tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A New Miniature Ultrasonic Probe for Gastrointestinal Scanning: Feasibility and Preliminary Results
Authors: N. Frank, B. Grieshammer, W. Zimmermann
Journal: Endoscopy (1994)

A prototype of a new miniature ultrasonic probe (Aloka) was clinically evaluated in 37 patients with a variety of gastrointestinal lesions. The probe's diameter of 2.0 mm allowed passage through the working channel of conventional endoscopes; the ultrasonic frequencies used were 15 and 20 MHz. Fourteen patients with benign and malignant gastrointestinal tumors, and thirteen patients with a variety of benign conditions, were examined, 12 of whom also underwent conventional endoscopic ultrasonography with side-viewing echoendoscopes. The image quality of the two systems was well comparable, but the ultrasonic penetration depth of the miniprobes was inferior to that of conventional endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). All but three lesions were adequately visualized by the ultrasonic probe, whereas conventional EUS failed to completely visualize four cases. Of the two ultrasonic frequencies used, we found 15 MHz to be superior, since it provided good image quality and adequate penetration depth. In conclusion, we feel that the probe can be used for EUS indications in the gastrointestinal tract, whereas further technical improvements, such as increasing the penetration depth, are necessary before pancreatobiliary EUS can be carried out.
Building a city wide service for exchanging needles and syringes.
Authors: L Gruer, J Cameron, L Elliott
Journal: BMJ (1993)

How best can injecting drug misusers obtain clean injecting equipment in a city where drug injecting is widespread? An exchange service for needles and syringes throughout Glasgow has been established in health centres and clinics in the evening. Over the past four years seven new exchanges have been opened and over 2700 injecting drug misusers have attended. Attendances rose from under 1000 in 1988 to 28,000 in 1992. The exchanges also provide a wide range of other health and social services. Public hostility to the exchanges has abated. During the same period equipment sharing in the city diminished and the observed prevalence of HIV among injecting drug misusers stabilised at around 1%.
Coexistent Interstitial and Intra-Uterine Pregnancy
Authors: John A. Goodno
Journal: JAMA (1962)

THE RARITY of heterotopic pregnancies prompts us to report this case. Heterotopic pregnancy is defined as a coexisting, intra-uterine and extra-uterine pregnancy. The incidence of this condition is reported to be approximately 1 in 30,000 pregnancies. Heterotopic pregnancy results from the fertilization of 2 separate ova, 1 ovum becoming implanted outside the uterine cavity, usually in the tube. Few have reported coexisting interstitial and intra-uterine pregnancies although a recent report describes this condition following homolateral salpingeetomy. Report of a Case A 26-year-old woman (Gravida 7, Para 6, last normal menstrual period June 14, 1960) was admitted to the Baltimore City Hospital, Obstetrical-Gynecological service on Oct. 14, 1960, with the chief complaint of abdominal pain, fever, and weakness. She stated that this pregnancy had been different from the outset, compared to her 6 previous pregnancies which were quite uneventful. With this pregnancy she thought her abdomen was larger than the fetal
Purification of cultured primary rat hepatocytes using selection with ricin a subunit
Authors: David E. Johnston, Rahul Jasuja
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

We had found several methods of hepatocyte isolation to be inadequate for removing Kupffer and endothelial cells and so developed a method of selectively killing these nonparenchymal cells in hepatocyte cultures using the known selective uptake and toxicity of the protein synthesis inhibitor ricin and its A chain by nonparenchymal cells. Kupffer cells were quantitated with the Ku-1 monoclonal antibody. Endothelial and Kupffer cells were identified by means of fluorescence microscopy after uptake of fluorescent-labeled, acetylated low-density lipoprotein. Freshly isolated hepatocyte suspensions contained 21% +/- 1.2% (mean +/- S.E.M.) as many nonparenchymal cells as hepatocytes (n = 12), including 7.6% +/- 1.0% as many Kupffer cells as hepatocytes (n = 10). In monolayers of hepatocytes maintained up to 48 hr in serum-free medium, 3% to 7% of cells were Ku-1 positive, and 2% to 11% took up fluorescence-labeled, acetylated low-density lipoprotein. Purification of hepatocytes using Percoll densitygradient centrifugation, elutriation rotor or other means was only partially effective. Hepatocyte monolayers in serum-free medium were incubated with various concentrations of ricin A chain for 1 hr, then washed and studied up to 48 hr later. Optimal treatment with 1.0 ng/ml ricin A chain resulted in decreased nonparenchymal cells 24 hr later and nearly complete loss of Kupffer and endothelial cells at 48 hr. Hepatocyte morphology and protein synthesis were unchanged. Ricin A chain can be used to eliminate Kupffer and endothelial cells from hepatocyte cultures.
Electroacupuncture in fibromyalgia: results of a controlled trial.
Authors: C. Deluze, L. Bosia, A. Zirbs, A. Chantraine, T. L. Vischer
Journal: BMJ (1992)

