tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pretrauma and Posttrauma Neurocognitive Functioning and PTSD Symptoms in a Community Sample of Young Adults
Authors: Ruth A. Parslow, Anthony F. Jorm
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2007)

Objective: The authors sought to assess whether neurocognitive deficits in people with the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms of reexperiencing and arousal are a consequence of these symptoms or represent a preexisting vulnerability factor for developing these symptoms after exposure to a traumatic event. Method: A random sample of 2,097 young adults who participated in a longitudinal epidemiological study in 1999 and 2000 were reinterviewed in 2003 and 2004 after a major natural disaster (a widespread fire) had occurred in the region. At both interviews, participants completed a number of neurocognitive tests covering immediate and delayed word recall, digit span, coding speed, and vocabulary. Five pre- and posttrauma neurocognitive measures for 1,599 participants who were exposed to the fire were examined to assess the extent to which development of the PTSD symptoms of reexperiencing and arousal was associated with change in neurocognitive skills. Analyses adjusted for a number of potential confounding factors. Results: Higher levels of fire-related reexperiencing and arousal symptoms were associated with less improvement in word recall ability at the second interview. However, levels of these symptoms were more consistently associated with having poorer pretrauma scores on all five neurocognitive measures available for this study. Conclusions: The presence of the PTSD symptoms of reexperiencing and arousal may result in a relative decline in some measures of verbal memory over time. The more robust finding from this study is that poorer performance on some neurocognitive tests may be a vulnerability factor for developing symptoms of PTSD, not only an outcome of PTSD symptoms.
New Therapeutic Targets in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Aiming to Rein in Runaway Wound-Healing Responses
Authors: Neil Ahluwalia, Barry S. Shea, Andrew M. Tager
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2014)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease, with a median survival as short as 3 years from the time of diagnosis and no pharmacological therapies yet approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. To address the great unmet need for effective IPF therapy, a number of new drugs have recently been, or are now being, evaluated in clinical trials. The rationales for most of these therapeutic candidates are based on the current paradigm of IPF pathogenesis, in which recurrent injury to the alveolar epithelium is believed to drive aberrant wound healing responses, resulting in fibrosis rather than repair. Here we discuss drugs in recently completed or currently ongoing phase II and III IPF clinical trials in the context of their putative mechanisms of action and the aberrant repair processes they are believed to target: innate immune activation and polarization, fibroblast accumulation and myofibroblast differentiation, or extracellular matrix deposition and stiffening. Placed in this context, the positive results of recently completed trials of pirfenidone and nintedanib, and results that will come from ongoing trials of other agents, should provide valuable insights into the still-enigmatic pathogenesis of this disease, in addition to providing benefits to patients with IPF.
Quercetin protects human brain microvascular endothelial cells from fibrillar β-amyloid1–40-induced toxicity
Authors: Yongjie Li, Sibai Zhou, Jinze Li, Yuhua Sun, Hamlati Hasimu, Rui Liu, Tiantai Zhang
Journal: Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B (2015)

Amyloid beta-peptides (Aβ) are known to undergo active transport across the blood-brain barrier, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy has been shown to be a prominent feature in the majority of Alzheimer׳s disease. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid molecule and has been demonstrated to have potent neuroprotective effects, but its protective effect on endothelial cells under Aβ-damaged condition is unclear. In the present study, the protective effects of quercetin on brain microvascular endothelial cells injured by fibrillar Aβ 1-40 (fAβ 1-40) were observed. The results show that fAβ 1-40-induced cytotoxicity in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) can be relieved by quercetin treatment. Quercetin increases cell viability, reduces the release of lactate dehydrogenase, and relieves nuclear condensation. Quercetin also alleviates intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and increases superoxide dismutase activity. Moreover, it strengthens the barrier integrity through the preservation of the transendothelial electrical resistance value, the relief of aggravated permeability, and the increase of characteristic enzyme levels after being exposed to fAβ 1-40. In conclusion, quercetin protects hBMECs from fAβ 1-40-induced toxicity.
Hormone replacement therapy and the breast
Authors: J M Dixon
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Increasing numbers of women in their 50s and 60s are using hormone replacement therapy to alleviate menopausal symptoms. The effect of long term use of these agents in women aged over 50 on the breast is only now becoming apparent. Hormone replacement therapy given to perimenopausal women increases breast pain and nodularity, increases the frequency of benign cysts and fibroadenomas in the breast, and results in the growth of some already established benign lesions.1

