tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF OBSCURE LESIONS ON ORGAN WEIGHTS OF APPARENTLY NORMAL RABBITS
Authors: Wade H. Brown, Louise Pearce, Chester M. Van Allen
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1925)

A group of 350 normal rabbits was studied with reference to the occurrence of obscure lesions of various kinds and the probable or possible effect of such lesions or disease processes on organ weights. The results of the investigation are presented in the form of comparative tabulations. It was found that so long as the animals remained in apparently good health the values obtained for organ weights of animals with lesions did not differ materially from those for animals that were entirely free from lesions. There were, however, slight deviations from the normal which appeared to be significant in that they suggested a functional response similar in character to the more marked changes in mass and mass relationships that occur in rabbits presenting clinical symptoms of disease due to the same causes.
The US Supreme Court's ruling on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
Authors: R. Steinbrook
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Declares most of the 2010 law constitutional, but a political challenge is coming 

The implementation of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in the United States will continue. In a 5-4 decision, issued on 28 June 2012, the US Supreme Court ruled constitutional the requirement that by 2014 most Americans must buy a health insurance policy that provides at least minimum coverage or pay a tax penalty to the federal government.1 The requirement, known as the individual mandate, is a signature feature of the mammoth 2010 law that President Barack Obama championed and the US Congress enacted.2 The law’s goals include increasing the number of people who are covered by health insurance, slowing the rate of increase in medical costs, and overhauling many facets of healthcare.

The majority opinion delivered by Chief Justice John Roberts, although legally complex, has two straightforward outcomes. Firstly, the individual mandate stands. The Supreme Court rejected the Obama administration’s preferred legal argument in support of the mandate—that it was constitutional because of the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. But the court accepted the government’s related …
Normal High Energy Phosphate Ratios in “Stunned” Human Myocardium
Authors: Roberto Kalil-Filho, Cicero P de Albuquerque, Robert G Weiss, Amilcar Mocelim, Giovanni Bellotti, Giovanni Cerri, Fulvio Pileggi
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1997)

Objectives. We sought to investigate whether alterations in cardiac high energy phosphates occur in postischemic "stunned" human myocardium. Background. Transient postischemic myocardial dysfunction is a common phenomenon that occurs in a variety of clinical settings in the absence of necrosis, and its pathogenesis is still unclear. Cardiac high energy phosphates are reduced during ischemia, and persistently altered myocardial high energy phosphate metabolism has been suggested as a mechanism contributing to stunning. Methods. We studied 29 patients with a first anterior myocardial infarction (MI) who underwent successful reperfusion within 6 h of the onset of chest pain. These patients underwent 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) a mean of 4 days after MI for measurement of left ventricular contractility and relative high energy phosphate metabolites. Twenty-one patients underwent a second 31P MRS study a mean of 39 days after MI. Eight volunteers served as control subjects. Results. Global and infarct area wall motion scores improved significantly between the early and late studies. No difference was found between early cardiac phosphocreatine (PCr)/beta-adenosine triphosphate (beta-ATP) ratios in patients and control subjects ([mean ± SD] 1.51 ± 0.17 vs. 1.61 ± 0.18, respectively, p = 0.17) or between early and late study results in patients (1.51 ± 0.17 vs. 1.53 ± 0.17, respectively, p = 0.6). For alpha of 0.05, the study had a 90% power to detect a 9% difference. Conclusions. The results of this study demonstrate normal myocardial PCr/ATP ratios in patients with myocardial stunning after reperfusion and suggest that relative cardiac high energy phosphates are not depleted in stunned human myocardium.
Therapy With Orchiectomy or Estrogens or Both
Authors: Herbert Brendler
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Since its introduction in 1941 by Huggins and Hodges,<sup>2</sup>androgen-control therapy has been found effective initially in about 70% to 80% of cases of advanced prostatic cancer. Just why the remainder do not respond is unclear. The typical remission is characterized by prompt relief of bone pain and lessening of urinary-tract symptoms. Objective changes include dramatic regression in the primary prostatic growth and return of elevated serum acid phosphatase (SAP) levels to normal. Changes in bone metastases (usually osteoblastic) occur commonly, but are difficult to evaluate radiologically. The metastases may disappear entirely and be replaced by new bone. Osteolytic metastases are not seen as infrequently as in breast cancer; with healing, these also are replaced by new bone. Enlargement of inguinal, femoral, and intra-abdominal lymph nodes usually decreases perceptibly, sometimes completely. Changes in serum alkaline phosphatase levels are not consistent. In many cases, the serum alkaline phosphatase level rises
Medical Management of Primary Hypertension
Authors: Lot B. Page, James J. Sidd
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1972)

