tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
On sharing a pie: Modeling costly prosocial behavior
Authors: Vladimir A. Lefebvre
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2004)

In this comment, I describe how the processes of free giving can be simulated with the help of the Reflexive Intentional Model of the Subject (RIMS). This simulation demonstrates that there are two essential factors affecting the size of a share given to others: limits accepted by the society as “normal,” and the individual's subjective estimation of a mean share donated by other members of the society.
447 SKP2 OVEREXPRESSION AND CYTOPLASMIC P27KIP1 IMMUNOREACTIVITY ARE PREDICTORS OF POOR PROGNOSIS IN PATIENTS WITH EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCT CANCER
Authors: Y.H. Baek, H.J. Kim, J.H. Park, D.I. Park, Y.K. Cho, C.I. Sohn, W.K. Jeon, B.I. Kim, M.K. Kim, D.H. Kim, J.H. Sohn
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Effect of a High-Fat Ketogenic Diet on Plasma Levels of Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins in Children
Authors: Peter O. Kwiterovich, Eileen P. G. Vining, Paula Pyzik, Richard Skolasky, John M. Freeman
Journal: JAMA (2003)

ContextLittle prospective long-term information is available on the effect of a ketogenic diet on plasma lipoproteins in children with difficult-to-control seizures.ObjectiveTo determine the effect in children with intractable seizures of a high-fat ketogenic diet on plasma levels of the major apolipoprotein B (apoB)–containing lipoproteins, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very LDL (VLDL); and the major apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I)–containing lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein (HDL).Design, Setting, and PatientsA 6-month prospective cohort study of 141 children (mean [SD] age, 5.2 [3.8] years for 70 boys and 6.1 [4.4] years for 71 girls) with difficult-to-treat seizures who were hospitalized for initiation of a high-fat ketogenic diet and followed up as outpatients. This cohort constituted a subgroup of the 371 patients accepted into the ketogenic diet program between 1994 and 2001. A subset of the cohort was also studied after 12 (n = 59) and 24 (n = 27) months.InterventionA ketogenic diet consisting of a high ratio of fat to carbohydrate and protein combined (4:1 [n = 102], 3.5:1 [n = 7], or 3:1 [n = 32]). After diet initiation, the calories and ratio were adjusted to maintain ideal body weight for height and maximal urinary ketosis for seizure control.Main Outcome MeasuresDifferences at baseline and 6-month follow-up for levels of total, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and non-HDL cholesterol; triglycerides; total apoB; and apoA-I.ResultsAt 6 months, the high-fat ketogenic diet significantly increased the mean plasma levels of total (58 mg/dL [1.50 mmol/L]), LDL (50 mg/dL [1.30 mmol/L]), VLDL (8 mg/dL [0.21 mmol/L]), and non-HDL cholesterol (63 mg/dL [1.63 mmol/L]) (P<.001 vs baseline for each); triglycerides (58 mg/dL [0.66 mmol/L]) (P<.001); and total apoB (49 mg/dL) (P<.001). Mean HDL cholesterol decreased significantly (P<.001), although apoA-I increased (4 mg/dL) (P = .23). Significant but less marked changes persisted in children observed after 12 and 24 months.ConclusionsA high-fat ketogenic diet produced significant increases in the atherogenic apoB–containing lipoproteins and a decrease in the antiatherogenic HDL cholesterol. Further studies are necessary to determine if such a diet adversely affects endothelial vascular function and promotes inflammation and formation of atherosclerotic lesions.
To Stay or Not to Stay? That is the Question
Authors: Valerie M. Parisi, Bruce A. Meyer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1995)

