tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Amiodarone pulmonary toxicity
Authors: G. A J Jessurun, H. J G M Crijns
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Bringing nurses and doctors closer togetherGreater cooperation will benefit patients H igh quality health care depends crucially on doctors and nurses working well together. 1nd every day throughout the world they do.Yet centuries after the professions of nursing and medicine were founded they remain curiously apart. [1]][3] Doctors and nurses train separately, keep separate patient records, 4 report to different hierarchies, read different journals, and use different jargon.Sometimes these differences result in misery and conflict. [1]2][3][4][5][6] The BMJ and the Nursing Standard, for instance, recently described the sad case of a nurse who was suspended after cooperating with a doctor over the management of a disturbed elderly patient. 6 7The professions and, most importantly, patients stand to benefit from closer cooperation, 1 3 8 particularly as nurses take on more work that has traditionally been undertaken by doctors.Nursing is currently experiencing an intense debate over its future. 9Throughout this century first doctors and then strong nursing theorists and leaders have shaped professional and public thinking about nursing.Now nurses agree that the art of nursing needs to be underpinned by a foundation in science.That scientific foundation is being built, and nursing is emerging as a scientific discipline that is distinct from but complementary to medicine.Politicians, however, increasingly see nurses as the lower part of a medical pyramid of knowledge and skills.This is unhelpful and wrong.If we treat nurses as "minidoctors" then patients will lose the enormous benefits that only nurses can offer.There are, of course, important areas of overlap between the professions, and Terence English, a former president of the Royal College of Surgeons, delivered the Dame Kathleen Raven lecture on this subject at the Royal College of Nursing. 10 On page 661 he describes how nurses have taken on some tasks previously done by doctors. 11His experience with the team in Cambridge performing heart transplantation taught him how important it is for nurses, doctors, and other health professionals to work still more closely together.But it also taught him the difficulties.He warns that "unless there is dialogue and trust between the groups, one or more of them are likely to feel threatened as their roles are changed."One way in which doctors and nurses will come to understand each other is through receiving some of their training together and understanding more of each others' roles from the start of professional training.On page 682 two medical students describe how much they learnt from a week working as nurses. 12
THE INFLUENCE OF ENDOTOXIN ADMINISTRATION ON THE NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF MICE
Authors: René Dubos, Richard Costello, Russell W. Schaedler
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1965)

