tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A Ferruginous Body
Authors: Kim Eagle, Anne Sorling, Corey J. Langer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

Figure 1. A Ferruginous Body. The classic dumbbell-shaped, sometimes beaded appearance of an asbestos fiber, also known as a ferruginous body, is evident in an iron-mucopolysaccharide matrix on scanning electron microscopy (x1595). The fibers were obtained at the postmortem examination of a 58-year-old man with a history of smoking 100 packs of cigarettes per year and long-term exposure to asbestos who died of secondary interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and stage IV non-small-cell bronchogenic carcinoma.
Potential impact of the Human Rights Act on psychiatric practice: the best of British values?
Authors: R. Macgregor-Morris
Journal: BMJ (2001)

The Human Rights Act came into operation in October 2000, incorporating into English law the European Convention of Human Rights, which was originally formed to ensure no repetition of the atrocities of the second world war. The government intends to guarantee basic human rights in a broad range of circumstances, and this is relevant to the management of psychiatric patients.

The proposition of the act is that it will be unlawful for public authorities (including hospitals, social services, and prisons) to act in a manner incompatible with the convention. Lawyers have speculated at length as to possible challenges to the Mental Health Act, but clinicians seem less aware of the possible impact of this new legislation. The government has tried to reassure us. In March 2000 Jack Straw, the home secretary, told organisations “not to panic,” saying the act is “an opportunity and not a threat” that safeguards “the best British values of fairness, respect for human dignity, and inclusiveness.”1

Others express different views. Lord McCluskey, a senior judge in Scotland, where the convention was adopted after devolution, is reported as saying that the change has provided “a field day for crackpots, a pain in the neck for judges, and a goldmine for lawyers.” In this article we use examples from Europe to review the potential impact on practice in England.

#### Summary points

The Human Rights Act 1998 came into effect in October 2000 and incorporated articles of the European Convention of Human Rights into English law

Potentially, this could allow psychiatric patients to challenge many aspects of their care

However, European cases suggest that current clinical practice is largely compatible with the act

Future legislation, policy, and procedure will be shaped by patients challenging existing practice using articles of the act, and a balance will have to be struck between …
Abstract A36: Doxorubicin loaded lactoferrin nanoparticles: Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats induced by diethylnitrosamine
Authors: Kishore Golla, Bhaskar Cherukuvada, Ahmed Farhan, Anand Kumar Kondapi
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly incident malignancy. Doxorubicin is one of the effective chemotherapeutic agents for treating HCC. This problem is addressed in the present study based on an effort to enhance the efficacy of the drug through improvement of bioavailability and reduction of the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin when intravenously (IV) administered. Doxorubicin-loaded lactoferrin nanoparticles (Nano-Doxo) were prepared by sol-oil chemistry. HCC was induced in rats by feeding drinking water containing 100 mg/l diethylnitrosamine for 8 weeks. Doxorubicin (Doxo) and Nano-Doxo (2 mg of drug/kg body weight) were administered IV. The results showed that Nano-Doxo is preferentially localized in liver and plasma as compared to that in heart, kidney, and spleen suggesting advantage of using Nano-Doxo in treatment of the liver cancer due to its higher bioavailability. The efficacy and safety of the Nano-Doxo and Doxo was further evaluated in terms of nodules formed on the liver. The results showed that the incidence of tumor is significantly decreased in Nano-Doxo treated rats compared to Doxo-treated rats. The higher efficacy of Nano-Doxo compared to Doxo is further confirmed by the levels of tumor-specific gene markers p53, p21, and VEGFR1. The drug-induced toxicity is evaluated in terms of cardiotoxicity by catalase and troponin, liver toxicity by SGPT and SGOT, and kidney toxicity by creatinine and blood urea. In conclusion, Nano-Doxo, with its increased bioavailability and reduced toxicity effects, is a safe and efficacious IV formulation for treatment of liver cancer.
Thyroid Function in Nonthyroidal Illnesses
Authors: INDER J. CHOPRA
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Alterations in thyroid physiology and thyroid function tests occur in some patients with nonthyroidal illnesses. Low concentrations of serum triiodothyronine (T3) usually occur in nonthyroidal illnesses and are attributable largely to reduced extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine (T4) to T3. Concentrations of serum total T4 may be low, normal, or high; alterations in serum binding of T4 explain the abnormality in most cases. Concentrations of serum reverse T3 are usually high because metabolic clearance is reduced. Whether patients with nonthyroidal illnesses with low T4 or T3, or both, are hypothyroid is uncertain; concentrations of free T4 have been estimated as low, normal, or high using different methods. Serum thyroidstimulating hormone is typically normal. Low concentrations of T3 or T4, or both, in nonthyroidal illnesses may have a homeostatic significance. Low serum concentrations of T4 correlate with poor prognosis in nonthyroidal illnesses. Inhibitors of thyroid hormone binding and phagocytosis are present in normal tissues. Leakage of the inhibitors into the circulation may lower serum concentrations of T4 on one hand and compromise critical host defenses on the other.
Financial incentives are spurring growth of electronic health records
Authors: J. A. Jacob
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Julie Jacob looks at the growth, usefulness, and challenges of electronic health records