In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway said that childbirth was “a woman's battleground.” That statement is even more accurate today as women organize to make their voices heard in the offices of government and the boardrooms of insurance companies. How did the most joyous and fundamental of nature's events become the center of such heated controversy?When the British first settled in America, childbirth was the domain of female attendants in the home. It was not until the 1920s that delivery in the hospital became fashionable. The specter of puerperal fever, associated with maternity hospitals in the 19th century, had . . .
Abstract 877: Efficacy of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> A1-R on chemoresistant stem-like human pancreatic cancer cells.
Authors: Yukihiko Hiroshima, Ming Zhao, Yong Zhang, Ali Maawy, Mohamed Hassanein, Atsushi Suetsugu, Takashi Chishima, Kuniya Tanaka, Michael Bouvet, Itaru Endo, Robert M. Hoffman
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract We have previously developed the genetically-modified Salmonella typhimurium A1-R (A1-R) strain that selectively targets tumors. We have also previously reported that XPA1 human pancreatic cancer cells are dimorphic (spindle and round shape), with the spindle-shaped cancer cells having the greater capability for distant metastasis, suggesting they are stem-like cells. The aim of this study is to examine whether spindle-shaped XPA1 cells are chemo-resistant and if they are sensitive to A1-R. Serial dilution was performed to obtain clones of both cellular morphologies. To determine chemosensitivity, in vitro IC50 values were obtained for both types of XPA1 cells for (1) Cisplatin (CDDP); (2) 5-fluorouracil (5FU); (3) Gemcitabine (GEM); and (4) A1-R. The efficacy of these drugs was also determined for both types of XPA1 cells in vivo. IC50 values of spindle-shaped and round XPA1 cells, respectively, were 2.65 ± 0.22 μg/ml and 1.43 ± 0.36 μg/ml for CDDP (p = 0.012); 2.44 ± 0.25 μg/ml and 1.48 ± 0.19 μg/ml for 5FU (p = 0.007); 3.17 ± 0.15 ng/ml and 2.70 ± 0.29 ng/ml for GEM (p = 0.133); and (19.7 ± 1.46) x 108 cfu/ml and (17.8 ± 9.78) × 108 cfu /ml for A1-R (p = 0.771). In vivo, 5FU and A1-R significantly reduced the tumor weight of round cells (5FU; p = 0.028; A1-R; p = 0.011). However, only A1-R significantly reduced the tumor weight of spindle-shaped cells (p = 0.012). The spindle-shaped XPA1 cells were thus chemo-resistant and sensitive to A1-R, suggesting A1-R could be a promising therapy for chemo-resistant human pancreatic cancer stem-like cells. Citation Format: Yukihiko Hiroshima, Ming Zhao, Yong Zhang, Ali Maawy, Mohamed Hassanein, Atsushi Suetsugu, Takashi Chishima, Kuniya Tanaka, Michael Bouvet, Itaru Endo, Robert M. Hoffman. Efficacy of Salmonella typhimurium A1-R on chemoresistant stem-like human pancreatic cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 877. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-877
Preexisting influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans
Authors: Tom M Wilkinson, Chris K F Li, Cecilia S C Chui, Arthur K Y Huang, Molly Perkins, Julia C Liebner, Rob Lambkin-Williams, Anthony Gilbert, John Oxford, Ben Nicholas, Karl J Staples, Tao Dong, Daniel C Douek, Andrew J McMichael, Xiao-Ning Xu
Journal: Nature Medicine (2012)
A SIMPLE AND SAFE METHOD OF OESOPHAGEAL INTUBATION
Authors: C. Yorke
Journal: BMJ (1930)

