tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Arginine vasopressin does not alter mucosal tissue oxygen tension and oxygen supply in an acute endotoxemic pig model
Authors: Hans Knotzer, Stephan Maier, Martin W. Dünser, Walter R. Hasibeder, Hans Hausdorfer, Julia Brandner, Christian Torgersen, Hanno Ulmer, Barbara Friesenecker, Claudia Iannetti, Werner Pajk
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2005)
STEROID THERAPY AND INFECTIONS
Authors: Marshall Sparberg, Joseph B. Kirsner
Journal: JAMA (1964)

A recent report by Brodkin, on the transmission of varicella to two individuals who were exposed to herpes zoster while receiving corticosteroids, was the subject of an editorial in the Nov 9 issue ofThe Journal(<b>186</b>:592). The editorial reiterated the view that infection is a major hazard in corticosteroid therapy, and suggested the use of reverse isolation or severe limitation of external contacts for<i>all</i>patients receiving corticosteroids. We believe this attitude is far more cautious than is justified by the evidence, and we wish to present another point of view. Theorectically, steroids may promote infection by increasing local vascular tone, preventing the exudation of inflammatory cells, and perhaps also by reticuloendothelial blockade. Soon after adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisone became available, they were found to influence adversely the course of experimental infections. However, in most studies, comparatively enormous quantities of these compounds were administered. Adrenal corticosteroids actually have
Urinary Indoles and other "Ehrlich's Reagent Reactors" in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: M. Oka, V. V. E. Leppanen
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1959)

Recent investigations suggest that certain trypto- phan metabolites such as serotonin or 5-hydroxy- tryptamine (5-HT) or derangements in tryptophan metabolism may be related to diseases of the connective tissue.Three of four patients with malig- nant carcinoid reported by Sjoerdsma, Weissbach, and Udenfriend (1956) also had rheumatoid arthritis.An association of functioning carcinoid syndrome with scleroderma has also been observed (Zara- fonetis, Lorber, and Hanson, 1958).One possible link between diseases of the connective tissue and 5-HT is the action of the latter on fibroblasts as in malignant carcinoid, where fibroblastic proliferation of the subendocardium and valves of the right side of the heart are sometimes found (Mattingly and Sjoerdsma, 1956; McKusick, tryptamine, indole, skatole, kynurenic acid, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, kynurenine, xanthurenic acid, nicotinic acid.
Structure and localization of theIGFBP-1 gene and its expression during liver regeneration
Authors: Jehyuk Lee, Linda Greenbaum, Barbara A. Haber, Deborah Nagle, Victoria Lee, Vashti Miles, Kenneth L. Mohn, Maja Bucan, Rebecca Taub
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1s are important modulators of the insulin-like growth factors that may have both positive and negative effects on the ability of insulin-like growth factors to stimulate cell growth. The IGFBP -1 gene is one of the most highly induced immediate-early genes after partial hepatectomy. The IGFBP -1 gene is also expressed at a high level during fetal liver development and in response to nutritional changes and diabetes. Therefore it may have important roles in liver growth and metabolism. To begin to examine the regulation of this gene, we cloned and sequenced the entire mouse IGFBP -1 gene. Its structure is highly similar to that of the human gene, and, in addition to the exonic regions, the two genes are highly conserved in specific regions in the promoter and first intron. Analysis of this conservation allows us to predict important regulatory sites that define the tissue specific and insulin-mediated regulation of the gene and identify potential sites that might be important for the transcriptional induction during liver regeneration. The mouse gene is located on mouse chromosome 11; it is found at the boundary between regions in the mouse genome homologous to human chromosomes 22 and 7. We found IGFBP -1 mRNA in both parenchymal and nonparenchymal RNA after partial hepatectomy. Using in situ hybridization of IGFBP -1 mRNA in regenerating rat liver tissue, we demonstrated IGFBP -1 transcripts in several cell types. We found that IGFBP -1 gene induction after partial hepatectomy is paralleled by protein expression. However, on immunohisto-chemical study, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 protein is found only in hepatocytes after hepatectomy. Unlike IGFBP -1 mRNA, serum levels of insulinlike growth factor-binding protein-1 are increased for a relatively short time with a peak at 2 to 3 hr after hepatectomy. Increased levels of insulinlike growth factor-binding protein-1 could be important in modulating insulinlike growth factor-1 effects on metabolism and growth during liver regeneration. (Hepatology 1994;19:656-665).
HUMORAL IMMUNOSTIMULATION
Authors: William T. Shearer, Gordon W. Philpott, Charles W. Parker
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

