tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
James Scott: next professor of medicine at the Hammersmith. Interview by Richard Smith.
Authors: J Scott
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Scott worked first in Hereford and contemplated becoming a general practitioner before doing postgraduate training in medicine in Birmingham.In 1975 he decided that he wanted to train in molecular biology and-after doing more medicine at the Royal Free Hospital and the Hammer- smith-he went in I980 to work in the department of biochemistryin the University ofCaliforniaSan Francisco.After working on growthfactors he switched to working on the regulation of blood cholesterol as it was becoming obvious that cholesterol was an important.riskfactor for heart disease.This work was done'at the Clinical Research Centre, and his work has been important not only medically but also scientifically: his team, for instance, discovered that messenger RNA can be edited.His team of35 people will move to the Hammersmith with him.RS: What are your plans for the Hammersmith?Js: I want to concentrate on what the department of medicine is famous for-that is, the training of doctors in academic medicine.Research in clinical and basic science will be part of that, and I want to build on the international reputation of the department.It has a wonderful national reputation, but I wonder how internationally competitive it really is.RS: How will you make the Hammersmith more internationally competitive?Js: The only way is by bringing more basic science on to the site and into the academic medical programme.Of major importance will be some key appointments, par- ticularly the new Medical Research Council director, who will cover all of the MRC units on the site, including those associated with the new clinical research initiative.I will be helping to fill the many posts that will be coming up for renewal at the Hammersmith.As well as the new director's post there will be the chairs in cardiovascular medicine and chemical pathology.The latter is likely to become a new chair of biochemistry.
In vivo gut transcriptome responses to<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>GG and<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>in neonatal gnotobiotic piglets
Authors: Anand Kumar, Anastasia N Vlasova, Zhe Liu, Kuldeep S Chattha, Sukumar Kandasamy, Malak Esseili, Xiaoli Zhang, Gireesh Rajashekara, Linda J Saif
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

Probiotics facilitate mucosal repair and maintain gut homeostasis. They are often used in adjunct with rehydration or antibiotic therapy in enteric infections. Lactobacillus spp have been tested in infants for the prevention or treatment of various enteric conditions. However, to aid in rational strain selection for specific treatments, comprehensive studies are required to delineate and compare the specific molecules and pathways involved in a less complex but biologically relevant model (gnotobiotic pigs). Here we elucidated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) and L. acidophilus (LA) specific effects on gut transcriptome responses in a neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model to simulate responses in newly colonized infants. Whole genome microarray, followed by biological pathway reconstruction, was used to investigate the host-microbe interactions in duodenum and ileum at early (day 1) and later stages (day 7) of colonization. Both LA and LGG modulated common responses related to host metabolism, gut integrity, and immunity, as well as responses unique to each strain in Gn pigs. Our data indicated that probiotic establishment and beneficial effects in the host are guided by: (1) down-regulation or upregulation of immune function-related genes in the early and later stages of colonization, respectively, and (2) alternations in metabolism of small molecules (vitamins and/or minerals) and macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). Pathways related to immune modulation and carbohydrate metabolism were more affected by LGG, whereas energy and lipid metabolism-related transcriptome responses were prominently modulated by LA. These findings imply that identification of probiotic strain-specific gut responses could facilitate the rational design of probiotic-based interventions to moderate specific enteric conditions.
Levels of arsenic in the United States food supply
Authors: C. F. Jelinek, P. E. Corneliussen
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1977)

At the present time, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accords the highest priority to mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and zinc in its program on toxic elements in foods. The only regulatory levels for arsenic in foods in the U. S. are the tolerances which have been established for its residues in specified foods, resulting from the application of arsenical pesticides on food and feed crops and from animal feed additives. FDA has monitored for arsenic in its Total Diet Survey since the inception of this program. The data from this program indicate that the average daily intake for arsenic (as As2O3) has decreased from about 130 μg/day in 1968 to about 20 μg/day in 1974. Most of the arsenic is found in the meat-fish-poultry food class of the total diet. In individual foods, the highest levels were found in fish, with a mean level of about 1.5 ppm (as As2O3) in the edible portion of finfish. Much lower levels were found in all the other food types analyzed; of these, the highest levels found were a mean level of 0.08 ppm in chicken and 0.16 ppm in rice. FDA toxicologists do not believe that the average daily intake of arsenic, or its levels in the different food commodities, pose a hazard to the consumer.
Iatrogenically induced sweating leading to weight loss.
Authors: N B Simpson, W J Cunliffe
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Billiard-player's fingers: an unusual case of Paget's disease of bone Skeletal changes in Paget's disease of bone sometimes have an unusual distribution for which the cause is obscure.Observation during a recent study suggested that in some cases mechanical factors are important.'I report the case of a champion billiards player who developed Paget's disease at sites that clearly corresponded to lines of pressure created by aligning his cue.
Staphylococcal Septicaemia in a General Hospital
Authors: D. E. B. Poweli
Journal: BMJ (1961)

