tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Maintenance of the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, in scid mice and transmission of gametocytes to mosquitoes.
Authors: J M Moore, N Kumar, L D Shultz, T V Rajan
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1995)

The study of human malaria has been hampered by the lack of small animal models for the human-infecting malarial parasites. To approach this problem, the erythrocytic stages of the human malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum were adapted to in vitro growth in the presence of ascites fluid from mice homozygous for the severe-combined immunodeficiency (scid) mutation. Human red blood cells (hRBCs) infected with these adapted parasites were then injected i.p. into nonobese diabetic scid/scid (NOD/LtSz-scid) mice. With daily supplemental intraperitoneal boosts of uninfected hRBCs, parasites were detected in the peripheral circulation of these mice for an average of 7 d after injection. Splenectomy of NOD/LtSz-scid mice increased both the level and duration of parasitemia in the periphery, and it also promoted the circulation of mature sexual stage parasites (gametocytes). When Anopheline mosquitoes were allowed to feed on the splenectomized mice, the gametocytes were ingested by the mosquitoes and developed into oocysts in the mosquito midguts. To our knowledge, these results are the first demonstration of human malarial parasite propagation in mice and transmission of these parasites to the invertebrate vector.
Iron availability and free radical induced injury in the isolated ischaemic/reperfused rat heart
Authors: E. Karwatowska-Prokopczuk, E. Czarnowska, A. Beresewicz
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1992)

Objective: A proposal that injury in ischaemic/reperfused rat heart is critically dependent on the availability of free iron rather than on the efficiency of O2 and H2O2 production was examined. Methods: Isolated working rat hearts from 152 male Wistar rats (200-250 g weight), subjected to 20-40 min of global ischaemia and reperfused for 30 min, were perfused with 10 μmol·litre−1 Fe [III] or Fe [11] and/or 0.6 mmol·litre−1 desferrioxamine, 10 mmol·litre−1 dimethylthiourea, and 1 mmol·litre−1 allopurinol. Curves relating the recoveries of haemodynamic functions and the reperfusion lactate dehydrogenase release to the duration of the preceding ischaemic period were constructed. Morphological examination was also performed. Results: In the untreated hearts, the duration of ischaemia resulting in 50% loss of cardiac output was 29 min. This time was decreased to 24 min and 20 min by Fe[III] and Fe[II], respectively, and was increased to 36 min and 37 min by desferrioxamine and dimethylthiourea, respectively. Desferrioxamine prevented the effect of Fe [III] but not that of Fe[II], whereas dimethylthiourea prevented the effect of Fe [II]. Neither the effect of Fe [III] nor that of Fe [II] was prevented by allopurinol which, however, proved to be beneficial in the untreated hearts. Conclusions: The beneficial effect of desferrioxamine and dimethylthiourea suggest that it is intensification of the Fenton reaction by iron which accounts for iron induced aggravation of the reperfusion injury. Thus we speculate that the availability of free iron, rather than O2 and H2O2, is a limiting factor in the development of injury in an ishaemic/reperfused rat heart. What remains unclear is why allopurinol is unable to prevent iron induced changes.
Very low dose warfarin as prophylaxis against ultrasound detected deep vein thrombosis following primary hip replacement
Authors: Murray M. Bern, Benjamin Bierbaum, Steven Wetzner, William Brennan, Sheila McAlister
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract One mg daily warfarin was compared to variable dose warfarin (PT 1.3–1.5 times the normal PT), as prophylaxis against deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following unilateral hip replacement for degenerative joint disease (DJD). Ninety‐eight patients entered onto study after having had negative color Doppler ultrasounds of the legs. Patients receiving 1 mg began therapy 7 days preoperatively and continued daily until discharge. Patients receiving the variable dose took 5 mg the night preoperatively, and thereafter daily based upon the daily PT. Seventy‐eight patients completed the study protocol. No patient completing the protocol had DVT or pulmonary embolus (PE). Based upon intent to treat for all registered patients, one from each group had DVT after withdrawal from study. For patients receiving 1 mg warfarin daily, PTs extended none or slightly. Therefore, 1 mg warfarin can be used to prevent postoperative DVT following elective hip surgery. Am. J. Hematol. 71:69–74, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
To Thwart the Tobacco Companies
Authors: Louis W. Sullivan
Journal: JAMA (1991)

