tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
For and against: Direct to consumer advertising is medicalising normal human experience: For
Authors: B. Mintzes
Journal: BMJ (2002)

# Direct to consumer advertising is medicalising normal human experience {#article-title-2}

In direct to consumer advertising, drug companies target advertisements for prescription drugs directly at the public. Barbara Mintzes argues that this type of advertising risks medicalising normal human conditions, with the drug companies raking in increasingly healthy profits. Silvia N Bonaccorso and Jeffrey L Sturchio argue that, through advertising, drug companies can enable patients to make better informed choices about their health and treatment

# For {#article-title-3}

In October 2001, GlaxoSmithKline ran an advertisement in the New York Times Magazine for paroxetine (known as Paxil in the United States). A woman is walking on a crowded street, her face strained, in a crowd otherwise blurred. The headline reads, “Millions suffer from chronic anxiety. Millions could be helped by Paxil.”

No doubt many New Yorkers felt anxious in the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center, experiencing symptoms highlighted in the advertisement, such as worry, anxiety, or irritability. At what point does an understandable response to distressing life events become an indication for drug treatment—and a market opportunity?

Kawachi and Conrad describe medicalisation as a “process by which non-medical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illnesses and disorders,” decontextualizing human problems and turning attention from the social environment to the individual.1 They point out the negative consequences, chiefly the extension of the sick role and diversion from other solutions.

Does direct to consumer advertising of prescription …
Comparison of allergenicity and allergens between fish white and dark muscles
Authors: A. Kobayashi, H. Tanaka, Y. Hamada, S. Ishizaki, Y. Nagashima, K. Shiomi
Journal: Allergy (2006)

Background: Fish is one of the most frequent causes of immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated food allergy. Although the fish dark muscle is often ingested with the white muscle, no information about its allergenicity and allergens is available. Methods: Heated extracts were prepared from both white and dark muscles of five species of fish and examined for reactivity with IgE in fish‐allergic patients by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for allergens by immunoblotting. Cloning of cDNAs encoding parvalbumins was performed by rapid amplification cDNA ends. Parvalbumin contents in both white and dark muscles were determined by ELISA using antiserum against mackerel parvalbumin. Results: Patient sera were less reactive to the heated extract from the dark muscle than to that from the white muscle. A prominent IgE‐reactive protein of 12 kDa, which was detected in both white and dark muscles, was identified as parvalbumin. Molecular cloning experiments revealed that the same parvalbumin molecule is contained in both white and dark muscles of either horse mackerel or Pacific mackerel. Parvalbumin contents were four to eight times lower in the dark muscle than in the white muscle. Conclusions: The fish dark muscle is less allergenic than the white muscle, because the same allergen molecule (parvalbumin) is contained at much lower levels in the dark muscle than in the white muscle. Thus, the dark muscle is less implicated in fish allergy than the white muscle.
Albuminuria and Nephritis Following Injection of Toxin Antitoxin*
Authors: C. D. MERCER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1929)

Article1 January 1929Albuminuria and Nephritis Following Injection of Toxin AntitoxinWith a Report of Two CasesC. D. MERCER, M.D., F.A.C.P.C. D. MERCER, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-2-7-667 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptImmunization of school children against diphtheria with Toxin-Antitoxin has been undertaken on a wholesale scale in Iowa. The physicians of our little city were asked to give these injections, working in relays at the school building, using a stock serum manufactured by a well known firm, and supplied by the State Board of Health. Having fresh in my mind an article by Gersterley (1) reporting a sudden death from nephritis in a child who had been immunized, I asked that the children be sent to their own physician where a suitable history could be taken and physical examination made.One...References(1) GERSTERLY JR: Medical Clinics of North America, March 1926, p. 1417. Google Scholar(2) HESS J: Medical Clinics of North America, July 1927. p. 197. Google Scholar(3) O'HARE JP: Cecil Text Book of Medicine, 1927, p. 898. Google Scholar(4) RHOADES PS: Journal A. M. A., Jan. 28, 1928, p. 254. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: West Union, Iowa*From the West Union Community Hospital. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByStand der aktiven Schutzimpfung gegen Diphtherie 1 January 1929Volume 2, Issue 7Page: 667-668KeywordsAntitoxinsChildrenDiphtheriaNephritisToxins Issue Published: 1 January 1929 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Murine Cytomegalovirus Inhibits Interferon γ–induced Antigen Presentation to CD4 T Cells by Macrophages Via Regulation of Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II–associated Genes
Authors: Mark T. Heise, Megan Connick, Herbert W. Virgin
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1998)

