tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Study highlights insensitivity of PSA screening
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Many prostate cancers, including high grade tumours, can be missed when the prostate specific antigen (PSA) test is used in screening, even when the concentration of PSA at which further investigations are carried out is set low.

New research shows that there is no specific cut-off concentration for PSA below which the risk of prostate cancer is zero. The large follow-up study has showed a continuum of risk at all concentrations of PSA ( JAMA 2005;294: 66-70). It confirmed previous concerns about the value of PSA testing, with no studies showing that it reduced prostate cancer mortality.

The study analysed data from 8575 men in the placebo group of the prostate cancer prevention trial, a study …
Hospital Competition and Surgical Length of Stay
Authors: James C. Robinson
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The hypothesis that competitive pressures encourage hospitals to accommodate patient and physician preferences for longer lengths of stay was tested. Seven hundred forty-seven nonfederal short-term hospitals were divided in terms of the number of neighboring hospitals within a 24-km radius, and this measure of hospital concentration and competition was measured against length of stay for ten surgical procedures, using 1982 data on 498454 patient discharges. Patient, physician, and hospital characteristics associated with length of stay were controlled for. Competition-related percentage increases in length of stay were identified for all procedures, including total hip replacement (14.8%), transurethral prostatectomy (13.9%), intestinal operations (14.0%), stomach operations (14.7%), hysterectomy (6.9%), cholecystectomy (9.1%), hernia repair (10.5%), appendectomy (8.4%), cardiac catheterization (22.9%), and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (21.2%). It was concluded that there is a strong association between the number of hospital competitors in the local market and the average length of stay in US hospitals.
PARATHYROID GLANDS IN RELATION TO SURGERY
Authors: T. P. Dunhill
Journal: BMJ (1924)

A diagram, on the principle of the reflex arc, can be con- structed, from the records of the jugular and radial pulses, of the part played by each of the elements of the regulating system in the production of the hieart beat.Fig. 3 is a tiaciing of the jugular and radial pulses, in wbhicl we recog- n-ize tlle action of the auricles and ven-tricles.If we repre- sent that tracing in a diagram, as in Fig. 3A, it shows the different elements engaged in the heart beat.The upper
The George E. Brown Memorial Lecture
Authors: IRVING S. WRIGHT
Journal: Circulation (1952)

The present knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of thrombosis is reviewed. New conceptions and technics involving physical principles are outlined. Hitherto unemphasized aspects of thrombosis are discussed. The present status of anticoagulant therapy is summarized. The effects of other factors on the action of anticoagulants are considered.
TYPHOID FEVER—DIETETIC TREATMENT.
Authors: LOUIS FISCHER
Journal: JAMA (1901)

The vital points to be considered in the course of treatment of typhoid fever are: 1. Exhaustion, from continued draining of the body, if a prolonged diarrhea exists; thus large quantities of serum are lost and the blood supply weakened. 2. Continued fever means continued loss of fat and muscle and rapid emaciation. 3. Loss of strength from recumbent position, and from absence of normal substantial foods. 4. Toxemia, showing its effect chiefly on the heart and circulating apparatus demands careful noting when stimulation is demanded. 5. Résumé of foods successfully used in a series of cases of typhoid. 6. The value of salines and especially the administration of saline infusion per, rectum, and if coma prevails, its use by hypodermoclysis. 7. Albumin and salt administered subcutaneously. 8. Peptonization of foods; sterilization and pasteurization; use of raw milk in this condition. 9. The administration of water with and without carbonic
Abstract 305: EphB4 and EphrinB2 regulates ovarian cancer progression
Authors: Wei Tan, Suijin Yang, David Looper, Dawn Nowlin, Zhongdong Huang, Gerrit Los, Jitesh P. Jani
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract EphB4 belongs to the Eph Receptor Tyrosine Kinase family. EphB4 regulates angiogenesis, neuron migration and breast morphogenesis. Overexpression of EphB4 has been observed in numerous cancer types, including breast, ovarian and prostate cancers. How EphB4 regulates cancer progression is still largely unknown. EphrinB2 is the unique ligand for EphB4. EphrinB2 triggers phosphorylation, activation and down-regulation of EphB4. We analyzed various ovarian cancer cell lines and patient derived xenograft samples by in vitro and in vivo assays including siRNA knockdown and gene expression profiling. A large portion of ovarian cancer models express both EphB4 and ephrinB2. SiRNA targeting of EphB4 induced growth inhibition and induction of apoptosis in several cell lines. Serous ovarian carcinoma cell line, Ovcar-3 which expresses both EphB4 and ephrinB2 was most sensitive to siRNA targeting. Non ephrinB2 expressing cell lines were less sensitive suggesting that sensitivity to EphB4 siRNA targeting is not only dependent on the levels of EphB4 but also the status of ephrinB2. Gene expression profiling studies showed that EphB4 is implicated in signaling transduction, cell attachment and growth. Currently, we are examining how ephrinB2 expression modulates EphB4 signaling and the down-stream effectors of EphB4 signaling pathway. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 305. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-305
LMSSA: a back door entry into medicine?:: Author's reply
Authors: R. Wakeford
Journal: BMJ (1987)

