tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract A28: Impact of macrophage function on the efficacy of radiation therapy
Authors: Stephen L. Shiao, David G. DeNardo, Bruce A. Faddegon, David M. Underhill, Catherine C. Park, Lisa M. Coussens
Journal: Cancer Research (2015)

Abstract In patients with locally advanced breast cancer, radiation therapy (RT) and chemotherapy following surgery has been a mainstay of treatment for breast cancer with demonstrated survival advantage in numerous randomized trials. However, despite recent advances in treatment, many women still ultimately succumb to this disease highlighting the need to improve our therapeutic options. Previous work from other groups demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of RT depend in part on activation of the immune system, but little is known about the details of this activation. To address this, we explored the effects of RT on the immune microenvironment in a syngeneic orthotopic murine transplantation model of breast cancer and found that 7 days following RT tumors had significantly increased numbers of CD11b+ macrophages compared to untreated tumors. When we depleted these macrophages using a CSF1 inhibitor or CSF1 blocking Ab following RT we found significantly delayed tumor growth compared to RT alone. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key orchestrators of the tumor microenvironment and can be either classically-activated expressing cytotoxic molecules leading to tumor cell death (“anti-tumor”) or alternatively-activated in which they secrete proangiogenic, prosurvival, and proinvasive factors that foster tumor progression (“pro-tumor”). Given the delayed growth when TAMs were depleted following RT, we hypothesized that the infiltrating TAMs are predominantly of the pro-tumor phenotype and that a milieu that favors an anti-tumor phenotype would enhance the effect of RT. We tested this hypothesis using a blocking antibody against IL-4, the predominant cytokine which drives the alternatively-activated phenotype, and we observed significantly reduced tumor growth in mice treated with the combination of RT and IL-4 blockade compared to mice treated with either agent alone. These studies indicate that infiltrating macrophages following RT have a protumor function, and that conversion of these macrophages to a cytotoxic phenotype may improve the efficacy of RT. Citation Format: Stephen L. Shiao, David G. DeNardo, Bruce A. Faddegon, David M. Underhill, Catherine C. Park, Lisa M. Coussens. Impact of macrophage function on the efficacy of radiation therapy. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A28. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-A28
Myelopathy in Hepatic Cirrhosis
Authors: S. S. Pant, A. N. Bhargava, M. M. Singh, P. C. Dhanda
Journal: BMJ (1963)

Transient neurological changes occurring in patients suffering from hepatic precoma and coma are well known (Adams and Foley, 1953;Summerskill et al., 1956).The development of permanent neurological deficits in such patients has only recently been appreciated.It is becoming increasingly clear that permanent neurological changes referable to many systems are not uncommon in these patients.During the past five years R. D. Adams and M. Victor (personal communication, 1962) have collected 15 cases of cirrhosis with episodes of coma in which permanent intellectual, cerebellar,
Meningococcal C booster not recommended by evidence
Authors: H L. Thomas, N. Andrews, C. Trotter, M. Ramsay, E. Miller
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Snape et al recommend that a booster dose of meningococcal group C glycoconjugate vaccine (MenC) be administered to children entering adolescence in the UK in the next five years.1 However, their study did not look for, or provide, any evidence of increasing nasopharyngeal carriage in pre-adolescents, and underestimates the protective effect of herd …
"I'm sorry for your trouble"
Authors: D. C Riordan
Journal: BMJ (2003)

My father had been called back to rural Ireland to represent the family at a funeral. I must have been 6 years old and was holding my father's hand as we stood in line to pass the recently bereaved family. I strained to hear what was being whispered to the widow as she shook hands with the people who filed past the front row. It came to our turn, and my father leant across, almost touching the widow's face furrowed with the pain of loss. Five simple words were exchanged: “I'm sorry for …
THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN ON THE CARBOHYDRATE TOLERANCE OF TWO CASES HAVING COMBINED DIABETES MELLITUS AND PERNICIOUS ANEMIA 1
Authors: Norman Jolliffe, Harold Brandaleone, Harry Most
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1935)

