tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
On Respiratory Convulsions, with Especial Reference to Laryngismus Stridulus and Allied Conditions in Infancy
Authors: W. H. Barlow
Journal: BMJ (1887)

THi young man who commences the practice of medicine amid the crowded population of one of the great manufacturing cities of England becomes very speedily aware of the frequency and im'portance of certain signs of nervous disturbance in the young infant, which will form perhaps the most frequent, and certainly the most urgent, of the causes of his summons to assist.Of the total number of deaths ol children under the age of one year in England, three-tenths are from some form of nervous disease, and of this proportion nearly three- fourths (73.3 per cent.) are returned as due to convutsions These figures are doubtless imperfect, and due largely to insufficient dia- gosis, but they serve to illustrate the frequency of the symptom in
The metabolism of Tay-Sachs ganglioside: catabolic studies with lysosomal enzymes from normal and Tay-Sachs brain tissue
Authors: John F. Tallman, William G. Johnson, Roscoe O. Brady
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

The catabolism of Tay-Sachs ganglioside, N-acetylgalactosaminyl- (N-acetylneuraminosyl) -galactosylglucosylceramide, has been studied in lysosomal preparations from normal human brain and brain obtained at biopsy from Tay-Sachs patients. Utilizing Tay-Sachs ganglioside labeled with (14)C in the N-acetylgalactosaminyl portion or (3)H in the N-acetylneuraminosyl portion, the catabolism of Tay-Sachs ganglioside may be initiated by either the removal of the molecule of N-acetylgalactosamine or N-acetylneuraminic acid. The activity of the N-acetylgalactosamine-cleaving enzyme (hexosaminidase) is drastically diminished in such preparations from Tay-Sachs brain whereas the activity of the N-acetylneuraminic acid-cleaving enzyme (neuraminidase) is at a normal level. Total hexosaminidase activity as measured with an artificial fluorogenic substrate is increased in tissues obtained from patients with the B variant form of Tay-Sachs disease and it is virtually absent in the O-variant patients. The addition of purified neuraminidase and various purified hexosaminidases exerted only a minimal synergistic effect on the hydrolysis of Tay-Sachs ganglioside in the lysosomal preparations from the control or patient with the O variant of Tay-Sachs disease.
Ventricular‐aorta mismatch of heat‐shock protein 72 expression in spontaneous hypertensive rats
Authors: V. Salpeas, I. Rizos, E. Patsouris, D. Vitalis, M. Vitalis, E. Sakadakis, G. Vyssoulis, D. Kokkinos, P. Asimacopoulos, P. Toutouzas
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2000)
Hyaluronate in rheumatology and orthopaedics: is there a role?
Authors: R K Strachan, P Smith, D L Gardner
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1990)

<b>Background and Objectives:</b> The prognosis of patients undergoing kidney tumor resection or kidney donation is linked to many histological criteria. These criteria notably include glomerular density, glomerular volume, vascular luminal stenosis, and severity of interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy. Automated measurements through a Deep Learning approach could save time and provide more precise data. This work aimed to develop a free tool to automatically obtain kidney histological prognostic features. <b>Design, setting, participants, and measurements:</b> Two hundred and forty one samples of healthy kidney tissue were split into 3 independent cohorts. The "Training" cohort (n=65) was used to train two Convolutional Neural Networks: one to detect the cortex and a second one to segment the kidney structures. The "Test" cohort (n=50) assessed their performances by comparing manually outlined regions of interest to predicted ones. The "Application" cohort (n=126) compared prognostic histological data obtained manually or through the algorithm based on the combination of the two Convolutional Neural Networks. <b>Results:</b> In the Test cohort, the networks isolated the cortex and segmented the elements of interest with good performances (more than 90% of the cortex, healthy tubules, glomeruli, and even globally sclerotic glomeruli were detected). In the Application cohort, the expected and predicted prognostic data were significantly correlated. The correlation coefficients r were respectively 0.85 for glomerular volume, 0.51 for glomerular density, 0.75 for interstitial fibrosis, 0.71 for tubular atrophy, and 0.73 for vascular intimal thickness. The algorithm had a good ability to predict significant (&gt; 25%) tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis level (ROC curve with an area under the curve 0.92 and 0.91, respectively) or a significant vascular luminal stenosis (&gt; 50%) (area under the curve 0.85). <b>Conclusion:</b> This freely available tool enables the automated segmentation of kidney tissue to obtain prognostic histological data in a fast, objective, reliable and reproducible way.
Amygdala circuitry in attentional and representational processes
Authors: Peter C. Holland, Michela Gallagher
Journal: Trends in Cognitive Sciences (1999)

