tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Intracardiac Blood on the Electrocardiogram
Authors: Howard L. Bleich, Emily S. Boro, Panos C. Voukydis
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

THE relation between the electrocardiogram as it registers from body-surface leads and the actual electromotive force of the heart is influenced by many factors. An increase in magnitude of the QRS potentials in an electrocardiographic lead may be caused by a greater size or number of individual fiber dipoles, as in ventricular hypertrophy, or by decreased cancellation of an opposing vector component, as in myocardial infarction. In addition to these factors, which represent changes in the electromotive force of the heart, there are important influences that are independent of this force: the position of the heart in the thorax, the . . .
Synopsis of Endoscopic and Related Morphological Findings in Whipple's Disease
Authors: J. Riemann, W. Rösch
Journal: Endoscopy (1978)

Whipple's disease is characterized by typical endoscopic lesions in the duodenal wall. They consist of a thickened and inflamed mucosa with yellowish-white spots, in part solitary, in part confluent. Petechial hemorrhages mark the high mucosal vulnerability. Clumsy and dilated villi with ectatic lymph vessels and PAS-positive macrophages are the corresponding histologic feature. In the ultrastructure numerous rod-shaped micro-organisms are evident. Following treatment with tetracycline the mucosal surface normalizes rapidly, the bacteria disappear, whereas other histologic changes remain over a longer period of time.
Hysterectomy for benign conditions
Authors: Leroy C Edozien
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Patients and doctors will benefit from evidence based guidelines 

I n contemporary clinical practice, patients should be given sufficient information about the reason for any treatment offered, the risks and benefits of the treatment, and the alternative options. For women undergoing hysterectomy, this ideal has scarcely been fulfilled. One reason for this has been the paucity of evidence on which to base counselling; the other is that gynaecologists, owing to limitations in their training, have not always been in a position to offer their patients a genuine choice of treatment options.

Hysterectomy has long been regarded as an operation performed by “hyster-happy,”1 mostly male, surgeons. The medical historian Roy Porter counted the rising tide of hysterectomies among manifestations of the “abuse of gynaecological surgery to control women” in the 19th century.2 Although campaigns against unnecessary hysterectomy have been vocal,3 this operation survived the feminist whirlwind of the mid to late 20th century and remains one of the most commonly performed operations in the world. In the United States, 600 …
Researchers try to protect patients from stem cell charlatans
Authors: B. Roehr
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The International Society for Stem Cell Research has launched a patient education website “to smoke out the charlatans” who prey upon desperately ill people and their families, said Irving Weissman.

“I don’t think that any society has ever done this before,” the Stanford University researcher and president of the society said in addressing the opening of their annual meeting on 16 June, in San Francisco.

The problem is large and growing. A recent web search identified more than 200 practitioners or clinics making claims for stem cell cures, most of the operations are located in developing countries where regulatory oversight is weak. One location in China claims …
Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Medical and Nursing Students' Television Viewing Habits: Potential Implications for Bioethics”
Authors: Matthew J. Czarny, Ruth R. Faden, Marie T. Nolan, Edwin Bodensiek, Jeremy Sugarman
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2008)

"Response to Open Peer Commentaries on "Medical and Nursing Students' Television Viewing Habits: Potential Implications for Bioethics"." The American Journal of Bioethics, 8(12), p. W1
Life after a transplant--and a dog
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2014)