GuanethidineActionsGuanethidine, like reserpine and methyldopa, exerts its antihypertensive action by interfering with neurotransmission at the adrenergic postganglionic nerve terminals, and thereby decreasing arteriolar vasoconstriction. Guanethidine acts both by preventing the release of norepinephrine from the postganglionic nerve terminals and by depleting norepinephrine stores at these terminals. 180–184 Guanethidine also partially depletes the myocardium of its catecholamine stores.185 Unlike methyldopa, guanethidine does not interfere with the synthesis of norepinephrine or result in the synthesis of a false neurotransmitter.Guanethidine decreases heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output, probably owing to its sympatholytic action on the heart.145, 185 , 186 The decrease in . . .
Male breast cancer in Chinese population – a ten year review.
Authors: A Kwong, DT Suen
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #2094 Objective: Breast cancer is uncommon in men, occurring in 1% of the male population based on Western data. There is limited knowledge about the natural history and prognosis of male breast cancer in Chinese population. This study aims to be the first to perform a 10 year review of the clinical presentation and outcome of Chinese male breast patients.&amp;#x2028; Methods: A retrospective study of patients with male breast cancer treated in Hong Kong from January 1995 to December 2005 was performed.&amp;#x2028; Results: A total of 83/124 medical records of male breast cancers treated in 16 hospitals during this 10 year study period were available and reviewed. The mean age at diagnosis was 65 years old. Of those where family history was known, only 3% had a family history of breast cancer. Only 7 patients had gynaecomastia. The mean time of presentation from time of symptoms occurrence was 23.2 months (range 0.06- 216). The most common presentation was presence of a breast lump. 75 (97%) of these patients underwent mastectomy, half of whom also had axillary dissection. 4 patients had LD flap reconstruction in addition to the mastectomy. 67 (87%) of these were invasive carcinoma of which 1 was invasive lobular carcinoma, 2 were mucinous carcinoma, 8 were invasive papillary carcinoma and the rest were invasive ductal carcinoma. 9 (11.7%) were in-situ carcinomas, where 6 were intraductal papillary carcinoma and the rest were ductal carcinoma in-situ. One patient had breast sarcoma. Of the invasive tumors, 74% were classified as Grade II and above. 29.8% of the patients had nodal involvement and the most common stage of presentation were either Stage 1 (33) or Stage 2 (27%). Majority of the tumors were oestrogen (95.8%) and progesterone (81%) receptor positive and 50% were cerbB2 positive. Where treatment data was available, all patients with ER positive tumors except for 6 patients received tamoxifen. 2.7% received neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 19.2% adjuvant chemotherapy and 47.3% received radiation therapy. The mean follow up was 54.5 months (1-178) months. The 5-year disease free and overall survival were 88% and 71.2% respectively. Interestingly 15 patients also had a second primary cancer not of breast origin.&amp;#x2028; Discussions: Male breast cancer in Chinese men is rare and present at an older age but at an early stage. Disease free survival was better than overall survival likely due to death cause by disease other than breast cancer due to the older age of presentation. Although a majority of our cohort did not have family history of breast cancer, there was a high incidence of second primary cancer not of breast origin. Further investigation with genetic study in this group of patients is likely to be of relevance. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 2094.
HLA class II gene frequencies in Crohn's disease: a population based analysis in Germany.
Authors: M Reinshagen, C Loeliger, P Kuehnl, U Weiss, B J Manfras, G Adler, B O Boehm
Journal: Gut (1996)

