tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
THE NATURE OF THE VIRUS RECEPTORS OF RED CELLS
Authors: George K. Hirst
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

THE INFLUENZA VIRUS RECEPTORS OF FOWL RED CELLS AND THE INFLUENZA VIRUS INHIBITOR OF NORMAL RABBIT SERUM HAVE THE FOLLOWING ATTRIBUTES IN COMMON: They are stable at high temperatures and in solutions of pH as high as 10.0. They both resist destruction by a number of oxidizing agents but are readily destroyed by sodium periodate, trypsin, and influenza virus. These facts suggest that the red cell receptor and the normal serum inhibitor are either the same or analogous substances and that they may belong to the mucoprotein class of compounds.
Cardiovascular risk factors impair native collateral development and may impair efficacy of therapeutic interventions
Authors: T. Kinnaird, E. Stabile, S. Zbinden, M.-S. Burnett, S. E. Epstein
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2008)

Animal and early clinical studies of gene therapy for tissue ischaemia suggested that this approach might provide benefit to patients with coronary artery disease not amenable to traditional revascularization. This enthusiasm was then tempered by the subsequent disappointing results of randomized clinical trials and led researchers to develop strategies using progenitor cells as an alternative to improve collateral function. However, the recent publication of several randomized clinical trials reporting either negative or weakly positive results using this approach have led to questions regarding its effectiveness. There are several factors that need to be considered in explaining the discordance between the positive studies of such treatments in animals and the disappointing results seen in randomized patient trials. Aside from the practical issues of arteriogenic therapies, such as effective delivery, vascular remodelling is an extraordinarily complex process, and the administration of a single agent or cell in the hope that it would lead to lasting physiological effects may be far too simplistic an approach. In addition, however, evidence now suggests that many of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors-such as age and hypercholesterolemia-may impair the host response not only to ischaemia but, critically, also to treatment as well. This review discusses the evidence and mechanisms for these observations and highlights future directions that might be taken in an effort to provide more effective therapies.
Human Values in Medicine
Authors: Milton O. Kepler
Journal: JAMA (1973)

Medical education is currently reflecting the general unrest and anxiety displayed by society in general, and it is critically examining its traditional curricular subjects and methods. There is some urging from students and a few educators for more emphasis on the humanistic aspects of medicine to help balance the customary stress on medical science. However, progress has been slow, and the means uncertain. In this somewhat discouraging atmosphere, there are some hopeful signs in the form of several national organizations actively seeking ways to implement programs in ethics and other human values in medical schools. These organizations and their objectives are described. The importance for human values in medical education is essentially to train physicians better equipped to care for the totality of man.
Evidence for the secretion of gastrin into human gastric juice.
Authors: K J Hengels, J E Muller, T Scholten, W P Fritsch
Journal: Gut (1980)

Provided the intragastric pH is greater than 6 and the collected gastric juice is boiled and neutralised immediately, considerable amounts of gastrin-like immunoreactivity can be found in human gastric juice. Characterisation according to size and charge reveals that nearly all the gastrin-like immunoreactivity is similar to gastrin 1-17. Direct stimulation of the G-cells with protein solution is followed by a significant and simultaneous increase of acid secretion, serum gastrin, and gastrin output into the lumen of the stomach in control subjects and patients with duodenal ulcer.
Plasma Lp(a) concentration after oestrogen and progestagen in postmenopausal women
Authors: Maurizio Soma, Remo Fumagalli, Rodolfo Paoletti, Michele Meschia, MichelaCarena Maini, Piergiorgio Crosignani, Karima Ghanem, John Gaubatz, JoelD. Morrisett
Journal: The Lancet (1991)
Demonstration of cellular retinoic acid binding protein in cultured human skin fibroblasts
Authors: AARNE I. OIKARINEN, HELJA OIKARINEN, JOUNI UITTO
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1985)

