tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Analysis from inner London of deprivation payments based on enumeration districts rather than wards
Authors: T. Crayford, J. Shanks, M. Bajekal, S. Langford
Journal: BMJ (1995)

To estimate the effect of calculating the Jarman index using the smaller geographical unit of the census enumeration district on the changes in deprivation payments made to general practitioners. The Jarman index, or underprivileged area score, is used to calculate the allowance that general practices in the United Kingdom receive for each patient registered with them who lives in an area of relative social deprivation. Current values of the Jarman score are derived from the 1981 census and are based on electoral wards. The change in payments to some practices brought about by using data from the 1991 census may cause severe financial hardship.Jarman indices for wards and enumeration districts from the 1981 and 1991 censuses were used to calculate the payments made to 169 practices in Lambeth, Southwark, and Lewisham; the changes in payments under ward and enumeration district based schemes were then compared.Standard deviations of the changes in payments to practices. Extreme values of changes in payments.The standard deviation of the change in payment between the two censuses was 6365 pounds with the enumeration district Jarman index, whereas it was 9452 pounds under the ward based scheme. If the ward based scheme is used 10 practices would find their payments changed by over 20,000 pounds, whereas only two practices would have changed by more than this amount under the scheme based on enumeration districts.The Jarman index could be more sensitively and appropriately applied to calculate the deprivation payments that practices receive using the census enumeration district as its unit for calculation. This would result in fewer precipitate changes in payments when census data change every 10 years.
Adequate energy‐protein intake is not enough to improve nutritional and metabolic status in muscle‐depleted patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Roberto Aquilani, Cristina Opasich, Alessandra Gualco, Manuela Verri, Amidio Testa, Evasio Pasini, Simona Viglio, Paolo Iadarola, Ornella Pastoris, Maurizia Dossena, Federica Boschi
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2008)
Treatment of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngotonsillitis-Reply
Authors: Raoul L. Wientzen
Journal: JAMA (1982)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> We await anxiously the result of ongoing work by Dr Brook and the confirmation of his data by others. At this time we believe it is premature to abandon penicillin treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis.
The Dawning Era of Personalized Medicine Exposes a Gap in Medical Education
Authors: Keyan Salari
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

As personal genetic information becomes an increasingly frequent component of the patient medical record, it is crucial that medical students be trained to use and interpret this information appropriately and responsibly.Here, I argue the need for medical education reform that equips physicians with the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required to practice personalized medicine.The Student Forum is for medical students to give their perspective on any topic related to health or medicine.
SULFATHIAZOLE OINTMENT IN THE TREATMENT OF CUTANEOUS INFECTIONS
Authors: EDMUND L. KEENEY
Journal: JAMA (1941)

Sulfathiazole administered orally, or parenterally as its sodium salt, is effective in the treatment of many serious infections. Sulfathiazole administered locally in an ointment base should be effective in the treatment of pyogenic cutaneous infections. Actually the sulfonamide drug to be incorporated in an ointment base should not be selected until a culture from the infected area has been taken and the type of invading organism has been determined. However, it is rarely possible to obtain uncontaminated cultures from cutaneous lesions and since the staphylococcus and, to a lesser extent, the streptococcus are the most frequent invaders of cutaneous lesions, sulfathiazole seemed to be the sulfonamide drug of choice for local application in an ointment base.  A 5 per cent sulfathiazole ointment was prepared by suspending finely powdered sulfathiazole, which had been sifted also through bolting cloth to remove large crystals, into equal parts of hydrous wool fat and vanishing
CONTRIBUTIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY TO PSYCHIATRY
Authors: ALLEN HODGES, JOHN HAWKINSON
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1956)