Albino mice lose weight within 24 hours following administration of bacterial endotoxin. The initial weight loss is proportional to the dose of endotoxin injected only when this dose is very small. The loss during the 1st day reaches a maximum with 10 to 30 microg of endotoxin; larger doses increase the duration of the overall effect. The rate at which mice regain weight after administration of endotoxin is markedly influenced by the composition of the diet. Recovery was rapid and complete within a few days when the animals were fed commercial pellets or a semisynthetic diet containing casein. In contrast, recovery was slow and incomplete when wheat gluten was used instead of casein in the diet. The deleterious effect of the gluten diet was less marked in older than in younger animals, probably because the latter have less exacting nutritional requirements. It was postulated that the failure of endotoxin-treated mice to regain weight when fed the gluten diet was due to the fact that this protein is low in certain amino acids. In fact, rapid and complete recovery from the weight loss uniformly occurred when the gluten diet was supplemented with proper amounts of lysine and threonine. The composition of the diet did not influence the extent of the initial loss of weight caused by endotoxin, nor did it prevent the animals from developing tolerance to this substance.
Exposure as Part of a Systems Approach for Assessing Risk
Authors: Linda S. Sheldon, Elaine A. Cohen Hubal
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is facing large challenges in managing environmental chemicals with increasingly complex requirements for assessing risk that push the limits of our current approaches. To address some of these challenges, the National Research Council (NRC) developed a new vision for toxicity testing. Although the report focused only on toxicity testing, it recognized that exposure science will play a crucial role in a new risk-based framework.In this commentary we expand on the important role of exposure science in a fully integrated system for risk assessment. We also elaborate on the exposure research needed to achieve this vision.Exposure science, when applied in an integrated systems approach for risk assessment, can be used to inform and prioritize toxicity testing, describe risks, and verify the outcomes of testing. Exposure research in several areas will be needed to achieve the NRC vision. For example, models are needed to screen chemicals based on exposure. Exposure, dose-response, and biological pathway models must be developed and linked. Advanced computational approaches are required for dose reconstruction. Monitoring methods are needed that easily measure exposure, internal dose, susceptibility, and biological outcome. Finally, population monitoring studies are needed to interpret toxicity test results in terms of real-world risk.This commentary is a call for the exposure community to step up to the challenge by developing a predictive science with the knowledge and tools for moving into the 21st century.
Soluble factor(s) produced by adult bone marrow stroma inhibit in vitro proliferation and differentiation of fetal liver BFU-E by inducing apoptosis.
Authors: V Roy, C M Verfaillie
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Hematopoiesis occurs in different organs during fetal development. Several studies suggest that the growth of hematopoietic progenitors at one stage of ontogenic maturation may not be supported by a microenvironment from a different ontogenic stage. To determine if human fetal liver (FL) clonogenic progenitors can develop in an adult bone marrow (ABM) microenvironment, we compared growth of BFU-E and CFU-GM from 7-14-wk-old FL, 11-20-wk-old fetal bone marrow (FBM), umbilical cord blood (UCB), or ABM in clonogenic medium with or without ABM stroma. In contrast to BFU-E from FBM, UCB, or ABM, soluble factor(s) produced by ABM stroma severely suppressed growth of 98% of FL BFU-E by inducing apoptosis of cells beyond early erythroblast stage. The nature of the soluble factor remains unknown, although we have evidence that it is heat labile with molecular mass < 10 kD. Antibody neutralization studies indicate that TGF-beta1, IL-1, TNF-alpha, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, or IFN-gamma are not responsible. The observation that FL progenitors may not be capable of differentiating when transferred to an ABM microenvironment may have important implications for FL transplantation into postnatal recipients. Further, this demonstrates that ontogenic stage-specific interactions between hematopoietic progenitors and their microenvironment are important for the normal development of hematopoiesis.
Association of central adiposity with prediabetes and decreased insulin sensitivity in rural Chinese normal-weight and overweight women
Authors: Yunxian Yu, Scott A. Venners, Binyan Wang, Wendy J. Brickman, Donald Zimmerman, Zhiping Li, Liuliu Wang, Xue Liu, Genfu Tang, Houxun Xing, Xiping Xu, Xiaobin Wang
Journal: Metabolism (2010)
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE COLLECTION OF SPECIMENS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF SUSPECTED TYPHOID CARRIERS
Authors: Walter C. Klotz
Journal: JAMA (1922)

When a large number of persons are to be examined as suspected typhoid or paratyphoid carriers, it is occasionally difficult to devise a satisfactory method of obtaining specimens of stools. This is especially true in the case of an institution, for example, in which a large number of food handlers are to be examined at regular intervals as a matter of routine and prevention, for the detection of carriers, in the absence of any occurrence or suspicion of enteric disease. If the persons to be examined are quartered in dormitories or barracks, and are using common toilet facilities, suitable vessels for the collection of stools are not usually available. A satisfactory sterilization of toilet bowls is practically impossible. Their use for this purpose might, therefore, readily result in contamination by a carrier, leading to serious error in the findings obtained for other members of the group. To obviate this difficulty,
Gastro-oesophageal reflux in the irritable bowel syndrome.
Authors: H L Smart, D A Nicholson, M Atkinson
Journal: Gut (1986)

Symptomatic assessment and oesophageal investigations were done in 25 consecutive patients with the irritable bowel syndrome attending a gastroenterological clinic. Symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux, dysphagia, and a globus sensation were significantly commoner than in a control group of fracture clinic patients. Ambulatory oesophageal pH monitoring showed clearly abnormal reflux in 11 of 22 patients (50%). Nine patients had macroscopic endoscopic changes and a further 11 biopsy changes alone, of oesophagitis which was thus present in 80% overall. Lower oesophageal sphincter pressure was significantly less in irritable bowel patients than in age and sex matched controls, but upper oesophageal sphincter pressure was comparable in the two groups and disordered peristalsis was not found. Oesophageal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome are mainly caused by gastro-oesophageal reflux predisposed to by a subnormal lower oesophageal sphincter pressure, rather than by oesophageal spasm.
We need female doctors at all levels and in all specialties
Authors: J. Dacre
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Several reports in recent years have pointed out the increasing numbers of female doctors.1 This trend should now stop being a news item. The profession should adapt to its contemporary demographic, take pride in its gender balance, and make plans for more women at the top.