Journal Article Demonstration of cellular retinoic acid binding protein in cultured human skin fibroblasts Get access AARNE I. OIKARINEN, AARNE I. OIKARINEN Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Harbour‐UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar HELJÄ OIKARINEN, HELJÄ OIKARINEN Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Harbour‐UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JOUNI UITTO JOUNI UITTO Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Harbour‐UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, U.S.A. Dr Jouni Uitto, Division of Dermatology, Harbor‐UCLA Medical Center, 1000 West Carson Street, Torrance, California 90509, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 113, Issue 5, 1 November 1985, Pages 529–535, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1985.tb02376.x Published: 01 November 1985 Article history Accepted: 23 April 1985 Published: 01 November 1985
Comparison of Effect on Tobacco Consumption and Carbon Monoxide Absorption of Changing to High and Low Nicotine Cigarettes
Authors: M. A. H. Russell, C. Wilson, U. A. Patel, P. V. Cole, C. Feyerabend
Journal: BMJ (1973)

In 10 sedentary workers, smoking as they felt inclined over a five-hour period in the middle of a typical working day, changing to low nicotine cigarettes (<0.3 mg) caused an increase in the number and weight of cigarettes smoked, while changing to high nicotine cigarettes (3.2 mg) caused a decrease (P < 0.01). The average number and weight smoked in five hours for usual, low, and high nicotine brands were respectively 10.6 (6.00 g), 12.5 (6.52 g), and 6.7 (4.19 g). When smoking the usual brand the average blood carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) increased 1.78% (from 6.38% to 8.16%). But on changing to either high or low nicotine cigarettes the COHb levels instead of increasing, tended to fall (P < 0.01). The average fall of 0.34% while smoking low nicotine cigarettes was due to the low carbon monoxide (CO) yield of these cigarettes, while the fall of 1.04% when smoking high nicotine cigarettes was attributable to reduced consumption. The findings support the view that smoking behaviour is modified to regulate nicotine intake. Besides having low tar and CO yields, the least harmful cigarettes for heavy smokers may be those with a high, rather than low, nicotine yield.
Intestinal Response to the Body's Requirement for Iron
Authors: William H. Crosby
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Dietary iron is absorbed by the mucosa of the small intestine in response to the body's requirement for iron. To a great extent, the amount of iron in the body is maintained at a constant level, not by excretion of excess iron but by the ability of the intestine to reject available, unneeded dietary iron.<sup>1</sup>Excretion of iron is limited and, under normal conditions, apparently serves as a fine adjustment to the more important control provided by the intestinal mucosal block.<sup>1</sup>When the requirement for iron increases as it does in iron deficiency states, the mucosal block is relaxed to permit the entry of more than the usual amount of dietary iron. When the iron deficiency has been satisfied, the mucosal block is restored to prevent the accumulation by the body of excessive amounts of storage iron. Ordinarily, the intestine absorbs only enough iron to replace the obligatory metabolic
STUDIES ON AN AGGLUTINOGEN (Rh) IN HUMAN BLOOD REACTING WITH ANTI-RHESUS SERA AND WITH HUMAN ISOANTIBODIES
Authors: Karl Landsteiner, Alexander S. Wiener
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1941)

Studies are reported on an individual agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood which has been found to be of clinical importance because occasionally it gives rise to the formation of immune isoantibodies in man, a peculiarity which leads to untoward transfusion reactions. A method for the determination of the presence or absence of the new blood factor is described, which can be used for typing patients and prospective blood donors. Examination of families showed that the agglutinogen is inherited as a simple Mendelian dominant. The distribution of the factor Rh among white individuals and negroes may indicate racial differences. The property is probably genetically independent of the blood groups and the factors M and N.
Prostaglandins as Abortifacients
Authors: Sultan M. M. Karim
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Clinical trials have demonstrated the use of prostaglandins as effective abortifacients. Continuous intravenous infusion of the drugs however has been associated with certain side effects at therapeutically effective doses, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and a local erythematous reaction at the site of venepuncture. Higher doses result in more serious side effects such as vasovagal symptoms, pyrexia and tachycardia. Direct application of prostaglandins E2 or F2a into the uterine cavity has been shown to minimize the side effects. Appropriate doses of prostaglandins every one or 2 hours administered at the site of action between the fetal membrane and uterine wall (via the cervix) produce the strong and frequent uterine contractions necessary for the expulsion of the products of conception. A drawback of this method is the need for the uterine cavity to be continuously monitored as dosage is determined by the uterine response. Another effective method of terminating 1st and 2nd trimester pregnacy with minimal side effects is vaginal administration (into the posterior fornix) of 50 mg PGF2a or 20 mg PGE2 every 2 or 3 hours. Single injection of prostaglandins into the amniotic sac usually results in complete abortion. The method is simple but should be used only in pregnancies of over 12 weeks' gestation as the amniotic sac is inaccessible in the 1st trimester. The prostaglandin method, compared with other methods of abortion in the 1st trimester of pregnancy (e.g., suction or dilatation and curettage) is inferior in terms of time, expense and convenience. Incomplete abortion is quite common in the 1st trimester when prostaglandins are used. With respect to 2nd trimester methods (hypertonic saline and hysterotomy) however, prostaglandins given by intravaginal, intrauterine, or intraamniotic routes offer clear advantages.
Tibetan Medicine Illustrated in Original Texts
Authors: David Pingree
Journal: JAMA (1973)