In order to obtain some indication of psychologists' contributions to the field of psychiatry, a review was made of 1,319 articles appearing in the American Journal of Psychiatry during the past 11 years. While no significant numerical trends appear during the period studied, the following conclusions can be made. 1. Articles authored by psychologists ranged from 1.5% in 1944 to 5.4% in 1951. Forty-one, or about 3% of the total articles, were authored by psychologists. 2. Articles in which psychologists were listed as co-authors ranged from 4.6% in 1944 to 10.6% in 1947. Of the 1,319 articles reviewed, 97 or approximately 7% were coauthored by psychologists. 3. All in all, psychologists had a hand in 138 or 10% of the 1,319 contributions published in the American Journal of Psychiatry during the 11-year period studied.
THE LATENT PERIOD IN THE GROWTH OF BACTERIA
Authors: Alan M. Chesney
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1916)

1. Cultures of Diplococcus pneumoniae, Bacillus coli, Bacillus fluorescens liquefaciens and Bacillus prodigiosus, when grown in meat infusion broth exhibit an initial latent period when the culture used for inoculation is no longer growing at its maximum rate; if, however, the culture is growing at its most rapid rate the bacteria, upon subculture, show no latent period but continue to multiply at the same rate as that of the parent culture. 2. If broth cultures of pneumococcus are centrifuged at the beginning of the period of maximum rate of growth, the bacteria remaining in the supernatant fluid continue to grow at a rapid rate upon further incubation; if, however, the culture is centrifuged at the end of the period of maximum rate of growth, those bacteria which remain in the supernatant fluid show a prolonged latent period, during which many of the organisms die. While the death of these bacteria is taking place the process follows closely the law of unimolecular reactions. 3. Actively growing pneumococci inoculated into the supernatant fluid from a 4 day culture of the same strain continue to grow rapidly for an appreciable time after inoculation. 4. Filtrates from 24 hour cultures of pneumococcus inhibit the further growth of actively growing pneumococci when the latter are inoculated into such filtrates. This inhibitory action of the filtrates is lost in part as the culture from which the filtrate is obtained is allowed to incubate longer. 5. Actively growing pneumococci, after exposure at low temperatures to the action of the filtrate of a 24 hour broth culture of the same strain, show a greater lag than the controls. 6. The foregoing facts offer strong support for the view that lag is an expression of injury which the bacterial cell has sustained from its previous environment.
The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: MICHAEL S. GOTTLIEB
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Recently, a new epidemic illness, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, has dramatically emerged in the United States, Europe, and Haiti. The syndrome represents an unprecedented epidemic form of immunodeficiency involving prominent defects of the T-lymphocyte arm of the immune system. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, other opportunistic infections, and the previously rare cancer, Kaposi's sarcoma, are the most conspicuous illnesses that have this profound state of immune compromise as their underlying basis. Two years after the onset of clinical illness the case-fatality rate may exceed 90%. A steadily growing body of epidemiologic evidence indicates an infectious (probably viral) cause of the immunodeficiency although the responsible agent(s) remains obscure. Critical issues surrounding the diagnosis, screening of blood products, treatment of complicating infections and cancers, and prognosis for immunologic recovery in affected persons are unresolved. The identification of the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the institution of effective preventive measures require the urgent attention of the medical and scientific community worldwide.
The Evolving Landscape of the Economics of HIV Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Bohdan Nosyk, Julio S. G. Montaner
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2012)

BN is a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Bisby Fellow, and also supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research. Since 2011, JSGM has received grants from antiretroviral manufacturers Abbott, Biolytical, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Gilead Sciences, Janssen, Merck, and ViiV Healthcare. JSGM is also supported by the Ministry of Health Services and the Ministry of Healthy Living and Sport, Province of British Columbia, Canada (2009); by a Knowledge Translation Award from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR-2010); and through an Avant-Garde Award (No. 1DP1DA026182-01) from the National Institute of Drug Abuse at the US National Institutes of Health (2008–2013). During 2011 to present, JSGM has received support from the International AIDS Society, United Nations AIDS Program, World Health Organization, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Research-Office of AIDS Research, National Institute of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, The United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPfAR), Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, French National Agency for Research on AIDS & Viral Hepatitis (ANRS), and Public Health Agency of Canada.



No specific funding was received for writing this article.



