tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Roche defends buying lavish meals for doctors at Sydney's restaurants
Authors: Ray Moynihan
Journal: BMJ (2006)

<h3>ABSTRACT:</h3> During May and June 1994, 37 water samples were collected at 31 sites in the upper Snake River Basin and analyzed for 83 pesticides and pesticide metabolites. EPTC, atrazine, and the atrazine metabolite deethylated atrazine were the most frequently detected and were found in 30, 20, and 13 of the samples, respectively. Fifteen additional pesticides were detected at least once. All the compounds detected were at concentrations of less than 1 microgram per liter. Total annual applications of EPTC and atrazine within subbasins and their instantaneous instream fluxes have a logarithmic relation with coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup> values) of 0.55 and 0.62, respectively. At the time of sampling, the median daily flux of EPTC was about 0.0001% of the annual amount applied in a subbasin, whereas the median daily flux of atrazine was between 0.001 and 0.01%. The difference in fluxes between EPTC and atrazine probably results from differences in their physical properties and in the method and timing of application.
UREA EXCRETION AT LOW URINE VOLUMES. THE CALCULATION OF “MINIMAL” UREA CLEARANCES
Authors: Leon C. Chesley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1938)

In a previous paper (1), it was shown that the calculation of standard urea clearances from urine volumes of less than about 0.35 ml. per minute gives results which are considerably too low.It was found that the lower the urine volume is, the greater the error becomes, as the calculated stand- ard clearance falls lower and lower.This was demonstrated in 173 adults, including patients with toxemia of pregnancy, Bright's disease of almost all grades of severity, and in normal con- trols.Relevant published data of other writers fitted in with the trend of points on the graph summarizing these calculated clearances.Most of the data reported in the previous paper were derived from routine renal function tests and represented only two, three, or four succes- sive hourly clearances.It was seen that the source of error in calculating the standard clearances lay in the behavior of the urea concentration ratio (the ratio of urine urea to blood urea, U/B).This ratio stopped increasing when the urine vol- ume fell below the critical limit of about 0.35 ml. per minute.It was suggested that possibly the concentration ratio even reversed its trend and fell with further volume decrease.This was ob- served in some cases.To answer this question as to the behavior of the urea concentration ratio at low urine volumes, a series of clearances in successive periods is re- quired.These data will be presented here.On the basis of the findings, a new calculation, the " minimal urea clearance " is suggested.This calculation applies for urine volumes up to 0.35 ml. per minute (21 ml. per hour, and 504 ml. per 24 hours).
Fibrinogen acts as a bridging molecule in the adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to cultured human endothelial cells.
Authors: A L Cheung, M Krishnan, E A Jaffe, V A Fischetti
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1991)

The propensity of Staphylococcus aureus to cause acute endovascular infections during transient bacteremia is poorly understood. To examine the events leading to the attachment of staphylococci to endothelium, adherence assays were developed to study the role of blood factors in the mediation of staphylococcal adherence to cultured human umbilical vein endothelium in vitro. Results indicate that the preferential attachment of S. aureus to endothelial cells is mediated by fibrinogen adsorbed from plasma onto the endothelial surface. The binding is apparently specific because it could be blocked by goat anti-human fibrinogen antibody in a dose-dependent fashion while nonimmune goat IgG, mouse MAb against AG-1 (a platelet antigen found on the endothelial cell surface), nonspecific mouse MAb and rabbit antibodies to human vitronectin and fibronectin were not inhibitory. Our data also indicate that fibrinogen is a necessary but not the only blood constituent in the mediation of binding of S. aureus to endothelium. This was supported by the finding that fibrinogen alone, at a concentration equivalent to that in plasma, did not potentiate staphylococcal adherence as much as plasma while afibrinogenemic plasma reconstituted with fibrinogen did. Because fibrinogen is known to bind to endothelial cells, our data is consistent with the hypothesis that fibrinogen and additional plasma factor(s), possibly activated during inflammation, promote staphylococcal adherence to endothelium. In addition, the role of the fibrinogen binding receptor of S. aureus as an adherence factor to native endothelium is also suggested.
Awareness during anaesthesia.
Authors: A. M. Smith, W. T. McNeil
Journal: BMJ (1969)