We have studied two subjects having both diabetes mellitus and pernicious anemia during a six and nine months' period of hospitalization.This combination of diseases has been recently reviewed by Root (1).Marked fluctuations in carbohydrate tolerance were observed to follow changes in protein con- tent of the diet.It is well known that the composition of the diet of the normal (2) as well as of the diabetic patient plays an important part in the carbohydrate tolerance.It is generally recognized (3) that the adult diabetic does best on a diet containing 0.66 to 1.0 gram of protein per kilogram of body weight per diem.The use of limited amounts of protein in the diets is so universal that the reason for its curtailment is often forgotten.Consequently, in the therapy of dis- eases complicating diabetes the tendency has been to give the diet prescribed for the complicating disease and if glycosuria occurs to control it with insulin.If this complicating disease is one in which a high protein diet is advisable, such as pernicious anemia, a real danger exists.The carbohydrate tolerance of these subjects, already impaired, may be seriously damaged.Prior to the method of treatment by under- nutrition, diabetic patients were placed on a diet consisting entirely of protein and fat.As Joslin (3) expresses it, these patients were " urged to de- vour, not merely eat, protein and fat ad libitum."In consequence, there were no mild diabetics among those so treated.The mildly diabetic, due to lack of carbohydrate in the diet and the excess of protein and fat, were made moderately severe.The moderately severe became severe, while the latter died in ketosis or barely escaped with their lives.During the era of undernutri- tion, patients were maintained aglycosuric whose
Insights in cellular uptake mechanisms of pDNA–polycationic amphiphilic cyclodextrin nanoparticles (CDplexes)
Authors: Alejandro Díaz-Moscoso, Dries Vercauteren, Joanna Rejman, Juan M. Benito, Carmen Ortiz Mellet, Stefaan C. De Smedt, José M. García Fernández
Journal: Journal of Controlled Release (2010)
Genetic Markers in Human Blood
Authors: John B. Miale
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<b>Human Blood and Serum Groups</b>, by Otto Prokop, Gerhard Uhlenbruck, John L Raven (trans), 891 pp, 163 illus, $45, New York, John Wiley &amp; Sons Inc, 1969. These two books have some things in common. They both cover the subject in great detail, both are admirable, and both are of interest primarily to workers in this special field of genetically determined proteins, enzymes, and blood groups. Dr. Giblett's book certainly ranks as an outstanding compendium. As might be expected, the chapter on haptoglobin is outstanding, but there are equally scholarly and complete sections on the immunoglobulins, transferrin, the Ge system, β-lipoprotein allotypes, pseudocholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, glucose-G-phosphate dehydrogenase and the hemoglobins. Within the unreserved praise I would give this book, I must point out that the section on blood groups is the weakest. Dr. Giblett deals with the difference between the Race-Sanger concept and that of Wiener as a problem of
Reaction products of chlorine dioxide.
Authors: A A Stevens
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

