tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
An Address ON THE PROBLEM OF SUCCESS FOR MEDICAL WOMEN
Authors: H. Rolleston
Journal: BMJ (1923)

THAT the rapid progress made by women inthe m edical profession in the recent past-for it is scarcely.fifty years since in October, 1874, the London School for Women was opened-does not continue to be so dramatic has no doubt led to some disappointment.But the changeshave been so great that a little consideration of their significance will show that it is not only natural but advantageous that the period of upheaval should be followed by an interval of calm for efficient consolidation of the position.There is indeed a special need for emphasizing this at the present time-namely, the influence of the war; many of both sexes imagined that a millennium would follow, and perhaps women, with their more vivid imagination, and with the stimulus of the just recognition.oftheir recent work in the war and the granting of the franchise as further reasons
Effects of a High-Starch Diet with Low or High Fiber Content on Postabsorptive Glucose Utilization and Glucose Production in Normal Subjects
Authors: Paul J Nestel, Christopher Nolan, Jeff Bazelmans, Russel Cook
Journal: Diabetes Care (1984)

The effects of fiber, added to a high-starch diet, on glucose and insulin metabolism were studied in seven healthy men in a controlled environment. Diets rich in starch (carbohydrate provided 62% energy) contained either 16 g or 100 g of fiber from several sources of food and were given for 10-day periods. Two parameters of glucose control weremeasured: glucose metabolism during insulin-glucose infusions (seven subjects) and glucose production measured by infusing tritiated glucose tracer (five subjects). Three sets ofstudies were carried out in the sequence: low-fiber, high-fiber, low-fiber. The respective mean values (± SE) for glucose utilization were 6.70 ± 1.4, 7.01 ±1.02, and 6.77 ± 1.34 mg/kg · min. Analysis of variance failed to show a significant effect of dietary change. Values for basal glucose production were 2.0 ± 0.1, 1.9 ± 0.2, and 2.4 ± 0.3 mg/kg · min with the low-fiber, high-fiber, and low-fiber diets, respectively, which were not significantly different. The one significant response to the high-fiber diet was a lowering in plasma cholesterol, the mean values for the seven subjects during the three periods being 154 ± 12, 138 ± 10, and 156 ± 13 mg/dl (P &amp;lt; 0.05).
Preparedness for Disasters
Authors: GABRIEL I. BARBASH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1986)