This volume, published by the Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine conjointly with the University of California Press, is a curious contribution to the history of medicine. It represents the attempt of a Tibetan scholar to describe to the West his culture's medical tradition. This worthy objective is approached in three different ways: by means of a history of Tibetan medicine (pp 8-28); by means of English versions of some chapters of the<i>rGyud-bzhi</i>, the standard medical treatise in Tibetan (pp 29-97); and by means of a translation of the biography of an early Tibetan physician, gYu-thog (pp 143-327). In addition there are provided a bibliography of Western literature on Tibetan medicine (pp 98-102), some inadequately explained anatomical drawings (pp 104-141), a glossary of Tibetan terms (pp 328-329), and an index of medical topics (pp 331-340). Unfortunately, the history is purest fancy and is of interest only as an
Differential Effects of Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-15 versus Interleukin-21 on CD4+ Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Michal Marzec, Krzysztof Halasa, Monika Kasprzycka, Maria Wysocka, Xiaobin Liu, John W. Tobias, Donald Baldwin, Qian Zhang, Niels Odum, Alain H. Rook, Mariusz A. Wasik
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract In this study, we compared the effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-15, and IL-21 on gene expression, activation of cell signaling pathways, and functional properties of cells derived from CD4+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Whereas both IL-2 and IL-15 modulated, in a CTCL cell line, the expression of &amp;gt;1,000 gene transcripts by at least 2-fold, IL-21 up-regulated &amp;lt;40 genes. All three cytokines induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak1 and Jak3 in CTCL cell lines and native leukemic (Sezary) cells. However, only IL-2 and IL-15 strongly activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 5, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, and mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase/ERK signaling pathways in the cell lines and mitogen-primed native cells. In contrast, IL-21 selectively activated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3. Whereas all three cytokines protected CTCL cells from apoptosis, only IL-2 and IL-15 promoted their proliferation. The effects of the cytokine stimulation were Jak3 kinase– and Jak1 kinase– dependent. These findings document the vastly different effect of IL-2 and IL-15 versus IL-21 on CTCL cells. They also suggest two novel therapeutic approaches to CTCL and, possibly, other CD4+ T-cell lymphomas: inhibition of the Jak1/Jak3 kinase complex and, given the known strong immunostimulatory properties of IL-21 on CD8+ T, natural killer, and B cells, application of this cytokine to boost an immune response against malignant CD4+ T cells. [Cancer Res 2008;68(4):1083–90]
10 Years Beyond the Health Security Act Failure
Authors: Peter P. Budetti
Journal: JAMA (2004)

Ten years after the failure of President Clinton's Health Security Act (HSA), the United States continues to face multiple stresses in health care, including large numbers of uninsured individuals, increasing costs, questions about quality, and dissatisfaction with managed care. Using the framework of the HSA-particularly universal coverage, spending and managed competition, insurance for low-income persons, and patients' rights-the post-HSA evolution and current status of the US health care system is traced and lessons to guide future actions are outlined. Neither incremental legislation nor private sector changes in health care organization and financing during the past decade have ameliorated the problems addressed by the HSA, and new troubles have emerged. These problems affect every group in the country and continue to deteriorate health care, yet there has been no political support for large-scale reform. The core components of a vision for future action-universal coverage, quality improvement, cost containment, and subsidies for the economically vulnerable-are essential. There is a pressing need to construct a clear vision that would tie together incremental steps into a rational approach to comprehensive reform and to actually move toward the realization of that vision.
756 LARGE-SCALE MULTICENTER COMPARISON OF THREE ALGORITHMS COMBINING SERUM NON-INVASIVE MARKERS FOR LIVER FIBROSIS IN CHRONIC HEPATITIS C
Authors: G. Sebastiani, P. Halfon, L. Castera, A. Mangia, V. Di Marco, M. Pirisi, M. Voiculescu, M. Bourliere, A. Alberti
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Heterologous Antilymphocyte Globulin
Authors: Thomas E. Starzl
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