The amygdala has long been implicated in the display of emotional behavior and emotional information processing, especially in the context of aversive events. In this review, we discuss recent evidence that links the amygdala to several aspects of food-motivated associative learning, including functions often characterized as attention, reinforcement and representation. Each of these functions depends on the operation of separate amygdalar subsystems, through their connections with other brain systems. Notably, very different processing systems seem to be mediated by the central nucleus and basolateral amygdala, subregions of the amygdala that differ in their anatomy and in their connectivity. The basolateral amygdala is involved in the acquisition and representation of reinforcement value, apparently through its connections with ventral striatal dopamine systems and with the orbitofrontal cortex. The dentral nucleus, however, contributes heavily to attentional function in conditioning, by way of its influence on basal forebrain cholinergic systems and on the dorsolateral striatum.
Pleural Mesothelioma and Neighborhood Asbestos Exposure
Authors: Alf Fischbein
Journal: JAMA (1984)

IN 1978, we reported a case of malignant pleural mesothelioma with unusually long survival. In that report we detailed histopathologic and immunologic observations that may have been related to the long-term survival.<sup>1</sup>In this article, we summarize the clinical course and relate the probable etiology of the disease to an unusual type of asbestos exposure. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A male patient, born in 1924, was well until the beginning of 1970, when he noted a gradual increase in shortness of breath and sharp pain in the right side of the chest. He experienced repeated pleural effusions and was found to have malignant pleural mesothelioma. He was not given chemotherapy or any specific treatment for the disease, which showed a very slowly progressing course. In December 1979, there was a rapid deterioration in the patient's clinical status, with marked progress of the chest roentgenographic abnormalities (Fig 1). The patient
Evaluation of Monobenzone
Authors: S. W. Becker
Journal: JAMA (1962)

A multitude of diseases will produce areas of increased pigmentation in the skin. These are often a cosmetic liability. These lesions have kept physicians constantly interested in bleaching preparations. As yet no compound has been found which will adequately lighten hyperpigmented skin. The original reports of Oliver and associates that monobenzone caused complete depigmentation naturally aroused interest in this compound. After a number of years of investigation the mode of action of this material is still not clear. Long-term clinical studies have demonstrated that it will not produce uniform, controllable depigmentation. Depigmented areas persist for years and may be permanent.
Effect of Dose of Polyvalent Influenza Vaccine on Antibody Response in an Aged Population.
Authors: Samuel Saslaw
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1965)

s1 May 1965Effect of Dose of Polyvalent Influenza Vaccine on Antibody Response in an Aged Population.Samuel Saslaw, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P., Harold N. Carlisle, Ph.D.Samuel Saslaw, M.D., Ph.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this author, Harold N. Carlisle, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-62-5-1089_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptElderly people represent a high risk group in influenza virus infections and yearly vaccination with 1.0 ml of polyvalent vaccine is recommended. Studies in 1960 with 772 elderly persons (mean age, 63.8 years) showed that 1.0 ml of polyvalent vaccine subcutaneously was superior to 0.1 ml intracutaneously when given as the first injection but not as booster 3 months later. Follow-up studies in 1963 of 237 members of this group (mean age, 66.4 years) were conducted comparing H-I antibody response to 11 strains of influenza virus after 1.0, 0.5, 0.25 ml of polyvalent vaccine subcutaneously and 0.1 ml intracutaneously. Antibody... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Columbus, Ohio PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1965Volume 62, Issue 5Page: 1089-1089KeywordsAntibody productionElderlyVaccines ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1965 PDF downloadLoading ...
THE MORPHOLOGY AND BIOLOGY OF THE PARASITE FROM A CASE OF SYSTEMIC BLASTOMYCOSIS.
Authors: F. J. OTIS
Journal: JAMA (1903)