<b>OBJECTIVE:</b>To investigate outcome after changing anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in patients with focal epilepsy in a controlled, prospective fashion. <b>BACKGROUND:</b>Outcomes after changing AED therapy have been largely studied in case series. Our group recently reported the first-ever study done to examine this in a controlled fashion. Here we report the outcome of changing AED therapy, both in refractory patients and those in remission, on any AED, using an improved, controlled, prospective, matched study design. <b>DESIGN/METHODS:</b>We identified patients with focal epilepsy taking a single AED seen at our center over a 9-month period. Those switched to another AED in monotherapy were considered case patients, while those who remained on the same drug served as controls. We matched cases with controls based on seizure status (seizures in the preceding 6 months or not), current AED, and number of prior AEDs tried. We prospectively followed these patients and reassessed seizure status at 6 months following the index date. <b>RESULTS:</b>Among seizure-free patients who switched drug (n=13), 15.4[percnt] had a recurrent seizure, compared to 7.7[percnt] recurrence among controls remaining on the same drug (n=39; p=0.59). Among non-seizure-free patients who switched drugs (n=29), 41.4[percnt] had a 6-month remission, compared to 55.2[percnt] controls remaining on the same drug (n=29; p=0.43). Those who had tried 2 or more other AEDs in the past were less likely to enter remission than those who had tried 1 or none (p=0.015). <b>CONCLUSIONS:</b>For seizure-free patients, we found a modest, non-significant risk (~8[percnt]) of seizure recurrence associated with changing medication. Non-seizure-free patients were at least as likely to enter remission on the same drug as with a different drug, suggesting that most positive outcomes in this group are due to spontaneous remission, not drug response. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Finamore has nothing to disclose. Dr. Sperling has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma as a consultant. Dr. Sperling has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity for Epilepsia. Dr. Sperling’s employer has received research support from Sunovion, Ei Dr. Zhan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Skidmore has received personal compensation for activities with Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Inc. as a consultant. Dr. Nei has received research support from Medtronic Inc., Neuropace, GlaxoSmithKline, UCB Pharma, Marinus, and Ortho-McNeil/Johnson &amp; Johnson. Dr. Mintzer has received personal compensation for activities with UCB Pharma, Sunovion, Upsher-Smith Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., SK Pharmaceuticals, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, and Eisai Inc. as a speaker and/or consultant.
AN ANALYSIS OF FOUR HUNDRED CASES OF EPIDEMIC MENINGITIS TREATED WITH THE ANTI-MENINGITIS SERUM
Authors: Simon Flexner, James W. Jobling
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1908)

It is our belief that the analyses of histories of cases of epidemic meningitis which have been presented in this article furnish convincing proof that the antimeningitis serum when used by the subdural method of injection, in suitable doses and at proper intervals, is capable of reducing the period of illness; of preventing, in large measure, the chronic lesions and types of the infection; of bringing about complete restoration to health, in all but a very small number of the recovered, thus lessening the serious, deforming, and permanent consequences of meningitis; and of greatly diminishing the fatalities due to the disease.
THE HUMAN STOCK SHOW
Authors: AGNES DITSON
Journal: JAMA (1913)

Under various names, such as "Baby Show," "Better Babies Show," "Baby Health Contest," etc., infants are competing for prizes on a basis of mental and physical development, as determined by tests and examinations conducted by physicians. These are virtually human stock shows. The idea was conceived as a direct outcome of live stock shows, in several parts of the stock-breeding West simultaneously. The human stock show bears the same relation to race improvement that the live stock show bears to stock-breeding, and that the agricultural exhibit bears to scientific agriculture. It bridges the gap between scientific and practical eugenics and euthenics. It is of scientific value because of the statistics that may be collected. It is of practical value because it affords a means of instilling into the minds of the laity the fundamental principles of eugenics and euthenics. Most of the entries are children of intelligent parents. The baby
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation Is Able to Induce Long-Term Remissions in Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma: A Retrospective Study From the Lymphoma Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Charalampia Kyriakou, Carmen Canals, Jürgen Finke, Guido Kobbe, Jean-Luc Harousseau, Hans-Jochem Kolb, Nicolas Novitzky, Anthony H. Goldstone, Anna Sureda, Norbert Schmitz
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2009)