The immunosuppressive properties of heterologous antilymphocyte serum and its globulin derivative have been well known since 1961, when it was reported that a variety of immunologic responses could be weakened in guinea pigs by the administration of the antilymphocyte serum or its globulin derivative that had been raised in rabbits. 1 These included the marked suppression of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, a lesser effect on humoralantibody formation and a relatively feeble mitigation of skin homograft rejection.Soon afterward, it was unequivocally demonstrated 2-5 that rabbit anti-lymphocyte serum had remarkable ability to prolong the viability of mouse or rat skin grafts even when they were transplanted across difficult histocompatibility barriers.Moreover, such an effect could often be obtained with less overt toxicity than with any previously known immunosuppressive agent.As a consequence of these results, there was immediate interest in the possible clinical use of antilymphocyte globulin after human organ transplantation or for the treatment of various other immunologically directed pathologic states.It now seems clear that the globulin can be administered to man with both benefit and relative safety in spite of certain gaps in knowledge, which are alluded to below, but only under carefully controlled circumstances.
Persistent improvement in synaptic and cognitive functions in an Alzheimer mouse model after rolipram treatment
Authors: Bing Gong, Ottavio V. Vitolo, Fabrizio Trinchese, Shumin Liu, Michael Shelanski, Ottavio Arancio
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Evidence suggests that Alzheimer disease (AD) begins as a disorder of synaptic function, caused in part by increased levels of amyloid β-peptide 1–42 (Aβ42). Both synaptic and cognitive deficits are reproduced in mice double transgenic for amyloid precursor protein (AA substitution K670N,M671L) and presenilin-1 (AA substitution M146V). Here we demonstrate that brief treatment with the phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor rolipram ameliorates deficits in both long-term potentiation (LTP) and contextual learning in the double-transgenic mice. Most importantly, this beneficial effect can be extended beyond the duration of the administration. One course of long-term systemic treatment with rolipram improves LTP and basal synaptic transmission as well as working, reference, and associative memory deficits for at least 2 months after the end of the treatment. This protective effect is possibly due to stabilization of synaptic circuitry via alterations in gene expression by activation of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)/cAMP regulatory element–binding protein (CREB) signaling pathway that make the synapses more resistant to the insult inflicted by Aβ. Thus, agents that enhance the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway have potential for the treatment of AD and other diseases associated with elevated Aβ42 levels.
Correlation of Serum Potassium Concentrations with the Blood Pressure in Rats Fed a Potassium-Deficient Ration
Authors: SHIRLEY M. ST. GEORGE, S. CHARLES FREED, RAY H. ROSENMAN
Journal: Circulation (1952)

Rats which develop low blood pressures as a result of low potassium diet are shown to have lowered serum potassium levels. When the blood pressure is restored to normal by injection and 24 hour feeding of potassium, serum potassium levels also return to normal.
Erectile dysfunction may be an early sign of heart disease, suggests new research
Authors: Raghav Chawla
Journal: BMJ (2004)

