tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Switching from Prescription to over the Counter
Authors: Tom Reynolds
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Current Clinical Issues15 January 2002Switching from Prescription to over the CounterTom ReynoldsTom ReynoldsSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-136-2-200201150-00026 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Under the federal laws governing the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight of drugs, any drug that can safely be used by consumers without physician management should be available without a prescription. In 1951, the Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act established criteria for prescription and over-the-counter drugs. Habit-forming drugs listed in the statute are limited to prescription sale, as are drugs that must be administered, or their effects monitored, by a health professional.Certain classes of drugs (e.g., toxic chemotherapy agents) are unlikely candidates for over-the-counter sale for obvious reasons. But drug makers, health insurers, ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Tom Reynolds PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byWillingness-To-Accept Pharmaceutical Retail Inconvenience: Evidence from a Contingent Choice ExperimentAwareness, use and associated factors of emergency contraceptive pills among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Tamale, GhanaResults of a National Survey on Over-The-Counter Medicines, Part 1: Pharmacist Opinion on Current Scheduling StatusU.S. Pharmacy Policy: A Public Health Perspective on Safety and CostPrescription and nonprescription drug use in isfahan, Iran: An observational, cross-sectional studyÉtude des reports de prescription : objectifs, méthodes et limitesSelecting Nonprescription AnalgesicsWhen Prescription Drugs Go Over-the-Counter: Where are the Boundaries?Over‐the‐counter topical antipruritic agents are commonly recommended by office‐based physicians: an analysis of US practice patternsSwitching Omeprazole in Sweden and the United States 15 January 2002Volume 136, Issue 2Page: 177-180KeywordsAnalgesicsAntihistaminesContraceptivesDrugsFood and Drug AdministrationHearingHypercholesterolemiaOver the counter drugsPrevention, policy, and public healthSafety ePublished: 15 January 2002 Issue Published: 15 January 2002 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2002 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
The New HLA Nomenclature
Authors: Charles B. Carpenter
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

For many years it has been appreciated that there is an antigenic system of major importance as a barrier to successful allotransplantation. A major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of several closely linked genes is in fact present in all species studied so far, and a number of homologies between the human HLA system and the well defined H-2 MHC of the mouse have been demonstrated.1 HLA has been shown by family studies and somatic cell hybridization experiments to be on the sixth chromosome. A number of recent discoveries regarding the fine structure of the HLA MHC have made it essential that . . .
The prevalence of questionable methods of cancer treatment in the United States
Authors: I. J. Lerner, B. J. Kennedy
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1992)

To assess nationally the use of questionable cancer therapies.Survey of cancer patients or their families regarding use of questionable methods of cancer treatment; sample survey of physicians' perception of use.36,000 households; 5,047 individuals; 91 physicians.The prevalence of use of questionable cancer methods was nine percent overall. An increase in use was directly proportional to increased income and education. Prolonged illness and certain types of cancer were more commonly associated with use. Harmful side effects of questionable cancer treatments were regarded as modest (six percent). There was a wide range in cost. Third-party reimbursement was reported by 25 percent of patients. Important discrepancies were found between patients' and physicians' perceptions of questionable therapies.While some questionable therapies are harmless or inexpensive, others have toxic effects and may be costly, and none have scientifically proven efficacy. Although the percentage of usage reported is relatively low, overall large numbers of patients are involved, especially in certain groups. The physician plays a key role in encouraging or preventing the use of questionable methods, and substantial improvements in public and professional education are needed.
Are Advances in Treatment Changing Views about High-Risk Sex?
Authors: James W. Dilley, William J. Woods, William McFarland
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)

