tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Sore Throat—A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Dilemma
Authors: Gene H. Stollerman
Journal: JAMA (1964)

THE MANAGEMENT of acute pharyngitis has become, more than ever, a frustrating experience for the practitioner. Without a throat culture, the differentiation between viral and streptococcal pharyngitis is unsatisfactory. On the other hand, a positive throat culture in itself does not necessarily mean that a significant streptococcal infection is in progress. For example, a patient with viral pharyngitis might be carrying group A streptococci which are not actually causing infection. How then is the clinician to make an accurate diagnosis in time to treat streptococcal disease intelligently? The problem is not insurmountable if he makes throat cultures routinely in all patients whom he examines with nasopharyngitis. <h3>Value of Throat Cultures.—</h3> By making throat cultures in all patients with nasopharyngitis, the physician becomes aware of the epidemiology of the infections he encounters. A throat culture which is negative for β-hemolytic streptococci will exclude the unnecessary and promiscuous use of expensive antibiotics.
Awaiting Autoamputation: A Primary Management Strategy for Toe Gangrene in Diabetic Foot Disease
Authors: Rami Fikri, Colin D. Bicknell, Linda M. Bloomfield, Sean P.R. Lyons, Dunisha G. Samarasinghe, Richard G.J. Gibbs, Jonathan Valabhji
Journal: Diabetes Care (2011)

We have offered subjects with diabetes and toe gangrene in whom initial antibiotic treatment of associated infection has resulted in a well-demarcated, dry gangrenous digit, the choice of surgical amputation or awaiting autoamputation. We performed a retrospective cohort study to assess the effectiveness of the strategy of awaiting autoamputation by assessing subjects presenting to the multidisciplinary diabetes foot clinic between February 2007 and February 2010 in whom this was the primary management strategy. Mann-Whitney and Fisher exact tests were used for comparisons between groups.

We identified 11 such subjects: 7 (64%) were male, 4 (36%) had type 1 diabetes, and median (interquartile range) HbA1c was 8.3% (8.1–8.7). Age and duration of diabetes were bimodally distributed: 41.5 (38.5–48) and 34 (32.5 …
Author's reply to letter by Trewartha and Stokes on available evidence on risk of injury in youth rugby
Authors: M. Carter
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The response to my editorial, much of it from parents of children injured playing rugby, has been extensive and illuminating.1 Trewartha and Stokes’s communication deserves special attention because much of it relates to work sponsored by the sports regulatory body in England.2 I agree that injury prevention initiatives and injury surveys have increased over the past couple of years.

Parents and increasingly some authors suggest that injury is more of a problem than is generally accepted. I make no …
OVER-FED INFANTS; CAUSE, EFFECT, TREATMENT.Read in the Section on Diseases of Children, at the Forty-fifth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association, held at San Francisco, June 5-8, 1894.
Authors: J. A. WORK
Journal: JAMA (1894)

We can say properly, that an infant is over-fed when it fails to digest and assimilate the food furnished it. The natural food for the newborn babe, all things being equal, is the food sent with it—the mother's milk—which for the first two or three days after birth seems, to the inexperienced or unthinking mother or nurse very inadequate to the support of the child, but it is all that the little new creature can possibly, with certainty, digest and assimilate. Too often the mischief is played with the child during the initiatory period of its digestion. It is often difficult for the attendants in the nursery to realize or understand the untried weak condition of the whole digestive and correlative systems of the infant. In fact, we must consider that the whole new being with all its varied systems, both anatomic and physiologic is in a primary rudimentary condition.
Anatomical structure alone cannot predict function
Authors: Dieter Jaeger, Erik De Schutter
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

The central hypothesis of Braitenberg et al.'s target article – that tidal waves of parallel fiber excitation precisely activate Purkinje cell spiking – is hard to reconcile with recent neurophysiological and modeling data. The assumed pattern of mossy fiber input seems unrealistic, inhibition is likely to interfere with the proposed excitatory responses, and moreover, computer simulations show that the Purkinje cell is a poor coincidence detector.
Persistent Inhibition of Platelets During Continuous Nitroglycerin Therapy Despite Hemodynamic Tolerance
Authors: Daniel He´bert, Jian-Xin Xiang, Jules Y.T. Lam
Journal: Circulation (1997)