Estimates wefe made of the numbers of Staph.aureus present on selected sites on the skin, clothing, bedding, and floor in the vicinity of patients suffering from various forms of infection by this organism.When the source of the organisms was a post-operative infection the numbers found were not large unless there was an unusually profuse discharge into the dressings.There was, similarly, little contamination when the organisms were derived from surface lesions, such as a bedsore, boil, or varicose ulcer, which, like the postoperative infections, were covered with a dressing.But extensive and heavy contamination occurred when the source of the organisms was secondary infection of a widespread dermatological condition, pneumonia, or enterocolitis, in none of which was it possible to cover the lesions with a dressing.This suggests that, since self-contamination to any marked extent is likely to occur only when the organisms cannot be contained within a dressing, it is the latter type of case that should be isolated or segregated when only limited facilities for this are available.Our thanks are due to Dr. Eva Letchner for assistance with phage-typing, to Dr. W. D. Foster for the results obtained with one patient, and to the members of the staff of this hospital for allowing us access to their patients.
Studies of Muramidase (Lysozyme) in Leukemia
Authors: Pasquale E. Perillie
Journal: JAMA (1968)

The muramidase activity of serum, urine, and leukocytes was measured in a group of patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Serum muramidase activity when expressed as an absolute value was significantly higher in the patients with monocytic and myelocytic leukemias. Serum muramidase activity when expressed as a ratio in terms of the total circulating white blood cell (WBC) count was significantly increased in monocytic leukemia. Urinary muramidase activity, although more commonly found in patients with both forms of monocytic leukemia, was also demonstrated in patients with acute and chronic myelocytic leukemia. Leukocyte muramidase activity was elevated in both myelocytic and monocytic leukemia.
Teaching non-dermatologists to examine the skin: a review of the literature and some recommendations
Authors: R.E. ASHTON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

An international committee has recently decided on standard definitions of common dermatological terms. However, some inconsistencies remain. Those concerning the definitions of 'plaque' and 'patch' could be resolved by making the lower limit of size of these lesions 0.5 cm, to correlate with the proposed 0.5 cm upper limit of size of a macule and a papule. The practice of describing crust, scale, etc. as secondary lesions should be abandoned. Instead, the type of lesion (e.g. papule, plaque, nodule), and its surface features (e.g. scale, crust, etc.) should be described separately. The concept of smooth/normal as a surface feature should be included. A scheme is recommended for describing skin lesions, which is based on the following features: (i) their site, distribution and arrangement; (ii) lesion morphology, under the following headings: palpation, type, surface, colour, border, size, shape; and (iii) associated features, such as changes affecting the nails, mouth, scalp and genitals.
AT <sub>1</sub> Receptor Agonistic Antibodies From Preeclamptic Patients Cause Vascular Cells to Express Tissue Factor
Authors: Ralf Dechend, Volker Homuth, Gerd Wallukat, Jörg Kreuzer, Jeun Koon Park, Jürgen Theuer, Axel Juepner, Dietrich C. Gulba, Nigel Mackman, Hermann Haller, Friedrich C. Luft
Journal: Circulation (2000)

We recently described autoantibodies (angiotensin-1 receptor autoantibodies, AT(1)-AA) directed at the AT(1) receptor in the serum of preeclamptic patients, whose placentas are commonly infarcted and express tissue factor (TF). Mechanisms of how AT(1)-AA might contribute to preeclampsia are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that AT(1)-AA cause vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to express TF.IgG from preeclamptic patients containing AT(1)-AA was purified with anti-human IgG columns. AT(1)-AA were separated from the IgG by ammonium sulfate precipitation. We transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing the AT(1) receptor with TF promoter constructs coupled to a luciferase reporter gene. VSMC were obtained from human coronary arteries. Extracellular signal-related kinase activation was detected by an in-gel kinase assay. AP-1 activation was determined by electromobility shift assay. TF was measured by ELISA and detected by immunohistochemistry. Placentas from preeclamptic women stained strongly for TF, whereas control placentas showed far less staining. We proved AT(1)-AA specificity by coimmunoprecipitating the AT(1) receptor with AT(1)-AA but not with nonspecific IgG. Angiotensin (Ang) II and AT(1)-AA both activated extracellular signal-related kinase, AP-1, and the TF promoter transfected VSMC and Chinese hamster ovary cells, but only when the AP-1 binding site was present. We then demonstrated TF expression in VSMC exposed to either Ang II or AT(1)-AA. All these effects were blocked by losartan. Nonspecific IgG or IgG from nonpreeclamptic pregnant women had a negligible effect.We conclude that AT(1)-AA and Ang II both stimulate the AT(1) receptor and initiate a signaling cascade resulting in TF expression. These results show an action of AT(1)-AA on human cells that could contribute to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
The Prophylaxis of Stress Ulceration
Authors: René Menguy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