Breast density increases in 17% to 73% of women who use hormone replacement therapy depending on how breast density is assessed. No clear relation exists between duration of therapy and change in density on mammography. Combinations of oestrogen and progestogen increase breast density more than oestrogen alone. Continuous use of combined preparations of oestrogen and progestogen increase density more than their sequential use.2 Hormone replacement therapy affects both the sensitivity and specificity of breast screening. This is because the efficacy of breast screening depends on the decreasing breast density seen with age.

In a recent study of 103 770 women from Australia …
Abstract 3862: Functional characterization of sFRP1 expression loss in human papillary bladder cancer
Authors: Anja Rogler, Arndt Hartmann, Peter Goebell, Bernd Wullich, Robert Stoehr
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Introduction: Secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (sFRP1) is an inhibitor of the Wnt-signaling pathway and expression loss is associated with e.g. colon and breast cancer. Our previous studies revealed an involvement of sFRP1 loss in progression of papillary bladder cancer. We therefore performed functional studies to characterise the role of sFRP1 in papillary bladder cancer cell lines. Material and methods: Human papillary bladder cancer cell lines RT112 and BFTC 905 were used for the analyses. mRNA-expression status of sfrp1 and Wnt-target genes c-myc and cyclin D1 was determined using qRT-PCR. Methylation status of sfrp1 promoter was analysed with MS-PCR. sFRP1 knockdown was performed using sFRP1-specific siRNAs. 5’ Aza-2’deoxycytidine (5’Aza) treatment was used for promoter demethylation and restoration of sFRP1 expression. To determine Wnt pathway activity a luminescence-based TOP flash/FOP flash assay was used. Proliferation level was investigated with ELISA-based BrdU Cell Proliferation assay. Results: RT112 is strongly expressing sfrp1 on mRNA level, whereas BFTC905 showed no sfrp1 expression. MS-PCR revealed sfrp1-promoter methylation in BFTC905. This methylation could be reversed after 5’-Aza-treatment and led to re-expression of sfrp1 on mRNA level. sfrp1 siRNA transfection in RT112 led to ∼80% gene silencing. sfrp1 knockdown resulted in an upregulation of c-myc (515%) and cyclin D1 (51,5%) on mRNA level, however TCF/LEF-presence could not be detected, neither in untreated nor in siRNA transfected RT112 cells. Untreated BFTC905 cells showed a very weak Wnt signalling activitiy, compared to positive control cell line SW480, but 7-fold higher than in untreated and siRNA treated RT112. sfrp1 knowdown in RT112 had no influence on cell proliferation. Conclusion: sfrp1 knockdown in RT112 cells is associated with an up-regulation of proliferation-associated genes c-myc and cyclin D1, whereas this increased expression showed no effects on proliferation behaviour of the cells. Knockdown of sFRP1 did not result in significant Wnt-signaling activity in RT112 cells. Reduced sFRP1 expression might increase the proliferative potential of the cells; however additional genetic events might have to occur to induce increased proliferation of the cells. Ongoing analyses of BFTC905 with transient restoration of sFRP1 expression will give further insights into the role of sFRP1 in papillary bladder cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3862. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-3862
Prevention of Patient Harm
Authors: Larry M. Starr, Allan Braslow, Nicholas Bircher
Journal: JAMA (2012)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
A Rash Decision
Authors: Georganna Davis
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2003)