It’s a familiar sound to a patient waiting in an examining room to see a doctor: the patient hears the doctor just outside the exam room, flipping through pages of medical notes, and then the door opens and the doctor, holding a manila folder containing the patient’s medical record, walks in. Now, however, a patient is more likely to hear the tapping sound of the physician typing notes into an electronic health record (EHR). The number of physicians and hospitals using EHRs has reached “the tipping point,” according to a comment that Kathleen Sebelius, secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services, made in a 22 May USA Today article.1 Federal financial incentives for physicians and hospitals to adopt EHRs, along with a push from the government and insurers for more data about patient care and outcomes, are motivating physicians to make the transition.

Although physicians have been using computers for decades to schedule appointments and manage billing and insurance claims, an EHR is different from practice management software, explained Steven J Stack, an emergency physician and chair of the American Medical Association’s Health Information Technology Advisory Group. An EHR is “software to capture information about a patient. Some are fairly rudimentary, while others are very sophisticated,” said Stack.

The federal Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) defines an EHR as “an electronic version of a patient’s medical history that providers maintain over time.” The EHR contains information on the patient’s drugs, tests, laboratory results, immunizations, and procedures. An EHR can also include “evidence based decision support, quality management, and outcomes reporting,” the CMS states on its website.

About 75% of physicians in the United States now use EHRs, also known as electronic …
Circumferential Replacement of Thoracic Trachea with Marlex Mesh
Authors: Arthur C. Beall, O. Brewster Harrington, S. Donald Greenberg, Francis C. Usher, George C. Morris
Journal: JAMA (1963)

COMPLETE SURGICAL REMOVAL of tumors primarily or secondarily involving the trachea may require segmental excision. Occasionally grafting is necessary in the management of tracheal deformities after injury or infection. Numerous experimental studies and several clinical trials have done much to advance our knowledge of the problems involved in tracheal reconstruction and replacement. Recent reviews of these studies<sup>1,2</sup>indicate that such efforts have been plagued with infection, migration of the graft, ingrowth of fibrous tissue, and stenosis. Recent investigations in this laboratory have demonstrated that tubes of heavy mesh made of Marlex, a high-density polyethylene, will function satisfactorily as grafts for circumferential defects in the cervical trachea.<sup>1,3,4</sup>Such a graft has functioned without difficulty for more than 2 yr in a patient who required circumferential tracheal excision for recurrent carcinoma.<sup>5</sup>The present investigation was carried out to determine if similar grafts were applicable to the intrathoracic
Asthma associated with thunderstorms
Authors: A. Bauman
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Despite its increasing prevalence, the aetiology of asthma remains mysterious. However, a panoply of factors continues to be associated with acute episodes of asthma. In recent years, environmental epidemiologists have conducted numerous studies investigating the relations between indoor and outdoor air pollutants and asthma, particularly focusing on exposures to ozone, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter of respirable diameter. Researchers have found it difficult to standardise measures of exposure, and most have used an ecological design, searching for associations between exposures measured in environments and outcomes measured in individuals (typically asthma attacks or health care utilisation). Despite the large amount of research, the evidence that air pollution causes asthma remains controversial.1

