tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
South African AIDS plan criticised
Authors: P. Sidley
Journal: BMJ (1998)

In a television broadcast, Deputy President Mbeki of South Africa announced a campaign against HIV/AIDS that would involve coordination between various government departments and nongovernmental organizations. Mbeki, who is associated with Virodene (a drug treatment for AIDS that is considered a scam), replaced President Mandela at the last minute in the broadcast. Two days after the broadcast, the government refused to support treatment of pregnant women infected with HIV with zidovudine to prevent transmission of the virus to the baby. The treatment is considered cost-effective by AIDS workers and public health officials. According to Mark Heywood of the AIDS law project at Witwatersrand University, 16% of pregnant women attending antenatal clinics were HIV-positive in 1997; this means that about 3 million South Africans (8% of the population) were living with HIV. Heywood said that the government believes there are 1500 new cases daily. By the end of 1998, 3.5 million South Africans will be living with HIV. Although the government is asking other sectors to join in the campaign, what the government is doing is unclear. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is second only to transmission of the virus through heterosexual sex in South Africa.
The Bisphosphonate Olpadronate Inhibits Skeletal Prostate Cancer Progression in a Green Fluorescent Protein Nude Mouse Model
Authors: Meng Yang, Doug W. Burton, Jack Geller, Darren J. Hillegonds, Randolph H. Hastings, Leonard J. Deftos, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: Metastatic bone disease is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in prostate cancer patients. Bisphosphonates are currently used to inhibit bone resorption and reduce tumor-induced skeletal complications. More effective bisphosphonates would enhance their clinical value. Experimental Design: We tested several bisphosphonates in a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–expressing human prostate cancer nude mouse model. The in vivo effects of four bisphosphonates, including pamidronate, etidronic acid, and olpadronate, on bone tumor burden in mice intratibially inoculated with PC-3-GFP human prostate cancer cells were visualized by whole-body fluorescence imaging and X-ray. Results: The PC-3-GFP cells produced extensive bone lesions when injected into the tibia of immunocompromised mice. The skeletal progression of the PC-3-GFP cell growth was monitored by GFP fluorescence and the bone destruction was evaluated by X-ray. We showed that 3,3-dimethylaminopropane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonic acid (olpadronate) was the most effective bisphosphonate treatment in reducing tumor burden as assessed by GFP imaging and radiography. The GFP tumor area and X-ray score significantly correlated. Reduced tumor growth in the bone was accompanied by reduced serum calcium, parathyroid hormone–related protein, and osteoprotegerin. Conclusions: The serum calcium, parathyroid hormone–related protein, and osteoprotegerin levels were significantly correlated with GFP area and X-ray scores. Treatment with olpadronate reduced tumor growth in the bone measured by GFP and X-ray imaging procedures. Imaging of GFP expression enables monitoring of tumor growth in the bone and the GFP results complement the X-ray assessment of bone disease. The data in this report suggest that olpadronate has potential as an effective inhibitor of the skeletal progression of clinical prostate cancer.
Acute Epiglottitis in Adults
Authors: Ziad E. Deeb
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To the Editor.  —In their Brief Report on acute epiglottitis in adults, 1 Dr Frantz and colleagues conclude that stridor and sitting erect were the factors highly associated with airway intervention. I hope your readers did not draw the wrong conclusions regarding the proper timing of airway intervention in patients with acute epiglottitis or supraglottitis.  Most clinicians recognize that in a developing acute obstructive laryngitis, stridor indicates an advanced stage of the process, whether it involves the supraglottic or infraglottic regions of the larynx. 2 It is also a physiological fact that tachycardia is an earlier indicator of airway compromise and hypoxemia than is the respiratory rate. It explains why, in the early phases of the inflammation, patients present with a very rapid pulse rate 3,4 but without a change in the respiratory rate. Based both on my review of the medical records of 12 adults from around the United
Targeting Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signaling Pathway in Leukemias
Authors: Mustafa Benekli, Heinz Baumann, Meir Wetzler
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins comprise a seven-member family of latent cytoplasmic transcription factors that are activated through tyrosine phosphorylation by a variety of cytokines and growth factors. Aberrant activation of STATs accompanies malignant cellular transformation with resultant leukemogenesis. Constitutive activation of STATs has been demonstrated in various leukemias. A better understanding of the mechanisms of dysregulation of the STAT pathway and understanding of the cause and effect relationship in leukemogenesis may serve as a basis for designing novel therapeutic strategies directed against STATs. Mechanisms of STAT activation, the potential role of STAT signaling in leukemogenesis, and recent advances in drug discovery targeting the STAT pathway are the focus of this review.
Antibody to Hepatitis B Core Antigen as a Paradoxical Marker for Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Agents in Donated Blood
Authors: DELORIS E. KOZIOL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

