tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Menopausal Estrogens and Breast Cancer
Authors: Robert Hoover, Laman A. Gray, Philip Cole, Brian MacMahon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1976)

1891 women given conjugated estrogens for the menopause were followed for 12 years (mean) for incidence of breast cancer. Overall, 49 cases were observed; 39.1 were expected on the basis of rates in the general population (relative risk = 1.3, P = 0.06). The relative risk increased with follow-up duration, progressing to 2.0 after 15 years (13/6.6, P = 0.01). The excess risk after 10 years was not due simply to prolonged estrogen use, since there was no clear dose-response relation to accumulated years of use. However, higher risk accrued to women using higher-dose tablets and those taking the medication on an other than daily basis. In addition, after 10 years of follow-up observation, two factors related to low risk of breast cancer, multiparity and oophorectomy, were no longer so related. Finally, estrogen use was related to an especially high risk of breast cancer among women in whom benign disease developed after they had started the drug.The average age of 1891 women at the start of estrogen therapy was 49 years; long-term replacement was the usual goal. At the end of the study (mean, 12 years) 1573 women were alive, 132 had died, and 186 (9.8%) were lost to the study. The study involved 22,717 person-years. Breast cancer developed in 49 women during this period vs. 39.1 expected on the basis of rates among similar women in the general population, a relative risk of 1.3. The relative risk increased with duration of follow-up, being .9 for the first 5 years after starting estrogen, 1.2 from 5 to 9 years, 1.3 from 10 to 14 years, and 2.9 after 15 years. This trend was considered statistically significant (p less than .02). The excess risk became manifest after about 12 years. Reduced risk with increased parity was noted during the first 10 years only. Most of these patients had undergone hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. The increased breast cancer risk was unrelated to ovarian status. Those with a history of benign breast tumor showed a higher relative risk than others, particularly if the benign disease had developed after estrogen was given. Although a dose-response relation was not observed, the risk was highest among those who took the medication in other than a daily regimen. Findings suggest that menopausal estrogen therapy raises the risk of breast cancer. Data indicate that evaluation of these agents will necessitate the incorporation of several factors lacking in previous studies, e.g., latent period risk indicators, type of therapeutic regimen, and total accumulated dosage.
Exhaled Breath Condensate as a Suitable Matrix to Assess Lung Dose and Effects in Workers Exposed to Cobalt and Tungsten
Authors: Matteo Goldoni, Simona Catalani, Giuseppe De Palma, Paola Manini, Olga Acampa, Massimo Corradi, Roberto Bergonzi, Pietro Apostoli, Antonio Mutti
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a fluid formed by cooling exhaled air, can be used as a suitable matrix to assess target tissue dose and effects of inhaled cobalt and tungsten, using EBC malondialdehyde (MDA) as a biomarker of pulmonary oxidative stress. Thirty-three workers exposed to Co and W in workshops producing either diamond tools or hard-metal mechanical parts participated in this study. Two EBC and urinary samples were collected: one before and one at the end of the work shift. Controls were selected among nonexposed workers. Co, W, and MDA in EBC were analyzed with analytical methods based on mass spectrometric reference techniques. In the EBC from controls, Co was detectable at ultratrace levels, whereas W was undetectable. In exposed workers, EBC Co ranged from a few to several hundred nanomoles per liter. Corresponding W levels ranged from undetectable to several tens of nanomoles per liter. A parallel trend was observed for much higher urinary levels. Both Co and W in biological media were higher at the end of the work shift in comparison with preexposure values. In EBC, MDA levels were increased depending on Co concentration and were enhanced by coexposure to W. Such a correlation between EBC MDA and both Co and W levels was not observed with urinary concentration of either element. These results suggest the potential usefulness of EBC to complete and integrate biomonitoring and health surveillance procedures among workers exposed to mixtures of transition elements and hard metals. Key words: cobalt, exhaled breath condensate, hard metals, lung, malondialdehyde, oxidative stress, tungsten.
Short-Term, Delayed, and Working Memory Are Impaired During Hypoglycemia in Individuals With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Andrew J. Sommerfield, Ian J. Deary, Vincent McAulay, Brian M. Frier
Journal: Diabetes Care (2003)