Research into the causes of chronic diseases, such as asthma, seldom produces the immediate gratification of the epidemic curve seen in acute infectious disease, which can then …
Comparison of response rates to a postal questionnaire from a general practice and a research unit.
Authors: W C Smith, I K Crombie, P D Campion, J D Knox
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A postal questionnaire study was carried out in an urban general practice to determine the effect of the introductory letter being sent by the participants9 own general practitioner compared with that from a letter sent directly from a research unit. By sequential sampling 409 individuals aged between 40 and 59 were assigned to one of two groups. The people in one group were written to by their own general practitioner and those in the other by a doctor from a research unit. Husbands and wives were paired and were always sent the same letter. A second letter was sent to nonresponders after one month. The response rate to the general practitioner was significantly higher than that to the doctor in the research unit (85% compared with 75%) and differed by age and sex. The results have important implications for other research workers and suggest that general practitioners are in a key position in the conduct of medical and epidemiological research.
Tissue Polypeptide–Specific Antigen Serum Concentrations in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ariadne Malamitsi-Puchner, Adriani Vazeou-Gerasimidi, Angeliki Sarandakou, John Tziotis, Panagioula Trikka, Christos S. Bartsocas
Journal: Diabetes Care (2002)

Tissue polypeptide–specific antigen (TPS) is a marker of proliferation activity (1,2,3). Because diabetes is characterized by proliferative lesions in various organs, we hypothesized that serum TPS concentrations might be elevated in young patients with type 1 diabetes. Thus, for the first time, serum TPS concentrations in young patients with type 1 diabetes were determined and compared with those of age-matched healthy control subjects. Furthermore, their relation to age, sex, BMI, Tanner stage, insulin requirements, existence of complications, and duration and metabolic control of the disease, as expressed by HbA1c, were investigated. This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee, and informed consent was obtained.

We investigated 97 subjects, 60 with type 1 diabetes …
Lipoprotein lipase expression in unmutated CLL patients is the consequence of a demethylation process induced by the microenvironment
Authors: P Moreno, C Abreu, M Borge, F Palacios, P Morande, M Pegazzano, S Bianchi, A I Landoni, R Agrelo, M Giordano, G Dighiero, R Gamberale, P Oppezzo
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
Lupus Anticoagulants and Antibodies to Phospholipids-Reply
Authors: John T. Brandt
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —Blitz et al correctly emphasize the current uncertainty associated with the laboratory performance and interpretation of antiphospholipid antibody studies. There is currently no approved commercial assay system for antiphospholipid antibody, although several manufacturers appear close to marketing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The availability of standardized kits should alleviate many of the procedural problems that have been encountered and described. However, acceptable (or standardized) reference serum samples for antiphospholipid antibody will be needed to calibrate these systems.<sup>1</sup> The lack of thrombosis seen in association with antiphospholipid antibody and infectious diseases or drug-induced antiphospholipid antibody remains puzzling and controversial. Although there is apparent agreement regarding an absence of thrombosis with antiphospholipid antibody complicating infectious disease, we found that drug-induced antiphospholipid antibodies were associated with thrombosis. Our findings are in contrast to those of Canoso and Oliveira.<sup>2</sup>In our study, the use of a panel of negatively charged phospholipids did
Lower liver-related death in African-American women with human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis C virus coinfection, compared to Caucasian and Hispanic women
Authors: Monika Sarkar, Peter Bacchetti, Audrey L. French, Phyllis Tien, Marshall J. Glesby, Marek Nowicki, Michael Plankey, Stephen Gange, Gerald Sharp, Howard Minkoff, Marion G. Peters
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

