tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Bright's Disease Today: The Pathogenesis and Treatment of Glomerulonephritis--I
Authors: J. S. Cameron
Journal: BMJ (1972)

Since Bright9s day the study of glomerulonephritis has largely consisted in the observation of the clinical, biochemical, and morphological characteristics of patients. Linked to this has been the attempt to name and classify these data in a fashion which improved prediction of outcome and response to treatment. This has proved difficult, since there is no absolute correspondence between clinical syndromes and the morphological findings in the kidney. The histological data have, however, allowed good prediction of prognosis and response. We now have enough information from experimental models of nephritis and from clinical observation to outline the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. Immune mechanisms are certainly concerned in some patients, the role of chronic soluble complex deposition in the kidney being particulary important. Non-immunological origins and mediation of injury, however, are at least as important. Injury to the glomerulus is mediated through the interaction of complement and coagulation mechanisms, leading through the release of soluble factors to inflammation. Repair is probably central in producing irreversible glomerular damage. Treatment can now be directed towards the events concerned in the pathogenesis of nephritis, the most accessible at the moment being the immediate mediators of injury. At a more fundamental level better identification in individual patients of the events leading to the injury is needed, such as the isolation, avoidance, or elimination of the antigens involved in chronic soluble complex disease. Laboratory techniques to begin these investigations in man are now available and need to be applied more widely in the clinical field to patients with glomerulonephritis.
A Great Case
Authors: Jerome Groopman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

"It's a really great case," the neurology resident said. "Gerstmann's syndrome." I was a third-year medical student, and neurology was my first clinical rotation. The resident listed the four findings associated with the disorder: agraphia, right–left disorientation, finger agnosia, and acalculia. "Due to a tumor in the parietal lobe," he explained.We entered the patient's room. A disheveled man in a hospital gown looked at us uncertainly. The resident had the man attempt a series of tasks and maneuvers demonstrating all the elements of the syndrome's tetrad."What a great case," I said as we left. The resident smiled.Internal . . .
Impact on Disease-Free Survival of Adjuvant Erlotinib or Gefitinib in Patients with Resected Lung Adenocarcinomas that Harbor EGFR Mutations
Authors: Yelena Y. Janjigian, Bernard J. Park, Maureen F. Zakowski, Marc Ladanyi, William Pao, Sandra P. D'Angelo, Mark G. Kris, Ronglai Shen, Junting Zheng, Christopher G. Azzoli
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2010)
The Neuroendocrine Regulation and Function of Growth Hormone and Prolactin in the Mammalian Fetus*
Authors: PETER D. GLUCKMAN, MELVIN M. GRUMBACH, SELNA L. KAPLAN
Journal: Endocrine Reviews (1981)

Journal Article The Neuroendocrine Regulation and Function of Growth Hormone and Prolactin in the Mammalian Fetus Get access Peter D. Gluckman, Peter D. Gluckman 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Melvin M. Grumbach, Melvin M. Grumbach 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand *Address requests for reprints to: Dr. Melvin M. Grumbach, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Selna L. Kaplan Selna L. Kaplan 1Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco San Francisco, California 94143, Department of Paediatrics, University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Endocrine Reviews, Volume 2, Issue 4, 1 October 1981, Pages 363–395, https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-2-4-363 Published: 01 October 1981
Government drops plans to review the way women who are considering abortion are counselled
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The Department of Health for England has dropped plans to consult on changing the way women who are considering an abortion are counselled, which could have included sending them to an independent advice centre or GP.

Health minister Anna Soubry said during a parliamentary debate that consulting would be an “otiose exercise,” since the government had no …
German patients escape financial penalties for not following their doctor’s advice
Authors: Annette Tufts
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Patients with chronic disease in Germany will now be penalised only if they explicitly declare that they have not taken drugs and followed their doctor’s advice and will continue doing this in the future.

The government originally wanted to impose financial penalties on any patient who did not follow medical advice. But the plan was abandoned after doctors and patient groups mounted vigorous protests, saying that it would destroy the doctor-patient relationship. The legality and ethics of the plan were also questioned.

The compromise was reached just before Christmas by …
Simultaneous lupus anticoagulant and anticardiolipin assays and clinical detection of antiphospholipids
Authors: Michael H. Rosove, Petronella M. C. Brewer, Alice Runge, Karim Hirji
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1989)

Abstract Lupus anticoagulants and/or anticardiolipin antibodies were detected in 100 patients with autoimmune disorders, thrombosis, or pregnancy loss. Significant agreement between tests for these two antipnospholipid activities was lacking. Performing both assays is thus important in maximizing the likelihood of detecting antiphospnolipids that may have clinical relevance.
Chlorthalidone Versus Hydrochlorothiazide for the Treatment of Hypertension in Older Adults
Authors: Irfan A. Dhalla, Tara Gomes, Zhan Yao, Jeff Nagge, Navindra Persaud, Chelsea Hellings, Muhammad M. Mamdani, David N. Juurlink
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2013)