Nitroglycerin has been shown to possess antiplatelet properties in both animals and humans. Tolerance to the hemodynamic effects of nitroglycerin develops with continuous therapy, but it is unclear whether there is tolerance to its antiplatelet effect.Tolerance to nitroglycerin was studied by exposing porcine aortic media to flowing arterial blood from control pigs (n = 9) or pigs treated with continuous nitroglycerin patches (Nitro-dur, 0.8 mg/h; n = 11) at a shear rate of 3397 s-1 for 3 minutes. Relative to baseline, mean arterial pressure fell by approximately 10% at 3 and 24 hours (P < .05) but returned to baseline at 48 hours of continuous nitroglycerin treatment, whereas no significant changes were observed in control animals. Autologous 51Cr-labeled platelet deposition (x 10(6)/cm2) on the aortic media at baseline and 3, 24, and 48 hours remained stable in control animals, with mean values of 94.8 +/- 5.9, 89.4 +/- 8.3, 89.3 +/- 8.8, and 84.3 +/- 5.7, respectively. However, in pigs treated continuously with nitroglycerin for 48 hours, platelet deposition was reduced significantly at 3 (65.9 +/- 4.8), 24 (63.8 +/- 6.4), and 48 hours (56.5 +/- 7.3) of nitroglycerin treatment compared with baseline (93.1 +/- 3.6). Platelet aggregation induced by thrombin also decreased at 3 (12.4 +/- 1.3), 24 (12.6 +/- 1.7), and 48 hours (10.8 +/- 1.6) of nitroglycerin treatment compared with baseline (16.3 +/- 1.4) but remained unchanged in the control group. Also, nitroglycerin treatment increased intraplatelet cGMP at 3, 24, and 48 hours compared with baseline.This study demonstrates the persistent inhibition of platelet function and platelet deposition on an injured arterial wall by continuous nitroglycerin therapy despite hemodynamic tolerance.
Abstract 49: Zinc finger protein 185 is a key molecule of liver metastasis in colon cancer
Authors: Daisuke Furukawa, Tsuyoshi Chijiwa, Masahiro Matsuyama, Masaya Mukai, Ei-ichi Matsuo, Osamu Nishimura, Kenji Kawai, Hiroshi Suemizu, Nobuyoshi Hiraoka, Toshio Nakagohri, Seiei Yasuda, Masato Nakamura
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract Colorectal cancer is among the three leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Nearly 50% of patients with colon cancer develop liver metastases. Mortality associated with the advanced stage of colon cancer has principally been attributed to the development of liver metastases. Therefore, clarifying the biological mechanisms underlying liver metastasis from colon cancer and accelerating the development of new treatment strategies are needed. We isolated Zinc finger protein 185 (ZNF185) as a metastasis-related protein by global quantitative proteome analysis of the in vivo liver metastasis model of super immunodeficient NOG mice with the highly liver-metastatic subline SW48-LM2 (Matsuo E, et al. AACR, #3947, 2008). LIM domain proteins have many fundamental biological processes including cell lineage specification, cytoskeleton organization, and organ development. ZNF185 is one of the LIM domain proteins and is considered to be involved in regulating cellular differentiation and/or proliferation. However, the functions and properties of ZNF185 in the multi-step process of cancer biology have not yet been elucidated in detail. In the present study, we analyzed the relationships between ZNF185 and the clinicopathological features of colon cancer (age, gender, histological type, lymphatic involvement, venous involvement, T and N statuses, liver metastasis, and stage). The expression of the ZNF185 protein was immunohistochemically analyzed. The expression of ZNF185 was detected in the cancer cells of 78 of 87 colon cancer patients. A correlation was observed between ZNF185 and the histological type (p=0.010, G-test). The expression of ZNF185 was also correlated with liver metastasis (p=0.030, G-test). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model was performed among the cause-specific survival rate, ZNF185 expression, and clinicopathological features. The histological type, liver metastasis, and ZNF185 expression were found to be independent prognostic indicators (p= 0.028, p&amp;lt;0.0001, p=0.036, respectively). ZNF185 expression was found to be an independent indicator of liver metastasis and prognosis in colon cancer. Citation Format: Daisuke Furukawa, Tsuyoshi Chijiwa, Masahiro Matsuyama, Masaya Mukai, Ei-ichi Matsuo, Osamu Nishimura, Kenji Kawai, Hiroshi Suemizu, Nobuyoshi Hiraoka, Toshio Nakagohri, Seiei Yasuda, Masato Nakamura. Zinc finger protein 185 is a key molecule of liver metastasis in colon cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 49. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-49
<i>Circulation Research</i>
Authors: Robert B. Jennings
Journal: Circulation Research (2003)

n the early 1950s, the leadership of the American Heart Association recognized that much more fundamental knowledge of basic cardiovascular function was required if one was going to improve the treatment and diagnosis of heart disease.They believed that a journal dedicated to basic research on the circulation would foster an increased understanding of the cardiovascular system and founded Circulation Research.In 1953, when volume 1 of Circulation Research was published, the basic sciences relevant to cardiovascular research such as physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, and pathology all had journals that were devoted to these disciplines in which there were scattered studies on the heart and circulation.However, these studies were not always read by basic scientists in other disciplines, and the field lacked a journal devoted primarily to understanding how the cardiovascular system worked in health and disease.
GMC will take responsibility for postgraduate medical training from 2010
Authors: Zosia Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2008)