Inspection of the available literature reveals that a detailed investigation of the aqueous organic chemistry of chlorine dioxide and systematic identification of products formed during water disinfection has not been considered. This must be done before an informed assessment can be made of the relative safety of using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant alternative to chlorine. Although trihalomethanes are generally not formed by the action of chlorine dioxide, the products of chlorine dioxide treatment of organic materials are oxidized species, some of which also contain chlorine. The relative amounts of species types may depend on the amount of chlorine dioxide residual maintained and the concentration and nature of the organic material present in the source water. The trend toward lower concentrations of chlorinated by-products with increasing ClO2 concentration, which was observed with phenols, has not been observed with natural humic materials as measured by the organic halogen parameter. Organic halogen concentrations have been shown to increase with increasing chlorine dioxide dose, but are much lower than those observed when chlorine is applied. Aldehydes have been detected as apparent by-products of chlorine dioxide oxidation reactions in a surface water that is a drinking water source. Some other nonchlorinated products of chlorine dioxide treatment may be quinones and epoxides. The extent of formation of these moieties within the macromolecular humic structure is also still unknown.
Hepatic steatosis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by tamoxifen
Authors: Keisuke Miyata, Yasuko Nozaki, Kayoko Namikawa, Masaya Takahashi, Tetsu Egawa, Yoshihisa Nemoto, Kouji Ookawauchi, Masafumi Ono, Naoaki Akisawa, Shinji Iwasaki, Takashi Maeda, Yasuhiro Ogawa, Saburo Onishi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2002)
Effects of Blood Volume Restitution Following A Portal Hypertensive-Related Bleeding in Anesthetized Cirrhotic Rats
Authors: Beatriz Castañeda, Josephine Morales, Raffaella Lionetti, Eduardo Moitinho, Victoria Andreu, Sofía Pérez-del-Pulgar, Pilar Pizcueta, Juan Rodés, Jaime Bosch
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different strategies of blood volume restitution in the outcome of portal hypertension-related bleeding in anesthetized cirrhotic rats. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage was induced by sectioning a first order branch of the ileocolic vein in 38 cirrhotic rats (common bile duct ligation and occlusion). The subsequent hypovolemic shock was treated with no transfusion (n = 17), moderate transfusion (50% of expected blood loss, 5 mL, n = 11), and total transfusion (100% of expected blood loss, 10 mL, n = 10). At the end of the blood transfusion period (minute 15), mean arterial pressure (MAP) partially recovered in rats receiving moderate transfusion or no transfusion but decreased in the 10-mL transfusion group ( downward arrow 12 +/- 43%, P < .05 vs. no transfusion and 5 mL transfusion). After transfusion, groups given no or 5 mL transfusion remained hemodynamically stable. However, rats receiving 10 mL transfusion continued to deteriorate with persistent bleeding and progressive fall in MAP ( downward arrow 65 +/- 12%; P < .05 vs. no transfusion and 5 mL transfusion). Collected blood loss was significantly greater in the 10-mL group (20.0 +/- 1.5 g) than in groups given 5 mL (15.9 +/- 2.8 g; P < .05) or no transfusion (13.2 +/- 2.1 g; P < .05 vs. 10 mL and 5 mL transfusion). Survival in the no transfusion group was 47%. Rats given 5-mL transfusion had 64% survival. The worst survival was observed in the 10-mL transfusion group (0% survival; P < .05). We concluded that a transfusion policy aimed at completely replacing blood loss worsens the magnitude of bleeding and mortality from portal hypertensive-related bleeding in cirrhotic rats. On the contrary, moderate blood transfusion allowed hemodynamic stabilization and increased survival.
Effect of Externally Applied Pressure on Femoral Vein Blood Flow
Authors: M. Spiro, V. C. Roberts, J. B. Richards
Journal: BMJ (1970)

The effect of incremental increases in external pressure, applied to the leg, on blood volume flow in the femoral vein was studied in dogs. Clinical investigation of external pressure increases was also carried out on nine patients undergoing surgery for varicose veins. An external pressure between 5 and 15 mm. Hg caused a sustained increase in mean femoral vein flow both in a control and in the compressed limb. Above 15 mm. Hg external pressure flow decreased in the compressed limb but was maintained at an increased level in the control limb. If external compression is to be used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis its application must be carefully controlled.
The uncanny power of words
Authors: Paul J. M. Jorion
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1999)

In their quality as acoustic or visual percepts, words are linked to the emotional values of the state-of-affairs they evoke. This allows them to engender meanings capable of operating nearly entirely detached from percepts. Such a laying flat of meanings permits deliberation to take place within the window of consciousness. In such a theatre of the imagination, linguistically triggered, resides the originality of the human psyche.
Raised concentrations of antibodies to cardiolipin in patients receiving dialysis.
Authors: C Gronhagen-Riska, A M Teppo, A Helantera, E Honkanen, H Julkunen
Journal: BMJ (1990)

to be non-linear; terms and YEAR cubed (p= 004) significantly improved the fit of the model.The final model fitted well: residuals were appropriately distributed, no additional regression terms were needed, and a leverage analysis indicated that the results had not been distorted by unrepresentative data points.In both sexes the fitted suicide rate for 1975 in- creased consistently with increasing age.Males exhibited a significantly higher rate of suicide than females within all age strata.In males the fitted rate ranged from 61-9 deaths per million per annum (95% confidence interval 55 3 to 69 3) in the youngest age group to 189-2 (163 0 to 219 5) deaths per million per annum in the oldest.In females the equivalent range was from 28-4 (23-9 to 33 7) to 107-2 (93-1 to 1234) deaths per million per annum.Among males in each of the age groups 15-24, 25-34, and 35-44 the suicide rate increased significantly (p<0-0001) between 1975 and 1987 (figure).No significant changes were observed in the older age groups.In sharp contrast, all females in all age groups showed a decline in suicide rate, ranging from a 33% fall (p=0O002) in the age group 35-44 to a 17% fall (p=0 055) in the group 25-34.
Control of Breast Cancer Through Mass Screening
Authors: Ruth E. Cortell
Journal: JAMA (1976)