Letters and Corrections1 March 1986Preparedness for DisastersGABRIEL I. BARBASH, M.D.GABRIEL I. BARBASH, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-104-3-443 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In a recent issue, Dr. Orient (1) discussed the impact of public controversies on our preparedness for mass disasters. As mentioned, cost-benefit considerations may play an important role in the decision process preceding budgetary allocation for national mass disaster preparedness. Obviously, it can be easily argued from a cost-effectiveness point of view that every dollar spent on the prevention of traffic accidents may have a higher pay-off than an investment in improving our handling of the lower probability mass disasters.However, policy and budget issues are rivaled in importance by our failure to organize properly the enormous...References1. ORIENT J. Disaster preparedness: an international perspective. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(6 pt 1):937-40. LinkGoogle Scholar2. MAHONEYBISGARDSWETONICREEDREUTERSHAN LJMPT. Planning a national disaster medical system. Milit Med. 1984;149:657-60. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. SHLEIEN B. The role of federal and state agencies in radiation accidents: a brief overview. Bull NY Acad Med. 1983;59:947-55. MedlineGoogle Scholar4. BARBASHYOELIRUSKINMOELLER GNSD. Airport preparedness for mass disaster: a proposed schematic plan and discussion. Aviat Space En viron Med. 1986;57:77-81. MedlineGoogle Scholar5. DOVEDELGUERCIOSTAHLSTARABELSON DLWLL. A metropolitan airport disaster plan: coordination of a multihospital response to provide on-site resuscitation and stabilization before evacuation. J Trauma. 1982;22:550-9. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar1. SIDELGEIGERLOWN VHB. The physician's role in the post attack period. N Engl J Med. 1962;266:1137-49. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. ORIENT J. Disaster preparedness: an international perspective. Ann Intern Med. 1985;103(6 pt 1):937-40. LinkGoogle Scholar3. LEWIS K. The prompt and delayed effects of nuclear war. Sci Am. 1979;241:35-47. CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4. ABRAMS H. Medical resources after nuclear war. Bull At Sci. 1984;40:23-6. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByAPaperChase: For Medline searching 1 March 1986Volume 104, Issue 3Page: 443-444 Issue Published: 1 March 1986 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of Antisense Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor and Antisense Cathepsin B Inhibits Tumor Growth, Invasion, and Angiogenesis in Gliomas
Authors: Christopher S. Gondi, Sajani S. Lakka, Niranjan Yanamandra, William C. Olivero, Dzung H. Dinh, Meena Gujrati, C. H. Tung, Ralph Weissleder, Jasti S. Rao
Journal: Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract We have shown previously that urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and cathepsin B are overexpressed during glioma progression, particularly at the leading edge of the tumor. In the present study, we simultaneously down-regulated uPAR and cathepsin B in SNB19 glioma cell monolayer or SNB19 spheroids using an adenoviral vector carrying antisense uPAR and antisense cathepsin B and a combination of these genes as determined by Western blot analysis. The Ad-uPAR-Cath B-infected cells revealed a marked reduction in tumor growth and invasiveness as compared with the parental and vector controls. In vitro and in vivo angiogenic assays demonstrated inhibition of capillary-like structure formation and microvessel formation after Ad-uPAR-Cath B infection of SNB19 cells when compared with Ad-cytomegalovirus (CMV)-infected or mock-infected controls. Furthermore, using a near infrared fluorescence probe, in vivo imaging for cathepsin B indicated low/undetectable levels of fluorescence after injection of the Ad-uPAR-Cath B construct into pre-established s.c. tumors as compared with Ad-CMV-treated and untreated tumors. The effect with bicistronic construct (Ad-uPAR-Cath B) was much higher than with single (Ad-uPAR/Ad-Cath B) constructs. These results indicate that the down-regulation of cathepsin B and uPAR plays a significant role in inhibiting tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. Hence, the targeting of these two proteases may be a potential therapy for brain tumors and other cancers.
What is Diagnostic Radiology's Place in Medicine?
Authors: J. W. D. Bull
Journal: BMJ (1974)

The question that the title of this lecture poses must depend considerably on the attitude of physicians and surgeons. I have indicated the very low position diagnostic radiology holds in this country relative to our peers in medicine elsewhere.If its improvement is considered to be warranted, we must:(1) Interest medical students at the beginning of their career.(2) Bear in mind that radiologists are likely to be able to teach some anatomy but the reciprocal seldom applies.(3) Obtain chairs in radiology, which are desperately needed.(4) Obtain the acceptance by the medical establishment of the proper place of radiology in clinical medicine.(5) See to the reduction in numbers of unnecessary x-ray examinations.(6) Press for the improvement and enlargement of radiological departments with proper provision for expansion.
Margaret Curtis (née Fisher)
Authors: David Curtis
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A pioneer of open heart surgeryBill Cleland was one of the surgeons who developed open heart surgery in London in the late 1950s.He was at Hammersmith Hospital in 1952-3 when Professor Dennis Melrose developed the first heart-lung machine.Melrose and Cleland conducted extensive animal tests before trying the machine in 1953 on patients whose prognosis was poor.In the early days there were postoperative deaths, which taught them the importance of meticulous postoperative care, and the clinical programme was restarted successfully in 1957.Cleland was one of the machine's earliest users, and it enabled him to perform a wide range of new operations, specialising in mitral valvotomy, the surgical treatment of ventricular septal defect, and aortic valve replacement.He was the first to operate on the newly identified condition of obstructive cardiomyopathy-known in the United States as hypertrophic subaortic stenosisby excising muscle from the interventricular septum via the aortic valve.Russian surgeons were impressed by Melrose's heart-lung machine, and Professor Aleksandr Bakulev from the then Soviet Union bought one; he then invited the Hammersmith team to operate in Moscow in May 1959.It was at the height of the cold war and they were the first foreign doctors to perform surgery there.Melrose, Cleland, and another surgeon, Hugh Bentall, went.The Russians chose two adults and four children with congenital heart defects.Two of them had Fallot's tetralogy, which Cleland and his colleagues had never operated on before.All six operations were successful.Cleland remarked that this was helped by God, who had so little to do in Russia that he was able to give the children his undivided attention.The trip was a success in other ways.Cleland took his cine camera and filmed the army parade in Red Square, and was astonished not to be arrested.The team then returned on the inaugural UK flight of the Tupolev 104, the Soviet Union's first jet powered passenger airliner.Cleland was a meticulous surgeon, possessed of great energy, and a great teacher.He was warm hearted, and remained calm in emergencies.He was
Trickle Arteriography: Demonstration of Thrombi in the Origin of the Internal Carotid Artery
Authors: A. E. Hugh
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Thrombi developing within the origin of the internal carotid artery may be demonstrated by a slow trickle injection of highly concentrated contrast medium, which lingers in pools around the thrombus on the dependent wall of the vessel. With this technique thrombi have been detected which could not be visualized on conventional arteriography because they were obscured by the density of the vascular shadow produced by the forceful injection usually employed in carotid angiography. In addition, trickle arteriography is useful for assessing the position and extent of atheromatous plaques and the contrast stasis associated with them.
When placebo controlled trials are essential and equivalence trials are inadequate
Authors: M. R Tramer, D J. M Reynolds, R A. Moore, H. J McQuay
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Arguments against the use of placebo groups in clinical trials have been based on opinion rather than evidence. Ethical issues have been raised,1 but these are contentious. 2 3 Scientific requirements should not override ethical ones, but if placebo controls are not used, then active controlled trials (trials using other active drugs as controls) have to be able to determine the efficacy of an intervention and its likelihood of causing harm.