CD4 T cells and interferon γ (IFN-γ) are required for clearance of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection from the salivary gland in a process taking weeks to months. To explain the inefficiency of salivary gland clearance we hypothesized that MCMV interferes with IFN-γ induced antigen presentation to CD4 T cells. MCMV infection inhibited IFN-γ–induced presentation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II associated peptide antigen by differentiated bone marrow macrophages (BMMφs) to a T cell hybridoma via impairment of MHC class II cell surface expression. This effect was independent of IFN-α/β induction by MCMV infection, and required direct infection of the BMMφs with live virus. Inhibition of MHC class II cell surface expression was associated with a six- to eightfold reduction in IFN-γ induced IAb mRNA levels, and comparable decreases in IFN-γ induced expression of invariant chain (Ii), H-2Ma, and H-2Mb mRNAs. Steady state levels of several constitutive host mRNAs, including β-actin, cyclophilin, and CD45 were not significantly decreased by MCMV infection, ruling out a general effect of MCMV infection on mRNA levels. MCMV effects were specific to certain MHC genes since IFN-γ–induced transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP)2 mRNA levels were minimally altered in infected cells. Analysis of early upstream events in the IFN-γ signaling pathway revealed that MCMV did not affect activation and nuclear translocation of STAT1α, and had minor effects on the early induction of IRF-1 mRNA and protein. We conclude that MCMV infection interferes with IFN-γ–mediated induction of specific MHC genes and the Ii at a stage subsequent to STAT1α activation and nuclear translocation. This impairs antigen presentation to CD4 T cells, and may contribute to the capacity of MCMV to spread and persist within the infected host.
Targeting by cmHsp70.1-antibody coated and survivin miRNA plasmid loaded nanoparticles to radiosensitize glioblastoma cells
Authors: Sebastian Gaca, Sebastian Reichert, Gabriele Multhoff, Matthias Wacker, Stephanie Hehlgans, Claus Botzler, Matthias Gehrmann, Claus Rödel, Jörg Kreuter, Franz Rödel
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2013)
Malunion of A Femoral Fracture Mimicking Osteomyelitis in Three Phase Bone Imaging
Authors: WEI-JEN SHIH, SYLVIA MAGOUN, MARGUERITE PURCELL, PEGGY DOMSTAD
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1988)

A case of greatly increased blood flow in the region of a fracture with malunion of the left femur, both in the flow and immediate blood pool studies during three phase bone imaging, is presented. The sluggish left femoral artery flow resulted from the greatly increased regional perfusion and is similar to the findings in acute osteomyelitis. The sluggish left femoral artery flow and greatly increased regional perfusion of the site is probably best explained as a regional “neurovascular flush” resulting from the pain caused by the malunion of the fracture and/or hyperemia in the area of the malunion responding to inflammation.
Transforming Growth Factor-β and Nuclear Factor E2–related Factor 2 Regulate Antioxidant Responses in Airway Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Charalambos Michaeloudes, Po-Jui Chang, Mario Petrou, Kian Fan Chung
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Rationale: Aberrant airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) function and overexpression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, which modulates ASMC proliferative and inflammatory function and induces oxidant release, are features of asthma. Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activates antioxidant genes conferring protection against oxidative stress.Objectives: To determine the role of Nrf2 in ASMCs and its modulation by TGF-β, and compare Nrf2 activity in ASMCs from subjects with severe and nonsevere asthma and healthy subjects.Methods: ASMCs were cultured from airways of subjects without asthma, and from airway biopsies from patients with severe and nonsevere asthma. We studied Nrf2 activation on antioxidant gene expression and proliferation, the effect of TGF-β on Nrf2 transcriptional activity, and the impact of Nrf2 activation on TGF-β–mediated proliferation and IL-6 release. Nrf2–antioxidant response elements binding and Nrf2-dependent antioxidant gene expression was determined in asthmatic ASMCs.Measurements and Main Results: Activation of Nrf2 led to up-regulation of the antioxidant genes heme oxygenase (HO)-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, and manganese superoxide dismutase, and a reduction in proliferation. TGF-β reduced Nrf2-mediated antioxidant gene transcription through induction of activating transcription factor-3 expression. Nrf2 activation attenuated TGF-β–mediated reduction in HO-1, ASMC proliferation, and IL-6 release. Nrf2–antioxidant response elements binding was reduced in ASMCs from patients with severe asthma compared with ASMCs from patients with nonsevere asthma and normal subjects. HO-1 expression was reduced in ASMCs from patients with both nonsevere and severe asthma compared with healthy subjects.Conclusions: Nrf2 regulates antioxidant responses and proliferation in ASMCs and is inactivated by TGF-β. Nrf2 reduction may underlie compromised antioxidant protection and aberrant ASM function in asthma.
Developmental Dental Aberrations After the Dioxin Accident in Seveso
Authors: Satu Alaluusua, Pier Calderara, Pier Mario Gerthoux, Pirjo-Liisa Lukinmaa, Outi Kovero, Larry Needham, Donald G. Patterson, Jouko Tuomisto, Paolo Mocarelli
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

