tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ethical considerations, confidentiality issues, rights of human subjects, and uses of monitoring data in research and regulation.
Authors: P A Schulte, M H Sweeney
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1995)

Biomarkers are potentially powerful tools for use in research and regulation. Their derivation from biologic specimens collected from human subjects does, however, present many ethical implications. Ethical issues are relevant in almost each facet of human biomarker research studies: design, identification and recruitment of subjects, handling and use of the data, and interpretation and communication of results. Researchers also face a number of dilemmas when considering the use of human biologic specimens and new biomarkers. The mere fact that such markers are the result of measurements in human specimens gives the appearance of being more accurate than traditional sources of information such as questionnaires or environmental monitoring; yet, this may not always be the case. The meaning of the results of biomarker studies may be unclear because the purpose of the study is usually for research rather than clinical purposes. There generally are no established normal ranges for biomarkers and the interpretation of findings are often difficult. Researchers may not communicate these results to subjects or consider followup action because the task may be too difficult or undefined, or the reaction of the subject cannot be anticipated. A wide range of practices in this regard exists among researchers. Many questions remain unanswered about the use of biologic specimens. These include questions of ownership and access to specimens. Related to this is the question of whether specimens collected for one research purpose can be used for an entirely different research purpose. This is still an open question.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Excretion of Fat after Vagotomy Alone and in Combination with Pyloroplasty: an Experimental Study
Authors: C. Wastell
Journal: BMJ (1966)

Faeces were collected for five days so as to obtain a repre sentative daily stool excretion. At the end of the faecal collec tion the total excretion of fat was estimated by the technique of Kamer, Huinink, and Weyers (1949). For one day preced ing and for the total duration of the collection the dogs were fed a diet consisting of 1.3 g. of fat and 200 calories/kg. body weight. The diet was composed of boiled, sliced ox liver. Total vagotomy was performed on 10 dogs by the trans thoracic route, via the left sixth interspace. Anterior selective vagotomy was accomplished, also in 10 dogs, via a long left subcostal incision. The hepatic branches of the anterior vagus were identified without difficulty, and preserved, as they passed in the lesser omentum to the porta hepatis. Most of the dogs after vagotomy without drainage vomited in the immediate post-operative phase, but were nevertheless able to maintain their fluid and electrolyte balance by means of oral feeding. However, two dogs required 2 litres each of normal saline subcutaneously because of more severe vomiting. By the time the faecal collection was undertaken post-operatively the tendency to vomit had subsided and the diet was then taken normally. Pyloroplasty was of the Heineke-Mikulicz type and was per formed alone on seven dogs, the incision through the pylorus extending for 6 cm. This was closed with a continuous 2/0 chromic catgut suture.
Giving Liberty Its Due, But No More: Trans Fats, Liberty, and Public Health
Authors: James Wilson, Angus Dawson
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2010)

