tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chairman of BMA council's reply
Authors: A W Macara
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,--The BMA has expressed support for the new professional performance procedures and commends their objectives: to protect the public, to be remedial rather than disciplinary, and to cover doctors in all types of practices. We have several concerns about the implications of the legislation, one of which is the protection of employment rights. This has been brought to the attention of members of parliament during the progress of the bill, and we will continue …
Prediction of the normal blood volume. Relation of blood volume to body habitus.
Authors: J Feldschuh, Y Enson
Journal: Circulation (1977)

Predictions of blood volume (BV) assume the existence of a constant ratio between BV and body weight or surface area (SA). We examined the validity of this assumption by calculating BV from plasma volume and body hematocrit in 160 normal volunteers whose weights ranged from -38.7 to 210.8% of desirable weight (assessed by a modification of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Desirable Weight tables). BV is not a constant fraction of body weight or SA in this population. Its prediction from such constant ratios results in a large error of estimate which is systematically biased with respect to height and weight. BV prediction from the observed regressions of the parameter on weight and SA reduces the error substantially but remains biased with respect to height. BV prediction from the subject's degree of deviation from desirable weight affords a smaller error of estimate which is apparently free from systematic bias.
Treatment of Circulatory Shock
Authors: Max H. Weil
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Reduction of effective blood flow represents the primary disturbance accounting for circulatory shock. Four categories of circulatory shock are identified: cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive, and obstructive. The pharmacology and clinical implications for treatment of shock with vasoactive drugs are reviewed in this context. Except for epinephrine, when it is used for treatment of anaphylactic shock, there is no specific indication for the routine use of α- or β-adrenergic receptor agonists. These agents may increase blood pressure or cardiac output, but nutritive flow is not necessarily improved. Comparable limitations are observed with α-adrenergic receptor blocking agents. However, selective effects on the myocardium and on the resistance, exchange, and capacitance vessels may be advantageous as an interim and complementary measure. Since vasoactive drugs frequently intensify the fundamental defect accounting for perfusion failure, their selective rather than routine employment is mandatory. (<i>JAMA</i>231:1280-1286, 1975)
Association of Health Literacy With Diabetes Outcomes
Authors: Dean Schillinger
Journal: JAMA (2002)

A CONSTELlation of skills, including the ability to perform basic reading and numerical tasks required to function in the health care environment. 1Patients with poor health literacy levels have difficulties that range from reading labels on a pill bottle and interpreting blood sugar values or dosing schedules to comprehending appointment slips, educational brochures, or informed-consent documents.Patients with poor health literacy not only have limitations in reading but also may have difficulties processing oral communication and conceptualizing risk. 2,3In the context of a health care system in which scientific advances and market forces place greater technical and self-management demands on patients, poor health literacy may be a particularly important barrier to chronicdisease care.Poor health literacy is more common among patients who have low educational attainment and among immigrants, older patients, and racial and ethnic minorities. 1 Research has shown that poor health literacy is most prevalent in public hospitals but is also common among the elderly in privatesector settings.A recent study of Medicare managed care enrollees demonstrated that more than one third had poor health literacy. 4][7][8][9] A growing body of research demonstrates that poor health literacy is independently associated with poor self-
Childhood Asthma and Environmental Interventions
Authors: Felicia Wu, Tim K. Takaro
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

BackgroundContaminants encountered in many households, such as environmental tobacco smoke, house dust mite, cockroach, cat and dog dander, and mold, are risk factors in asthma. Young children are a particularly vulnerable subpopulation for environmentally mediated asthma, and the economic burden associated with this disease is substantial. Certain mechanical interventions are effective both in reducing allergen loads in the home and in improving asthmatic children's respiratory health.ResultsCombinations of interventions including the use of dust mite-impermeable bedding covers, improved cleaning practices, high-efficiency particulate air vacuum cleaners, mechanical ventilation, and parental education are associated with both asthma trigger reduction and improved health outcomes for asthmatic children. Compared with valuated health benefits, these combinations of interventions have proven cost effective in studies that have employed them. Education alone has not proven effective in changing parental behaviors such as smoking in the home.ConclusionsFuture research should focus on improving the effectiveness of education on home asthma triggers, and understanding long-term children's health effects of the interventions that have proven effective in reducing asthma triggers.
CD4+ effector cells default to the Th2 pathway in interferon gamma-deficient mice infected with Leishmania major.
Authors: Z E Wang, S L Reiner, S Zheng, D K Dalton, R M Locksley
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