To the Editor: Recent advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease 1 have raised considerable hope for people living with HIV, as well as for those at risk of infection.2 These advances also pose potential new public health problems, because they may influence risky sexual behavior. We recruited 54 men who have sex with men (average age, 32 years; 72 percent were white, 7 percent Asian, 6 percent biracial, 4 percent black, 4 percent Latino, and 7 percent from other races or ethnic groups) to participate in an intervention counseling study. Basing our study on earlier work that . . .
Deficient antiviral immune responses in childhood: Distinct roles of atopy and asthma
Authors: Simonetta Baraldo, Marco Contoli, Erica Bazzan, Graziella Turato, Anna Padovani, Brunilda Marku, Fiorella Calabrese, Gaetano Caramori, Andrea Ballarin, Deborah Snijders, Angelo Barbato, Marina Saetta, Alberto Papi
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2012)
Effect of Digitalis on the Clotting of the Blood in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: RICHARD T. CATHCART, DAVID W. BLOOD
Journal: Circulation (1950)

Two groups of subjects were studied in order to evaluate the effect of digitalis on the coagulation of blood. One consisted of hospital patients in congestive heart failure, the other of normal interns. Control determinations were made of clotting and prothrombin times. Various preparations of digitalis were then administered in therapeutic doses. During administration, serial determinations were made of clotting and prothrombin times. The results were tabulated and the effect of digitalis appraised.
FATAL GUNSHOT WOUND
Authors: A. F. Johnson
Journal: JAMA (1910)

Oct. 21, 1910, I was called to see a boy about 10 years of age, who had been accidentally shot by a .44 caliber rifle, in the hands of a younger brother. The bullet entered the knee-joint from the anterior side, just internal to the patella, and passed completely through the joint, severing the popliteal artery. I arrived about ten minutes after the accident had occurred, but the loss of blood was so great, that the patient lived but a few minutes, never having regained consciousness. This emphasizes the necessity of instruction in the public schools regarding "first aid to the injured."
Abstract 2682: New diagnostic and therapeutic target KU-MEL9 for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Authors: Maiko Matsushita, Takuma Suzuki, Naoya Tsutsumida, Shiro Iijima, Nobuo Tsukamoto, Yutaka Kawakami, Eri Matsuki, Shinichiro Okamoto, Yutaka Hattori
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Overall survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has dramatically changed over past ten years by the introduction of targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, it has been reported that more than half of patients eventually relapse after the cessation of TKIs, suggesting that CML cells including leukemic stem cell (LSC) cannot be completely eradicated by TKIs. To this end, the identification of targets expressed in LSC is crucial for developing highly effective therapies for CML. In this study, we evaluated the gene expression of cancer testis antigen KU-MEL9, which was found in melanoma research, in a variety of human cell lines. This gene was highly expressed in several cell lines of hematological malignancies including CML and multiple myeloma (MM). We then investigated the gene expression of KU-MEL9 in bone marrow samples from 20 CML patients by standard RT-PCR method. Gene expression of KU-MEL9 were found in 17 patients (85%), and correlated with the expression of BCR-ABL fusion gene in most of the cases. On the other hand, 6 samples from normal donors didn't express this gene. In 2 CML patients who achieved a molecular remission with imatinib, the expression of KU-MEL9 gene was still observed, although BCR-ABL gene was not detected. It suggested that KU-MEL9 was expressed in residual CML cells including LSC and could be a more sensitive biomarker for CML patients. We also examined the possibility of KU-MEL9 being as a target of cytotoxic T cells (CTL) for immunotherapy to eradicate remaining LSCs after TKI treatment. Although this study had limited number of patient sample, KU-MEL9 may be a useful target for diagnosis and treatment for CML patients. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2682. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2682
Rapid detection of common Chinese glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mutations by microarray‐based assay
Authors: Ye Bang‐Ce, Liu Hongqiong, Lei Zhensong
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2004)