Or is it simply that any young man engaged in the climb to consultant ranks simply cannot put a foot out of line for fear of being lost for ever overboard ?If this is true, and I regret to say I think it is, then is it not high time that the medical profession, and specially the colleges, gave a positive lead in demanding, as is demanded in many other countries, that candidates for " the top " should spend some time working abroad.Failing this lead, very soon we will have no one at home with any experience of work abroad other than those in the specialist tropical and military institutions, and in this day and age of rapid travel worldwide medi- cine is brought to the doorstep of every doctor in ever larger quantities.-Iam, etc.,
Treatment of Gas Gangrene
Authors: F. Ivens-Knowles
Journal: BMJ (1939)

<h3>Abstract</h3> How does the brain control an effector as complex and versatile as the hand? One possibility is that the neural control of the hand is simplified by limiting the number of achievable hand postures. Indeed, hand kinematics can be largely accounted for within a small subspace. This oft replicated finding has been interpreted as evidence that hand postures are confined to this subspace and that leaving it volitionally is impossible. A prediction from this hypothesis is that measured hand movements that fall outside of this subspace reflect motor or measurement noise. To address this question, we track hand postures of human participants as they perform three tasks – grasping, typing, and signing in American Sign Language. We then apply a standard dimensionality reduction technique – principal components analysis – and replicate the finding that hand movements can be largely described within a much reduced subspace. However, we show that kinematic dimensions that fall outside of this subspace are highly structured and task dependent, suggesting that they too are under volitional control. Moreover, we find that the hand kinematics of monkeys performing a grasping task also occupy a high-dimensional space as do the underlying neuronal representations in primary motor cortex. We conclude that hand control occupies a high dimensional space and propose that the complexity of hand movements is well within the scope of the brain’s computational power.
LARYNGO-PULMONARY PHTHISIS.
Authors: C. J. WHALEN
Journal: JAMA (1897)

In speaking of phthisis it is a fact that a large number of cases are complicated by a disease in the larynx, which we know is tuberculosis. It seems strange that, as tubercular diseases in the larynx so often accompanies a similar process in the lungs, it should not more frequently be encountered as a primary disease. It has been questioned by many careful observers, whose names carry much weight of authority, whether laryngeal tuberculosis ever occurs primarily; they insist that the primary lesion was in the lungs, and that when the laryngeal disease developed, the lung disease was marked by it or that the tubercular process while present in the lungs was not recognizable by physical signs. Most authors writing after improved methods of diagnosis and the use of the laryngoscope, seem to agree, that while it may occur primarily, clinical facts present a strong weight of evidence against
What Are the Roles and Responsibilities of the Media in Disseminating Health Information?
Authors: Gary Schwitzer, Ganapati Mudur, David Henry, Amanda Wilson, Merrill Goozner, Maria Simbra, Melissa Sweet, Katherine A Baverstock
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2005)

In December 2004 three news stories in the popular press suggested that the side effects of single-dose nevirapine, which has been proven to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, had been covered up. Many HIV experts believed that the stories were unwarranted and that they would undermine use of the drug, leading to a rise in neonatal HIV infection. The controversy surrounding these stories prompted the PLoS Medicine editors to ask health journalists, and others with an interest in media reporting of health, to share their views on the roles and responsibilities of the media in disseminating health information.
Screening Virtual Colonoscopy — Ready for Prime Time?
Authors: Martina M. Morrin, J. Thomas LaMont
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Many professional societies in the United States recommend screening for colorectal cancer in asymptomatic, average-risk adults, beginning at 50 years of age. Screening achieves two goals: the detection of early-stage nonmetastatic cancers that are surgically curable and the identification and removal of benign adenomatous polyps, the precursor lesions of nearly all adenocarcinomas. Several approaches to screening are available, ranging from the least expensive and least invasive, fecal occult-blood testing, to the more costly and invasive procedures — flexible sigmoidoscopy, barium enema, and colonoscopy. Each of these tests has inherent strengths and weaknesses related to cost, risk, sensitivity, specificity, and availability. . . .
Transfixion of the Heart by Embedded Ice Pick Blade with Eight Months' Survival
Authors: HARRY J. LOWEN, SEYMOUR A. FINK, MILTON HELPERN
Journal: Circulation (1950)