Provenance: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Pressure-volume relation around zero transmural pressure in excised cross-circulated dog left ventricle.
Authors: H Suga, Y Yasumura, T Nozawa, S Futaki, N Tanaka
Journal: Circulation Research (1988)

Left ventricular (LV) pressure-volume (PV) relations of quasi-isobaric contractions around zero transmural pressure were studied with a new volumetric method. Left ventricles of isolated cross-circulated dog hearts were connected to a large air tank through the mitral annulus. The volume of the air space was changed with a volume servo pump to oscillate the transmural pressure (P) around zero. Instantaneous LV volume (V) was computed from P by Boyle's law (P.V = constant) to draw the PV trajectories of the isobaric contractions. The end-systolic PV relation (ESPVR) and end-diastolic PV relation (EDPVR) curves intercepted the volume axis at two different volumes (Vo and Vu, respectively). The slopes of both ESPVR and EDPVR curves as well as Vo and Vu were variably influenced by positive and negative inotropic states, heart rate changes, arrhythmias, ischemia, and rigor. In control before any interventions, LV stroke and suction volume (delta V = Vu - Vo) at zero P was 7.5 +/- 2.5 (SD) ml/100 g left ventricle, which changed with the changes in Vo and Vu. delta V decreased with decreases in P from zero and virtually vanished at a pressure (Pn) of -9.5 +/- 2.0 mm Hg. Directly measured LV dead volume (Vd) at Pn was 4.1 +/- 1.3 ml/100 g. The results seem essential for evaluation of LV filling and suction during diastole.
Influenza pathogenesis: Club cells take the “cure”
Authors: Thomas Braciale, Taeg Kim
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2014)

![Figure][1] 

Insight from Thomas Braciale (left) and Taeg Kim



The illness that follows influenza A virus (IAV) infection results from both direct effects of IAV replication in the respiratory tract (RT) and from sequelae of the host immune response. The virus directly induces apoptosis or
Concise Management of the Common Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: A. G. Mowat
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1980)

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases Amoxycillin 250 mg 8 hourly (7 subjects); flucloxacil- lin 250 mg 6 hourly (6 subjects); fucidic acid 250 mg 6 hourly (6 subjects); cephradine 500 mg 6 hourly (6 subjects).Samples of SF and blood were with- drawn at 0, 30, 45, 60, 90 minutes and 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36 hours.Antibiotic concentrations were measured by quantitative bioassay.With these doses
THEOBROMINE SODIUM SALICYLATE AS A VASODILATOR 1
Authors: Teresa McGovern, Ellen McDevitt, Irving S. Wright
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1936)

The object of our investigation was to cor- roborate, if possible, the claims made for theo- bromine and its salts as efficient vasodilators, suitable for use in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease.The xanthine group has been investigated pharmacologically by many workers.Not all agree, however, on the coronary and circulatory effect.Sollman (1) states, "Its most important action is vasodilatation, by direct action on the vessels with moderate doses."Heathcote (2) finds that coronary flow is considerably increased in pro- fused hearts, while Bock (3) states ". . . the action of caffeine is due to a depressant action on the vagus nerve endings."On the other hand, Smith and his co-workers (4) state that theo- bromine-sodio-salicylate in dilutions of 1: 25,000 produced no change, or even decreased the cor- onary flow.It is not, therefore, surprising that the clinicians differ in the estimate as to the action of this group of drugs.Theobromine has been in use for many years.Askanazy (5) forty years ago used it to relieve the pain of angina pectoris.Neuhof (6) twenty-two years ago used 40 cc. of a 5 per cent solution of theobromine-sodio-salicylate intrave- nously in cases of edema due to cardiorenal dis- ease, and in some other types of renal disease, claiming favorable results.A careful study of this work, however, reveals that the results re- ported cannot be attributed to the drug alone, since Neuhof employed concomitantly therapeutic measures, any one of which might have accomplished the same results.Dock (7) in 1926 wrote, " In most cases of angina no relief was given, but in an important minority relief was immediate and complete.In one case of inter- mittent claudication due to arteriosclerosis com- plete and lasting results were noted."Scupham, in 1931 (8), reported favorably on the theobro-
Nutritional support: how much for how much?
Authors: R L Koretz
Journal: Gut (1986)

