tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Assay of Total Plasma Apolipoprotein B Concentration in Human Subjects
Authors: Gustav Schonfeld, Robert S. Lees, P. K. George, Barbara Pfleger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1974)

We have developed a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) for human apolipoprotein B (ApoB). The assay measures not only the ApoB content of beta-lipoproteins (low density lipoproteins [LDL]) but also that contained in the other lipoproteins in plasma. Purified lymph and plasma chylomicrons and plasma very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) produced displacement curves in the assay system which paralleled those produced by pure LDL. Thus, the ApoB found in chylomicrons, VLDL, and LDL were immunologically identical. ApoB accounted for about 25 and 35%, respectively, of the total protein of chylomicrons and VLDL by RIA. VLDL and LDL preparations from normal and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects also produced parallel displacement curves, suggesting that the ApoB of normal and hyperlipoproteinemic subjects were immunologically identical. High density lipoproteins and abetalipoproteinemic plasma displaced no counts, nor did the sera of several animal species produce any useful displacement curves in this system. The fasting total plasma ApoB concentration of normal subjects was 83+/-16 mg/dl (mean+/-SD). ApoB levels were high in Type II (162+/-16), and less so in Type IV (112+/-24) and Type V (105+/-17).When plasma ApoB concentration in Type IV patients was graphed against plasma glycerides, two subpopulations, which may represent different genetic or biochemical subgroups, were apparent.ApoB concentration in individuals on constant diet and drug regimen was stable over weeks to months. Greater than 90% of ApoB of normal and Type II subjects was in the d > 1.006 plasma fraction. By contrast, only 50-80% of ApoB was in the d > 1.006 fraction in Types IV and V. Thus, hypertriglyceridemia was associated primarily with a redistribution of ApoB to the lighter density fractions; by contrast, in hypercholesterolemia absolute ApoB concentration was markedly increased.
Trends in Lipids and Lipoproteins in US Adults, 1988-2010
Authors: Margaret D. Carroll, Brian K. Kit, David A. Lacher, Susan T. Shero, Michael E. Mussolino
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Serum total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) contribute to atherosclerosis and its clinical consequences. Between the periods 1988-1994 and 1999-2002, mean TC and mean LDL-C declined in adults. During this time, there was an increase in the percentage of adults receiving lipid-lowering medications. Geometric mean triglyceride levels increased but mean high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) remained unchanged. OBJECTIVE To examine trends in serum lipids in adults between 1988 and 2010. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Three distinct US cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1988-1994 (n = 16,573), 1999-2002 (n = 9471), and 2007-2010 (n = 11,766).Mean TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, non-HDL-C, and geometric mean triglyceride levels and the prevalence of lipid-lowering medication use.Mean TC declined from 206 (95% CI, 205-207) mg/dL in 1988-1994 to 196 (95% CI, 195-198) mg/dL in 2007-2010 (P <.001 for linear trend); mean LDL-C declined from 129 (95% CI, 127-130) mg/dL to 116 (95% CI, 114-117) mg/dL (P <.001 for linear trend). Mean non-HDL-C declined from 155 (95% CI, 153-157) mg/dL in 1988-1994 to 144 (95% CI, 143-145) mg/dL in 2007-2010 (P <.001 for linear trend). Mean HDL-C increased from 50.7 (95% CI, 50.0-51.0) mg/dL during 1988-1994 to 52.5 (95% CI, 51.8-53.2) mg/dL in 2007-2010 (P =.001 for linear trend). Geometric mean serum triglyceride levels increased from 118 (95% CI, 114-121) mg/dL in 1988-1994 to 123 (95% CI, 119-127) mg/dL in 1999-2002 and decreased to 110 (95% CI, 107-113) mg/dL in 2007-2010 (P <.001 for quadratic trend). The prevalence of lipid-lowering medication use increased from 3.4% (95% CI, 2.9%-3.9%) in 1988-1994 to 15.5% (95% CI, 14.7%-16.3%) in 2007-2010 (P <.001 for linear trend). Among adults not receiving lipid-lowering medications, trends in lipids were similar to those reported for adults overall. Among obese adults, mean TC, non-HDL-C, LDL-C, and geometric mean triglycerides declined between 1988 and 2010.Between 1988 and 2010, favorable trends in lipid levels have occurred among adults in the United States.
King-Anderson-Type Legislation
Authors: Ernest B. Howard
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Thirteen issues involved in King-Anderson-type legislation were discussed in a speech on April 20, 1963, before the National Legislative Conference<sup>1</sup>: Semantic double talk vs the truth Compulsion vs voluntarism Economic status of the aged Voluntary vs government enterprise Socialist health care vs the free-market approach Federal vs federal-state financing for the needy Federal vs voluntary financing for the nonneedy The moral issue—use of heavy regressive taxes on younger workers to pay for health-care costs of the elderly, rich and poor alike Payroll taxes vs personal and corporate income taxes in financing federal health care of the elderly The federal government and the states Quality care and political medicine The political issue—winning the votes of the elderly The cost issue These are all of continuing importance, but in the weeks that lie ahead, the following deserve special
Unraveling the modular design of glutamate-gated ion channels
Authors: Z. Galen Wo, Robert E. Oswald
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1995)