To examine the effects of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia on short-term, delayed, and working memory in individuals with type 1 diabetes.A hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp was used to maintain arterialized blood glucose level at either 4.5 mmol/l (euglycemia) or 2.5 mmol/l (hypoglycemia) on two separate occasions in 16 adults with type 1 diabetes. The participants completed tests of immediate and delayed verbal memory, immediate and delayed visual memory, and working memory during each experimental condition. Two other mental tests, the Trail Making B Test and the Digit Symbol Test, were also administered.Performance in tests of immediate verbal and immediate visual memory was significantly impaired during hypoglycemia. The effect of hypoglycemia on working memory and delayed memory was more profound. Performance in the nonmemory tests, the Trail Making B Test, and the Digit Symbol Test also deteriorated during hypoglycemia.All of the memory systems examined in the present study were affected significantly by acute hypoglycemia, particularly working memory and delayed memory. Mild (self-treated) hypoglycemia is common in individuals with insulin-treated diabetes; therefore, these observed effects of hypoglycemia on memory are of potential clinical importance because they could interfere with many everyday activities.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE SUBMAXILLARY GLAND VIRUSES OF RATS AND GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Ann G. Kuttner, T'sun T'ung
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1935)

1. It has not been possible to increase the virulence of the submaxillary gland viruses of guinea pigs and rats, either by reducing the resistance of the animals by exposure to X-ray, or by the addition of testicular extract (Duran-Reynals factor). 2. In guinea pigs and wild rats with spontaneously infected submaxillary glands, the kidney has been found to contain the virus in the absence of demonstrable pathological changes. 3. Direct injection of these viruses into the kidney produces only mild, circumscribed lesions. 4. The viruses, following subcutaneous injection into white rats and guinea pigs, are widely distributed 2 weeks after injection. They are present in the submaxillary glands, cervical lymph nodes, kidney, and lung. They were not demonstrable at this time in the blood, liver, or spleen. 5. By the intratracheal injection of large doses of virus in guinea pigs and rats, an interstitial bronchopneumonia with thickening of the alveolar and bronchial walls and the presence of acidophilic inclusion bodies, can be produced. 6. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the multiplication of bacteria in the lung is greatly enhanced by the injection of these viruses.
Structure-function relationships of interleukin-3. An analysis based on the function and binding characteristics of a series of interspecies chimera of gibbon and murine interleukin-3.
Authors: K Kaushansky, S G Shoemaker, V C Broudy, N L Lin, J V Matous, E M Alderman, J D Aghajanian, P J Szklut, R E VanDyke, M K Pearce
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1992)

IL-3 is a glycoprotein cytokine involved in the hematopoietic response to infectious, immunologic, and inflammatory stimuli. In addition, clinical administration of recombinant IL-3 augments recovery in states of natural and treatment-related marrow failure. IL-3 acts by binding to high affinity cell surface receptors present on hematopoietic cells. To determine the site(s) at which IL-3 binds to it receptor, we analyzed a series of interspecies chimera of the growth factor for species-specific receptor binding and biological activity. The results suggest that IL-3 binds to its receptor and triggers a proliferative stimulus through two noncontiguous helical domains located near the amino terminus and the carboxy terminus of the molecule. To corroborate these findings, we have also mapped the binding epitopes of 10 mAb of human or murine IL-3, and have defined four distinct epitopes. Two of these epitopes comprise the amino-terminal receptor binding domain. A third epitope corresponds to the carboxy-terminal receptor interactive domain, and the fourth epitope, apparently not involved in the interaction of IL-3 and its receptor, lies between these sites. And on the basis of sandwich immunoassays using pairs of these mAbs, the two receptor interactive regions appear to reside in close juxtaposition in the tertiary structure of the molecule. These results provide a correlation of the structure-function relationships of IL-3 that should prove useful in evaluating the details of IL-3-IL-3 receptor interaction and in the rational design of clinically useful derivatives of this growth factor.
Tobacco Control Report Card Fails Some Federal Entities, Gives All Tough Future Assignments
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1994)