On Being a Doctor7 January 2003A Rash DecisionGeorganna Davis, BAGeorganna Davis, BAFrom Belton, TX 76513Author, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00016 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail As the first day of my summer preceptorship approached, I was filled with excitement as well as uneasiness. The possibility of seeing patients who were living examples of the detailed descriptions of illnesses in my textbooks fueled my interest to work in a clinic. On the other hand, horror stories of endless grilling and quizzing by preceptors made my stomach turn. I knew I was lucky, though. My preceptor had been my family physician since I was in kindergarten. This was the man who urged me, every time I visited, to come back to our rural town and take his ... Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: From Belton, TX 76513Corresponding Author: Georganna Davis, BA, 200 Lake Road, Belton, TX 76513. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsSee AlsoA Rash Decision Daniel G. Federman and Robert S. Kirsner Metrics Cited byA Rash DecisionDaniel G. Federman, MD and Robert S. Kirsner, MD 7 January 2003Volume 138, Issue 1Page: 71-72KeywordsAdverse reactionsAllergy and immunologyOintmentsPruritusRabbitsRashesShouldersSmellStomachTongue ePublished: 7 January 2003 Issue Published: 7 January 2003 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 2003 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Effect of a Single Dose of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine in Persons Previously Immunized with Inactivated Vaccine
Authors: D. Hobson, J. M. Hoskins, C. A. Lane, R. W. Elliott, F. T. Perkins, R. Yetts
Journal: BMJ (1962)

ORAL POLIOMYELITIS VACCINESMEDIALTHNAL 145 a fourth dose of Salk vaccine.Unfortunately this was impracticable.However, the antibody response obtained seemed to be of much the same order as that to a fourth dose of Salk vaccine recorded by other observers.Wilt, Parker, Stackiw, and Hutchison (1961), in Canada, who were able to make such a comparison, found that the response to Salk vaccine was not quite as good as to living attenuated vaccine given by the mouth, but the difference was not significant.In Czechoslovakia, Zacek, Vonka, and Adam (1961) reported a much better response to the living vaccine than to a fourth dose of Salk vaccine.In the United States, Horstmann and her colleagues (1961), who compared different dosage schedules of living vaccine in 350 pre-school children, most of whom had received Salk vaccination but only 23 ,' of whom had antibodies to all three types of poliovirus, obtained good responses whether judged by an increase in antibody titre or by excretion rate.These findings all agree in indicating that Salk-vaccinated children respond well to living vaccine by the mouth.It may therefore be concluded that, for the periodic reinforcement of immunity which seems to be desirable for the present, there is no need to continue with Salk vaccine ; a single oral dose of Sabin vaccine should be sufficient.Summary and Conclusions A batch of oral living trivalent poliovirus vaccine made in Britain was compared with one made in the United States for Dr. Sabin.Both vaccines contained Sabin's attenuated strains.The trial was made in five different centres in England and Wales; 60 children received the British and 58 the American vaccine.The dose of each vaccine was l0TC11D, of each of the three types of virus.
Pinkus' Guide to Dermatohistopathology
Authors: Philip C. Anderson
Journal: JAMA (1986)

Herman Pinkus, one of the best teachers in dermatology, died in 1985, aged 80. In his long career, he expanded on his mastery of pre-World War II German biology, some of which was learned at the knee of his father, the distinguished scientist Felix Pinkus. With enthusiasm, we welcome this text, revised in keeping with Pinkus' general philosophy and utilizing his concern for precise terms, complex classifications, and careful speculations in biology. Some other popular texts in dermatohistopathology oversimplify to a fault or ignore the practical problem of using a biopsy to improve medical practice. Pathologists ought to do much better than merely describe a biopsy section. Pinkus understood that obligation. Students especially might examine this book and learn about this more self-critical, biomedically oriented approach to useful dermatohistopathology. Required reading would be chapters 3 and 5, which deal with technical data, common pitfalls, and terminology. It is extremely easy
Increased Expression of Tumor-Associated Trypsin Inhibitor, TATI, in Prostate Cancer and in Androgen-Independent 22Rv1 Cells
Authors: Annukka Paju, Kristina Hotakainen, Yue Cao, Timo Laurila, Virgil Gadaleanu, Akseli Hemminki, Ulf-Håkan Stenman, Anders Bjartell
Journal: European Urology (2007)
Why the GMC should set up a central registry of doctors' competing interests
Authors: M. McCartney, B. Goldacre, I. Chalmers, C. Reynolds, J. Mendel, S. Smith, S. Bewley, P. Gordon, D. Carroll, B. J. F. Dean, T. Greenhalgh, I. Heath, M. McKee, A. Pollock, S. Gordon
Journal: BMJ (2014)

