tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PWE-140 Development And Validation Of The Newcastle Patient Reported Ascites Measure
Authors: J Orr, M Hudson, D Jones
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Ascites is the most common complication of cirrhosis, but tools to assess its impact on Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) are limited. The Newcastle Patient Reported Ascites Measure (N-PRAM) was developed to measure the multidimensional impact of ascites on HRQoL. <h3>Methods</h3> Structured interviews were carried out with patients with ascites and hepatologists and a long-list of twenty items was produced. These items were assessed for appropriateness and clarity by a further ten patients and the resulting tool was reduced to nine items. Initial validation was carried out on 25 patients with ascites from a multicentre UK study of quality of life in cirrhosis. <h3>Results</h3> The 9 items tested the following areas: abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, abdominal bloating, shortness of breath, movement, ill-fitting clothes, self-image, early satiety and ankle swelling. Construct validity: inter-item correlations were good (r &gt; 0.6) except for the ankle swelling item. Internal consistency, tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient (a), was 0.955 and improved to 0.958 after removing the ankle swelling item.Concurrent validity: The correlation between the CLDQ-Abdominal Symptoms scale and each N- PRAM item score (r range -0.653 to -0.358) was low to moderate. <h3>Conclusion</h3> The 8 item Newcastle Patient Reported Ascites Measure is an effective HRQoL measure which has been validated in English. It provides a more detailed assessment of HRQoL in ascites than other available tools, such as CLDQ, and would therefore be a suitable outcome measure for use in future studies of ascites management. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Penicillin Treatment of Carbuncles
Authors: S. Goldwater
Journal: BMJ (1947)

So called "direction" is similarly an outgrowth of the salary idea.The Minister pretends that the aim is a better distribution of doctors, but this is obvious eyewash.The simple fact again is that it is an essential part of a salaried service.A salaried school teacher, salaried dustman, or salaried M.O.H. cannot earn his living as such except where a vacancy in a service occurs.The same would be true of salaried general practitioners.The Minister's real reasons for this objectionable feature, too, therefore evaporate when the salary idea is removed.Let us then keep the salary idea in the forefront of the picture.Let us.if he is persistent, fight the Minister on this issue, which if won can win all, but which if lost mutst lose all.-Iam, etc.,
Stanfield Rogers: Insights into Virus Vectors and Failure of an Early Gene Therapy Model
Authors: Theodore Friedmann
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2001)

Genetic management and treatment of human disease coalesced around vague ideas of "genetic engineering" by the mid 1960s. Early discussions centered largely on the medical, ethical, and policy problems associated with genetic screening, its applications to selective abortion, and the implications of a eugenic "slippery slope." At the same time, research was beginning to suggest more interventional uses of genetic knowledge, that is, not just the detection of genetic defects, but ways to alter an organism's genetic content and modify the expression of the disease-causing genes.
Turgenev's 'living relic': an early description of scleroderma?
Authors: Richard M Ellis, Rupak Moitra, Nigel North
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2005)

Can a lay person accurately report the external features of disease, or is a medical training necessary?Turgenev's short story Living Relic, published in 1874, gives a detailed description of a young woman afflicted by a debilitating, chronic illness. 1 The story is told by Pyotr Petrovich Karataev, the son of a landowning family who has the leisure to enjoy hunting and shooting, who when visiting one of his mother's farms, stumbles on a wattle shed in the bee garden: to his surprise this deserted spot reveals a woman lying on a simple bed of boards, under a quilt.
Scottish audit shows wide variation in use of day surgery
Authors: B. Christie
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Use of same day surgery varies widely across Scotland, a review has found. It concludes that £8m could be freed up by increasing usage.

The percentage of surgical procedures carried out as day cases has continued to rise in Scotland since targets were first introduced in the 1990s, and all Scottish NHS boards have improved performance. In 2006-7 targets were met on 10 of 19 specific procedures, the audit shows, whereas in 2002-3 only seven of 19 were met.

