by telephone contact in 91% of the original hypertensive patients. Eighty-three percent of those patients with moderate or severe hypertension complied with physician visits. The condition of 60% of the treated patients was controlled, and the condition of 74% was improved. The total cost per patient treated for one year was $250; per patient with controlled hypertension, $446; and per patient with controlled or improved hypertension, $362. (<i>JAMA</i>237:1942-1945, 1977)
Lack of pleiotropic genetic effects between adiposity and sex hormone–binding globulin concentrations before and after 20 weeks of exercise training: The HERITAGE family study
Authors: Mary F. Feitosa, Ingrid B. Borecki, Tuomo Rankinen, Arthur S. Leon, James S. Skinner, Jack H. Wilmore, Claude Bouchard, D.C. Rao
Journal: Metabolism (2003)
18F-Fluorothymidine PET Is a Potential Predictive Imaging Biomarker of the Response to Gemcitabine-Based Chemotherapeutic Treatment for Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Hideaki Tsuyoshi, Fumiko Morishita, Makoto Orisaka, Hidehiko Okazawa, Yoshio Yoshida
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

In order to establish early and precise methods for evaluating the effect of secondary chemotherapy in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer, both the clinical course of 3 women treated with gemcitabine-based secondary chemotherapy and the potential for early and accurate evaluation of the secondary chemotherapeutic effect of 18F-fluorothymidine (FLT) PET are reported. Standard uptake value with FLT PET decreased earlier than with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and was better correlated with a reduction in size as measured by CT. FLT PET could become a new standard for monitoring response to gemcitabine-based secondary chemotherapy treatment for recurrent ovarian cancer.