The NHS continues to struggle to provide the best quality service for its patients in a difficult financial climate. To support this quest, we need to make the best use of the entire medical workforce. The NHS Future Forum has acknowledged the under-representation of women in senior leadership positions and the need for appropriate development opportunities,2 without which we risk reducing the talent pool.

In medicine, we have been successful at supporting women to achieve consultant status. In 2009 the Royal College of Physicians published its report Women and Medicine: The Future . This comprehensive piece of research accurately collated the available data about the numbers of women in medicine. The findings supported the prediction that women will be in the majority in the medical workforce …
Delirium as a Predictor of Mortality in Mechanically Ventilated Patients in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: E. Wesley Ely
Journal: JAMA (2004)

ContextIn the intensive care unit (ICU), delirium is a common yet underdiagnosed form of organ dysfunction, and its contribution to patient outcomes is unclear.ObjectiveTo determine if delirium is an independent predictor of clinical outcomes, including 6-month mortality and length of stay among ICU patients receiving mechanical ventilation.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsProspective cohort study enrolling 275 consecutive mechanically ventilated patients admitted to adult medical and coronary ICUs of a US university-based medical center between February 2000 and May 2001. Patients were followed up for development of delirium over 2158 ICU days using the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU and the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale.Main Outcome MeasuresPrimary outcomes included 6-month mortality, overall hospital length of stay, and length of stay in the post-ICU period. Secondary outcomes were ventilator-free days and cognitive impairment at hospital discharge.ResultsOf 275 patients, 51 (18.5%) had persistent coma and died in the hospital. Among the remaining 224 patients, 183 (81.7%) developed delirium at some point during the ICU stay. Baseline demographics including age, comorbidity scores, dementia scores, activities of daily living, severity of illness, and admission diagnoses were similar between those with and without delirium (P&gt;.05 for all). Patients who developed delirium had higher 6-month mortality rates (34% vs 15%, P = .03) and spent 10 days longer in the hospital than those who never developed delirium (P&lt;.001). After adjusting for covariates (including age, severity of illness, comorbid conditions, coma, and use of sedatives or analgesic medications), delirium was independently associated with higher 6-month mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-7.7; P = .008), and longer hospital stay (adjusted HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.4-3.0; P&lt;.001). Delirium in the ICU was also independently associated with a longer post-ICU stay (adjusted HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.3; P = .009), fewer median days alive and without mechanical ventilation (19 [interquartile range, 4-23] vs 24 [19-26]; adjusted P = .03), and a higher incidence of cognitive impairment at hospital discharge (adjusted HR, 9.1; 95% CI, 2.3-35.3; P = .002).ConclusionDelirium was an independent predictor of higher 6-month mortality and longer hospital stay even after adjusting for relevant covariates including coma, sedatives, and analgesics in patients receiving mechanical ventilation.
NHS chief spells out England's four possible models of care delivery
Authors: G. Iacobucci
Journal: BMJ (2014)

Physician-assisted death includes both euthanasia and assistance in suicide. The CMA urges its members to adhere to the principles of palliative care. It does not support euthanasia and assisted suicide. The following policy summary includes definitions of euthanasia and assisted suicide, background information, basic ethical principles and physician concerns about legalization of physician-assisted death.
Slimming and sleep.
Authors: J. T. Silverstone
Journal: BMJ (1968)

hepatitis was 30,000 cases with nearly 3,600 deaths.No account was taken of the incidence of anicteric hepatitis, and, in general, the accepted ratio is 1 overt case for at least 10 actual infections, although in 1965 it was estimated that the ratio of anic- teric to icteric hepatitis after blood trans- fusion could be greater than 100: 1 (based
Remarks on THE PROBLEM OF THE CHILD IN THE TUBERCULOUS HOUSEHOLD
Authors: R. C. Wingfield
Journal: BMJ (1931)

