tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Fluorescein Angiography versus Optical Coherence Tomography for Diagnosis of Uveitic Macular Edema
Authors: John H. Kempen, Elizabeth A. Sugar, Glenn J. Jaffe, Nisha R. Acharya, James P. Dunn, Susan G. Elner, Susan L. Lightman, Jennifer E. Thorne, Albert T. Vitale, Michael M. Altaweel
Journal: Ophthalmology (2013)
The Changing Role of Private Philanthropy in Health Affairs
Authors: Robert J. Blendon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1975)

Since World War II societal changes have fundamentally altered the very special position held by private philanthropy in the health area. The expanding expenditures for health services by the private and public sectors now dwarf those of philanthropic insitutions. Yet the need for private philanthropy has not diminished. Indeed, given some of the problems that may be created by large-scale public-sector support, private philanthropy may prove to be even more imporant in the future. But to respond to this changing state of affairs, the philanthropic community and the nation's health institutions will have to recognize that private philanthropy has become a relatively scarce national resource. To continue to play a major part in health affairs, philanthropic giving will have to become well targeted on select national and regional priorities, moving away from the more broadly scattered approaches reflecting the needs of the earlier parts of the century.
Cyclophosphamide and Vinblastine Sulfate in Hodgkin's Disease During Pregnancy
Authors: Mortimer J. Lacher
Journal: JAMA (1966)

IN PREGNANT PATIENTS with Hodgkin's disease it is occasionally necessary to use various chemotherapeutic agents and to accept the possible risk of a teratogenic effect on the fetus. In most cases, however, potentially teratogenic agents have failed to produce deleterious effects on the human fetus when administered during and after the first trimester of pregnancy.<sup>1,2</sup>In a few instances in humans, alkylating agents given during the first trimester of pregnancy have been associated with fetal anomalies.<sup>2,3</sup> As more and more cases of pregnant patients with Hodgkin's disease who have received chemotherapy during pregnancy become known, the risk of such treatment may be diminished merely by the weight of empirical evidence against any serious effect on the fetus. With this in mind Sokol and Lessmann,<sup>1</sup>Shirkey,<sup>4</sup>and Lacher<sup>5</sup>have stressed the equal importance of reporting normal data as well as anomalies. The following report illustrates the
Long-term prognostic implications of abnormal stress elecrocardiographic or myocardial perfusion scintigraphic measures in patients with anglo-graphically-insignificant coronary artery disease
Authors: Leslee J. Shaw, Karen L. Kesler, Eric D. Peterson, Elizabeth R. Delong, Salvador Borges-Neto, Robert M. Califf
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1996)
Arginase contributes to endothelial cell oxidative stress in response to plasma from women with preeclampsia
Authors: Sowndramalingam Sankaralingam, Han Xu, Sandra T. Davidge
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2009)

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder characterized by vascular oxidative stress. Decreased availability of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) has been postulated to be involved in the pathophysiology of this disorder. Arginase, an enzyme that competes with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for l-arginine, not only reduces NO formation but also increases superoxide production by NOS. In placenta of preeclamptic women, arginase upregulation has been shown to be increased and contributes to superoxide formation via uncoupling of NOS. However, the role of arginase in the maternal vasculature is not clear. We hypothesized that arginase would be upregulated in the maternal vasculature of women with preeclampsia and contribute to oxidative stress within the endothelium.We observed increased arginase expression in the maternal vasculature of women with preeclampsia compared with normotensive pregnant women. Furthermore, human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with 2% plasma from preeclamptic women show increased arginase II expression and activity that was reduced by a peroxynitrite scavenger. Also, both 3-morpholino sydnonimine and exogenous peroxynitrite increased arginase expression and activity. Preeclamptic plasma treatment increased superoxide and peroxynitrite levels. Superoxide levels were significantly reduced after arginase and NOS inhibition with [(S)-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine] and N(omega)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, respectively, but peroxynitrite levels were in fact increased after arginase inhibition. Moreover, in the presence of preeclamptic plasma, l-arginine supplementation increased peroxynitrite formation during arginase inhibition.Increased arginase expression in preeclampsia can induce uncoupling of NOS as a source of superoxide in the maternal vasculature in preeclampsia. However, l-arginine supplementation in the face of oxidative stress could lead to a further increase in peroxynitrite.
Precipitation of 125I-labelled IgG aggregates by factors in sera of healthy individuals and of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Authors: R Hallgren, L Wide
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1977)