David Resnik (2010) argues that banning trans fats (TFs) from restaurants is unjustifiable at the present time, as it is too restrictive of human freedom. We agree with Resnik that liberty is an im...
ABC-transporters are localized in caveolin-1-positive and reggie-1-negative and reggie-2-negative microdomains of the canalicular membrane in rat hepatocytes
Authors: Manfred G. Ismair, Stephanie Häusler, Claudia A. Stuermer, Christelle Guyot, Peter J. Meier, Jürgen Roth, Bruno Stieger
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Abstract The canalicular plasma membrane is constantly exposed to bile acids acting as detergents. Bile acids are essential to mediate release of biliary lipids from the canalicular membrane. Membrane microdomains (previously called lipid rafts) are biochemically defined by their resistance to detergent solubilization at cold temperature. We aimed to investigate the canalicular plasma membrane for the presence of microdomains, which could protect this membrane against the detergent action of bile acids. Highly purified rat liver canalicular plasma membrane vesicles were extracted with 1% Triton X-100 or 1% Lubrol WX at 4°C and subjected to flotation through sucrose step gradients. Both detergents yielded detergent-resistant membranes containing the microdomain markers alkaline phosphatase and sphingomyelin. However, cholesterol was resistant to Lubrol WX solubilization, whereas it was only marginally resistant to solubilization by Triton X-100. The microdomain marker caveolin-1 was localized to the canalicular plasma membrane domain and was resistant to Lubrol WX, but to a large extent solubilized by Triton X-100. The two additional microdomain markers, reggie-1 and reggie-2, were localized to the basolateral and canalicular plasma membrane and were partially resistant to Lubrol WX but resistant to Triton X-100. The canalicular transporters bile salt export pump, multidrug resistance protein 2, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2, and Abcg5 were largely resistant to Lubrol WX but were solubilized by Triton X-100. Conclusion: These results indicate the presence of two different types of microdomains in the canalicular plasma membrane: “Lubrol-microdomains” and “Triton-microdomains”. “Lubrol-microdomains” contain the machinery for canalicular bile formation and may be the starting place for canalicular lipid secretion. (Hepatology 2009.)
"DELETED Y CHROMOSOME"
Authors: VINCENT M. RICCARDI
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Letters and Comments1 January 1968"DELETED Y CHROMOSOME"VINCENT M. RICCARDI, M.D.VINCENT M. RICCARDI, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-68-1-254_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the Editor:The field of genetics has a terminology and a language that are complex and difficult. As authors and editors we should do our best to avoid the introduction of further difficulties. The article by Miller, Goodman, Miller, and Nusbaum in the October 1967 issue of the ANNALSwas delinquent in this regard. The article contained repeated references to a "deleted Y chromosome." In reality they were referring to a "long-arm deletion of the Y chromosome." It would seem that a deleted Y chromosome is one that is absent. The authors, however, confusingly indicated that "cells possessed the... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Univ. of Pittsburgh Health Center Pittsburgh, Pa. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 January 1968Volume 68, Issue 1Page: 254-254KeywordsCellsChromosomesGenetics Issue Published: 1 January 1968 PDF downloadLoading ...
Statistical analysis of K 2 x 2 tables: a comparative study of estimators/test statistics for association and homogeneity.
Authors: T W O'Gorman, R F Woolson, M P Jones, J H Lemke
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1990)

In order to control for confounding variables, epidemiologists often obtain data in the form of a 2 x 2 table. One variable is usually the disease status, while the other variable represents a dichotomous exposure variable that is suspected of being a risk factor. If a confounding variable is present, the data are often stratified into several 2 x 2 tables. The objectives of the analysis are to test for the association between the suspected risk factor and the disease and to estimate the strength of this relationship. Before estimating a common odds ratio, it is important to check whether the odds ratios are homogeneous. This paper presents the results of a Monte Carlo study that was performed to determine the size and power of a number of tests of association and homogeneity when the data are sparse. We also evaluated the performance of three estimators of the common odds ratio. For the Monte Carlo studies, equal numbers of cases and controls were used in a wide variety of sparse data situations. On the basis of these studies, we recommend the Breslow-Day test for nonsparse data, and the T4 and T5 statistics for sparse data to test for homogeneity. The Mantel-Haenszel test of association is recommended for sparse and nonsparse data sets. With sparse data, none of the odds ratio estimators are entirely satisfactory.
Myoplasmic calcium, myosin phosphorylation, and regulation of the crossbridge cycle in swine arterial smooth muscle.
Authors: C M Rembold, R A Murphy
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