Ulcerative colitis is the only known inflammatory bowel disease associated with particular HLA alleles. Whereas the association with the HLA-DRB1*15 allele has been described in several independent studies for ulcerative colitis, no contribution of HLA alleles to susceptibility in Crohn's disease has yet been shown.This study was designed to study the strength of association of HLA class II alleles as risk markers for Crohn's disease in a homogenous population in Germany.A total of 4251 randomly selected control subjects, and 162 unrelated subjects with Crohn's disease were studied. Subjects were studied for their HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, and HLA-DQB1 alleles.HLA DNA typing was performed after locus specific amplification with the polymerase chain reaction and reverse dot blot hybridisation.The HLA-DRB1*07 was the only HLA class II allele found to be significantly associated with Crohn's disease (relative risk (RR) = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.66 to 2.14; p = 0.0001). This association remained significant after correction for the number of DRB1 alleles compared. In patients with disease onset before 35 years the RR for the disease in HLA-DRB1*07 positive subjects was found to be higher (RR = 3.1, 95% CI: 2.44 to 3.76). The HLA-DRB1*03 was significantly decreased in frequency in Crohn's disease (RR = 0.5, 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.61; p = 0.0028).The HLA-DRB1*07 allele provides risk for the disease especially in patients with younger ages of onset. These data also provide indirect evidence for an immunogenetically based heterogeneity of the disease.
Scheme offers chance to offset carbon footprint by paying for contraceptives
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Campaigners working to curb rapid population growth have come up with an innovative way to fund contraceptive services in parts of the world where these are lacking—by getting the public to make a donation to the projects as a means of offsetting their carbon footprint.

Meeting the unmet need for family planning could be the most cost effective way to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, says the UK charity the Optimum Population Trust, which is behind the scheme. The group hopes the initiatives will help to highlight the population issue at the climate …
Any questions: How long is it safe to take tamoxifen?
Authors: P. Neven
Journal: BMJ (1997)

<i>Breast cancer was diagnosed five years ago in a woman aged 52. She had a lumpectomy followed by radiotherapy and was given tamoxifen as part of a trial. She was told that the trial had ended and that it was her choice whether to continue; apparently no guidance was given. Should she continue to take tamoxifen and if so for how long?</i>
Malaria Antibody Titres of West Africans in Britain
Authors: S. F. Kuvin, A. Voller
Journal: BMJ (1963)

MALIGNANT MYELOSCLEROSISBr477 ship to chronic myelosclerosis is probably similar to that of acute granulocytic leukaemia to chronic granulocytic leukaemia, and it may provide a link between reticulum- cell sarcoma and the myeloproliferative disorders.We wish to thank Professor J. V. Dacie for encouragement, for advice, and for his critical comments.Our thanks are also due to Professor C. V. Harrison for helpful discussions
Human Genetics and Its Foundations
Authors: R. S. Krooth
Journal: JAMA (1965)

This book gives a lucid account of the elementary principles of human genetics. It seems to have been intended primarily as a textbook for an undergraduate course whose students have had no previous genetics. I am not sure I would recommend it to another physician. For one thing the book is very long, and presupposes little knowledge of biology. For another the paragraphs covering the clinical expression of an abnormal genotype (or karyotype) are very brief, and sometimes not quite correct—for example (p 18) it is wrong to summarize Turner's syndrome by saying that the patients are immature females.  Through no fault of the author's, certain parts of the book are already out of date. There is no discussion of somatic hybridization in cultures of mammalian cells, and the more recent (and far more conclusive) experiments on the Lyon hypothesis are not included.  I should think this might be a
Methylation changes in faecal DNA: a marker for colorectal cancer screening?
Authors: Hannes M Müller, Michael Oberwalder, Heidi Fiegl, Maria Morandell, Georg Goebel, Matthias Zitt, Markus Mühlthaler, Dietmar Öfner, Raimund Margreiter, Martin Widschwendter
Journal: The Lancet (2004)
An investigation into the reversibility of the morphological and cytokinetic changes seen in the small intestine of riboflavin deficient rats.
Authors: E A Williams, R D Rumsey, H J Powers
Journal: Gut (1996)