The government has agreed in principle that the General Medical Council, the medical profession's regulator, will take over responsibility for postgraduate medical training in the United Kingdom.The move to assimilate the Postgraduate Medical and Training Board within the GMC-which will not go ahead before 2010-has been welcomed by Graeme Catto, the council's president.Sir Graeme said, "The merger will bring under one roof the regulation of all stages of medical education and will deliver real benefits for patients and the public, as well as for the medical profession."He added that the board, which was set up in autumn 2005, had made an important contribution to postgraduate medical education in the UK and promised to maintain the momentum it had generated.However, in a statement the Royal College of Surgeons of England expressed its disappointment at the slow timetable for implementing the change."We are pleased with the acceptance that PMETB [the Postgraduate Medical Education and Training Board] will become part of the GMC.However, it is disappointing that no opportunity can apparently be found to carry out this badly needed reform until 2010," it said.Altogether the government agreed (or agreed in principle) to 24 of 47 recommendations made by John Tooke in the report of his inquiry into the reform of Modernising Medical Careers (MMC), which was published in January (BMJ 2008;336:61, 12 Jan).Other proposals were put on hold for "further consideration" or were dismissed as the responsibility of other organisations.Proposals that were agreed in principle are to be evaluated as part of the next stage review, being carried out by health minister Lord Darzi and due to be published in June.Alan Johnson, the health secretary, said that his department needed more time to consider one of the late additions to the list of recommendations, the proposal to set up a new independent body, provisionally called NHS Medical Education England, GMC will take responsibility for postgraduate medical training, as advised by Tooke report UK NEWS Deaths from cancer fall after 20 years of screening in England, p 527 WorlD NEWS European Commission looks into possible restrictive practices by drug companies, p 524 bmj.com london GPs express fear over Darzi's proposals for the capital
Transplantation in HCV: whither immunosuppression
Authors: T BIZOLLON, C TREPO
Journal: Gut (1999)

See article on page 427 

Cirrhosis due to hepatitis C (HCV) is now the most common indication for liver transplantation in western Europe and the United States. Given the absence of effective prophylaxis, recurrent HCV infection is almost inevitable. Although the natural history and outcome of recurrent HCV infection are now better documented, the factors which influence the recurrence of hepatitis and its subsequent progression are still unclear.1 In fact, the variation in the consequences of liver disease associated with recurrent HCV infection suggest that several viral and host factors are important in determining clinical outcome. Despite the rapid growth in knowledge of the molecular biology of hepatitis C, our understanding of the immunopathology of chronic HCV infection is still poor. Immunosuppression may well be the single most important factor responsible for variations in clinical outcome. Evidence of its potential involvement includes a more aggressive histological picture in non-transplanted patients with congenital or acquired immunodeficiency2 3 as well as among liver transplant recipients who require treatment with steroid boluses for acute rejection.4 In the transplant setting, however, there are conflicting reports of the effects …
Implantation of Placental Tissue in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis : Preliminary Report
Authors: R. M. Lintz
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1954)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Sexual health is a major issue for young people, and there is a need to promote it. Sexual health promotion messages may be included in Netflix series that are widely watched by young people, with important emotional dimensions in scenarios. <h3>Objective</h3> The aim of this study is to investigate the explicit sexual health promotion messages integrated in Netflix series popular among young people, and to describe them and how they are delivered. <h3>Methods</h3> We selected two types of Netflix series, aimed at young people: (1) series whose synopsis is mainly about sexual health and (2) all-subject series. We extracted data from 65 episodes of 6 of the most-watched Netflix series. We used a data extraction grid on EpiData. We analysed sexual health themes and sexual health promotion messages. We described the series and listed all the sexual health and other health themes discussed. For each promotion message, we described scene contents and extracted dialogues. <h3>Results</h3> We found 62 promotion messages in the 6 analysed series. The two series that highlight sexual health in their synopsis account for 81% (n=50/62) of these identified promotion messages. Messages mainly focus on sexual harassment and violence (19%), on sexually transmitted infections protection (18%) and on contraception (15%). Messages are mainly delivered as verbal information, and mostly feature 16–18 years old characters in school. Analysis highlighted four main points concerning scenarios in these series: (1) there are different ways to deliver sexual health promotion messages; (2) there is depiction of negative value judgements and gender norms; (3) some information may be incomplete or misleading and (4) risky behaviours are represented. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Netflix series incorporate diverse sexual health promotion messages for young people. Further research could assess how these messages are perceived and whether they increase the knowledge, skills and positive health behaviours of young people.
Updated Hodgkin's Disease: B. Curability of Localized Disease
Authors: Philip Rubin
Journal: JAMA (1973)

