tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Breast screening benefits twice as many women as it harms, shows new analysis
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2010)

A1 London

For every woman treated for breast cancer unnecessarily on the basis of mammography results the deaths of two other women from the disease are prevented, a new analysis has found.

The researchers conclude that “there is a worthwhile benefit of mammography in terms of lives saved, and that this significantly exceeds any harm in the form of overdiagnosis that may occur.”

The authors of the study, which was partly funded by Cancer Research UK, firstly looked at data from the Swedish two county trial, published in 1985. It was this trial that showed that screening reduced mortality from breast cancer by 30% and led to the UK …
Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Marc Humbert, Olivier Sitbon, Gérald Simonneau
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

Pulmonary arterial hypertension, which is characterized by vascular proliferation and remodeling of small pulmonary vessels, leads to a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance and, ultimately, to right ventricular failure and death. Despite recent major improvements in therapy, no current treatments cure this devastating condition. This article discusses recent progress in developing treatments that prolong patients' lives and improve their quality of life.
MOZ regulates B-cell progenitors and, consequently, Moz haploinsufficiency dramatically retards MYC-induced lymphoma development
Authors: Bilal N. Sheikh, Stanley C. W. Lee, Farrah El-Saafin, Hannah K. Vanyai, Yifang Hu, Swee Heng Milon Pang, Stephanie Grabow, Andreas Strasser, Stephen L. Nutt, Warren S. Alexander, Gordon K. Smyth, Anne K. Voss, Tim Thomas
Journal: Blood (2015)
Salutary Effects of Modest Fluid Replacement in the Treatment of Adults With Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Authors: Horacio J. Adrogué
Journal: JAMA (1989)

The optimal rate of fluid administration to correct the volume deficit associated with diabetic ketoacidosis remains undefined. Thus, this study evaluates prospectively in adult patients without extreme volume deficit two regimens of therapy that differed exclusively in the rate of fluid infusion. In protocol 1 (12 patients), normal saline was infused at 1000 mL/h (≈14 mL/kg per hour) in the initial 4 hours and 500 mL/h (≈7 mL/kg per hour) during the subsequent 4 hours. In protocol 2 (11 patients), normal saline was infused at half the rates of protocol 1. For plasma bicarbonate level, the increment from admission levels at 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours after admission was greater with protocol 2 at all times, attaining a statistically significant difference at 4 hours (3.7 vs 0.7 mmol/L) and at 24 hours (13.2 vs 8.4 mmol/L). These data support cautious restraint in the volume of fluid replacement used in the therapy of diabetic ketoacidosis, since prompt recovery, lack of any harmful effects, and a significant reduction in the overall cost of medical therapy are achieved with lower rates of saline infusion. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:2108-2113)
State-of-the-Science Workshop Report: Issues and Approaches in Low-Dose–Response Extrapolation for Environmental Health Risk Assessment
Authors: Ronald H. White, Ila Cote, Lauren Zeise, Mary Fox, Francesca Dominici, Thomas A. Burke, Paul D. White, Dale B. Hattis, Jonathan M. Samet
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2008)

Low-dose extrapolation model selection for evaluating the health effects of environmental pollutants is a key component of the risk assessment process. At a workshop held in Baltimore, Maryland, on 23-24 April 2007, sponsored by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Johns Hopkins Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, a multidisciplinary group of experts reviewed the state of the science regarding low-dose extrapolation modeling and its application in environmental health risk assessments. Participants identified discussion topics based on a literature review, which included examples for which human responses to ambient exposures have been extensively characterized for cancer and/or noncancer outcomes. Topics included the need for formalized approaches and criteria to assess the evidence for mode of action (MOA), the use of human versus animal data, the use of MOA information in biologically based models, and the implications of interindividual variability, background disease processes, and background exposures in threshold versus nonthreshold model choice. Participants recommended approaches that differ from current practice for extrapolating high-dose animal data to low-dose human exposures, including categorical approaches for integrating information on MOA, statistical approaches such as model averaging, and inference-based models that explicitly consider uncertainty and interindividual variability.
P411The effect of ischaemic preconditioning on nitric oxide synthase activity during myocardial ischaemia in anaesthetized dogs
Authors: L Juhasz, SZ Deri, G Kisvari, A Kiss, J Gardi, GY Seprenyi, J Kaszaki, A Vegh
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to assess nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity during a 25 min coronary artery occlusion and following preconditioning (PC) in anaesthetized dogs.
Monitoring theophylline treatment: Authors' reply
Authors: J K Aronson, D J M Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (1993)

