tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Timing of Gluten Introduction and Islet Autoimmunity in Young Children: Updated Results From the BABYDIET Study
Authors: Andreas Beyerlein, Ruth Chmiel, Sandra Hummel, Christiane Winkler, Ezio Bonifacio, Anette-Gabriele Ziegler
Journal: Diabetes Care (2014)

Early introduction of gluten-containing food has been suspected to increase the risk of autoimmunity associated with type 1 diabetes and celiac disease (1–3). In an intervention study in which we randomized early and late first gluten exposure in children with high genetic risk for type 1 diabetes, we did not find a benefit in delaying gluten exposure with respect to autoimmunity associated with diabetes and celiac disease at age 3 years (4). Here, we report an update containing results from natural follow-up of up to 13 years.

In brief, 150 children younger than 3 months with at least one first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes and one of five specific type 1 diabetes−associated HLA genotypes were recruited between 2000 and 2006 and randomized to first exposure to dietary gluten at age 6 months or delayed until age 12 months. After inclusion, children were followed in 3-month intervals until the age of 3 years and yearly thereafter for efficacy (persistent islet autoantibodies) and safety assessment (4). Islet autoimmunity was defined as the development of persistent autoantibodies to one or more of the antigens insulin, GAD65, IA-2, and Zn-T8. …
Financing Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Richard M. Knapp, Peter W. Butler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

The direct costs of residency training in the United States are over $1 billion per year. These educational programs have been organized predominantly around hospital services and supported by hospital revenues. Pressure has been increasing to reduce the rate of increase in hospital expenditures or costs or both. This article describes alternative methods for financing graduate medical education. Debate over the current sources of financing reveals several troublesome issues: the presence of residents allegedly decreases the productivity of professionals and leads to overusage of ancillary services, proposed methods to pay for faculty salaries and services have created confusion and concern, and the financing of ambulatory-care training has been insufficient and poorly coordinated. The medical-education community must resolve these professional and educational problems so that financing issues can be debated and properly defended.
Early switch to pentoxifylline in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis is inefficient in non-responders to corticosteroids
Authors: Alexandre Louvet, Emmanuel Diaz, Sébastien Dharancy, Hugues Coevoet, Frédéric Texier, Thierry Thévenot, Pierre Deltenre, Valérie Canva, Christophe Plane, Philippe Mathurin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Multiple dermatofibromas in a woman with HIV infection and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Irene Lu, Philip R Cohen, Marc E Grossman
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (1995)

Associations of multiple dermatofibromas with autoimmune disorders, altered immunity, or both have been described. We report the case of a 33-year-old black woman with HIV infection and an 11-year history of systemic lupus erythematosus in whom 15 dermatofibromas developed while she was receiving systemic corticosteroid therapy. Including our patient, multiple dermatofibromas have been described in 15 patients with an autoimmune disease, altered immunity, or both. All 12 of the women with multiple dermatofibromas had systemic lupus erythematosus.
On the Extreme Duration of Infectiousness in Measles, Mumps, Small-Pox, Scarlatina, and Diphtheria
Authors: Thos. F. Raven
Journal: BMJ (1886)