To determine the efficacy of electroacupuncture in patients with fibromyalgia, a syndrome of unknown origin causing diffuse musculoskeletal pain.Three weeks' randomised study with blinded patients and evaluating physician.University divisions of physical medicine and rehabilitation and rheumatology, Geneva.70 patients (54 women) referred to the division for fibromyalgia as defined by the American College of Rheumatology.Patients were randomised to electroacupuncture (n = 36) or a sham procedure (n = 34) by means of an electronic numbers generator.Pain threshold, number of analgesic tablets used, regional pain score, pain recorded on visual analogue scale, sleep quality, morning stiffness, and patient's and evaluating physician's appreciation.Seven of the eight outcome parameters showed a significant improvement in the active treatment group whereas none were improved in the sham treatment group. Differences between the groups were significant for five of the eight outcome measures after treatment.Electroacupuncture is effective in relieving symptoms of fibromyalgia. Its potential in long term management should now be studied.
An effective training system for endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasm
Authors: Y. Tsuji, K. Ohata, M. Sekiguchi, T. Ito, H. Chiba, T. Gunji, N. Yamamichi, M. Fujishiro, N. Matsuhashi, K. Koike
Journal: Endoscopy (2011)

<b>Background and study aims: </b>A standard training system for endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) remains to be established. In this study, we evaluated the validity of our training program for gastric ESD. <b>Patients and methods:</b> Four trainees performed gastric ESD for a total of 117 lesions in 107 patients (27 to 30 consecutive lesions per trainee) at a tertiary referral center during 2 years in the training program. Trainees, who already had the fundamental skills and knowledge needed for ESD, each assisted at 40 gastric ESD procedures, then in 20 cases applied post-ESD coagulation (PEC) to gastric mucosal defects; they then began to perform ESD, starting with gastric antral lesions. Treatment outcomes, including mean procedure time, and rates of en bloc resection, en bloc plus R0 resections, complications, and self-completion, were evaluated, for the initial 15 and subsequent 12 to 15 cases. <b>Results: </b>Overall rates of en bloc resection and en bloc plus R0 resection were as high as 100 % and 96.6 %, respectively. Regarding complications, seven cases of delayed hemorrhage (6.0 %) and three cases of perforation (2.6 %) occurred; all complications were solved endoscopically. The most frequent reason for operator change was lack of submucosal dissection skill. The self-completion rate was more than 80 % even in the early period, and did not increase for later cases. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our training system enabled novice operators to perform gastric ESD without a decline in clinical outcomes. Key features of this training are prior intensive learning and actual ESD during the learning period under expert supervision.
Long-term Outcomes in Individuals With Prolonged PR Interval or First-Degree Atrioventricular Block
Authors: Susan Cheng
Journal: JAMA (2009)