#### Summary points

We used the antiemetic ondansetron to explore the value of active controlled trials for two reasons. Firstly, the ethics of using placebo controls in ondansetron trials has been questioned repeatedly, both in oncology 4 5 and after surgery,6 causing confusion …
Methylation-Mediated Repression of <i>GADD45α</i> in Prostate Cancer and Its Role as a Potential Therapeutic Target
Authors: Kavitha Ramachandran, Gopal Gopisetty, Edna Gordian, Loida Navarro, Christiane Hader, Isildinha M. Reis, Wolfgang A. Schulz, Rakesh Singal
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Defects in apoptotic pathway contribute to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells and confer resistance to chemotherapy. Growth arrest and DNA damage inducible, alpha (GADD45α) is up-regulated on docetaxel treatment and may contribute to docetaxel-mediated cytotoxicity. We examined the mechanism of regulation of GADD45α in prostate cancer cells and the effect of its up-regulation on sensitivity to docetaxel chemotherapy. Expression of GADD45α in PC3 cells was higher than that in Du145 and LNCaP cells (17- and 12-fold, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.05). Although the proximal promoter region was unmethylated in all three cell lines, methylation of a 4 CpG region upstream of the proximal promoter correlated inversely with gene expression levels. Methylation was reversed by treatment of Du145 and LNCaP cells with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, leading to reactivation of GADD45α expression in these cells. The 5′ 4 CpG region was also frequently methylated in prostate cancer tissues. Methylation of this region correlated inversely with gene expression in prostate cancer and benign prostate tissues. The methyl binding protein MeCP2 was associated with the methylated 4 CpGs in Du145 cells, and knockdown of MeCP2 in these cells (Du145 MeCP2−) led to a significantly increased expression of GADD45α (3-fold; P = 0.035) without affecting the methylation status of the gene. Enhanced sensitivity to docetaxel was observed by up-regulation of GADD45α in Du145 cells by recombinant expression of GADD45α or pretreatment with 5-azacytidine. Our results show that GADD45α is epigenetically repressed and is a potential target for treatment of prostate cancer. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1527–35]
Doctors criticise proposed changes to the undergraduate medical curriculum in India
Authors: P. Mody, J. Karan
Journal: BMJ (2011)

Proposals to reduce the length of basic medical training in India by six months to just four years have been greeted with criticism by doctors, who say essential components of the syllabus are now optional electives. 