THosE who have made a study of the natural history of infectious dis- eases, have established the truth of these conclusions-.--that4iseases preceded by a long incubation are, generally, characteris'ed by' Wel1 defined illness, progressing by well niarked stages to crisis, and .oending; that they are followed by insignificant.sequelae,.,andthat the infection is usually short in its duratioq.A short incubation period, on the other hand, has been shown to, precede, as a rule, a sudden sharp illness, running either a short or a long course, with a long continued infective power, having'sequele of a definite and import- ant character, and being often prolonged by relapses.So it may be regarded as an axiom that duration of incubation and duration qf infection bear an inverse ratio to each other.Again, it is laid down and accepted that, when the incubation of a disease is long, the infebtion (even the most powerful infection) is developed early in the course of the malady, and that it ceases early; that, when the incuba- tion period is short, the disease does not, as a rule, exhibit its infec- tive power so soon, but that there is a time, even after the complaint is declared, when the danger of communication is but small.The rule, then, is, long incubation, early short-lived infection; short incu- bation, late and long infection; and, if exceptions prove the rule, then undoubtedly this is a rule, for the variations from it are numerous.These variations from the standard may be well-exemplified by the course of vaccinia.Although the progress of the vaccine vesicle has a remarkable regularity, yet deviation from the recognised periOd of incubation, and, from the usual course and duration of events, is not unfrequent even among infants vaccinated from thb same source and under similar conditions.Applying this rule, then, to the first of these diseases to bediscussed, we find that Measles, having a long and fairly uniform incubation period of twelve days or a fortnight, develops its infection early-even early in the stage ot invasion-and that the infeetion, thus early active, early disappears.According to a code of rules issued by the medical officers of schools, a pupil is allowed to rejoin his fellows in-three weeks from the date of the measles rash.Dr. William Squire also states that the duration of personal infection is limited to three webks after the appearance of the rash, provided all desquamation and catarrh have ceased.The early infection of measles points to the strong pro.bability that catarrh is the principal source of danger to others; and it is not necessary to occupy time with proofs of what, probably, everybody will admit.The catarrh being thus intensely infectious, even at an early stage, possibly at a later period it may still be dangerous.Therefore, when,
Impaired diurnal cardiac autonomic function in subjects with type 2 diabetes.
Authors: M Yamamoto, Y Yamasaki, M Kodama, M Matsuhisa, M Kishimoto, H Ozaki, A Tani, N Ueda, M Iwasaki, M Hori
Journal: Diabetes Care (1999)

To assess diurnal cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve functions in diabetic subjects with variable diabetic neuropathy.Frequency domain analysis of 24-h Holter ECG was done for 132 diabetic subjects (84 without any symptomatic neuropathy; 37 with only symptomatic peripheral neuropathy; 11 with symptomatic autonomic neuropathy) and 57 normal volunteers to calculate the low frequency (LF) component representing the beta-adrenoceptor function and the high frequency (HF) component representing the cardiac parasympathetic nerve function.Cardiac LF and HF components in diabetic subjects without peripheral neuropathy showed values comparable to those of normal volunteers and a similar circadian rhythm. Diabetic subjects with peripheral neuropathy or autonomic neuropathy showed significantly depressed LF and HF components and loss of the circadian rhythm of LF and HF components compared with diabetic subjects without neuropathy. Impairment of the LF component in the afternoon could be accounted for by the duration of diabetes and elevated HbA1c level. Impairment of the HF component at night could be accounted for by the duration of diabetes but not an elevated HbA1c level.These data indicated that diabetic subjects with peripheral neuropathy and diabetic subjects with symptomatic autonomic neuropathy, but not diabetic subjects without neuropathy, showed a marked decrease in cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve functions and loss of circadian rhythm.
Poster 2, Acne fulminans: part of the spectrum of SAPHO
Authors: S.L. Chua, J. Ravenscroft
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2007)

A 13‐year‐old boy was admitted to hospital with severe back pain and systemic upset. He had commenced isotretinoin 25 mg (0·5 mg kg–1) daily 17 days previously for severe acne unresponsive to oral erythromycin. Isotretinoin was stopped after 4 days due to severe lower back pain. On admission, he was unable to mobilize and the pain was uncontrolled with oral morphine sulphate.
2-year follow-up of trastuzumab after adjuvant chemotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ian Smith, Marion Procter, Richard D Gelber, Sébastien Guillaume, Andrea Feyereislova, Mitch Dowsett, Aron Goldhirsch, Michael Untch, Gabriella Mariani, Jose Baselga, Manfred Kaufmann, David Cameron, Richard Bell, Jonas Bergh, Robert Coleman, Andrew Wardley, Nadia Harbeck, Roberto I Lopez, Peter Mallmann, Karen Gelmon, Nicholas Wilcken, Erik Wist, Pedro Sánchez Rovira, Martine J Piccart-Gebhart
Journal: The Lancet (2007)
Results of Administration of Desiccated Thyroid to Subjects in Remission from Hyperthyroidism after Treatment with Antithyroid Drugs
Authors: W. P. Vander Laan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1957)

