tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Excess Mortality in Refugee and Displaced Populations in Developing Countries
Authors: Michael J. Toole
Journal: JAMA (1990)

More than 30 million refugees and internally displaced persons in developing countries are currently dependent on international relief assistance for their survival. Most of this assistance is provided by Western nations such as the United States. Mortality rates in these populations during the acute phase of displacement have been extremely high, up to 60 times the expected rates. Displaced populations in northern Ethiopia (1985) and southern Sudan (1988) have suffered the highest crude mortality rates. Although mortality rates have risen in all age groups, excess mortality has been the greatest in 1- through 14-year-old children. The major causes of death have been measles, diarrheal diseases, acute respiratory tract infections, and malaria. Case-fatality ratios for these diseases have risen due to the prevalence of both protein-energy malnutrition and certain micronutrient deficiencies. Despite current technical knowledge and resources, several recent relief programs have failed to promptly implement essential public health programs such as provision of adequate food rations, clean water and sanitation, measles immunization, and control of communicable diseases. Basic structural changes in the way international agencies implement and coordinate assistance to displaced populations are urgently needed.
Parallel sets of autoantibodies in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. An anti-DNA, anti-SmRNP, anti-gp70 network.
Authors: P Migliorini, B Ardman, J Kaburaki, R S Schwartz
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1987)

The public idiotype Id-H130 occurs in MRL-lpr/lpr serum both on a high proportion of anti-DNA autoantibodies as well as on antibodies that do not bind to DNA. To define members of the latter population, we prepared hybridomas and selected Id-H130+ mAbs that did not bind to DNA. One such antibody, mAb 28/12, was found to be an anti-SmRNP antibody. To determine whether mAb 28/12 had rheumatoid factor activity, we tested its ability to bind, in a solid-phase assay, to 16 mouse IgM mAbs. mAb 28/12 bound to only four of the panel, two anti-DNA antibodies (mAbs 512 and 319) and two anti-gp70 antibodies (mAbs 514 and 1417). In a liquid-phase competition assay with a panel of 32 monoclonal IgM and IgG antibodies, including allotype-matched Igs, mAb 28/12 reacted only with mAbs 512, 319, 514, and 1417. The binding of mAb 28/12 to mAbs 512 and 319 was displaced by DNA, but not by RNA, indicating that the idiotype it defines (Id-28/12) is in the antigen-binding region of the two anti-DNA antibodies. In the two anti-gp70 antibodies (mAbs 514 and 1417), Id-28/12 seems to occur in the framework region. To determine if all four Id-28/12+ antibodies shared a common antigen-binding property, they were tested for their ability to react with DNA and gp70. The two anti-gp70 antibodies did not bind to DNA. However, the two anti-DNA antibodies were found to immunoprecipitate viral proteins from retrovirus-infected cells. mAb 512 reacted with gp70, both in cell membrane lysates and in purified form; mAb 319 reacted with gp85, which contains both gp70 and the retroviral protein p15. Antibodies with properties similar to those of mAb 28/12 were found in MRL-lpr/lpr serum. It was possible, by affinity chromatography on an anti-gp70 antibody column, to isolate from serum those anti-(anti-gp70) antibodies with anti-SmRNP activity. These results show that parallel sets of autoantibodies, which share a common idiotype, but which bind to different autoantigens, occur in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. Some populations of anti-DNA, anti-SmRNP, and anti-gp70 antibodies appear to constitute a network of autoantibodies in that strain. We speculate that part of the anti-SmRNP population of autoantibodies can arise by mutation of germline-encoded anti-DNA antibodies.
Chronic thrombopoietin overexpression induces mesangioproliferative glomerulopathy in mice
Authors: Haruko K. Shimoda, Masahiro Yamamoto, Kotaro Shide, Kenjirou Kamezaki, Tadashi Matsuda, Katsuhiro Ogawa, Mine Harada, Kazuya Shimoda
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2007)