The observations recorded in this paper were made on the parasites obtained in the tissue and by artificial culture from the case of fatal systemic blastomycosis reported by Ormsby and Miller.<sup>1</sup>We wish here to acknowledge their assistance in the work done and kindness in allowing us to use the material from their case. In May, 1894, Gilchrist<sup>2</sup>described in tissues from a skin lesion the spherical, double-contoured, budding microörganisms which have since been observed in about thirty-five reported cases. In this case cultures were not made and little was known of the biology or nature of the parasite. In November of the same year Busse<sup>3</sup>reported a case of systemic infection resulting fatally in which a similar parasite was described as the etiologic factor. Cultures were made from this case and the organisms extensively studied by Buschke.<sup>4</sup>In culture the organism grew by budding, and mycelial
Outbreak of Food-Borne Gastroenteritis Due to a Coagulase-Negative Enterotoxin-Producing Staphylococcus
Authors: John C. Breckinridge, Merlin S. Bergdoll
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

STAPHYLOCOCCAL food poisoning is an intoxication due to ingestion of heat-stable enterotoxin produced in food by staphylococci. It is thought that only coagulase-positive staphylococci produce enterotoxin and that coagulase-negative staphylococci cannot cause gastroenteritis.1 2 3 4 This paper describes an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in which clinical and epidemiologic data incriminate enterotoxin-producing, coagulase-negative staphylococci.MethodsExposed persons were interviewed within one week by telephone. Stool cultures were not obtained. Cultures of food and of the hands of food handlers were plated on Chapman-Stone medium, blood agar, MacConkey's and salmonella-shigella mediums. Staphylococcus epidermidis was identified by gross morphology, gram stain and biologic reactions and . . .
Alterations in human epidermal Langerhans cells by ultraviolet radiation: quantitative and morphological study
Authors: S. Seite, H. Zucchi, D. Moyal, S. Tison, D. Compan, F. Christiaens, A. Gueniche, A. Fourtanier
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Ultraviolet (UV) exposure of human skin induces local and systemic immune suppression. This phenomenon has been well documented when UVB radiation (290-320 nm) is used. The mechanism is thought to involve Langerhans cells (LCs), the epidermal dendritic cells that play a crucial role in antigen presentation. A variety of studies have clearly demonstrated that UVB radiation decreases LC density and alters their morphology and immunological function, but little is known about the effects of the entire UV spectrum (ultraviolet solar simulated radiation, UV-SSR or UVB + UVA) or UVA (320-400 nm) radiation alone.The purpose of this study was to analyse and compare the effects of a single exposure of human volunteers to UV-SSR, total UVA or UVA1 (340-400 nm) in the human epidermal LC density and morphology.Immunohistochemistry on epidermal sheets with various antibodies and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used.Immunostaining for class II antigen revealed that a single UV-SSR exposure, corresponding to twice the minimal erythemal dose (MED), induced a significant reduction in LC density with only slight morphological alterations of remaining cells. After a single UVA exposure, LC density showed a dose-dependent reduction with a significant effect at 60 J cm(-2) (well above the MED). Moreover, the reduction of LC dendricity was also dose-dependent and significant for doses exceeding 30 J cm(-2). UVA1 radiation was as effective as total UVA for the later endpoint. As demonstrated by TEM, the location of Birbeck granules containing epidermal cells was modified in UVA-exposed areas. They were located in the spinous rather than in the suprabasal layer. In addition, the morphology of these cells was altered. We observed a rounding up of the cell body with a reduction of dendricity. Alterations of mitochondrial membrane and ridges were also seen.A single exposure of human skin in vivo to UV-SSR, UVA or UVA1 radiation results in different alterations of density and/or morphology of LCs. All these alterations may impair the antigen-presenting function of LCs leading to an alteration of immune response.
SUNBURN AND SKIN DAMAGE
Authors: G. H. Whipple
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> At the turn of the century pathologists saw skin malignancy of the face and neck associated with long-continued exposure to wind and sun. The patients were frequently sea captains, long-time market fishermen, and farmers. Today, these same malignancies are found even more frequently, and the patients usually give a history of continued summer exposure of the skin with the sole objective of a fashionable summer tan. "Smog" may possibly be an added factor to an inflamed skin. In moderation, exposure to the sunrays presumably benefits the individual. Overexposure year after year certainly does the skin no good. It is recognized that a brunette skin is usually more tolerant, but the blonde skin usually reacts with freckles, then larger brown splotches, and a leathery type of brown skin. This last change is not reversible and certainly is far removed from the lovely, smooth, soft skin of the young
Walking activities and wear of prostheses.
Authors: B B Seedhom, N C Wallbridge
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1985)

