tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
MODERN TREATMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Henry T. Ricketts
Journal: JAMA (1952)

The treatment of diabetes mellitus has four principal objectives: (<i>a</i>) the relief of symptoms, (<i>b</i>) the maintenance of normal nutrition, (<i>c</i>) the preservation of the insulin producing capacity of the pancreas, and (<i>d</i>) the prevention or minimizing of complications. In most cases, only a rudimentary knowledge of dietetics and insulin will enable the physician to relieve symptoms. The maintenance of normal nutrition is not much more difficult, granted the cooperation of the patient. The obese must be made leaner, the lean fatter, and persons of normal weight must not be permitted to gain or lose. The statement that the insulinogenic power of the pancreas should be preserved implies that diabetes is basically a condition of insulin deficiency, either absolute or relative. There is increasing evidence that this is true.<sup>1</sup>Wrenshall and his colleagues,<sup>2</sup>for example, recently reported that the average amount of insulin extractable from the pancreas in
External devices (including orthotics) to control excessive foot pronation: Figure 1
Authors: Rafael Zambelli Pinto, Thales R Souza, Christopher G Maher
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2012)

▶ Cheung RT, Chung RC, Ng GY. Efficacies of different external controls for excessive foot pronation: a meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2011;45:743–51.[OpenUrl][1][Abstract/FREE Full Text][2] Foot pronation during the early stance phase of gait allows the foot to accommodate to the irregularities of the ground surface and to attenuate ground reaction forces. Pronation involves multiple joint movements at the rearfoot and midfoot, and may influence more proximal segments leading to internal rotation of the lower limb and hip.1 Excessive foot pronation may promote non-physiological stresses on bone and musculo-tendinous structures of the lower limb and subsequent injury.2 Several overuse injuries have been attributed to excessive foot pronation. Injuries might occur at the foot level, such as plantar fasciitis, as well as at … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBr%2BJ%2BSports%2BMed%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1136%252Fbjsm.2010.079780%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21504966%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=ABST&journalCode=bjsports&resid=45/9/743&atom=%2Fbjsports%2F46%2F2%2F110.atom
Health Care, Health Promotion and the Future General Practice
Authors: C J Watkins
Journal: BMJ (1995)

David Taylor, Karen Bloor Royal Society of Medicine Press, pounds sterling12.50, pp 201 ISBN 1 85315 243 9

David Taylor and Karen Bloor are health economists at the Centre for Health Economics, University of York. The purpose of their book is to describe what determines health and ill health in the community and to discuss the part that professionals based in general practice can play in reducing current levels of distress and disease. The book also considers aspects …
Pulmonary venous flow pattern--its relationship to cardiac dynamics. A pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study.
Authors: G Keren, J Sherez, R Megidish, B Levitt, S Laniado
Journal: Circulation (1985)

We studied the physiology of pulmonary venous flow in 13 normal subjects and five patients with atrial rhythm disorders and atrioventricular conduction disturbances with pulsed Doppler and two-dimensional echocardiography. The left atrium, mitral valve, and pulmonary venous ostia were visualized through the apical four-chamber view. Mitral and pulmonary venous flows were obtained by placing the Doppler sample volume at the appropriate orifice. Pulmonary venous flow was biphasic: a rapid filling wave was observed during systole when the mitral valve was closed; a second wave was observed in diastole during the rapid ventricular filling phase of mitral flow, but was significantly delayed. In patients without atrial contraction (atrial fibrillation and sinoatrial standstill), the initial rapid filling was greatly diminished and only the second diastolic wave appeared to contribute to left atrial filling. In patients with high-grade atrioventricular block, each atrial contraction was followed by a surge in flow from the pulmonary veins. These results are consistent with data obtained from invasive measurements in both dogs and man, and confirm the validity of the use of pulsed Doppler echocardiography in the study of pulmonary venous flow. We suggest that pulmonary venous flow is influenced by dynamic changes in left atrial pressure created by contraction and relaxation of the atrium and ventricle. The initial peak in pulmonary venous flow occurs with atrial relaxation simultaneously with the reduction of left atrial pressure, and the second peak occurs with left ventricular relaxation and rapid transmitral filling of the ventricle.
STENOSIS OF THE PYLORUS IN INFANCY.AN ANALYSIS OF 115 CASES.
Authors: CHARLES L. SCUDDER
Journal: JAMA (1905)