A case is presented of a 24 year old Puerto Rican man whose heart was transfixed by the anterior end of an ice pick blade, with the posterior end of the blade fixed in the body of the sixth doisal vertebra. The patient survived for eight months. Roentgenologically, the patient presented a problem in determination of the path of the foreign body. At autopsy, vegetations were found in the heart on the perforated mitral valve; these were the source of multiple embolizations.
TNF-alpha and TNF-alpha receptors serum levels do not correlate with gene expression of TNF-alpha and their receptors in the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients
Authors: Amalia Cayon, Javier Crespo, Maria Teresa Garcia-Unzueta, Juan Carlos Fernandez-Escalante, Marta Mayorga, Pedro Fernandez-Gil, Manuel Hernandez-Guerra, Fernando Pons-Romero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Drugs Spotlight Program: The Management of Hyperlipidemia: Whether, Rather than How
Authors: E. H. AHRENS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1976)

The premise that measures used to lower the plasma lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia will lead to reductions in new events of coronary heart disease (the Lipid Hypothesis) should be reconsidered today as a result of several recent reports of large-scale double-blind drug trials in the United Kingdom and in the United States. To that end, the published evidence that bears on tests of the hypothesis by dietary and drug interventions is reviewed, and the conclusion reached that the hypothesis has not yet been adequately tested. A phased program is described that will prepare the ground for a fuller and more definitive trial of the premise in the future: the first steps must be to establish that a combined diet/drug regimen in large numbers of adult male hyperlipidemic patients is acceptable and essentially harmless and that during an observation period of several years a high rate of adherence to the regimen can be attained. Any advice to the general public to make large dietary changes now is considered premature.
The Many Faces of Celiac Disease
Authors: Charles H. Halsted
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1996)

The report by Fine in this issue of the Journal, 1 which describes frequent positive tests for occult intestinal bleeding among patients with celiac disease, adds a new dimension to our understanding of this disorder. Celiac disease can be overt, with the classic features of diarrhea, weight loss, and generalized malnutrition, or subclinical, with isolated nutrient deficiencies but no gastrointestinal symptoms. This disorder affects as many as 1 in 300 people of European descent, in whom it is associated with the HLA-DR3 gene and several other class II haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex, but it is rare to nonexistent among . . .
In Pyrexia Resulting from Occult Tuberculosis Ga-67 Citrate Is Still More Sensitive Than Newer Agents Such as Tc-99m Selusomab
Authors: Sadia Sultana, John R. Buscombe, Andrew J. W. Hilson
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2005)

Although physicians think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the 19th century or limited to ethnic minorities and those with coexistent disease such as AIDS, TB remains with us and can strike any individual. The diagnosis, especially in the early stages of the disease, may be problematic, especially if it is not considered likely. However, older techniques such as Ga-67 citrate may well have the edge over newer techniques when it comes to diagnosing this "old time" disease.
The in vivo performance of a sol–gel glass and a glass-ceramic in the treatment of limited bone defects
Authors: Jorge Gil-Albarova, Ruth Garrido-Lahiguera, Antonio J Salinas, Jesús Román, Antonio L Bueno-Lozano, Raúl Gil-Albarova, Marı́a Vallet-Regı́
Journal: Biomaterials (2004)
A Naturally Processed Mitochondrial Self-Peptide in Complex with Thymic Mhc Molecules Functions as a Selecting Ligand for a Viral-Specific T Cell Receptor
Authors: Tetsuro Sasada, Yoseph Ghendler, John M. Neveu, William S. Lane, Ellis L. Reinherz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2001)