Glutamate receptors that function as ligand-gated ion channels are essential components of cell-cell communication in the nervous system. Despite a wealth of information concerning these receptors, details of their structure are just beginning to emerge. We propose that glutamate receptors comprise four modules: two modules that are related to bacterial periplasmic-binding proteins, one module that is related to the pore-forming region of K+ channels, and one regulatory module of unknown origin. A K(+)-channel-like domain inserted into a crucial region of a periplasmic-binding protein-like domain suggests a mechanism for transduction of binding energy to channel opening. This modular design also suggests an evolutionary link between a ligand-gated ion-channel family and voltage-gated ion channels.
Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim-Resistant Pneumococcal Sepsis
Authors: Maurie Markman, John Mannisi, James D. Dick, Beatrice Filburn, George W. Santos, Rein Saral
Journal: JAMA (1982)

THE SUCCESS of bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of aplastic anemia and acute leukemia has resulted in an increasingly large number of long-term survivors of this procedure. The occurrence of infections in these patients has been recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in those patients in whom chronic graft-v-host disease develops.<sup>1</sup><i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>has been noted to cause a substantial portion of the reported infections,<sup>1,2</sup>and it has been suggested that immunization with polyvalent pneumococcal vaccine and long-term antibiotic prophylaxis be used to prevent this complication.<sup>2</sup> Reports of pneumococci both resistant to penicillin in vitro and producing clinically important infection have been a cause of great concern.<sup>3</sup>While some of these organisms have been found to be resistant to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim as well as penicillin,<sup>3</sup>there have been, to our knowledge, no reports of penicillin-sensitive/sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-resistant pneumococci causing clinical infection. We report
Ischemic Preconditioning in the Intact Rat Heart Is Mediated by δ <sub>1</sub> - But Not μ- or κ-Opioid Receptors
Authors: Jo El J. Schultz, Anna K. Hsu, Garrett J. Gross
Journal: Circulation (1998)

Background —Our laboratory has previously shown that δ-opioid receptors are involved in the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in the rat heart. However, this class of receptors consists of two subtypes, δ 1 and δ 2 , and μ- or κ-opioid receptors may also exist in the heart. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that ischemic preconditioning is mediated through stimulation of one or both δ-opioid receptor subtypes. Methods and Results —Anesthetized, open chest, male Wistar rats were assigned to 1 of 14 groups. All animals were subjected to 30 minutes of occlusion and 2 hours of reperfusion. Ischemic preconditioning was elicited by three 5-minute occlusion periods interspersed with 5 minutes of reperfusion. Two doses of 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX; 1 and 3 mg/kg IV), a selective δ 1 -opioid receptor antagonist, or naltriben (NTB; 1 and 3 mg/kg IV), a selective δ 2 -opioid receptor antagonist, were given before ischemic preconditioning. To test for a role of μ-opioid receptors, rats were pretreated with β-funaltrexamine (β-FNA; 15 mg/kg SC), an irreversible μ-opioid receptor antagonist, 24 hours before ischemic preconditioning or given the μ-opioid receptor agonist D-Ala, 2 N-Me-Phe, 4 glycerol 5 -enkephalin (DAMGO) as three 5-minute infusions (1, 10, and 100 μg/kg per infusion IV, respectively) interspersed with 5-minute drug-free periods before the prolonged ischemic and reperfusion periods (lowDAMGO, medDAMGO, and hiDAMGO, respectively). The involvement of κ-opioid receptors was tested by administering one of two doses of nor -binaltorphimine ( nor -BNI; 1 and 5 mg/kg IV) before ischemic preconditioning. Infarct size (IS) as a percent of the area at risk (AAR) was measured by triphenyltetrazolium stain. Ischemic preconditioning markedly reduced IS/AAR (14±4%, P &lt;.05) compared with control (55±4%). NTB, β-FNA, and nor -BNI were unable to block the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning. In addition, DAMGO had no effect on IS/AAR. However, the high dose of BNTX (3 mg/kg IV) significantly attenuated the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning (39±5%; P &lt;.05 versus control and ischemic preconditioning). Conclusions —These results indicate that δ 1 -opioid receptors play an important role in the cardioprotective effect of ischemic preconditioning in the rat heart.
Tropical Gangrene in Guam.
Authors: James Farquarson Leys
Journal: JAMA (1906)