To analyze the long-term outcome in terms of nonrelapse mortality (NRM), relapse rate (RR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) in patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) treated with allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (alloSCT).Forty-five patients with AITL who had undergone an alloSCT between January 1998 and December 2005 and were registered in the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation database were analyzed. Median age was 48 years (range, 23 to 68 years), 34 patients had received > or = two lines of chemotherapy before alloSCT, and 11 patients had experienced treatment failure with a prior autologous stem-cell transplantation. Twenty-five patients underwent a myeloablative alloSCT, and 20 underwent a reduced-intensity alloSCT. Donors were HLA-identical siblings in 26 patients. Twenty-seven patients were allografted in chemotherapy-sensitive disease, and 18 were allografted in refractory disease.The cumulative incidence of NRM was 18%, 22%, and 25% at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Patients with poor performance status had a significantly higher NRM (P = .01). RR was estimated as 16% and 20% at 2 and 3 years, respectively, and was lower in patients developing chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). PFS and OS rates were 62% and 53% and 66% and 64% at 1 and 3 years, respectively, and were significantly better in chemotherapy-sensitive patients.AlloSCT represents a valid therapeutic option for patients with AITL. Both the lower RR after transplantation as well as the decreased RR in patients developing cGVHD after the alloSCT suggests the existence of a clinically relevant graft-versus-lymphoma effect.
Differential expression of type I collagen and cellular fibronectin isoforms in endothelial cell variants
Authors: Jeanne C. Myers
Journal: Kidney International (1993)

Endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro are inherently capable of manifesting more than one phenotype. Most endothelial cells in culture, even when maintained at confluent density for an extended period, exhibit only the typical polygonal morphology. Other cultures, albeit few, are characterized by rapid formation of variant "sprout" cells once the cobblestone monolayer is established. In vivo studies have revealed sprout cell formation to be one of the early events in neovascularization. Therefore, elucidation of the factors involved in this process is needed to gain an understanding of the sprouting phenomena. To this end, two morphologically distinct bovine endothelial cell clones derived from a fetal left ventricle were characterized. One culture of cells stably displayed the conventional polygonal phenotype, in contrast to the second culture in which an interconnecting network of sprout cells reproducibly developed beneath the cobblestone monolayer. Analysis of extracellular matrix proteins and RNA transcripts revealed that the sprouting clone showed induction of type I collagen and a shift in fibronectin RNA processing resulting in synthesis of the cellular isoforms. These collagenous and non-collagenous matrix molecules may serve in some manner to affect the processes required during angiogenesis, that is, cell division, cell migration and cell shape change.
Antiepileptic Drugs for Bipolar Disorder and the Risk of Suicidal Behavior: A 30-Year Observational Study
Authors: Andrew C. Leon, David A. Solomon, Chunshan Li, Jess G. Fiedorowicz, William H. Coryell, Jean Endicott, Martin B. Keller
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (2011)

The FDA in 2009 warned of increased suicidality with all antiepileptic drugs, regardless of the illness being treated. Longitudinal clinical observations of 199 bipolar patients taking carbamazepine, lamotrigine, or valproate in five U.S. medical centers found no evidence for increased suicidality.
Reply to T. Lang et al
Authors: Kazuma Kiyotani, Taisei Mushiroda, Yusuke Nakamura, Hitoshi Zembutsu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)

We are grateful to Lang et al for their interest in our recent article and for the thoughtful comments to support our association results between ABCC2 genotype and tamoxifen response. Although they mentioned that we speculated the rs3740065 variant (G allele) may be associated with increased ABCC2 expression and enhanced transport activity, this is their misunderstanding. In our article, we stated that A allele in the rs3740065 was a risk allele and speculated this allele or some other variations linked with this allele should be associated with higher expression and lower exposure of breast cancer cells to active metabolites of tamoxifen, leading to shorter recurrence-free survival in patients carrying the A allele than in those carrying the G allele. However, we have no evidence that rs3740065 itself is a causative one that affects ABCC2 expression. In our previous report, we performed tag–single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) –based screening to comprehensively analyze the association between SNPs in ABCC2 and tamoxifen response, and we found a significant association at rs3740065. However, we did not specify the causative SNP(s) in the report. The resequencing of patients described previously revealed that 1774G/delG was in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the rs3740065 A/G (r of LD 0.89), in concordance with the previous report, and an additional five SNPs were also in strong LD with the rs3740065 (r 0.80; unpublished data). As Lang et al speculated, 1774G/delG can explain the findings of association between ABCC2 and tamoxifen efficacy; we obtained a positive association of the 1774G/delG with recurrencefree survival in 282 patients (log-rank P .0023) as a corollary to the strong LD between the two variations (Fig 1). In the functional analysis to identify a causative SNP(s), we could not obtain any differences between 1774delG and 1774G in the reporter gene assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay we performed (unpublished data), although one previous report showed that luciferase activity of 1774delG construct was 36% lower than that of 1774G. Several groups reported the association of the 1774G/delG with pharmacokinetics and adverse reactions of drugs; however, no studies have provided conclusive evidence that the 1774G/delG itself is causative. In conclusion, although additional functional and large-scale association studies are needed to conclude the association of ABCC2 genotypes and clinical efficacy of tamoxifen, as pointed out by Lang et al, we believe that any of rs3760045, 1774G/delG, and the other five SNPs posses a potential to alter the ABCC2 expression, resulting in the different response to tamoxifen between individual patients. Kazuma Kiyotani and Taisei Mushiroda Laboratory for Pharmacogenetics, RIKEN Center for Genomic Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
Trimethoprim resistance in hospitals.
Authors: P Huovinen, R Mantyjarvi, P Toivanen
Journal: BMJ (1982)