Research on the problem of tuberculosis in childhood is a great feature of present-day activities.Facts and figures are pouring in from every civilized country.-Itmight almost seem that the tuberculosis of adults was being neglected and that the best of our attention was being directed to childhood tuberculosis.I think this is in some degree true, and the reason for it is that there is a hazy idea in the air that in the prevention and treatment of childhood tuber- culosis lies the key-to the problem of the prevention of the disease in adults.This may or may not be true.It is, however, important to realize that the researches on tuber-
Surgeons warn changes will fail without investment in training
Authors: Caroline White
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Surgeons in the United Kingdom are calling on the government to provide protected time for both trainers and trainees in surgery to guarantee standards in the new shortened training curriculum, details of which were formally unveiled last week by the Royal College of Surgeons of England.

The curriculum changes are part of an overall government initiative to modernise medical careers in every specialty and to shorten the training period of consultants. They will be tested in three pilots in each of the nine surgical specialties across England and Wales next year, before being …
An 85-Year-Old Women With a History of Falls-Reply
Authors: Lewis A. Lipsitz
Journal: JAMA (1996)

In Reply.  —Dr Landau points out the risks of carotid sinus massage in elderly patients and warns that massage of the carotid sinus region carries a risk of permanent impairment and death. Indeed, there have been case reports of prolonged asystole, stroke, and ventricular fibrillation associated with carotid sinus massage. In many of these reports, the patients were quite ill or carotid massage was performed for as long as 15 seconds. In carefully selected patients without previous cerebral vascular disease or cardiac conduction disease, this procedure has been done quite safely, as long as the duration of massage does not exceed 5 seconds.  There have been several studies suggesting that carotid sinus hypersensitivity may account for as many as one quarter to one half of episodes of unexplained falls and syncope in the elderly. 1,2 One study of 100 elderly nursing home patients showed that those with carotid sinus hypersensitivity had twice
Referral Patterns for Coronary Artery Disease Treatment: Gender Bias or Good Clinical Judgment?
Authors: Nina A. Bickell, Karen S. Pieper, Kerry L. Lee, Daniel B. Mark, Donald D. Glower, David B. Pryor, Robert M. Califf
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

Objective: To determine whether a gender bias exists in referral for coronary bypass graft surgery among patients with catheterization-documented coronary artery disease. Design: Historical cohort study (1969 to 1984). Setting: A referral medical center. Patients: A total of 5795 patients with catheterization-documented coronary artery disease. Measurements: Surgical referral patterns of men and women grouped by risk for cardiac death and by treatment effectiveness. Time trends were evaluated for three periods: 1969 to 1974, 1975 to 1979, and 1980 to 1984. Results: Overall, when no adjustment was made for baseline risk for cardiac death, no statistical difference was found between men and women regarding referral for surgery (46% compared with 44%, respectively). When an adjustment was made for such risk, the male-to-female odds ratio for surgical referral was 1.28 (95% Cl, 1.05 to 1.58) among patients with a low risk for cardiac death. This effect was most evident in the 1980 to 1984 period (odds ratio, 1.73; Cl, 1.29 to 2.31). In the high-risk group, the odds ratio was 0.84 (Cl, 0.68 to 1.04), with little change occurring during the study. Men were more likely to be referred for surgery when surgery offered the least survival benefit relative to medical therapy (odds ratio, 1.29; Cl, 1.08 to 1.54). This effect was most pronounced in the 1980 to 1984 period (odds ratio, 1.63; Cl, 1.27 to 2.10). Conclusions: Women are less likely than men to be referred for coronary bypass graft surgery among patients with a low risk for cardiac death, in whom surgery offers little or no survival benefit over medical treatment. Women are at least as likely as men to be referred for bypass surgery among more symptomatic and more severely diseased patients, in whom surgery offers the greatest survival benefits. These trends were most prominent in the recent years of the study. Based on surgical survival benefits, these referral patterns may represent more appropriate treatment referral for women than men.
Specificity of the effects of lead on brain energy metabolism for substrates donating a cytoplasmic reducing equivalent.
Authors: R J Bull, P M Stanaszek, J J O'Neill, S D Lutkenhoff
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1975)