Abstract We previously reported that mice transgenic (Tg) for thrombopoietin (TPO) developed progressive fibrosis and osteosclerosis of the bone marrow. Here, we show that TPO‐overexpressing mice also exhibited notable histological changes in the kidneys, including an increased number of mesangial cells, expansion of the mesangial matrix in the glomerulus, and atrophy of the renal tubuli. Plasma transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 and platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐BB, which could induce mesangioproliferative responses in glomeruli, were both elevated in TPO Tg mice, even though TPO itself has no effect on mesangial cells due to their lack of c‐Mpl. The mesangial proliferative change in TPO Tg mice was thought to be induced by the elevation of these cytokines. In conclusion, our finding that TPO‐overexpressing mice developed mesangioproliferative glomerulopathy might represent an undesirable effect of chronically elevated TPO in vivo, which should be taken into consideration before new TPO‐like growth factors become available in clinical practice. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistologic study on the expressions of [alpha ]-fetoprotein and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II in surgically resected small hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Miwako Fujioka, Yutaka Nakashima, Osamu Nakashima, Masamichi Kojiro
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Sixty-eight cases of single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with less than 3 cm of diameter were immunohistochemically examined for the expressions of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist II (PIVKA-II). In cancerous tissues, the expression rate was significantly higher for PIVKA-II (34 cases [50%]) than AFP (21 cases [31%]) (P <.05), suggesting a higher specificity of PIVKA-II to small HCC. Sixteen of the 68 cases (24%) were positive to both AFP and PIVKA-II, and in 8 of the 16 cases, AFP and PIVKA-II expressing areas within a nodule were clearly divided by a fibrous septum. According to histologic grades, PIVKA-II expression was confirmed in 2 of the 15 well-differentiated HCCs, and in the well-differentiated component of 6 of the 12 "nodule-in-nodule"-type well-differentiated HCCs. AFP expression was not found in well-differentiated HCCs, but found in 16 of the 40 moderately differentiated HCCs (40%) and in the moderately differentiated component of 3 of the 12 "nodule-in-nodule"-type well-differentiated HCCs. The positive rate in the tissues was correlated to the serum levels for both AFP and PIVKA-II. In addition, frequency of tissue-PIVKA-II expression was higher than tissue-AFP expression in the cases whose serum protein level was within the normal range. This indicates that AFP and PIVKA-II have different patterns of tissue expression and of secretion to the blood. In comparison with tissue-AFP-negative cases, tissue-AFP-positive HCCs had a larger tumor size, higher frequencies of portal vein invasion and intrahepatic metastasis, a high Ki-67 labeling index, and a lower rate of recurrence-free survival. Thus, tissue-AFP-positive HCCs are suggested to be biologically more malignant than those HCCs that are AFP-negative and PIVKA-II-positive.
Hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells can store and metabolize serum immunoglobulin
Authors: Shinichi Iwamura, Hideaki Enzan, Toshiji Saibara, Saburo Onishi, Yasutake Yamamoto
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Sinusoidal inclusion-containing endothelial cells in the liver were investigated with particular interest in their capacity of metabolizing immunoglobulin. Formalin-fixed deparaffinized liver specimens were used for immunohistochemistry, and pronase digestion was proved to be effective for antigen retrieval of immunoglobulin. The inclusions in sinusoidal endothelial cells were strongly immunostained with anti-immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM antibodies in predigested sections. The complements were not identified immunohistochemically in the inclusions even after pronase treatment. Two women with autoimmune liver disease, who initially represented high levels of serum gamma globulin and abundant inclusion-containing endothelial cells, were studied. The subsequent biopsy after effective corticosteroid therapy demonstrated significant histological improvement as well as the disappearance of inclusion-containing endothelial cells (ICECs). During and after treatment, their serum gamma globulin levels were drastically reduced. In conclusion, the hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells can take up serum immunoglobulin, probably through a receptor-mediated pathway, and its excessive storage results in the formation of cytoplasmic inclusions that are easily recognized by a light microscope. The stored immunoglobulin may be degraded in the cytoplasm, and the inclusions would disappear in association with the reduction of sinusoidal gamma globulin content. In other words, the intralobular density of inclusion-containing endothelial cells is a morphological predictor for the serum gamma globulin level.
Nausea with a twist
Authors: K. J. Porter, D. Thomas, R. Kerwat, S. Kumar
Journal: BMJ (2010)