Several factors in human serum are capable of precipitating soluble 125I-labelled heat aggregated IgG (agg IgG*). A study of the nature of these factors resulted in the development of two new methods for the detection and assay of anti-IgG-immunoglobulins (rheumatoid factors) in serum. One method detected rheumatoid factors of the IgG and the IgA classes which are capable of binding and coprecipitating with Clq and agg IgG* in an EDTA milieu. In a second method the serum was first heat inactivated and the assay was then made in a polymeric milieu where rheumatoid factors of the IgM as well as the IgG and IgA classes could be detected. 67 sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested with this method and rheumatoid factors were detected in all seropositive (as assayed with conventional rheumatoid factor tests) sera and in 58% of the seronegative sera. In the presence of certain anti-IgG-immunoglobulins or polymers, the precipitation of Clq and soluble agg IgG* is greatly enhanced, and we suggest that this can be used as a basis of a sensitive method for the assay of agg-IgG-binding activity of Clq.
Subcutaneous Injection of the Incretin Hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Abolishes Postprandial Glycemia in NIDDM
Authors: Mark K Gutniak, Birgitta Linde, Jens J Holst, Suad Efendić
Journal: Diabetes Care (1994)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of subcutaneously injected glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) (7–36)amide on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and a secondary failure to sulfonylureas. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS GLP-1 (25 nmol) was injected subcutaneously into either the abdominal wall or the gluteal region at a standardized depth and speed. The injection device was guided by the ultrasound determination of the depth of the fat layer. The peptide was given 5 min before a standard meal. Plasma concentrations of glucose, C-peptide, insulin, glucagon, and GLP-1 were followed during 240 min after the injection. RESULTS In control experiments, a significant hyperglycemia was attained after the meal. GLP-1 given into the abdominal wall not only virtually abolished the postprandial blood glucose rise but significantly decreased glucose concentrations, with a nadir at ∼25 min after the injection. A rapid rise of C-peptide and insulin levels was observed 10-15 min after the injection of GLP-1. The stimulatory effect of GLP-1 was transient, and, at 45 min after the meal, both insulin and C-peptide levels were almost identical in GLP-1 and control experiments. Significantly lower glucagon concentrations were observed 35-65 min after the peptide injection. GLP-1 concentration in plasma increased from 10 pM to a peak concentration (Cmax) of 70 pM at Tmax 30 min after injection. Then GLP-1 levels rapidly decreased to 25 pM at 95 min and returned to basal at 215 min. The gluteal injection of GLP-1 had similar effects compared with the abdominal administration on plasma levels of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon. CONCLUSIONS GLP-1 is promptly absorbed from the subcutaneous tissue. It exerts a significant blood glucose lowering effect when administered before meals in overweight patients with NIDDM.
Smokers with IDDM Experience Excess Morbidity: The Colorado IDDM Registry
Authors: Elizabeth C Gay, Yong Cai, Susan M Gale, Anna Baron, Karen J Cruickshanks, Jill N Kostraba, Richard F Hamman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