Abstract Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is the most common human enzymopathy, affecting more than 200 million people worldwide. To date more than 123 mutations in the G6PD gene have been discovered, among which 12 point mutations are found in the Chinese. Setting up a simple and accurate method for detecting these mutations is not only useful for diagnosing G6PD deficiency under some circumstances that it is difficult to measure the activity of the enzyme, but also for studying the frequency of the G6PD genotypes. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, inexpensive and accurate method for detecting these common mutations. Microarray‐based assay was described in this study. Samples from 198 G6PD‐deficient persons were investigated. The DNA sequencing data supported the results obtained by microarray‐based assay. Thus, we concluded that the microarray‐based assay is a rapid, simple, inexpensive, and accurate method for detecting the most common G6PD gene mutations among the Chinese. This method involves the selective amplification of human G6PD gene with specific oligonucleotide primers, fragmentation and labeling of PCR products, followed by hybridization with allele‐specific oligonucleotide (ASO) probes on chip. Am. J. Hematol. 76:405–412, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
THROMBOSIS OF RENAL ARTERY SIMULATING CORONARY THROMBOSIS
Authors: George Halperin
Journal: JAMA (1942)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> In their paper "Thrombosis of Renal Artery Simulating Coronary Thrombosis" (The Journal, May 2, p. 27) Drs. Wolffe and Donnelly state "The clinical manifestations of renal artery thrombosis are as yet not well recognized.... There is no complete description, as far as we can find, in any textbook or periodical of the clinical manifestations of thrombosis of the renal artery." I should like to call their attention to a paper published by me in the<i>Archives of Internal Medicine</i>in April 1908 on "Clinical Manifestations of Hemorrhagic Renal Infarct." The clinical signs and symptoms of thrombosis of the renal artery are there described and discussed in great detail. In my study of the literature on the subject at that time I found descriptions of the syndrome characterized by that painstaking attention to physical signs so characteristic of the masters of the art of diagnosis of the era
ORRHOTHERAPY IN DIPHTHERIA.
Authors: E. FLETCHER INGALS
Journal: JAMA (1896)

As a result of the work of Pasteur and the numerous investigations which have followed in the same line, it is now generally believed by bacteriologists that many diseases, especially those which seldom affect individuals more than once, are self-limited by the formation within the blood of a product capable of destroying the toxic material that excites the disease, hence called antitoxin. In such diseases if life be prolonged until a sufficient quantity of the antitoxin has been developed the toxic agent is destroyed and recovery follows if no serious complications have arisen. In diseases that can be communicated from man to animals and vice versa, such for example as rabies, anthrax and diphtheria, advantage has been taken of this fact by inoculating animals with the attenuated toxic principle in small but steadily increasing quantities until an antitoxin is developed in the blood in sufficient quantity to render the animal
Hodgkin's disease in a patient with follicular and dermal mucinosis and spontaneous ooze of mucin (mucinorrhoea)
Authors: L. STANKLER, S.W.B. EWEN
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1975)

A patient with follicular and dermal mucinosis is described. Although the skin histology was of a benign nature the patient died from an associated underlying reticulosis. Spontaneous mucinorrhoea subsided with therapy for Hodgkin's disease.
Psychiatric Aspects of Epileptic and Brain-damaged Children
Authors: D. A. Pond
Journal: BMJ (1961)

These lectures are a study of the interaction of physiological effects of epilepsy and brain damage with other modifying factors; in particular, on the one hand, the constitutional make-up of the child-that is, factors existing prior to the injury or epilepsy-and on the other the environmental handling of the child subsequent to the injury or epilepsy. Current Concepts of EpilepsyBefore considering the psychological effects of epilepsy and brain damage it is necessary to make a few general
Clearance of Unusual Muscular Uptake of F-18 FDG in the Lower Lumbar Region on a Repeat FDG-PET Scan After Oral Chlorzoxazone Intervention
Authors: Gaurav Malhotra, N Nair, N S. Baghel, S H. Moghe
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2006)