<h3>PROGNOSIS.</h3> The prognosis of these cases of infantile pyloric stenosis if untreated surgically is practically hopeless. A few patients are said to have recovered under expectant treatment. Batten's<sup>14</sup>case resulted in an apparent cure after several months of nasal tube lavage and dieting. An acute attack of vomiting and diarrhea occurred and the patient died when 11 months old. The autopsy showed a pylorus admitting a probe only 4 mm. in diameter; a narrow pylorus. The symptoms evidently abated under medical treatment, but the condition was not cured. That these cases may be benefited temporarily by medical treatment is likewise illustrated by the report of Shaw.<sup>24</sup> Finkelstein,<sup>26</sup>Senator,<sup>27</sup>Saunders,<sup>17</sup>and Stamm<sup>28</sup>report instances of recovery following partial stenosis of the pylorus, that is, in subacute or in chronic cases. Finkelstein's cases were three and were from Heubner's clinic, seen at 9, 9 and 4 weeks of age, respectively.
John Amsden Elliott
Authors: C. Ruck
Journal: BMJ (2003)

General practitioner Crowborough, Sussex, 1946-82 (b Surrey 1915; q Cambridge/St Thomas's Hospital, London, 1940; MA, MRCGP), d 15 February 2003.

While serving with the Royal Air Force at West Malling in 1942, he was awarded the George Medal for the attempted rescue of the crew of a burning aircraft fully laden with aviation fuel and bombs. He finished his service as a squadron leader and then joined a practice in Crowborough. He was closely associated with the Christian Centre for Healthcare and Ministry at Burrswood (www.burrswood.org.uk) from its foundation until shortly before his death. Predeceased by his wife in 1988, he leaves three children and eight grandchildren.
Radioactive Iodine Treatment of Angina Pectoris and Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: HERRMAN L. BLUMGART, A. STONE FREEDBERG, GEORGE S. KURLAND
Journal: Circulation (1957)

This 66-year-old man with angina pectoris for 17 years before treatment, incapacitated for several years despite long periods of rest and other therapy, showed significant improvement 2 months after I 131 therapy and for the past 18 months he has been maintained in the hypometabolic state, free of pain despite greatly increased activity.
Human Gene Therapy
Authors: Theodore Kushnick
Journal: JAMA (1988)

This book is based on a meeting and symposium by acknowledged eminent genetic experts who were convened by the Councils of the National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine in October 1986. The purpose was to delineate the level of the science of gene therapy, additional technical difficulties to be mastered, and the public policy process needed prior to any efforts to apply gene therapy. The symposium title was "Human Somatic Cell Gene Therapy: Prospects for Treating Inherited Diseases." This book summarizes the presentations at the meeting and subsequent workshop, and the author provides acknowledgment of the contributions of each of the principal speakers at the conclusion of each chapter. This small volume is extremely well written, and the reader should not be deterred by the minimal, initial melodramatic approach, which might have been designed to capture the attention of nonprofessional persons, eg, "The baby's caesarean birth—on December
Violence, a Neglected Epidemic: Call for Papers
Authors: Annette Flanagin
Journal: JAMA (1998)

5some prohibited purchasers undoubtedly escape detection, and others who are detected and are prohibited from purchasing handguns legally may obtain them from the secondary market. 6 Solutions to these problems may require different approaches, such as preventing handgun theft, detecting and disrupting illegal sales, and seizing illegally carried handguns. 7 If the prohibition against the purchase or possession of a handgun were extended to individuals convicted of prior violent misdemeanors, one challenge to the law’s efficacy would be that state records regarding misdemeanor arrests and convictions are not as complete or accessible by computer as criminal history records involving felonies. This shortcoming suggests that either significant resources would need to be dedi
Birth Weight and Subsequent Physical and Intellectual Development
Authors: Janet B. Hardy
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