MARCH 8, 19301 J0111BWAS marked, and the patient died at 11 p.m.She was coiiscious unltil the last half-hour.Post-snortem Report.-Thebraini showed genieralized oedema, and the abscesses were presenit in it as follows.(1) A large suib- dural abscess covered the wlhole sinrface of the superior part of thle left hemisphere, extenidingo towards the base, anid espe- cially marked at the aniterior part of the fronital lobe. (2)A left frontal lobe abscess, lhalf ani inich in diameter, contained thick grunious pus.There was some attempt at encapsulatiion.No stalk connectinig it u-ith the subdural abscess was found. (3)A riglht temporal lobe abscess, three-quarters of an inch in diameter, was situated nearer the occipital lobe, aind nlot immediately adjacenlt to the mastoid regioni.This appeared to be more recent thani the frontal lobe abscess, as there was very little attempt at encapsulationl.The left mastoid anid the sinuses showed no evidence of inifectioni.Cori ni e nt.
Association of Preventive Health Care with Atherosclerotic Heart Disease and Mortality in CKD
Authors: Jon J. Snyder, Allan J. Collins
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2009)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD, stages 1 to 4) affects approximately 13.1% of United States adults and leads to ESRD, cardiovascular disease, and premature death. Here, we assessed adherence to a subset of Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative preventive health care guidelines and identified associations between adherence and incident atherosclerotic heart disease (ASHD). Using the Medicare 5% data set, 1999 to 2005 (about 1.2 million patients per year), we created 3-yr rolling cohorts. We classified CKD and diabetes during year 1, assessed preventive care during year 2, and evaluated ASHD outcomes during year 3. We defined preventive care by the receipt of laboratory measurements (serum creatinine, lipids, calcium and phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and, for patients with diabetes, hemoglobin A1c), influenza vaccination, and by at least one outpatient visit to a nephrologist. Among patients with CKD, 80% received ≥2 serum creatinine tests during the year, and only 11% received parathyroid hormone testing. Cumulative incidence of the combined ASHD outcome was 25% and 11% for patients with and without prevalent cardiovascular disease, respectively. Except for serum creatinine testing, preventive care associated with lower ASHD rates in the subsequent year, ranging from 10% lower for those who received influenza vaccinations and ≥2 A1c tests, to 43% lower for calcium-phosphorus assessment. Receiving ≥2 serum creatinine tests associated with a 13% higher rate of ASHD. A higher number of preventive measures associated with lower rates of ASHD. In summary, these data support an association between preventive measures and reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
The spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with factor IX deficiency (Christmas Disease)
Authors: J. M. Goldsmith, D. Variakojis, J. P. Phair, D. Green
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract Early reports suggested that hemophiliacs with factor IX deficiency (Christmas Disease) may be at less risk for developing the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) than patients with classic hemophilia. We evaluated 12 factor IX deficient patients for clinical and immunologic abnormalities related to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antibody to HIV was not detected in these patients prior to 1982. By 1985, 66 percent (eight of 12) patients were seropositive. All three concentrates available commercially before 1985 were associated with seropositivity. Furthermore, seropositive hemophiliacs had received on average significantly more factor IX concentrate than seronegative hemophiliacs (27,825 ± 17,976 (S.D.) versus 1,250 ± 1,500 factor units/year, (p &lt; 0.02). Half of the seropositive individuals had generalized lymphadenopathy with splenomegaly. Two seropositive patients have developed AIDS, one with cryptococcal meningitis and another with a large cell immunoblastic lymphoma. Infection with HIV has occurred with high frequency in hemophiliacs who received unmodified factor IX concentrates.
Preventing and treating hepatitis B infection
Authors: Osman David Mansoor, Nick Wilson
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Monitoring global health Problems are primarily nationalEditor-Murray et al urge for improved global reporting of health data. 1 They also highlight the difficulty of showing national decision makers that good health data can strongly support decision making.Why is this?A reason may be that data are always subject to interpretation.The article by Murray et al is a case in point.They want to establish "an independent monitoring organisation," arguing that the World Health Organization is not fit to undertake the job because of tension between advocacy, monitoring, and evaluation.But evidence that it is this tension that leads to poor monitoring by WHO is weak, at best.In reality, the problems of global health reporting are primarily national (and subnational).The fact that the sum of deaths claimed by different programmes is greater than the actual number of deaths reflects epidemiological methods and the current limitations in global health reporting, more than any WHO failure.The global burden of disease project was limited by these issues, but it was undertaken as effectively in WHO as in any other organisation.Not only are there problems in capacity, understanding the value of surveillance, and coverage of health services.The reporting of health events can be politically sensitive or even economically damaging.It is therefore likely that political interference will continue (whoever collects the data) until governments can be shown that honesty pays.It is perhaps this failure that needs to be dealt with rather than setting up yet another organisation without a proper analysis of the reasons (and locus) for failures in global health reporting.
Effect of the ACGME 16-Hour Rule on Efficiency and Quality of Care: Duty Hours 2.0
Authors: Neesha N. Choma, Eduard E. Vasilevskis, Kelly C. Sponsler, Jacob Hathaway, Sunil Kripalani
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

In July 2011, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) reduced the consecutive number of hours that post-graduate year-1 residents can work in a single shift, from 30 to 16.1 This rule was intended to improve patient safety by reducing residents’ fatigue. Many worry that the new duty hour policy increases patient care handovers, which may cause patient harm. The net effect of the 16-hour duty limits on patient outcomes is uncertain.
Solving Nomenclature Problems in Cardiology
Authors: Jules Constant
Journal: JAMA (1978)

MUCH OF our medical nomenclature originates from physicians and physiologists whose talents were more in brilliant research than in communication. Some terms are based on inaccurate and outdated observations. We often have choices between several terms, and the ideal terminology may emerge from a set of rules for logical and clear thinking. When there is a choice between terms, we should probably choose the one with the following characteristics: The term should be the one with the least ambiguity and should require the least possible explanation of what one really means; therefore, it would be the easiest to remember. It should be the one with the shortest possible name and should be the easiest to spell. If the term is commonly reduced to the initials of each word, the letters should not be similar to other abbreviations in cardiology. If a patient overhears the term or
Better coronary care reduces deaths from heart disease
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Improvements in the care given to people with coronary heart disease have contributed more to reducing deaths from the condition than reduction in risk factors in the general population, the results of a 10 year monitoring study show.