A study of the walking activities of 243 individuals was carried out. The individuals came from four different occupations and had an age range of 17-83 years. The survey carried out in this investigation showed surprisingly little correlation between variables such as age, height, and weight of individuals and their speed of walking, length of stride, or distance walked. Correlation matrices were obtained for the whole sample and then for each sex, showing similar trends. The most significant correlation was between the height of an individual and the length of the stride, and there was a lesser correlation between age and the number of steps walked by an individual per day. Further statistical analyses showed that males in manual occupations walked most and those in sedentary occupations walked least. On the other hand, in the female groups housewives seemed to walk least and those in technical occupations walked most. The average number of steps walked per day by a male individual for the whole sample was 9537; that for females was 9839. The corresponding distances walked per day were 6.7 and 6.5 km. The differences were not statistically significant. Predictions of wear of prosthetic components made of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene were made on the basis of the above data and other variables affecting wear, such as the weight of the subject and the area available for contact during walking. Charts have been constructed of the penetration of the metallic component into the plastic one for both hip knee prostheses, thus enabling predictions of the wear of the plastic components of these two most widely used prostheses. Owing to the wide ranging values of the variables used in making the predictions of wear, these latter should be regarded only as 9safe9 first estimates.
Plain tobacco packaging in Australia increases calls to Quitline
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

The introduction of plain tobacco packaging in Australia led to a near doubling of calls to the national “stop smoking” helpline, a study has found—bolstering the evidence that packaging can significantly affect smokers’ behaviour.1

Australia was the first country to mandate plain packaging for all tobacco products, after it passed legislation in 2011. From 1 October 2012 all manufacturers had to produce plain green packaging for their products, which …
Cardiac Sarcoidosis in a Patient With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Demonstrated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Dual-Isotope Scintigraphy
Authors: Jan-Peter Smedema, Marinus J.P.G. van Kroonenburgh, Gabriel Snoep, Walter Backes, Anton P. Gorgels
Journal: Circulation (2004)
Oral glutamine challenge in cirrhotics pre- and post-liver transplantation: A psychometric and analyzed EEG study
Authors: K N Oppong, H Al-Mardini, M Thick, C O Record
Journal: Hepatology (1997)