<h3>Aims</h3> To characterise the epidemiology of eye trauma in the event of falls presenting to the emergency departments (ED) in the USA. <h3>Method</h3> Retrospective cohort study. Nationwide Emergency Department Sample was used to analyse fall encounters presenting to the ED with eye trauma from 2006 to 2015. National estimates of the leading diagnoses were determined, and multivariable regression was used to determine the relationship between factors involved in fall encounters presenting with eye trauma. <h3>Results</h3> From 2006 to 2015, an estimated 87 991 036 fall encounters presented to the ED, of which 952 781 encounters had eye trauma as either a primary or secondary diagnosis. The overall incidence of fall encounters with eye trauma per 100 000 US population increased from 30.7 encounters in 2006 to 33.8 encounters per 100 000 population in 2014 with a decrease seen in 2015. Eye trauma, including vision-threatening type, was highest in females (n=500 520, 52.5%), elderly (n=400 209, 42%) and children (n=2 06 741, 21.7%). Elderly were more likely to have eye trauma in the setting of falls (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.06, 95% CI 2.02 to 2.11) and be admitted (aOR 1.89, 95% CI 1.86 to 1.91) than adults (reference). The leading types of eye trauma were contusion of orbital tissues (n=174 292, 18.3%), laceration of eyelid and periocular area (n=172 361, 18.1%) and orbital fractures (n=151 013, 15.8%). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Falls are preventable, yet the incidence of falls and resulting eye trauma are increasing despite our best efforts. As ophthalmologists, we should not only develop guidelines to recognise and counsel at-risk groups under our care but also strategies for prevention of eye trauma secondary to falls.
Mitigating the threat of artemisinin resistance in Africa: improvement of drug-resistance surveillance and response systems
Authors: Ambrose O Talisuna, Corine Karema, Bernhards Ogutu, Elizabeth Juma, John Logedi, Andrew Nyandigisi, Modest Mulenga, Wilfred F Mbacham, Cally Roper, Philippe J Guerin, Umberto D'Alessandro, Robert W Snow
Journal: The Lancet Infectious Diseases (2012)
Constitutive Variability in the Pharmacokinetics of the Natural Retinoid, All-trans-Retinoic Acid, and Its Modulation by Ketoconazole
Authors: J. R. Rigas, P. A. Francis, J. R. F. Muindi, M. G. Kris, C. Huselton, F. DeGrazia, J. P. Orazem, C. W. Young, R. P. Warrell
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

All- trans -retinoic acid (all- trans RA) induces complete remission in most patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, continuous oral dosing results in progressive decline in plasma drug concentrations, which is associated with relapse and resistance to this retinoid. We speculated that the decline in drug levels, indicating acquired resistance, resulted partly from inducible cytochrome-P450 oxi-dative enzymes, which can catabolize all- trans RA. We studied the clinical pharmacology of all- trans RA in cancer patients to determine possible mechanisms of acquired resistance and evaluated the potential for reversal by ketoconazole, an inhibitor of cytochrome-P450 oxida-tive enzymes. Serial plasma samples were obtained from 54 patients with APL or advanced lung cancer after a single oral dose of all- trans RA (45 mg/m 2 ). In the 34 patients with advanced lung cancer, all- trans RA (45 mg/m 2 ) was administered twice daily for 4 weeks, and, on days 2, 28, and 29, serial plasma samples were again obtained after a single 45-mg/m 2 dose. One hour prior to drug administration on days 2 and 29, a single oral dose (200-1200 mg) of ketoconazole was administered. Endogenous plasma concentrations of all- trans RA and 13- cis -retinoic acid were measured in a subset of these patients and in 11 with early-stage lung cancer. The mean area under the curve for plasma drug concentration times time (AUC) for all- trans RA on day 1 varied substantially among patients. Compared with patients with APL, the 28 patients with advanced lung cancer who completed therapy demonstrated significantly lower AUC levels on day 1 ( P = .06); a subgroup with levels less than 300 ng/mL per hour on day 1 had lower endogenous plasma all- trans RA concentrations than patients with APL or early-stage lung cancer or 14 normal subjects. Following continuous oral treatment, the mean day 28 AUC for all- trans RA was significantly lower than that on day 1 (213 ng/mL per hour versus 467 ng/mL per hour; P <.01), a decline significantly attenuated by ketoconazole, which increased the mean plasma all- trans RA AUC on day 29 to 375 ng/mL per hour (P<.O1). Reported variability for the pharmacokinetics of all- trans RA may result from disease-related or population-based differences in basal catabolic rates influenced by genetic or environmental factors. However, the pattern of inducible catabolism of all- trans RA is not disease specific. Ketoconazole attenuates this accelerated catabolism, suggesting that oxidation by cytochrome-P450 enzymes is an important pathway for both constitutive and induced pathways of all- trans RA metabolism. [J Natl Cancer Inst 85:1921–1926, 1993]