I commend Samuels and Glantz<sup>1</sup>for their outstanding contribution to the continuing discussion of "tobacco politics." Their study documents the tragically powerful influence of the tobacco industry and its deadly message. The tobacco industry sells glitz, glamour, and a false picture of good health. Their commercials and print advertisements do not show the heart disease or cancer that take away good health, the debilitating economic costs, the loss of independence and dignity when serious illness strikes, or the inconsolable sorrow when a loved one dies prematurely from smoking-related diseases. We don't hear from the tobacco industry that each year smoking kills some 430 000 Americans—more than 1000 a day. We don't hear that each American, including those who don't smoke, is paying a hidden tax of approximately $221 per person per year for the consequences of smoking—a tax that adds up to $52 billion annually.
AN UNEXPECTED EPINEPHRIN REACTION FOLLOWING INFILTRATION WITH PROCAIN-EPINEPHRIN SOLUTION AS A LOCAL ANESTHETIC
Authors: Charles E. Dowman
Journal: JAMA (1923)

M. S., a woman, aged 31, was admitted to the Piedmont Sanatorium, Feb. 1, 1923, with a diagnosis of tumor of the cerebellum. Her symptoms had begun one year before, and consisted principally of dimness of vision, headaches, vomiting, and staggering gait. The general examination was negative for hyperthyroidism. The blood pressure was systolic, 100; diastolic, 70; the pulse was 80; hemoglobin, 70 per cent. The neurologic examination disclosed bilateral choking of the optic disks, a markedly staggering gait with tendency to lean to the right, and asynergia of the right arm and right leg. February 7, the patient was prepared for operation. The field of operation was infiltrated with 5 ounces of 1 per cent. procain solution, each ounce of the solution containing 7 minims of epinephrin chlorid solution (1:1,000). Before the infiltration was begun the systolic blood pressure was 102 mm. of mercury; the pulse, 80. At the
Cell-mediated immunity in operable bronchial carcinoma: the effect of injecting irradiated autologous tumour cells and BCG.
Authors: B H Stack, N McSwan, J M Stirling, D J Hole, D Parratt, W G Spilg, C R Gillis, I McHattie, A G Green, R G White, M A Turner
Journal: Thorax (1979)

In 52 patients undergoing tests of cell-mediated immunity before surgical resection of bronchial carcinoma a positive tuberculin test result was found in 71% compared with 68% of age- and sex-matched controls. Sensitisation to DNCB occurred in 52% of 37 patients but in 78% of controls. There was depression of lymphocyte transformation by PPD in 19 patients compared with controls (P=0.001), but there was no difference in lymphocyte transformation by PHA or pokeweed mitogen between 34 patients and controls. In a pilot study patients were randomly allocated to autograft (eight) or non-autograft (seven) groups. The autograft group were given an intradermal injection of a suspension of irradiated autologous tumour-cells mixed with intradermal BCG on the day of operation. Tests of cell-mediated immunity were repeated two weeks after operation. Five patients in each group received a course of radiotherapy to the mediastinum three weeks after operation. There was a rise in cutaneous tuberculin reactivity (P=0.08) and total leucocyte count (P=0.09) in the autograft group postoperatively with a fall in total lymphocyte and T lymphocyte counts in the non-autograft group (P less 0.05). These differences, however, were not followed by any difference in the frequency of tumour recurrence or the survival rate two years after operation. The results show that the immunological surveillance mechanism is impaired even in patients with early bronchial carcinoma and that it is possible to overcome postoperative immunological depression with specific immunotherapy combined with BCG. This treatment did not produce any clinical advantage in this small number of patients and the skin lesions caused the patients considerable discomfort.
Unambiguous Identification of Obesity Trials
Authors: Deborah A. Zarin, Tony Tse
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2013)

To the Editor: Colman et al. (Oct. 25 issue)1 describe trial results underlying approval of two weight-management drugs by the Food and Drug Administration. However, their table included noninformative terms (e.g., “study 1”) without citing publications or ClinicalTrials.gov records. The materials that were referenced2,3 used only acronyms (e.g., BLOOM) and internal identifiers (e.g., OB-301) — neither of which could be linked to the terms in the table. Using ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov), we identified six studies of lorcaserin for obesity4 and nine studies of phentermine and topiramate for obesity5 (as of October 15, 2012). Only Colman et al. could confirm the . . .
Pocket Consultant Gastroenterology, 3rd edn
Authors: P Neild
Journal: Gut (2006)