Norfolk, Va., April 9, 1906. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —InThe Journal, April 7, a paragraph appeared under the above heading, doubtless inspired by a Washington dispatch of the Associated Press which was published widely in the newspapers recently. The dispatch related to a report made by a lay official in the Island of Guam referring to a peculiar disease which is prevalent in that island and which has already been recognized by professional authority under the name rhinopharyngitis mutilans. (Report Surgeon-General of the Navy, 1905, et al.) The Associated Press paragraph states that the report from Guam refers to the disease as<i>gangrosa</i>. It is not to be wondered at that the correspondent ofThe Journaldid not know what this meant, but he was hardly justified in assuming from the form or sound of the word that it meant gangrene. As the heading and content of the paragraph convey
PRECORDIAL AREA IN CHILDREN.
Authors: H. B. WHITNEY
Journal: JAMA (1898)

At the Pan-American Congress in 1893, I presented a paper on "The Normal Precordia in Infancy and Childhood," and this paper was afterward published in the<i>Archives of Pediatrics</i>. Subsequent observation has not changed the views expressed at that time, nor have I anything to add to them. I shall, therefore, merely give you the briefest possible résumé of the original paper, my present purpose being to mark out the precordia in a few children of different ages, and invite criticism of the results obtained. I have ventured to bring up this subject again because, in the first place, I regard the question of the normal precordial area as of the greatest practical interest and importance; and if my observations have been correct, it seems to me desirable that the facts should be universally accepted. In the percussion of the heart we are dealing with a measurably constant and unvarying
Abstract P5-01-06: 18[F]-FDG Tumoral Uptake and Metabolic Response after 1 Cycle of Primary Chemotherapy According to Tumoral Phenotype of Breast Cancer
Authors: A Berriolo-Riedinger, O Humbert, J-M Riedinger, L Arnoud, B Coudert, I Dygai-Cochet, A Cochet, M Toubeau, P Fumoleau, F. Brunotte
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract To compare the 18[F]-FDG-PET (PET) metabolic characteristics in triple-negative, luminal and positive HER2 breast cancer. Material and Methods: One hundred and forty-five patients with newly diagnosed locally advanced breast cancer were evaluated. Twenty one metastatic patients (discovered in baseline PET) were excluded and 9 patients were lost. One hundred and fifteen had undergone FDG PET before and after the first course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Breast cancer lesions were imaged at 80-90 minutes after administration of FDG. Maximum standardized uptake values (SUV) were measured at both time point (SUV1 and SUV 2). Metabolic response was measured by the relative decrease of SUV (ΔSUV). Using Immunohistochemistry as a surrogate for expression profiling, the tumours were classified as follows: triple negative defined by the lack of oestrogen receptors, progesterone receptors and human epidermal growth factor receptors 2 (HER2) expression, luminal (hormonal receptor positive, HER2 negative) and HER2 positive (overexpression of HER 2). Relationships between baseline [18F]-FDG uptake and clinical, histopathological and biological parameters were assessed by Mann-Whitney test. Relationships between SUV1, SUV2, ΔSUV and the tumoral phenotype were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: In the overall population the mean ±SD SUV1, SUV2 and ΔSUV values were 6.7± 5.9, 3.7± 3 and −36.7% ± 35.7%, respectively. Significant relationships were found between baseline FDG uptake and initial clinical and histopathological parameters : a high mitotic activity (p≥0.0001), a high nuclear pleomorphism (≥0.0002), a high tumour grading (p≥0.0001) and a negative oestrogen hormonal receptor status (p≥0.0001) were associated with a high baseline SUV. Patient age, lymph node involvement, architectural differentiation, progesterone hormonal receptor and HER2 status were not found to be related with SUV values. Metabolic characteristics (mean ± SD) according to tumoral phenotype: Conclusion: Our results show a significant positive relationship between the baseline FDG uptake and the proliferation markers, the tumour grading, the number of mitoses and the nuclear pleomorphism. A significant negative relationship was found between the baseline FDG uptake and the oestrogen hormonal receptor status. The triple negative phenotype was associated with higher baseline FDG uptake and higher residual FDG uptake after one course of chemotherapy commensurate with their aggressive biology. Luminal tumours showed a lower ΔSUV reflecting their lower chemosensibility. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-01-06.
Biochemical changes in progressive osteoarthrosis.
Authors: M.B Sweet, E.J Thonar, A.R Immelman, L Solomon
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1977)