The ability of irradiation to cure localized Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas is beyond debate. The problem is to determine in which patients the apparently localized disease is truly confined to the nodal sites. The current controversy in therapeutic management of localized Hodgkin's disease with radiation is whether it is preferable to treat selected sites only, or most of the lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue on both sides of the diaphragm. An elaborate diagnostic work-up that includes pedal lymphangiography, laparotomy, splenectomy, biopsies of the lymph node and liver, scanning the bone and bone marrow, and biopsy of the bone marrow may yield information pertinent to this decision. Careful documentation of patterns of recurrence after utilizing various field arrangements and effective doses of radiation therapy is also important. The primary therapeutic decision in Hodgkin's disease rests on the oncologist's estimation of the difference between the initial clinical appearance of the extent of
Observations on Benzedrine
Authors: E. Guttmann, W. Sargant
Journal: BMJ (1937)

Benzedrine was first introduced into therapeutics by Prinzmetal and Bloomberg (1935) for the treatment of narcolepsy. They found it more efficacious than ephe drine in bringing about symptomatic relief in this con dition, and their claim has.subsequently been confirmed. When they began their work little was known of the effects of the drug on man, though some physiological investigations had already been made on animals (Alles, 1933 ; Prinzmetal, 1933). In the same year Peoples and Guttmann made an independent study of its pharma cological actions at the Maudsley Hospital. Certain hitherto unrecorded psychological effects resulting from the administration of the drug to man were observed. In a preliminary report (Peoples and Guttmann, 1936) on these findings it was suggested that benzedrine might have therapeutic applications other than the treatment of narcolepsy. Numerous people have since experimented with the drug and a few have already indicated their findings, some workers confining their investigations to its use in depression, and others dealing with its wider psycho physiological actions (Guttmann, 1936 ; Myerson, 1936, 1937; Myerson and Ritvo, 1936; Nathanson, 1937; Solomon and Prinzmetal, 1937) ; one paper has specially stressed possible dangers and contraindications (Anderson and Scott, 1936). It is the purpose of this paper to report further per sonal observations of an experimental and therapeutic nature which have been collected since the preliminary communication on this subject (Peoples and Guttmann, 1936). Benzedrine has now been given to over 250 in patients, out-patients, and normal subjects at this hospital ; in a proportion of these only the subjective and objective results of administration have been noted, but in more than a hundred cases systematic experiments were carried out.
Moderate Exercise for Improvement in 6-Minute Walk Test Performance in Stable Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Baruch Narotzki, Abraham Z. Reznick, Yishai Levy
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

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Delaying HIV treatment increases risk of mortality
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Delaying the start of antiretroviral treatment in people with a CD4 T cell count of between 351 and 500 raises the risk of mortality by 70%, concludes an as yet unpublished analysis of data from 22 HIV cohort studies in the United States and Canada.

Opinions on when to start treatment for HIV have oscillated between “hit it early, hit it hard”—which came into vogue with the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the mid-1990s—and retrenchment to a more cautious approach as the side effects of HAART became more evident.

The pendulum began to swing back to more aggressive treatment with the approval of newer drugs that were more tolerable and carried fewer long term risks. The findings from this new study are sure to nudge …
Infant mortality, stomach cancer, stroke, and coronary heart disease: ecological analysis
Authors: D. A Leon
Journal: BMJ (2000)

accurately diagnose myocardial damage in the first few hours after presentation, 4 logical combination of biochemical, clinical, and electrocardiographic data may improve early diagnosis. 5 The clinical situation is evolving, and it may be justified to admit patients to a low dependency observation area for serial electrocardiography and biochemical tests. 6 7Accurate diagnosis could be made within 12 hours in most cases.Finally, urgent follow up of all discharged patients in whom cardiac disease was not fully excluded could be justified as a routine.Measurement of troponin T or I, along with repeat electrocardiography, would certainly help to ensure that high risk patients were not missed.