Hypokalaemia may increase the predisposition to lethal cardiac arrhythmias' and convulsions, especially in hypoxic patients with airways obstruction; serum potassium concentrations should therefore be monitored in every patient with established or suspected theophylline toxicity, and hypokalaemia should be corrected.
Lactating Breast Exhibiting High F-18 FDG Uptake
Authors: SEIEI YASUDA, HIROFUMI FUJII, WAKOH TAKAHASHI, SHIGEHARU TAKAGI, MICHIRU IDE, AKIRA SHOHTSU
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1998)

Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (F-18 FDG) PET imaging in a 38-year-old woman showed elevated uptake in a lactating breast that resembled a large breast tumor. No mass was observed on physical examination and ultrasonography. During lactation, plasma glucose is used for milk production, and this probably accounts for the increased F-18 FDG accumulation.
Gastroenterologist overturns GMC's "irrational" misconduct ruling
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

A consultant gastroenterologist who was found guilty of misconduct by the General Medical Council has won a ruling quashing the “irrational” decision after representing himself at the High Court in London.

Rakesh Aga, a consultant with Medway NHS Trust in Kent, argued that a GMC fitness to practise panel should not have found him guilty of misconduct for failing to spot immediately that a diabetic patient with impaired consciousness was hypoglycaemic. He was unable to appeal in the usual way because the panel had ruled, despite the “misconduct,” that his fitness to practise was not impaired.

His only recourse was to apply for a judicial review at the High Court, where he appeared without a lawyer against a barrister instructed by the GMC.

The patient, X, whom Aga …
Hospitals must standardise patients' wristbands to reduce risk of wrong care
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2007)

the chief medical officer for England, has named, in his latest annual report, "unacceptably poor" hand hygiene in hospitals and the chronic lack of organs for transplantation as the two most pressing public health issues.Despite improvements in some hand hygiene practices, he said, such as more widespread use of alcohol based handrubs, the percentage of healthcare staff complying with hand cleaning protocols seldom exceeded 60%-and was often even lower."Patients find it astonishing and alarming that often nurses and doctors do not routinely wash their hands," said Professor Donaldson."However, they often don't feel able to ask doctors or nurses if they've washed their hands."He said it might be possible to empower patients by providing them with their own alcohol based handrubs, which they would be able to offer to clinical staff.A pilot study to test this was already being organised in an NHS hospital, overseen by the hospital hygiene expert Didier Pittet of the World Health Organization.Professor Donaldson also renewed calls for the introduction of an opt-out system for organ donation, in which it would be assumed that people were willing to donate their organs unless they specified otherwise.This was, he said, vital to save lives "among a group of people who are currently dying at a rate of one a day."He said: "There is a shortage of organs in this country, as there is in other countries, and the situation is getting worse."He acknowledged that parliament had already rejected such an opt-out system, but he added: "Confronted with the worsening situation, people who opposed it in the past may now wish to change their minds.
Correlation between lymphocyte-induced donor-specific tolerance and donor cell recirculation.
Authors: X Sheng-Tanner, R G Miller
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1992)