Interaction of microgram quantities of highly purified rabbit anti-TNP antibodies with TNP-substituted HeLa, HEp-2, and L cells caused an intense stimulation of radioactive nucleoside ([125I]UdR and [3H]TdR) uptake which was maximal 24–72 h after exposure of cells to antibody. The stimulation of nucleoside uptake and presumaly DNA synthesis was shown to be immuno logically mediated because unsubstituted cells were not stimulated by anti-TNP antibody, normal rabbit gamma globulin did not stimulate TNP-cells, and a hapten inhibitor, ϵ-DNP-lysine, prevented the stimulation of TNP-cells by anti-TNP antibody. These findings demonstrate that interaction of antibody with cell surface antigen can alter cell membrane transport, and possibly can enhance cell growth.
Daily Dosing of Rifapentine Cures Tuberculosis in Three Months or Less in the Murine Model
Authors: Ian M Rosenthal, Ming Zhang, Kathy N Williams, Charles A Peloquin, Sandeep Tyagi, Andrew A Vernon, William R Bishai, Richard E Chaisson, Jacques H Grosset, Eric L Nuermberger
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

Background Availability of an ultra-short-course drug regimen capable of curing patients with tuberculosis in 2 to 3 mo would significantly improve global control efforts. Because immediate prospects for novel treatment-shortening drugs remain uncertain, we examined whether better use of existing drugs could shorten the duration of treatment. Rifapentine is a long-lived rifamycin derivative currently recommended only in once-weekly continuation-phase regimens. Moxifloxacin is an 8-methoxyfluoroquinolone currently used in second-line regimens. Methods and Findings Using a well-established mouse model with a high bacterial burden and human-equivalent drug dosing, we compared the efficacy of rifapentine- and moxifloxacin-containing regimens with that of the standard daily short-course regimen based on rifampin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. Bactericidal activity was assessed by lung colony-forming unit counts, and sterilizing activity was assessed by the proportion of mice with culture-positive relapse after 2, 3, 4, and 6 mo of treatment. Here, we demonstrate that replacing rifampin with rifapentine and isoniazid with moxifloxacin dramatically increased the activity of the standard daily regimen. After just 2 mo of treatment, mice receiving rifapentine- and moxifloxacin-containing regimens were found to have negative lung cultures, while those given the standard regimen still harbored 3.17 log10 colony-forming units in the lungs (p < 0.01). No relapse was observed after just 3 mo of treatment with daily and thrice-weekly administered rifapentine- and moxifloxacin-containing regimens, whereas the standard daily regimen required 6 mo to prevent relapse in all mice. Conclusions Rifapentine should no longer be viewed solely as a rifamycin for once-weekly administration. Our results suggest that treatment regimens based on daily and thrice-weekly administration of rifapentine and moxifloxacin may permit shortening the current 6 mo duration of treatment to 3 mo or less. Such regimens warrant urgent clinical investigation.
The role of circulating food antigen-specific lymphocytes in food allergic children with atopic dermatitis
Authors: R. REEKERS, K. BEYER, B. NIGGEMANN, U. WAHN, J. FREIHORST, A. KAP'P, T. WERFEL
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1996)

