tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Why people see things that are not there: A novel Perception and Attention Deficit model for recurrent complex visual hallucinations
Authors: Daniel Collerton, Elaine Perry, Ian McKeith
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2005)

As many as two million people in the United Kingdom repeatedly see people, animals, and objects that have no objective reality. Hallucinations on the border of sleep, dementing illnesses, delirium, eye disease, and schizophrenia account for 90% of these. The remainder have rarer disorders. We review existing models of recurrent complex visual hallucinations (RCVH) in the awake person, including cortical irritation, cortical hyperexcitability and cortical release, top-down activation, misperception, dream intrusion, and interactive models. We provide evidence that these can neither fully account for the phenomenology of RCVH, nor for variations in the frequency of RCVH in different disorders. We propose a novel Perception and Attention Deficit (PAD) model for RCVH. A combination of impaired attentional binding and poor sensory activation of a correct proto-object, in conjunction with a relatively intact scene representation, bias perception to allow the intrusion of a hallucinatory proto-object into a scene perception. Incorporation of this image into a context-specific hallucinatory scene representation accounts for repetitive hallucinations. We suggest that these impairments are underpinned by disturbances in a lateral frontal cortex–ventral visual stream system. We show how the frequency of RCVH in different diseases is related to the coexistence of attentional and visual perceptual impairments; how attentional and perceptual processes can account for their phenomenology; and that diseases and other states with high rates of RCVH have cholinergic dysfunction in both frontal cortex and the ventral visual stream. Several tests of the model are indicated, together with a number of treatment options that it generates.
New Physiological Testing Methods Available to Urologists
Authors: John K. Lattimer, Donald M. Gleason, John W. Apperson, David Baker
Journal: JAMA (1964)

New techniques and devices provide effective methods for studying physiology and evaluating dysfunction of the urinary tract. The pressure-flow study, in which the intravesical pressure, intra-abdominal pressure, differential pressure, and voiding flow rates are monitored, is one example. Cinefluoroscopy is invaluable for studying reflux of urine and ureteral peristalsis. When this method is combined with simultaneous pressure recordings, the pressure at which reflux occurs can be detected. Special cystogram techniques have been designed to evaluate bladder emptying and detect reflux, outlet obstruction, and bladder deformities. Because of the expense and necessary complexity of the testing equipment, diagnostic testing centers are suggested for the study and analysis of refractory urologic cases.
Double‐Blind Crossover Trial Comparing Systemic Chromone‐Carboxylic Acid with Placebo in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Gunnar Kavli, PoulØlholm Larsen
Journal: Allergy (1981)

35 adult patients with atopic dermatitis were included in a double‐blind crossover trial comparing chromone‐2‐carboxylic acid, FPL 57787 18 mg × 4, with placebo. Each treatment period lasted for 6 weeks with clinical assessment every 3 weeks, 28 patients completed 3 weeks of each period. Significant differences at the 5 % level in favour of FPL 57787 were seen in the group starting on placebo. 17 patients completed the study. After 6 weeks there were no significant differences. 10 patients experienced dyspeptic side‐effects. Further studies are warranted on clearly allergic sub‐groups of atopic dermatitis patients.
Bronchoalveolar Lymphocytosis in Patients with Tropical Spastic Paraparesis Associated with Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)
Authors: L. J. Couderc
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1988)