However, Audit Scotland, which audits public spending, found that the national variation could not be explained by differences …
Prophylactic somatostatin can reduce incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis: multicenter randomized controlled trial
Authors: Yu Bai, Xu Ren, Xiao-Feng Zhang, Nong-Hua Lv, Xue-Gang Guo, Xin-Jian Wan, Zhan-Guo Nie, Shu-Tang Han, Ping Bie, De-An Tian, Ming Ji, Zhao-Shen Li
Journal: Endoscopy (2015)

<b>Background and study aim</b>: Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) remains the most common complication of ERCP. Somatostatin may inhibit pancreatic secretion and has been tested for PEP prophylaxis. However, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether somatostatin can reduce the incidence of PEP. <b>Patients and methods</b>: The study was a multicenter, open-label, randomized controlled trial. A total of 908 patients with normal amylase levels who were undergoing ERCP were randomized to receive somatostatin 250 μg bolus injection before ERCP and 250 μg/hour intravenous infusion for 11 hours after ERCP (somatostatin group) or no somatostatin treatments (control group). The incidences of PEP and hyperamylasemia were compared in the two groups. <b>Results</b>: The full analysis set included 900 patients (445 in the somatostatin group, 455 in the control group). PEP developed in 34 patients (7.5 %) in the control group (95 % confidence interval [CI] 5.4 % – 10.3 %) and in 18 patients (4.0 %) in the somatostatin group (95 %CI 2.6 % – 6.3 %; <i>P</i> = 0.03). Hyperamylasemia occurred in 46 patients (10.1 %) in the control group (95 %CI 7.7 % – 13.2 %) and in 27 patients (6.1 %) in the somatostatin group (95 %CI 4.2 % – 8.7 %; <i>P</i> = 0.03). No perforation or death occurred during the study. <b>Conclusions</b>: This study showed that somatostatin was effective and safe for the prevention of PEP and hyperamylasemia in ERCP patients. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01431781).
Application of Seldinger's Percutaneous Method to Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Robert M. Jeresaty
Journal: JAMA (1966)

PERITONEAL dialysis is an accepted method of management of acute and chronic renal failure, endogenous and exogenous intoxication, as well as intractable heart failure and edema.<sup>15</sup>The present technique, as described by Maxwell et al,<sup>6</sup>involves the introduction of a plastic catheter through a trocar of greater diameter into the peritoneal cavity. Its shortcomings include leakage of dialyzing fluid around the catheter through the unnecessarily larger puncture wound,<sup>6</sup>intraperitoneal infection secondary to the leakage,<sup>7</sup>and hemorrhage resulting from the trauma of a large trocar. Seldinger's percutaneous method,<sup>8</sup>widely used in vascular catheterization, minimizes these undesirable effects. According to this method, a small trocar is introduced into the peritoneal cavity and a flexible guide wire is advanced through it; after the trocar is removed, a catheter is slipped over the guide wire which is then withdrawn, leaving the catheter firmly in place. <h3>Method</h3> We have used
Hydrodynamics of Micturition
Authors: Sidney R. Weinberg
Journal: JAMA (1972)

This text of more than 400 pages records the symposium proceedings on the urodynamics of the lower urinary tract held in November 1968. The discussions covered the clinical, experimental, and the hydraulic engineering aspects of the act of voiding in both normal and abnormal states. The material presented in the clinical and experimental sections has major significance for understanding modern theories of function of the normal lower urinary tract and the treatment of the obstructed organs. The book is recommended reading to all concerned with the care of this type of patient and those investigators who are studying these problems. The sections on the relationship of the act of voiding to hydraulic engineering is, of course, complex and probably will be understood only by those with special training. The books should be read and discussed by residents and practicing urologists, especially in conference and study groups, for the results and
Describing the spread of data II
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Last week’s question discussed sample standard deviation. For a variable such as body mass index (BMI), the sample standard deviation provides a measure of the average difference between the BMI of individuals in the sample and the sample mean.1 

The example used last week was a cohort study: researchers investigated the association between slow walking speed and risk of death in older people.2 A cohort of 3208 French men and women aged over 65 years living in the community were recruited in 1999 and followed for an average of 5.1 years.