The weight of an infant at birth is an important developmental milestone. In conjunction with gestational age, it provides a useful index of intrauterine growth.1 2 3 Intrauterine growth not only reflects the developmental experience of the fetus but also predicts fetal outcome — both immediate and longer range.There is general agreement that both physical and intellectual growth is determined by complex interactions between genetic factors, which limit potential, and environmental influences present during intrauterine and postnatal life, which may lead to reduction in genetic potential for development. There is agreement, also, that many of the causes of developmental failure lie . . .
Communication between feed arteries and microvessels in hamster striated muscle: segmental vascular responses are functionally coordinated.
Authors: S S Segal, B R Duling
Journal: Circulation Research (1986)

Pressures in the primary arterioles of the cremaster muscle are reported to be approximately 50% of systemic, indicating that arterial resistance proximal to microvessels is high and may limit maximal blood flow. With no change in arterial resistance, increases in perfusion normally associated with muscle work either could not occur or would require increments in systemic pressure far greater than those actually observed in vivo. Therefore, we hypothesized that the small arteries feeding the muscle may participate in the hyperemic response. To test this hypothesis, male golden hamsters (n = 31, 118 g) were anesthetized (pentobarbital, 70 mg/kg i.p.), and the right cremaster was opened to expose its feed arteries, which originated from the iliac artery. Preparations were superfused and maintained at 35 +/- 1 degree C. Feed arteries had substantial tone, as shown by the fact that topical acetylcholine, applied at supramaximal concentration, dilated these vessels from 115 +/- 8 microns at rest to 158 +/- 9 microns (mean +/- SE; n = 38 vessels; p less than 0.01), corresponding to an estimated 4.4-fold increase in conductance. Stimulation of the sectioned motor nerve (8 Hz, 30 seconds) induced striated muscle contraction and increased feed vessel diameter from 93 +/- 5 microns to 116 +/- 5 microns (n = 14; p less than 0.01), consistent with a 2.6-fold increase in conductance. A 5-minute occlusion of the iliac artery resulted in feed artery dilation of similar magnitude. Supramaximal doses of acetylcholine applied topically to the distal portions of the cremaster resulted in striated muscle contraction and a dilation that propagated upstream to increase feed artery diameter by 25%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Combined effects of nitrates on the coronary and peripheral circulation in exercise-induced ischemia.
Authors: P M De Coster, S Chierchia, G J Davies, D Hackett, G Fragasso, A Maseri
Journal: Circulation (1990)

We compared the effects of isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) administered by intracoronary and intravenous routes in 10 patients with severe coronary artery disease, stable effort angina, and very low exercise tolerance. Supine bicycle ergometer exercise was performed under four conditions: 1) control, 2) after intracoronary administration of 0.4 mg ISDN, 3) 1 hour later (control 2), and 4) after administration of intravenous 4 mg ISDN. At rest, intracoronary ISDN caused no significant hemodynamic effects, whereas intravenous infusion of ISDN resulted in a decline in left ventricular (LV) systolic pressure (-20 +/- 5 mm Hg), LV end-diastolic volume (-27 +/- 3%), and LV end-systolic volume (-30 +/- 4%). After intracoronary infusion of ISDN, ST segment depression and the increase in LV end-diastolic pressure and LV end-systolic volume induced by exercise were significantly less abnormal than during control (0.20 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.14 +/- 0.08 mV, 36 +/- 7 vs. 24 +/- 8 mm Hg, and 91 +/- 40% vs. 40 +/- 29%, respectively). When exercise was performed after intravenous infusion of ISDN, the above-mentioned parameters were significantly improved even further: ST segment depression to 0.05 +/- 0.07 mV, end-diastolic pressure to 14 +/- 7 mm Hg, and LV end-systolic volume to 5 +/- 11% (all p less than 0.01 compared with intracoronary ISDN). Thus, in patients with severe coronary artery disease, it is suggested that intracoronary nitrates increase coronary blood supply during effort-induced ischemia, based on significant improvements in the indirect measures of ST segment depression, LV end-diastolic pressure, and LV volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Amplification and Overexpression of<i>CTTN</i>(<i>EMS1</i>) Contribute to the Metastasis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Promoting Cell Migration and Anoikis Resistance
Authors: Man-Li Luo, Xiao-Ming Shen, Yu Zhang, Fang Wei, Xin Xu, Yan Cai, Xun Zhang, Yun-Tian Sun, Qi-Min Zhan, Min Wu, Ming-Rong Wang
Journal: Cancer Research (2006)