In this study we evaluated antigen-specific in vitro responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to lipopoiysaccharide (LPS)-depleted food allergens in children who reacted to food challenge (cow's milk or hen's egg) with a deterioration of their atopic dermatitis (AD). Some ofthe children showed immediate symptoms (urticaria, bronchial asthma or gastrointestinal symptoms) as well. The proliferation of casein-stimulated lymphocytes from children reacting to cow's milk (age (0.7–5.9 years) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the proliferation of lymphocytes from 15 children with AD without milk allergy (age: 2.1–9.1 years). Twenty-eight T-cell clones (TCC) were established from the blood of three children sensitized to cow's milk and hen's egg who reacted to double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenge both with a deterioration of AD and wilh immediate symptoms. Surprisingly, 16 of 28 casein- or ovalhumin-specific TCC were CD8+. All TCC produced high amounts of IFN-γ upon stimulation with concanavalin A. In addition. 75%. of the CD4+ TCC and 44% of the CD8+ TCC secreted IL-4. Our results indicate that: (i) food-specific proliferation of blood lymphocytes can be detected in patients with clinically relevant food allergy with LPS-depleted allergens in vitro and (ii) circulating food-specific lymphocytes are CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with the capacity of producing both type 1 and type 2 cytokines.
Electrophysiologic Studies on Mobitz Type II Second-Degree Heart Block
Authors: JOSEPH F. SPEAR, E. NEIL MOORE
Journal: Circulation (1971)

Experimental studies were carried out in animals with intracellular and extracellular electrodes used to record simultaneously from the atrium, atrioventricular (A-V) node, bundle of His, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, and ventricles to determine the site of conduction delay and block in Mobitz type II second-degree heart block. Type II block with block occurring within the His-Purkinje system was observed only rarely in normal animals; however, Mobitz type II block could be induced in normal hearts by slight but undetectable variations in the P-P interval. Sudden conduction failure was usually due to block within the His-Purkinje system. Type II block also resulted from failure of conduction within the A-V node during depressed A-V conduction due to rapid atrial pacing, vagal stimulation, or ouabain infusion. The classification of second-degree heart block according to Mobitz type I (increasing P-R interval) and Mobitz type II (constant P-R interval) block should take into account that the site of block in both cases can occur either in or below the A-V node. Admittedly, in man Mobitz type I block is most often intranodal while type II block is usually infranodal following myocardial infarction. His bundle electrocardiography may therefore be indicated to determine the site of block in patients with Mobitz type II block, particularly in those with prolonged P-R intervals.
Hepatic reactions associated with ketoconazole in the United Kingdom.
Authors: G Lake-Bakaar, P J Scheuer, S Sherlock
Journal: BMJ (1987)

Ketoconazole was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1981. By November 1984 the Committee on Safety of Medicines had received 82 reports of possible hepatotoxicity associated with the drug, including five deaths. An analysis of the 75 cases that had been adequately followed up suggested that 16, including three deaths, were probably related to treatment with the drug. Of the remainder, 48 were possibly related to treatment, five were unlikely to be so, and six were unclassifiable. The mean age of patients in the 16 probable cases was 57.9, with hepatotoxicity being more common in women. The average duration of treatment before the onset of jaundice was 61 days. None of these well validated cases occurred within the first 10 days after treatment. The results of serum liver function tests suggested hepatocellular injury in 10 (63%); the rest showed a mixed pattern. In contrast, the results of histological examination of the liver often showed evidence of cholestasis. The characteristics of the 48 patients in the possible cases were similar. Allergic manifestations such as rash and eosinophilia were rare. Hepatitis was usually reversible when treatment was stopped, with the results of liver function tests returning to normal after an average of 3.1 months. In two of the three deaths probably associated with ketoconazole treatment the drug had been continued after the onset of jaundice and other symptoms of hepatitis. Clinical and biochemical monitoring at regular intervals for evidence of hepatitis is advised during long term treatment with ketoconazole to prevent possible serious hepatic injury.
The Regressivity of Taxing Employer-Paid Health Insurance
Authors: David U Himmelstein, Steffie Woolhandler
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