S Travis, T Ahmed, J Collier, et al. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005, £34.99, pp 488. ISBN 1405111925

 “Things should be made as simple as possible, but not any simpler” Albert Einstein 

The aim of this revision was to update a book originally published in 1991, with the second edition appearing in 1998. The objective is clearly to produce a manageable distillate of the contemporary state of clinical gastroenterology, current standard textbooks now being of substantial mass or multi-volume status.

In common with the other subject volumes in this series, it is aimed at doctors in training (both generalists …
TCT-479 Impact of Angiographic Patterns (Focal vs. Diffuse) of Resistant In-stent Restenosis on Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Kleanthis Theodoropoulos, Marco G. Mennuni, Omar A. Meelu, Samantha Sartori, Melissa Aquino, Pedro R. Moreno, Prakash Krishnan, Jason Kovacic, Usman Baber, George Dangas, Roxana Mehran, Samin Sharma, Annapoorna Kini
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Instantaneous hyperemic flow-versus-pressure slope index. Microsphere validation of an alternative to measures of coronary reserve.
Authors: G B Mancini, R M Cleary, S F DeBoe, N B Moore, K P Gallagher
Journal: Circulation (1991)

The instantaneous hyperemic flow-versus-pressure (i-HFVP) slope index is a new method of assessing maximal coronary conductance and can be used as an alternative to conventional measures of coronary reserve. The i-HFVP slope index is determined by measuring the slope of the linear diastolic segment of the relation between instantaneous aortic pressure and hyperemic coronary flow.To validate the i-HFVP slope index as a measure of maximal coronary conductance, we compared this method with a microsphere-derived measurement of maximal coronary conductance (m-HFVP slope index) by determining the slope of the least-squares regression line of the data points for coronary flow during maximal hyperemia and four or five steady-state alterations of aortic pressure in 43 dogs (open-chest, anesthetized preparations) with or without coronary stenoses. The i-HFVP slope index demonstrated no dependence on heart rate, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, or mean aortic pressure and was highly reproducible within the groups studied (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.86 for normal arteries, 0.87 for stenotic arteries, and 0.93 for combined groups; for all coefficients, p less than 0.001). The i-HFVP slope index was significantly decreased in the presence of a stenosis (10.3 +/- 3.9 for normal arteries versus 3.6 +/- 1.6 for stenotic arteries, p less than 0.001) as was the transmural m-HFVP slope index (8.9 +/- 4.6 for normal arteries versus 5.3 +/- 3.1, p less than 0.01). Of special importance, the i-HFVP slope index measurement for normal arteries was not significantly different from the transmural and subendocardial m-HFVP slope index measurements (10.3 +/- 3.9 versus 8.9 +/- 4.6 and 9.2 +/- 5.7, respectively). For stenotic arteries, the i-HFVP slope index measurement was also not significantly different from the transmural and subendocardial m-HFVP slope index measurements (3.6 +/- 1.6 versus 5.3 +/- 3.1 and 4.1 +/- 2.3, respectively). The i-HFVP slope index correlated best with subendocardial m-HFVP slope index measurements (correlation coefficient, 0.57; p less than 0.001). When the 95% confidence intervals for the transmural (or subendocardial) m-HFVP slope index in normal arteries were compared with the i-HFVP slope index values, the latter demonstrated a systematic trend to overestimate the m-HFVP slope index. In the presence of a stenosis, this effect was minimized, and the slope values were nearly identical.The i-HFVP slope index correlates most closely with subendocardial coronary conductance; the index is a hemodynamically independent measure of coronary reserve that is reproducible over a broad range of aortic pressures; and the methodology is applicable to an intact circulation in experimental preparations and may with future developments also prove useful in humans.
The Lung: Scientific Foundations
Authors: Tee L. Guidotti
Journal: JAMA (1997)