Mice with homologous disruption of the interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) gene on the C57BL/6 background were infected with Leishmania major and the immune response assessed. In contrast to wild-type or heterozygous knockout mice, deficient animals were unable to restrict growth of the parasite and suffered lethal infection over 6-8 wk. Although wild-type and heterozygous littermates developed CD4+ cells that contained transcripts for IFN-gamma and lymphotoxin, typical of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, the knockout mice developed CD4+ cells that contained transcripts for interleukin 4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13, typical of Th2 cells. ELISPOT assays confirmed the reciprocal patterns of IFN-gamma or IL-4 production by T cells in similar frequencies in the respective groups of mice, and antibody analysis confirmed the presence of Th2-mediated isotype switching in the knockout mice. These data suggest that CD4+ T cells that normally respond to antigens by differentiation to Th1 cells default to the Th2 pathway in the absence of endogenous IFN-gamma.
John Frederick Arthur Fenton
Authors: S E Lunn
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Former general practitioner Reading, Berkshire (b 1916; q Cambridge/St Mary's Hospital, London, 1943), d 30 April 2006.

After qualifying in 1943, John joined the Royal Army Medical Corps, serving in India and Burma. He became a general practitioner in Reading in 1948 at the start of the NHS. He retired in 1977 and had 30 happy years in Henley on Thames, celebrating his golden wedding in 1993. Predeceased by his wife in 2002, he leaves two daughters.
Further evidence of the role of frizzled-related protein gene polymorphisms in osteoarthritis
Authors: J Rodriguez-Lopez, M Pombo-Suarez, M Liz, J J Gomez-Reino, A Gonzalez
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2007)

<b>Objective:</b> To replicate the association of frizzled-related protein (FRZB) non-synonymous polymorphisms with osteoarthritis (OA) susceptibility. <b>Methods:</b> Three groups of Spanish patients with OA were included: with total joint replacement due to primary OA in the hip (n = 310), or the knee (n = 277), or with hand OA (n = 242). Controls were more than 55 years old and did not show OA (n = 294). SNPs rs288326 (R200W) and rs7775 (R324G) were genotyped. <b>Results:</b> There were no significant differences in allele frequencies between controls and each of the three groups of OA patients. However, allele G of the R324G SNP showed a trend to be more frequent in patients with a clinical OA syndrome at multiple joints (p = 0.07), specifically in women of the total hip replacement group (8.3% in patients without other affected joints, 13.1% with one, 15.9% with two and 24.1% with more than two additional joints, p for trend = 0.008). <b>Conclusions:</b> No direct replication of previous OA association findings was obtained but the results suggest that the R324G SNP of the FRZB gene may have an effect in OA development in multiple joints, with a specific severe involvement of the hip in women. This phenotype could reconcile previous studies that showed association either with generalised OA or with hip OA in women.
Negative NKX2-1 (TTF-1) as Temporary Surrogate Marker for Treatment Selection During EGFR-Mutation Analysis in Patients with Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Julien Vincenten, Egbert F. Smit, Wim Vos, Katrien Grünberg, Pieter E. Postmus, Daniëlle A.M. Heideman, Peter J.F. Snijders, Gerrit Meijer, Joop Kuik, Birgit I. Witte, Erik Thunnissen
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2012)
"Politically correct" research.
Authors: D Hamlin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

However, a weight-of-evidence approach can only work if there is fill disclosure of industry- generated unpublished studies.In order to obtain scientific consensus on such matters, we propose that technical reviews of unpublished industry data be carried out by scientists and other technical experts working under the aegis of institutions such as the National Academy of Sciences, the Health Effects Institute, or other similar independent organi- zations.We would welcome the creation of such institutional arrangements to make it possible for exposure and health risk assessments to be conducted on a complete scientif- ic knowledge base.
DIPLOPIA IN ENCEPHALITIS LETHARGICA
Authors: E. R. Chambers
Journal: BMJ (1925)

DIPLOPIA IN ENCEPHALITIS LETHIARGICA.rM TBE BNmg 607 nature of neuralgia may at times attack the ovary, an organ vell supplied with nerves.'If so, it is reasonable to treat such a condition in the same way as neuralgia elsewhere.If drugs have failed, then operate.The injection of alcohol would hardly be recommended for ovarian pain, but the nerve supply, or a considerable part of it, if not all, may be cut off by simply dividing the suspensory ligament of the ovary.This, of course, means division of the ovarian artery and vein too, but the ovary will still have a sufficient blood supply to keep up its nourishment, and, that being so, ovulation and endocrine secretion should not be inter- fered with, unless the division of its nerve supply should so far impair these functions, which is not likely.This treatment would particularly apply if there were only one remaining ovary in a patient who had not reached the menopause.The pain must be relieved in some way, and the ovary must be spared if possible.On the left side the division of the ligament may serve to straighten out the pelvic colon and thus help the flow of contents.No claim to originality is made here for the idea of dividing the ovarian nerve supply, but the suggestion seems a practical and reasonable one, and therefore I emphasize it.I should like, in conclusion, to stress the two points brought forward early in this paper:1. Diagnose neurasthenia last of all, after excluding all likely causes of pelvic pain.2. In cases of pelvic pain make it a rule to examine first of all without an anaesthetic, even if such is neoessary for a full diagnosis afterwards.
Persistence of hepatitis B viral DNA after serological recovery from hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Hubert E. Blum, Jake T. Liang, Eithan Galun, Jack R. Wands
Journal: Hepatology (1991)