Prolongation of the electrocardiographic PR interval, known as first-degree atrioventricular block when the PR interval exceeds 200 milliseconds, is frequently encountered in clinical practice.To determine the clinical significance of PR prolongation in ambulatory individuals.Prospective, community-based cohort including 7575 individuals from the Framingham Heart Study (mean age, 47 years; 54% women) who underwent routine 12-lead electrocardiography. The study cohort underwent prospective follow-up through 2007 from baseline examinations in 1968-1974. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the associations of PR interval with the incidence of arrhythmic events and death.Incident atrial fibrillation (AF), pacemaker implantation, and all-cause mortality.During follow-up, 481 participants developed AF, 124 required pacemaker implantation, and 1739 died. At the baseline examination, 124 individuals had PR intervals longer than 200 milliseconds. For those with PR intervals longer than 200 milliseconds compared with those with PR intervals of 200 milliseconds or shorter, incidence rates per 10 000 person-years were 140 (95% confidence interval [CI], 95-208) vs 36 (95% CI, 32-39) for AF, 59 (95% CI, 40-87) vs 6 (95% CI, 5-7) for pacemaker implantation, and 334 (95% CI, 260-428) vs 129 (95% CI, 123-135) for all-cause mortality. Corresponding absolute risk increases were 1.04% (AF), 0.53% (pacemaker implantation), and 2.05% (all-cause mortality) per year. In multivariable analyses, each 20-millisecond increment in PR was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.11 (95% CI, 1.02-1.22; P = .02) for AF, 1.22 (95% CI, 1.14-1.30; P < .001) for pacemaker implantation, and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.02-1.13; P = .005) for all-cause mortality. Individuals with first-degree atrioventricular block had a 2-fold adjusted risk of AF (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.36-3.12; P < .001), 3-fold adjusted risk of pacemaker implantation (HR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.83-4.57; P < .001), and 1.4-fold adjusted risk of all-cause mortality (HR, 1.44, 95% CI, 1.09-1.91; P = .01).Prolongation of the PR interval is associated with increased risks of AF, pacemaker implantation, and all-cause mortality.
Abstract 3036: Comparison of miRNA expression between human osteoblasts and osteosarcoma cells
Authors: Zhenfeng Duan, Edwin Choy, David Harmon, Xianzhe Liu, Michiro Susa, Joe Schwab, Henry Mankin, Francis Hornicek
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor that most frequently affects young adults. There is increasing evidence that miRNAs (miRs) are important modulators of gene expression and their deregulation has been reported in various human tumors. This study investigated differences in miR expression in normal human osteoblast cells versus malignant human osteosarcoma cells differ in their miR expression. Analysis of miRNA expression in normal osteoblast cell lines (hOBc, NHOST, hFOB) and osteosarcoma cell lines (KHOS, Saos, U-2OS) were completed using miR microarray technology with unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis. The relative expression levels of these miRs were confirmed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. A number of miRs were found to have different expression in the osteosarcoma cells when compared to normal human osteoblasts. Three miRs, miR-199a-3p, miR-127-3p and miR-376c were significantly decreased in osteosarcoma cell lines while miR-151-3p and miR-191 were increased in osteosarcoma cell lines in comparison to osteoblasts. Because miR-199a-3p has been suggested to play a vital role in lung and liver cancer, we further characterized its biological functional role in osteosarcomas. The precursor (miR-199a-1) of miR-199a-3p was stably transfected into osteosarcoma cell lines KHOS and U-2OS, resulting in a decrease of cellular proliferation. The expression of miR-199a-3p targeted genes in transfected cells was evaluated by Western blot. These targets included MET and mTOR, two genes that were observed to be overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues and various cell lines. Following miR-199a-3p transfection, a decrease in MET and mTOR expression was observed in KHOS and U-2OS cells. This study demonstrates that various miRs are differentially expressed in osteosarcomas, and miR-199a-3p, in particular may play a functional role in osteosarcoma cell growth and proliferation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3036.
Termination of ventricular tachycardia with ventricular stimulation: salutary effect of increased current strength.
Authors: H L Waxman, M E Cain, A M Greenspan, M E Josephson
Journal: Circulation (1982)