To the Editor.—  In the article entitled Control of Breast Cancer Through Mass Screening by Dr Philip Strax (235:1600, 1976) there is an error. In describing the original mass screening program for the detection of early breast cancer carried out by the Health Insurance Plan of Greater New York, the statement is made that  with breast cancer were matched with 31,000 without prior history of breast  The 31,000 women entered into the study group did not have breast cancer. This group of 31,000 women were offered annual screening for breast cancer detection, as described in the original reports of Dr Strax and his group. 1 They were then compared with the control group, who were not regularly screened for breast cancer.  I would like to take issue with the use of the word control in the title of this article. There is nothing in the article that increases
The products of pre-B cell-specific genes (lambda 5 and VpreB) and the immunoglobulin mu chain form a complex that is transported onto the cell surface.
Authors: T Tsubata, M Reth
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1990)

We constructed expression vectors coding for the two pre-B-specific genes, VpreB and lambda 5, and transfected them together with a mu vector (mu tm) into Ig- myeloma cells. In a transfectant expressing all three introduced genes, the mu tm chain is transported on the cell surface. A biochemical analysis demonstrated that, in these cells, the mu tm chain is associated noncovalently with an 18-kD protein and covalently with a 22-kD protein, which are most likely the products of VpreB and lambda 5, respectively. Our results, thus, strongly suggest that the products of lambda 5 and VpreB bind to mu chains and have the same capacity as conventional Ig L chains to allow surface expression of mu chains.
The Impact of Endocrine Disruption: A Consensus Statement on the State of the Science
Authors: Åke Bergman, Jerrold J. Heindel, Tim Kasten, Karen A. Kidd, Susan Jobling, Maria Neira, R. Thomas Zoeller, Georg Becher, Poul Bjerregaard, Riana Bornman, Ingvar Brandt, Andreas Kortenkamp, Derek Muir, Marie-Noël Brune Drisse, Roseline Ochieng, Niels E. Skakkebaek, Agneta Sundén Byléhn, Taisen Iguchi, Jorma Toppari, Tracey J. Woodruff
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2013)
Local Injection of Fluorouracil in Skin Cancer
Authors: T. C. Lee
Journal: JAMA (1969)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> A recent question inThe Journal(<b>207</b>:959, 1969) concerned the use of fluorouracil by local application. We wish to report a favorable experience with local injection of this compound into a recurrent rectal carcinoma. <h3>Report of a Case:—</h3> A 61-year-old man entered our hospital two years after abdominoperineal resection for adenocarcinoma of the rectum. At the time of readmission he had a friable, painful recurrence in the perineal scar plus demonstrable but asymptomatic pulmonary metastases. The patient was unable to lie supine or walk because of the painful perineal masses (Fig 1). Over a three-month period the patient received treatment with fluorouracil by direct injection into the tumor area. He received a dose of 7.5 mg/kg of drug per injection and the treatments were performed at ten-day intervals. The total course of therapy consisted of ten injections. The patient experienced subjective and objective improvement. The tumor
On Papain and its Use in the Treatment of Dyspepsia
Authors: G. Herschell
Journal: BMJ (1886)

=~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:the complicated colon, and the presence of sacculi in that part of the canal.The Ungullates.-Space will not permit the consideration of this family in any detail.So far as the alimentary canal can serve as a guide, it would appear certain that the ungulates take their descent from the rodents.The colic spiral and the colic loop reappear in a pronounced manner in the more specialised class of animal.The line of descent would appear to be in the following direction.From rodents with spirals (tor example, the capybara) come the artiodactyla, the hogs coming first in the line of descent.From the hogs, the hippopotamidae branch off and lead nowhere, and from the same trunk spring the ruminants.The colic spiral is carefully retained throughout, and the development of the ruminant stomach can be followed step by step.From rodents with loops spring the perissodactyla, the rhinoceros, the tapir, the horse, animals that all preserve the rodent outline of stomach, and accurately reproduce the colic loop.
Understanding Human Behavior in Health and Illness
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1977)