Children's developing teeth may be sensitive to environmental dioxins, and in animal studies developing teeth are one of the most sensitive targets of toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Twenty-five years after the dioxin accident in Seveso, Italy, 48 subjects from the contaminated areas (zones A and B) and in patches lightly contaminated (zone R) were recruited for the examination of dental and oral aberrations. Subjects were randomly invited from those exposed in their childhood and for whom frozen serum samples were available. The subjects were frequency matched with 65 subjects from the surrounding non-ABR zone for age, sex, and education. Concentrations of TCDD in previously analyzed plasma samples (zone ABR subjects only) ranged from 23 to 26,000 ng/kg in serum lipid. Ninety-three percent (25 of 27) of the subjects who had developmental enamel defects had been < 5 years of age at the time of the accident. The prevalence of defects in this age group was 42% (15 of 36) in zone ABR subjects and 26% (10 of 39) in zone non-ABR subjects, correlating with serum TCDD levels (p = 0.016). Hypodontia was seen in 12.5% (6 of 48) and 4.6% (3 of 65) of the zone ABR and non-ABR subjects, respectively, also correlating with serum TCDD level (p = 0.05). In conclusion, developmental dental aberrations were associated with childhood exposure to TCDD. In contrast, dental caries and periodontal disease, both infectious in nature, and oral pigmentation and salivary flow rate were not related to the exposure. The results support our hypothesis that dioxins can interfere with human organogenesis.
Induction of delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in canine Purkinje fibers by lysophosphoglycerides.
Authors: S M Pogwizd, J R Onufer, J B Kramer, B E Sobel, P B Corr
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

Lysophosphoglycerides accumulate in ischemic myocardium and induce electrophysiologic alterations in normoxic tissue in vitro closely resembling those seen with ischemia in vivo. Delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity may be particularly important in the pathogenesis of arrhythmias in the ischemic heart. The present study was performed to determine whether lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), at concentrations comparable to those present in ischemic myocardium, can induce delayed afterdepolarizations and/or triggered activity in normoxic canine Purkinje fibers. In the present study, as little as 75 microM LPC was found to induce delayed afterdepolarizations and as little as 100 microM LPC was found to induce delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity even at low cycle lengths. The amplitude of the induced delayed afterdepolarizations was enhanced by augmentation of the extracellular concentration of calcium (7 mM) or by exogenous epinephrine (10(-9) to 10(-6) M). The amplitude was decreased by verapamil (1 mg/l) or Mn++ (2.5 mM). Epinephrine at a concentration of 10(-6) M also initiated triggered activity in Purkinje fibers exposed to LPC (75 microM), a response blocked by l-propranolol (2 X 10(-7) M and 10(-6) M) but not by the alpha 1-adrenergic blocking agent BE-2254 (10(-6) M). Delayed afterdepolarizations induced by LPC (75 microM) and epinephrine (10(-6) M) persisted even in the presence of acidosis (pH 6.7) and hyperkalemia ([K+]o = 7 mM). Thus, delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered activity induced by LPC may contribute to the induction and/or maintenance of arrhythmias early after the onset of myocardial ischemia. However, because of the reversal of these effects after superfusion with media devoid of LPC, they may occur with ischemia in vivo but not be seen in tissue isolated from ischemic regions and evaluated in vitro.
Dose-related effects of adenosine and bradykinin on microvascular permselectivity to macromolecules in the hamster cheek pouch.
Authors: D M Gawlowski, W N Durán
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

