tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Glucose Intolerance and Islet-Cell Dysfunction in Humans
Authors: Daniël H. van Raalte, Renate E. van Genugten, Margot M.L. Linssen, D. Margriet Ouwens, Michaela Diamant
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

OBJECTIVE Glucocorticoids (GCs) are regarded as diabetogenic because they impair insulin sensitivity and islet-cell function. This study assessed whether treatment with the glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist (GLP-1 RA) exenatide (EXE) could prevent GC-induced glucose intolerance. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study in eight healthy men (age: 23.5 [20.0–28.3] years; BMI: 26.4 [24.3–28.0] kg/m2) was conducted. Participants received three therapeutic regimens for 2 consecutive days: 1) 80 mg of oral prednisolone (PRED) every day (q.d.) and intravenous (IV) EXE infusion (PRED+EXE); 2) 80 mg of oral PRED q.d. and IV saline infusion (PRED+SAL); and 3) oral placebo-PRED q.d. and intravenous saline infusion (PLB+SAL). On day 1, glucose tolerance was assessed during a meal challenge test. On day 2, participants underwent a clamp procedure to measure insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. RESULTS PRED+SAL treatment increased postprandial glucose levels (vs. PLB+SAL, P = 0.012), which was prevented by concomitant EXE (vs. PLB+SAL, P = NS). EXE reduced PRED-induced hyperglucagonemia during the meal challenge (P = 0.018) and decreased gastric emptying (vs. PRED+SAL, P = 0.028; vs. PLB+SAL, P = 0.046). PRED+SAL decreased first-phase glucose- and arginine-stimulated C-peptide secretion (vs. PLB+SAL, P = 0.017 and P = 0.05, respectively), whereas PRED+EXE improved first- and second-phase glucose- and arginine-stimulated C-peptide secretion (vs. PLB+SAL; P = 0.017, 0.012, and 0.093, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The GLP-1 RA EXE prevented PRED-induced glucose intolerance and islet-cell dysfunction in healthy humans. Incretin-based therapies should be explored as a potential strategy to prevent steroid diabetes.
Mediterranean Diet May Reduce Stroke Risk in Individuals With Genetic Predisposition to Diabetes
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Medical Emergencies: Diagnostic and Management Procedures from the Boston City Hospital.
Authors: Alan S. Cohen, Ralph B. Freidin, Martin A. Samuels
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1984)

English, is a compendium of 51 papers presented at the conference. The editors have achieved their objective of presenting an up-to-date review on the investigation of peptic ulcer disease. Among the 774 pages of text and data, there are 124 pages of pertinent bibliography. References for each chapter are listed, and to me the bibliography seemed complete. Illustrations are plentiful and clear throughout the book. The text is, in general, also clear and well organized. Some of the illustrations are borrowed from prominent, contemporary sources, while others are original data. The book has four main divisions. The first is an excellent presentation of the physiological, biochemical, and pharmacologic mechanisms of acid production. The second major section deals with the role of the intestinal phase in the regulation of gastric se¬ cretion. The third describes the bio¬ chemical approach of ulcer develop¬ ment and indicates the principal techniques designed to induce experi¬ mental ulcer, with emphasis on alter¬ ations in the mucopolysaccharides of gastric juice and gastric mucosa. The fourth section describes experimental ulcer provocation and inhibition. This book places more emphasis on basic science than on clinical appli¬ cations. It should have specific appeal to persons at several levels, including the student or the investigator ven¬ turing into this field of research, subspecialists such asgastroenterologists, experimental pharmacologists, and, to a lesser extent, any practicing cli¬ nician interested in an updated re¬ view of progress in peptic ulcer re¬ search.
Can repression become a conscious process?
Authors: Simon Boag
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2006)