Our objective was to test the hypothesis that changes in crossbridge phosphorylation in the swine carotid media are due to changes in the myoplasmic calcium concentration. The photoprotein aequorin was loaded intracellularly by incubation in a series of calcium-free solutions. This loading procedure did not affect subsequent stress development, myosin light chain phosphorylation, or ultrastructure. The time course of light production, myosin light chain phosphorylation, shortening velocity at zero load, and active stress were measured in three stimulus protocols: depolarization with 109 mM potassium chloride at 22 degrees C, 37 degrees C, and 37 degrees C, followed by a reduction in potassium chloride to 20 mM to induce stress maintenance with basal phosphorylation (latch). Light-predicted intracellular calcium concentration was found to correlate with myosin phosphorylation and unloaded shortening velocity. The calcium concentration required for half-maximal myosin phosphorylation was approximately twice that for stress maintenance. These estimates depend on many assumptions, but they compared favorably with the half-maximal myosin phosphorylation values obtained for the calcium-dependence of stress maintenance and phosphorylation in Triton X-100 skinned carotid media preparations. This supports the hypothesis that myoplasmic calcium is the determinant of myosin phosphorylation and mean crossbridge cycling rates in intact smooth muscle depolarized by potassium chloride.
METRIC VS. ENGLISH MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Alan R. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1942)

To the Editor:—  The following sentence is from a recent article appearing in the proceedings of one of our large clinics: During the 200 mile (322 kilometer) drive he became steadily worse and by noon somewhat stuporous. The conversion of miles into kilometers seems to me to be quite unnecessary and, in fact, annoying. It does bring up the subject, somewhat indirectly, of the use of the metric and other systems in medical practice and the report of cases.  Like a great many physicians, I approve of the metric system in prescription writing, although I rarely use it. I suggest that in the printing of prescription blanks there be printed in the lower left hand corner a table such as the following:By forcing ourselves to convert the apothecary measure into the metric equivalent no doubt within a reasonable time we would be able to write the metric system without
Left ventricular volume measurement using cardiac axis nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Validation by calibrated ventricular angiography.
Authors: G B Cranney, C S Lotan, L Dean, W Baxley, A Bouchard, G M Pohost
Journal: Circulation (1990)

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging has the potential to serially assess left ventricular (LV) volumes with optimal accuracy because it is a high-resolution, three-dimensional, noninvasive modality. Previous NMR studies to assess LV volumes have been suboptimal, as they have used either planes aligned with the axes of the body, which are compromised by partial volume effects, or spin-echo techniques that have been time-consuming to acquire and analyze. Accordingly, for LV volume measurement, we developed a gradient-echo (cine) NMR strategy that uses two orthogonal planes intersecting along the intrinsic long axis of the heart (two-chamber and four-chamber). This approach was validated against calibrated contrast biplane LV cineangiography (CATH) and also compared with a previously reported short-axis spin-echo NMR method. Twenty-one patients underwent CATH and NMR (long-axis, n = 21; short-axis, n = 14) within a 3-day interval. Although both long- and short-axis NMR LV volumes and ejection fractions correlated well with CATH (r greater than 0.90, p less than 0.001 in all), end-diastolic volumes by both long-axis (161 +/- 85 ml) and short-axis (151 +/- 81 ml) NMR were systematically less than those by CATH (182 +/- 85 ml) (p less than 0.05). Consequently, ejection fractions by long-axis (48 +/- 17%) and short-axis (49 +/- 17%) NMR consistently underestimated those by CATH (54 +/- 16%, p less than 0.05). End-systolic volumes by long-axis (94 +/- 71 ml) and short-axis (87 +/- 72 ml) NMR were not significantly different from those by CATH (92 +/- 69 ml). Both NMR techniques had low intraobserver and interobserver variation (less than 11%); however, short-axis spin-echo NMR involved longer acquisition/reconstruction (35 versus 18 minutes) and analysis (25 versus 10 minutes) times. We conclude that both short-axis spin-echo and long-axis gradient-echo NMR approaches reliably estimate LV volumes. Currently, the long-axis strategy appears more practical for clinical use because the scan and analysis times are relatively short.
Medical Care of Premenopausal Women with Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Hiroaki Kawano
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2002)