Chinese translation Background: Some evidence suggests that chlorthalidone may be superior to hydrochlorothiazide for the treatment of hypertension. Objective: To compare the effectiveness and safety of chlorthalidone and hydrochlorothiazide in older adults. Design: Propensity score–matched observational cohort study with up to 5 years of follow-up. Setting: Ontario, Canada. Patients: All individuals aged 66 years or older who were newly treated with chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide and were not hospitalized for heart failure, stroke, or myocardial infarction in the prior year were eligible for inclusion. Each chlorthalidone recipient was matched to up to 2 hydrochlorothiazide recipients on the basis of age, sex, year of treatment initiation, and propensity score. Measurements: The primary outcome was a composite of death or hospitalization for heart failure, stroke, or myocardial infarction. Safety outcomes included hospitalization with hypokalemia or hyponatremia. Results: A total of 29 873 patients were studied. During follow-up, chlorthalidone recipients (n = 10 384) experienced the primary outcome at a rate of 3.2 events per 100 person-years of follow-up, and hydrochlorothiazide recipients experienced 3.4 events per 100 person-years of follow-up (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.81 to 1.06]). Patients treated with chlorthalidone were more likely to be hospitalized with hypokalemia (adjusted hazard ratio, 3.06 [CI, 2.04 to 4.58]) or hyponatremia (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.68 [CI, 1.24 to 2.28]). In 9 post hoc analyses comparing patients initially prescribed 12.5, 25, or 50 mg of chlorthalidone per day with those prescribed 12.5, 25, or 50 mg of hydrochlorothiazide per day, the former were more likely to be hospitalized with hypokalemia for all 6 comparisons in which a statistically significant association was found. The results of other effectiveness and safety outcomes were also consistent with those of the main analysis. Limitation: Unmeasured differences in baseline characteristics or physician treatment approaches or an insufficiently large sample may have limited the ability to detect small differences in the comparative effectiveness of the drugs. Conclusion: As typically prescribed, chlorthalidone in older adults was not associated with fewer adverse cardiovascular events or deaths than hydrochlorothiazide. However, it was associated with a greater incidence of electrolyte abnormalities, particularly hypokalemia. Primary Funding Source: Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care.
Cardiac-Specific External Paths for Lidocaine, Defined by Isoform-Specific Residues, Accelerate Recovery From Use-Dependent Block
Authors: Peter J. Lee, Akihiko Sunami, Harry A. Fozzard
Journal: Circulation Research (2001)