THE REPORT card is in. The student is graded "Fail, needs improvement." Despite the decline in the percentage of men in the United States who smoke cigarettes from 52.5% in 1966 to 28.1% in 1991 (and from 33.9% to 23.5% among women), tobacco control experts from the American Cancer Society, American Heart Association, and American Lung Association say that on the national policy level, not enough has been done to discourage the nicotine habit during the intervening years. A rating of the efforts at tobacco control made over the past three decades by nine federal entities, Congress, and the White House was issued in January by The Coalition on Smoking OR Health, a combined office of the three voluntary health agencies, on the 30th anniversary of the initial report on the hazards of smoking from then—US Surgeon General Luther B. Terry, MD. The rating, formally entitled A<i>30-Year Report Card</i>
AB0226 Rheumatologic manifestations of behçet’s disease in tunisia. a monocenter study
Authors: G. Asma, B. A. Olfa, R. Amel, M. Anis, K. Monia, B.F.I Fatma, L. K. Chedia
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2013)

<h3>Background</h3> Behçet's disease is a systemic vasculitis characterized by recurrent oral and genital ulcers, and ocular inflammation, and which may involve the joints, skin, central nervous system and gastrointestinal tractRheumatologic manifestations are common in Behçet's disease (BD). Joint manifestations take the third place after mucocutaneous and ocular lesions, they can inaugurate clinical feature. <h3>Objectives</h3> To define the epidemiology and clinical features of Behçet's disease, giving special attention to unusual forms. <h3>Methods</h3> We retrospectively reviewed 50 files of patients with BD diagnosed between 1997 and 2008 in the department of internal medicine at Sahloul university-hospital. <h3>Results</h3> Thirty-three cases among 50 (66%) presented rheumatologic manifestations. Joint symptoms were inaugural in 38% of cases. Recurrent course was noted in 25 cases. Monoarthritis, oligoarthritis and polyarthritis were noted in respectively 36%, 30% and 35% of cases. Knee, ankle and wrist were the most frequently affected joints. Sarcoilitis was diagnosed in one single case. There wasn't any sign of joint destruction on the X-ray images. Remission was obtained with symptomatic treatment in all cases. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Joint manifestations are common in BD in Tunisia. Arthritis usually heals without sequelae after symptomatic treatment, but may recur. Immunosuppressive therapy is unnecessary. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
Allergy and allergy‐like symptoms in 1,050 medical students
Authors: T. Fougard
Journal: Allergy (1991)

During a 10‐year period 1,050 medical students were questioned regarding allergy and allergy like symptoms and 612 of them underwent skin prick tests with dog, cat timothy and birch allergens. Symptoms of eczema, asthma or non‐infectious rhmitis, past or current, or current reactions of pollen, lured animals, dust mould or food flexure type and a further 8% reported past symptoms of the same kind. Current contact eczema was reported by 7% and past contact eczema by a further 3%. Daily treatment with ointments was reported by 52% of the students with current flexure eczema and by 17% with current contact eczema. Current asthma was reported by 5% and past asthma by a further 3%. Of those with current asthma. 88% were allergic to pollens and/or lured animals and 57% used anti‐asthmatic drugs for at least 2 weeks/year. Current allergic symptoms in the nose and/or eyes were reported by 29% and a further 2% reported past symptoms. Of those with current symptoms 64% were allergic to pollens and/or furred animals, as judged by the history and skin tests. Almost 60% of the students with pollen allergy used anti‐allergic drugs for at least 2 weeks/year. Allergy to pollens was reported by 17%, to animals by 12%, to house dust by 10% to moulds by 2% and to foods by 15%. Allergy reported and confirmed by a prick test was found in 8% against birch, 6% against timothy, 10% against cat and 5% against dog. These prevalence figures are high, but are in accordance with those in other recent studies. Interestingly, no tendency to increasing figures with time was found during the study period.
Hospital Admissions and Chemical Composition of Fine Particle Air Pollution
Authors: Michelle L. Bell, Keita Ebisu, Roger D. Peng, Jonathan M. Samet, Francesca Dominici
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2009)