Among individuals with and without concurrent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), racial/ethnic differences in the natural history of hepatitis C virus (HCV) have been described. African Americans have lower spontaneous HCV clearance than Caucasians, yet slower rates of liver fibrosis once chronically infected. It is not clear how these differences in the natural history of hepatitis C affect mortality, in either HIV-positive or -negative individuals. We conducted a cohort study of HIV/HCV coinfected women followed in the multicenter Women's Interagency HIV Study to determine the association of self-reported race/ethnicity with all-cause and liver-related mortality. Survival analyses were performed using Cox's proportional hazards models. The eligible cohort (n = 794) included 140 Caucasians, 159 Hispanics, and 495 African Americans. There were 438 deaths and 49 liver-related deaths during a median follow-up of 8.9 years and maximum follow-up of 16 years. African-American coinfected women had significantly lower liver-related mortality, compared to Caucasian (hazard ratio [HR], 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.19-0.88; P = 0.022) and Hispanic coinfected women (HR, 0.38; 95% CI: 0.19-0.76; P = 0.006). All-cause mortality was similar between racial/ethnic groups (HRs for all comparisons: 0.82-1.03; log-rank test: P = 0.8).African-American coinfected women were much less likely to die from liver disease, as compared to Caucasians and Hispanics, independent of other causes of death. Future studies are needed to investigate the reasons for this marked racial/ethnic discrepancy in liver-related mortality.
Present Concepts Concerning the Surgical Management of Duodenal Ulcer
Authors: Arthur W. Allen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1951)

PRESENT concepts of the surgical treatment of duodenal ulcer are still controversial, just as they were at the beginning of our professional lives. The fact that new methods of surgical treatment and various combinations of new and old are being fostered is evidence enough that we have not as yet solved this problem. The situation, however, is less confused than formerly, and the majority of patients with duodenal ulcer are now relieved of their ailment in one way or another.Duodenal ulcer is the result of some mysterious and as yet incompletely understood derangement of the normal physiologic processes of . . .
Functional connectivity in the brain and human intelligence
Authors: Vincent J. Schmithorst
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2007)

Abstract A parieto-frontal integration theory (P-FIT) model of human intelligence has been proposed based on a review of neuroimaging literature and lesion studies. The P-FIT model provides an important basis for future research. Future studies involving connectivity analyses and an integrative approach of imaging modalities using the P-FIT model should provide vastly increased understanding of the biological bases of intelligence.
Site for Intramuscular Injection
Authors: S. Boyd
Journal: BMJ (1944)

We have shown that norepinephrine (NE) mediates the β-adrenergic/cAMP/PKA-dependent mRNA destabilization of mRNAs in T lymphocytes. Our goal is to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in NE mediated Thy-1 mRNA decay in S49 T lymphoma cells. NE signal transduction in S49 cells activates PKA which could lead to the phosphorylation of effector proteins involved in ARE mediated message decay. Previous results have identified AUF1, HuR, KSRP, TIAR, and Hsc70 as candidate effector proteins. This study analyzes phosphoproteins from S49 cells and the effect of NE treatment (150μM, 30 min) on phosphorylation. NE induced phosphorylation of PKA substrate in S49 cytoplasmic extract was identified at 47, 55, 60, and 105 kD via immunoblotting. Of the candidate proteins that correlate in size, only AUF1 and Hsc70 were detected in phosphoprotein isolated from S49 whole cell extract via affinity chromatography; however, their level of phosphorylation appears unchanged with NE treatment. To determine if other binding proteins may be PKA targets, a pull down assay using a biotinylated 170 nucleotide ARE rich Thy-1 probe and <sup>32</sup>P metabolically labeled cytoplasmic protein (100μCi/ml, 30 min) isolated at least five phospho-binding protein, two of which, 60 kD and 105 kD, increased with NE treatment. These results characterize phosphoproteins that function in the NE-mediated decay of Thy-1 and other mRNAs. Supported by NIH
MB-22 * CHECKPOINT KINASE 1 EXPRESSION IS AN ADVERSE PROGNOSTIC MARKER AND THERAPEUTIC TARGET IN MYC-DRIVEN MEDULLOBLASTOMA
Authors: E. Prince, M. Shah, S. Venkataraman, I. Balakrishnan, I. Alimova, P. Harris, D. Birks, A. Donson, M. Taylor, M. Handler, N. Foreman, R. Vibhakar
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (2015)

BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma is the most common childhood malignant intracranial tumor that carries significant therapy-related morbidity. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is an integral component of the cell cycle as well as the DNA Damage Response (DDR) pathway, Previous work has demonstrated the effectiveness of inhibiting CHK1 with small-molecule inhibitors, such as AZD-7762, in epithelial tumors, but research is scarce in terms of targeting the DDR for treatment in CNS malignancies. METHODS: Low-dose administration of AZD-7762 and cisplatin, the standard chemotherapy agent for medulloblastoma, were used both separately and together to assess the effect of CHK1 inhibition on c-Myc amplified medulloblastoma cell lines. Clonogenic assays were performed to assess the effect of AZD-7762, with and without cisplatin, on cell survival. Flow cytometric cell cycle and γH2AX analyses were utilized to investigate the impact of AZD-7762 on cell status and active apoptosis, respectively. RESULTS: Genetic analysis revealed a significant increase in expression of CHK1 in medulloblastoma which correlated with previously established data sets. Increased CHK1 mRNA and protein expression in medulloblastoma cell lines versus normal cerebellum was confirmed via qPCR and western blot assays. Targeting CHK1 with low-dose AZD-7762 resulted in a decrease in cell viability and cell survival as well as an increase in actively apoptotic cells. Finally, combined treatment of low-dose AZD-7762 (20 nM) with low-dose cisplatin (175 nM) was synergistic towards reducing cell survival. CONCLUSION: Overall, results demonstrate that small-molecule inhibition of CHK1 alongside the ubiquitous chemotherapeutic, cisplatin, is more advantageous than either treatment alone, especially for Group 3 medulloblastoma, and therefore this combined therapeutic approach serves as an avenue for further investigation.
STAPHYLOCOCCIC ENTEROCOLITIS
Authors: Per Lundsgaard-Hansen
Journal: JAMA (1960)

The use of N-(pyrrolidinomethyl) tetracycline, a new tetracycline suitable for intravenous injection, has been regarded as largely free from risk, especially with regard to staphylococcic enteritis. However, six patients were observed with staphylococcic enteritis after postoperative intravenous treatment with this drug. In four patients, erythromycin or spiramycin treatment was successful. A fifth patient with severe diarrhea died of staphylococcic gastroenteritis with sepsis 10 days after operation. The sixth patient died of acute necrotizing staphylococcic gastroenteritis three days after operation. The tetracycline concentration in the intestinal lumen after intravenous administration, even if 10 times lower than after oral treatment, is adequate to inhibit normal flora, thus favoring staphylococcic superinfection. Careful supervision of patients thus treated is, therefore, essential.
St. Wolfgang and gout.
Authors: G. P. Rodnan
Journal: BMJ (1968)

sera from some leukaemic patients do neutralize growth of mycoplasma first isolated by Negroni, though the inhibitor has not been shown to be antibody, and these results do not solve the problem of the role of this mycoplasma in aetiology of leukaemia, but they make it more likely that it, or an antigenically related organism, does infect man.Our thanks are due to Dr. R. J. C. Harris, who aranged for the tests and coded the samples.-We are, etc.,
Corrigendum to “Evidence for Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Gene Therapy for Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome in Preclinical Models”
Authors: Francesco Marangoni, Marita Bosticardo, Sabine Charrier, Elena Draghici, Michela Locci, Samantha Scaramuzza, Cristina Panaroni, Maurilio Ponzoni, Francesca Sanvito, Claudio Doglioni, Marie Liabeuf, Bernard Gjata, Marie Montus, Katherine Siminovitch, Alessandro Aiuti, Luigi Naldini, Loïc Dupré, Maria Grazia Roncarolo, Anne Galy, Anna Villa
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2009)

Molecular Therapy (2009); 17: 1073–1082. doi:10.1038/mt.2009.31 Following the publication of this article, the authors noted that Dr. Liabeuf's affiliation is incorrect. Her correct affiliation is Genethon, Evry, France.
Thromboembolic Complications Following So-called "Good Risk" Cases of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: ADOLFO DE FRANCISCO, IRVING S. WRIGHT
Journal: Circulation (1956)

Thromboembolic complications frequently occur following myocardial infarction. Following the general acceptance of anticoagulant therapy for the treatment of myocardial infarction, there have been some authors who have recommended that this therapy be withheld from "mild cases," unless they develop thromboembolic complications. It is the belief of the present authors that this is not justified unless there are contraindications for anticoagulant treatment, provided that proper facilities are available. Summaries of experience with 14 so-called "good risk" cases of myocardial infarction who developed a total of 18 certain and 4 probable thromboembolic complications are presented. As a result, there were 4 major amputations in 3 patients, 1 of whom died. Other complications are discussed in detail.