At baseline the cohort had a mean BMI of 25.6 kg m-2 with a standard deviation of 4.0 kg m-2. The …
Marshall's Physiology of Reproduction
Authors: S. Berger
Journal: JAMA (1967)

A very welcome third edition of this superb British text has finally been delivered after too-prolonged a labor (the second edition appeared in 1922). Written by eight distinguished contributors under the editorship of Dr. Parkes, this work is at once the most readable and comprehensive treatment of the endocrinology of mammalian reproduction extant. It was the stated aim "not to skim off the surface of current knowledge, but to present knowledge in the perspective of its past development and probable future." And this they did. They recount with clarity the crucial early experiments on which the field rests. Confirming and contrary evidence is reviewed and the reader's insight grows with the field. The work was not intended to be a "Recent Progress in—"; it was, rather, the hope that "although the book will cease to be up-to-date, it will not get out of date." Hence, to cite specific omissions of
Noise and stress: a comprehensive approach.
Authors: J C Westman, J R Walters
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1981)

The fundamental purposes of hearing are to alert and to warn. As a result sound directly evokes emotions and actions. The processing of sound by the brain is outlined to provide a biological and psychological basis for understanding the way in which sound can become a human stressor. The auditory orienting response, startle reflex and defensive response translate sound stimuli into action and sometimes into stress induced bodily changes through
The regulation of human MMP-13 by licofelone, an inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase, in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes is mediated by the inhibition of the p38 MAP kinase signalling pathway
Authors: C Boileau
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2004)

<b>Background:</b> MMP-13 is one of the most important metalloproteases (MMP) involved in osteoarthritis. Licofelone, a novel dual inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenases (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), can modulate MMP-13 production in human osteoarthritis chondrocytes. <b>Objective:</b> To evaluate the impact of licofelone on MMP-13 expression/production, promoter, and major MAP kinase signalling pathways and transcription factors. <b>Methods:</b> Human osteoarthritis chondrocytes were stimulated by interleukin 1β (IL1β) and treated with or without: licofelone (0.3, 1, or 3 μg/ml); NS-398 (10 μM; a specific COX-2 inhibitor); or BayX-1005 (10 μM; a specific 5-LOX inhibitor). MMP-13 synthesis was determined by specific enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, and expression by real time polymerase chain reaction. The effect of licofelone on the MMP-13 promoter was studied through transient transfection; dexamethasone (10<sup>−7</sup> M) was used as comparison. The effect on IL1β induced MMP-13 signalling pathways was determined using specific ELISA for phosphorylated MAP kinases and transcription factors. <b>Results:</b> Licofelone dose dependently inhibited the IL1β stimulated production and expression of MMP-13. NS-398 and BayX-1005 had very little effect. Licofelone also inhibited MMP-13 transcription on each of the promoter constructs used. The licofelone inhibition was comparable to that obtained with dexamethasone. Licofelone had no effect on phosphorylated p44/42 or JNK1/2; however, it decreased phosphorylated c-jun and inhibited phosphorylated p38, CREB, and AP-1 activity. <b>Conclusions:</b> Licofelone inhibited MMP-13 production under proinflammatory conditions on human osteoarthritis chondrocytes, through inhibition of the p38/AP-1 pathway and the transcription factor CREB. This may explain some of the mechanisms whereby licofelone exerts its positive effect on osteoarthritic changes.
Spontaneous oxygen radical generation by sickle erythrocytes.
Authors: R P Hebbel, J W Eaton, M Balasingam, M H Steinberg
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

Since the various membrane abnormalities of sickle erythrocytes might result from excessive accumulation of oxidant damage, we have measured the generation of superoxide, peroxide, and hydroxyl radical by normal and sickle erythrocytes using assays involving reduction of cytochrome c, aminotriazole inhibition of catalase, and methane evolution from dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively. Compared with normal erythrocytes, sickle erythrocytes spontaneously generate approximately twice as much superoxide, peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. One possible source of hydroxyl radical generation was identified as hemichrome, excessive amounts of which are bound to sickle erythrocyte membranes. Hemichrome did not generate hydroxyl radical when exposed to superoxide alone or peroxide alone. However, in the presence of both superoxide and peroxide, hemichrome greatly facilitated hydroxyl radical generation. Supporting this, normal erythrocyte membranes induced to acquire sickle hemichrome concomitantly acquired an enhanced ability to mediate hydroxyl radical generation. Finally, sickle erythrocyte membranes greatly enhanced superoxide/peroxide-driven hydroxyl radical generation as compared with normal erythrocyte membranes. These data suggest that an excessive accumulation of oxidant damage in sickle erythrocyte membranes might contribute to the accelerated membrane senescence of these cells. They further indicate that accumulation of oxidant damage could be a determinant of normal erythrocyte membrane senescence.
Low-molecular-weight S-nitrosothiols and blood vessel injury
Authors: Philip A. Marsden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