The effect of increased stimulus current strength on the right ventricular effective refractory period during sustained ventricular tachycardia and on the ability of single premature right ventricular stimuli to terminate ventricular tachycardia was evaluated. Studies were performed during 53 episodes of sustained ventricular tachycardia in 25 patients. Forty-four of 53 episodes were slowed by pharmacologic therapy. Current intensities of twice diastolic threshold, 5 mA and 10 mA were used. Increasing current from twice diastolic threshold (1.52 +/- 0.66 mA) to 5 mA (32 episodes) shortened the mean ventricular effective refractory period from 213 +/- 50 to 188 +/- 43 msec (p less than 0.001); and from twice diastolic threshold (1.53 +/- 0.60 mA) to 10 mA (42 episodes), from 206 +/- 55 to 176 +/- 50 msec (p less than 0.001). There was a direct correlation between cycle length of ventricular tachycardia and the ventricular effective refractory period measured at twice diastolic threshold (r = 0.77, p less than 0.001). However, the cycle length of ventricular tachycardia and the amount of shortening of ventricular effective refractory period as current was increased were not significantly correlated (r = 0.40). Eleven episodes of ventricular tachycardia (21%) that could not be terminated by ventricular stimulation at twice diastolic threshold were terminated when increased current strength was used. The ability to terminate ventricular tachycardia was associated with a decrease in ventricular effective refractory period and long tachycardia cycle length. The mean cycle length of the 11 episodes terminated was 455 +/- 50 msec, compared with 381 +/- 63 msec in the 42 episodes not terminated at increased current.
Dipyridamole Potentiates Pulmonary Vasodilation Induced by Acetylcholine and Nitric Oxide in the Ovine Fetus
Authors: JAMES W. ZIEGLER, D. DUNBAR IVY, JONATHAN J. FOX, JOHN P. KINSELLA, WILLIAM R. CLARKE, STEVEN H. ABMAN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1998)

Nitric oxide (NO) modulates pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in the normal fetus by increasing the cyclic guanosine 3 ′ ,5 ′ -monophosphate (cGMP) content of pulmonary vascular smooth muscle cells. Although several vasodilator stimuli, including acetylcholine, decrease fetal PVR through the release of endogenous NO, fetal pulmonary vasodilation is often transient despite prolonged treatment. Because cGMP is hydrolyzed and inactivated by cGMP-specific (type 5) phosphodiesterases (PDE5), we hypothesized that PDE5 activity contributes to high fetal PVR and limits the capability of the fetal pulmonary circulation to dilate or sustain vasodilation in response to cGMP-dependent stimuli. To test this hypothesis, we studied the hemodynamic effects of dipyridamole in 19 late-gestation fetal lambs. To determine whether dipyridamole-induced vasodilation is dependent upon basal NO release, we measured the response to dipyridamole before and after pretreatment with the NO synthase antagonist nitro-l-arginine (l-NA) in five fetal lambs. l-NA completely blocked dipyridamole- induced pulmonary vasodilation. To evaluate the effect of dipyridamole on pulmonary vasodilation due to the stimulated release of NO, we studied effects of prolonged intrapulmonary acetylcholine infusions, with and without concomitant administration of low-dose dipyridamole, in six fetal lambs. During prolonged (2-h) infusions, acetylcholine and dipyridamole individually caused transient pulmonary vasodilation. When administered together, pulmonary vasodilation was of greater magnitude and was sustained for the entire study period. To determine the effects of dipyridamole on endothelium-independent pulmonary vasodilation, we investigated the hemodynamic effects of inhaled NO (5 and 20 ppm) alone and in combination with dipyridamole during mechanical ventilation with low Fi O2 . The combination of dipyridamole with inhaled NO resulted in a greater degree of pulmonary vasodilation than that achieved with inhaled NO alone. We conclude that dipyridamole-induced pulmonary vasodilation is dependent on endogenous (basal) NO production and that dipyridamole potentiates vasodilator responses to endothelium-dependent and -independent dilators in the ovine fetal pulmonary circulation. We speculate that PDE5 activity opposes vasodilation and maintains high PVR in the normal fetal lung.
PUERPERAL INFECTION.REPORT OF A CASE.
Authors: THEODORE MERRILL
Journal: JAMA (1906)

The proper treatment of puerperal infection depends fundamentally on the application of appropriate surgical methods when the evidences of such infection call for interference. The indications for surgical intervention are, of course, quite well understood and clearly defined; and after the careful performance of necessary surgery any remaining infection must be combated by the employment, singly or in combination, of (1) means of bodily stimulation and nutrition; (2) general therapeutic measures, including the use of the normal saline solution; and (3) special therapeutic measures of two kinds; antisepsis by preparations of silver, and the employment of a serum. The following case was one in which the serum treatment was tried in connection with general therapeutics and means of bodily nutrition. The use of silver preparations formed no part of the treatment. <h3>Patient.</h3> —A young woman, aged 25, in her third labor. <h3>History.</h3> —There was a history of a very difficult
Safety of Adeno-Associated Virus as Cochlear Gene Transfer Vector: Analysis of Distant Spread Beyond Injected Cochleae
Authors: Soochuen T. Kho, Robert M. Pettis, Anand N. Mhatre, Anil K. Lalwani
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2000)