Local anesthetic antiarrhythmic drugs block voltage-gated Na + channels from the cytoplasmic side. In addition, cardiac Na + channels can be also blocked by the membrane-impermeant local anesthetic QX via external paths not present in skeletal muscle or brain channels. Introduction of cardiac isoform-specific residues into wild-type skeletal muscle or brain channels creates access paths for external QX block. These paths should affect the characteristics of use-dependent block by influencing drug on- and off-rates. We investigated the effects of these external paths on drug kinetics of lidocaine, a lipophilic drug of clinical relevance, by studying use-dependent block using a two-electrode voltage clamp in Xenopus oocytes. Recovery from use-dependent block was slowed when cardiac isoform-specific residues important for external QX access were mutated to skeletal muscle or brain isoform-specific residues. As the fraction of charged lidocaine was decreased by raising external pH, differences in recovery kinetics diminished, indicating that these mutations mostly influenced block by charged lidocaine molecules. Data were fit into a model in which bound drug distributes into charged and neutral forms based on its pK a and external pH with separate dissociation paths and recovery-time constants. These isoform-specific mutations altered the recovery-time constants for the charged molecules with smaller effects on those for the neutral molecules. We conclude that the external egress paths created by isoform-specific residues influence the drug kinetics of lidocaine, and these residues define cardiac-specific external paths for local anesthetic drugs.
Estimation of toxicity of chemical mixtures through modeling of chemical interactions.
Authors: M M Mumtaz, C T De Rosa, J Groten, V J Feron, H Hansen, P R Durkin
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), in collaboration with the Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) Nutrition and Food Research Institute, is conducting studies to evaluate the role of chemical interactions in the expression of toxicity from low-level exposure to combinations of chemicals. The goal of this collaborative effort is to use a weight-of-evidence (WOE) approach to estimate joint toxicity of some simple chemical mixtures and to compare the estimations with test results from animal toxicity studies. The WOE approach uses individual chemical dose-response assessments and algorithms that incorporate various assumptions regarding potential chemical interactions. Qualitative evaluations were prepared for binary combinations of chemicals for the effect of butyl hydroxyanisole on di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate, the effect of stannous chloride on Cd chloride (CdCl2), and the effect of CdCl2 on loperamide. Analyses of these evaluations and their comparison with the conclusions of laboratory animal experiments indicate that the WOE approach can be used to estimate qualitatively the joint toxicity of such simple mixtures. To further test the utility of the WOE approach, qualitative and semiquantitative evaluations were prepared for two chemical mixtures--one with similarly acting halogenated aliphatics (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, hexachloro-1,3-butadiene[HCBD], and 1,1,2-trichloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene [TCTFP]) and the other with dissimilarly acting nephrotoxic components (mercuric chloride, lysinolalanine, D-limonene, and HCBD). These two sets of data were used to estimate the overall toxicities of the mixtures using the WOE algorithm for the mixture. The comparison of the results of the estimated toxicity with experimentally determined toxicity of the mixture of similarly acting nephrotoxicants demonstrated that the WOE approach correctly adjusted for the observed interactions in experimental animal studies. However, this was not true for the mixture of dissimilarly acting nephrotoxicants. This could be attributed to the fact that WOE evaluations are based on dose additivity that postulates that all chemicals in a given mixture act in the same way--by the same mechanism--and differ only in their potencies. In these cases the WOE approach evaluations, based on consideration of common mechanisms for simple chemical mixtures, can lead to better estimates of joint toxicity of chemical mixtures than the default assumption of dose additivity. The results also show that the WOE evaluations should be target-organ specific because none of the models tested could approximate the observed responses in organs other than the target organs in the laboratory animal studies.
Reduced skin thickness: a new minor diagnostic criterion for the classical and hypermobility types of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
Authors: C. Eisenbeiss, A. Martinez, M. Hagedorn-Greiwe, D.P. Reinhardt, B. Batge, J. Brinckmann
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Journal Article Reduced skin thickness: a new minor diagnostic criterion for the classical and hypermobility types of Ehlers–Danlos syndrome Get access C. Eisenbeiss, C. Eisenbeiss Departments of Dermatology, Orthopaedics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Martinez, A. Martinez Departments of Dermatology, Orthopaedics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Hagedorn‐Greiwe, M. Hagedorn‐Greiwe Human Genetics Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D.P. Reinhardt, D.P. Reinhardt Medical Molecular Biology, University of Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B. Bätge, B. Bätge Department of Internal Medicine, Klinikum Neustadt, 23730 Neustadt, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J. Brinckmann J. Brinckmann Departments of Dermatology, Orthopaedics J.Brinckmann. E‐mail: Brinckmann@molbio.mu‐luebeck.de Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 149, Issue 4, 1 October 2003, Pages 850–852, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05439.x Published: 01 October 2003 Article history Accepted: 23 January 2003 Published: 01 October 2003
The Tangier disease gene product ABC1 controls the cellular apolipoprotein-mediated lipid removal pathway
Authors: Richard M. Lawn, David P. Wade, Michael R. Garvin, Xingbo Wang, Karen Schwartz, J. Gordon Porter, Jeffrey J. Seilhamer, Ashley M. Vaughan, John F. Oram
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1999)

The ABC1 transporter was identified as the defect in Tangier disease by a combined strategy of gene expression microarray analysis, genetic mapping, and biochemical studies. Patients with Tangier disease have a defect in cellular cholesterol removal, which results in near zero plasma levels of HDL and in massive tissue deposition of cholesteryl esters. Blocking the expression or activity of ABC1 reduces apolipoprotein-mediated lipid efflux from cultured cells, and increasing expression of ABC1 enhances it. ABC1 expression is induced by cholesterol loading and cAMP treatment and is reduced upon subsequent cholesterol removal by apolipoproteins. The protein is incorporated into the plasma membrane in proportion to its level of expression. Different mutations were detected in the ABC1 gene of 3 unrelated patients. Thus, ABC1 has the properties of a key protein in the cellular lipid removal pathway, as emphasized by the consequences of its defect in patients with Tangier disease.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ESTIMATING BIODISTRIBUT1ON AND RADIATION DOSIMETRY FOR RADIOLABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Authors: S McGee, ME Noz, EL Kramer, JJ Sanger, J Schwimmer, R Bae, GQ Maguire
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

McGee, S; Noz, ME; Kramer, EL; Sanger, JJ; Schwimmer, J; Bae, R; Maguire, GQ Author Information
Myocardial Biopsy in Dogs
Authors: FRIEDRICH A. O. ECKNER, JONA C. THAEMERT, PETER V. MOULDER, EUGENE H. BLACKSTONE
Journal: Circulation (1967)