A major weakness in Erdelyi's account concerns the claim that repression can become conscious. A relational account of cognition demonstrates that if repression is successful, then the repressive act cannot become known. Additionally, “resistance” further distinguishes “repression” from “suppression.” Rather than blurring the distinction between these processes, it is possible to recognise a series of defences. Suggestions are provided for alternative research avenues.
A CASE OF OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA INFANTILIS
Authors: John Inglis
Journal: JAMA (1930)

The mother of this child was 26 years of age. She was one of a family of eleven, all of whom were living except one child who died at 2 weeks of age of smallpox (the mother having contracted it) and one who died during the influenza epidemic of 1918. She weighed 152 pounds (69 Kg.) and was strong, healthy and well nourished. Her past history was entirely negative. The father was 24 and belonged to a family of four boys. He weighed 156 pounds (71 Kg.) and had always been well and strong. The Wassermann reaction was negative in both parents.  The pregnancy was normal in every way. The mother went into labor about 10 a. m., with pains every twenty or thirty minutes. These pains continued irregularly until 3 or 4 p. m., when they subsided to begin again at about 7:30. They then continued until the birth
THE SPECIAL FUND: TRADE UNION OR TRUST?
Authors: P. C. Raiment
Journal: BMJ (1914)

T3lcALaJu gNI 4 requiroments of tJ)e miedical department.Conditions will be cil'ingred again if a iiiedical-scliool is opened at Syihet .anid the rLules as rcgarids admission and scholarshiips are
Effects of Aortic Constriction During Experimental Acute Right Ventricular Pressure Loading
Authors: Israel Belenkie, S. Gabrielle Horne, Rosa Dani, Eldon R. Smith, John V. Tyberg
Journal: Circulation (1995)

Background Acute right ventricular (RV) hypertension may result in hemodynamic collapse. The associated reduction in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume is thought to result from reduced RV output (secondary to RV ischemia) and adverse direct ventricular interaction. Aortic constriction improves cardiac function in these circumstances; this has been attributed to a reversal of the RV ischemia caused by an increased coronary perfusion pressure. We hypothesized that altered ventricular interaction, potentially via altered septal mechanics, may also contribute to the beneficial effects of aortic constriction. Methods and Results We instrumented nine dogs with ultrasonic dimension crystals to measure RV segment length, septum–to–RV free wall and septum–to–LV free wall diameters, and LV anteroposterior diameter. Catheter-tipped manometers were used to measure LV and RV pressures. Pericardial pressure was measured with flat, liquid-containing balloon transducers. Inflatable cuff constrictors were placed on the pulmonary artery (PA) and aorta, and a flow probe was placed on the PA. The right coronary artery (RCA) was perfused independently by a roller pump calibrated for flow. During moderate PA constriction, while RCA pressure was maintained at control level, RCA flow did not change significantly (15.8±6.2 to 16.9±11.5 mL/min) and was similar during severe PA constriction (18.6±9.8 mL/min). During severe PA constriction, RV stroke volume decreased from a control value of 10.3±4.9 to 2.3±1.4 mL/beat ( P &lt;.05). When aortic constriction was added while RCA pressure was maintained at control level, there was an increase in RV stroke volume to 4.5±2.0 mL/beat ( P &lt;.05) with no associated change in RCA flow (17.8±9.5 mL/min). However, pressure-dimension loops clearly demonstrated changes in diastolic and systolic ventricular interaction; with aortic constriction, there was a large increase in the transseptal pressure gradient associated with a rightward septal shift. During either isolated severe PA constriction or simultaneous severe PA and aortic constriction, RCA flow was increased until RCA pressure was approximately equal to that in the aorta. This produced an increase in RCA flow of 50% ( P &lt;.05); however, this increase in coronary flow was ineffective in improving any measure of RV function. Conclusions In this model of acute RV hypertension, aortic constriction improves cardiac function, at least in part, by altering ventricular interaction independent of changes in RCA flow. Changes in RCA flow do not appear to have a significant impact on cardiac function in this model in which coronary artery pressure was maintained at normal or increased levels.
Staphylococcus of a Newly Recognized Bacteriophage Type
Authors: Daniel Lavine
Journal: JAMA (1965)