In May last year the first results of the World Health Organization's MONICA project (which monitors trends in and determinants of cardio-vascular disease) across 21 countries showed that deaths from cardiovascular disease had fallen by more than 20% in men and women between the mid-1980s and the mid-1990s.

Results …
China's health challenges
Authors: Tao Liu
Journal: BMJ (2006)

As a result of China's rapid but asymmetric economic growth, health gaps are widening between urban and rural areas and poor and rich population groups.1 China's rapid economic growth and the consequent improvement in living conditions, nutrition, and health care have resulted in decreased infant and maternal mortality and increased life expectancy. Nonetheless, with the serious health threats brought on by the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases (such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease) and an ageing population,2,3 weaknesses in China's health system are hampering the achievement of improved health in the country. As a less developed country with the largest population in the world, China's reform of its health system is attracting the world's attention.4
157 CYSTATIN C IS AN INDEPENDENT PREDICTOR OF SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS, BUT DOES NOT IMPROVE THE PREDICTIVE POWER OF MELD
Authors: A. Finkenstedt, L. Dorn, A. Griesmacher, W. Prokop, I. Graziadei, W. Vogel, H. Zoller
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2011)
Effective hemostasis with rFVIIa treatment in two patients with severe thrombocytopenia and life‐threatening hemorrhage
Authors: Grigoris T. Gerotziafas, Costas Zervas, George Gavrielidis, Aggelos Tokmaktsis, Evdoxia Hatjiharissi, Mary Papaioannou, Anna Lazaridou, Nikos Constantinou, Meyer Michel Samama, John Christakis
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2002)

Abstract We report two patients with severe thrombocytopenia and life‐threatening bleeding that were successfully managed with recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa). The first was a 75‐year‐old male with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. During a therapeutic course with fludarabine, he developed severe autoimmune thrombocytopenia resistant to conventional treatment, followed by persistent uncontrollable nasal bleeding. Platelet transfusions failed to increase the platelet count and control the hemorrhage. When hemoglobin levels fell below 8.5 g/dL and the patient's clinical condition got much worse, a single dose of 4.8 mg rFVIIa (90 μg/kg) was given as an i.v. bolus. Ten minutes after the rFVIIa injection, nasal bleeding stopped, the patient's clinical condition progressively improved, and splenectomy could be carried out uneventfully 2 days later. The second patient, a 52‐year‐old female, was under treatment for pre‐B lymphoblastic leukemia. She developed severe thrombocytopenia, secondary to chemotherapy, complicated by massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Despite intensive treatment with platelet transfusions, hemorrhage continued and her condition deteriorated rapidly. She was then given an i.v. bolus injection of 4.8 mg rFVIIa, which resulted in cessation of hemorrhage and dramatic improvement of her clinical status. No adverse effects from the treatment with rFVIIa were observed. In conclusion, rFVIIa appears to be an attractive alternative for controlling hemorrhage in patients with severe thrombocytopenia, especially when platelet transfusions are unavailable or ineffective. Am. J. Hematol. 69:219–222, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relation of Phasic Coronary Flow Velocity Characteristics With TIMI Perfusion Grade and Myocardial Recovery After Primary Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty and Rescue Stenting
Authors: Takashi Akasaka, Kiyoshi Yoshida, Takahiro Kawamoto, Shuichiro Kaji, Yoshiaki Ueda, Atsushi Yamamuro, Tsutomu Takagi, Takeshi Hozumi
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —A residual stenosis and/or microvascular damage have been proposed as mechanisms of TIMI 2 flow for acute myocardial infarction. Coronary flow dynamics were assessed in patients with TIMI 2 flow to predict whether additional intervention would improve TIMI grade. Methods and Results —In 35 patients who had a successfully recanalized anterior acute myocardial infarction using angioplasty or rescue stenting, coronary flow patterns were compared with corresponding TIMI grade and regional left ventricular wall motion (LVWM) 1 month after the intervention. After angioplasty, the time-averaged peak velocity (APV) was lower in patients with TIMI 2 flow (n=22) than in those with TIMI 3 flow (n=13; 7.9±3.9 versus 20.6±5.1 cm/s; P &lt;0.001). Two different flow patterns were recorded in patients with TIMI 2 flow (versus TIMI 3, P &lt;0.001); patients with type 1 TIMI 2 flow (n=15) had a reduced diastolic APV (8.3±4.8 versus 24.2±7.4 cm/s), prolonged diastolic deceleration time (1176±455 versus 728±205 ms), and a small diastolic/systolic APV ratio (1.3±0.6 versus 2.1±0.7); patients with type 2 TIMI 2 flow (n=7) had systolic flow reversal (systolic APV, −7.9±4.6 versus 11.7±4.5 cm/s), a rapid diastolic deceleration time (221±84 versus 728±205 ms), and a negative diastolic/systolic APV ratio (−2.1±1.4 versus 2.1±0.7). A significantly lower mean chord LVWM (−3.0±0.2 versus −1.9±0.8; P &lt;0.001) and a greater number of chords &lt;−2SD (50±2 versus 28±18; P &lt;0.001) were present in patients with type 2 versus type 1 TIMI 2 flow. Stenting increased TIMI 2 flow to TIMI 3 flow more in patients with type 1 than type 2 flow (67% versus 0%; P =0.003). Patients with TIMI 2 flow after stenting continued to demonstrate a type 2 pattern, and they had poor LVWM recovery. Conclusions —The differentiation between 2 types of TIMI 2 flow can predict the improvement of TIMI grade and LVWM recovery after additional stenting.
Daclizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody to the interleukin 2 receptor (CD25), for the treatment of moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging trial
Authors: G Van Assche, W J Sandborn, B G Feagan, B A Salzberg, D Silvers, P S Monroe, W M Pandak, F H Anderson, J F Valentine, G E Wild, D J Geenen, R Sprague, S R Targan, P Rutgeerts, V Vexler, D Young, R S Shames
Journal: Gut (2006)