BACKGROUND: Impaired iron handling in riboflavin deficiency is thought to be partially a result of significant morphological and cytokinetic changes within the small intestine. AIMS: The aim of the study was to find out if the responses of the rat small intestine to riboflavin deficiency induced at weaning could be reversed upon repletion. SUBJECTS: 48 female weanling Wistar rats were used for the purpose of the study. METHODS: Rats were fed a riboflavin deficient diet or a complete control diet for a period of five weeks followed by a repletion period of up to three weeks. Rats were killed on day 0, 2, 7, or 21 of repletion. The duodenum was removed and fixed for subsequent analysis. RESULTS: Five weeks of riboflavin deficiency significantly changed the morphology and cytokinetics of the duodenum; the changes were not reversed within the 21 day repletion period despite biochemical evidence for a correction of the deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that the small intestine cannot readily recover from a period of riboflavin deficiency induced at weaning, supporting the notion that the weaning period is a critical time for gastrointestinal development and highlighting the importance of adequate nutrition during infancy.
Phenolphthalein as Cause of Factitious Enteritis
Authors: Ch. G. Velentzas
Journal: JAMA (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> "Diarrhea factitia" due to self-medication with laxatives containing phenolphthalein has been reported in nine cases.<sup>1-5</sup>Detection is usually accidental, discovered during determination of fat in the feces when a bright-red color appears in the alkalinized extracts. A case of this self-induced syndrome was recently observed. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 21-year-old unmarried woman for 2½ years had recurrent irregular periods of diarrhea, two to six weeks apart and lasting five to ten days each. Four to 15 daily watery stools during these periods were without abdominal pain or discomfort. During an October 1970 episode of diarrhea, signs of collapse necessitated parenteral administration of 11 liters of dextrose and electrolyte solutions within 48 hours. This collapse and low blood pressure during each of several attacks that occurred after May 1970 with the possibility of adrenocortical insufficiency, led to hospitalization for study between Nov 5 and Dec 7.
Abstract 4936: Promoter methylation in prostate cancer: A pilot study
Authors: Lissette Delgado-Cruzata, Karina Gonzalez, Regina M. Santella, Jing Shen
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. The current method used for the screening for prostate cancer, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, has poor specificity and sensitivity. This has lead to the search for new biomarkers that can improve the prostate cancer screening, either by themselves or in combination with established markers. Epigenetic modifications, believed to occur early during tumorgenesis are one of the new measurements that could aid in improving prostate cancer screening. We conducted a case-control study to determine the association of promoter methylation of p16 INK4a and GSTP1 and prostate cancer risk. Twenty seven histologically confirmed prostate cancer patients were matched by age and ethnicity to twenty four controls. DNA was extracted from plasma, and percentage of DNA methylation was determined by pyrosequencing. We found that methylation levels were consistently higher in cases than in controls, but this difference was not statistically significant (p16 INK4a OR (95%CI)=2.38 (0.75-7.50); GSTP1 OR (95%CI)=2.57 (0.79-8.40). Methylation levels in these regions were also investigated in tumor and normal adjacent tissue samples from cases. Promoter regions of these genes are hypermethylated in prostatic tumors (7.2% for p16INK4a and 95.8% for GSTP1). Hypermethylation of both regions is statistically significantly associated with tumor status with OR p16INK4a =5.0, 95%CI: 1.3-19.1 and ORGSTP1=22.9, 95%CI: 2.7-198.6, respectively. The correlations of GSTP1 and p16INK4a methylation levels in matched tissue and plasma samples were also determined. Pearson's correlation coefficient was 0.46 for GSTP1 methylation when comparing tumor tissue and plasma (p=0.037). However, the tissue-plasma correlation for p16INK4a methylation levels was not statistically significant. Our samples size is small, but our results are encouraging suggesting that plasma DNA methylation levels at the promoter regions of p16INK4a and GSTP1 are relevant in the etiology of prostate cancer and may be useful as markers of the onset of prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4936.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme–Independent Contraction to Angiotensin I in Human Resistance Arteries
Authors: Neal Padmanabhan, Alan G. Jardine, John C. McGrath, John M. C. Connell
Journal: Circulation (1999)