S-nitrosothiol signaling reactions are argued to play key modulatory roles in mediating the actions of NOS in health and disease. A report by Palmer et al. in this issue of the JCI provides new insight into the in vivo biology of S-nitrosothiols (see the related article beginning on page 2592). The authors examine the chronic effects of exogenous nitrosothiol therapy and demonstrate that the commonly used antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) induces pulmonary arterial hypertension in mice. Importantly, the authors argue that the vascular pathology they observe in the lungs of these animals is functionally and morphologically equivalent to that observed in chronic hypoxia. These findings raise the concern that chronic NAC therapy may induce similar vascular pathology in patients.
Tests to establish the diagnosis in cholinergic urticaria
Authors: C.A. COMMENS, M.W. GREAVES
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1978)

Methods for establishing the diagnosis in cholinergic urticaria are reviewed and compared. Provocation by exercise or hot bath is more effective than local provocation by intradermal tests. Of the intradermal tests, responses to nicotine acid tartrate and acetyl β methylcholine chloride are positive only in patients with the more severe, readily induced eruptions. Furthermore, intradermal testing is not always reproducible in the same patient. In our patients, exercise proved the simplest, most effective diagnostic test.
Scintigraphic Detection of Bile Leakage After Cholecystectomy
Authors: SIN P. CHAK, SHIV M. GUPTA
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

Radionuclide cholescintigraphy was instrumental in early detection of bile leakage following cholecystectomy in a young woman. Subsequent laparotomy confirmed bile draining at the site of the T-tube drainage of the common duct without a “walled off” biloma. This case emphasizes the benefit of early diagnosis of bile leakage with or without biloma noninvasively by simple hepatobiliary imaging.
A gadget that changed my perspective
Authors: T. Wilson
Journal: BMJ (2001)

Without understanding the impact that illness has on a patient's life, it is difficult to know whether or not the care that you are giving is doing what was intended—reducing the load of disease. We sometimes design medical systems that inadvertently add to the patient's burden, either through complicated schedules—for example, drugs, appointments, or investigations—or difficult treatments (with unwanted effects). How can we understand the effects of disease and the healthcare system on …
Pregnancy Failure and Misoprostol — Time for a Change
Authors: Beverly Winikoff
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Pregnancy failure in the first trimester is one of the commonest reasons for women to seek emergency medical services. Indeed, curettage for this indication was responsible for up to three quarters of all nighttime emergency gynecologic interventions in one review.1 The term “pregnancy failure” is, however, not a clinical one but, rather, describes a range of conditions in which an implanted fertilized ovum ceases to develop to the point of viability. Included in the category of early pregnancy failure are spontaneous abortion (both complete, in which all the products of conception have been expelled, and incomplete, in which some products . . .
Ventricular fibrillation induced by xipamide.
Authors: P Altmann, J J Hamblin
Journal: BMJ (1982)

Xipamide (Diurexan) and indapamide (Natrilix) have been introduced as new antihypertensive agents. They are marketed as being more effective than the thiazide diuretics but not as potent as beta-blockers. They are both thiazide-related, being chemically similar to chlorthalidone. It is claimed that they lower blood pressure without causing an appreciable diuresis, and that the incidence of hypokalaemia in hypertensive patients is much lower than with the other thiazide diuretics. Thus many patients have been started on treatment with one of these two drugs, and they are especially popular with general practitioners because the regimen is one tablet a day.12 Patients who are referred to our outpatient department or who come as inpatients taking these drugs are frequently severely hypokalaemic and moreover are symptomatically so.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Mediated Downregulation of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Drives Pathological Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Signaling in a Mouse Model of Heart Failure
Authors: Anja Meissner, Jingli Yang, Jeffrey T. Kroetsch, Meghan Sauvé, Hendrik Dax, Abdul Momen, M. Hossein Noyan-Ashraf, Scott Heximer, Mansoor Husain, Darcy Lidington, Steffen-Sebastian Bolz
Journal: Circulation (2012)