Abstract Gain of chromosome 11q13 is a common event in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The cortactin gene (CTTN, also EMS1), located at 11q13, plays a pivotal role in coupling membrane dynamics to cortical actin assembly. This gene has been implicated in the motility of several types of cells. In the present study, we found that the amplification and overexpression of the CTTN gene was associated with lymph node metastasis in ESCC. Functional analysis by small interfering RNA–mediated silencing of CTTN revealed that in addition to the effect on cell migration, CTTN influenced cell invasiveness by anoikis resistance. In vivo assay showed that inhibition of CTTN expression also decreased tumor growth and lung metastasis of ESCC cells. At the molecular level, we showed for the first time that the protective role of CTTN in anoikis resistance was correlated with the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Overall, the data suggest that CTTN is an oncogene in the 11q13 amplicon and exerts functions on tumor metastasis in ESCC. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11690-9)
Interferon-inducible expression of APOBEC3 editing enzymes in human hepatocytes and inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication
Authors: Marianne Bonvin, François Achermann, Isabell Greeve, Deborah Stroka, Adrian Keogh, Daniel Inderbitzin, Daniel Candinas, Peter Sommer, Simon Wain‐Hobson, Jean‐Pierre Vartanian, Jobst Greeve
Journal: Hepatology (2006)

Hypermutations in hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA by APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases have been detected in vitro and in vivo, and APOBEC3G (A3G) and APOBEC3F (A3F) have been shown to inhibit the replication of HBV in vitro, but the presumably low or even absent hepatic expression of these enzymes has raised the question as to their physiological impact on HBV replication. We show that normal human liver expresses the mRNAs of APOBEC3B (A3B), APOBEC3C (A3C), A3F, and A3G. In primary human hepatocytes, interferon alpha (IFN-α) stimulated the expression of these cytidine deaminases up to 14-fold, and the mRNAs of A3G, A3F, and A3B reached expression levels of 10%, 3%, and 3%, respectively, relative to GAPDH mRNA abundance. On transfection, the full-length protein A3BL inhibited HBV replication in vitro as efficiently as A3G or A3F, whereas the truncated splice variant A3BS and A3C had no effect. A3BL and A3BS were detected predominantly in the nucleus of uninfected cells; however, in HBV-expressing cells both proteins were found also in the cytoplasm and were associated with HBV viral particles, similarly to A3G and A3F. Moreover, A3G, A3F, and A3BL, but not A3BS, induced extensive G-to-A hypermutations in a fraction of the replicated HBV genomes. In conclusion, the editing enzymes A3BL, A3F, and most markedly A3G, which are expressed in liver and up-regulated by IFN-α in hepatocytes, are candidates to contribute to the noncytolytic clearance of HBV. (HEPATOLOGY 2006;43:1364–1374.)
Urology in a modern health centre.
Authors: R Scott, J Sinclair, S D Chowdhury, A J Yates, J Milligan
Journal: BMJ (1975)