OBJECTIVE--To determine whether there is an association between smoking and the self-reported morbidity of people with IDDM and to evaluate the nature of a possible interaction between smoking and IDDM in increasing the risk of morbidity among smokers with IDDM. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS--Subjects were non-Hispanic whites aged 18-28 yr who participated in the Colorado IDDM Registry Follow-up Survey (case subjects, n = 24) or the 1985 NHIS (control subjects, n = 5876). Assessments of self-reported morbidity included any hospitalization in the past year; bed days, sick days, and limited-activity days in the past 2 wk; and ratings of poor health. The criteria outlined by Saracci were used to determine whether smoking was associated with greater morbidity among IDDM case compared to control subjects (smoking by IDDM interaction). RESULTS--Age- and sex-adjusted ORs, estimated from logistic regression, showed that people with IDDM reported excess morbidity compared with control subjects, regardless of smoking status. Smokers with IDDM reported morbidity 3-10 times as often as nonsmoking control subjects and were 2-3 times more likely to report morbidity than nonsmokers with IDDM. The smoking by IDDM interaction was more than multiplicative for all morbidity measures. Fifty to 75% of excess morbidity in young smokers with IDDM over simple additive effects was related to the interaction between smoking and IDDM. CONCLUSIONS--There was excess reported morbidity among people with IDDM who smoked, greater than that expected from the combined effects of smoking and IDDM. Smoking cessation in young people with IDDM may alleviate some of this excess, but more study is needed to determine whether smoking serves as an indicator of poor IDDM care practices or has a physiological impact that compounds the morbidity experienced by people with IDDM.
Kathleen (“Kay”) Mary de Ville
Authors: Georgina Stafford, P Jane Grubb
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Kathleen Mary de Ville (“Kay”) left Wimbledon High School with a strong social conscience. At the time it was impracticable for her to read medicine. She trained as a nurse at Charing Cross Hospital and became a SRN (state registered nurse) in 1937. She found the work restrictive so she enrolled at the London School of …
Reductions in cardiac output, central blood volume, and stroke volume with thermal stress in normal men during exercise.
Authors: L B Rowell, H J Marx, R A Bruce, R D Conn, F Kusumi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1966)

Observations on heat-acclimatized men by As- mussen (1) and Williams and colleagues (2) showed no increase in cardiac output above the normal response during exercise in a hot, humid environment.Indeed, Asmussen found decre- ments in cardiac output below normal responses if moderate work in the heat (32°C, 80% rela- tive humidity) was prolonged from 30 to 60 minutes.No systematic study has been reported of cardiac output during exercise at high ambient temperature in men unacclimatized to heat.Metabolic requirements may be prepotent in the regulation of cardiac output, since Rowell and colleagues (3) observed no decrements in oxygen uptake of unacclimatized men during moderate to heavy exercise at 43.3°C (1100 F) when com- pared with identical measurements on these men at 25.60 C (780 F).The failure to observe a significant increment in blood lactate concentra- tion at 43.3°C suggested that there was minimal diversion of blood away from working skeletal
Fluoridation of Public Water Supplies and Its Relation to Musculoskeletal Diseases
Authors: Charles LeRoy Steinberg, Dwight E. Gardner, Frank A. Smith, Harold C. Hodge
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

DEPOSITION of fluoride in the skeleton is a known effect of fluoride ingestion. The recent trend in fluoridation of municipal water supplies for the prevention of dental caries will naturally result in increased fluoride content of bone. The question then arises, Will this be injurious to health? Sufficient clinical data have been collected by public-health and dental-research workers1 to confirm its caries-preventive effect. This effect becomes operative when the potable water contains 1 part of fluoride per 1,000,000 and when such water is ingested in that period of childhood when the dentine and enamel of the permanent dentition are being . . .
Decreased insulin sensitivity of forearm muscle in myotonic dystrophy.
Authors: R T Moxley, R C Griggs, D Goldblatt, V VanGelder, B E Herr, R Thiel
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Previous studies of patients with myotonic dystrophy have demonstrated hyperinsulinism after glucose loading. This hyperinsulinism has been attributed by some investigators to tissue insulin resistance. We have directly studied insulin sensitivity of forearm muscle in patients having such hyperinsulinism. The effect of an intrabrachial arterial insulin infusion (100 mu U/kg per min) on glucose uptake was determined in six cases of myotonic dystrophy, six normal subjects, and in seven disease control subjects with myotonia or wasting from other disorders. There was no significant difference in insulin tolerance comparing myotonic dystrophy patients to the normal and disease control groups. Glucose tolerance and basal insulin levels were normal in the myotonic dystrophy patients, but hyperinsulinism occurred after glucose ingestion. After 25 min of intra-arterial insulin, the mean peak muscle glucose uptake in myotonic dystrophy was 2.54 +/- 0.54 mu mol/min per 100 ml forearm compared to 5.24 +/- 0.86 mu mol/min per 100 ml for disease controls (P is less than 0.05). Myotonic dystrophy patients showed a peak glucose uptake increment of only 2.6 +/- 0.2-fold over basal contrasted with the disease control value of 6.5 +/- 1.0-fold (P is less than 0.02) and the normal control value of 8.8 +/- 1.1-fold (P is less than 0.01). Thus, there was an absolute as well as a relative decrease in muscle insulin sensitivity in myotonic dystrophy patients compared to both control groups. The peak increments in arterio-superficial venous glucose concentration differences after insulin infusion were not significantly different comparing myotonic dystrophy and control groups. These data suggest that in myotonic dystrophy, there is insulin insensitivity of skeletal muscle.
New Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Shan Liu, Lauren E. Cipriano, Mark Holodniy, Douglas K. Owens, Jeremy D. Goldhaber-Fiebert
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2012)