Intravenous infusion of mice with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) incompatible lymphocytes can inhibit the response of recipient T cells capable of recognizing the injected cells, and can enhance survival of grafts sharing MHC with the injected cells. However, neither T cell inactivation nor graft survival enhancement is always achieved. This is particularly true for donor cells that are fully allogeneic (as compared to semiallogeneic) to the recipient. We show here that both donor-specific induced response reduction and graft survival enhancement are directly correlated with the ability of the injected lymphoid cells to persist in the recirculating lymphocyte pool of the host. Whether donor cells persist correlates inversely with the level of natural killer cell (NK) activity in the host. Fully allogeneic cells can only persist in hosts with low NK activity and can then induce response reduction. Both persistence and response reduction are abrogated by injection of the host with poly-I:C, a treatment that boosts host NK activity. The same treatment also destroys the ability of semiallogeneic injected cells to persist, to induce response reduction, and to enhance skin graft survival.
Case Against Gastrectomy with Y-Anastomosis in Treatment of Peptic Ulcer
Authors: D. G. Lambley
Journal: BMJ (1962)

<h3>Aims:</h3> To assess visual acuity (VA) objectively using visual evoked potentials (VEPs), avoiding subjective trace evaluation and providing an acuity estimate with associated confidence limits. <h3>Methods:</h3> 40 normal subjects and 24 patients (with corneal and retinal diseases, decimal VA range 0.15–1.1 ( = 0.8<sub>logMAR</sub> to −0.04<sub>logMAR</sub>)) participated in the study. Checkerboard stimuli with six check sizes covering 0.05–0.4° (or 0.09–0.8° for visual acuities below 0.35 ( = 0.46<sub>logMAR</sub>) were presented in brief-onset mode (40 ms on, 93 ms off) at 7.5 Hz. In normal subjects, the stimuli were also optically degraded by frosted occluders resulting in a decimal VA range of 0.13–2.8 ( = 0.9<sub>logMAR</sub> to −0.45<sub>logMAR</sub>). Altogether, 108 steady-state VEPs were recorded with a Laplacian montage (2×Oz−(RO+LO)). Fourier analysis yielded the magnitude (A) at the stimulus frequency, and the average of the two neighboring frequencies as noise estimate (N). A and N determine the significance level p of the response, and from their ratio the non-noise-contaminated response (A*) can be calculated. Tuning curves were obtained by plotting A* vs the dominant spatial frequency of the corresponding checkerboard. A fully automatic algorithm used the significance level (p&lt;5%) and A* to automatically select an appropriate region in the high spatial-frequency range on which a linear regression was performed, yielding a zero-amplitude extrapolated spatial frequency SF<sub>0</sub>. Subjective VA was obtained with the automated “Freiburg Acuity Test”. <h3>Results:</h3> The brief-onset presentation evoked high VEP amplitudes; however, many tuning curves displayed the well-known “notch” at intermediate check sizes. The fully automated analysis algorithm succeeded in 107 of 108 cases and effectively ignored the notch, if present. The relation between logVA and log(SF<sub>0</sub>) was a constant factor throughout the range tested: logVA = log(SF<sub>0</sub>)/17.6 cpd. In more than 95% of all cases, the acuity predicted from SF<sub>0</sub> coincided within a factor of two (up and down, or ±0.3 logMAR) with subjective VA with a coefficient of correlation of 0.90. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> The fully automated analysis avoided subjective problems in peak-trough assessment. The results provide quantitative limits to assess patients with possible malingering.
TCT-385 Association of Target Lesion Coronary Calcification with Stent Expansion and Eccentricity: An Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Authors: Yuhei Kobayashi, Teruyoshi Kume, Ryotaro Yamada, Yukari Kobayashi, Kenzo Fukuhara, Terumasa Koyama, Yoji Neishi, Hiroyuki Okura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Impact of Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes on Prognosis and Outcomes With Early Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in the COURAGE (Clinical Outcomes Utilizing Revascularization and Aggressive Drug Evaluation) Trial
Authors: David J. Maron, William E. Boden, John A. Spertus, Pamela M. Hartigan, G.B. John Mancini, Steven P. Sedlis, William J. Kostuk, Bernard R. Chaitman, Leslee J. Shaw, Daniel S. Berman, Marcin Dada, Koon K. Teo, William S. Weintraub, Robert A. O'Rourke
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
"SALT TREATMENT FOR MINERS' FATIGUE"
Authors: C. C. Davis
Journal: JAMA (1924)