The Medical Council of India has proposed the new roadmap, called Vision-2015 , to try to stop the fall in standards in medical training that it says has been happening in the past decade. The document recommends reducing the duration …
Increased bone marrow blood flow in rabbits with acute hemolytic anemia
Authors: L. T. Chen, M. F. Chen, V. L. Porter
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

The bone marrow blood flow in the femur of the rabbit with acute hemolytic anemia was measured by the radioactive microsphere method. Acute hemolytic anemia was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of phenylhydrazine. An increase in the bone marrow blood flow was detected three days after the induction of anemia and continued for about one week. The bone marrow blood flow of the anemic rabbit (66 ml/min/100 g marrow) was about three times that of the control (20 ml/min/100 g marrow). The increased blood flow to the bone marrow appeared to be correlated to the increased erythropoietic activity.
Adult Cancer Survivorship: Evolution, Research, and Planning Care
Authors: L. A. Jacobs, S. C. Palmer, L. A. Schwartz, A. DeMichele, J. J. Mao, J. Carver, C. Gracia, C. E. Hill-Kayser, J. M. Metz, M. K. Hampshire, C. Vachani, D. Pucci, A. T. Meadows
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (2009)

Increases in the number of adult cancer survivors and other issues have forced the oncology community to examine, evaluate, and alter the cancer care paradigm. Pediatric oncologists are grappling with the task of transitioning a growing population of adult survivors of childhood cancer to adult medicine, while oncologists caring for adult cancer survivors are seeking models of follow-up care that are acceptable to patients and providers. Workforce and access-to-care issues suggest that primary care providers will see more cancer survivors in their practices across time, although it is unclear how prepared they are for this task. Translational research is needed to develop evidence-based clinical care and survivorship care plans. A broad picture of the evolving field of adult cancer survivorship is presented. The recent focus on young adult survivors of childhood cancer, an overview of translational research needed to inform the physical and psychosocial care of cancer survivors, and the roles of primary and specialty care providers managing this population is examined. Finally, an overview of evolving treatment summary and care plan initiatives is presented.
"RATE OF PROGRESS OF FOOD RESIDUES THROUGH THE BOWEL"
Authors: Morris I. Bierman
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —The extremely valuable article by Drs. Alvarez and Freedlander entitled "The Rate of Progress of Food Residues Through the Bowel" (The Journal, August 23) contains an erroneous statement of fact, and it is on this statement that their experimental work was based. They state that "every physician and layman is satisfied that the rate of progress of food through the bowel takes normally from twenty-four to forty-eight hours. Every roentgenologist knows that most of the barium leaves the body within twenty-four hours, and that only traces can be seen after forty-eight hours." To disprove this statement they undertook a long and laborious work. Various methods and routines of technic are employed by roentgenologists in the examination of the gastro-intestinal tract. The most widespread practice is to give a strong purgative the evening before commencement of the examination, and some even go so far as to require purgatives
Indian government asks PepsiCo to develop healthy products for schoolchildren
Authors: C. Travasso
Journal: BMJ (2014)

PepsiCo, the American multinational food and drink company, has spoken to the Indian government about the need to develop healthy food choices that children can carry to school, as well as other food products that can be distributed in rural areas as part of the government’s Midday Meal Scheme.

The scheme was devised to help improve the enrolment, retention, and attendance …
Lung cancer in a defined geographical area: history and histological types.
Authors: E Huhti, S Sutinen, A Reinila, A Poukkula, M Saloheimo
Journal: Thorax (1980)

Lung cancer was diagnosed in 446 patients during four years in a population living in a defined geographical area in northern Finland. The series comprised 420 men and 26 women, with a male/female ratio of 16.6:1. The diagnosis was confirmed histologically or cytologically in 431 cases (97%). Epidermoid carcinoma was the most common histological type of tumour in the men, followed by small cell anaplastic and adenocarcinoma, whereas in the women all these types were of equal frequency. Almost all the men, but only about half of the women, were smokers or ex-smokers. The amount smoked daily had no correlation with the histological type of cancer, whereas those patients who had started smoking early had relatively more Kreyberg group I tumours (epidermoid, small cell, and large cell carcinoma) than those who had started smoking late. Cancer was usually detected on the basis of symptoms, but 17% emerged from mass radiography or some health examination, and 12% from examinations for another disease. Fifteen per cent of the patients had no symptoms at the time of diagnosis, this being more common among the patients with epidermoid or adenocarcinoma than among those with anaplastic forms.
Probability estimates for the unique childhood leukemia cluster in Fallon, Nevada, and risks near other U.S. Military aviation facilities.
Authors: Craig Steinmaus, Meng Lu, Randall L Todd, Allan H Smith
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

