tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Leukotriene B4 Receptor-1 Mediates Intermittent Hypoxia-induced Atherogenesis
Authors: Richard C. Li, Bodduluri Haribabu, Steven P. Mathis, Jinkwan Kim, David Gozal
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2011)

Obstructive sleep apnea, which is characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) during sleep, has emerged as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production is increased in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and negatively correlates to hypoxic levels during sleep, with continuous positive airway pressure therapy decreasing LTB4 production.Determine the potential role of LTB4 in IH-induced atherosclerosis in a monocyte cellular model and a murine model.THP-1 cells were exposed to IH for 3, 6, 24, and 48 hours. Macrophage transformation and foam cell formation were assessed after IH exposures. Apolipopotein E (ApoE)(-/-) or BLT1(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice were fed an atherogenic diet and exposed to IH (alternating 21% and 5.7% O(2) from 7 am to 7 PM each day) for 10 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesion formation in en face aorta was examined by oil red O staining.IH increased production of LTB4 and the expression of 5-lipoxygenase and leukotriene A4 hydrolase, the key enzymes for producing LTB4. IH was associated with transformation of monocytes to activated macrophages, as evidenced by increased expression of CD14 and CD68. In addition, IH exposures promoted increased cellular cholesterol accumulation and foam cell formation. The LTB4 receptor 1 (BLT1) antagonist U-75302 markedly attenuated IH-induced changes. Furthermore, IH promoted atherosclerotic lesion formation in ApoE(-/-) mice. IH-induced lesion formation was markedly attenuated in BLT1(-/-)/ApoE(-/-) mice.BLT1-dependent pathways underlie IH-induced atherogenesis, and may become a potential novel therapeutic target for obstructive sleep apnea-associated cardiovascular disease.
Epidemiology of Eosinophilic Esophagitis Over Three Decades in Olmsted County, Minnesota
Authors: Ganapathy A. Prasad, Jeffery A. Alexander, Cathy D. Schleck, Alan R. Zinsmeister, Thomas C. Smyrk, Richard M. Elias, G. Richard Locke, Nicholas J. Talley
Journal: Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology (2009)
Medical Student Indebtedness and Choice of Specialty
Authors: Daniel S. Bernstein
Journal: JAMA (1992)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The costs of medical education rise yearly and a large proportion of these costs are met by borrowing. Nationwide, the average debt incurred during medical school in 1989 was $40 636 with only 24% of graduates having no reported debt. Conventional wisdom suggests that students select higher-paying medical specialties in order to repay the debt.<sup>1-2</sup> Boston University School of Medicine is a private school with a high tuition ($23 900 for the calendar year 1990-1991) as compared with state schools. The average indebtedness of those who borrowed to complete their medical education at the school was $64 500 for the 1990 graduating class. Approximately 23% of the graduating classes at Boston University School of Medicine incur no reported debt, although it is possible that their family members lend them money (or assume the financial obligation for tuition) to complete their education. But I do not believe
Commercially Available Culture Materials
Authors: Albert Balows
Journal: JAMA (1969)

To the Editor:—  As a clinical microbiologist charged with providing reliable laboratory tests in the detection of urinary tract infection I was most interested in the note of Calvin M. Kunin, MD ( 207 :1157, 1969). I am in complete agreement with Dr. Kunin with the exception of one statement, For the small laboratory commercially available culture methods are quite adequate, ie, adequate to aid in determining the presence or absence of significant bacteriuria. I don't believe that Dr. Kunin meant this statement to be as all inclusive as some might take it to mean. There are presently seven or more commercial methods available and more are on the way. Some of the commercially available culture materials are adequate and others are not. Before any laboratory, large or small, elects to use such methods they should be thoroughly compared with standard plate methods and the results evaluated from both the laboratory
New Therapy for Postintubation Laryngeal Tracheitis in Children Edema and
Authors: William S. Jordan
Journal: JAMA (1970)