Although malnutrition is associated with poor clinical outcome, it cannot be inferred that better nutrition will improve clinical outcome. Efficacy of a proposed regimen is best established by prospective, randomised, controlled trials. Cost effectiveness is only an issue if efficacy exists. Patients with long term temporary, or permanent, inadequate bowel syndrome are candidates for parenteral nutrition. Most of the prospective, randomised, controlled trials testing the value of nutritional support in other diseases, however, have failed to show that this treatment has a beneficial clinical effect. Areas where these trials have shown a possible clinical benefit include the perioperative care of patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer, elemental diet treatment of Crohn9s disease, and branched chain amino acid infusions in hepatic encephalopathy. Even in these instances, it is not clear that such treatment will prove to be cost effective (compared with other currently available treatments).
Computer-assisted Imaging and Display for Biliary Leak Detection
Authors: HELENA R. BALON, CONRAD E. NAGLE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1992)

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with Tc-99m IDA derivatives is a well-established imaging technique for the detection of various biliary tract disorders, including bile leaks. The most common cause of bile extravasation is biliary surgery, followed by penetrating abdominal trauma. Blunt abdominal injury and acute inflammation are rarer causes. A case of biliary extravasation caused by penetrating trauma is presented in which early identification of the leak and its she was made possible by dynamic display of the computer-acquired data.
870 EPIGENETIC REGULATION OF CELLULAR TARGET GENES BY HBX: A CHROMATIN-IMMUNOPRECIPITATION (CHIP AND CHIP-SEQ) STUDY TO DEFINE THE HBX TRANSCRIPTOME IN HBV REPLICATING HCC CELLS
Authors: F. Guerrieri, L. Belloni, V. Schinzari, C.S. Scisciani, T. Pollicino, G. Raimondo, M. Levrero
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Cutaneous warts in butchers
Authors: M. KEEFE, A. AL-GHAMDI, D. COGGON, N.J. MAITLAND, P. EGGER, C.J. KEEFE, A. CAREY, C.M. SANDERS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1994)