Quantitative and qualitative variations in glycosaminoglycan content were studied in fibrillated, intact, and osteophytic cartilage of the human femoral head in osteoarthrosis. Total glycosaminoglycan content was reduced in fibrillated, unchanged in intact, and raised in osteophytic cartilage. In fibrillated and osteophytic cartilage the ratio of chondroitin sulphate to keratan sulphate was high and therefore resembled immature cartilage. Hyaluronic acid was present in reduced amount in all osteoarthrotic material. Proportionally more proteoglycans were extractable by 0-15 M NaCl and 4 M guanidinium chloride from the diseased cartilage than from normal cartilage, and all proteoglycans irrespective of buoyant density were carbohydrate deficient. It is postulated that the changes described are compatible with collagen and matrix disruption due to focal overloading and the general attempt at repair.
Gluten-free Diets
Authors: R. F. Fletcher, M. Y. McCririck
Journal: BMJ (1958)

Bromwich '" robrex," etc.) * Fish canned in sauce * Oatmeal .Beans, baked, canned * Fish pastes Ovaltine Bemax Glac6 fruits * Oxo Bengers food Golden raising powder Pastry Biscuits
Comparison of glycated albumin and hemoglobin A1c levels in diabetic subjects on hemodialysis
Authors: T.P. Peacock, Z.K. Shihabi, A.J. Bleyer, E.L. Dolbare, J.R. Byers, M.A. Knovich, J. Calles-Escandon, G.B. Russell, B.I. Freedman
Journal: Kidney International (2008)
THE EXCRETION OF DEXTROSE IN THE STOMACH AND THE SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: Israel S. Kleiner
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1911)

The contents of the stomach and small intestine of normal rabbits, kept on a diet poor in easily convertible carbohydrates, when removed immediately after killing the animal (by clamping the trachea), usually contain a very small but measurable amount of dextrose (reducing substances). A preceding nephrectomy does not increase the amounts of the dextrose in these viscera. An intravenous injection of dextrose, if given in a sufficient quantity in a unit of time, causes a definite excretion, or increase of excretion, into the small intestine and the stomach. The amount of excretion, however, is incomparably smaller than the amount eliminated through the kidneys. A preceding double nephrectomy increases the gastro-intestinal elimination of the intravenously injected dextrose. The increase, however, is far too small to be considered in the light of a functional compensation for the loss of the considerable elimination through the kidneys.
A NEW TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC DERMAL MYIASIS
Authors: M. A. STEWART
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Myiasis is defined as the invasion of any part of the body of man or animals by dipterous larvae (fly maggots). Traumatic dermal myiasis is the invasion of wounds or ulcers of the skin by these larvae. Maggots invading skin wounds and ulcers will also penetrate into the underlying exposed tissues. The presence of these organisms accentuates the putrid condition of the sores and the suffering of the patient and, not infrequently, considerable quantities of tissue may be destroyed by their feeding activities.  One of the earliest published references to traumatic dermal myiasis was that of Joseph 1 in 1800, and a large number of similar observations have been published since then, especially by medical practitioners and investigators in the warmer regions of the globe. Traumatic dermal myiasis is of common occurrence in the southern part of the United States. However, entirely too often it is not accurately diagnosed, especially
Severe hypoglycaemia due to combined use of parenteral nutrition and renal dialysis.
Authors: J D Miller, J Broom, G Smith
Journal: BMJ (1982)