Background —In vitro studies of myocardial tissue suggest that angiotensin II (Ang II) may be generated by both ACE and chymase. A similar dual pathway may exist in the vasculature. We studied the effects of ACE and chymase inhibitors on the contractile response to angiotensin I (Ang I) in human resistance arteries to investigate ACE-independent generation of Ang II. Methods and Results —Subcutaneous resistance arteries (250 to 350 μm) were obtained from gluteal biopsies from volunteers and New Zealand White rabbits and mounted on a wire myograph. Contractile ability was tested with high-potassium depolarization and norepinephrine 10 μmol/L and endothelial integrity by relaxation to acetylcholine 3 μmol/L. Cumulative concentration-response curves were constructed for Ang I in the presence of enalaprilat 1 μmol/L, chymostatin 10 μmol/L, or both inhibitors together. In the rabbit, enalaprilat completely inhibited the Ang I response. In human vessels, enalaprilat or chymostatin alone had no effect, but the combination of enalaprilat and chymostatin almost completely inhibited the response to Ang I. Conclusions —A dual pathway for Ang II generation exists in human resistance arteries, mediated by ACE and a chymostatin-sensitive enzyme, probably chymase. We confirm that a marked species difference exists in the mechanism of Ang II generation between the human and the rabbit. More efficacious suppression of the renin-angiotensin system may require development of novel enzyme inhibitors or combinations of currently available drugs.
Nausea and Vomiting. Overview, Challenges, Practical Treatments and New Perspectives.
Authors: K KOCH
Journal: Gut (2001)

reported no alcohol consumption and those who drank alcohol.Finally, we would also comment from our recent work that shows that the C 14 -D-xylose/H 2 -CH 4 breath test is only positive in 60-69% of cases of small bowel bacterial overgrowth, 2 mostly because it depends on bacterial overgrowth being present on the day of testing.Thus small bowel overgrowth may have contributed even more to NASH than indicated in our paper.
In Vitro Evidence That Cytokine Receptor Signals Are Required for Differentiation of Double Positive Thymocytes into Functionally Mature CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Qing Yu, Batu Erman, Avinash Bhandoola, Susan O. Sharrow, Alfred Singer
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

CD4(+)8(+) double positive (DP) thymocytes differentiate into CD4(+) and CD8(+) mature T cells in response to TCR signals. However, TCR signals that are initiated in DP thymocytes are unlikely to persist throughout all subsequent differentiation steps, suggesting that other signals must sustain thymocyte differentiation after TCR signaling has ceased. Using an in vitro experimental system, we now demonstrate that cytokine receptor signals, such as those transduced by IL-7 receptors, are required for differentiation of signaled DP thymocytes into functionally mature CD8(+) T cells as they: (a) up-regulate Bcl-2 expression to maintain thymocyte viability; (b) enhance CD4 gene silencing; (c) promote functional maturation;and (d) up-regulate surface expression of glucose transporter molecules, which improve nutrient uptake and increase metabolic activity. IL-7Rs appear to be unique among cytokine receptors in maintaining the viability of newly generated CD4(-)8(+) thymocytes, whereas several different cytokine receptors can provide the trophic/differentiative signals for subsequent CD8(+) thymocyte differentiation and maturation. Thus, cytokine receptors provide both survival and trophic/differentiative signals with varying degrees of redundancy that are required for differentiation of signaled DP thymocytes into functionally mature CD8(+) T cells.
Behaviour of the dying patient.
Authors: L Witzel
Journal: BMJ (1975)

One hundred and ten dying patients were studied during the 24 hours before death and 250 patients during the weeks before death: 60% were well orientated in time and space 24 hours before death and 26% at 15 minutes before death. A control group of patients with serious, but not fatal, illness were also studied. There was a contrast in attitude to death between the dying patients and the ill but not dying controls. The dying were resigned to their approaching death, experienced little or no fear, and did not wish to know about their illness, whereas the control patients wanted information about their condition and feared death, though few thought they would actually die. The relief of physical symptoms in the dying is important. There was often a brief improvement in condition, with reduced need for analgesic, shortly before death.