There are unexplained geographical and seasonal differences in the short-term effects of fine particulate matter (PM(2.5)) on human health. The hypothesis has been advanced to include the possibility that such differences might be due to variations in the PM(2.5) chemical composition, but evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking.To examine whether variation in the relative risks (RR) of hospitalization associated with ambient exposure to PM(2.5) total mass reflects differences in PM(2.5) chemical composition.We linked two national datasets by county and by season: (1) long-term average concentrations of PM(2.5) chemical components for 2000-2005 and (2) RRs of cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations for persons 65 years or older associated with a 10-microg/m(3) increase in PM(2.5) total mass on the same day for 106 U.S. counties for 1999 through 2005.We found a positive and statistically significant association between county-specific estimates of the short-term effects of PM(2.5) on cardiovascular and respiratory hospitalizations and county-specific levels of vanadium, elemental carbon, or nickel PM(2.5) content.Communities with higher PM(2.5) content of nickel, vanadium, and elemental carbon and/or their related sources were found to have higher risk of hospitalizations associated with short-term exposure to PM(2.5).
Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Teenage Boys.
Authors: Robert P. Noble
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1970)

Meeting Abstracts1 May 1970Lipoprotein Abnormalities in Teenage Boys.Robert P. Noble, M.D., (Associate)Robert P. Noble, M.D., (Associate)Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-72-5-791_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptFrom epidemiological studies it seems reasonably clear that not everyone needs to be concerned with cholesterol-lowering regimens. It is probable that significant reduction in mortality from coronary heart disease will result from the detection of the coronary-prone at any early age. Postmortem studies of coronary arteries in young adults have been reported by Yater, by Enos, and more recently by Strong. 50% of men less than 30 years of age had irreversible fibrous plaques in coronary arteries. In angiographically demonstrated coronary artery lesions, the lipoprotein phenotype, Fredrickson, was shown to be more predictive than the level of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride,... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Sharon, Conn. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1970Volume 72, Issue 5Page: 791-791KeywordsBlood plasmaCholesterolCoronary arteriesCoronary heart diseaseLesionsLipoproteinsMortalityPhenotypesYoung adults Issue Published: 1 May 1970 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Tumor-infiltrating T lymphocyte clonality predicts prognosis in human ovarian cancer
Authors: Takemasa Tsuji, Kevin H Eng, Sacha Gnjatic, Junko Matsuzaki, Rachel Brightwell, Anthony Miliotto, Ryan Emerson, Cindy Desmarais, Erika Lindsley, Julie Rubinstein, Jianmin Wang, Song Liu, Harlan Robins, Kunle Odunsi
Journal: Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer (2013)

Meeting abstracts The prognostic significance of the number of tumor-infiltrating T cells has been demonstrated for many tumor types. In contrast, the significance of the tumor-infiltrating T cell clonality, which reflects the preferential infiltration or expansion of T cell clones in the tumor
A patient with disseminated strongyloidiasis with erythroderma in a nonendemic area
Authors: H. Nomura, S. Egami, H. Kasai, T. Yokoyama, A. Fujimoto, M. Sugiura
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2014)