GREER1 , 2 has demonstrated that administration of thyroid hormone to patients with spontaneous hyperthyroidism fails to suppress the uptake of radioactive iodine. This is in contrast to the usual marked suppression that occurs in normal persons and in most patients with nontoxic goiters.Morgans, Oldham and Trotter3 found that the administration of thyroxine to patients who had recovered from thyrotoxicosis after surgical treatment, and in 4 cases after methylthiouracil treatment, suppressed iodine uptake, neck-thigh ratios being used as a means of estimating uptake.Werner,4 using 75 microgm. of tri-iodothyronine daily for seven days to suppress the thyroid gland, has found that . . .
Acute inflammation causes epithelial invasion and mucosal destruction in experimental shigellosis.
Authors: O J Perdomo, J M Cavaillon, M Huerre, H Ohayon, P Gounon, P J Sansonetti
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1994)

The gram-negative pathogen Shigella flexneri causes bacillary dysentery, an invasive disease of the human colonic mucosa. A major characteristic of the infectious process is the occurrence of an acute inflammatory reaction of mucosal tissues which is generally consequence of primary invasion and destruction of colonic epithelial cells by the pathogen. Confirming in vitro demonstration that S. flexneri is unable to invade the apical pole of colonic cells and that polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells may assist them in reaching the basal side of epithelial cells where they can invade, we have provided here in vivo evidence that S. flexneri enters the epithelial barrier essentially through the dome of lymphoid follicles at the early stage of infection and that subsequent invasion and destruction of the epithelium is primarily due to immigration of leukocytes, particularly PMN that destroy cohesion of the epithelial barrier. These conclusions are based on experiments carried out in infected rabbit ligated intestinal loops, with some animals treated by an anti-CD18 monoclonal antibody that blocked immigration of leukocytes into infected tissues.
Two adjacent residues in staphylococcal enterotoxins A and E determine T cell receptor V beta specificity.
Authors: K R Hudson, H Robinson, J D Fraser
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

The T cell receptor (TCR) V beta-determining region of two bacterial superantigens, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) and SEE, has been mapped to the COOH-terminal region of SEA and SEE using a panel of recombinant SEA/SEE hybrids. Total TCR V beta mRNA enrichment in human peripheral blood T cell cultures was determined by a novel single-tube amplification technique using a redundant V beta-specific primer. SEA routinely enriched mRNA coding for hV beta 1.1, 5.3, 6.3, 6.4, 6.9, 7.3, 7.4, and 9.1, while SEE, which is 83% homologous to SEA, enriched hV beta 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.9, and 8.1 mRNA. Exchanging residues 206 and 207 was sufficient to convert in toto the TCR V beta response of human peripheral T lymphocytes. In addition, an SEA-reactive murine T cell line, SO3 (mV beta 17), unresponsive to wild-type SEE responded to SEE-S206N207, while an SEE-specific human T cell line, Jurkat (hV beta 8.1), unresponsive to SEA was stimulated strongly by SEA-P206D207. Exchanging all other regions of SEA and SEE except residues 206 and 207 did little to change the V beta response. Thus, the V beta binding region appears to be a stable, discrete domain localized within the COOH-terminal region that is largely unaffected by the considerable amino acid variability between SEA and SEE. This region may interact directly with TCR V beta.
Antibody-mediated enhancement of calcium permeability in cardiac myocytes.
Authors: H P Schultheiss, U Kühl, I Janda, B Melzner, G Ulrich, M Morad
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1988)