A unique cluster of childhood leukemia has recently occurred around the city of Fallon in Churchill County, Nevada. From 1999 to 2001, 11 cases were diagnosed in this county of 23,982 people. Exposures related to a nearby naval air station such as jet fuel or an infectious agent carried by naval aviators have been hypothesized as potential causes. The possibility that the cluster could be attributed to chance was also considered. We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) to examine the likelihood that chance could explain this cluster. We also used SEER and California Cancer Registry data to evaluate rates of childhood leukemia in other U.S. counties with military aviation facilities. The age-standardized rate ratio (RR) in Churchill County was 12.0 [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.0-21.4; p = 4.3 times symbol 10(-9)]. A cluster of this magnitude would be expected to occur in the United States by chance about once every 22,000 years. The age-standardized RR for the five cases diagnosed after the cluster was first reported was 11.2 (95% CI, 3.6-26.3). In contrast, the incidence rate was not increased in all other U.S. counties with military aviation bases (RR = 1.04; 95% CI, 0.97-1.12) or in the subset of rural counties with military aviation bases (RR = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.48-1.08). These findings suggest that the Churchill County cluster was unlikely due to chance, but no general increase in childhood leukemia was found in other U.S. counties with military aviation bases.
Endothelial Cell–Dependent Regulation of Arteriogenesis
Authors: Filipa Moraes, Julie Paye, Feilim Mac Gabhann, Zhen W. Zhuang, Jiasheng Zhang, Anthony A. Lanahan, Michael Simons
Journal: Circulation Research (2013)

Arteriogenesis is the process of formation of arterial conduits. Its promotion is an attractive therapeutic strategy in occlusive atherosclerotic diseases. Despite the functional and clinical importance of arteriogenesis, the biology of the process is poorly understood. Synectin, a gene previously implicated in the regulation of vascular endothelial cell growth factor signaling, offers a unique opportunity to determine relative contributions of various cell types to arteriogenesis.We investigated the cell-autonomous effects of a synectin knockout in arterial morphogenesis.A floxed synectin knockin mouse line was crossbred with endothelial-specific (Tie2, Cdh5, Pdgfb) and smooth muscle myosin heavy chain-specific Cre driver mouse lines to produce cell type-specific deletions. Ablation of synectin expression in endothelial, but not smooth muscle cells resulted in the presence of developmental arterial morphogenetic defects (smaller size of the arterial tree, reduced number of arterial branches and collaterals) and impaired arteriogenesis in adult mice.Synectin modulates developmental and adult arteriogenesis in an endothelial cell-autonomous fashion. These findings show for the first time that endothelial cells are central to both developmental and adult arteriogenesis and provide a model for future studies of factors involved in this process.
A TISSUE JOINT OF THE LITTLE FINGER.
Authors: GEORGE B. LAKE
Journal: JAMA (1906)

The accompanying illustration shows a hand-print of the middle, ring and little fingers of a young man. Between the metatarso-phalangeal joint and the distal end of the first phalanx of the little finger is what appears to be a joint. The bone is intact, but the tissue creases at this point when the man closes his hand. There are no symptoms and the peculiarity was discovered accidentally.
Case report: T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapsing as acute myelomonocytic leukemia and terminating possibly as chronic myelocytic leukemia
Authors: Jyoji Shimizu, Yoshihiro Hamashima, Hideo Tsuda, Yuichi Akiyama, Haruki Mikawa, Susumu Ikehara
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1987)

Abstract A 9‐year‐old boy suffering from T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) with a mediastinal mass had a complete remission as a result of treatment. Ten months later, he developed a typical acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMMoL) pattern. Two months after a second relapse, he showed a clinical picture that was indistinguishable from chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). At autopsy, massive infiltration of CML‐like cells was observed even in the thymus (190 g). These observations suggest that the leukemia in this child arose in a pluripotent stem cell capable of differentiation into both T‐lymphocytic and myelomonocytic lineages.