Here is something unusual: a multiauthored book with a consistent viewpoint: uniformly clear, jargon-free style; an absence of repetition and contradiction; copious illustration with works of art; a comprehensive interpretation of human behavior using material "from learning theory to sociology, from psychoanalysis to genetics, from ethology to neurochemistry." All this was achieved by members of the Psychiatry Department of the State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, who worked together closely to develop a course that they say "attempts a close integration between the many clinical aspects of human behavior and the behavioral sciences." It is a long book—more than 700 large pages. I wonder if all this material was included in the course and, if so, how much time in the medical school curriculum was allotted to it. A few chapters dealing with medical education presumably were not part of the course and perhaps could have been omitted
Negative P Waves in Lead I in Dextroversion: Differential Diagnosis from Mirror-Image Dextrocardia
Authors: M. MIROWSKI, CATHERINE A. NEILL, HENRY T. BAHNSON, HELEN B. TAUSSIG
Journal: Circulation (1962)

The electrocardiographic differentiation of dextroversion from mirror-image dextrocardia has frequently been based on the configuration of the P waves in lead I, the assumption being that P waves are upright in dextroversion and inverted in mirror-image dextrocardia. A patient is presented with inverted P waves in lead I in whom an electrocardiographic diagnosis of dextroversion was made based on the analysis of the unipolar leads. This diagnosis was confirmed at surgery when a ventricular septal defect was successfully repaired. The Sodi-Pallares method of analysis of the precordial leads is valuable in determining whether the left ventricle lies anteriorly and to the left as in dextroversion or posteriorly and to the right as in mirror-image dextrocardia. Because of the frequency of unusual atrial rhythms in patients with right-lying hearts, the configuration of the P waves is often unreliable. When there is a discrepancy between the result of analysis of atrial activation and that of ventricular activation, the latter should be used in determining whether dextroversion or mirror-image dextrocardia is present.
Standard deviation or the standard error of the mean
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2015)

The effects of a diet with a low glycaemic index during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal morbidity for women at risk of fetal macrosomia (large for gestational age infants) were investigated. A randomised controlled trial was performed. The intervention consisted of a low glycaemic index diet from early pregnancy. The control treatment was no dietary intervention. Participants were women without diabetes, all in their second pregnancy, who had previously delivered an infant weighing greater than 4000 g. In total, 800 women were recruited and randomised to the intervention (n=394) and control treatment (n=406) groups.1 The baseline characteristics for the treatment groups were presented; these included body mass index (BMI) (intervention: mean 26.8 (standard deviation 5.1); control 26.8 (4.8)). The outcome measures included birth weight and gestational weight gain. Of those women allocated to the intervention, 372 provided data at follow-up, compared with 387 of those allocated to the control. A per protocol analysis was performed. Mean birth weight was greater in the intervention group than in the control group, although the difference was not significant (mean 4034 (standard error 26.4) v 4006 (25.3) g; mean difference 28.6 g, 95% confidence interval −45.6 to 102.8; P=0.449). Mean gestational weight gain was significantly less for the intervention arm (12.2 (standard error 0.23) v 13.7 (0.25) kg; mean difference −1.35 kg, −2.45 to −0.24; P=0.01). The researchers concluded that a low glycaemic index diet in pregnancy did not significantly reduce birth weight for large for gestational age infants but it did have a significant effect on reducing gestational weight gain for women at risk of fetal macrosomia. Which of the following statements, if any, are true?
Adverse reactions during peanut oral immunotherapy home dosing
Authors: Pooja Varshney, Pamela H. Steele, Brian P. Vickery, J. Andrew Bird, Ananth Thyagarajan, Amy M. Scurlock, Tamara T. Perry, Stacie M. Jones, A. Wesley Burks
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2009)