profession through the university examination.Furthermore, why should he want to exclude them when the GMC is happy to include them?Does he think that the GMC is an inadequate guardian of standards?As we already have the non-university examniing bodies why should one or more British medical schools be persuaded to enter the occasional refugee for their examinations, an unlikely hope if the present schismbetweenCambridgeUniversityandLondon University is anything to go by.
Anticancer therapy: boosting the bang of Bim
Authors: Andrea Wahner Hendrickson, Xue Wei Meng, Scott H. Kaufmann
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2008)

Even though activating mutations of B-Raf, a kinase atop the MAPK signaling cascade, reportedly sensitize tumor cells to MEK inhibitors, Raf and MEK inhibitors have exhibited limited clinical activity. In this issue of the JCI, Cragg et al. report that MEK inhibition upregulates the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim but induces little regression of human melanoma xenografts in mice unless the Bcl-2 antagonist ABT-737 is added (see the related article beginning on page 3651). These findings illustrate the potential benefit of simultaneously inhibiting oncogenic kinases and inhibiting Bcl-2 action in solid tumors.
The discovery of antiviral agents: Ten different compounds, ten different stories
Authors: Erik De Clercq
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2008)

Abstract This review article, while autobiographical to some extent, describes the discovery of ten (classes of) antiviral compounds that have made (or just did not make) it to the market for the therapy of viral infections, but each in its own way influenced the landscape of our dealing with virus infections: (i) valaciclovir, (ii) BVDU, (iii) DHPA, (iv) cidofovir, (v) adefovir, (vi) tenofovir, (vii) stavudine, (viii) HEPT, (ix) TIBO, and (x) AMD3100. Successful drug development, as is certainly true for antiviral drugs and exemplified for the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates cidofovir, adefovir and tenofovir, requires patience and perseverance, and a close continuous and dedicated interaction between Chemistry, Biology/Medicine and Industry. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 28, No. 6, 929–953, 2008
Analysis of familial factors using the basic and specific (BASP) classification in Korean patients with androgenetic alopecia
Authors: Won-Soo Lee, Yoonseok Oh, Jae Hong Ji, Jang Kyu Park, Do Won Kim, Woo-Young Sim, Hyung Ok Kim, Seon-Wook Hwang, Tae Young Yoon, Young Chul Kye, Gwang Seong Choi, Moon-Bum Kim, Chang-Hoon Huh, Byung In Ro, Seong-Jin Kim, Jae-Hong Kim, Yoonhee Lee
Journal: Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (2011)
Effects of Carbon Monoxide on Myocardium
Authors: KNUD KJELDSEN, HENRIK KLEM THOMSEN, POUL ASTRUP
Journal: Circulation Research (1974)

Sixteen rabbits were placed in exposure chambers: eight were continuously exposed to 180 ppm of carbon monoxide and eight were exposed to atmospheric air for 2 weeks. The myocardial ultrastructure of all the rabbits was examined. In rabbits exposed to carbon monoxide, local areas of partial or total necrosis of the myofibrils and degenerative changes of the mitochondria were found. Extra- and intracellular edema, increases in the number of ribosomes and lipofuscin granules, and reparative fibrotic changes also occurred. Varying degrees of injury were noted in the blood vessels. Capillary edema, but never total stenosis, was seen in some areas. Stasis and occasional small perivascular hemorrhages were typical on the venous side; on the arterial side the characteristic picture was one of endothelial swelling, formation of subendothelial edema, and degenerative changes of the myocytes. The present study supports the hypothesis that chronic exposure to low levels of carboxyhemoglobin can produce myocardial damage and account for the increased risk of myocardial infarction and sudden death seen in heavy cigarette smokers.
THE EFFECT OF STATIN ON PATIENTS WITH AORTO-ILIAC ARTERY DISEASE AFTER PRIMARY STENTING
Authors: Junichi Tazaki, Yoshimitsu Soga, Osamu iida, Daizo Kawasaki, Yamauchi Yasutaka, Kenji Suzuki, Hirano Keisuke, Ryoji Koshida, Daisuke Kamoi, Michiaki Higashitani, Yoshiaki Shintani, Terutoshi Yamaoka, Shinya Okazaki, Nobuhiro Suematsu, Taketsugu Tsuchiya, Yusuke Miyashita, Norihiko Shinozaki, Hiroki Takahashi, Takeshi Kimura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
THE CARBOHYDRATE OF γ-GLOBULIN AND MYELOMA PROTEINS
Authors: H. J. Müller-Eberhard, Henry G. Kunkel
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1956)