Many health economists, ranging from Democratic advisor Jonathan Gruber1 to the Heritage Foundation,2 have argued that tax subsidies for employer-paid health insurance encourage over-insurance and are highly regressive, directed mainly to higher-income families. We beg to differ. The subsidies meet the usual definition of progressivity: they taper down (as a percentage of income) as income rises. Ending them would inflict a regressive tax increase, taking a larger share of income from insured near-poor and middle-class families than from the wealthy.The confusion may arise from the dazzlingly large sums that high-income families gain from these tax subsidies. According to a . . .
A NEW MASK THAT PROTECTS BOTH PHYSICIAN AND PATIENT
Authors: Herbert V. Mellinger
Journal: JAMA (1930)

Years ago when I was a student in medical school, it was announced that a research worker had discovered and proved that during conversation in an ordinary tone we throw a spray from which cultures can be taken at a distance of 8 feet, and that a cough or a sneeze throws a spray from which cultures can be taken at a distance of 40 feet. This information has always remained firmly and prominently fixed in my mind. In 1917 at Fort Riley, Kansas, where there were many cases of air-borne disease, a particular idea occured to me. I used the materials which were there available, namely, a piece of stovepipe wire and a piece of newspaper, and made myself a protective mask. This mask in a crude form I have used frequently during all these years. It was not, however, until recently that I was able to develop from
Topical photodynamic therapy following excisional wounding of human skin increases production of transforming growth factor-β3 and matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 9, with associated improvement in dermal matrix organization
Authors: S.J. Mills, M.D. Farrar, G.S. Ashcroft, C.E.M. Griffiths, M.J. Hardman, L.E. Rhodes
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Animal studies report photodynamic therapy (PDT) to improve healing of excisional wounds; the mechanism is uncertain and equivalent human studies are lacking.To explore the impact of methyl aminolaevulinate (MAL)-PDT on clinical and microscopic parameters of human cutaneous excisional wound healing, examining potential modulation through production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β isoforms.In 27 healthy older men (60-77 years), a 4-mm punch biopsy wound was created in skin of the upper inner arm and treated with MAL-PDT three times over 5 days. An identical control wound to the contralateral arm was untreated and both wounds left to heal by secondary intention. Wounds were re-excised during the inflammatory phase (7 days, n = 10), matrix remodelling (3 weeks, n = 8) and cosmetic outcome/dermal structure (9 months, n = 9). Production of TGF-β1, TGF-β3 and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) was assessed by immunohistochemistry alongside microscopic measurement of wound size/area and clinical assessment of wound appearance.MAL-PDT delayed re-epithelialization at 7 days, associated with increased inflammation. However, 3 weeks postwounding, treated wounds were smaller with higher production of MMP-1 (P = 0·01), MMP-9 (P = 0·04) and TGF-β3 (P = 0·03). TGF-β1 was lower than control at 7 days and higher at 3 weeks (both P = 0·03). At 9 months, MAL-PDT-treated wounds showed greater, more ordered deposition of collagen I, collagen III and elastin (all P < 0·05).MAL-PDT increases MMP-1, MMP-9 and TGF-β3 production during matrix remodelling, ultimately producing scars with improved dermal matrix architecture.
Viral acute lower respiratory infections impair CD8+ T cells through PD-1
Authors: John J. Erickson, Pavlo Gilchuk, Andrew K. Hastings, Sharon J. Tollefson, Monika Johnson, Melissa B. Downing, Kelli L. Boyd, Joyce E. Johnson, Annette S. Kim, Sebastian Joyce, John V. Williams
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Viruses are leading causes of severe acute lower respiratory infections (LRIs). These infections evoke incomplete immunity, as individuals can be repeatedly reinfected throughout life. We report that acute viral LRI causes rapid pulmonary CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (TCD8) functional impairment via programmed death–1/programmed death ligand–1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling, a pathway previously associated with prolonged antigenic stimulation during chronic infections and cancer. PD-1–mediated TCD8 impairment occurred acutely in mice following infection with human metapneumovirus or influenza virus. Viral antigen was sufficient for PD-1 upregulation, but induction of PD-L1 was required for impairment. During secondary viral infection or epitope-only challenge, memory TCD8 rapidly reexpressed PD-1 and exhibited severe functional impairment. Inhibition of PD-1 signaling using monoclonal antibody blockade prevented TCD8 impairment, reduced viral titers during primary infection, and enhanced protection of immunized mice against challenge infection. Additionally, PD-1 and PD-L1 were upregulated in the lungs of patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, or parainfluenza virus infection. These results indicate that PD-1 mediates TCD8 functional impairment during acute viral infection and may contribute to recurrent viral LRIs. Therefore, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may represent a therapeutic target in the treatment of respiratory viruses.
Acute Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta
Authors: William K. Swann, Jacob T. Bradsher
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