An 81 year old woman presented to our department with a two day history of nausea and retching but was unable to vomit. For the past three weeks she had been experiencing dysphagia with only small amounts of liquid tolerated, excessive belching, and weight loss. She had no abdominal pain and her bowels were opening normally. She had a known hiatus hernia and previous oesophagitis for which she was taking regular omeprazole.

On examination she did not have a fever but she was dehydrated and tachycardic. Her abdomen was soft and non-tender and a cardiorespiratory examination showed no abnormalities. She underwent chest radiography and computed tomography of her chest and abdomen (figs 1 and 2⇓ ⇓). She was treated successfully for her condition and discharged home.







### 1 What are the differential diagnoses for this patient?

#### Short answer

The differential diagnoses include proximal upper gastrointestinal obstruction secondary to oesophageal motility disorders, reflux oesophagitis, peptic ulcer disease, oesophageal or gastric cancer, and complicated hiatus hernia.

#### Long answer

Given the patient’s presentation with nausea, retching, and excessive belching, a diagnosis of gastric outlet obstruction is possible.1 Since the advent of proton pump inhibitors, cancer is the most common cause of such obstruction.2 Stenosis caused by a prepyloric ulcer must also be considered, but abdominal pain and vomiting are usually prominent in this setting.3 Such symptoms were not seen in our patient so this diagnosis can be excluded. An oesophageal motility disorder, such as presbyo-oesophagus, is also a possible …
Concussion Among Female Middle-School Soccer Players
Authors: John W. O’Kane, Amy Spieker, Marni R. Levy, Moni Neradilek, Nayak L. Polissar, Melissa A. Schiff
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

Despite recent increased awareness about sports concussions, little research has evaluated concussions among middle-school athletes.To evaluate the frequency and duration of concussions in female youth soccer players and to determine if concussions result in stopping play and seeking medical care.Prospective cohort study from March 2008 through May 2012 among 4 soccer clubs from the Puget Sound region of Washington State, involving 351 elite female soccer players, aged 11 to 14 years, from 33 randomly selected youth soccer teams. Of the players contacted, 83.1% participated and 92.4% completed the study.Concussion cumulative incidence, incidence rate, and description of the number, type, and duration of symptoms. We inquired weekly about concussion symptoms and, if present, the symptom type and duration, the event resulting in symptom onset, and whether the player sought medical attention or played while symptomatic.Among the 351 soccer players, there were 59 concussions with 43 742 athletic exposure hours. Cumulative concussion incidence was 13.0% per season, and the incidence rate was 1.2 per 1000 athletic exposure hours (95% CI, 0.9-1.6). Symptoms lasted a median of 4.0 days (mean, 9.4 days). Heading the ball accounted for 30.5% of concussions. Players with the following symptoms had a longer recover time than players without these symptoms: light sensitivity (16.0 vs 3.0 days, P = .001), emotional lability (15.0 vs 3.5 days, P = .002), noise sensitivity (12.0 vs 3.0 days, P = .004), memory loss (9.0 vs 4.0 days, P = .04), nausea (9.0 vs 3.0 days, P = .02), and concentration problems (7.0 vs 2.0 days, P = .02). Most players (58.6%) continued to play with symptoms, with almost half (44.1%) seeking medical attention.Concussion rates in young female soccer players are greater than those reported in older age groups, and most of those concussed report playing with symptoms. Heading the ball is a frequent precipitating event. Awareness of recommendations to not play and seek medical attention is lacking for this age group.
Thyroid hormone receptor ligands induce regression of rat preneoplastic liver lesions causing their reversion to a differentiated phenotype
Authors: Andrea Perra, Marta Anna Kowalik, Monica Pibiri, Giovanna M. Ledda-Columbano, Amedeo Columbano
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