Study Objective: To determine the features of pulmonary involvement in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1. Design: Nonrandomized prospective case series. Setting: Tertiary care units in two university medical centers. Patients: Consecutive sample of 21 patients with tropical spastic paraparesis associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. Interventions: Chest roentgenogram and bronchoalveolar lavage were done in all patients. Fifteen patients had pulmonary function tests. Alveolar T-lymphocyte subsets were analysed in 10 patients and thoracic computed tomographic scans were done in 10 patients. Measurements and Main Results: All patients were free of clinical pulmonary symptoms and had normal chest roentgenograms. Thoracic computed tomographic scans were normal in 9 of 10 patients and showed mild interstitial pneumonitis in 1. Pulmonary function tests were within the normal range in 13 patients and showed a mild restrictive syndrome in 2. Eighteen patients had increased absolute numbers of alveolar lymphocytes (mean, 77 ± 39 × 103 lymphocytes/mL; range, 13.5 × 103 to 259 × 103 lymphocytes/mL). Sixteen patients had percentages of alveolar lymphocytes higher than 20% of all alveolar cells (mean, 33.5 ± 12.7; range, 9 to 69). In all 10 patients tested, 64.2% ± 13.2% of alveolar lymphocytes were CD8+ cells. Conclusions: Excessive absolute numbers and percentages of alveolar lymphocytes were observed in 18 and 16 patients, respectively. Most alveolar lymphocytes were CD8+ cells.
Telemonitoring in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Sarwat I. Chaudhry, Jennifer A. Mattera, Jeptha P. Curtis, John A. Spertus, Jeph Herrin, Zhenqiu Lin, Christopher O. Phillips, Beth V. Hodshon, Lawton S. Cooper, Harlan M. Krumholz
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2010)

Small studies suggest that telemonitoring may improve heart-failure outcomes, but its effect in a large trial has not been established.We randomly assigned 1653 patients who had recently been hospitalized for heart failure to undergo either telemonitoring (826 patients) or usual care (827 patients). Telemonitoring was accomplished by means of a telephone-based interactive voice-response system that collected daily information about symptoms and weight that was reviewed by the patients' clinicians. The primary end point was readmission for any reason or death from any cause within 180 days after enrollment. Secondary end points included hospitalization for heart failure, number of days in the hospital, and number of hospitalizations.The median age of the patients was 61 years; 42.0% were female, and 39.0% were black. The telemonitoring group and the usual-care group did not differ significantly with respect to the primary end point, which occurred in 52.3% and 51.5% of patients, respectively (difference, 0.8 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], -4.0 to 5.6; P=0.75 by the chi-square test). Readmission for any reason occurred in 49.3% of patients in the telemonitoring group and 47.4% of patients in the usual-care group (difference, 1.9 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.0 to 6.7; P=0.45 by the chi-square test). Death occurred in 11.1% of the telemonitoring group and 11.4% of the usual care group (difference, -0.2 percentage points; 95% CI, -3.3 to 2.8; P=0.88 by the chi-square test). There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to the secondary end points or the time to the primary end point or its components. No adverse events were reported.Among patients recently hospitalized for heart failure, telemonitoring did not improve outcomes. The results indicate the importance of a thorough, independent evaluation of disease-management strategies before their adoption. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00303212.).
Analysis of c-ErbB1/Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and c-ErbB2/HER-2 Expression in Bronchial Dysplasia: Evaluation of Potential Targets for Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer
Authors: Daniel T. Merrick, John Kittelson, Ralph Winterhalder, Georgia Kotantoulas, Steen Ingeberg, Robert L. Keith, Timothy C. Kennedy, York E. Miller, Wilbur A. Franklin, Fred R. Hirsch
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Purpose: Lung cancer is preceded by a premalignant phase during which intervention could decrease associated morbidity and mortality. Molecular characterization of factors involved in controlling progression of bronchial dysplasias will provide markers of premalignant change and identify targets for chemoprevention. Experimental Design: Immunohistochemical analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; c-ErbB1/EGFR), HER-2/neu (c-ErbB2/HER-2), Ki-67, and minichromosome maintenance protein 2 (MCM2) expression in bronchial dysplasia was undertaken to characterize molecular alterations associated with the progression of these lesions in 268 bronchoscopically obtained biopsies from 134 subjects. Results: Analysis of biopsies with the most severe diagnosis from each subject showed a linear relationship between increasing marker expression and severity of dysplastic change for EGFR (P &amp;lt; 0.001), Ki-67 (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and MCM2 (P = 0.001) but not HER-2 (P = 0.102). Increased expression of either EGFR or HER-2 was associated with increased levels of Ki-67 and MCM2 expression, and combined overexpression of these receptors was associated with the highest levels of proliferation, suggesting a synergistic effect. Finally, the lack of an associated trend toward increased EGFR expression when comparing the worst and best biopsies within each subject indicated a potential field effect in the induction of EGFR expression. Conclusions: The results suggest a prominent role for EGFR overexpression in the development and progression of bronchial dysplasia and provide rationale for exploring inhibition of EGFR signaling in lung cancer chemoprevention.
The K469E polymorphism of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene is associated with plasma fibrinogen level in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hisayo Yokoyama, Hideki Tahara, Masanori Emoto, Shigehiko Fujiwara, Takahiro Araki, Kayo Shinohara, Sawako Hatsuda, Takaaki Maeno, Takuhito Shoji, Hidenori Koyama, Tetsuo Shoji, Yoshiki Nishizawa
Journal: Metabolism (2005)
Delay in Diagnosis and Sanatorium Treatment of Phthisis
Authors: B. Mann
Journal: BMJ (1943)

