tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Secondary prevention in coronary heart disease: baseline survey of provision in general practice
Authors: N. C Campbell, J. Thain, H G. Deans, L. D Ritchie, J. M Rawles
Journal: BMJ (1998)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To determine secondary preventive treatment and habits among patients with coronary heart disease in general practice. <b>Design</b>: Process of care data on a random sample of patients were collected from medical records. Health and lifestyle data were collected by postal questionnaire (response rate 71%). <b>Setting</b>: Stratified, random sample of general practices in Grampian. <b>Subjects</b>: 1921 patients aged under 80 years with coronary heart disease identified from pre-existing registers of coronary heart disease and nitrate prescriptions. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: Treatment with aspirin, β blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Management of lipid concentrations and hypertension according to local guidelines. Dietary habits (dietary instrument for nutritional evaluation score), physical activity (health practice indices), smoking, and body mass index. <b>Results:</b> 825/1319 (63%) patients took aspirin. Of 414 patients with recent myocardial infarction, 131 (32%) took β blockers, and of 257 with heart failure, 102 (40%) took angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Blood pressure was managed according to current guidelines for 1566 (82%) patients but lipid concentrations for only 133 (17%). 673 of 1327 patients (51%) took little or no exercise, 245 of 1333 (18%) were current smokers, 808 of 1264 (64%) were overweight, and 627 of 1213 (52%) ate more fat than recommended. <b>Conclusion:</b> In terms of secondary prevention, half of patients had at least two aspects of their medical management that were suboptimal and nearly two thirds had at least two aspects of their health behaviour that would benefit from change. There seems to be considerable potential to increase secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in general practice. <h3>Key messages</h3> Patients with coronary heart disease can benefit from both medical and lifestyle secondary prevention measures This study found that half of patients with coronary heart disease in general practice had at least two missed opportunities for effective medical interventions Nearly two thirds of patients with coronary heart disease in general practice had two or more high risk lifestyle factors that would benefit from change There seems to be plenty of opportunity for improving secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in general practice
Electrophysiological Mechanism of the Characteristic Electrocardiographic Morphology of Torsade de Pointes Tachyarrhythmias in the Long-QT Syndrome
Authors: Nabil El-Sherif, Masaomi Chinushi, Edward B. Caref, Mark Restivo
Journal: Circulation (1997)

The long-QT syndrome (LQTS) is an electrophysiological (EP) entity characterized by prolongation of cardiac repolarization and the occurrence of polymorphic ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs), sometimes with a twisting QRS morphology, better known as torsade de pointes (TdP). In the present study, detailed analysis of ventricular tridimensional activation patterns during nonsustained TdP VT was performed to provide an EP mechanism of the periodic transition in QRS axis.The studies were conducted with the anthopleurin-A canine model of LQTS. Tridimensional isochronal maps of ventricular activation were constructed from 256 bipolar electrograms obtained from the use of 64 plunge needle electrodes. In 26 episodes of nonsustained TdP VT, detailed activation maps could be accurately constructed during QRS-axis transitions in surface ECGs. The initial beat of all VTs consistently arose as a subendocardial focal activity, whereas subsequent beats were due to reentrant excitation in the form of rotating scrolls. The VT ended when reentrant excitation was terminated. In 22 of 26 episodes, the transition in QRS axis coincided with the transient bifurcation of a predominantly single rotating scroll into two simultaneous scrolls involving both the right ventricle and left ventricle separately. The common mechanism for initiation or termination of bifurcation was the development of functional conduction block between the anterior or posterior right ventricle free wall and the ventricular septum. In 4 of 26 episodes, a fast polymorphic VT, with an apparent shift in QRS axis, was due to a predominantly single localized circuit that varied its location and orientation from beat to beat, with the majority of ventricular myocardium being activated in a centrifugal pattern.The study provides for the first time an EP mechanism for the characteristic periodic transition of the QRS axis during TdP VT in the LQTS.
Effect of Exercise on Blood Coagulation Time and Atherosclerosis of Cholesterol-Fed Cockerels
Authors: NELTA HYDER WARNOCK, THOMAS B. CLARKSON, RICHARD STEVENSON
Journal: Circulation Research (1957)

In cholesterol-fed cockerels, brisk walking was found to exert a favorable effect on atherogenesis. In addition, exercise significantly lengthened blood coagulation times and increased body weight gains. Vascular and hepatic cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in exercised than in nonexercised controls. Biochemical evidence is presented indicating a greater susceptibility of the brachiocephalic arteries to atherosclerosis than the other arteries examined.
FOREIGN BODIES IN THE BRONCHI IN CHILDREN
Authors: HENRY DIETRICH
Journal: JAMA (1923)