Our study shows that antibodies, specific to the ADP/ATP carrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane, crossreact with the cell surface of cardiac myocytes, where the calcium channel seems to be the antigenic determinant. The antibodies enhanced the calcium current and suppressed its inactivation. Affinity-purified antibodies (IgG) exhibit an acute cytotoxic effect, which required extracellular calcium and was prevented by calcium channel blockers. Our findings suggest that antibody-mediated cytotoxicity results secondary to calcium overload caused by enhanced cellular calcium permeability, requiring no complement-dependent process.
Selective Vagotomy without Drainage. An Interim Report
Authors: H. Burge, C. MacLean, R. Stedeford, G. Pinn, D. Hollanders
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The results of surgical treatment for duodenal ulcer were compared in two groups of patients—51 who had undergone selective vagotomy without drainage and 17 who had had selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty. It is suggested that in the absence of organic pyloric or duodenal stenosis the former method seems both preferable and desirable, since postoperativley dumping does not occur and there is a steady improvement in gastric emptying.
Asthma as a chronic disease of the innate and adaptive immune systems responding to viruses and allergens
Authors: Michael J. Holtzman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Research on the pathogenesis of asthma has traditionally concentrated on environmental stimuli, genetic susceptibilities, adaptive immune responses, and end-organ alterations (particularly in airway mucous cells and smooth muscle) as critical steps leading to disease. The focus of this cascade has been the response to allergic stimuli. An alternative scheme suggests that respiratory viruses and the consequent response of the innate immune system also drives the development of asthma as well as related inflammatory diseases. This conceptual shift raises the possibility that sentinel cells such as airway epithelial cells, DCs, NKT cells, innate lymphoid cells, and macrophages also represent critical components of asthma pathogenesis as well as new targets for therapeutic discovery. A particular challenge will be to understand and balance the innate as well as the adaptive immune responses to defend the host against acute infection as well as chronic inflammatory disease.
Impact of Acute Pulmonary Rejection on Cardiac Function
Authors: Allison J. McLarty, Christopher G. A. McGregor, N. H. Shu, Virginia M. Miller, Erik L. Ritman
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Experiments were designed to define cardiac function in dogs with single lung allografts during acute rejection of the allografted lung. Methods and Results Left lungs were either autotransplanted (n=4) or allotransplanted (n=8) in adult male mongrel dogs. All allotransplanted animals were maintained on triple-drug immunosuppression (cyclosporine, azathioprine, and steroids) for 5 days after the operation. In 4 allotransplanted animals, treatment was discontinued, allowing the animals to reject (usually after a further 3 days; rejecting group); 4 other allotransplanted animals were maintained on immunosuppression for an additional 3 days (immunosuppressed group). Another group of dogs were not operated on but were maintained on the same immunosuppression as the rejecting group (controls). All experimental animals underwent fast computed tomographic scanning with measurement of left ventricular pressure and calculation of ventricular chamber volumes, cross-sectional areas of coronary arteries, myocardial perfusion, and intramyocardial blood volume. Neither cardiac output, left ventricular mass, left ventricular pressure, nor myocardial oxygen consumption was altered during acute rejection of lung allografts. However, left ventricular contractility (systolic elastance, E max ) and ejection fraction were depressed to approximately one half ( P &lt;.05) in acutely rejecting animals compared with other groups. The cross-sectional area of the coronary arteries was less in autotransplanted and allotransplanted treated animals than in animals that were not operated on. Cross-sectional area of the coronary arteries was decreased by an additional 30% in the rejecting group ( P &lt;.05). Conclusions The results of this study indicate that acute rejection of a single lung allograft decreases cardiac performance and reduces diameter of coronary arteries in the recipient. Alterations of circulating humoral factors and activated leukocytes may contribute to these changes.
Mary Margaret Skillen
Authors: A. Skillen
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Former head of the casualty department Duchess of Kent Hospital, Catterick Garrison (b 1936; q Durham 1966), died from metastatic brain carcinoma on 17 February 2002.

She qualified as a pharmacist before entering medical school in Newcastle. While studying pharmacy she joined the Officer Training Corps, which was the start of her lifelong attachment to the Territorial Army. Initially attached to the Royal Signals in Middlesbrough, she transferred to the Royal Army Medical Corps but retained her allegiance to the Royal Signals. In 1971 she joined the Duchess of Kent Hospital in Catterick Garrison and served there until the hospital closed in 1999. She volunteered for two terms of duty in Northern Ireland and was awarded the Territorial Decoration.
Hong Kong bans tobacco advertising
Authors: J. Mackay, A. Hedley
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Hong Kong legislators voted in favour of tough antismoking measures in a new tobacco bill passed in the week before the handover to China.

Tobacco advertising in the electronic media is already banned in Hong Kong, but the new bill will ban all print and display tobacco advertising by 1999. It will ban cigarette advertisements on the internet, brand name sponsorship, and vending machines. A loophole, however, will continue to allow point of sale advertising at street stalls. Further antitobacco measures …
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin converts human epidermal Langerhans cells into antigen-presenting cells that induce proallergic T cells
Authors: Susanne Ebner, Van Anh Nguyen, Markus Forstner, Yui-Hsi Wang, Dolores Wolfram, Yong-Jun Liu, Nikolaus Romani
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2007)
Polymorphisms in <i>GSTT1</i> , <i>GSTZ1</i> , and <i>CYP2E1</i> , Disinfection By-products, and Risk of Bladder Cancer in Spain
Authors: Kenneth P. Cantor, Cristina M. Villanueva, Debra T. Silverman, Jonine D. Figueroa, Francisco X. Real, Monserrat Garcia-Closas, Nuria Malats, Stephen Chanock, Meredith Yeager, Adonina Tardon, Reina Garcia-Closas, Consol Serra, Alfredo Carrato, Gemma Castaño-Vinyals, Claudine Samanic, Nathaniel Rothman, Manolis Kogevinas
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2010)