It is generally accepted that delay occurs before the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis is established.Most authors are agreed that part of this delay is due to the development of tuberculosis, in the absence of symptoms.For this reason mass radiography has been advocated for the detection of the early asymptomatic case (N.A.P.T., 1942, and others).Following this period of early or latent disease there is a phase in which the signs or symptoms may or may not suggest phthisis.Indeed, there is such a wide variety of non-specific symptoms that the condition may often be erroneously diagnosed as anaemia, debility, bronchitis, influenza, atypical pneumonia, etc.It is with this latter phase-the phase of partially defined signs and synptoms-that this paper is concerned.
Computer-based Hypertension Clinic Records: A Co-operative Study
Authors: L. J. Beilin, C. J. Bulpitt, E. C. Coles, C. T. Dollery, B. F. Johnson, C. Mearns, A. D. Munro-Faure, S. C. Turner
Journal: BMJ (1974)

A computer-based medical record system has been developed to help with research into hypertension and the management of patients with hypertension. Standard medical records are replaced by data collection forms and case notes printed by the computer. A computer-generated document for recording information at follow-up visits contains an up-to-date summary of the important clinical features with warnings of risk factors. A blood-pressure graph and a letter for the general practitioner are produced on request. The system has been used in three clinics for two years and is being tested in general practice. Information on 900 newly-referred patients has been recorded and at present data on 30 to 40 new patients and 160 follow-up visits are added each month.
Therapeutic Aspects of the Doctor/Patient Relationship
Authors: A.H. Crisp
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1970)

The doctor/patient relationship is sometimes an important social and therapeutic variable affecting the presentation and course of disease. It has cultural, interpersonal and pschological determinants, sometimes including neurotic determinants, in both the patient and the doctor. Similar factors may already be contributing to the disease process. The present review is concerned with the literature covering research into this effect, which, for this purpose, is broken down into sociological, communicative and personality/personal components.
Lies, damned lies and mortality statistics?
Authors: A L Hansell
Journal: Thorax (2006)

Having confidence in COPD mortality data

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the sixth leading cause of death worldwide in 1990 and will rise to the third leading cause by 2020.1,2 These findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study form the starting point for a wide range of recent articles about COPD. However, when trying to interpret mortality statistics and other routine sources of data such as hospital admissions, it can be hard to avoid thinking of the quotation “ lies, damned lies, and statistics ”, attributed variably to Mark Twain or Benjamin Disraeli. In this issue of Thorax , data presented by Fuhrman et al 3 show that COPD mortality in France in 2000–2 fell by around 40% compared with 1998–9 following a change from International Classification of Diseases coding version 9 (ICD-9) to ICD-10. In contrast, an increase in mortality of around 10% was seen when moving from ICD-9 to ICD-10 coding in the USA in 1999,4 while bridge coding exercises in England and Wales for 1999 (coding deaths to both ICD-9 and ICD-10 to look at the impact of the change) suggested an artefactual 3% increase.5 COPD mortality rates in France in 1999 were well under half those in the USA or UK, which may in part relate to differences in diagnostic fashions (such as continued use of “bronchitis” rather than a COPD specific term in France).3 Two important questions arise from this:





The answer to both is a qualified yes.