The relationship between the presence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) in donor blood and the development of hepatitis in recipients of that blood was studied in 6293 blood donors and 481 recipients who were followed for 6 to 9 months after transfusion. Of 193 recipients of at least 1 unit of blood positive for anti-HBc, 23 (11.9%) developed non-A, non-B hepatitis compared with 12 (4.2%) of 288 recipients of only anti-HBc-negative blood (p < 0.001). Donor anti-HBc status was not significantly associated with the development of hepatitis B in the recipient and was negatively associated with the development of cytomegalovirus hepatitis. The relationship of donor anti-HBc status and the development of non-A, non-B hepatitis in the recipient was independent of transfusion volume and elevated donor transaminase level. Although 88% of anti-HBc-positive blood units were not associated with recipient non-A, non-B hepatitis, calculation of maximal corrected efficacy predicted that exclusion of anti-HBc-positive donors might have prevented 43% of the cases of non-A, non-B hepatitis with a donor loss of 4%. Because of the serious chronic consequences of non-A, non-B hepatitis, surrogate tests for non-A, non-B virus carriers must be seriously considered.
Incompetence of the Pulmonary Artery
Authors: T. Oliver
Journal: BMJ (1894)

PULMONARY ARTERY.[METDICEaLORN, 7 effect of the sweating which so generally attends these appli- ,cations of guaiacol.But since there is no regular relation between the intensity of sweating and the fall in tempera- ture, and since sweating is occasionally absent though the temperature falls, it seems clear that we must look elsewhere for a complete solution of the problem.
FDA to tighten labeling on long acting opioids
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2013)

The US Food and Drug Administration announced on Tuesday 10 September that it would move to change the labeling on extended release, long acting opioids in an effort to reduce the harms associated with these drugs.

Current labeling states that these long acting opioids are indicated “for the relief of moderate to severe pain in patients requiring continuous, around the clock opioid treatment for an extended period of time.”

Under the proposed changes, the labeling will emphasize the fact that the drugs are indicated for “management of pain severe enough to require daily, around the clock, long term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate.”

The …
Sexual Transmission of Viral Hepatitis?
Authors: Robert J. Fass
Journal: JAMA (1974)

DURING the first half of this century it became apparent that hepatitis was caused by a filterable agent, presumably a virus, and included two epidemiologic entities—infectious hepatitis (IH) and serum hepatitis (SH). Infectious hepatitis or hepatitis A was considered an enteric disease transmitted by the fecal-oral route that could also be transmitted parenterally. It had a short incubation period of 15 to 45 days, a sudden onset, and could be attenuated by the administration of γ-globulin during the incubation period. Serum hepatitis or hepatitis B was not known to be shed in feces and was thought to be transmitted only by parenteral inoculation as occurred with transfusion or exposure to contaminated needles. It had a long incubation period of 60 to 160 days, an insidious onset, and could not be attenuated by the administration of γ-globulin. Since clinical differentiation was often difficult or impossible, cases without a clear-cut history of
IN VITRO PARAMETERS OF CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNE REACTIONS IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS FOLLOWING IMMUNE‐STIMULATION ATTEMPTS WITH LEVAMISOLE
Authors: H. THULIN, K. THESTRUP‐PEDERSEN, J. ELLEGAARD
Journal: Allergy (1974)