Lead chloride, at concentrations of 67 muM in the incubation media, inhibits the potassium-stimulated respiration (3 to 30mM increase in K+) of rat cerebral cortex slices. The inhibition observed was dependent upon the substrate provided. In the presence of 10mM glucose or lactate, 35-50% inhibition of the response was observed, but no evidence of an effect could be observed when 10mM pyruvate served as substrate. In consonance with these observations, spectral measurements during the course of the response revealed an attenuation of the initial NAD(P)H oxidation followed by a substantial accumulation of the intermediate in slices metabolizing glucose, but not those metabolizing pyruvate. In vivo treatment of adult rats with six intrapertoneal injections spaced over a 14-day period gave rise to essentially similar findings at cerebral cortical lead concentrations averaging 0.41 mug/g (range equals 0.34-0.52) and above. No effect was observed at brain lead concentrations averaging 0.17 mug/g. These data suggested that lead interfered with the oxidation of the NAD(P)H produced by the initial oxidations of glucose in the cytoplasm. Inhibition of cytoplasmic NAD(P)H oxidation by brain mitochondria is of peculiar importance in a tissue relying almost exclusively upon the metabolism of glucose in vitro.
Three different patterns of hepatitis C virus infection in chimpanzees
Authors: Kenji Abe, Genevieve Inchauspe, Toshio Shikata, Alfred M. Prince
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

The relationship between hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis C virus-associated antibodies (antibody against the putative capsid protein and C-100 antibody) was determined by nested polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serial serum samples obtained from eight chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis C virus. Three different patterns emerged from the polymerase chain reaction data: the first (group 1) was acute resolving hepatitis with transient appearance of HCV RNA (two cases). The second (group 2) had chronic hepatitis with persistent hepatitis C virus RNA positivity (four cases) and the third (group 3) had chronic hepatitis with intermittent appearance of hepatitis C virus RNA (two cases). In four of eight animals, hepatitis C virus RNA was first detectable in serum 1 wk after inoculation. Although serum HCV RNA was detected in all infected chimpanzees, two were positive only for antibody against the putative capsid protein, whereas two were positive only for antibody to C-100 antigen. In four of eight cases, antibody against the putative capsid protein appeared earlier than did antibody to C-100 antigen, was detected just before or coincident with rising glutamate pyruvate transaminase values and remained positive for a long time even after recovery. Six of eight animals (75%) were still hepatitis C virus RNA positive 1 yr after inoculation, suggesting that the risk of development of the chronic carrier state is high in hepatitis C virus infection. Furthermore, there did not appear to be a good correlation between antibody titer in serum and hepatitis C virus infectivity titer.
Finding MicroRNA Targets in Plants: Current Status and Perspectives
Authors: Jiandong Ding, Shuigeng Zhou, Jihong Guan
Journal: Genomics Proteomics & Bioinformatics (2012)

Abstract MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of ∼20–24 nt long non-coding RNAs, have critical roles in diverse biological processes including development, proliferation, stress response, etc. With the development and availability of experimental technologies and computational approaches, the field of miRNA biology has advanced tremendously over the last decade. By sequence complementarity, miRNAs have been estimated to regulate certain mRNA transcripts. Although it was once thought to be simple and straightforward to find plant miRNA targets, this viewpoint is being challenged by genetic and biochemical studies. In this review, we summarize recent progress in plant miRNA target recognition mechanisms, principles of target prediction, and introduce current experimental and computational tools for plant miRNA target prediction. At the end, we also present our thinking on the outlook for future directions in the development of plant miRNA target finding methods.