The hamster cheek pouch preparation was used to assess microvascular permselectivity responses to three vasodilating agents: bradykinin, adenosine, and papaverine. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 150 was injected intravenously as a macromolecular tracer. To quantify changes in permeability, we calculated fluorochrome clearance values from the ratio of suffusate to plasma fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 150 concentration. The microcirculation was recorded on videotape, using epifluorescence and bright-field light microscopy. Topical application of bradykinin elicited dose-dependent increases in macromolecular permeability. Adenosine also augmented permeability in a dose-dependent fashion. The increases in tracer clearance, relative to control, were 9.4 nl/min for 10(-5) M adenosine and 39.4 nl/min for 10(-4) M adenosine. The standard error for these doses was 1.5 nl/min. Adenosine, 10(-6) M, did not alter permeability. The increment in clearance induced by 10(-4) M was comparable to that of bradykinin, 8 X 10(-7) M. Pretreatment with phenidone had no effect on the permeability response mediated by 10(-5) M adenosine. Topical application of papaverine enhanced the transvascular exchange of macromolecules in one-half of the preparations examined. Comparable doses of adenosine were approximately three times as effective. This study indicated that adenosine, like bradykinin, is capable of modifying microvascular permeability responses in the hamster cheek pouch. This modulatory effect appears to be due to a direct action on the postcapillary microvascular membrane.
Evaluation of factors influencing myocardial infarct size in unconscious dogs
Authors: G. Vandeplassche, C. Hermans, J. V. Haecke, L. Wouters, M. Borgers, W. Flameng
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1991)

Journal Article Evaluation of factors influencing myocardial infarct size in unconscious dogs Get access Godelieve Vandeplassche, Godelieve Vandeplassche Correspondence to: Dr Vandeplassche Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Carlo Hermans, Carlo Hermans Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Johan Van Haecke, Johan Van Haecke Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Luc Wouters, Luc Wouters Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Marcel Borgers, Marcel Borgers Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Willem Flameng Willem Flameng Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 25, Issue 10, October 1991, Pages 844–854, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/25.10.844 Published: 01 October 1991 Article history Received: 22 October 1990 Accepted: 14 June 1991 Published: 01 October 1991
Semuloparin for Thromboprophylaxis in Patients Receiving Chemotherapy for Cancer
Authors: Giancarlo Agnelli, Daniel J. George, Ajay K. Kakkar, William Fisher, Michael R. Lassen, Patrick Mismetti, Patrick Mouret, Umesh Chaudhari, Francesca Lawson, Alexander G.G. Turpie
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2012)

Patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer are at increased risk for venous thromboembolism. Limited data support the clinical benefit of antithrombotic prophylaxis.In this double-blind, multicenter trial, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of the ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin semuloparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. Patients with metastatic or locally advanced solid tumors who were beginning to receive a course of chemotherapy were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous semuloparin, 20 mg once daily, or placebo until there was a change of chemotherapy regimen. The primary efficacy outcome was the composite of any symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis, any nonfatal pulmonary embolism, and death related to venous thromboembolism. Clinically relevant bleeding (major and nonmajor) was the main safety outcome.The median treatment duration was 3.5 months. Venous thromboembolism occurred in 20 of 1608 patients (1.2%) receiving semuloparin, as compared with 55 of 1604 (3.4%) receiving placebo (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21 to 0.60; P<0.001), with consistent efficacy among subgroups defined according to the origin and stage of cancer and the baseline risk of venous thromboembolism. The incidence of clinically relevant bleeding was 2.8% and 2.0% in the semuloparin and placebo groups, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.89 to 2.21). Major bleeding occurred in 19 of 1589 patients (1.2%) receiving semuloparin and 18 of 1583 (1.1%) receiving placebo (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.55 to 1.99). Incidences of all other adverse events were similar in the two study groups.Semuloparin reduces the incidence of thromboembolic events in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer, with no apparent increase in major bleeding. (Funded by Sanofi; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00694382.).
Relationship of Nocturnal Hypoglycemia to Daytime Glycemia in IDDM
Authors: Israel G Lerman, Joseph I Wolfsdorf
Journal: Diabetes Care (1988)