It is axiomatic that mortality, hospital, and other routinely collected data need careful collection, presentation and interpretation,6 but it may be …
Experimental studies on Methotrexate and rat liver
Authors: P.C.H. NEWBOLD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Acute administration of MTX suppresses dihydrofolatercductase (DHFR) activity in skin and liver for 8 h, but there is later a reactive increase. Chronic administration is accompanied by increased DHFR, and little tissue storage of MTX‐at least in liver and kidneys. Partial hepatectomy normally stimulates DNA synthesis as regrowth occurs. Simultaneous MTX administration lowers the DHFR response, but increases that of thymidine kinase and of thymidylate synthetase. There is also reduction of deoxyuridine incorporation into hepatic DNA. These results are discussed with reference to the chemistry and treatment of psoriasis.
Walking to Work Is an Independent Predictor of Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Japanese Men
Authors: Kyoko Kogawa Sato, Tomoshige Hayashi, Hiroshi Kambe, Yoshiko Nakamura, Nobuko Harita, Ginji Endo, Takeshi Yoneda
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Previous epidemiological studies have shown that vigorous physical activity reduces the development of type 2 diabetes (1–3). A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that individuals should engage in ≥30 min of moderate-intensity physical activity, such as brisk walking, on most days of the week for health promotion and disease prevention (4); however, it is unclear whether mild physical activity (i.e., walking to walk) reduces the risk for type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we examined the relationship between walking to work and the development of type 2 diabetes during a 4-year observational period.

The Kansai Healthcare Study is an ongoing cohort investigation designed to clarify the risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. Between April 2000 and March 2001, 12,647 male employees of a company in the area of Kansai, Japan, who were aged 40–55 years at entry and considered to be involved in sedentary jobs were enrolled in this study. All employees aged ≥40 years underwent annual detailed medical check-ups. The protocol for this research was reviewed by the Human Subjects Review Committee at Osaka City University.

For current analysis, study participants consisted of 11,073 Japanese men aged 40–55 years at entry with a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <126 mg/dl and not taking oral hypoglycemic medication or insulin. A 4-year follow-up examination after baseline was conducted between April 2004 and March 2005. We excluded 53 men because of death and 2,016 men because of …
Changes in normal polymorphonuclear leucocyte motility after ingestion of IgG aggregates.
Authors: D H Goddard, A P Kirk, K A Brown, D McCarthy, G D Johnson, E J Holborow
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1984)

Changes in normal polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) motility after membrane-binding and internalisation of IgG aggregates (a model of soluble immune complexes) have been studied by the micropore filter assay. The results have confirmed that IgG aggregates stimulate as well as inhibit PMN chemotaxis. These effects are dependent on the size and concentration of the IgG aggregates in solution as well as the length of time of incubation. Stimulated chemotaxis was observed in a small subset of the whole PMN population which was apparent only when cell distribution through the filters was analysed. These results indicate the need for caution when drawing conclusions about PMN function from results obtained by these assay techniques.
Position of patient and respiratory function in immediate postoperative period
Authors: I T Campbell
Journal: BMJ (1981)

injury to the liver follows repeated halothane anaesthesia with a frequency as high as 20-400o of patients.The latter would be in keeping with repeated and cumulative direct hepatic damage alone or in combination with hapten formation from free radicals as a basis for hypersensitivity response.In both mech- anisms reductive metabolism of halothane probably plays a central role.We must now ask: What are the keys that predispose a very small number of individuals to develop severe liver injury ?Our recent studies point to pharmacogenetics as one of the keys.Thus "halothane hepatitis" may now more appro- priately be regarded as having a multifactorial aetiology as proposed in 19792 and recently discussed in editorials on both sides of the Atlantic.67This is in contrast to a prevailing tendency for investigators to seek "the cause," with a sharp division between the proponents of "direct toxicity" and the advocates of "hypersensitivity" (allergy).
UPDATED META-ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS EVALUATING ADJUNCTIVE THROMBECTOMY IN PRIMARY PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION FOR ST-ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Qiao Yan, Wang Jihong, Shao-Ping Nie, Du Xin, Zhang Yin, Jia Changqi, Ma Changsheng
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN THE GUINEA PIG AND RABBIT
Authors: Marianne Goettsch, Alwin M. Pappenheimer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1931)