The adeno-associated virus (AAV), inoculated into the perilymph, has been shown to be an effective vector for mediating intracochlear transgene expression. The unexpected finding of transgene expression in the contralateral cochlea in previous work raised concern about dissemination of the virus from the target tissue. The current study was undertaken to assess the extent of AAV dissemination following its introduction into the inner ear. Adult male guinea pigs were injected with recombinant AAV into their left ears and sacrificed at 2 or 4 weeks. Various organs including the cochleae were harvested to characterize the presence and expression of the viral DNA. Virus DNA was detected via polymerase chain reaction in the infused and contralateral cochlea and in the cerebellum but not in any other organs, including cortex, heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. Although the viral presence was established in the cerebellum, transgene expression in this organ was undetectable with either Western blot or immunohistochemistry. Transgene expression was demonstrated via immunohistochemistry in multinucleated giant cells in the bone marrow spaces adjacent to the infused and contralateral cochleae. Collectively, these results suggest potential routes for AAV dissemination from the infused cochlea via the cochlear aqueduct or by extension through the temporal bone marrow spaces. This study reinforces the need to investigate factors that mitigate viral leakage. The adeno-associated virus (AAV), inoculated into the perilymph, has been shown to be an effective vector for mediating intracochlear transgene expression. The unexpected finding of transgene expression in the contralateral cochlea in previous work raised concern about dissemination of the virus from the target tissue. The current study was undertaken to assess the extent of AAV dissemination following its introduction into the inner ear. Adult male guinea pigs were injected with recombinant AAV into their left ears and sacrificed at 2 or 4 weeks. Various organs including the cochleae were harvested to characterize the presence and expression of the viral DNA. Virus DNA was detected via polymerase chain reaction in the infused and contralateral cochlea and in the cerebellum but not in any other organs, including cortex, heart, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney. Although the viral presence was established in the cerebellum, transgene expression in this organ was undetectable with either Western blot or immunohistochemistry. Transgene expression was demonstrated via immunohistochemistry in multinucleated giant cells in the bone marrow spaces adjacent to the infused and contralateral cochleae. Collectively, these results suggest potential routes for AAV dissemination from the infused cochlea via the cochlear aqueduct or by extension through the temporal bone marrow spaces. This study reinforces the need to investigate factors that mitigate viral leakage.
Podocyte-Specific Gene Mutations Are Coming of Age
Authors: Peter W. Mathieson
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2008)

Major leaps have been made recently in the understanding of the cause of proteinuria and hence in the regulation of glomerular permeability in health. Progress has been fueled by the description of single-gene mutations, the majority of which affect genes expressed selectively in the podocyte,
FILARIASIS IN MAN CURED BY REMOVAL OF THE ADULT WORMS IN AN OPERATION FOR LYMPH SCROTUM
Authors: A. Primrose
Journal: BMJ (1903)

onovan will be able shortly to elucidate the nature of these very interesting objects.Their size and shape and the arrangement of their chromatin are so constant and character- istic that it is scarcely possible to doubt that they are parasites of some kind, probably protozoa.For my own part, I find some difficulty in adopting Leishman's view that they represent involution stages of trypanosomes in the post-mortem spleen.He describes accurately such forms in the rat; but there, it should be carefully noted, the stained flagella are always present (with a successful Romanowsky technique) in addition to the macronucleus and micronucleus, and are, indeed, the last of the elements to refuse colouration.If, then, these bodies are nothing but disintegrating trypanosomes, we should certainly find a few of the flagella among them.Then, again, neither the large nor the small nucleus in the preparations seems to me to recall those of trypano- somes; and they are, moreover, approximated in a muclh more regular manner than, I think, we observe in dead trypanosomes.Lastly, as Donovan observes, his two preparations made intra vitam exclude post-mortem changes altogether, and should, therefore, contain some unaltered trypanosomes.Prima facie, then, I am strongly inclined to think that we have to do with some quite novel organism.As it has already been found in eight cases of fever and cachexia, it promises to be a common and important one.The charts of two of D)onovan's cases sent by him to me certainly recall the chronic pyrexia with enlarged spleen so frequently observed in India, and are, indeed, not a little suggestive of kala-azar.