Summary Several studies have indicated a high prevalence of hand warts in meat handlers, although the reasons for this are not clear. The high prevalence may be partly due to HPV7, a virus found almost exclusively in meat handlers, but the source of HPV7 is not known. We have carried out a cross-sectional survey of hand warts in male meat workers and controls from other occupational groups, to investigate the reasons for the high prevalence of warts, and particularly of HPV7, in butchers. We studied 240 abattoir workers. 246 retail and wholesale butchers, 308 engineering fitters and 292 office workers. Each subject was interviewed using a standard questionnaire, and his hands were examined by a dermatologist. Scrapings from the warts were tested for HPV1, HPV2 and HPV7 by a polymerase chain reaction method. The prevalence of hand warts was 33·3% in the abattoir workers, 34·1% in the butchers, 19·5% in the engineers and 14·7% in the office workers. Scrapings were taken from 247 of 267 subjects with warts, and HPV DNA was detected in 151 samples. The most common viruses were HPV2 (94 men) and HPV7 (76 men). The excess of warts in meat workers was largely due to HPV7, which was found in only two of the office workers, and was not found in any of the engineers. Logistic regression analysis showed no association between the prevalence of hand warts (or HPV2 and HPV7 specifically) and hand trauma, cold and wet working conditions, smoking, atopy, or handling any particular kind of meat. We suggest that some constituent of animal flesh predisposes to replication of HPV7 in keratinized epithelium.
Abstract 4371: PI3K/Akt/JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway is a mediator for arsenite-induced cyclin D1 expression and cell growth in human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: Tongjian Cai, Zhenghong Zuo, Jin Ding, Dongyun Zhang, Jingxia Li, Chuanshu Huang
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Arsenite exposure is associated with an increased risk of lung cancers. Although efforts have been made, the precise mechanisms of the arsenite-induced lung carcinogenesis remain enigmatic. Aberrant cyclin D1 expression is an early event in carcinogenesis often accompanies human malignancies in the lung. Our previous study has shown that arsenite was able to induce cyclin D1 expression in human keratinocyte HaCat and mouse epidermal Cl41 cells to promote cell cycle transition, cell proliferation and transformation, which accounts for its ability to induce skin carcinogenesis. However, the role of Cyclin D1 underlying the arsenite-induced human lung carcinogenesis remain elusive. In the present study, arsenite exposure induced the cell cycle transition, resulting in growth promotion of human bronchial epithelial cells. The promoter activity and the expression of cyclin D1 were augmented in response to arsenite treatment. To further evaluate the effect of cyclin D1 in arsenite-induced cell proliferation, a cyclin D1 siRNA construct was stably introduced into Beas-2B cells. The siRNA blocked the induction/expression of cyclin D1. It has been reported that JNKs mediate the cyclin D1 expression in hematopoietic cells. Therefore, we investigated the potential contribution of JNKs to cyclin D1 expression induced by arsenite. Our results strongly suggest that JNK1 is a major kinase responsible for maintaining the basal level of C-Jun phosphorylation, and both JNK1 and JNK2 are critical for arsenite-induced C-Jun phosphorylation. Moreover, using a loss of function mutant Dp85 or DN-Akt, we demonstrated that the PI-3K/Akt pathway was involved in arsenite-induced upregulation of cyclin D1 and cell proliferation. The introduction of Dp85 or DN-Akt into the cells also inhibited JNKs activation as well as c-Jun phosphorylation, while the growth promotion induced by arsenite was significantly inhibited by the PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 and JNK inhibitor, or by over expression of DN-Akt. Overall, our data suggest a signaling pathway of PI-3K/Akt/JNK/c-Jun/cylin D1 signaling in response to arsenite in human bronchial epithelial cells, which leading to the growth promotion. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4371.
Gallbladder motility and CCK release during intermittent and continuous administration of SMS201-995 in acromegalics
Authors: M.F.J. Stolk, K.J. van Erpecum, W.I. de Brain, H. Koppcschaar, J.M.B.J. Jansen, C.B.H.W. Lamers, G.P. van Berge Henegouwen
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1991)
Hold on the amputation: reply from authors
Authors: C.M. Dobson, R.M. Azurdia, C.M. King
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Journal Article Hold on the amputation: reply from authors Get access C.M. Dobson, C.M. Dobson Departments of Dermatology andHistopathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, U.K. E‐mail: cdobson8@hotmail.com Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.M. Azurdia, R.M. Azurdia Departments of Dermatology and Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C.M. King C.M. King Departments of Dermatology and Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 148, Issue 5, 1 May 2003, Pages 1078–1079, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05276.x Published: 01 May 2003
SCROFULOUS ULCERS OF THE LEGS (BAZIN'S MALADY): SUCCESSFULLY TREATED BY HIGH-FREQUENCY CURRENTS
Authors: W. F. Somerville
Journal: BMJ (1905)

2. In Class A the average number of days is greater than in Class B, or, in other words, those in which the date of delivery is after the estimated date are nearer the latter than those in Class A.I argue, tben, from these facts that, in Naegeli's method, the number of days added on is too great, and that by adding fewer days a still nearer approximation to the date of delivery might be got, and this conclusion comes into line with the average length of gestation arrived at from the authorities quoted above, which is less than that given by Naegeli.If two days less be added the result corresponds both to the average length of pregnancy which I have quoted, and with the average (practically) in Class A.Where available-which, unfortunately, is seldom-Lowenhardt's method will be found to be more accurate than Naegeli's, and the two will be found to correspond almost exactly.provided two days fewer are added to the latter.In fifty other cases which I calculated by L6wenhardt's method, the date of delivery was in all within i.6 days of the estimated date.Lowenhardt's method consists in counting the number of: days between the last menstrual period and the one pre- celing that and multiplying by ten.The date can then be got by tables.