Peptide fragments of self-proteins bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules within the thymus are important for positively selecting T cell receptor (TCR)-bearing CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes for further maturation. The relationship between naturally processed thymic self-peptides and TCR-specific cognate peptides is unknown. Here we employ HPLC purification of peptides released from H-2Kb molecules of the C57BL/6 thymus in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) and functional profiling to identify a naturally processed Kb-bound peptide positively selecting the N15 TCR specific for the vesicular stomatitis virus octapeptide (VSV8) bound to Kb. The selecting peptide was identified in 1 of 80 HPLC fractions and shown by tandem MS (MS/MS) sequencing to correspond to residues 68–75 of the MLRQ subunit of the widely expressed mitochondrial NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NUbO68–75). Of note, the peptide differs at six of its eight residues from the cognate peptide VSV8 and functions as a weak agonist for mature CD8 single positive (SP) N15 T cells, with activity 10,000-fold less than VSV8. In N15 transgenic (tg) recombinase activating gene 2−/− transporter associated with antigen processing 1−/− fetal thymic organ culture, NUbO68–75 induces phenotypic and functional differentiation of N15 TCR bearing CD8 SP thymocytes. Failure of NUbO68–75 to support differentiation of a second Kb-restricted TCR indicates that its inductive effects are not general.
Ovarian Cysts Communicating with the Rectum
Authors: H. Cripps
Journal: BMJ (1897)

pended upon.The microscopic appearances of a cancerous tumour are more characteristic than the naked-eye picture.A portion of the suspected growth should therefore be re- moved and at once examined microscopically, and should the disease prove to be a simple one no harm is done, but if it is demonstrated to be malignant, then much valuable time is saved, and an operation for removal of the tumour may be resorted to immediately.In submitting a specimen, great care must be taken that the tissue placed under the micro- scope is a portion of the new formation, and not a part of the tonsillar tissue in which it is embedded.
Management of patients recently arrived from the tropics.
Authors: H A Rowland
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Persons consulting their doctor shortly after their arrival in the United Kingdom from a warm climate may be conve niently divided into three groups: (1) those normally of long domicile in Britain but who have been abroad for a short visit lasting perhaps a few weeks?such persons are commonly those who have been away on holiday or to visit relatives or in the course of their business; (2) persons whose home is in the United Kingdom but who work abroad and return at the end of tours of duty?-such persons may be engaged in mis sionary work, be representatives of British firms or the British Government, or be in the service of foreign governments or some voluntary organization; and (3) persons entering the United Kingdom for the first time as immigrants or visitors, or who have previously lived in Britain but who have been home to their country of origin?such return visits to the tropics are common occurrences and may last months or years. Though there are complaints common to all three groups it is convenient to consider them separately.
1H-NMR detectable fatty acyl chain unsaturation in excised leiomyosarcoma correlate with grade and mitotic activity.
Authors: S Singer, M Sivaraja, K Souza, K Millis, J M Corson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

We report on the use of 1H-NMR two-dimensional total correlated spectroscopy (2D TOCSY) at 600 MHz for an ex vivo analysis of fatty acyl chain lipid in normal smooth muscle and a series of primary retroperitoneal leiomyosarcomas. These TOCSY spectra were used to identify and quantitate the methylene protons situated between unsaturated site protons (D) to those bordered by only one unsaturated site proton (C). The D/C cross-peak volume ratios determined for oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), linolenic (18:3), and arachidonic (20:4) acids were 0.0, 1.3, 2.7, and 4.0, respectively, suggesting that this ratio can be a measure of the degree of unsaturation for fatty acyl chains of lipids. The D/C cross-peak volume ratio was found to be proportional to the mean mitotic activity (r = 0.94) in nine smooth muscle tissues. These results suggest, that for leiomyosarcoma, the degree of fatty acyl unsaturation may be an important determinant of the metastatic potential of these tumors. Furthermore, application of TOCSY for the ex vivo study of smooth muscle tumors would potentially serve as a pathologist-independent and quantitative method for assessment of leiomyosarcoma grade and mitotic activity thereby rendering a more accurate staging of patients.
Drug Spotlight on Digitalis
Authors: George N. Aagaard
Journal: JAMA (1974)