Journal Article A patient with disseminated strongyloidiasis with erythroderma in a nonendemic area Get access H. Nomura, H. Nomura Department of Dermatology Shizuoka Municipal Shimizu Hospital Shizuoka Japan Correspondence: Hisashi Nomura. E‐mail: nomurahisashi@a3.keio.jp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar S. Egami, S. Egami Department of Dermatology Shizuoka Municipal Shimizu Hospital Shizuoka Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Kasai, H. Kasai Department of Dermatology Shizuoka Municipal Shimizu Hospital Shizuoka Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar T. Yokoyama, T. Yokoyama Department of Dermatology Shizuoka Municipal Shimizu Hospital Shizuoka Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. Fujimoto, A. Fujimoto Department of Dermatology Shizuoka Municipal Shimizu Hospital Shizuoka Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar M. Sugiura M. Sugiura Department of Dermatology Shizuoka Municipal Shimizu Hospital Shizuoka Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 171, Issue 4, 1 October 2014, Pages 911–913, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13046 Published: 01 October 2014
Reply to Mattias Aine, Fredrik Liedberg, Gottfrid Sjödahl, and Mattias Höglund's Letter to the Editor re: David J. McConkey, Woonyoung Choi, Colin P.N. Dinney. New Insights into Subtypes of Invasive Bladder Cancer: Considerations of the Clinician. Eur Urol 2014;66:609–10
Authors: David McConkey, Woonyoung Choi, Colin Dinney
Journal: European Urology (2014)
Vitamin D and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Authors: Sue A. Shapses
Journal: JAMA (2011)

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High Altitude-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Normal Cattle
Authors: Donald H. Will, Archibald F. Alexander, John T. Reeves, Robert F. Grover
Journal: Circulation Research (1962)

Six months residence at an altitude of 10,000 feet produced significant pulmonary hypertension and arterial oxygen desaturation (86 per cent) in 10 normal steers born at 3,600 feet. Six of these animals, during the course of the experiment, showed a rise in mean pulmonary arterial pressure from 27 to 45 mm. Hg. The remaining four animals developed more severe pulmonary hypertension, and two with mean pressures greater than 100 mm. Hg had right heart failure. All 10 showed right ventricular hypertrophy proportional to the degree of pulmonary hypertension. Ten steers of similar age and origin, maintained as controls at 5,000 feet, showed a mean pulmonary arterial pressure of 27 mm. Hg throughout the experiment. The pulmonary hypertension observed at high altitude is considered to be due to an increased pulmonary vascular resistance resulting from a reduction in the total cross-sectional area of the pulmonary vascular bed. Chronic hypoxia appeared to be the most important etilogical factor responsible for initiating the hypertension. The observed beneficial effects of 100 per cent oxygen inhalation and the prompt recovery of an affected animal when moved to lower altitude supported the concept of pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia.
A Controlled Trial of Inpatient and Outpatient Geriatric Evaluation and Management
Authors: Harvey Jay Cohen, John R. Feussner, Morris Weinberger, Molly Carnes, Ronald C. Hamdy, Frank Hsieh, Ciaran Phibbs, Donald Courtney, Kenneth W. Lyles, Conrad May, Cynthia McMurtry, Leslye Pennypacker, David M. Smith, Nina Ainslie, Thomas Hornick, Kayla Brodkin, Philip Lavori
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Over the past 20 years, both inpatient units and outpatient clinics have developed programs for geriatric evaluation and management. However, the effects of these interventions on survival and functional status remain uncertain.
Carbohydrate loading in practice: high muscle glycogen concentration is not certain.
Authors: G M Fogelholm, H O Tikkanen, H K Näveri, L S Näveri, M H Härkönen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1991)

It is believed that muscle glycogen resynthesis can be stimulated by depleting the glycogen stores by heavy physical exercise and then eating a diet rich in carbohydrates. In this study, we compared muscle glycogen concentrations after two different depletion and loading procedures in six male runners. The depletion runs for the procedures were a half-marathon race and an easier fartlek. The mean muscle glycogen concentrations (+/- s.e.m.), analysed after the procedures, did not differ significantly between the race and the fartlek being 285 (+/- 25) mmol/kg d.w. (dry weight) versus 315 (+/- 32) mmol/kg d.w. (P greater than 0.05). Moreover, the subjects' glycogen concentrations were not clearly increased above the predepletion values following either procedure. The results show that higher glycogen levels do not necessarily occur after classical carbohydrate-loading procedures.