We should not discuss foreign bodies in the bronchi without first expressing our appreciation and indebtedness for our present knowledge on this subject to that keen clinician, logical research worker and master of the art of bronchoscopy, Chevalier Jackson. Everything we may have to say on this topic must be a mere repetition of the results of the published work of Jackson and his co-workers. Our reasons, under these circumstances, for reiterating some of the principal facts concerning foreign bodies in the bronchi in children, are:   The not infrequent occurrence of this accident in childhood.  Recent advances in the diagnosis of foreign bodies in the air passages.  The vital importance of early diagnosis.  The desire to stimulate cooperation between the pediatrician, the roentgenologist and the bronchoscopist, and the resultant saving of human life.   Unfortunately, in the practice of medicine, we can only in rare instances leave the bedside of a
Management of the Patient with Cancer
Authors: Danely P. Slaughter
Journal: JAMA (1966)

It would be difficult to arrange a more distinguished group of essayists. And from the literary, scientific, and professional viewpoints, almost each chapter is interesting and precise, reflecting, without discernible error, our current knowledge about cancer in man. This reviewer can have no quarrel with the contents of this volume, but he does question the intent, sincere as it surely is. The Foreword and Preface both indicate that the book is aimed, like an openchoke shotgun, at an audience of general practitioners, internists, and general surgeons, yet it is hard to see how any one specialty could be satisfied in the minutiae and immediacy of its own problems. To recommend this book to the generalist, as suggested in the Foreword, because it has an authoritative nine-page chapter on cancer of the parathyroids seems out of focus. The detailed exposition on radiotherapy—another case in point—is not enough for the trainee in
Vistas in Connective Tissue Diseases
Authors: C. G. Barnes
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1969)

REVIEWSD'AUBIGNt (Paris) and PROF.F. DELBARRE (Paris) from their series showed that this joint was rarely treated by synovectomy (i.e. 5 1 per cent.elbow; 51 i2 per cent.knees; 21 per cent.metacarpo- phalangeal joints; and 14-1 per cent.radiocarpal joints); they were disappointed by their results, whether by surgical, chemical, or irradiation synovectomy.
Determinants of nail thickness and length
Authors: M. JOHNSON, S. SHUSTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

The determinants of final nail thickness and length at its point of detachment at the onychodermal band were studied in 20 normal great toe-nails, removed after injury, by correlating measurements of nail thickness, taken at six anatomical points, with length of nail and its lunular (matrical) and ventral nail components. Final nail thickness at the onychodermal band was related to initial thickness of the proximal matrix, and independently to the lengths of the lunula and ventral nail, but not to final nail length. There was an increase in nail thickness with age, particularly in the first two decades; this appeared not to be due to a decrease in frictional loss of nail.
Effects of Low Doses of Bisphenol A on the Metabolome of Perinatally Exposed CD-1 Mice
Authors: Nicolas J. Cabaton, Cécile Canlet, Perinaaz R. Wadia, Marie Tremblay-Franco, Roselyne Gautier, Jérôme Molina, Carlos Sonnenschein, Jean-Pierre Cravedi, Beverly S. Rubin, Ana M. Soto, Daniel Zalko
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a well-known endocrine disruptor used to manufacture polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. Exposure of pregnant rodents to low doses of BPA results in pleiotropic effects in their offspring.We used metabolomics--a method for determining metabolic changes in response to nutritional, pharmacological, or toxic stimuli--to examine metabolic shifts induced in vivo by perinatal exposure to low doses of BPA in CD-1 mice.Male offspring born to pregnant CD-1 mice that were exposed to vehicle or to 0.025, 0.25, or 25 µg BPA/kg body weight/day, from gestation day 8 through day 16 of lactation, were examined on postnatal day (PND) 2 or PND21. Aqueous extracts of newborns (PND2, whole animal) and of livers, brains, and serum samples from PND21 pups were submitted to (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Data were analyzed using partial least squares discriminant analysis.Examination of endogenous metabolic fingerprints revealed remarkable discrimination in whole extracts of the four PND2 newborn treatment groups, strongly suggesting changes in the global metabolism. Furthermore, statistical analyses of liver, serum, and brain samples collected on PND21 successfully discriminated among treatment groups. Variations in glucose, pyruvate, some amino acids, and neurotransmitters (γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate) were identified.Low doses of BPA disrupt global metabolism, including energy metabolism and brain function, in perinatally exposed CD-1 mouse pups. Metabolomics can be used to highlight the effects of low doses of endocrine disruptors by linking perinatal exposure to changes in global metabolism.
Face-Lift Operation
Authors: Bradford Cannon
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Dr. John Conley must have had a delightful experience in gathering this material and selecting the illustrations for his monograph,<i>Face-Lift Operation</i>. From the aborigines of Australia to the world's senior philosopher, Bertrand Russell, from the elaborately tattooed and painted inhabitants of the Marquesas Islands to the sophisticated canvases of Renoir, Vermeer, and Rembrandt, the author depicts aging of the face and traces man's perpetual quest for youth and beauty in whatever bizarre forms custom dictated. He succeeds in putting today's face-lift operation in proper perspective as another beauty aid in an endless list devoted to satisfying the desires for personal attractiveness, aids often chosen in lieu of a normally regulated and healthy existence. As he traces the changes in the skin with aging, overexposure to sunlight with its attendant benign and malignant sequelae is wisely condemned as a major offender in the etiology of skin deterioration. The interplay of
Myelin-Specific Cd8 T Cells in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Allergic Encephalitis and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Lawrence Steinman
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) serves as the prototypic model for T cell–mediated autoimmunity. EAE has striking similarities with the human disease acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, a complication seen with vaccination and after certain viral infections. EAE has been used as
Idaho State Medical Society.
Authors: W. W. Watkins
Journal: JAMA (1894)