An outbreak of staphylococcal enterocolitis in a large hospital called attention to the high incidence of staphylococcal pneumonia, surgical-wound sepsis, and other infections. The strain responsible was untypable with the international bacteriophages and appears to be a newly recognized bacteriophage type which is lysed only by experimental bacteriophages D, B5, 77Ad, UC18, and SF. All enterocolitis cases occurred among patients who had been treated with broad spectrum antibiotics, either for treatment of hepatic decompensation or in preparation for bowel surgery. Most of the other severe infections occurred among elderly or debilitated patients who were receiving antibiotics. With more discriminatory use of neomycin, the enterocolitis outbreak subsided, although the strain remains endemic in the hospital.
Laws Promote Pediatric Drug Development
Authors: Bridget M. Kuehn
Journal: JAMA (2006)

SINCE 1997, AS A RESULT OF 3 PIECES of legislation, the labels of about 100 drugs marketed in the United States have been updated to include critical information about using the medications in children. In June, the European Union’s parliament adopted similar legislation that will further promote pediatric drug research and provide more information about the effectiveness, dosing, and safety of various drugs in children. These laws, heralded as breakthroughs for pediatric medicine, provide incentives and/or create requirements for drug companies to test their products in children and to update the medications’ labels accordingly. The effort is helping redress a legacy of neglect in the area of pediatric pharmacology, which forced pediatricians to rely on data from drug trials in adults and then adjust doses based on weight. But children are not physiologically “miniature adults,” so this strategy has drawbacks. For example, children’s developing bodies may not process drugs as quickly or effectively as adults.
A Cognitive-Behavioral Self-Help Educational Program for Patients with COPD
Authors: Donna P. Lisansky, Dorothy Hendel Clough
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1996)

Background: The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the impact of an 8-week cognitive-behavioral self-help educational program for individuals with COPD on level of disability. Methods: Eight adults ranging in age from 58 to 83 years attended a program that included a cognitive-behavioral intervention strategy. Levels of disability, cognitive distortion, anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and hostility were measured pre- and posttreatment using the Sickness Impact Profile, two Cognitive Error Questionnaires and the Symptom Questionnaire. Results: Significant decreases were found in the Psychosocial and Total Sickness Impact Profile Scores (p value = 0.02 and p value = 0.03, respectively). On the General-Cognitive Error Questionnaire, the personalization subscale decreased significantly (p value = 0.04). On the COPD-Cognitive Error Questionnaire, the selective abstraction subscale decreased significantly (p value = 0.02). Conclusion: Findings suggest a positive treatment response to the program.
Are Endoscopic Antireflux Therapies Cost-Effective Compared with Laparoscopic Fundoplication?
Authors: I. Schiefke, C. Rogalski, A. Zabel-Langhennig, H. Witzigmann, J. Mössner, D. Hasenclever, K. Caca
Journal: Endoscopy (2005)

Background and Study Aims: A number of endoscopic antireflux therapies (EATs) have emerged as potential nonmedical treatment options for patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Concerns about clinical efficacy and costs have given rise to debate about their role in GERD management. The costs of laparoscopic fundoplication (LF) were compared with the costs of EAT when used in a sequential strategy that reserves the option of LF for EAT failure. Methods: A simple mathematical criterion of direct medical costs was applied. Published articles concerning EAT were reviewed to assess its effectiveness, durability and costs, in order to estimate the parameters of the model. The costs of EAT and LF were evaluated from the perspective of a German third-party payer. Only direct medical costs were considered. Results: Assuming that EAT has no impact on potential LF later on, the outcome of both strategies (LF, or EAT first with LF in case of failure of EAT) is identical and preference is a simple question of costs. The sequential strategy in nonmedical GERD treatment would be preferable if the long-term relief rate with EAT exceeds the ratio of the cost of EAT to the cost of LF. Long-term success rates of EAT do not exceed 0.65. At current prices EAT is clearly not cost-effective in Germany. Conclusion: Our simple criterion indicates that EAT would only be cost-effective and beneficial in a sequential strategy if the costs of EAT were to be decreased to around 30 % of current retail prices. However, long-term studies and randomized controlled trials are necessary to finally determine the role of EAT in GERD treatment, and the preference may change in either direction.
IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS AGAINST LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS WITH FORMOLIZED TISSUE VACCINES
Authors: Erich Traub
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1938)

