tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Back to the Asylum: The Future of Mental Health Law and Policy in the United States
Authors: M. Gregg Bloche
Journal: JAMA (1993)

American mental health law is in the midst of a counterreformation, which, although 12 years of conservative dominance in national politics have come to an end, continues unabated. Its principal movers—judges, state legislators, and organized psychiatry—are not likely to be influenced, at least in the short run, by political change at the presidential level. <i>Back to the Asylum</i>chronicles this counterreformation with an eye toward its central paradox: the contradictory conceptions of personal responsibility that imbue its approaches to criminal justice and involuntary psychiatric treatment. As La Fond and Durham note, reformers in the 1980s took a narrow view of mental illness as an excuse from criminal responsibility. On the other hand, they justified the expanded use of involuntary psychiatric treatment by portraying the mentally ill as incapable of making responsible decisions about their care. La Fond and Durham contend that this contradiction can be explained by reference to a
Cytotoxic Activity of Immunotoxin SS1P Is Modulated by TACE-Dependent Mesothelin Shedding
Authors: Yujian Zhang, Oleg Chertov, Jingli Zhang, Raffit Hassan, Ira Pastan
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Mesothelin is a cell-surface tumor-associated antigen expressed in several human cancers. The limited expression of mesothelin on normal tissues and its high expression in many cancers make it an attractive candidate for targeted therapies using monoclonal antibodies, immunoconjugates, and immunotoxins. Mesothelin is actively shed from the cell surface and is present in the serum of patients with malignant mesothelioma, which could negatively affect the response to these therapies. We have found that mesothelin sheddase activity is mediated by a TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE), a member of the matrix metalloproteinase/a disintegrin and metalloprotease family. We showed that EGF and TIMP-3 act through TACE as endogenous regulators of mesothelin shedding. We also found that reducing shedding significantly improved the in vitro cytotoxicity of immunotoxin SS1P, which targets mesothelin and is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of patients with mesothelioma and lung cancer. Our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of mesothelin shedding and could help improve mesothelin-based targeted therapies.
Clopidogrel pretreatment reduces platelet inflammatory marker expression in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Frank J. Zidar, Martin J. Quinn, Deepak L. Bhatt, Deepak P. Vivekananthan, Herbert D. Aronow, Stephen G. Ellis, Edward Plow, Eric J. Topol
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2003)
Abstract 3973: Developing a public resource for structural biology and cancer pathway plasmids
Authors: Catherine Y. Cormier, Jin Park, Michael Fiacco, Jason Steel, Jason Kramer, Joshua LaBaer
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Understanding the structure and function of the genes involved in cancer is crucial to dissecting the underlying mechanisms of cancer development, progression and treatment. The Protein Structure Initiative:Biology-Materials Repository (MR; http://psimr.asu.edu) connects researchers with both the genetic raw materials and the structural knowledge to better understand the roles of individual genes in cancer pathways. As a centralized plasmid repository, the MR is responsible for sequence-verification, archival, and distribution of plasmids created by the high throughput structural genomics efforts of the Protein Structure Initiative (PSI). Plasmid annotations such as the full length sequence, vector information, and associated publications are stored in a freely available, searchable database called DNASU (http://dnasu.asu.edu). Each plasmid also links to external resources, including the PSI Structural Biology Knowledgebase (http://sbkb.org) facilitating cross-referencing of plasmids to additional protein annotations and experimental data. In addition to the 50,000 protein expression plasmids and empty vectors from the PSI, DNASU distributes over 151,000 plasmids including collections of human kinases, 1,000 breast cancer-related genes, over 10,000 human genes in several cloning and expression vectors, and over 800 glyco-enzyme plasmids that were created by or in collaboration with the MR, the ORFeome Collaboration, or individual laboratories. Furthermore, the MR strives to expedite and simplify plasmid requests through its expedited material transfer agreement (EP-MTA) network, where researchers from network institutions can order and receive PSI plasmids without institutional delays. By providing these plasmids to the research community, the MR is able to facilitate and accelerate the study of the biological function of proteins involved in cancer and whose structures have been solved by the PSI. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3973. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3973
PEG IFN alfa-2a vs. alfa-2b: And the winner is …?
Authors: Antonio Craxì
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)