Moscow, Idaho, Feb. 18, 1894. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I notice in your roster of " State Medical Societies of America," that Idaho is omitted. We organized in September, 1893,<i>strictly in line</i>with theAmerican Medical Association, as the Idaho State Medical Society. Our annual meeting is at Boise City September 5. Officered as follows: W. W. Watkins, M.D., President, Moscow; C. L. Sweet, M.D., Boise City. Very truly yours,
NHS must provide bupropion for smokers wanting to quit, NICE says
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The government is giving its full support to smokers who want to quit by making smoking cessation treatments available on the NHS, provided the smokers show they are truly committed to giving up.

The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) says that bupropion (Zyban) and nicotine replacement therapies are probably the most cost effective treatments there are. It accepts that the new guidance will add between £20-50m ($28-71m;€32-81m) to the annual drugs bill for England and Wales, but says the NHS will be more than compensated by reduced spending on smoking related disease, which currently costs £1.5bn a year.

It has been estimated that four million of Britain's 11 million smokers try to quit each year but …
Liver Function and Illicit Opioid Use
Authors: Barry Stimmel
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In a recent letter toThe Journal(234:1320, 1975), Dr Thornton has retrospectively reviewed the prevalence of laboratory evidence of hepatic dysfunction in 603 persons admitted to the Illinois Drug Abuse Program. From this review he concluded that when a larger population of narcotic addicts is studied, the prevalence of laboratory abnormalities in liver function is considerably lower (42%) than figures previously reported in the literature (60%-80%).<sup>1-3</sup>Although one would not dispute Dr Thornton's findings, the possibility does exist that such data might be explained on several bases other than sample size. The reported percentage of abnormal values found by Dr Thornton in individual tests of hepatic dysfunction (5% to 42%, depending on the specific examination) was not adjusted to give a value for the overall prevalence of hepatic dysfunction seen if an abnormality was noted in any one value. If this had been done, it
Use of iodine for water disinfection: iodine toxicity and maximum recommended dose.
Authors: H Backer, J Hollowell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2000)

Iodine is an effective, simple, and cost-efficient means of water disinfection for people who vacation, travel, or work in areas where municipal water treatment is not reliable. However, there is considerable controversy about the maximum safe iodine dose and duration of use when iodine is ingested in excess of the recommended daily dietary amount. The major health effect of concern with excess iodine ingestion is thyroid disorders, primarily hypothyroidism with or without iodine-induced goiter. A review of the human trials on the safety of iodine ingestion indicates that neither the maximum recommended dietary dose (2 mg/day) nor the maximum recommended duration of use (3 weeks) has a firm basis. Rather than a clear threshold response level or a linear and temporal dose-response relationship between iodine intake and thyroid function, there appears to be marked individual sensitivity, often resulting from unmasking of underlying thyroid disease. The use of iodine for water disinfection requires a risk-benefit decision based on iodine's benefit as a disinfectant and the changes it induces in thyroid physiology. By using appropriate disinfection techniques and monitoring thyroid function, most people can use iodine for water treatment over a prolonged period of time.
Quantitative predictivity of carcinogenicity of the autoradiographic repair test (primary hepatocyte cultures) for a group of 80 chemicals belonging to different chemical classes.
Authors: C Bolognesi, M Taningher, S Parodi, L Santi
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1986)