To the Editor:  —ThoughThe Journalhas an abstract section which covers most of the important medical literature, it probably does not include all articles of interest which appear in periodicals not at all devoted to medical subjects. It might be well to call attention, therefore, to an article in the Colliery Guardian , a leading English coal journal, October 10, entitled Salt Treatment for Miners' Fatigue, by Sir Josiah Court.  Men working in hot mines, where the humidity is low and the temperature is over 100 F., frequently suffer from undue fatigue and occasional attacks of cramps. It was recently suggested that the cramps might be due to excessive loss of sodium chlorid through profuse and prolonged sweating, particularly when large quantities of water were drunk.  A few colliers were therefore chosen to test the effect of drinking a weak solution of salt in water, the proportion first tried being
Medical responsibility is key
Authors: C. Lees
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Alzheimer9s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Humanin (HN) is a short bioactive peptide abolishing neuronal cell death induced by various familial AD (FAD)-causative genes and amyloid-β (Aβ) <i>in vitro</i>. It has been shown that HN suppresses memory impairment of mice induced by intracerebroventricular administration of Aβ. To potentiate the neuroprotective effect of HN, we synthesized a hybrid peptide named Colivelin composed of activity-dependent neurotrophic factor (ADNF) C-terminally fused to AGA-(C8R)HNG17, a potent HN derivative. Colivelin completely suppresses death induced by overexpressed FAD-causative genes and Aβ1-43 at a concentration of 100 fm, whereas AGA-(C8R)HNG17 does so at a concentration of 10 pm. Colivelin-induced neuroprotection has been confirmed to occur via two neuroprotective pathways: one mediated by Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, triggered by ADNF, and one mediated by signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, triggered by HN. <i>In vivo</i> animal studies have further indicated that intracerebroventricular administration of Colivelin not only completely suppresses impairment in spatial working memory induced by repetitive intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ25-35 or Aβ1-42, but also it antagonizes neuronal loss in the CA1 region of hippocampus induced by hippocampal injection of Aβ1-42. In addition, intraperitoneally administered Colivelin suppresses memory impairment caused by a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate, indicating that a substantial portion of intraperitoneally administered Colivelin passes through the blood-brain barrier and suppresses functional memory deficit. Thus, Colivelin might serve as a novel drug candidate for treatment of AD.
Abstract 2574: Development and characterization of a potent immunotoxin targeting the Fn14 receptor on solid tumor cells
Authors: Hong Zhou, John W. Marks, Jeffrey A. Winkles, Hideo Yagita, Michael G. Rosenblum
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK) and FGF-inducible 14 (Fn14) are a TNF superfamily ligand-receptor pair involved in inflammation, oncogenesis, tumor invasion, migration, survival and resistance to chemotherapy. The Fn14 receptor is expressed at relatively low levels in normal tissues, but is known to be dramatically elevated in a number of tumor types, including brain and breast tumors. Thus, the TWEAK/Fn14 axis appears to be an excellent candidate for therapeutic intervention. We have developed an immunoconjugate designated ITEM4-rGel containing a high-affinity anti-Fn14 monoclonal antibody conjugated to recombinant gelonin (rGel), a highly cytotoxic, ribosome-inactivating n-glycosidase. The ITEM4-rGel conjugate was generated and purified and contained no contaminating free antibody or rGel. The final material contained both antibody + 1 rGel (major) and antibody + 2 rGel (minor) species. We analyzed Fn14 expression in human tumor cell lines using flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Fn14 was expressed in a variety of tumor lines including breast, brain, bladder, skin, lung, ovarian, pancreatic, colon, prostate, and cervical tumor cell lines. Both ITEM4 and ITEM4-rGel were found to bind to cells to an equivalent extent. Confocal immunofluoresence studies showed that ITEM4-rGel specifically and rapidly (within 2 