In the postanesthetic period, laryngeal edema and tracheitis with obstructive croup-like symptoms occur in a certain percentage of children who undergo intubation for surgery. In a small portion of these children, despite the usual therapy with cool mist occasionally combined with corticosteroids, progression of the obstruction requires more active means of restoring the airway. With positive pressure assistance to ventilation while nebulizing racemic epinephrine, we have been able to relieve the obstruction in all children with this complication without recourse to reintubation or tracheotomy.
A 64-Year-Old Man With Adult-Onset Diabetes, 1 Year Later
Authors: Thomas L. Delbanco
Journal: JAMA (1997)

At medicine grand rounds in May 1996, Arthur Rubenstein, MD, discussed the management of a 64-year-old man with a 26-year history of diabetes mellitus.<sup>1</sup>Mr D had endarterectomy for carotid stenosis in 1995 and had a right foot drop and peripheral neuropathy. His diabetes was managed with diet, exercise, and glipizide, but he had occasional hypoglycemia. Just prior to the conference, metformin was added to his regimen. He did not check blood glucose levels at home. In the office blood glucose levels ranged between 10.3 mmol/L (185 mg/dL) and 21.9 mmol/L (395 mg/dL), with a hemoglobin A<sub>1c</sub>(HbA<sub>1c</sub>) level of 9.1% (normal, 4.4%-6.4%) prior to starting metformin. The patient did not want to take insulin. Dr Rubenstein discussed the epidemiology of adult-onset diabetes and suggested there is growing evidence that aggressive management of blood glucose, along with exercise, weight control, and lipid control, may decrease morbidity. He
THE PASSING OF ALCOHOL.
Authors: JOHN M. FARRINGTON
Journal: JAMA (1899)

In April, 1889, I presented a paper before the Medical Society of the County of Broome, this State, entitled "The Use of Alcohol in Medicine." This paper was published in the<i>New York Journal of Medicine</i>, Sept. 28, 1889. At that time I took the position that our text-books on materia medica and therapeutics needed revision, since their statements relative to the effects of alcohol upon the human system had been proven by modern research and observation to be erroneous. In my article I made many quotations from our standard authors, a few of which I here repeat. "Alcohol is a useful food." "An important remedy in the various forms of pulmonary phthisis." (Bartholow.) "The early administration of the preparations containing alcohol furnishes our best means of counteracting the depressing action of disease in general" (Bidwell.) "Alcohol is the savings bank of the tissues. He who eats little and drinks
DNA vaccination against mutant huntingtin ameliorates the HDR6/2 diabetic phenotype
Authors: Todd W Miller, Thomas L Shirley, William J Wolfgang, Xiaowei Kang, Anne Messer
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2003)

Immunization against extracellular neurotoxic proteins has shown promise in the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders. We sought to determine whether immunization against mutant huntingtin, the intracellular protein that causes Huntington's disease (HD), could slow disease progression in the HD mouse model HDR6/2. DNA vaccination was used to present the mutant intracellular antigen to the immune system in a physiological context. Assay of a peripheral biomarker, pancreatic insufficiency, was used as an initial test of efficacy. DNA vaccination with a 5′ fragment of the HD cDNA prevented development of the HDR6/2 diabetic phenotype. Insulin staining demonstrated that HDR6/2 diabetes may be caused by a severe pancreatic insulin deficiency. Immunoresponsive HDR6/2 mice showed increased insulin staining more closely resembling wild-type levels. These observations suggest that DNA vaccination against toxic intracellular proteins may be therapeutic.
Role of macrophage-stimulating protein and its receptor, RON tyrosine kinase, in ciliary motility.
Authors: O Sakamoto, A Iwama, R Amitani, T Takehara, N Yamaguchi, T Yamamoto, K Masuyama, T Yamanaka, M Ando, T Suda
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1997)

Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) is an 80-kD serum protein with homology to hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Its receptor, RON tyrosine kinase, is a new member of the HGF receptor family. The MSP-RON signaling pathway has been implicated in the functional regulation of mononuclear phagocytes. However, the function of this pathway in other types of cells has not been elucidated. Here we show that in contrast to the HGF receptor, which was expressed at the basolateral surface, RON was localized at the apical surface of ciliated epithelia in the airways and oviduct. In addition, MSP was found in the bronchoalveolar space at biologically significant concentrations. MSP bound to RON on normal human bronchial epithelial cells with a high affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM) and induced autophosphorylation of RON. Activation of RON by MSP led to a significant increase in ciliary beat frequency of human nasal cilia. These findings indicate that the ciliated epithelium of the mucociliary transport apparatus is a novel target of MSP. Ciliary motility is critical for mucociliary transport. Our findings suggest that the MSP-RON signaling pathway is a novel regulatory system of mucociliary function and might be involved in the host defense and fertilization.
Septic Peripheral Embolization from<i>Haemophilus aphrophilus</i>Endocarditis
Authors: J H Marc Groeneveld, Julien B C M Puylaert
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

Figure 1. A 21-year-old, previously healthy man with excellent dentition presented with a two-week history of high-grade fever, chills, and malaise. On the fourth hospital day, an early decrescendo diastolic murmur was heard for the first time. The white-cell count was 10,600 per cubic millimeter, with 9 percent band forms. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed substantial aortic regurgitation and vegetations (arrows in Panel A) on a bicuspid aortic valve. The patient was treated with floxacillin and gentamicin before blood cultures yielded Haemophilus aphrophilus. On the eighth day, he had a red, fluctuant, painful swelling on his left foot at the metatarsal . . .
IRRADIATION OF THE TONSILS
Authors: George E. Shambaugh
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —Dr. W. W. Watkins, in an article on the "Pathologic Basis for Roentgen-Ray Treatment of Tonsil Disease" (The Journal, October 25), strives to leave the impression that the men who have been most interested in the tonsil problems, the laryngologists, have been making "frantic" efforts to prevent the treatment of tonsil disease by irradiation, the inference being that these men are not interested in the curing of tonsil disease except by operative measures. Such inferences are as unjust as they are untrue. Laryngologists are properly interested in protecting the field of medicine for which they are sponsors from abuse and improper exploitation. Serious work has been going on in many quarters to evaluate the proposal to treat tonsil disease by irradiation. Final judgment is still being withheld; but because irradiation has apparently failed to check recurring attacks of acute tonsillitis as well as to eliminate evidences of
Commissions start review of service framework for coronary heart disease
Authors: S. Macdonald
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The UK Commission for Health Improvement and the Audit Commission have started a major review of how the national service framework for coronary heart disease is being implemented.

Twelve standards for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of coronary heart disease—the biggest killer in the United Kingdom—were set out in the framework published in March 2000. These standards are due to be achieved by 2010, although immediate priorities were set out as milestones.

The review, which will combine local reviews with a national overview, aims to assess the progress of the framework's milestones, …
Biological monitoring of organophosphorus pesticide exposure among children of agricultural workers in central Washington State.
Authors: C Loewenherz, R A Fenske, N J Simcox, G Bellamy, D Kalman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

Children up to 6 years of age who lived with pesticide applicators were monitored for increased risk of pesticide exposure: 48 pesticide applicator and 14 reference families were recruited from an agricultural region of Washington State in June 1995. A total of 160 spot urine samples were collected from 88 children, including repeated measures 3-7 days apart. Samples were assayed by gas chromatography flame photometric detector for dimethylphosphate metabolites. Dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) was the dominant metabolite. DMTP levels were significantly higher in applicator children than in reference children (p = 0.015), with median concentrations of 0.021 and 0.005 microg/ml, respectively; maximum concentrations were 0.44 and 0.10 microg/ml, respectively. Percentages of detectable samples were 47% for applicator children and 27% for reference children. A marginally significant trend of increasing concentration was observed with decreasing age among applicator children (p = 0.060), and younger children within these families had significantly higher concentrations when compared to their older siblings (p = 0.040). Applicator children living less than 200 feet from an orchard were associated with higher frequency of detectable DMTP levels than nonproximal applicator children (p =0.036). These results indicate that applicator children experienced higher organophosphorus pesticide exposures than did reference children in the same community and that proximity to spraying is an important contributor to such exposures. Trends related to age suggest that child activity is an important variable for exposure. It is unlikely that any of the observed exposures posed a hazard of acute intoxication. This study points to the need for a more detailed understanding of pesticide exposure pathways for children of agricultural workers.
Comparison of Critical Care Provided by Family Physicians and General Internists
Authors: Barry L. Hainer
Journal: JAMA (1988)