Letters6 August 2002Medical Care of Premenopausal Women with Coronary Artery DiseaseHiroaki Kawano, MDHiroaki Kawano, MDKumamoto University; Kumamoto City 860-8556, JapanSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-3-200208060-w1 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:The editorial by Dr. Charney (1) on our article (2) was excellent and interesting. We thank her for raising the important issue of medical care in menstruating women. As stated in our report, the frequency of ischemic episodes inversely reflected the variation in serum estradiol levels during the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women with variant angina (2). Ovarian hormones play a role in the occurrence of myocardial ischemia in premenopausal women with coronary heart disease, and we believe that the timing of the testing in the menstrual cycle is significant.Coronary spasm occurs in more than 40% ...References1. Charney P. Coronary artery disease in young women: the menstrual cycle and other risk factors [Editorial]. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:1002-4. [PMID: 11730402] LinkGoogle Scholar2. Kawano H, Motoyama T, Ohgushi M, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H, Yasue H. Menstrual cyclic variation of myocardial ischemia in premenopausal women with variant angina. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:977-81. [PMID: 11730398] LinkGoogle Scholar3. . Annual Report of the Research on Cardiovascular Disease (1998). Osaka, Japan: National Cardiovascular Center; 1998;654. Google Scholar4. Yasue H, Kugiyama K. Coronary spasm: clinical features and pathogenesis. Intern Med. 1997;36:760-5. [PMID: 9392345] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. Kawano H, Motoyama T, Hirai N, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H, Yasue H. Estradiol supplementation suppresses hyperventilation-induced attacks in postmenopausal women with variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:735-40. [PMID: 11693745] CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Kumamoto University; Kumamoto City 860-8556, Japan PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoMenstrual Cyclic Variation of Myocardial Ischemia in Premenopausal Women with Variant Angina Hiroaki Kawano , Takeshi Motoyama , Masamichi Ohgushi , Kiyotaka Kugiyama , Hisao Ogawa , and Hirofumi Yasue Coronary Artery Disease in Young Women: The Menstrual Cycle and Other Risk Factors Pamela Charney Metrics 6 August 2002Volume 137, Issue 3Page: W-1KeywordsAnginaCardiovascular disease riskCoronary heart diseaseEstradiolEstrogensMedical risk factorsMenstrual cycleMyocardial infarctionPathogenesisStable coronary artery disease ePublished: 6 August 2002 Issue Published: 6 August 2002 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2002 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
P372 APOPTOSIS INDUCED BY BILIRUBIN AND LITHOCHOLIC ACID IN HUMAN OSTEOBLASTS IS NEUTRALIZED BY URSODEOXYCHOLIC ACID
Authors: S. Ruiz-Gaspà, M. Dubreuil, N. Guañabens, A. Combalia, P. Peris, A. Monegal, A. Pares
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2014)
Inhaled Agonists of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Induce Selective Pulmonary Vasodilation
Authors: Oleg V. Evgenov, Daniel S. Kohane, Kenneth D. Bloch, Johannes-Peter Stasch, Gian P. Volpato, Evangelia Bellas, Natalia V. Evgenov, Emmanuel S. Buys, Mark J. Gnoth, Amanda R. Graveline, Rong Liu, Dean R. Hess, Robert Langer, Warren M. Zapol
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2007)