Peginterferon alfa-2b or alfa-2a with ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C infection. McHutchison JG, Lawitz EJ, Shiffman ML, Muir AJ, Galler GW, McCone J, Nyberg LM, Lee WM, Ghalib RH, Schiff ER, Galati JS, Bacon BR, Davis MN, Mukhopadhyay P, Koury K, Noviello S, Pedicone LD, Brass CA, Albrecht JK, Sulkowski MS; IDEAL Study Team. N Engl J Med 2009 Aug 6;361(6):580–93.BackgroundTreatment guidelines recommend the use of peginterferon alfa-2b or peginterferon alfa-2a in combination with ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, these regimens have not been adequately compared.MethodsAt 118 sites, patients who had HCV genotype 1 infection and who had not previously been treated were randomly assigned to undergo 48 weeks of treatment with one of three regimens: peginterferon alfa-2b at a standard dose of 1.5 microg per kilogram of body weight per week or a low dose of 1.0 microg per kilogram per week, plus ribavirin at a dose of 800 to 1400 mg per day, or peginterferon alfa-2a at a dose of 180 microg per week plus ribavirin at a dose of 1000 to 1200 mg per day. We compared the rate of sustained virologic response and the safety and adverse-event profiles between the peginterferon alfa-2b regimens and between the standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b regimen and the peginterferon alfa-2a regimen.ResultsAmong 3070 patients, rates of sustained virologic response were similar among the regimens: 39.8% with standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, 38.0% with low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, and 40.9% with peginterferon alfa-2a (P = 0.20 for standard-dose vs. low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b; P = 0.57 for standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b vs. peginterferon alfa-2a). Estimated differences in response rates were 1.8% (95% confidence interval [CI, −2.3 to 6.0) between standard-dose and low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b and −1.1% (95% CI, −5.3 to 3.0) between standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b and peginterferon alfa-2a. Relapse rates were 23.5% (95% CI, 19.9 to 27.2) for standard-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, 20.0% (95% CI, 16.4 to 23.6) for low-dose peginterferon alfa-2b, and 31.5% (95% CI, 27.9 to 35.2) for peginterferon alfa-2a. The safety profile was similar among the three groups; serious adverse events were observed in 8.6% to 11.7% of patients. Among the patients with undetectable HCV RNA levels at treatment weeks 4 and 12, a sustained virologic response was achieved in 86.2% and 78.7%, respectively.ConclusionsIn patients infected with HCV genotype 1, the rates of sustained virologic response and tolerability did not differ significantly between the two available peginterferon–ribavirin regimens or between the two doses of peginterferon alfa-2b. (ClinicalTrials.gov No. NCT00081770) 2009 Massachusetts Medical Society.
Primary Care and Health: A Cross-National Comparison-Reply
Authors: Barbara Starfield