During November 1980 to April 1981, 1561 urinary tract pathogens were collected from Turku City Hospital, Turku University Central Hospital, and Kuopio University Central Hospital. Resistance of the strains was tested by agar-plate dilution against trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, sulphamethoxazole, ampicillin, and nitrofurantoin. Resistance to trimethoprim (greater than 8 mg/l) occurred in 8.6-12.2% of strains from the university hospitals (Pseudomonas excluded) and 38.3% of strains from Turku City Hospital. Resistance of Escherichia coli occurred in 4.1-6.2% of strains from the university hospitals and 21% of strains from Turku City Hospital. Proteus mirabilis was the most resistant of the clinically important bacterial species with resistance to trimethoprim in 29-78%. Attention is called for in defining the type of hospital used for a particular study: bacterial resistance in different hospitals cannot be compared direct and one hospital is not necessarily representative for a whole country. After seven years9 use of plain trimethoprim the prevalence of resistance in the two university hospitals in Finland was similar to that in a London hospital just before plain trimethoprim was registered for use in Britain.
Dose response relationship of allergen, histamine, and histamine releasers in skin prick test and precision of the skin prick test method
Authors: S. Dreborg, M. Holgersson, G. Nilsson, O. Zetterström
Journal: Allergy (1987)

The aim of the present investigation was to study the dose response relationship of allergen, histamine and histamine releasers in skin prick test (SPT) and the precision of the SPT method. In one experiment timothy allergen, histamine HCl, rabbit anti-human-IgE and compound 48/80 were studied in seven patients. In a second experiment timothy allergen and histamine and dog allergen and histamine were investigated in two groups of 10 patients. Histamine HCl 1 and 10 mg/ml induced weals about 15 and 25 mm2 (4.5 and 5.5 mm in diameter), respectively. The precision as expressed by the coefficient of variation was about 25% for histamine and 40% for allergen for weal areas greater than 10 mm2. Calculations of the regression lines to test the dose response relationships were based on the method of least squares. The best fit was to a log/log model. The slopes of allergen, histamine and histamine releasers were essentially parallel within patients. The median slope of allergen was estimated to about 0.4 based on weal areas and 0.2 based on mean weal diameters. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between the lower and upper parts of the dose response curves of allergen and histamine, although there was a tendency towards steeper slopes at lower concentrations. These results show that histamine concentrations greater than or equal to 1 mg/ml should be used as positive control in SPT and that histamine releasers do not offer advantages over histamine as reference substances in SPT. A common slope for the dose response relationship of allergen and histamine can be used for the estimation of skin sensitivity.
Anticholinergic Medication in Diagnostic Endoscopy of the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: J. L. Hedenbro, S. G. Frederiksen, A. Lindblom
Journal: Endoscopy (1991)