This transparency can only be good for medical practice

Dear sir

Trust between patients and doctors is critical to good medical practice, and doctors are still highly trusted by the public.1 But we should ensure that we deserve it. The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry has estimated that the drug industry pays £40m (€48m; $65m) a year to doctors for speaking fees, flights, hotels, and other travel expenses.2 Yet who is being paid what is opaque. It is clear that exposure to pharmaceutical advertising adversely affects future prescribing.3 4 There is also evidence that if doctors accept gifts from the drug industry, patients trust doctors less.5 Citizens can access MPs’ central register of their financial conflicts of interest,6 yet patients cannot find out whether their doctor has a financial conflict of interest. The vast majority of doctors will be receiving no payments from any organisation other than their employer or the NHS. Some will receive fees for their expertise from NHS or non-NHS organisations. Others will be receiving some pharmaceutically sponsored education. A few will be receiving large amounts for assisting pharmaceutical or other companies with their profile and sales of their products.

The …
Human monocyte spreading induced by factor Bb of the alternative pathway of complement activation. A possible role for C5 in monocyte spreading.
Authors: J S Sundsmo, O Götze
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1981)

The central serine esterase of the alternative pathway of complement (APC) activation, activated factor B (Bb), has been shown recently to induce murine macrophages and human monocytes to become spread on a glass substrata. It has also been established that to induce the spreading reaction, the catalytic site of the Bb enzyme must be structurally intact since treatment of Bb with heat (56 degrees C for 30 min) or diisopropylfluorophosphate (10(-3) M) destroyed both enzymatic and spreading activities. In the C3b,Bb complex, Bb exhibits restricted substrate specificity for C3 and C5. With this in mind, the role of C3 and C5 in the monocyte spreading reaction was explored in the present study. Expression of C3 and C5 on the surface of human peripheral blood monocytes was investigated by the direct fluorescent antibody technique employing fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated anti-C3 or C5 F(ab')2 antibody fragments. It was found that C3 and C5 were present on 6 +/- 7% of freshly prepared monocytes and that expression of C5, but not C3, increased to 70 +/- 6% when monocytes were incubated for 3 d in serum-free medium. Biosynthesis of C5 was indicated when it was found that under serum-free conditions, monocytes incorporated [3H]leucine into immunoprecipitable C5 with an apparent mol wt of 180,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The role of C3 and C5 in the monocyte spreading reaction induced by factor Bb was explored by testing for the ability of anti-C3 and anti-C5 Fab' antibody fragments to block monocyte spreading. It was found that anti-C5 Fab' inhibited by up to 100% the 3-h human monocyte spreading reaction induced by Bb; in contrast, anti-C3 Fab' or anti-C4 Fab' inhibited by less than 10%. That the inhibitory effect of anti-C5 Fab' was exerted directly on the monocyte was established when it was found that the 3-h monocyte spreading reaction was significantly inhibited by pretreating monocytes with anti-C5 Fab' for 20 min and then washing before the addition of Bb. The specificity of the inhibitory effect of anti-C5 Fab' was established by quantitatively absorbing the antibody fragments with polyacrylamide gel-purified C5 antigen: greater than 4 microgram of C5 absorbed by 100% the inhibitory activity of 10-20 microgram of anti-C5 Fab'. That factor Bb exerted its effect on monocytes by interacting directly with cell surface C5 was indicated when it was found that purified C5 inhibited the monocyte spreading reaction induced by Bb; greater than 25 microgram of C5 inhibited by 100% the spreading reaction induced by 3 microgram factor Bb.
Risk-Reducing Salpingo-oophorectomy in Women with a<i>BRCA1</i>or<i>BRCA2</i>Mutation
Authors: Noah D. Kauff, Jaya M. Satagopan, Mark E. Robson, Lauren Scheuer, Martee Hensley, Clifford A. Hudis, Nathan A. Ellis, Jeff Boyd, Patrick I. Borgen, Richard R. Barakat, Larry Norton, Mercedes Castiel, Khedoudja Nafa, Kenneth Offit
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy is often considered by carriers of BRCA mutations who have completed childbearing. However, there are limited data supporting the efficacy of this approach. We prospectively compared the effect of risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy with that of surveillance for ovarian cancer on the incidence of subsequent breast cancer and BRCA-related gynecologic cancers in women with BRCA mutations.
Interferon-γ inhibits replication of subgenomic and genomic hepatitis C virus RNAs
Authors: Michael Frese, Verena Schwärzle, Kerstin Barth, Nicole Krieger, Volker Lohmann, Sabine Mihm, Otto Haller, Ralf Bartenschlager
Journal: Hepatology (2002)