Triiodothyronine (T3), through interaction with its intracellular thyroid hormone receptors (TRs), influences various physiological functions, including metabolism, development, and growth. We investigated the effect of T3 and the selective TR-beta agonist GC-1 in two models of hepatocarcinogenesis. Preneoplastic lesions were induced in F-344 rats via a single dose of diethylnitrosamine, followed by a choline-deficient (CD) diet for 10 weeks. Rat subgroups were then fed the CD diet or a CD diet containing either 4 mg/kg T3 or 5 mg/kg GC-1 for another week. Rats fed a CD diet alone showed a large number (65/cm(2)) of preneoplastic lesions positive for the placental form of glutathione S-transferase (GSTP). Coadministration of T3 for the last week caused an almost complete disappearance of the foci (3/cm(2)). A reduction of GSTP-positive foci was also observed in rats fed a CD + GC-1 diet (28/cm(2) versus 75/cm(2) of rats fed a CD diet alone) in the absence of significant differences in labeling or apoptotic index of preneoplastic hepatocytes between the two groups. An antitumoral effect of GC-1 was also observed with the resistant hepatocyte model of hepatocarcinogenesis. Nodule regression was associated with a return to a fully differentiated phenotype, indicated by the loss of the fetal markers GSTP and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and reacquisition of the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase, two enzymes expressed in normal hepatocytes.Our results indicate that activated TRs negatively influence the carcinogenic process through induction of a differentiation program of preneoplastic hepatocytes. The results also suggest that TRs could be a meaningful target in liver cancer therapy.
Efomycine M: an inhibitor of selectins?
Authors: Arne von Bonin, Bernd Buchmann, Ben Bader, Alexandra Rausch, Kristine Venstrom, Martina Schäfer, Stephan Gründemann, Judith Günther, Ludwig Zorn, Reinhard Nubbemeyer, Khusru Asadullah, Thomas M Zollner
Journal: Nature Medicine (2006)
Antagonism of tumour necrosis factor in refractory asthma
Authors: M. A Berry, I. D Pavord
Journal: Thorax (2008)

Asthma that is refractory to treatment with inhaled corticosteroids affects 5–10% of patients with asthma; it is an important health and economic problem in the UK and most industrialised nations. It is estimated that €17.7 billion is spent on asthma healthcare per annum in Europe,1 of which a disproportionately large amount is attributed to patients with refractory asthma, on average six times more per patient compared with mild to moderate disease.2 Patients with this condition suffer considerable morbidity and mortality and they therefore represent an important unmet clinical need. The European Respiratory Society2 and the American Thoracic Society3 have identified research into the mechanisms and treatment of refractory asthma as a research priority.

Asthma can be apparently refractory to treatment because of poor treatment adherence or because symptoms are caused by comorbid conditions such as rhinitis, hyperventilation and bronchiectasis.4 However, a significant number of patients have genuinely severe disease. The patterns of refractory disease are heterogeneous, both between and within patients: some have recurrent exacerbations with satisfactory day-to-day control of symptoms and lung function; in others the predominant feature is symptoms due to persistent airway dysfunction. There is also heterogeneity in the response to treatment, with some patients not achieving control despite maximum corticosteroid therapy and others achieving control, but requiring an unacceptably high dose systemic corticosteroid treatment to do so. We are only beginning to understand how these different clinical patterns of disease relate to airway dysfunction and the pattern of airway inflammation. The ultimate hope is …
The Risks of Lowering the Cesarean-Delivery Rate
Authors: B P Sachs, C Kobelin, M A Castro, F Frigoletto
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1999)