A diet is described, which leads to a progressive, highly selective, and ultimately fatal dystrophy of the voluntary muscles. Guinea pigs and rabbits are susceptible, rats resistant. The diet used is complete in known requirements, except for vitamin E; the addition of this factor, however, does not prevent the development of the disease. The lesions are not due to inanition, infection, or scurvy, and must be referred to some still unknown factor.
Isotopic Method for Measurement of Calcium Absorption from the Gastro-intestinal Tract
Authors: G. A. Rose, G. W. Reed, A. H. Smith
Journal: BMJ (1965)

The study of calcium metabolism is made difficult by the fact that in the normal adult some 80% of the calcium excretion takes place via the faecal route. This means that in order to get calcium-balance data by traditional techniques it has been necessary to subject the faeces to manipulations which are not only time-consuming and liable to considerable error but disagreeable as well. With the increasing availability of iso topes of calcium suitable for clinical studies in human subjects it seems reasonable to consider their use to measure absorption of calcium from the gastro-intestinal tract. We here describe a test in which 47Ca is given by mouth and the faecal radio activity measured without further manipulation of the faeces. From these figures and the calcium intake the calcium absorbed is calculated, and this is compared with data obtained simul taneously by the usual balance techniques. This appears to be the first report in which such a comparison has been made in a reasonably large series of patients.
Endoscopic Pancreatic Stent Drainage in Chronic Pancreatitis and a Dominant Stricture: Long-Term Results
Authors: K. F. Binmoeller, P. Jue, H. Seifert, W. C. Nam, J. Izbicki, N. Sochendra
Journal: Endoscopy (1995)

Background and Study Aims: Endoscopic pancreatic stent drainage has been reported to relieve pain due to chronic pancreatitis in patients with ductal outflow obstruction. However, data regarding the long-term results, as presented here, have hitherto been lacking.
INFILTRATION VERSUS SPINAL ANESTHESIA IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY
Authors: J. P. GREENHILL
Journal: JAMA (1934)

Obstetricians and gynecologists have only recently begun to use local anesthesia to any great extent. However, surgeons long ago recognized that it was advisable to avoid the use of inhalation anesthetics when operating on individuals with serious medical complications such as respiratory infections, heart trouble, kidney disease, high blood pressure and diabetes. Therefore, local anesthesia in some form was used for these cases. Later it became apparent that if local anesthesia was less hazardous for seriously ill patients it was also safer for individuals whose general physical condition was good. <h3>DISADVANTAGES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA</h3> Briefly, the disadvantages of inhalation anesthesia are as follows: No general anesthetic is perfectly safe. Therefore there is a definite though slight mortality. In a study of 148 deaths following gynecologic operations, Bartlett and Simmons<sup>1</sup>found that eighteen, or 12.3 per cent, occurred on the operating table as a result of the ether. Of
THE INCREMENTAL BENEFIT OF ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN PREDICTING MAJOR ADVERSE CARDIAC EVENTS IN PATIENTS WITH CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
Authors: Anshul Aggarwal, James Goldstein, Saroj Neupane, Aaron Berman, Thomas Whitten, Laura Franey, Judith Boura, Amr Abbas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Snuff and Cancer of the Ear
Authors: H. D. Root, J. B. Aust, Albert Sullivan
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

THE use of tobacco in its many forms, especially cigarettes, is steadily increasing, and its attendant dangers are currently being debated. Snuff, a finely pulverized tobacco preparation, although practically unknown now in many areas, has retained its popularity among the Midwestern populace. It is generally chewed or held as a quid in the oral vestibule between lip and alveolar ridge. The carcinogenic potential of tobacco derivatives has been well demonstrated on the skin of mice, but no such effects have been clearly shown in man. The following case illustrates an unusual site of snuff application — within the ear — . . .