Various preparations of γ-globulin homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge showed a similar content of hexose, hexosamine, fucose, and sialic acid. Subfractionation of Fr. II γ-globulin by zone electrophoresis revealed multiple components of different mean mobilities but containing similar amounts of carbohydrate. Gamma globulin isolated directly from normal serum by zone electrophoresis showed a heavy component in addition to the usual 7 S material. The heavy component (s20, w = 19 S) concentrated by preparative ultracentrifugation was found to be considerably richer in carbohydrate than the rest of the γ-globulin and accounted for small differences in carbohydrate content between different preparations of γ-globulin. Pathological sera with marked elevation in γ-globulin showed a carbohydrate-protein ratio for the γ-globulin similar to that found for the corresponding 7 S fraction in normal serum. This was only partially true of the myeloma proteins with a mobility in the γ-globulin region. Certain of these proteins showed slight but significant differences. The myeloma proteins of faster mobility (ß-myelomas) contained considerably more carbohydrate. The possible role of these carbohydrates in accounting for some of the mobility and immunological differences in the myeloma proteins is discussed. The pathological proteins found in two cases of macroglobulinemia showed a high carbohydrate content similar to but slightly lower than the normal 19 S component of γ-globulin.
Inequity of use of implantable cardioverter defibrillators in England: retrospective analysis
Authors: Julie Parkes, Deborah L Chase, Andrew Grace, David Cunningham, Paul J Roderick
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Sudden cardiac death occurs in approximately 100 000 people annually in the United Kingdom and can be prevented by implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs). 1 Rates of implantation of ICDs in England have been increasing but lag behind those in other western European countries and North America.The National Institute for Clinical Excellence has recommended indications for use in patients with ventricular arrhythmias and proposed an annual implantation rate of 50 per million population. 2 We present data on current use, geographical and social equity, and barriers to care in the provision of ICDs in England.
Understanding Sexual Violence Perpetration
Authors: Elizabeth Reed, Jhumka Gupta, Jay G. Silverman
Journal: JAMA Pediatrics (2014)

The article “Prevalence Rates of Male and Female Sexual Violence Perpetrators in a National Sample of Adolescents” recently published in JAMA Pediatrics documents that both males and females can be perpetrators or victims of sexual violence; however, both the methods used and the interpretation of the findings ignore the important influence of gender, particularly in the etiology underlying sexual violence perpetration.... Comments on: Prevalence rates of male and female sexual violence perpetrators in a national sample of adolescents. Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ. JAMA Pediatr. 2013; 167(12): 1125-1134. Language: en
186. Secreted Extracellular Vesicles of Baculovirus GP64 Interact with Plasmid DNA to Enhance Transfection
Authors: Ghiabe H. Guibinga, Andrew C. Hinton, Atsushi Miyanohara, Theodore Friedmann
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2005)

Top of pageAbstract
We are pursuing methods for the in vitro production of complexes of DNA with viral envelope proteins to assemble nanoparticles with gene transferring properties. Toward that end, we have previously shown that assembled vesicles consisting largely of the glycoprotein of the vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV-G) are produced and efficiently released into the conditioned medium from cells expressing VSV-G in absence of other viral components. We have also shown that VSV-G vesicles partially purified from such conditioned medium interact with plasmid DNA to produce complexes with enhanced transfection capability. We report here that the alternative efficient retrovirus pseudotyping envelope protein, the GP64 of baculovirus Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus, is also found in conditioned medium or GP64-transfected cells and that pelleted, partially purified GP64 can interact in vitro with plasmid DNA to enhance plasmid transfection efficiency in the presence of Polybrene to a degree similar to that of VSV-G. We have also examined plasmid transfection efficiency mediated by VSV-G/plasmid and GP64/plasmid complexes in the presence of either Polybrene or the transduction domain of HIV-1 Tat, one of a variety of small cell-penetrating peptides that have been shown to promote cell uptake of DNA and other hydrophilic molecules and also to increase virus vector-mediated gene transfer. In the presence of partially purified vesicles of either VSV-G or GP-64, Polybrene produced a much greater degree of enhanced transfection than did HIV-1 Tat protein.
Bladder Outlet Obstruction Secondary to Obstructed Foley Catheter Discovered on PET/CT
Authors: Dwight M. Achong
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2010)

Unexpected findings are not infrequently encountered during nuclear imaging; genitourinary abnormalities are more likely in those studies (eg, bone and renal scans) that involve significant urinary handling of administered radiopharmaceutical. A case of acute renal insufficiency secondary to unsuspected bladder outlet obstruction from an obstructed Foley catheter identified on positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is presented.
Meningitis after Lumbar Puncture in Children with Bacteremia
Authors: David W. Teele, Barry Dashefsky, Tamara Rakusan, Jerome O. Klein
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