In vitro parameters of cellular immune reactions were followed by 10 healthy individuals during administration of levamisole. Leucocyte migration tests, lymphocyte transformation tests and ATP-ase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes were investigated. Levamisole did not influence resting human lymphocytes of the stimulation response of lymphocytes. The metabolic activity of lymphocytes expressed by their ATP-ase activity was not significantly changed after levamisole administration.
Nonleukemic granulocytic sarcoma of the heart: A report of a fatal case
Authors: Kathy Foucar, Elliott Foucar, Cheryl Willman, Andrew Horvath, Richard L. Gerety
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

We report the clinical and pathological features of a cardiac fatality caused by granulocytic sarcoma in a young adult man with no evidence of leukemia involving bone marrow or peripheral blood. At autopsy, walls of the four cardiac chambers were massively infiltrated by tumor, resulting in a cardiac weight of almost three times normal. Routine cytochemical stains plus immunoperoxidase staining for OKM1 confirmed the diagnosis. Although subclinical cardiac infiltrates are commonly detected at autopsy in patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL), massive cardiac granulocytic sarcoma in the absence of bone marrow disease has not been previously described. Cytochemical and immunological methods of diagnosing granulocytic sarcoma in fixed tissues are reviewed.
Mechanisms of methylene blue stimulation of the hexose monophosphate shunt in erythrocytes.
Authors: E N Metz, P Balcerzak, A L Sagone
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

The response of the hexose monophosphate shunt in erythrocytes was studied with the ionization chamber-electrometer apparatus to measure continuously 14CO2 derived from 14C-labeled substrates. The effect of methylene blue at high (0.1 mM) and low (1 muM) concentrations was evaluated under different gas mixtures; air, carbon monoxide, and 6% carbon monoxide in air. The latter gas mixture results in nearly 100% carboxyhemoglobin but provides a physiologic partial pressure of oxygen. The extent to which pentose is recycled through the shunt in response to methylene blue stimulation was examined with radioactive glucose substrates labeled on the first, second, and third carbon positions. Generation of hydrogen peroxide after stimulation of erythrocytes with methylene blue was evaluated by the catalase-aminotriazole trapping technique, [14C]formate oxidation, and oxidation of reduced glutatione. Stimulation of the shunt with 1 muM methylene blue was markedly impaired in the absence of oxyhemoglobin, but stimulation with 0.1 mM methylene blue was only slightly impaired under the carbon monoxide-air mixture. The higher concentration of methylene blue produced evidence of hydrogen peroxide generation of all three techniques. Despite the evidence for the involvement of oxygen, oxyhemoglobin, and hydrogen peroxide in the response to methylene blue, cells containing methemoglobin induced by sodium nitrite or from a patient with congenital methemoglobinemia responded normally to methylene blue in the absence of oxygen. These experiments indicate that the reactions induced by methylene blue in erythrocytes are more complex than generally thought and that high concentrations are associated with production of peroxide.
The E1784K mutation in SCN5A is associated with mixed clinical phenotype of type 3 long QT syndrome
Authors: Naomasa Makita, Elijah Behr, Wataru Shimizu, Minoru Horie, Akihiko Sunami, Lia Crotti, Eric Schulze-Bahr, Shigetomo Fukuhara, Naoki Mochizuki, Takeru Makiyama, Hideki Itoh, Michael Christiansen, Pascal McKeown, Koji Miyamoto, Shiro Kamakura, Hiroyuki Tsutsui, Peter J. Schwartz, Alfred L. George, Dan M. Roden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Phenotypic overlap of type 3 long QT syndrome (LQT3) with Brugada syndrome (BrS) is observed in some carriers of mutations in the Na channel SCN5A. While this overlap is important for patient management, the clinical features, prevalence, and mechanisms underlying such overlap have not been fully elucidated. To investigate the basis for this overlap, we genotyped a cohort of 44 LQT3 families of multiple ethnicities from 7 referral centers and found a high prevalence of the E1784K mutation in SCN5A. Of 41 E1784K carriers, 93% had LQT3, 22% had BrS, and 39% had sinus node dysfunction. Heterologously expressed E1784K channels showed a 15.0-mV negative shift in the voltage dependence of Na channel inactivation and a 7.5-fold increase in flecainide affinity for resting-state channels, properties also seen with other LQT3 mutations associated with a mixed clinical phenotype. Furthermore, these properties were absent in Na channels harboring the T1304M mutation, which is associated with LQT3 without a mixed clinical phenotype. These results suggest that a negative shift of steady-state Na channel inactivation and enhanced tonic block by class IC drugs represent common biophysical mechanisms underlying the phenotypic overlap of LQT3 and BrS and further indicate that class IC drugs should be avoided in patients with Na channels displaying these behaviors.
Endocrine Disrupting Contaminants—Beyond the Dogma
Authors: Louis J. Guillette
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Descriptions of endocrine disruption have largely been associated with wildlife and driven by observations documenting estrogenic, androgenic, antiandrogenic, and antithyroid actions. These actions, in response to exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of various environmental contaminants, have now been established in numerous vertebrate species. However, many potential mechanisms and endocrine actions have not been studied. For example, the DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] metabolite, p,p -DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] is known to disrupt prostaglandin synthesis in the uterus of birds, providing part of the explanation for DDT-induced egg shell thinning. Few studies have examined prostaglandin synthesis as a target for endocrine disruption, yet these hormones are active in reproduction, immune responses, and cardiovascular physiology. Future studies must broaden the basic science approach to endocrine disruption, thereby expanding the mechanisms and endocrine end points examined. This goal should be accomplished even if the primary influence and funding continue to emphasize a narrower approach based on regulatory needs. Without this broader approach, research into endocrine disruption will become dominated by a narrow dogma, focusing on a few end points and mechanisms.
Uncomfortable prescribing decisions in hospitals: the impact of teamwork
Authors: Penny J Lewis, Mary P Tully
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2009)