Latent or sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy is a recognized complication of cirrhosis and is thought to represent one end of the spectrum of neuropsychiatric impairment, which occurrs as a result of portal-systemic shunting. We studied the psychometric, analyzed electroencephalography (EEG), and venous blood ammonia responses to an oral glutamine challenge in 17 patients with cirrhosis and in 4 normal controls. The cirrhotics were attending for liver transplant assessment and had no clinical evidence of hepatic encephalopathy. The oral glutamine challenge was repeated following liver transplantation. Five of sixteen patients (31%) showed impaired performance on at least one of the baseline psychometric tests. There was a correlation between fasting venous ammonia and choice reaction time (r = .7, P < .01). Following glutamine challenge there was a significant increase in blood ammonia from a mean fasting value ranging between 58 micromol/L to 120 micromol/L (P < .01), between significant prolongation of reaction times of 387 ms to 428 ms (P < .01), and an increase in mean EEG amplitude between 68.5 microV to 78.6 microV (P < .001). Four normal controls who were challenged with glutamine and 6 cirrhotic patients who were challenged with water showed no change in any of these parameters. Following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) the eight patients studied had normal baseline psychomotor performance with significant improvements in digit symbol, digit span, information processing, number connection tests (P < .05), and reaction time (P < .005). Posttransplantation, there were no significant changes in blood ammonia, analyzed EEG, or choice reaction time in response to oral glutamine challenge (six patients). We conclude that short lived changes in blood ammonia (in cirrhotics) can cause significant impairment of sensitive tests of brain function and that psychometric performance is improved following OLT.
Book Review Better but Not Well: Mental Health Policy in the United States since 1950 By Richard G. Frank and Sherry A. Glied. 183 pp. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006. $39.95 (cloth); $21.95 (paper). 0-8018-8442-X (cloth); 0-8018-8443-8 (paper).
Authors: David Mechanic
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2006)
Abstract A19: Ecrg4 downregulation in glioma enables transformed cells to escape immunosurveillance by tumor-associated macrophages/microglia
Authors: Jisook Lee, Xitong Dang, Alexandra Borboa, Raul Coimbra, Andrew Baird, Brian Eliceiri
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Tumor-associated microglia generally promote tumor invasion, adopting an immunosuppressive phenotype that is distinct from their pro-inflammatory functions. Based on bioinformatic mining of novel sentinel genes encoding biologically active peptides, we have recently identified Ecrg4, as a novel secreted pro-inflammatory mediator of macrophage activation. While downregulation of Ecrg4 expression occurs in various tumor cells, in this study, we demonstrate that the biological activity of Ecrg4 in cancer functions through a paracrine mechanism, where tumor cell-exposed Ecrg4 acts upon tumor-associated microglia. In orthotopic glioma models, tumor cells expressing Ecrg4 induce proliferation and morphological changes in tumor-associated microglia. These Ecrg4-mediated effects on microglia correlate with a reduction in tumor burden and prolonged survival. Together, these results identify Ecrg4 as a novel mediator of glioma progression functioning through a paracrine mechanism that regulates the inflammatory state of tumor-associated microglia/macrophages. Citation Format: Jisook Lee, Xitong Dang, Alexandra Borboa, Raul Coimbra, Andrew Baird, Brian Eliceiri. Ecrg4 downregulation in glioma enables transformed cells to escape immunosurveillance by tumor-associated macrophages/microglia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Tumor Invasion and Metastasis; Jan 20-23, 2013; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A19.
Arsenic Toxicology: Translating between Experimental Models and Human Pathology
Authors: J. Christopher States, Aaron Barchowsky, Iain L. Cartwright, John F. Reichard, Bernard W. Futscher, R. Clark Lantz
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2011)

Background: Chronic arsenic exposure is a worldwide health problem. How arsenic exposure promotes a variety of diseases is poorly understood, and specific relationships between experimental and human exposures are not established. We propose phenotypic anchoring as a means to unify experimental observations and disease outcomes.Objectives: We examined the use of phenotypic anchors to translate experimental data to human pathology and investigated research needs for which phenotypic anchors need to be developed.Methods: During a workshop, we discussed experimental systems investigating arsenic dose/exposure and phenotypic expression relationships and human disease responses to chronic arsenic exposure and identified knowledge gaps. In a literature review, we identified areas where data exist to support phenotypic anchoring of experimental results to pathologies from specific human exposures.Discussion: Disease outcome is likely dependent on cell-type–specific responses and interaction with individual genetics, other toxicants, and infectious agents. Potential phenotypic anchors include target tissue dosimetry, gene expression and epigenetic profiles, and tissue biomarkers.Conclusions: Translation to human populations requires more extensive profiling of human samples along with high-quality dosimetry. Anchoring results by gene expression and epigenetic profiling has great promise for data unification. Genetic predisposition of individuals affects disease outcome. Interactions with infectious agents, particularly viruses, may explain some species-specific differences between human pathologies and experimental animal pathologies. Invertebrate systems amenable to genetic manipulation offer potential for elaborating impacts of specific biochemical pathways. Anchoring experimental results to specific human exposures will accelerate understanding of mechanisms of arsenic-induced human disease.