In 1995, the rate of cesarean delivery in the United States was 21 percent.1 The goal of Healthy People 2000, a project of the Department of Health and Human Services, is to reduce this rate to 15 percent by the year 2000.2 The advantages of a safe vaginal delivery over a cesarean delivery are clear: a vaginal delivery is associated with lower maternal and neonatal morbidity, and it costs less. We contend that these advantages apply only to safe vaginal deliveries and that reducing the rate of cesarean delivery may lead to higher costs and more complications for mothers and . . .
Low NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase activity is associated with increased risk of leukemia with MLL translocations in infants and children
Authors: Martyn T. Smith, Yunxia Wang, Christine F. Skibola, Diana J. Slater, Luca Lo Nigro, Peter C. Nowell, Beverly J. Lange, Carolyn A. Felix
Journal: Blood (2002)
Effectiveness, Safety, and Acceptability of a Copper Intrauterine Device (CU Safe 300) in Type I Diabetic Women
Authors: Renate Kimmerle, Reinhard Weiss, Michael Berger, Karl-Heinz Kurz
Journal: Diabetes Care (1993)

Objective— To evaluate the long-term effectiveness and safety of a copper intrauterine device fulfilling modern standards in type I diabetic women compared with nondiabetic women. Research Design and Methods— Type I diabetic women (n = 59, age 27 ± 5 yr, duration of diabetes 12 ± 8 yr, HbA1c 7.0 ± 1.2%, 78% nulliparous women) were prospectively evaluated at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 mo by a gynecological exam and a standardized questionnaire after insertion of the intrauterine device (CU Safe 300, 300 mm2 of copper). A group of nondiabetic women (n = 1150) of comparable age and parity evaluated according to the same study protocol served as a control group. Results— In the diabetic women (1754 cumulative months of use), events leading to termination of the intrauterine device during the 1st yr (691 women-mo) were one accidental pregnancy, one expulsion, one removal for pain, two removals for bleeding, and one removal for planned pregnancy. Events during the 2nd (593 women-mo) and 3rd yr (470 women-mo) were zero and one accidental pregnancy., one and two removals for bleeding, one and one removal for pain, one and one removal for other medical reasons, and two and two removals for planned pregnancy, respectively. No case of pelvic inflammatory disease was diagnosed in the diabetic group, and one case was diagnosed in the nondiabetic group (28,369 mo of cumulative use). Events leading to termination of the intrauterine device per women observed per year and continuation with the intrauterine device after each year of use were comparable in the diabetic and nondiabetic groups for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd yr. Conclusions— These results, although preliminary because &amp;lt; 100 diabetic women were studied, indicate that the intrauterine device CU Safe 300 is as effective, safe, and well-tolerated in diabetic as in nondiabetic women. Specific objections to the use of intrauterine devices in type I diabetic women do not seem to be justified for modern, copper-mediated models.
CASES OF “RÖTHELN” AND “RED RASH‘
Authors: A. J. HARRISON
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1892)

EPIDEMIC EXFOLIATIVE DERMATITIS.As to whether the organism is one which has not been previously described is a question the solution of which would require far more space than can be devoted to it in a paper of this kind ; but the main point which we have to decide is not whether or no the organism has been previously described, but whether it is or is not the cause of the disease, the contagiousness of which Dr. Savill has so clearly established.Although this is so, I nevertheless feel that it may not be altogether out of place to call attention to the points of difference which exist between this micro-organism and that which it most resembles in its character, and the conditions under which it is found -via., the Staphylococcus pyogenes albus.Without going uselessly into detail with regard to minute and possibly contestable differences, the following striking ones will, I think, serve to show that the two organisms are by no means the same :-1.The organism under consideration is a diplococcus (in the sense indicated), whose segments are ellipsoidal or rod-like, while Staphylococcus pyogenes albus exists as cocci, diplococci, masses of cocci, and chains.