A 29-year-old woman, a diagnosed case of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the right gluteal region, had an F-18 FDG PET scan before treatment. Whole-body PET scan that was performed 60 minutes after the intravenous injection of 370 MBq (10 mCi) of tracer showed avid uptake with necrotic areas at the site of the primary tumor in the right gluteal region. In addition, a linear band of intense FDG uptake was noted in the soft tissue posterior to the lower lumbar spine in an area where there was no evident abnormality on clinical examination except for mild stiffness in the erector spinae muscle on the left. A repeat regional PET scan was done the next day after oral administration of 1000 mg chlorzoxazone in 2 divided doses at 12-hour intervals. The repeat PET scan did not show the linear abnormal uptake confirming it to be in the tense musculature. The use of long-acting muscle relaxants such as chlorzoxazone before a repeat regional study may be helpful to avoid false-positive interpretation of FDG PET scans.
From the Breakfast Table to the Saddle-Bag
Authors: Jean A. Curran, William Warren Babson, Theodore L. Badger, Robert W. Buck, William B. Castle, Bentley P. Colcock, James Faulkner, Joseph E. Garland, Howard M. Spiro
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

Boston's reputation as an educational and cultural center is based on its many eminent institutions. Examples are the Museum of Fine Arts, the Museum of Science, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the New England Conservatory of Music, the Arnold Arboretum and its colleges and Universities. But hidden away among the City's assets is a collection of medical books, pamphlets, manuscripts and incunabula forming a treasure-house of knowledge for medical students and research scholars. The Francis A. Countway Library of Medicine contains one of the world's largest and finest collections of rare and historical medical literature. The richness of these source materials . . .
1069-118 Frequency distribution of hospitalized heart failure patients: Data from the adjudication committee of Val-HeFT
Authors: Peter E Carson, Ileana L Pina, Cristina Opasich, Christopher O'Connor, Felix Tristani, Lynne Warner Stevenson, Allen Hester, Nancy Feliciano, Nora Aknay
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
189 MILD HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY (HE) ASSESSED BY THE REPEATABLE BATTERY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS (RBANS) IS HIGHLY PREVALENT IN AMBULATORY PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS
Authors: C. Randolph, J. Bajaj, M.Y. Sheikh, R. Vemuru, G. Morelli, L.A. Balart, M. Chojkier, M.S. Harris, J.D. Bornstein, K. Mullen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
F-18 FDG Positron Emission Tomography Findings in Primary Pancreatic Lymphoma
Authors: Seok-Nam Yoon, Myoung-Hoon Lee, Joon-Kee Yoon
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2004)

The usefulness of F-18 2'-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has been well established for lymphoma staging. Although involvement of the pancreas occurs in more than one third of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary lymphoma of the pancreas accounts for less than 1% of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Because patients with primary pancreatic lymphoma require a different therapeutic approach and have a better prognosis than those with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the accurate diagnosis is important. However, conventional imaging modalities cannot differentiate between adenocarcinoma and other less common neoplasms such as lymphoma. We report a 67-year-old man who had a primary pancreatic lymphoma in which FDG PET imaging revealed round, intense FDG uptake in the center of the midabdomen.
Autocrine/paracrine role of adrenomedullin in cultured endothelial and mesangial cells
Authors: Hideo Michibata, Masashi Mukoyama, Issei Tanaka, Shin-ichi Suga, Masayo Nakagawa, Rieko Ishibashi, Masahisa Goto, Kenichi Akaji, Yoichi Fujiwara, Yoshiaki Kiso, Kazuwa Nakao
Journal: Kidney International (1998)
The therapeutic efficacy of camptothecin-encapsulated supramolecular nanoparticles
Authors: Kuan-Ju Chen, Li Tang, Mitch André Garcia, Hao Wang, Hua Lu, Wei-Yu Lin, Shuang Hou, Qian Yin, Clifton K.-F. Shen, Jianjun Cheng, Hsian-Rong Tseng
Journal: Biomaterials (2011)
President's Panel Talks Communication
Authors: K. Smigel
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1990)

Journal Article President's Panel Talks Communication Get access Kara Smigel Kara Smigel Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 82, Issue 23, 5 December 1990, Page 1808, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/82.23.1808 Published: 05 December 1990
Untangling Autophagy Measurements
Authors: Roberta A. Gottlieb, Allen M. Andres, Jon Sin, David P.J. Taylor
Journal: Circulation Research (2015)