Background: Chronic hepatitis C virus is difficult to treat and affects approximately 3 million Americans. Protease inhibitors increase the effectiveness of standard therapy, but they are costly. A genetic assay may identify patients most likely to benefit from this treatment advance. Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of new protease inhibitors and an interleukin (IL)–28B genotyping assay for treating chronic hepatitis C virus. Design: Decision-analytic Markov model. Data Sources: Published literature and expert opinion. Target Population: Treatment-naive patients with chronic, genotype 1 hepatitis C virus monoinfection. Time Horizon: Lifetime. Perspective: Societal. Intervention: Strategies are defined by the use of IL-28B genotyping and type of treatment (standard therapy [pegylated interferon with ribavirin]; triple therapy [standard therapy and a protease inhibitor]). Interleukin-28B–guided triple therapy stratifies patients with CC genotypes to standard therapy and those with non-CC types to triple therapy. Outcome Measures: Discounted costs (in 2010 U.S. dollars) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs); incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results of Base-Case Analysis: For patients with mild and advanced fibrosis, universal triple therapy reduced the lifetime risk for hepatocellular carcinoma by 38% and 28%, respectively, and increased quality-adjusted life expectancy by 3% and 8%, respectively, compared with standard therapy. Gains from IL-28B–guided triple therapy were smaller. If the protease inhibitor costs $1100 per week, universal triple therapy costs $102 600 per QALY (mild fibrosis) or $51 500 per QALY (advanced fibrosis) compared with IL-28B–guided triple therapy and $70 100 per QALY (mild fibrosis) and $36 300 per QALY (advanced fibrosis) compared with standard therapy. Results of Sensitivity Analysis: Results were sensitive to the cost of protease inhibitors and treatment adherence rates. Limitation: Data on the long-term comparative effectiveness of the new protease inhibitors are lacking. Conclusion: Both universal triple therapy and IL-28B–guided triple therapy are cost-effective when the least-expensive protease inhibitor are used for patients with advanced fibrosis. Primary Funding Source: Stanford University.
Bayes, Levi, and the taxicabs
Authors: Samir Okasha
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Stanovich &amp; West (S&amp;W) are wrong to think that all “reject-the-norm” theorists simply wish to reduce the normative/descriptive gap. They have misunderstood Issac Levi's reasons for rejecting Tversky and Kahneman's normative assumptions in the “base-rate” experiments. In their discussion of the taxicab experiment, (S&amp;W) erroneously claim that subjects' responses indicate whether they have reasoned in accordance with Bayesian principles or not.
Re-Stenosis after Successful Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: Wade McBride, Richard A. Lange, L. David Hillis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

OVER the past decade, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty has gained wide acceptance as the procedure of choice in many patients with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. As experience with the procedure has grown, its rate of success has risen to approximately 90 percent and the incidence of acute complications has fallen; as a result, emergency coronary-artery bypass surgery is required in less than 4 percent of patients.1 2 3 Despite these improvements, re-Stenosis in the days, weeks, or months after successful angioplasty of a narrowed coronary artery occurs in 25 to 35 percent of patients,3 4 5 6 7 or 45 to 55 percent of those with . . .
Perfluorochemical Liquid Enhances Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Transgene Expression in Lungs
Authors: Daniel J. Weiss, Laura Bonneau, James M. Allen, A. Dusty Miller, Christine L. Halbert
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2000)