Guinea pigs can be immunized against lymphocytic choriomeningitis by 2 or 3 injections with formolized vaccines prepared from a variety of infected guinea pig tissues. Vaccines prepared from the consolidated areas of diseased lungs gave the best results. The immunity produced was partial in the majority of the cases, in that the vaccinated animals as a rule showed fever after the test of immunity and virus was present in the circulation during the febrile period. Vaccines prepared from infected mouse tissue had no, or very little, immunizing power for guinea pigs, even when prior to formolization they contained at least as much virus as guinea pig tissue vaccines. This failure to immunize appears to be due to the interference by heterologous antigens, since the immunity induced by homologous vaccines was often inhibited when formolized normal mouse tissue suspensions treated in the same manner as the guinea pig tissue vaccines were added to the latter before inoculation. The inhibitory effect of the heterologous tissue was less marked when it was not mixed with the vaccine but injected simultaneously on the opposite side of the body. The immunizing power of homologous vaccines did not parallel their virus content prior to formolization. A high degree of immunity, characterized by protective antibodies in the serum, was produced in some guinea pigs by prolonged treatment with large doses of homologous vaccine, while sera of guinea pigs vaccinated in the ordinary manner contained no detectable neutralizing antibodies. It is possible, therefore, that the immunity produced by inactive virus differs only quantitatively from that induced by an infection.
Postgraduate and continuing medical education in a developing country.
Authors: B Senewiratne, M Kanagarajah
Journal: BMJ (1975)

continuous dealing with minor problems, which enables us to do this because it is taken over by the renal unit.They do it well, but I would like to make a plea for the greater involvement of the general practitioner with the renal unit and with long-term illness in our practices.Is there a common ground, on a teaching and learning level, which renal units and general practitioners share, a ground which is not primarily an understanding of the disease process, but an understanding of how patients react to their disease process ?DR.OGG: I am delighted that Dr. Baker has said this.It took me two weekends to go through the notes, and when I saw what we had done to this poor girl I was horrified.The notes are a monument to her suffering.She had 34 admissions, 27 operations (including 18 for shunts), and 136 pints of blood (including 50 in the last few days).But I don't think we would make all these mistakes again.We have better access to the circulation, better and larger dialysers, better understanding of nutrition, less anaemia, and much less metastatic calcification.We haven't yet solved the problem of menorrhagia, which crops up every day.But this woman did carry on as a housewife, and she had a little bit to spare because she also worked part time and contributed to local village life.And perhaps most important, her son had his mother's company for an extra seven years.
Allergenic cross‐reactivity between the nematode <i>Anisakis simplex</i> and the dust mites <i>Acarus siro</i>, <i>Lepidoglyphus destructor</i>, <i>Tyrophagus putrescentiae</i>, and <i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i>
Authors: E. Johansson, M. Aponno, M. Lundberg, M. Van Hage‐Hamsten
Journal: Allergy (2001)