Full-thickness biopsies of ventricular dog myocardium, beating and in arrest, have been studied by conventional fixation (immersion in fixative solution), by the use of cryostat sections thawed on slides, and by freeze drying of tissue blocks. Three types of artifacts were found and could be related (1) to cutting into the beating heart, (2) to thawing of frozen sections on slides, and (3) to the failure of fixative solutions to immobilize still reactive myocardium immediately. The method described yields a biopsy specimen of sufficient diameter to delineate the cutting artifacts. For histological preparation freeze drying appears to be the method of choice.
A Comparison of Transmural and Nontransmural Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: JOHN E. MADIAS, ROBERT A. CHAHINE, RICHARD GORLIN, DANIEL J. BLACKLOW
Journal: Circulation (1974)

The records of one hundred and four patients who had enzyme curves diagnostic for acute myocardial infarction (MI) were analyzed to determine what differences, if any, existed between the clinical course of patients with transmural myocardial infarction (TMI) and patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction (NTMI). The patients were subdivided into the two groups on the basis of accepted electrocardiographic criteria. There were no significant differences in prevalence or type of arrhythmias, occurrence of cardiogenic shock, or mortality in the hospital between the two groups. Enzymes tended to be somewhat lower in those with NTMI than in those with TMI. Clinical congestive heart failure (CHF) occurred more frequently in patients with TMI than in those with NTMI. Therefore, determining by electrocardiographic criteria whether or not a MI is transmural or nontransmural does not make it possible to predict the outcome or pattern of complications in a patient with acute myocardial infarction.
Idiopathic Aldosteronism
Authors: Roberto Franco-Saenz
Journal: JAMA (1984)

A 37-year-old woman with documented primary aldosteronism died of a cerebral hemorrhage. At postmortem examination she was found to have bilateral, adrenal hyperplasia and nodular basophilic hyperplasia of the anterior and intermediate lobe of the pituitary. Based on these findings and experimental evidence suggesting the existence of a pituitary factor that stimulates aldosterone secretion, we postulate that idiopathic aldosteronism is caused by an abnormality of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland leading to overproduction of non-adrenocorticotropic hormone peptides derived from pro-opiomelanocortin that increase aldosterone production and cause hyperplasia of the adrenal glands. (<i>JAMA</i>1984;251:2555-2558)
Inadequate research facilities fail to tackle mystery disease
Authors: S. Kumar
Journal: BMJ (2003)

A “mystery” disease in India's most populous state, Uttar Pradesh, that has so far affected 112 children and resulted in 43 deaths continues to baffle medical researchers. The most they are able to say after three months is that the disease is caused by viral encephalitis-but the identity of the virus remains elusive. A lack of suitable research facilities in the country has added to the problem.

“The first case was detected on 12 October but we received the news only on 25 November,” Dr Gayatri …
Antagonism of Spironolactone-Induced Natriuresis by Aspirin in Man
Authors: Martin G. Tweeddale, Richard I. Ogilvie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

THE observation that aspirin interferes with the diuretic effect of spironolactone was first made by Elliott1 in 1962. Although he reported that aspirin was a spironolactone antagonist in man he did not document the extent of this potentially important drug interaction. We have studied normal volunteer subjects to confirm and extend Elliott's observations.MethodsThe experimental subjects were 10 healthy male physicians 30 to 35 years of age (median, 31 years). All subjects followed their normal diets but were asked to refrain from abrupt changes in fluid and electrolyte intake on study days. The interaction between spironolactone and aspirin was . . .
Recent Developments in Surgery
Authors: Scott A. Zenoni, J. Pablo Arnoletti, Sebastian G. de la Fuente
Journal: JAMA Surgery (2013)

Over the past decade, minimally invasive surgery has been introduced as a means to allow manipulation of delicate tissues with outstanding visualization of the surgical field. The purpose of this article is to review the available literature regarding early postoperative outcomes and the technical challenges of minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy, including robotic techniques. Herein, we provide a retrospective review of all published studies in the English literature in which a minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed. The reported advantages of minimally invasive pancreaticoduodenectomy include better visualization, faster recovery time, and decreased length of hospital stay. In cases of robotic approaches, some of the proposed advantages include increased dexterity and a superior ergonomic position for the operating surgeon. To our knowledge, few studies have reported results comparable to open techniques in oncologic outcomes with regard to the number of lymph nodes resected and clear margins obtained. An increasing number of pancreatic resections are being performed using minimally invasive approaches. It remains to be determined if the benefits of this technique outweigh its longer operative times and higher costs.
481 THE USEFULNESS OF TRANSIENT ELASTOGRAPHY (TE) IN THE ACCURATE ASSESSMENT OF PATIENTS WITH HBEAG-NEGATIVE CHRONIC HBV INFECTION (CHBVE-)
Authors: G. Papatheodoridis, A. Margariti, M.-V. Papageorgiou, H. Kranidioti, A. Katoglou, G. Kontos, G. Kafiri, E. Pantelidaki, M. Deutsch, S. Manolakopoulos
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)