The second edition of this monumental work adds considerable additional material on cell biology, immunology, and molecular aspects of lung disease. It remains formidable in physiology and structure. Of the great, multivolume studies in pulmonary medicine,<i>The Lung</i>clearly dominates the niche of basic science, as Fishman dominates in clinical-functional correlations and Fraser and Paré in radiological-structural correlations. This makes Crystal et al a lower priority for practicing clinicians but indispensable for investigators in pulmonary research. It is indeed a very good reference but certainly not without its flaws and limitations. The work is structured into sections that systematically cover what one might call "lung science," with a couple of exceptions to be noted. The first, "General Biologic Processes," is a textbook of modern biochemistry and molecular biology from the point of view of the lung; it is essentially an organ-specific treatment of general phenomena and a complete textbook in
Dr. Francis Home and Puerperal Sepsis
Authors: John J. Byrne
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1954)

THE prevention of puerperal fever is one of the great victories of medicine. It is well recognized that the clear writing of Oliver Wendell Holmes1 and the courageous exhortations of Semmelweis2 were the most potent influences in this victory. They were not alone, however, in their belief that puerperal sepsis was a contagious disease and could be prevented by aseptic technics.Modern historians recognize many other investigators and writers who had already advanced similar views. Castiglioni3 named Smellie, William Hunter, John Leake, Alexander Gordon (of Aberdeen) and Charles White (of Manchester) as examples of such men. Mettler4 referred to additional . . .
THE MADDOX ROD OR PHOROMETER: WHICH?
Authors: ALVIN A. HUBBELL
Journal: JAMA (1900)

The Maddox rod or suppressed-image or obscuration test in some of its forms, and the prism or diplopia test in some form of phorometer, are most commonly used in the determination of the co-ordination of the external muscles of the eyes. In this practice it is assumed that there is a functional position of rest for the eyes in binocular vision, and that in this position of rest, the lines of vision are both directed toward the point of fixation. It is not my purpose to discuss here the nature or limits of this co-ordination, the causes which disturb it, or the effects, or treatment of any disturbance of it. My only question is as to the comparative value of the diplopia test, by Stevens' phorometer. Using Stevens' nomenclature, I assume that orthophoria is the strictly normal condition of ocular co-or dination, although I grant that there may be, within
Eliminating a Viable Primary Care Workforce — A Primary Care Perspective
Authors: Melvyn L. Sterling
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

When physicians or health policy experts propose that the United States move to a single-payer health care system, with all doctors on salary,1 I find it disheartening: I am hoping for a practical, ethical, financially sound solution that would correct (at least partially) the problems in our system and preserve its strengths. We need a solution that recognizes our culture, our rapidly growing elderly population, the rejection of capitated health care by so many Americans, and the damage that our government's Medicare program has done to primary health care for the elderly.I could not spend the amount of time . . .
Misleading Signs in Mitral Insufficiency
Authors: Gary H. Manchester
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The clinical diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in a patient with advanced mitral regurgitation must be made with reservation. In a review of 125 patients with proved mitral insufficiency, 22 were found who had all the physical signs of right heart hyperactivity, but who had normal or nearly normal right heart pressures and cardiac outputs, and who had no tricuspid insufficiency. All had gross enlargement of the left atrium. It is suggested that the heart may be displaced so far anteriorly by the massive left atrial enlargement as to mimic the physical signs described for abnormal activity of the right ventricle. Caution is urged in interpreting physical signs of right heart hyperactivity in the presence of mitral insufficiency.
Influenza vaccination: policy versus evidence
Authors: David S Fedson, Kristin L Nichol
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Jefferson believes that his systematic reviews show that influenza vaccines “have little or no effect on the effects measured.”1 He wonders why there is a gap between evidence and policy. 

Jefferson identifies three reasons why his evidence contradicts policy. 