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —I thank Drs Gorman and Martinez for their comments about my article, "Primary Care and Health: A Cross-National Comparison."<sup>1</sup>There is no disagreement concerning the impact of broad social and economic factors on health. The question is this: Does medical care, and especially primary care, make a difference? Higher health expenditures do not guarantee better health. But health services are important. Compromised access to first-line care leads to deteriorating health<sup>2-4</sup>and improved access to such services leads to better health.<sup>5</sup>The cross-national data in the article on primary care and health suggest that primary care may be a key factor in this benefit from medical care. As noted in the article, the anomalous position of England and Wales, with high levels of primary care, illustrates that health services alone cannot solve health problems. I suspect that Gorman and Martinez do not really disagree with the
Abstract 2255: DHA may enhance proteasome activity in human cervical cancer cells: Indirect modulation of proteasome by DHA
Authors: Kyu Lim, Kaipeng Jing, Soyeon Shin, Soyeon Jeong, Soyeon Kim, Gi-Ryang Kweon, Seung-Kiel Park, Tong Wu, Jong-Il Park
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has been shown to induce the proteasomal degradation of various cancer-associated molecules such as beta-catenin and estrogen receptor, implying its regulatory effect on proteasome. To verify this possible link between DHA and proteasome function, we explored the impacts of DHA on human papillomavirus-positive HeLa cervical cancer cells that constitutively express two known endogenous proteasome substrates E6 and E7 viral proteins. Exposure HeLa cells to DHA resulted in elevated proteasome activities along with decreased levels of E6/E7 viral proteins, and these effects of DHA were remarkably reversed in the presence of proteasome inhibitors, suggesting that DHA improves proteasome function in the cells and thereby accelerates the degradation of proteasome substrates. The DHA-induced increase in cellular proteasome activity was preceded by reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and could be blocked by preincubation of the cells with ROS scavengers. Likewise, HeLa cells treated with exogenous ROS, H2O2, also exhibited significantly improved proteasome function. Unexpectedly, when the purified proteasome and whole-cell lysates isolated from HeLa cells were directly exposed to DHA or H2O2, such marked increases in proteasome activity were not seen. Taken together, these findings indicate that DHA may induce proteasome activation in cervical cancer cells mainly by indirect regulation of the proteasome. Citation Format: Kyu Lim, Kaipeng Jing, Soyeon Shin, Soyeon Jeong, Soyeon Kim, Gi-Ryang Kweon, Seung-Kiel Park, Tong Wu, Jong-Il Park. DHA may enhance proteasome activity in human cervical cancer cells: Indirect modulation of proteasome by DHA. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2255. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2255
Corrigendum to “Effectiveness of comprehensive disease management programmes in improving clinical outcomes in heart failure patients. A meta‐analysis” [Eur J Heart Fail 7 (2005) 1133—1144]
Authors: Rosa Roccaforte, Catherine Demers, Fulvia Baldassarre, Koon K. Teo, Salim Yusuf
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2006)
γ-Butyrobetaine Is a Proatherogenic Intermediate in Gut Microbial Metabolism of L-Carnitine to TMAO
Authors: Robert A. Koeth, Bruce S. Levison, Miranda K. Culley, Jennifer A. Buffa, Zeneng Wang, Jill C. Gregory, Elin Org, Yuping Wu, Lin Li, Jonathan D. Smith, W.H. Wilson Tang, Joseph A. DiDonato, Aldons J. Lusis, Stanley L. Hazen
Journal: Cell Metabolism (2014)
Clinical Paediatric Nephrology 3rd Edition
Authors: Timothy Chambers
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2004)