What is and what is not stress ulceration? The development of multiple erosions in the gastric or duodenal mucosa of acutely ill patients characterizes this condition. The lesions are usually superficial to the muscularis mucosae; I emphasize that they are erosions, although one occasionally finds a penetrating ulcer surrounded by erosions. A stress ulcer is not an exacerbation of duodenal ulceration by emotional stress, like that encountered during the Coventry air raids in World War II, nor is it the same disorder as the peculiar gastric ulcer that affected much of the civilian population on both sides of the conflict . . .
Comparative histopathology of the development of selected neoplasms of the liver, pancreas, and urinary bladder in rodents.
Authors: D G Scarpelli
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1988)

The valid extrapolation of carcinogenesis data from one species to another depends, in part, on strong similarities of the metabolic and cellular mechanisms involved in the carcinogenic process and similarities in the nature and behavior of the various lesions that appear during the development of neoplasia between the species involved. Although there are many biological differences between the various rodent species used in carcinogenesis research, there are more similarities, in keeping with the surprising unity of basic cellular and tissue organization and function that is evident throughout biological systems at every level of evolutionary development. An understanding of intraspecies similarities and differences, especially as these modify the morphologic responses of the host to carcinogenic chemicals, is of central importance if carcinogenesis data from one species are to be used to predict carcinogenic risk in another. In this manuscript the histopathology of the various lesions that appear during chemically induced cancer of the liver, pancreas, and bladder in several rodent species has been selected to compare and contrast similarities and differences that exist among them and among the spontaneous premalignant lesions and carcinomas of these organs in humans.
Abstract 3891: Hornerin: a novel, non-VEGF mediated human tumor angiogenic protein.
Authors: Marc E. Seaman, Kimberly A. Kelly
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Angiogenesis is vital to the growth, progression and ultimately metastasis of tumors. As such, many therapies have attempted to eradicate tumors through anti-angiogenic strategies. Most current and past preclinical and clinically approved therapies focus on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Unfortunately, these VEGF therapies have not shown much success, leading oncologists and scientists to become pessimistic about the usefulness of targeting angiogenesis as an anti-tumor strategy. Compensatory pathways may explain the lack of efficacy. Therapies against novel and/or non-VEGF proteins could hold the key to effective anti-angiogenic cancer therapies. Therefore, we used an in vivo phage display screen to find new, non-VEGF mediated angiogenic proteins. After phage selection, non-VEGF binding phage clones were identified by screening on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) treated with tumor conditioned media, VEGF conditioned media or vehicle control. Those that bound tumor conditioned media, but not VEGF conditioned media were selected for binding partner identification via functional proteomics pioneered in our lab. The binding partner of one clone was identified as hornerin, a previously unknown player in tumor angiogenesis. Subsequent validation of hornerin by mRNA expression, immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry showed that hornerin was indeed not induced by VEGF. Hornerin expression was 7-fold more in resected human PDAC tumor vasculature than adjacent normal pancreatic vasculature. Interestingly, hornerin expression was also detected in tumor cells of resected human PDAC and 20 other types of tumors, providing a potential new biomarker of pancreatic and other cancers. A functional role in angiogenesis was confirmed by intratumoral injection of short siRNA against endothelial hornerin; treated tumor growth was static and tumor vessels displayed a more physiologic phenotype. Combination therapy consisting of siRNA against hornerin and a VEGF inhibitor (AV-951) produced additive reduction of tumor growth, consistent with the existence of separate and/or compensatory pathways. The discovery of novel, non-VEGF mediated angiogenic proteins provides the potential to develop therapies that synergize with current anti-VEGF therapies. One such protein, hornerin was identified by our in vivo phage screen and shown to be functionally important in angiogenesis. Future studies include identifying the growth factor responsible for endothelial expression, understanding hornerin's mechanism and role in pathologic angiogenesis, and designing new therapeutic strategies. Citation Format: Marc E. Seaman, Kimberly A. Kelly. Hornerin: a novel, non-VEGF mediated human tumor angiogenic protein. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3891. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3891
Herpesvirus Antibody and Carcinoma in Situ of the Cervix
Authors: Louis W. Catalano
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<i>Herpesvirus hominis</i>type 2 antibodies were present in 35.7% of patients who subsequently developed carcinoma in situ of the cervix, whereas type 2 antibodies were present in 7.1% of matched controls who did not develop carcinoma in situ during the same period of observation. Type 2 antibodies were present in a significantly greater percent of patients with carcinoma in situ (42.0) than matched controls (17.7). After cervical conization and presumptive cure of carcinoma in situ, however, type 2 antibodies were present in a smaller percent of patients (9.1) than matched controls (31.8). The data suggests that previous herpesvirus type 2 infection is associated not only with the precursory stages of invasive cancer, but also precedes the earliest intraepithelial changes which develop into carcinoma in situ.
Complementary medicine must be based on sound science and well conducted research
Authors: R. A Fisken
Journal: BMJ (1996)