Persistent infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. All treatments known so far rely on the antiviral activity of interferon alfa (IFN-α) that is given alone or in combination with ribavirin. Unfortunately, only a fraction of the patients clear the virus during therapy and for those who do not respond there is currently no alternative treatment. Selectable subgenomic HCV RNAs (replicons) have been recently used to investigate the effect of IFN-α on HCV replication. However, it has not yet been analyzed whether other cytokines also play a role in the innate immune response against HCV. Here we show that IFN-γ inhibits protein synthesis and RNA replication of subgenomic and genomic HCV replicons. We further show that the inhibitory action of IFN-γ does not rely on the production of nitric oxide or the depletion of tryptophan. In conclusion, our results suggest that cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells may contribute to HCV clearance not only by cell killing but also by producing IFN-γ, thereby enhancing the intracellular inhibition of viral replication.
The Role of Adrenocorticoids in the Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Syndrome
Authors: MARSHAL P. FICHMAN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

Twenty patients with all of the characteristics of the inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (ADH) syndrome were observed at the Los Angeles County General Hospital in the past 2 years. The varied causes, including chest lesions, central nervous system disorders, and unclassified causes and frequency, suggest that it is certainly not a rare syndrome. Bioassay for ADH in the majority of cases tested showed increased biologic activity in serums or tumors. The defect in acute water load excretion was correctable by intravenous diphenylhydantoin in the cases not due to autonomous tumor. Glucocorticoid administration failed to correct hyponatremia in patients with the syndrome as compared with patients with hyponatremia secondary to hypopituitarism. The failure of high doses of glucocorticoids to affect the syndrome suggests that, at least in patients with inappropriate or autonomous ADH secretion, glucocorticoids do not act as inhibitors of ADH release. Mineralocorticoids in high doses may correct the hyponatremia, and an "escape" phenomenon with a resumption of increased urinary sodium may ensue. Aldosterone excretion may be normal and important in minimizing sodium losses as shown by the inhibition of aldosterone-mediated sodium retention and aggrevation of the sodium loss by aldosterone inhibitors. Creatinine clearance was generally normal, and there was no correlation between variation in glomerular filtration rate and urine sodium excretion. The presence of normal creatinine clearance and aldosterone excretion with persistent urine sodium loss, in spite of hyponatremia, suggests that the sodium diuresis is due to some "third factor" other than increased glomerular filtration or hypervolemic inhibition of aldosterone. The mechanism of sodium loss in this syndrome appears to be similar to the escape phenomenon occurring with high doses of mineralocorticoids and may be related to proximal tubular rejection of sodium secondary to an expanded intravascular volume.