hrs) internalized into MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and T-24 bladder cancer cells but not into Fn14-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Cytotoxicity studies against 22 different tumor cell lines showed that ITEM4-rGel was highly cytotoxic to Fn14-expressing cells (IC50 ranged from 0.8 pM-25 nM) and was 50 to 0.5 ×106 fold more potent than free rGel. Minimum contact time studies showed that as little as 12 hr exposure achieved maximal cytotoxic effect. Mechanistic studies showed that ITEM4-rGel induced HMGB1 release following treatment of MDA-MB-231, T-24, AAB 527, and BxPC-3 cells. In addition, target cells showed induction of apoptosis, as measured by Annexin V staining and caspase-3 cleavage. ITEM4-rGel treatment also induced the non-canonical NF-κB pathway, up-regulated the tumor suppressor protein p53 and down-regulated survivin expression. Preliminary mouse xenograft tumor model studies are ongoing. These data suggest that the ITEM4-rGel construct may warrant further development as a novel therapeutic agent against a broad range of solid tumor types. Research conducted, in part, by the Clayton Foundation for Research (MGR), and supported by NIH grant NS55126 (JAW) and DOD Breast Cancer Concept Award BC086135 (JAW). Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2574.
Improving the health behaviours of elderly people: randomised controlled trial of a general practice education programme
Authors: N. M Kerse, L. Flicker, D. Jolley, B. Arroll, D. Young
Journal: BMJ (1999)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objectives:</b> To establish the effect of an educational intervention for general practitioners on the health behaviours and wellbeing of elderly patients. <b>Design:</b> Randomised controlled trial with 1 year follow up. <b>Setting:</b> Metropolitan general practices in Melbourne, Australia. <b>Subjects:</b> 42 general practitioners and 267 of their patients aged over 65 years. <b>Intervention:</b> Educational and clinical practice audit programme for general practitioners on health promotion for elderly people. <b>Main outcome measures:</b> Patients9 physical activity, functional status, self rated health, immunisation status, social contacts, psychological wellbeing, drug usage, and rate of influenza vaccination. Primary efficacy variables were changes in outcome measures over 1 year period. <b>Results:</b> Patients in the intervention group had increased <i>(a)</i> walking by an average of 88 minutes per fortnight, <i>(b)</i> frequency of pleasurable activities, and <i>(c)</i> self rated health compared with the control group. No change was seen in drug usage, rate of influenza vaccination, functional status, or psychological wellbeing as a result of the intervention. Extrapolations of the known effect of these changes in behaviour suggest mortality could be reduced by 22% if activity was sustained for 5 years. <b>Conclusions:</b> Education of the general practitioners had a positive effect on health outcomes of their elderly patients. General practitioners may have considerable public health impact in promotion of health for elderly patients. <h3>Key messages</h3> Few educational interventions for doctors have shown benefit to the health of patients Elderly people were identified in the UK health initiatives as in need of additional attention, and levels of health protective behaviours were low in community surveys A multifaceted educational intervention for general practitioners was effective in improving walking behaviour, self rated health status, and the frequency of social contacts in elderly patients General practitioners are effective in improving health and health behaviours in their elderly patients
Development of a model for transepidermal elimination
Authors: A.-H.M. BAYOUMI, S. GASKELL, R. MARKS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1978)

Journal Article Development of a model for transepidermal elimination Get access A.‐H.M. BAYOUMI, A.‐H.M. BAYOUMI Welsh National School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. GASKELL, S. GASKELL Welsh National School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. MARKS R. MARKS Welsh National School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 99, Issue 6, 1 December 1978, Pages 611–620, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1978.tb07054.x Published: 01 December 1978