In this work we have investigated the correlation existing between a short-term genotoxicity test (DNA repair in rat liver cells) and carcinogenicity in rodents. The work is in the framework of a line of thinking that considers as a possibility the utilization of the quantitative component of the information obtained from genotoxicity tests. In a preliminary report for 25 compounds belonging to different chemical classes, a correlation coefficient of 0.36 was found between carcinogenic potency in small rodents and potency in autoradiographic repair. This level of correlation is comparable with similar levels found for many other short-term tests: Ames test, alkaline DNA fragmentation in vivo, DNA adducts in vivo, morphological transformation in vitro and SCE induction in vivo. Obviously, since only 25 compounds were examined, assessment was rather uncertain, and the subdivision of the set into subsets for different chemical classes would have generated groups too small for a meaningful statistical analysis. With a much larger set (80 compounds) we hoped to be able to discriminate different predictivities for different chemical classes. This seems important because the test could be much more suitable for one given class than for another. Previous investigations with different short-term tests have shown that these differences can indeed exist and be very great. In this respect it is potentially very encouraging that the test considered here showed a fair correlation with carcinogenic potency for aromatic amines. Many other tests that we have examined so far have shown little or no predictivity for this important class of chemicals.
Drug-binding proteins after liver transplantation: Are they significant?
Authors: J. Michael Tredger, Roger Williams
Journal: Hepatology (1989)

In patients with liver disease, the synthesis of drug-binding proteins may be impaired. After liver transplantation, levels of drug-binding proteins are unknown. Consequently, concentrations of albumin and α-acid glycoprotein (AAG) were measured in stable patients after liver transplantation. Albumin levels were decreased from normal (4.5 ± 3 gm per dl) in patients with liver disease before (3.4 ± 0.7) and after transplantation (3.4 ± 0.8). AAG levels were decreased from normal (67 ± 20 mg per dl) in patients with liver disease (46 ± 22) but were higher than normal after transplantation (121 ± 28). AAG is an acutephase reactant, the synthesis of which may have been stimulated by the surgical procedure. The effect of these changes on drug metabolism was not studied.
MARRIAGE IN EPILEPSY AND DIABETES
Authors: Tracy J. Putnam
Journal: JAMA (1941)

To the Editor:—  In a recent issue ofThe Journal(October 18, p. 1402) a query regarding the marriage of the epileptic was answered in a manner which I feel demands a protest. The reply ends At present the only hope of eliminating the disease epilepsy is by birth control among epileptic adults. This reply overlooks two facts: The first is that a person afflicted with epilepsy who marries a normal person may expect one child in forty resulting from the union to suffer from convulsions. The second is that the hope of weeding out a recessive mendelian trait by birth control is so minute as to be negligible.  In interesting contrast is a letter with regard to the marriage of diabetic patients in the next issue (p. 1490). The reply states If diabetes were to be eliminated by eugenics, not only diabetic patients but all relatives of diabetic patients
Diagnostic radioimmunoassay for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy before clinical onset.
Authors: M Nakazato, T Kurihara, S Matsukura, K Kangawa, H Matsuo
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1986)

The purpose of this study is to develop an early diagnostic method for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) before clinical manifestations appear around the age of 30 yr. Amyloid fibrils isolated from type I FAP (FAP1) of Portuguese, Swedish, and Japanese origins consist of a variant transthyretin (TTR) that contains a methionine-for-valine substitution at position 30 or a mixture of normal TTR and this variant form. The variant TTR is present in the serum of FAP1 patients and can be measured by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) based on a nonapeptide (positions 22-30) derived from the variant TTR. Serum levels of the variant TTR in 45 Japanese FAP1 patients range from 4.71 to 17.61 mg/dl with a mean value of 9.18 mg/dl. The variant TTR is not present in the serum of 100 normal individuals, in four cases of primary and six cases of secondary amyloidosis, nor in 26 non-inheriting members of families with FAP1. The variant TTR level is measured in 24 children of 15 FAP1 patients as well. The variant TTR is already present in nine symptom-free children with the mean serum level of 11.90 mg/dl, but it is not present in 15 other children. FAP1 patients can be differentiated from non-FAP by this noninvasive diagnostic method even within families. The RIA can be applied worldwide to this intractable disorder for early diagnosis during childhood and for appropriate genetic counseling.