A 24-year-old woman who had sustained serious injuries in a road traffic accident required renal dialysis daily and was fed intravenously with a solution containing 25% dextrose. Subsequently insulin had to be added to the parenteral fluid to maintain blood glucose concentrations at physiological values. On one occasion parenteral feeding was continued until dialysis was started; she became comatose and the plasma glucose concentration was found to be less than 1 mmol/l (18 mg/100 ml). She responded rapidly to a 50 ml intravenous bolus of 50% dextrose. When parenteral feeding and dialysis are used simultaneously glucose passes across the semi-permeable membrane from the blood to the dialysate so that hypoglycaemia may occur. Insulin added to the parenteral fluid further decreases blood glucose concentrations. Stopping parenteral feeding 30-45 minutes before dialysis is started eliminates this danger of hypoglycaemia.
Gene flow in environmental Legionella pneumophila leads to genetic and pathogenic heterogeneity within a Legionnaires’ disease outbreak
Authors: Paul R McAdam, Charles W Vander Broek, Diane SJ Lindsay, Melissa J Ward, Mary F Hanson, Michael Gillies, Mick Watson, Joanne M Stevens, Giles F Edwards, J Ross Fitzgerald
Journal: Genome biology (2014)

Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by the environmental bacterium Legionella pneumophila. Outbreaks commonly affect people with known risk factors, but the genetic and pathogenic complexity of L. pneumophila within an outbreak is not well understood. Here, we investigate the etiology of the major Legionnaires’ disease outbreak that occurred in Edinburgh, UK, in 2012, by examining the evolutionary history, genome content, and virulence of L. pneumophila clinical isolates. Our high resolution genomic approach reveals that the outbreak was caused by multiple genetic subtypes of L. pneumophila, the majority of which had diversified from a single progenitor through mutation, recombination, and horizontal gene transfer within an environmental reservoir prior to release. In addition, we discover that some patients were infected with multiple L. pneumophila subtypes, a finding which can affect the certainty of source attribution. Importantly, variation in the complement of type IV secretion systems encoded by different genetic subtypes correlates with virulence in a Galleria mellonella model of infection, revealing variation in pathogenic potential among the outbreak source population of L. pneumophila. Taken together, our study indicates previously cryptic levels of pathogen heterogeneity within a Legionnaires’ disease outbreak, a discovery that impacts on source attribution for future outbreak investigations. Furthermore, our data suggest that in addition to host immune status, pathogen diversity may be an important influence on the clinical outcome of individual outbreak infections.
A Lecture on THE INTENSIVE ALKALINE TREATMENT OF GASTRIC AND DUODENAL ULCER
Authors: H. MacLean
Journal: BMJ (1928)

To thfe genier al practitionier the treatilwenit of gastric and diiodenal ulceriationi has always bristled witll (liffi(cllities.PNtielnts .suifferingfIromii thlese lesiolls frequiently encolml- tered i general miiedical pr-actice,and veyl often the res.silts of mnedi(cal treatmenit are unsatisfaetor-y.If relef does nlot coliOe wVitllil a short tim-e tlhe lpati( ltiF g'elil.rllvhiande(Ied over to tile surgeon, Since it is (lonsi(died tlhat.oi tile Whole, miiedical treatment in tlhese, (eses is liot veir effica- cious.S_'urgical intervelntioi isliot ilnfequenltlyl)rodluctive of excelAlent results.; on the other lianid, the last state of the patienit miiay be worse thani tl4e first, and tllough surgery lhas miianiy successes to its cre(lit in this field it lias alsomainy failuries.Different views ar-elheldI as to the exact indicatioiis for surgical treatment, but the appearance of a well-marked niche or so-called " peletratillg ulcer in the radiogramii is often accepted as evidence that the coniditioni is notlikely tobe benefitedbyiiieical treatmenlt, andso opeeration follows.In manyx cases operation is quite unnecessary, for excellent resultil nliav usuaally be obtainied by simple liiedical means wlhiclh cani be quite easily carried out by any medical practitionier itlh little or no incon- venience to the patient.This cai b)e lone by lthe iise of initenisive alkaline treatment.Before describiing tliis treat- ment in detail it is necessary to nmake a few preliminary abservations.THE USE Or ALKALIS IN STOIMAcH LEsIONS.For a very long time indleed alkalis lIave been llued by almiiost every medical practitionier in tIle tr eatiiienit of gastric -condlitions.That these substances liave a very iiar ked actioni in relieving distressing gastriC syniptonis is kliown to all.How they produce this effect is a miiatter for discussion, and opinion on this point is niot unanimious.Accordinig to some observers this actioni is ani indirect oiie, while othiers take the view that it is duie to thte antacid properties of these bodies.Personially, I have little doubt that the latter view is the correct oie.If the actionl welre an indirect onte after absorption-it is illmpossible to imagine that relief fr-olml symptolms would followi`so quiickly alfter imigestioli as is usually the case.Althouglh almost every miiedical miiani h1as recognized the