Background: The nematode Anisakis simplex is a common parasite on fish and other seafood. It is considered to be a food allergen and to induce IgE‐mediated reactions. Allergenic cross‐reactivity between A. simplex and other nematodes has been reported, as has cross‐reactivity with arthropods: red mosquito larvae and German cockroach. We have here studied the allergenic relationship between A. simplex and four different dust‐mite species. Methods: Serum samples collected from 69 farmers allergic to dust mites were analyzed for IgE to A. simplex by CAP FEIA. Allergenic cross‐reactivity between A. simplex and dust mites was studied in two of the sera by CAP FEIA and immunoblotting inhibition. Results: We found that 14/69 farmers had detectable levels of IgE antibodies to A. simplex . The IgE response in CAP FEIA to A. simplex was inhibited to various degrees in the two studied sera by extracts of the dust mites Acarus siro , Lepidoglyphus destructor , Tyrophagus putrescentiae , and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus . In the reverse inhibition experiment, extract of A. simplex inhibited the response in both sera to A. siro and T. putrescentiae , but not to L. destructor . The IgE binding to D. pteronyssinus was inhibited in one of the two sera. In blotting inhibition experiments, the IgE binding to several allergens in A. simplex was inhibited by each of the four mite extracts, especially by A. siro and T. putrescentiae , which completely inhibited the IgE binding to several allergens. Conclusions: The results show allergenic cross‐reactivity between several allergens in A. simplex and four dust‐mite species. The clinical significance of this cross‐reactivity remains to be evaluated.
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and acute pancreatitis.
Authors: A C De Beaux, D C Carter, K R Palmer
Journal: Gut (1996)

Leading articleEndoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and acute pancreatitis Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is firmly established as a valuable method for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary and pancreatic disease, and has a particularly important role in acute pancreatitis, when gall stones are suspected.Neoptolemos and colleagues' randomised patients thought to have gall stone pancreatitis to receive conservative management or urgent ERCP with sphincterotomy if stones were present in the bile duct.In patients with predicted mild disease on Glasgow crite- ria, urgent ERCP conferred no benefit, whereas it was associated with significantly lower morbidity in patients with predicted severe pancreatitis.None of the patients with mild disease in this trial died.There were fewer deaths in patients with severe disease who received urgent ERCP, although the difference was not statistically significant.A serum bilirubin concentration in excess of 40 ,umomll proved a strong indicator of 'persisting' bile duct stones and the need for ERCP.1 2 In a similar study from Hong Kong, early ERCP with sphincterotomy if stones were found reduced the incidence of biliary sepsis but did not affect mortality or the incidence of local and systemic complications.3In patients with acute pancreatitis of uncertain origin, ERCP may prove invaluable once the acute episode has settled to determine whether gall stones are present.4The potential importance of 'biliary sludge' as a cause of acute pancreatitis has also been highlighted recently.Of 31 patients with idiopathic pancreatitis in one series, 23 (740/o) had microscopic evidence of sludge (that is, calcium bilirubinate crystals or cholesterol monohydrate crystals) in duodenal aspirates.Pancreatitis recurred in only one of 10 patients undergoing cholecystectomy or endoscopic papillotomy compared with eight of 11 patients having no such treatment.5Early ERCP is probably unnecessary in patients with mild pancreatitis and should be avoided during the acute episode in patients without gall stones.Although the available results of early endoscopic intervention in patients with predicted severe gall stone pancreatitis are encouraging, some believe that the severity of an episode (and the risk of necrosis) is determined early, and that the amount of activated enzyme is more important than persisting impaction of a gall stone at the ampulla of Vater.6If there is a 'window of opportunity' during which
OXYGEN POISONING IN COLD BLOODED ANIMALS
Authors: James M. Faulkner, Carl A. L. Binger
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1927)

1. Exposure of frogs to atmospheres containing approximately 95 per cent of oxygen is without apparent effect on their state of well being, and produces no noticeable changes in the appearance of their web capillaries. 2. Turtles exposed to similar atmospheres are also apparently unaffected unless the oxygen be warmed to mammalian temperature. 3. At this temperature (37.5 degrees C.) the turtles behave like mammals, showing loss of appetite, shortness of breath, death and, at autopsy, hemorrhagic extravasations in the lungs. 4. Young turtles are more resistant (or adaptable) to this change in environment than mature ones.