In view of the continuing debate about the clinical relevance of nocturnal hypoglycemia as an explanation for high blood glucose (BG) levels before breakfast, we prospectively analyzed 281 overnight BG profiles (blood samples obtained at 2100, 0200–0300, and 0700) in 66 consecutive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nocturnal hypoglycemia (0200-0300 BG concentration ≤50 mg/dl) occurred in 27 patients (41%) and in 36 profiles (13%). All the patients with nocturnal hypoglycemia received two or more injections of insulin each day. When hypoglycemia occurred at 0200–0300, the preceding BG concentration at 2100 was significantly lower than when nocturnal BG was &amp;gt;100 mg/dl (108 ± 11 vs. 145 ± 12 mg/dl; P &amp;lt; .05; mean ± SE). A BG &amp;lt;120 mg/dl at 2100 preceded nocturnal hypoglycemia in 24 (67%) of 36 profiles. The mean BG at 0700 was significantly lower in the profiles associated with nocturnal hypoglycemia than in those with nocturnal BG levels &amp;gt;150 mg/dl (156 ± 10 vs. 201 ± 11 mg/dl; P &amp;lt; .05). BG values &amp;gt;180 mg/dl at 0700 were infrequently (11 of 143 or 8% of profiles) preceded by nocturnal hypoglycemia, and no instances of major hyperglycemia (BG &amp;gt;300 mg/dl) at 0700 were preceded by nocturnal hypoglycemia. Furthermore, BG at 0700, 1100, and 1500 on the day before the occurrence of nocturnal hypoglycemia were similar to those on the day after. Individuals with nocturnal hypoglycemia whose subsequent BG at 0700 exceeded 180 mg/dl consumed significantly more calories (181 ± 18 vs. 115 ± 12; P &amp;lt; .001) and carbohydrate (39 ± 4 vs. 26 ± 3 g; P &amp;lt; .05) than those with BG &amp;lt;120 mg/dl at 0700. Nocturnal hypoglycemia was not followed by major hyperglycemia at 0700 or higher daytime glycemia than on the previous day. Excessive food intake to treat nocturnal hypoglycemia appears to be an important factor contributing to unacceptably high BG levels before breakfast.
Glossopharyngeal and vagal neuralgia.
Authors: J. C. Chawla, M. A. Falconer
Journal: BMJ (1967)

Tic douloureux involving the glossopharyngeal nerve is rare and when it does occur probably often involves the vagus nerve as well. Many cases are undoubtedly not recognized, and yet the condition responds favourably and permanently to intra cranial section of the glossopharyngeal nerve and upper fila ments of the vagus nerve. We therefore propose to review the literature, discuss our own experiences, and try to clarify the clinical syndromes that this condition presents and the surgical approach that is required.
Mechanism of Action of Antitumor Drug Etoposide: A Review
Authors: J. M. S. van Maanen, J. Retel, J. de Vries, H. M. Pinedo
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1988)

Metabolism studies of the antitumor drug etoposide show the formation of metabolites in the lactone ring, which are probably not important for the drug's mechanism of action, and oxidative transformations in the dimethoxyphenol ring (E ring), which lead to products that can cause DNA damage and may play a role in the drug's mechanism of action. The cytotoxicity of etoposide is caused by the induction of DNA damage. The occurrence of the DNA lesions can be explained by the capacity of the drug to interfere with the scission-reunion reaction of mammalian topoisomerase II by stabilizing a cleavable complex.
NET RECLASSIFICATION IMPROVEMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS WITH NORMAL MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION IMAGING USING HEART RATE RESPONSE TO VASODILATOR STRESS
Authors: Fahad M. Iqbal, Wael AlJaroudi, Rajesh Mallela, Jaekyeong Heo, Ami Iskandrian, Fadi Hage
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)