An uncontrolled pilot study demonstrated that daclizumab, a humanised monoclonal antibody to the interleukin 2 receptor (CD25), might be effective for the treatment of active ulcerative colitis. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of daclizumab induction therapy in patients with active ulcerative colitis. A total of 159 patients with moderate ulcerative colitis were randomised to receive induction therapy with daclizumab 1 mg/kg intravenously at weeks 0 and 4, or 2 mg/kg intravenously at weeks 0, 2, 4, and 6, or placebo. The primary end point was induction of remission at week 8. Remission was defined as a Mayo score of 0 on both endoscopy and rectal bleeding components and a score of 0 or 1 on stool frequency and physician's global assessment components. Response was defined as a decrease from baseline in the Mayo score of at least 3 points. Two per cent of patients receiving daclizumab 1 mg/kg (p = 0.11 v placebo) and 7% of patients receiving 2 mg/kg (p = 0.73) were in remission at week 8, compared with 10% of those who received placebo. Response occurred at week 8 in 25% of patients receiving daclizumab 1 mg/kg (p = 0.04) and in 33% of patients receiving 2 mg/kg (p = 0.30) versus 44% of those receiving placebo. Daclizumab was well tolerated. The most frequently reported adverse events in daclizumab treated patients compared with placebo treated patients were nasopharyngitis (14.6%) and pyrexia (10.7%). Patients with moderate ulcerative colitis who are treated with daclizumab are not more likely to be in remission or response at eight weeks than patients treated with placebo.
The 1996 Albert Lasker Medical Research Awards. Prevention of systemic infections, especially meningitis, caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. Impact on public health and implications for other polysaccharide-based vaccines
Authors: J. B. Robbins
Journal: JAMA (1996)

The development of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccines has led to the virtual elimination of systemic infections caused by that pathogen, has provided insights into the pathogenesis of and immunity to other capsulated bacteria, and has contributed to the development of new vaccines. Meningitis, a common and serious infection of children, and other infections caused by Hib have been virtually eliminated in countries that have achieved widespread vaccination with Hib conjugates, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Iceland, Scandinavia, France, and Germany. Hib conjugates have also been shown to be highly effective in developing countries. The principles derived from the use of these vaccines, along with studies of other capsulated pathogens, should allow the rapid inclusion of new polysaccharide-based conjugates into routine vaccination schedules of infants, and should help to realize further reductions in serious systemic infectious diseases.