Summary Objectives Prescribing is not always driven by therapeutic motives alone; social and intrinsic factors also play a part in the decision. However, most research into prescribing influences has been conducted in general practice, with very little conducted within hospitals. One potential influence is the hospital multidisciplinary team, yet little attention has been paid to how interactions between teams and team members may influence prescribing. This study investigated the effect that team interaction and structure had upon UK hospital doctors' prescribing decisions, particularly their discomfort felt prescribing. Design and setting The study used the critical incident technique and in-depth interviews. Prior to an in-depth interview, 48 doctors of varying grades from four hospitals were asked to remember any uncomfortable prescribing decisions that they had recently made. These ‘incidents’ were discussed in depth. All interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. A grounded theory approach to data analysis was taken. Results There were 193 critical incidents described in the interviews. Over one-third were related to the difficulties of prescribing within a team environment. Discomfort frequently arose because of factors relating to the hierarchical structure; in particular, junior doctors described their discomfort when they were uncertain of seniors' prescribing decisions. Prescribers also adhered to rules of prescribing etiquette, including the maintenance of other doctors'/teams' prescribing decisions and adherence to prescribing norms. Discomfort also arose from a perceived pressure to prescribe from the nursing team. Doctors admitted to prescribing to maintain overall team relationships, sometimes ignoring hospital regulations and best practice to do so. Conclusion Overall, this study demonstrated that hospital doctors' prescribing decisions were strongly influenced by relationships with other team members, particularly nurses and senior doctors. Ways of reducing this discomfort should be explored and further research is advocated in this area.
Panel has reduced inappropriate requests
Authors: S. Curson, A. Mcalpine, J. Shanks, N. Tiddy, M. Rowland
Journal: BMJ (1995)

EDITOR,--We endorse Barbara Ghodse's recommendation that extracontractual referrals could be handled more efficiently.1 We would emphasise more strongly the central importance of involving general practitioners both in assessing the justification for extracontractual referrals and through giving them feedback on decisions made.