The strengths of past editions of Clinical Paediatric Nephrology have been comprehensiveness and conciseness. In the latest, the original editor has become the junior—is this where postgraduate medical education is leading us?—the publisher has changed and the menu has expanded to include psychosocial matters, information for families and third-world paediatric nephrology. Passe contributors have been dumped and the fresh team is international, multi-disciplinary and multiprofessional. The ephebic transformation is dazzling.

Inevitably the evidence-based influence lurks—fine for the routine case but less so and sometimes malign for the diagnostically challenging. Key point boxes summarize the important facts; imaging studies have reproduced well; there is a sprinkling of references to 21st century publications and the index is full and useful—though to print it twice (repeated between pages 16 and 17) does seem otiose. Bouquets? The discussions of nephrotic syndrome, renal tubular conditions (not one of the universal strengths of British nephrology) and acid/base and water (not fluid: fluid=water+electrolytes) and electrolyte disorders are first-rate. So is the contribution on psychosocial care—a jewel within UK paediatric nephrology inspired by the original sole editor Dr Postlethwaite. I was glad to see pollakiuria given a paragraph: it is common and poorly recognized (hence unnecessary investigations) and medical equivocation can fuel parental anxiety, thus perpetuating it: authoritative firmness is the prescription. Male genital mutilation (circumcision) is discussed sensibly, in particular its medical indication to prevent urinary tract infections. When will its routine and ritual practice be regarded with the same obloquy as mutilation of the female genitalia? Drawbacks? I searched the index in vain for dysuria, frequency, urgency and the other symptoms that lead a child to be presented to a paediatrician and which may or may not be explained by 'organic pathology'—or, more taxing still, may coexist with it. If one digs away they are there—in an excellent chapter on micturition disorders, for example—but post-modern medicine does not yet seem to have reached the paediatric nephrologists; or do they regard themselves as multidisciplinary technicians rather than personal physicians? In its latest guise, this work remains a must for postgraduate examination candidates and many paediatric departments will wish to possess it as a bench tool.
Elevation of Mood due to Antidepressants
Authors: Patricia L. Pearce
Journal: JAMA (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> This letter is in response to Dr Cordoba's<sup>1</sup>opinion as to the nature of antidepressants expressed in the Sept 7, 1984, issue of<i>JAMA</i>. He makes several statements that most phychiatrists would take issue with, including defining antidepressants as stimulants and attributing to them mood-elevating effects in nondepressed persons. A quick glance in the<i>Physicians' Desk Reference</i>will reveal that most antidepressants—tricyclics, as well as monoamine oxidase inhibitors—have a sedative effect rather than a stimulant effect on the central nervous system something that practitioners are quick to find out in actual practice since this is the prime side effect for most persons receiving these medications. As to the effect on mood in the nondepressed person, it is generally agreed that the antidepressants are specific in their relief of depression, without actual euphoric effects beyond that.<sup>2</sup>The only exception to this would be in some bipolar
Late Endobronchial Metastasis from Rectal Cancer that Mimics a Primary Lung Cancer
Authors: Kyoung Hwa Choi, Seoung Ju Park, Kyung Hoon Min, So Ri Kim, Min Hee Lee, Chi Ryang Chung, Hyo Jin Han, Heung Bum Lee, Yang Keun Rhee, Gong Yong Jin, Myung Ja Chung, Yong Chul Lee
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)
Tobacco should be excluded from free trade agreement
Authors: Eduardo Bianco, Sinéad Jones
Journal: BMJ (2004)

EDITOR—The World Health Organization estimates that by 2030 tobacco will become the world's biggest single cause of death and disease, killing 10 million people each year.1

This week the European Union and the South American trading bloc Mercosur will continue negotiations towards a free trade agreement. We call on negotiators to place health …
Cancer epidemiology: shortcomings and possibilities.
Authors: J Clemmesen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1983)

The development of the concepts of initiators and promoters in carcinogenesis necessitates deliberations of evidence from human cancer epidemiology. Recent arguments in favor of mortality data as a more reliable indicator of trends in cancer incidence than morbidity data collected from cancer registries are disputed. Inconsistency in the use of data is pointed out. Comparisons of data from cancer registration in Denmark with those from Connecticut and upstate New York show such congruity that it is impossible to accept suggestions of systematic bias of significance without direct evidence to that effect. Since accurate information on periods of exposure and on the onset of disease is fundamental to considerations of initiators and promoters the following proposals are made. Payrolls or similar data should be kept safe for 40 years for occupations where exposure to carcinogens may be suspected. Experience on latent periods from the last 100 years should be systematically reassured. Death certificates showing a diagnosis of malignant neoplasia should always state the histological diagnosis if any.
Reply to Matsushita et al.
Authors: M. Jang, J. Lee
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

First of all, we would like to thank Professor M. Matsushita and colleagues for the valuable and insightful comments on our procedure. We completely agree with the opinion that endoscopic band ligation (EBL) is not the most effective treatment for active gastric variceal bleeding, because of the reasons mentioned in their letter. We also do not attempt EBL initially for patients with active cardiac or gastric variceal bleeding. Rather, we practice according to treatment principles that are similar to theirs.
A visual registration can be coloured without being a picture
Authors: Edmond Wright
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2002)