The effects of two different forms of anticholinergic medication on endoscopic quality and patient discomfort were studied in 235 consecutively observed out-patients. Patients were randomized to receive either scopolamine i.v. and placebo transdermally, saline i.v. and saline transdermally, or placebo i.v. and scopolamine transdermally. No differences could be observed between the groups with respect to gastric motor function or endoscopic quality (as judged by the endoscopist), or discomfort during endoscopy (as judged by the patient). Transdermally applied scopolamin resulted in a significant increase (2p = 0.002) in post-endoscopy discomfort due to dryness of the mouth. The findings speak against the use of i.v. scopolamine (20 mg) or transdermally applied scopolamine (0.5 mg) in endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Ultrastructural observations on uninvolved skin in dermatitis herpetiformis
Authors: D.J. RICHES, B.G.H. MARTIN, P.P. SEAH, LIONEL FRY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

Clinically normal skin from patients being treated for dermatitis herpetiformis was examined with the electron microscope. Cytoplasmic processes from the basal epidermal cells penetrated the dermis through discontinuities in the basal lamina which otherwise was normal in structure and thickness. The fibrous network of the dermis consisting of collagen, small reticular fibrils, anchoring fibrils and elastin, appeared normal. In patients receiving only dapsone, membrane‐bound‘vacuoles’were found just below the basal lamina. They contained a fibrillar material of low electron density and were often associated with cell processes or complete cells, the classification of which was difficult. It is suggested that these vacuoles may be implicated in the reaction between reticulin and immunological complexes. In two specimens, early blister formation was also seen in the dermal papillae. The basal lamina remained applied to the stratum basale and was only absent where basal cell processes projected into the blister space which contained fibrin deposits. Vesiculated structures observed in the region of the blisters are interpreted as abnormal sensory nerve endings. This evidence supports the view that disruption of the basal lamina and blister formation in dermatitis herpetiformis are secondary to an earlier reaction.
TWO CASES OF TONSILLECTOMY
Authors: T. G. Orr
Journal: JAMA (1913)

The following cases are reported from the medical service of Dr. George M. Swift and the surgical service of Dr. Frank S. Mathews at St Marys Fee Hospital for Children: <h3>Case 1.</h3> —Miss C., aged 20, a nurse in the hospital, acquird a troat infection Oct. 5, 1912. The pharynx and tonsils were much inflamed and there was a small white plug about 2 mm. in diameter in a crypt of the left tonsil. There was no diphtheritic membrane. The temperature was never above 100.5 F., except after antitoxin, when it reached 101. The patient was not very ill at any time and remained in bed only four or five days. A throat culture taken October 6, grew diphtheria bacilli. Two doses of antitoxin were given in the first two weeks. Hexamethylenamin (urotropin) and the usual antiseptic gargles and applications were used. The inflammation disappeared in
Experiments upon Dogs when under the Influence of Strychnia, Conducted by the late Dr. Marshall Hall
Authors: J. Sloane
Journal: BMJ (1857)

The child presented a very cutrious appearance.The whole of the oecipital, and both parietal bones, were wanting; thtere seemiied to be no neck; and tire lace looked Fas if its lower lhalt' were stuck between the clavicles; the posterior p(ortioins of the cereblrtun anid cer-ebellum, anid some of the utpper portion of the spille tIO.seemed wanting.I was very anxious to secure tire clild.hlot tihe friends resisted all my endeavours to examine it thorothly-.The limbs were preternaturally long; the childi seemed well nourished, was at the-full time, and liad not been -dead nanytv hiours.The ilacentu etmine away naitturallv, and tlir M1lall ondid very well for soome weelhs; sire tlein caught a severe cold, an(d (died1 itn three months of phtlhisis.CASF.Ii.About 10 AM., on Junie 6;th, 1857, I was requested to see Mrs. M1., aged :37, who was every day expecting her fifth
RELATION BETWEEN CORONARY FLOW RESERVE AND AORTIC WAVE REFLECTIONS: AN ANCILLARY STUDY FROM THE NHLBI-SPONSORED WOMEN'S ISCHEMIA SYNDROME EVALUATION
Authors: Scott J. Denardo, Johnathan Davidson, Sheryl Kelsey, Carl Pepine, Wilmer W. Nichols
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)