Bladder cancer has been linked with long-term exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water.In this study we investigated the combined influence of DBP exposure and polymorphisms in glutathione S-transferase (GSTT1, GSTZ1) and cytochrome P450 (CYP2E1) genes in the metabolic pathways of selected by-products on bladder cancer in a hospital-based case-control study in Spain.Average exposures to trihalomethanes (THMs; a surrogate for DBPs) from 15 years of age were estimated for each subject based on residential history and information on municipal water sources among 680 cases and 714 controls. We estimated effects of THMs and GSTT1, GSTZ1, and CYP2E1 polymorphisms on bladder cancer using adjusted logistic regression models with and without interaction terms.THM exposure was positively associated with bladder cancer: adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.2 (0.8-1.8), 1.8 (1.1-2.9), and 1.8 (0.9-3.5) for THM quartiles 2, 3, and 4, respectively, relative to quartile 1. Associations between THMs and bladder cancer were stronger among subjects who were GSTT1 +/+ or +/- versus GSTT1 null (P(interaction) = 0.021), GSTZ1 rs1046428 CT/TT versus CC (P(interaction) = 0.018), or CYP2E1 rs2031920 CC versus CT/TT (P(interaction) = 0.035). Among the 195 cases and 192 controls with high-risk forms of GSTT1 and GSTZ1, the ORs for quartiles 2, 3, and 4 of THMs were 1.5 (0.7-3.5), 3.4 (1.4-8.2), and 5.9 (1.8-19.0), respectively.Polymorphisms in key metabolizing enzymes modified DBP-associated bladder cancer risk. The consistency of these findings with experimental observations of GSTT1, GSTZ1, and CYP2E1 activity strengthens the hypothesis that DBPs cause bladder cancer and suggests possible mechanisms as well as the classes of compounds likely to be implicated.
Asian and non-Asian morbidity in hospitals.
Authors: D F Levine, K Woods
Journal: BMJ (1983)

rectum at necropsy was described as ". . .much thickened in its coats, and of a hardish gristly texture, a good deal like the turtle's intestines."3Few modern human pathologists are familiar with the intestines of reptiles, and it is only relatively recently that veterinary surgeons have developed an interest in this group of animals.These and other cases exemplify Hunter's breadth of interest and experience and, at a time when there is increasing contact and cooperation between doctors and veterinary surgeons, are a timely reminder of the im- portance of comparative studies.
Randomised trial of inhaled steroids in preterm infants with respiratory symptoms at follow up.
Authors: B Yuksel, A Greenough
Journal: Thorax (1992)

Preterm infants often suffer from recurrent respiratory symptoms at follow up. Although these infants are responsive to treatment with bronchodilators some continue to wheeze or cough despite treatment. In a randomised double blind placebo controlled trial, the ability of inhaled steroids to reduce recurrent respiratory symptoms and the requirement for bronchodilator treatment in preterm infants less than two years of age has been assessed.Eighteen premature infants with mean gestational age 28 weeks and postnatal age 10.5 months were recruited. The study consisted of two six week treatment periods separated by a two week washout period. The infants received either 200 micrograms of beclomethasone dipropionate or placebo as one puff twice daily from an inhaler, through a spacer and a face mask. Parents kept a daily record of their infants' respiratory tract symptoms (wheeze and cough) and use of bronchodilators. Functional residual capacity (FRC) was measured at the beginning and end of each six week period.The symptom score was reduced by 37% in the active compared with the placebo period. During the active period the infants had a mean of 28 bronchodilator free days, compared with 22 days in the placebo period. The FRC improved significantly in the active but not the placebo period.Regular dosage with beclomethasone by inhalation is a useful treatment for preterm infants with respiratory symptoms.