Chronic hepatitis B virus infection is a major medical problem worldwide. Apart from HBsAg carriers, hepatitis B virus has also been identified in some HBsAg—individuals with or without antibodies to viral antigens. The molecular mechanisms underlying hepatitis B virus persistence in HBsAg—individuals are unresolved, however. To identify a possible genetic basis for viral persistence, we cloned the viral genome from the liver of a patient serologically immune to hepatitis B virus infection. DNA sequence analysis of the complete viral genome identified numerous mutations in all viral genes. Analysis of the biological effects of these mutations revealed three major findings: a low level of HBsAg synthesis, absence of HBeAg production and a defect terminating viral replication. These data suggest that mutations accumulating during the natural course of hepatitis B virus infection may be a mechanism underlying viral persistence in HBsAg—individuals, presumably through escape from immune surveillance. (HEPATOLOGY 1991;14:56-62.)
Governments unite to fund vaccine for poor countries
Authors: Andrew Cole
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The United Kingdom and other leading Western countries are providing £750m (€1130m; $1460m) to speed up the development of a vaccine against pneumococcal disease, one of the leading causes of death among children in the developing world.

It is expected that the fund, which is backed by Italy, the UK, Norway, Russia, and Canada as well as the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, will pay for 100 million vaccinations and could prevent 5.4 million deaths by 2030.

The chancellor of the exchequer, Gordon Brown, was among a number of leading ministers in Rome last week at the official launch of …
Depression in carers of elderly people living at home
Authors: G Livingston, C Katona
Journal: BMJ (1996)

7560 in 1995, these hospitals performed roughly half of all abortions and deliveries in Norway that year and served a similar proportion of the total population.There are no separate abortion clin- ics in Norway.Figure 1 shows that the number of abortions had increased by 5% in January and by 1 1% in February this year compared with the previous year.For the two months combined the largest increase in one institution was 22%.
The Relative Abundance of Dinucleotides in Transposable Elements in Five Species
Authors: Emmanuelle Lerat, Pierre Capy, Christian Biémont
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2002)

Burge, Campbell, and Karlin (1992) observed that the relative frequencies of diand trinucleotides characterize a genome, independent of its base composition and the coding and noncoding capacity of the regions analyzed. Species thus differ with regard to this genomic signature, which is constant in a given genome and shows similarities between related species (Gentles and Karlin 2001). The variation in the relative abundance of dinucleotides is interpreted as reflecting differences between species in the cellular machinery for replication and repair, which may select specific dinucleotides in the sequence (Campbell, Mrazek, and Karlin 1999). A tendency toward the suppression of CG is often observed and is interpreted as resulting from the action of methylation activities (Bird 1986). The dinucleotides pattern of the mitochondrial genome has also been shown to differ from that of the nuclear genome, and the explanation suggests that nuclear and mitochondrial genomes use independent DNA polymerase machinery and different methods of replication (Campbell, Mrazek, and Karlin 1999). We therefore wanted to find out whether transposable elements (TEs), which have been shown to have a greater AT content than their host genes in various species (Shields and Sharp 1989; Lerat, Capy, and Biemont 2002), have the same dinucleotides pattern as their host. TEs are repeated sequences that are able to move from one position to another along chromosomes. They were first discovered in maize by Barbara McClintock (1984) in the 1950s and seem to exist in all living organisms. They are divided into two main classes, according to the transposition intermediate they use (Capy et al. 1997, pp. 1–197). Class I consists of retrotransposons that use an RNA intermediate and are subdivided into two subclasses according to whether they do or do not have long terminal repeats (LTRs) at their extremities, LTR retrotransposons and non-LTR retrotransposons, respectively. Class II consists of transposons that use a DNA intermediate for transposition and code for a transposase. There is a third class that consists of foldback elements and MITEs, the transposition mechanism of which has not yet been elucidated.
The Hot Mustard Hip-Bath in Diarrh a and Choleraic Diarrh a
Authors: J. Bullar
Journal: BMJ (1865)