Zenon Pylyshyn here repeats the same error as in his original article (1973) in starting with the premiss that all cognition is a matter of perceiving entities already given in their singularity. He therefore fails to acknowledge the force of the evolutionary argument that perceiving is a motivated process working upon a non-epistemic sensory registration internal to the brain.
P4-04-01: Identification of a Unique Mammary Cell Type Expressing Mesenchymal Markers, but Capable of Multilineage Epithelial Differentiation.
Authors: JD Landua, MT Lewis
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract We have identified a previously uncharacterized cell population within the epithelial compartment of the post-pubertal mouse mammary gland. These cells can be found as singlets or as like pairs in both the cap and body cell layer of terminal end buds (TEB) of developing ducts, and are ultimately localized in a suprabasal position distributed throughout the mature mammary ductal tree. In differentiated ducts, these cells typically extend long processes that contact multiple surrounding luminal epithelial and myoepithelial cells suggesting a function in cell-cell communication. In younger animals, identified cells do not express epithelial markers including the major cytokeratins (CK) 5, 6, 8, and 14, or E-cadherin, nor do they express myoepithelial cell markers such as smooth muscle actin or p63. However, in 20 week old non-parous females, these cells can give rise to epithelial cell types expressing CK 5, 6, 8, or 14. In transplantation assays, epithelial fragment and whole mammary gland transplantation did not indicate a major role in regenerative growth of mammary ducts. Transplantation of dissociated epithelial cells and wound-healing assays are in progress. Taken together, these observations suggest that this unique cell population possess stem cell-like features in that they are capable of self-renewal, and of giving rise to all major differentiated cell types within the mouse mammary gland. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2011;71(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-04-01.
The Many Faces of Poison Ivy
Authors: Gregory Parkinson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Figure 1. Poison ivy (Rhus radicans) is a woody shrub or vine found throughout the United States. Red-tinged leaves grow in groups of three and have smooth, fine-toothed, or lobed margins, and small, yellow-green flowers form cream-colored fruit. The allergen, predominantly 3-n-pentadecylcatechol, is found in the resinous sap material uroshiol, which is produced by the leaves, fruit, stem, and bark. Therefore, although delayed-hypersensitivity dermatitis induced by contact with poison ivy is usually considered a summer problem in the northeastern United States, it can (and does) occur year-round. These photographs, which were taken in southeastern Massachusetts, show the changing . . .
Assessment of residual gastric volume and thirst in patients who drink before gastroscopy.
Authors: S M Greenfield, G J Webster, A S Brar, K Ah Mun, E R Beck, F R Vicary
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND: Before endoscopy patients undergo an uncomfortable fluid fast to reduce the risk of gastric acid aspiration and to ensure good endoscopic views are obtained. However, fluids rapidly leave the stomach and thus a long fluid fast before endoscopy may not be required. AIMS: The object of this study was to establish whether drinking before endoscopy is safe and relieves patients9 symptoms of thirst. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 88 patients with American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification of physical status grades I and II were recruited in a controlled randomised single blind trial. The volume and pH of gastric aspirate obtained at gastroscopy was assessed in patients who drank 330 ml of water a minimum 90 minutes before their endoscopy and compared with values in patients who starved overnight. RESULTS: 44 patients who drank (9drinkers9) 330 ml of water a mean 117 minutes before their morning gastroscopy had a similar volume and pH of gastric aspirate compared with 44 patients starved overnight (9starvers9); median volume 12.5 ml versus 10 ml, median pH 2.0 versus 2.0; 9drinkers9 versus 9starvers9 (NS). Before endoscopy patients were asked to score their thirst and hunger ratings as either none, mild, moderate or severe. Ratings for moderate and severe thirst were grouped together for analysis. The percentage of drinkers compared with starvers in each group with no thirst, mild thirst, and moderate severe thirst was 63%, 46%, and 37% respectively (chi 2 test for trend p &lt; 0.05). Hunger ratings were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: It is safe for elective day cases to drink a significant volume of water two hours before endoscopy and this alleviates symptoms of thirst.