Privilege conflicts and credentialing issues involving family physicians' care of hospitalized patients are controversial areas. This study compares the process and outcome of critical care provided by family physicians and general internists. We studied 523 patients admitted by these specialists to the medical intensive and cardiac care units of a large regional hospital over a one-year period. The length of stay and readmission rate in the intensive care unit and hospital, severity of illness, discharge diagnosis, proportion who died, time until death of those who died, consultation rate, and hospital charges did not differ significantly between patients cared for by physicians in the two specialties. Application of Cox's proportional hazard model to the data indicated the risk of death to be significantly related to patient race, age, and severity of illness, but not to physician specialty. Regression analysis of several morbidity variables showed no relationship to physician specialty. Lack of differences in outcome and process in the hospital studied leads us to believe that both family physicians and general internists are entitled to have equal access to the care of patients in critical care units. (<i>JAMA</i>1988;260:354-358)
Bone Scintigraphic Findings of Hypophosphatemic Osteomalacia Associated With Adefovir Therapy
Authors: Do-Hoon Kim, Sang-Woo Lee, Young Oh Kweon, Jaetae Lee, Byeong-Cheol Ahn
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

Occurrence of hypophosphatemic osteomalacia (HO) induced by administration of low-dose adefovir therapy is rare, and bone scintigraphy of the disease has rarely been reported. We report on bone scintigraphic findings in patients with HO. Multiple uptakes in ribs, spines, and lower extremities, suggesting multiple fractures, were observed on bone scintigraphy. Patients were diagnosed as HO associated with adefovir therapy. Owing to the same predilection sites, multiple uptakes on the axial skeleton can cause confusion with malignant metastatic disease; however, involvement of lower extremity skeletons can provide a scintigraphic clue for use in differentiation of HO from malignant osseous metastasis.
Cockroach allergen levels and associations with cockroach-specific IgE
Authors: Ginger L. Chew, Matthew S. Perzanowski, Stephen M. Canfield, Inge F. Goldstein, Robert B. Mellins, Lori A. Hoepner, Maxine Ashby-Thompson, Judith S. Jacobson
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2008)
Myocardial blood flow in experimental cardiac hypertrophy in dogs
Authors: G. V. MARCHETTI, L. MERLO, V. NOSEDA, O. VISIOLI
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1973)

The effects of experimental myocardial hypertrophy on the coronary blood flow, myocardial 02 consumption, and coronary reserve capacity have been studied in unanaesthetized dogs, in which electromagnetic flowmeters had been chronically implanted. Myocardial hypertrophy was obtained by producing an arteriovenous fistula between the iliac vessels seven to 12 months before the experiments. In 15 dogs with systemic arteriovenous fistula, cardiac hypertrophy averaging 46% was obtained. These animals were arbitrarily divided into two groups. In the first (HI) hypertrophy averaged 32%, in the second (H2) hypertrophy was 67% on average. Eleven sham-operated dogs (group C) served as controls. Our findings show that, in experimental cardiac hypertrophy, coronary blood flow and 02 myocardial consumption at rest rise as the cardiac mass increases in size, whereas coronary resistance falls. Thus, coronary flow and 02 consumption per gram of myocardium in the animals with cardiac hypertrophy were not significantly different from those in the controls. In the dogs in group H2, the coronary reserve, measured as the percentage increase in the coronary flow from rest till peak flow during reactive hyperaemia, is therefore noticeably reduced, because it is partially utilized even at rest and, consequently, the possibility of an increase in flow after exercise or stress is diminished. In these conditions the supply of substrates to the myocardium can be normal at rest, whereas coronary flow and O2 supply may be inadequate only after a considerable increase in haemodynamic work.
Effect of temazepam on ventilatory response at moderate altitude
Authors: G. Roggla
Journal: BMJ (2000)