Autophagy is an important physiological process in the heart, and alterations in autophagic activity can exacerbate or mitigate injury during various pathological processes. Methods to assess autophagy have changed rapidly because the field of research has expanded. As with any new field, methods and standards for data analysis and interpretation evolve as investigators acquire experience and insight. The purpose of this review is to summarize current methods to measure autophagy, selective mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), and autophagic flux. We will examine several published studies where confusion arose in data interpretation, to illustrate the challenges. Finally, we will discuss methods to assess autophagy in vivo and in patients.
Hyper IgM immunodeficiency. A primary dysfunction of B lymphocyte isotype switching.
Authors: D Levitt, P Haber, K Rich, M D Cooper
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1983)

Immunological evaluations (lymphocyte markers, B cell differentiation, T cell function) were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four individuals with hyper IgM immunodeficiency. Number, proportion, and proliferation of T lymphocytes and T lymphocyte subpopulations were relatively normal in affected individuals. The percentage and number of B cells expressing surface IgM and IgD were either normal or elevated in both blood and lymph nodes. However, surface IgG- and IgA-bearing B lymphocytes were completely absent. In vitro stimulation of blood lymphocytes with both T cell-dependent and T-cell independent polyclonal B cell activators resulted in normal numbers of IgM plasma cells and IgM secretion in cultures, but failed to induce any IgG- or IgA-producing cells. This failure of isotype switching was intrinsic to the B cell population and did not involve aberrant T cell help or suppression. Therefore, individuals with this disorder possess an intrinsic B cell dysfunction that is not related to abnormal T cell regulation.
Chronically inflamed livers up-regulate expression of inhibitory B7 family members
Authors: Rachel Kassel, Michael W. Cruise, Julia C. Iezzoni, Nicholas A. Taylor, Timothy L. Pruett, Young S. Hahn
Journal: Hepatology (2009)

Abstract Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, autoimmune hepatitis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can induce chronic liver disease. The Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) inhibitory pathway assists in T cell response regulation during acute and chronic inflammation and participates in the progression of inflammatory liver disease. To examine whether PD-1 and its ligands, B7-H1 and B7-DC, are modulated during chronic necroinflammatory liver disease, we investigated expression profiles in normal patients and patients with the aforementioned conditions. Relative to liver biopsies from normal individuals, those from patients with chronic necroinflammatory liver diseases (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and autoimmune hepatitis) contain increased numbers of PD-1–expressing lymphocytes. Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and leukocytes express PD-1 ligands. We also detect PD-1 ligands on hepatocytes within biopsies and on isolated cells. All forms of chronic necroinflammatory liver disease examined correlate with increased B7-H1 and B7-DC expression on Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal epithelial cells, and leukocytes. The degree of necroinflammation correlates with expression levels of PD-1 family members. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that expression of PD-1/PD-1 ligands links more directly with the degree of inflammation than with the underlying etiology of liver damage. The PD-1 pathway may assist the liver in protecting itself from immune-mediated destruction. (Hepatology 2009.)
The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain and Science
Authors: Michael T. McGuire
Journal: JAMA (1990)

Bernard Rollin has long been a voice in bioethical issues. His earlier works were often direct attacks on scientific research involving animals. Examples of abuses of animals that would be unacceptable to the majority of scientists were selected as typical, criticized on both methodological and ethical grounds, and used to develop a philosophically based ethic against animal research. It was not that a lot of what Rollin had to say was unimportant. Rather, one had to work exceptionally hard to separate the forest from the trees. <i>The Unheeded Cry</i>departs from his previous style. The book is clear, the author develops his points so that they are understandable, the complexity of issues involved in the use of animals in research is given reasonable treatment, and there is a serious attempt at building a case against much animal research through arguing that animals, like humans, are also capable of consciousness. In