DISSECTING aortic aneurysm is reported to result in death in more than 80 per cent of cases during the early or acute stage of the disease. The available literature has been reviewed by Shaw1 and by DeBakey, Cooley, and Creech.2 Because of the rapidly fatal course of the disease and the mechanical nature of the lesion, Johns3 has emphasized the fact that the problem should be considered a surgical emergency.Four previous reports of patients operated upon during the acute phase of the disease have recorded failures. Three of the patients died of renal failure,1 , 3 , 4 and 1 of external rupture . . .
Routinely asking women about domestic violence in health settings
Authors: A. Taket
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Health professionals are ideally placed to identify domestic violence but cannot do so without training on raising the issue and knowledge of advice and support servicesThe stigma surrounding domestic violence means that many of those affected are reluctant or do not know how to get help.A systematic review of screening for domestic violence in healthcare settings concluded that although there was insufficient evidence to recommend screening programmes, health services should aim to identify and support women experiencing domestic violence. 1 The review highlighted the importance of education and training of clinicians in promoting disclosure of abuse and appropriate responses. 1 We argue that a strong case exists for routinely inquiring about partner abuse in many healthcare settings.
Sparks fly over electromagnetic link with cancer
Authors: A. Boulton
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Radiation experts have accused the National Radiological Protection Board of “undue dogmatism” in its dismissal of new research showing more evidence of a possible link between exposure to electromagnetic fields and cancer.

The board already acknowledges an epidemiological association between exposure to electromagnetic fields and cancer, but no study so far has established this phenomenon as a cause of the disease. Furthermore, the board contends that no biological mechanism has been established to show that electromagnetic fields can influence any of the stages …
Restless leg syndrome in pregnancy.
Authors: P. McParland, J. M. Pearce
Journal: BMJ (1988)

A random sample of 708 women prisoners recently admitted to Holloway Prison was screened for evidence of psychiatric disorder. Of the 708 women, 195 had a history of self harm, 44 of whom had a history of cutting themselves, 125 had a history of psychiatric illness, 99 were dependent on opiates, and 89 took psychotropic drugs regularly. These findings suggest that there is a need for psychiatric units in women9s prisons such as Holloway Prison, and that initiatives to alter policies of admission to psychiatric hospitals should be pursued.
Combination Checkpoint Blockade — Taking Melanoma Immunotherapy to the Next Level
Authors: James L. Riley
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

Wolchok et al.1 and Hamid et al.2 report in the Journal the results of phase 1 clinical trials showing that the combination of PD-1 and CTLA-4 antibody blockers leads to improved treatment outcomes in patients with melanoma, without an escalation of toxic effects. The results of these trials are striking and complementary. In the trial by Hamid et al., a PD-1 monoclonal antibody was administered in patients who had had a relapse after CTLA-4 antibody monotherapy (ipilimumab); the authors found that durable and clinically significant responses were as common and robust as were those observed in patients who had not . . .
Medications for Alcohol Dependence—New Vistas
Authors: Henry R. Kranzler
Journal: JAMA (2000)

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