The present concept of general practice is that practitioners will wherever possible be concentrated in large group practices.Health centres facilitate such groupings, and specialized medical and nursing personnel can also operate within the complexes.Hospital consultants are increasingly participating in this system, and we report here on our two-year experience with a urological clinic in a modern health centre. The Health CentreCumbernauld is a new town situated between Glasgow and Stirling with the use of hospital facilities in both cities and in Falkirk.The population is just under 40 000, and despite considerable public pressure the town is not likely to support a hospital in the near future.The townspeople come from the west of Scotland, especially Glasgow, and most are therefore used to full hospital facilities.The health centre (temporary) is situated in the main shopping precinct.Most general practitioners work within the main centre and there are a few practices in subsidiary medical centres.Hospital consultants have over the past few years been holding clinics in general surgery, medicine, ear, nose, and throat, dermatology, paediatrics, and gynaecology and obstetrics in the centre.In 1971 a urologist (R.S.) was invited to start a clinic.He has full use of the available diagnostic facilities, including radiology.
Cryopreserved peripheral blood cells functioning as autografts in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia in transformation.
Authors: J M Goldman, D Catovsky, J Hows, A S Spiers, D A Galton
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Six patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in transformation were treated with cytotoxic drugs or cytotoxic drugs plus total body irradiation, followed by infusion of reconstituted autologous peripheral blood cells that had been collected from them at diagnosis and stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 58 months. In four cases the blood and bone-marrow appearances were rapidly restored to those of typical chronic-phase disease. In three of these patients transformation recurred at 74, 32, and 26 weeks respectively. One patient was still in second chronic phase at eight weeks. One of the patients who entered a second transformation was restored to a third chronic phase by further treatment with cytotoxic drugs and a second autograft. Cryopreserved autologous blood cells may thus restore some patients with CGL in transformation to chronic-phase disease and so may help to prolong life.
Reply to Erik B. Cornel’s Letter to the Editor re: Vincenzo Pagliarulo, Sergio Bracarda, Mario A. Eisenberger, et al. Contemporary Role of Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2012;61:11–25
Authors: Vincenzo Pagliarulo, Nicolas Mottet, Fritz H. Schröder
Journal: European Urology (2012)
Tumor-Initiating Cells: An Influential Paradigm for Xenograft Research
Authors: C. D. James
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2010)

Xenograft-associated brain tumor studies have been performed for as long as neuro-oncology has been a definable field of cancer research. The earliest studies involved heterotransplantation of human brain tumor cells into immunocompetent hosts1 and subsequently the still-popular athymic nude mouse hosts.2 Identifying rodent hosts that maximize our ability to study a variety of brain tumor subtypes in vivo continues to see substantial research activity, as indicated by the study by Yu et al4 published in the current issue of Neuro-Oncology. In the associated investigation, Rag2 mice, which lack B and T cell function, were used as hosts for engrafting and propagating an ependymoma—a central nervous system tumor subtype whose degree of malignancy is generally insufficient for successful propagation using the conventional athymic mouse model.

The mouse host used in the current study, although significant, does not represent the major subject of this editorial. Rather, this editorial focuses on primary tumor and derivative xenograft cancer stem cell, or tumor-initiating cell, composition. In 2004, results presented by Singh et al3 supported the importance of the CD133+ fraction of patient brain tumors in tumorigenicity in NOD-SCID mice. The pervasive influence of this report has been evident ever since, and the characterization of brain tumors, especially gliomas, and corresponding derivatives for CD133 composition has been a consistent feature of published studies over the past 6 years. In fact, as of April 5, 2010, the manuscript by Singh et al3 has been cited 1144 times, with one more acknowledgement by Yu et al4 in the current issue of Neuro-Oncology. One wonders whether the referees realized the likely impact of the 2004 publication at the time of its review.

The idea of CD133 expression as a key determinant of brain tumor tumorigenicity has proven to be contentious, as there now exist a substantial number of studies that support or oppose it. Rather than taking a side on this controversial issue, taking a step back to “see the forest for the trees” may be a more appropriate as well as diplomatic course of action. Specifically, one could and perhaps should consider that CD133-related research and observations have substantially increased our appreciation of the importance of tumor heterogeneity in the biology of malignant glioma. In particular, there exist subsets of tumor cells that are especially important to the aggressive and therapy-resistant5 nature of glioma. Because mouse host tumorigenicity is the gold standard for evaluating tumor-initiating cell “stemness,” cancer stem cell research is intimately and perhaps inextricably associated with xenograft research. The study by Yu et al4 takes into account these various interrelated matters and reminds us that the cancer stem cell hypothesis continues to be a major influence in the field of neuro-oncology.

C. David James, Executive Editor, SNO