Firstly, policy relies heavily on non-randomised studies. Yet his preference for randomised controlled trials is based on historical, pragmatic, and heuristic reasons and cannot be justified on epistemological …
Combination of active and passive anti-TNF treatments in human-TNF transgenic mice
Authors: L. Semerano, J. Biton, L. Delavallee, E. Duvallet, E. Bernier, G. Grouard-Vogel, M.-C. Boissier
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Background and objectives</h3> Anti-tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) active immunisation with the heterocomplex TNFα-keyhole limpet hemocyanine (TNFK) proved therapeutic efficacy in human TNFα transgenic (TTg) mice spontaneous arthritis, opening the way for the application of this anti-TNFα targeting strategy in human disease (a phase II clinical trial is ongoing at present in rheumatoid arthritis). In this animal study the authors compared the clinical and histological efficacy of different anti-TNFα strategies in TTg mice: active anti-TNFα immunisation with TNFK, passive anti-TNFα immunotherapy with infliximab (IFX) and the association of both. <h3>Methods</h3> After spontaneous arthritis onset (w0) 48 TTg mice were allocated to receive one of the following treatments: TNFK immunisation at w0, w1, w4 (TNFK) (10 mice), weekly IFX all along the study duration (IFX w0-w15) (10 mice), TNFK immunisation+weekly IFX from w0 to w4 (TNFK+IFX) (10), weekly IFX from w0 to w4 (IFXw0-w4) (8 mice), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at w0, w1, w4 (PBS) (10 mice, control group). Animals were killed at w15. Clinical and histological scores were compared for all treatments. Anti-TNFα antibodies levels were assessed by ELISA, the anti-TNF neutralising capacity of sera by L929 bioassay. Histological scores of articular inflammation and destruction (H&amp;E) and of cartilage degradation (safranine O) were quantified after sacrifice. <h3>Results</h3> All TNFK immunised mice (TNFK and TNFK+IFX groups) produced neutralising anti-TNFα antibodies. All the treatments had comparable overall clinical efficacy versus PBS (p&lt;0.05). All IFX-treated groups had a more rapid clinical improvement versus PBS and TNFK (p&lt;0.05). At the end of the study TNFK, IFXw0-w15 and IFX+TNFK groups had lower clinical scores of arthritis than both IFXw0-w4 and PBS groups (p&lt;0.05). Reduced histological scores of inflammation and destruction and of cartilage degradation were evident for TNFK, IFXw0-w15 and TNFK+IFX versus PBS group. TNFK group had less histological inflammation and destruction even compared to IFX w0-w4 group. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Active immunisation with TNFK is as effective as weekly IFX on clinical activity and structural damage in TTg arthritis model. The association of a short course of IFX to TNFK results in a more rapid clinical efficacy with the same long-term clinical and histological efficacy than solely TNFK immunisation.
The insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene, and indices of left ventricular function following myocardial infarction
Authors: J. Byrne, D.R. Murdoch, S.D. Robb, I.J. Morton, A. Cooke, J.J. McMurray, H.J. Dargie
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Robots can be (good) models
Authors: Barbara Webb
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2001)

It appears there is general support amongst the commentaries for the potential usefulness of biorobots as models, with some caveats. These include the issue that not all areas of biology have been addressed by this methodology (and perhaps some cannot be?); and that other methodologies may sometimes be more useful. Which dimensions of biorobotic (or other models) are considered important varies with the goals of the investigator. These goals are also an essential part of the "modelling relationship."
Effects of acute coronary occlusion on the motion and perfusion of the normal and ischemic interventricular septum.
Authors: R E Kerber, M L Marcus, R Wilson, J Ehrhardt, F M Abboud
Journal: Circulation (1976)

To establish the effect of local and remote myocardial ischemia on interventricular septal motion, 27 open-chest dogs were studied using ultrasound and radioactive microspheres. In 14 dogs the left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated. If the ultrasound beam traversed ischemic septum (proximal LAD occlusion), significant (P less than 0.05) declines in systolic septal velocity (26.4 +/- 2.9 to 6.4 +/- 1.8 mm/sec), and excursion (2.6 +/- 0.3 to 0.7 +/- 0.2 mm) occurred, and systolic thickening was reduced. Similar significant changes were seen when the ultrasound beam traversed nonischemic septum adjacent to the ischemic area (distal LAD occlusion). In 13 additional dogs, circumflex coronary ligation produced posterior ischemia. The mean septal velocity for this group increased significantly (21.8 +/- 2.6 to 26.5 +/- 3.3 mm/sec), as did the septal excursion (2.5 +/- 0.2 to 3.1 +/- 0.4 mm). We conclude that acute LAD occlusion causes a reduction in systolic velocity, excursion, and thickening of both the involved ischemic and the adjacent nonischemic septum. When myocardial ischemia was produced in a part of the ventricle remote from the septum, septal velocity and excursion increased.