WE all know that, in the former epidemics of cho- lera in this country, there was a general disposition ,to diarrhoea or to paiful affections of the' bowels in those places where Asiatic cholera was prevalent.The same' was the case here.There were much diarrhcaa, Fome choleraic diarrho-a, and a few cases of genuine Asiatic cholera.The use of the hot mustard hip-bath in' diarrhcea aid choleraic diarrhoea I will illustrate by cases in which it was alone used, and in which its immediate benefit was unmistakeable.CASE 1. J. C., aged 31, the head gardener of my neighbour, had .diarrhoeafor' ninee days.,He said that he was suddenly s'eized,'between 'two and three 4'qlock in the early morning, with' sickness and purging; and that ever, since he had'vomited his dtinner, and had six or seven stools daily, withconstant
Most Americans and Canadians get enough calcium and vitamin D, report says
Authors: J. H. Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Most Americans and Canadians get enough calcium and vitamin D, and too much of the nutrients may be harmful, says an expert committee of the Institute of Medicine, part of the US National Academies of Science.

These nutrients are important for bone health, but there is not enough evidence to support their role in other conditions, and they may be harmful at very low or very high levels of intake, the committee said. Both nutrients have received media attention in recent years. Vitamin D testing has become common in the United States, and the committee called for better laboratory standards.

Advocacy groups such as the Council for Responsible Nutrition, which represents manufacturers of dietary supplements, called the report “a modest step” that “fell …
947 FEASIBILITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE LIVER STIFFNESS (LSM) MEASUREMENT FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF FIBROSIS IN NAFLD
Authors: A. Mahmoudi, G. Nkontchou, M. Lemoine, J. Reboul Marty, N. Ganne Carrie, V. Grando Lemaire, J.C. Trinchet, M. Beaugrand
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Influence of age, race, sex, and body mass index on interpretation of midregional pro atrial natriuretic peptide for the diagnosis of acute heart failure: results from the BACH multinational study
Authors: Lori B. Daniels, Paul Clopton, Mihael Potocki, Christian Mueller, James McCord, Mark Richards, Oliver Hartmann, Inder S. Anand, Alan H.B. Wu, Richard Nowak, W. Frank Peacock, Piotr Ponikowski, Martin Mockel, Christopher Hogan, Gerasimos S. Filippatos, Salvatore Di Somma, Leong Ng, Sean‐Xavier Neath, Robert Christenson, Nils G. Morgenthaler, Stefan D. Anker, Alan S. Maisel
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2011)
Scorbutic Arthritis Complicating Triamcinolone Therapy
Authors: T. G. Judge
Journal: BMJ (1960)

P4TPflWA-inhiRWAI Orthopaedic Consultation.-Congenitalabsence, multiple, in extremity bones; left upper and both lower limbs markedly shortened.Cleft palate, harelip repaired.Later in childhood, if indicated at that time, prosthetic considerations may be given.Ophthalmological Consultation.-Righteye: Pupil 3' regular and active homatropine-media clear; disks clear, good colour; vessels and maculae normal.Left eye, similar to right eye.Examination of media normaL No disease seen.Psychological Consultation.-Grossmotor patterns fall between the eightand sixteen-week levels.Standing, unable to support any weight, below twelve weeks; supine, pulled to sitting, complete head-lag twelve weeks; prone, head zone 111 16-week level.Adaptive patterns are somewhat higher; that is, radial palmar grasp 28 weeks; and transfers adeptly, 28 weeks.No verbalization elicited.Sphincter control absent ; cannot sit up or feed herself.Chronological age: three years seven months; mental age, eight and two-tenths of a month; intelligence quotient 19.Classification: idiocy. CONCLUSIONSIn view of the above findings, it appears that this child manifests the congenital malformation described as phocomelia, which is complicated by a severe degree of intellectual defect (idiocy), cleft-palate, hare-lip, skull anomalies, pedal syndactylism, and pilonidal sinus.
Integrin α 6 β 1 plays a significant role in the attachment of hepatoma cells to laminin
Authors: Takuji Torimura, Takato Ueno, Motoaki Kin, Riko Ogata, Sadataka Inuzuka, Hiroshi Sugawara, Ryoko Kurotatsu, Masahiro Shimada, Hirohisa Yano, Masamichi Kojiro, Kyuichi Tanikawa, Michio Sata
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1999)
Regulation of placenta growth factor by microRNA-125b in hepatocellular cancer
Authors: Gianfranco Alpini, Shannon S. Glaser, Jing-Ping Zhang, Heather Francis, Yuyan Han, Jiao Gong, Allison Stokes, Taylor Francis, Nathan Hughart, Levi Hubble, Shi-Mei Zhuang, Fanyin Meng
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)