Background— Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signaling is a central regulator of resistance artery tone. Therefore, S1P levels need to be tightly controlled through the delicate interplay of its generating enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 and its functional antagonist S1P phosphohydrolase-1. The intracellular localization of S1P phosphohydrolase-1 necessitates the import of extracellular S1P into the intracellular compartment before its degradation. The present investigation proposes that the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator transports extracellular S1P and hence modulates microvascular S1P signaling in health and disease. Methods and Results— In cultured murine vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro and isolated murine mesenteric and posterior cerebral resistance arteries ex vivo, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (1) is critical for S1P uptake; (2) modulates S1P-dependent responses; and (3) is downregulated in vitro and in vivo by tumor necrosis factor-α, with significant functional consequences for S1P signaling and vascular tone. In heart failure, tumor necrosis factor-α downregulates the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator across several organs, including the heart, lung, and brain, suggesting that it is a fundamental mechanism with implications for systemic S1P effects. Conclusions— We identify the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator as a critical regulatory site for S1P signaling; its tumor necrosis factor-α–dependent downregulation in heart failure underlies an enhancement in microvascular tone. This molecular mechanism potentially represents a novel and highly strategic therapeutic target for cardiovascular conditions involving inflammation.
Infectious Diseases and Sanitary Law Reform
Authors: J. Lascelles
Journal: BMJ (1873)

seton or an issue; and this not by reason of the discharge from a par- ticular spot, and still less from the draining away of any supposed pec- cant humour, but by virtue of a dynamic impression on the central nerve-ganglia.(a) Some very sudden inflammations of the brain and of the viscera of the chest arc admirably treated bj, rapidl blisters.
Bcl–2 protects from lethal hepatic apoptosis induced by an ant–Fas antibody in mice
Authors: Virginie Lacronique, Alexandre Mignon, Monique Fabre, Benoit Viollet, Nicolas Rouquet, Thierry Molina, Arlette Porteu, Alexandra Henrion, Dldier Bouscary, Paule Varlet, Virginie Joulin, Axel Kahn
Journal: Nature Medicine (1996)
Protein S levels and the risk of venous thrombosis: results from the MEGA case-control study
Authors: Maria Carolina Pintao, Daniel D. Ribeiro, Irene D. Bezemer, Andrea A. Garcia, Marieke C. H. de Visser, Carine J. M. Doggen, Willem M. Lijfering, Pieter H. Reitsma, Frits R. Rosendaal
Journal: Blood (2013)
THE TREATMENT OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS VAGINITIS
Authors: J. P. GREENHILL
Journal: JAMA (1931)

In 1896 Dock and also N. S. Davis each reported that he found<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>in the vagina of one woman.<sup>1</sup>However, the first clinical paper in American literature on the treatment of the vaginal discharge associated with<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>was presented by De Lee<sup>2</sup>in 1920. The second article I<sup>3</sup>read before the Chicago Gynecological Society, Feb. 18, 1928, and it appeared in the<i>American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology</i>the same year. The large number of inquiries that followed indicated that numerous physicians, including many specialists in obstetrics and gynecology, had not known of the existence of a vaginal discharge associated with<i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i>. During the last two years much interest has developed and papers have appeared by Davis and Colwell,<sup>4</sup>Davis,<sup>5</sup>Gustafson,<sup>6</sup>Mathieu,<sup>7</sup>Furniss<sup>8</sup>and Kleegman.<sup>9</sup>Davis and Colwell reported important experimental work, whereas the other papers were
Erratum: Corrigendum: Parallel states of pathological Wnt signaling in neonatal brain injury and colon cancer
Authors: Stephen P J Fancy, Emily P Harrington, Sergio E Baranzini, John C Silbereis, Lawrence R Shiow, Tracy J Yuen, Eric J Huang, Stavros Lomvardas, David H Rowitch
Journal: Nature Neuroscience (2014)