EDITOR—Dubowitz's study of the effect of temazepam on oxygen saturation at high altitude found that benzodiazepines do not have a depressant effect.1 He explains the discrepancy between his findings and those of previous studies by the fact that other studies have investigated the effect of long acting benzodiazepines.2 Dubowitz's probands were investigated after altitude acclimatisation while walking to Everest base camp, whereas climbers in Europe mainly engage in short periods of mountaineering. We therefore evaluated the effect of 10 mg temazepam on respiration in …
Impaired activity of protease inhibitors towards neutrophil elastase bound to human articular cartilage.
Authors: K Kawabata, A R Moore, D A Willoughby
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1996)

<h3>Context:</h3> Qualitative research - crucial for understanding human behavior - remains underutilized, in part due to the time and cost of annotating qualitative data (coding). Artificial intelligence (AI) has been suggested as a means to reduce those burdens. Older AI techniques (Latent Semantic Indexing / Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LSI/LDA)) have fallen short, in part because qualitative data is rife with idiom, non-standard expressions, and jargon. <h3>Objective:</h3> To develop an AI platform using updated techniques to augment qualitative data coding. <h3>Study Design and Analysis:</h3> We previously completed traditional qualitative analysis of a large dataset, with 11 qualitative categories and 72 subcategories (categories), and a final Cohen's kappa ≥ 0.65 as a measure of human inter-coder reliability (ICR) after coding. We built our Automated Qualitative Assistant (AQUA) using a semi-classical approach, replacing LSI/LDA with a graph-theoretic topic extraction and clustering method. AQUA was given the previously-identified qualitative categories and tasked with coding free-text data into those categories. Item coding was scored using cosine-similarity. <h3>Population Studied:</h3> Pennsylvanian adults. <h3>Instrument:</h3> Free-text responses to five open ended questions related to the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g. "What worries you most about the COVID-19 pandemic?"). <h3>Outcome Measures:</h3> AQUA's coding was compared to human coding using Cohen's kappa. This was done on all categories in aggregate, and also on category clusters to identify category groups amenable to AQUA support. AQUA's time to complete coding was compared to the time taken by the human coding team. <h3>Dataset:</h3> Five unlimited free-text survey answers from 538 responders. <h3>Results:</h3> AQUA's kappa for all categories was low (kappa~0.45), reflecting the challenge of automated analysis of diverse language. However, for several 3-category combinations (with less linguistic diversity), AQUA performed comparably to human coders, with an ICR kappa range of 0.62 to 0.72 based on test-train split. AQUA's analysis (including human interpretation) took approximately 5 hours, compared to approximately 30 person hours for traditional coding. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> AQUA enables qualitative researchers to identify categories amenable to automated coding, and to rapidly conduct that coding on the entirety of very large datasets. This saves time and money, and avoids limitations inherent in limiting qualitative analysis to limited samples of a given dataset.
The Incidence of Cancer in Married Couples
Authors: N. Walach
Journal: JAMA (1973)

To the Editor.—  Cancer in married couples is uncommon and, therefore, only rarely dealt with in the literature. Some cases of Hodgkin disease in married couples have been described in the past by Mazar and Straus 1 and De Vore and Doan. 2 Recently, Robertson (217:1553, 1971) reported a case of malignant melanoma in both husband and wife. Marshall (218:1831, 1971) dealt briefly with the possibility of coincidence vs contagion and added the case of another couple in which the husband suffered from teratocarcinoma and the wife from cervical carcinoma.  These reports provided us with the impetus to summarize the incidence of the appearance of malignant tumors in both husband and wife, bothof whom are patients in the Department of Oncology at the Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel. During the years 1958 to 1972 (a period of 15 years), approximately 20,000 new cancer patients were referred to our