After intravenous administration to rats, d-amphetamine undergoes a rapid distributive phase (k approximately 0.99.min-1) during which the drug is lost from plasma. The rate of entry into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is also rapid (k approximately 0.58.min-1), suggesting that the drug moves directly from plasma to CSF. Entry of drug into CSF is mainly by diffusion. Neither active transport associated with CSF formation nor active transport independent of CSF formation is quantitatively important. After intracerebroventricular injection, d-amphetamine disappears from CSF relatively slowly (k approximately 0.063.min-1). Egress of drug is mainly by diffusion (k approximately 0.044.min-1), although active transport associated with bulk absorption does play a measurable role (k approximately 0.019.min-1). At steady state, the concentration of free drug in plasma and in CSF is equivalent.
The Role of Adjuvant Adenoidectomy and Tonsillectomy in the Outcome of the Insertion of Tympanostomy Tubes
Authors: Peter C. Coyte, Ruth Croxford, Warren McIsaac, William Feldman, Jacob Friedberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

Otitis media is the most common medical problem in young children. The usual surgical treatment is myringotomy with insertion of tympanostomy tubes. There is debate about the usefulness of concomitant adenoidectomy or adenotonsillectomy. We examined the effects of these adjuvant procedures on the rates of reinsertion of tympanostomy tubes and rehospitalization for conditions related to otitis media.Using hospital discharge records for the period 1995 through 1997, we examined the results of surgery for all 37,316 children (defined as persons 19 years of age or younger) in Ontario, Canada, who received tympanostomy tubes as their first surgical treatment for otitis media. We determined the time to the first readmission for conditions related to otitis media and the time to the first reinsertion of tympanostomy tubes.As compared with treatment involving the insertion of tympanostomy tubes alone, adjuvant adenoidectomy was associated with a reduction in the likelihood of reinsertion of tympanostomy tubes (relative risk, 0.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 0.6; P<0.001) and the likelihood of readmission for conditions related to otitis media (relative risk, 0.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.5 to 0.6; P<0.001). The risk of these outcomes was further reduced if an adjuvant adenotonsillectomy was performed. The effect was age-related. Children as young as one year appeared to benefit from adjuvant adenotonsillectomy; the benefit of an adjuvant adenoidectomy was apparent in two-year-olds and was greatest for children three years of age or older.Performing an adenoidectomy at the time of the initial insertion of tympanostomy tubes substantially reduces the likelihood of additional hospitalizations and operations related to otitis media among children two years of age or older.
FIBROMYOMA COMPLICATING PREGNANCY; FIBROMA OF VAGINAL WALL.
Authors: J. B. MURPHY
Journal: JAMA (1896)

<h3>FIBROMYOMA COMPLICATING PREGNANCY.</h3> Nettie S., age 39, colored, married, admitted to the Cook County Hospital Oct. 19, 1895; family history negative; was married two years ago, no children, no miscarriages nor abortions; has always enjoyed excellent health with the exception of the present trouble. Menstruated at about 14, was regular, fairly profuse, lasting about four days; no clots, never hemorrhage. Present illness began in July, 1895, with a cessation of menstruation. It has not reappeared since. Has not had sexual intercourse for three or four months. After the suppression of the menses, noticed a tumor just below the umbilicus. This has rapidly increased in size since that time. It has not been accompanied with pain. There has been no backache; the greatest discomfort has been produced by pressure of the tumor against the edge of the ribs. No urinary symptoms; there has been no discharge. Physical examination: Patient well nourished;