In Lambeth, Southwark, and Lewisham extracontractual referrals are considered by a …
Troubles in Sporotrichosis
Authors: John P. Utz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1969)

SINCE the days of the early Christian church Dorothy has been the patron saint of gardeners. Although she is probably seldom invoked today, the gardener in whom the occupational disease, sporotrichosis, develops and those who attend him may have wished for deliverance. A painless but persistent ulcer on the finger, with subsequent red or draining areas centrally, usually does not evoke a prolonged history taking to suggest the diagnosis. Contrariwise, who is left these days who cannot give a positive history of recently sprinkling the sphagnum moss, trimming the barberry or cutting the roses? The abscess, if it does not . . .
Splenic rupture as a complication of endoscopic esophageal bouginage
Authors: R. Goertz, M. Raithel, D. Strobel, M. Wehler, R. Janka, A. Wein, G. Maennlein, E. Hahn, F. Boxberger
Journal: Endoscopy (2009)

A 65-year-old patient presented with a 2-month history of dysphagia and weight loss associated with a known squamous epithelial carcinoma of the esophagus. Computed tomography (CT) revealed the carcinoma of the distal esophagus ([Fig. 1]) with a liver metastasis and an intact spleen ([Fig. 2]). Forty years ago a Billroth II gastroenterostomy had been performed because of duodenal ulcers. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) showed a circular malignant esophageal stenosis ([Fig. 3]). After the second bouginage up to a diameter of 12 mm using Savary-Gilliard bougies the stenosis was passed. Four hours after this intervention the patient developed malaise symptoms combined with nausea that were initially interpreted as a reaction to the sedation and the bouginage.
Highly purified omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids for topical treatment of psoriasis. Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicentre study
Authors: H.-H. HENNEICKE-VON ZEPELIN, U. MROWIETZ, L. FARBER, K. BRUCK-BORCHERS, C. SCHOBER, J. HUBER, G. LETZ, R. KHNEN, E. HRISTOPHERS, D. WELZEL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1993)

Journal Article Highly purified omega‐3‐polyunsaturated fatty acids for topical treatment of psoriasis. Results of a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled multicentre study Get access H.‐H. HENNEICKE‐VON ZEPELIN, H.‐H. HENNEICKE‐VON ZEPELIN Department of Dermatology, University of Kicl, Germany Correspodence: H.H. Henneicke‐von Zepelin, Department of Dermatology, University of Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 7, D‐24105 Kiel, Germany. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar U. MROWIETZ, U. MROWIETZ Department of Dermatology, University of Kicl, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. FARBER, L. FARBER Clinical Research Department, Sandoz AG Niübergca, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar K. BRUCK‐BORCHERS, K. BRUCK‐BORCHERS Department of Dermatology, Hospital Lyuarstr Berlin, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C. SCHOBER, C. SCHOBER Department of Dermatology, TU Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. HUBER, J. HUBER Department of Dermatology, TU Munchen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G. LETZ, G. LETZ Department of Dermatology, University of Bonn, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. KHNEN, R. KHNEN Institute for Medical Research Management and Biometrics, IMEREM, Fürch, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. HRISTOPHERS, E. HRISTOPHERS Department of Dermatology, University of Kicl, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D. WELZEL D. WELZEL Clinical Research Department, Sandoz AG Niübergca, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 129, Issue 6, 1 December 1993, Pages 713–717, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1993.tb03338.x Published: 01 December 1993 Article history Accepted: 17 May 1993 Published: 01 December 1993
Time to Go: Three Plays on Death and Dying, with commentary on end-of-life issues
Authors: Marilyn M. Schapira
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<b>A Chosen Death: The Dying Confront Assisted Suicide</b>, by Lonny Shavelson, 240 pp, with illus, $23, ISBN 0-684-80100-0, New York, NY, Simon &amp; Schuster, 1995. <i>Time to Go</i>presents a unique and creative approach to engaging the medical profession and the public in the debate concerning end-of-life issues. The book presents three one-act plays that were winners of a script-writing contest on these issues. Each play is preceded by background about the author of the script and followed by a commentary. The book is intended to stimulate and aid discussion regarding the end of life. The introduction provides historical background and legal precedents on patient autonomy, the informed consent doctrine, the Patient Self-Determination Act, and advanced directives. Of particular interest is the history of the development of the medical theater program that led to performances of the plays. It is refreshing to see such a creative approach from a medical