Rationale: Nitric oxide–independent agonists of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) have been developed.Objectives: We tested whether inhalation of novel dry-powder microparticle formulations containing sGC stimulators (BAY 41-2272, BAY 41-8543) or an sGC activator (BAY 58-2667) would produce selective pulmonary vasodilation in lambs with acute pulmonary hypertension. We also evaluated the combined administration of BAY 41-8543 microparticles and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). Finally, we examined whether inhaling BAY 58-2667 microparticles would produce pulmonary vasodilation when the response to iNO is impaired.Methods: In awake, spontaneously breathing lambs instrumented with vascular catheters and a tracheostomy tube, U-46619 was infused intravenously to increase mean pulmonary arterial pressure to 35 mm Hg.Measurements and Main Results: Inhalation of microparticles composed of either BAY 41-2272, BAY 41-8543, or BAY 58-2667 and excipients (dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, albumin, lactose) produced dose-dependent pulmonary vasodilation and increased transpulmonary cGMP release without significant effect on mean arterial pressure. Inhalation of microparticles containing BAY 41-8543 or BAY 58-2667 increased systemic arterial oxygenation. The magnitude and duration of pulmonary vasodilation induced by iNO were augmented after inhaling BAY 41-8543 microparticles. Intravenous administration of 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), which oxidizes the prosthetic heme group of sGC, markedly reduced the pulmonary vasodilator effect of iNO. In contrast, pulmonary vasodilation and transpulmonary cGMP release induced by inhaling BAY 58-2667 microparticles were greatly enhanced after treatment with ODQ.Conclusions: Inhalation of microparticles containing agonists of sGC may provide an effective novel treatment for patients with pulmonary hypertension, particularly when responsiveness to iNO is impaired by oxidation of sGC.
Recommendations for Reporting Cost-effectiveness Analyses
Authors: Joanna E. Siegel
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —This article, the third in a 3-part series, describes recommendations for the reporting of cost-effective analyses (CEAs) intended to improve the quality and accessibility of CEA reports. <h3>Participants.</h3> —The Panel on Cost-Effectiveness in Health and Medicine, a nonfederal panel with expertise in CEA, clinical medicine, ethics, and health outcomes measurement, convened by the US Public Health Service. <h3>Evidence.</h3> —The panel reviewed the theoretical foundations of CEA, current practices, alternative methods, published critiques of CEAs, and criticisms of general CEA methods and reporting practices. <h3>Consensus Process.</h3> —The panel developed recommendations through 21/2 years of discussions. Comments on preliminary drafts were solicited from federal government methodologists, health agency officials, and academic methodologists. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —These recommendations are proposed to enhance the transparency of study methods, assist analysts in providing complete information, and facilitate the presentation of comparable cost-effectiveness results across studies. Adherence to reporting conventions and attention to providing information required to understand and interpret study results will improve the relevance and accessibility of CEAs.
Indian health activists criticise voluntary price cuts by drug industry
Authors: Ganapati Mudur
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Some of India's largest drug companies have reduced the prices of 886 drug formulations, but health activists and some doctors have described the move as a ploy by the drug industry to evade meaningful price control. 

The government last week released a list of formulations for which the drug companies have voluntarily reduced the prices by amounts ranging from 0.26% to 74% below current prices. 

Officials at the Indian Ministry of Chemicals have said that the 11 companies submitted individual lists in response to ongoing government initiatives to work with industry to reduce the retail price of drugs. 

The formulations …
THE MUTUAL RELATION BETWEEN ZOSTER AND VARICELLA
Authors: E. BRUUSGAARD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1932)

Journal Article THE MUTUAL RELATION BETWEEN ZOSTER AND VARICELLA Get access E. BRUUSGAARD E. BRUUSGAARD University Clinic of Dermatology. Oslo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology and Syphilis, Volume 44, Issue 1, 1 January 1932, Pages 1–24, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1932.tb09534.x Published: 01 January 1932
Medical Discovery and Medical Education
Authors: Sherman Mellinkoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

François de La Rochefoucauld, whose tangled life personified so many of his aphorisms, observed that "it is easier to know man in general than it is to know one man in particular." Medicine seems to illustrate La Rochefoucauld's point almost as well as the complicated aristocrat himself, for the sciences that increasingly illuminate medical practice seek always to find general principles, whereas the physician is ultimately confronted by an individual conundrum, a series of one. As cognate science enlarges, the physician's ability to appraise and to ameliorate his patient's problem increases, but at some point, even in the complexities of . . .