The drug spotlight is on digitalis this quarter because digitalis is a frequent cause of serious adverse drug reactions.1,2The decision to begin or to continue digitalis therapy may be difficult. When in doubt, potential benefits should clearly outweigh risks. The following questions are offered for the consideration of pharmacy and therapeutic committees. The term, digitalis, is used to include all preparations of digitalis and its glycosides.   In patients with sinus rhythm, was there evidence of congestive heart failure when digitalis was prescribed?  What was the indication for digitalis when it was prescribed in acute myocardial infarction?  In hypertensive heart disease, was digitalis prescribed when diuretics and other antihypertensive drugs might have controlled the situation?  When digitalis was given with a diuretic, were steps taken to prevent, detect, or correct hypokalemia?  What effort was made to appraise renal function in older patients given digoxin?
Amantadine for Prophylaxis and Treatment of A-2 Influenza
Authors: Arnold Chanin
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> If the article by Drs Jackson and Stanley (235:2738, 1976) is taken seriously by enough doctors, the course of prophylaxis and treatment of A-2 influenza will be dramatically changed. It is indeed a rare physician who is aware of amantadine hydrochloride's versatility and effectiveness in regard to the A-2 influenza syndromes we have been plagued with over the past ten years, ie, Asian, Hong Kong, London, Port Chalmers, and Victoria. The drawbacks of influenza vaccines should now be apparent: they must be antigen-specific, must anticipate the next season's strain of virus, and must be administered prior to the outbreak of influenza in the community (<i>Medical Tribune</i>, Sept 1, 1976). "Also, vaccines do not protect persons after exposure, are ineffective as treatment for the disease, and thus are of no medical value in the control of epidemic influenza after its appearance" (235:2739, 1976). Amantadine, however, can be given
The impact of parental psychiatric disorder on children
Authors: P. Ramchandani
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Avoiding stigma, improving care 

Four decades ago Michael Rutter in a seminal monograph highlighted risks to the development of children of parents with a psychiatric disorder.1 Since then a good deal of research has been focused on these children and their parents. However, policy to help and support these families has lagged behind. Two recent reports by national bodies in Australia and the United Kingdom have belatedly provided some important recommendations.2 3 None the less, much remains to be done both in policy terms and in the development of evidence based interventions.

Several common psychiatric disorders—including depression, anxiety, and eating disorders—affect adults of child rearing age. These disorders have been shown notably to impair social and psychological functioning, leading to difficulties in work and family life.4 In recent years recognition has increased of the potential impact that parental psychiatric disorder can have …
Transforming growth factor-β1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides block interstitial fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstruction
Authors: Yoshitaka Isaka, Michiko Tsujie, Yutaka Ando, Hiroyuki Nakamura, Yasufumi Kaneda, Enyu Imai, Masatsugu Hori
Journal: Kidney International (2000)
Endoscopic Extraction of Pelvic Calculi
Authors: G. Mobilio, G. Anselmo, S. Cosciani-Cunico
Journal: Endoscopy (1975)

Erfahrungsbericht über die endoskopische Extraktion von Nierenbeckensteinen. Während im allgemeinen eine Steinextraktion nur bei Ureterkonkrementen versucht wird, glauben die Autoren, daß man im Einzelfall, eine entsprechende Erfahrung vorausgesetzt, auch sich an höher gelegene Konkremente heranwagen könne.