FOR over half a century clinical investigators have suggested an association between performance of a lumbar puncture during bacteremia and later development of meningitis.1 , 2 To determine whether such an association exists, we reviewed our experience at Boston City Hospital over nine years with 277 episodes of bacteremia in children considered mildly or moderately ill. We found a significant association between lumbar puncture performed during bacteremia and later development of bacterial meningitis in children under one year of age.MethodsFrom a log of all bacteremias occurring in children between September 1971 and December 1980, we obtained records of children whose . . .
Use of Anticoagulation During Wireless Capsule Endoscopy for the Investigation of Recurrent Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: F. Rieder, A. Schneidewind, U. Bolder, N. Zorger, J. Schölmerich, A. Schäffler, S. Gölder, F. Kullmann, H. Herfarth
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Detecting the source of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding can be difficult. Capsule endoscopy is a promising diagnostic tool for investigating patients with this condition, although identifying the source of intermittent or low-grade bleeding remains a diagnostic challenge. We present case reports of two patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, in whom the source of recurrent bleeding episodes was diagnosed by capsule endoscopy while they were on anticoagulation therapy. The first patient, an 81-year-old white woman, was on long-term oral anticoagulation because she had chronic atrial fibrillation. Capsule endoscopy demonstrated a bleeding tumor in the region of the terminal ileum. The second patient, a 59-year-old white man, underwent an initial capsule endoscopy, which was negative. After initiation of anticoagulation with heparin, a second capsule endoscopy procedure in this patient revealed several small bleeding lesions in the proximal small bowel. In both cases a gastrointestinal stromal tumor was identified as the bleeding source and was resected. These two cases demonstrate that provocation of bleeding during capsule endoscopy may increase its sensitivity.
Book: A-Z of Medical Writing
Authors: J. Williams
Journal: BMJ (2000)

Tim Albert BMJ Books, £14.95, pp 155 ISBN 0 7279 1487 1 Rating: ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img> As a health journalist of some 10 years who still faces the task of writing with trepidation, I doubt I'd have had the nerve to embark on the career had I read Tim Albert's book first: there's so much to know. Although to date I've had no need to get to grips with “uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals,” should I ever need to, it's surely Tim I'd turn to. Naturally the rarefied world of scientific papers and research proposals is rather different … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif
Practising just medicine in an unjust world
Authors: Z. Bhutta
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Initiatives to improve academic medicine in developing countries must come from within 

A recent report by the Academy of Medical Sciences highlights the importance of clinical research, and the challenge of translating recent discoveries into clinical practice and public health interventions.1 As the recommendations were made largely in the context of public health practice and academic medicine in the United Kingdom, how do they relate to the developing world, and are the challenges faced by academia in developing countries markedly different?

Although health systems and research in developing countries have been reviewed, little systematic evaluation has taken place of the problems that academic health professionals face.2 Firstly, academic professionals in developing countries work in relative isolation from primary care settings, mostly in urban centres, and fewer still interact with public health policy makers.3 Given the average size of a medical class and the workload in busy public hospitals most have to contend with an enormous load of teaching and clinical care. Barring …
Morphologic and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis
Authors: A Saraste
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2000)

Apoptosis is characterised by a series of typical morphological features, such as shrinkage of the cell, fragmentation into membrane-bound apoptotic bodies and rapid phagocytosis by neighbouring cells. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis as they relate to the morphologic hallmarks and their implications for the detection of apoptosis in cardiac tissue. Activation of cysteine proteases called caspases plays a major role in the execution of apoptosis. These proteases selectively cleave vital cellular substrates, which results in apoptotic morphology and internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA by selectively activated DNases. In response to several pro-apoptotic signals, mitochondria release caspase activating factors, that initiate an escalating caspase cascade and commit the cell to die. Members of the Bcl-2 oncoprotein family control mitochondrial events and are able to prevent, or induce, both apoptotic and non-apoptotic types of cell death. This suggests that different types of cell death share common mechanisms in the early phases, whereas activation of caspases determines the phenotype of cell death. Detection of apoptotic cells in tissue samples currently relies on the TUNEL assay. TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes show morphological features of apoptosis and the typical ladder pattern in DNA electrophoresis. Thus, provided that the staining protocol is carefully standardised, this quantitative methodology provides reproducible results of the occurrence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in cardiac samples. Recently, potentially more specific assays based on analysis of DNA fragmentation or demonstration of caspase activation have been developed. Applicability of these assays to demonstrate cardiomyocyte apoptosis should be tested.