Use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for lung gene therapy is limited, in part, by low levels of AAV-mediated transgene expression in lungs. Generally, less than 1% of total airway and alveolar epithelial cells express transgene activity following vector administration. A means of improving AAV vector delivery could potentially enhance AAV-mediated gene expression in lungs. We have previously demonstrated that use of perfluorochemical (PFC) liquids improved overall levels of adenovirus vector-mediated gene expression as well as distribution of expression in lungs of spontaneously breathing rodents. To evaluate whether use of PFC liquids might similarly enhance AAV-mediated expression, spontaneously breathing rodents received intratracheal instillation of the AAV vectors CWRAP and ARAP4 (2-5 x 10(8) FFU/animal) with or without 10 cc/kg body wt PFC liquid (FC-75, ACROS). Animals were sacrificed 4 weeks later and lungs assessed for overall and in situ alkaline phosphatase (AP) expression. Animals receiving vector alone exhibited scattered sparse in situ activity, predominantly in alveolar epithelium. In contrast, animals receiving vector with FC-75 exhibited increased and more widespread AP expression as well as up to a 26-fold increase in AP activity. These results demonstrate that use of the PFC liquid FC-75 improves overall and in situ AAV-mediated gene expression in rodent lungs.
DRY EPIDERMAL DENSITY. A Study in Normal and Atopic Subjects.
Authors: BRUCE S. MACKIE
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1967)

Much of the work for this paper was conducted within the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine. University of New South Wales. The writer is indebted to Alexander Perrie and Co. for machining and donating seven biopsy punches, to Dr. W. Morrison for able assistance and to a great number of volunteer subjects. Mr. Robert Black, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Sydney, provided the statistical analysis. Miss B. Stevenson, Department of Chemistry, University of Sydney, gave time to the weighing of samples.
Home test shows sex of fetus at five weeks of pregnancy
Authors: Janice Hopkins Tanne
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A finger prick test for pregnant women that can tell them the sex of their child has aroused huge public interest since it was featured on a US television show. The test, which can allegedly show the sex of the fetus at only five weeks of pregnancy, is claimed to be 99.9% accurate.

“We've had more than a thousand inquiries in just three weeks. Our phone is ringing off the hook,” said Sherry Bonelli, president of the Pregnancy Store, the company that sells …
Dermatomyositis/polymyositis and carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater.
Authors: G Vayopoulos, C Constantopoulos, C Fotiou, P H Kaklamanis, P H Fessas
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1987)

dosage.In all patients, blood pressure, pulse pressure, and pulse rate remained essentially unchanged and thyroid function tests were confirmatory of drug compliance.The very nature of this trial demands that the results be interpreted with caution.Nonetheless, certain obser- vations lead us to believe that therapy with T3 was the factor responsible for the remissions experienced by our patients.In the first place, every one of them described a substantial, if not dramatic, improvement in their condi- tion.Furthermore, this improvement occurred during the winter months when attacks would be expected to be most frequent and severe.Indeed, one patient (No 1) spon- taneously commented that 'this was the best winter she could remember'.Finally, there was coexistent biochemi- cal evidence of strict compliance.Our study was not designed to investigate how a T3 induced hyperthyroid state may relieve the symptoms of Raynaud's phenomenon, and we are therefore not in a position to comment critically on the proposed mechanism -namely, thermoregulation reflex vasodilatation in con- sequence of resultant hypermetabolism.'We should stress, however, that four of our patients had systemic sclerosis, a disease in which blood flow in the dorsum of the hand is believed to depend almost entirely on arterial perfusion 2 pressure, yet in none was an increase in blood pressure or pulse pressure recorded.Large dosages of T3 were found in this study to be a highly effective treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon and one principally free from side effects.Whether such therapy confers advantages over more established remedies' 36 awaits the necessary, relevant comparisons in a double blind fashion.