tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Experimentation With Human Beings: The Authority of the Investigator, Subject, Professions, and State in the Human Experimentation Process
Authors: Barry I. Liskow
Journal: JAMA (1973)

This volume, beginning with its author's conviction that "medicine has neglected to address itself to an important educational task," undertakes to explore the ethics of human experimentation in medicine and related fields. The book aims to provide the means for accomplishing the perceived neglected task. The tightly organized 1,100 pages deal with such major ethical issues as informed consent, experimentation on uncomprehending and healthy individuals, the rights of the individual against those of society, the limits of authority of the investigator, and the role of the state in the experimental process, to list but a few of myriad topics considered. Katz presents all these issues by offering verbatim case studies (many as recent as 1971) culled from psychological, sociological, medical, and legal journals, and from transcripts of court cases and congressional investigations, all superbly edited so that both sides of specific issues are expressed clearly and concisely. Interspersed among these
Abstract 5662: RBAC, a modified form of Arabinoxylan from rice bran, impairs prostate cancer cell line proliferation, adhesion, and invasion <i>in vitro</i>
Authors: Thomas P. Brush, Sandra Trinh, Christopher M. Brawner, Karriem H. Ali, Ralph J. Hauke, Johny E. Elkahwaji
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Introduction and objective: Prostate cancer (CaP) remains a major concern of public health in the United States. Standard treatment already in clinical use has a high curability rate in patients diagnosed with localized and androgen-dependent CaP; however, the progression to hormone refractory CaP is associated with disease relapse and poor prognosis. Hence, it is important to discover a novel strategy to prevent progression of disease whilst minimizing toxicity. One such promising approach is the dietary administration of certain natural compounds such as RBAC, a rice bran carbohydrate extract hydrolyzed by Shiitake mushroom enzymes. Several experimental studies have shown that RBAC in vitro increases both susceptibility and sensitivity of many human malignant cells to undergo apoptosis and to respond to chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, RBAC immunomodulates natural killer (NK) cells in vitro and in vivo and enhances plasma cytokine production and anti-tumor activity in an in vivo mouse model. The aim of this study was to investigate the direct anti-tumor activity of RBAC on CaP cell lines and its impact on cell proliferation, adhesion, and invasion. Methods: A panel of stromal and epithelial cell lines was used [Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) and CaP epithelial cell lines (PC3 and LNCaP)]. Cell lines were cultured in appropriate media supplemented with 10% FBS in a 5% CO2 incubator. Cells were treated for 24, 48, and 72h with different doses of RBAC (0-1000 µg/ml). The cell proliferation, adhesion, and invasion assays were determined by Trypan blue and AlamarBlue® proliferation assays, Cytotracker™ adhesion assay, and CytoSelect™ invasion assay, respectively. Results: RBAC significantly decreased the epithelial cell proliferation of MSC, and CaP human malignant cell lines (PC3 and LNCaP) (p&amp;lt;0.05). The inhibition occurred in a dose-dependent manner and was more pronounced at high doses of RBAC (1000 µg/ml). Also, that same dose of RBAC impaired the MSC-PC3 cell adhesion and PC3 cell invasion in vitro. Conclusions: These data suggest that RBAC exhibits an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on CaP cell lines in vitro and might have therapeutic potential in advanced human CaP. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5662.
The Pedagogical Value of<i>House, M.D.</i>—Can a Fictional Unethical Physician Be Used to Teach Ethics?
Authors: Mark R. Wicclair
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2008)

In a study of the television viewing habits of medical and nursing students at John's Hopkins University (Baltimore, MD), Czarny and colleagues (2008) reported that “most watch television medical d...
THE VALUE AND LIMITATIONS OF ROENTGEN-RAY DIAGNOSIS IN DIGESTIVE DISEASE
Authors: ERNEST H. GAITHER
Journal: JAMA (1922)

Because of the universal application of the roentgen ray in the diagnosis of digestive disease, I believe that the time is opportune for a frank expression of opinion, based on many years of experience, regarding its value and limitations in this field. I shall present in this paper a consideration of (1) cases in the digestive sphere in which the diagnosis cannot be made without the use of the roentgen ray; (2) cases in which the roentgen ray can be regarded only as confirmatory; (3) cases in which the diagnosis cannot be made by the roentgen ray but can be made by a careful history and clinical investigation, and (4) cases that have been incorrectly diagnosed by the roentgen ray, as shown by their subsequent history. I shall point out some of the reasons for the incorrect interpretations made in this group of cases, and finally I shall endeavor to
A-Imilano apoprotein. Isolation and characterization of a cysteine-containing variant of the A-I apoprotein from human high density lipoproteins.
Authors: K H Weisgraber, T P Bersot, R W Mahley, G Franceschini, C R Sirtori
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

A recently discovered familial lipoprotein disorder is characterized by reduced plasma levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL) and elevated triglyceride levels. The clinical aspects of this disorder are presented in an accompanying article (Franceschini et al. 1980. J. Clin. Invest. 66: 892-900). The apoprotein content of the HDL isolated from these patients differed markedly from that of normal HDL in that three apoprotein bands not previously described in man were present as major protein components. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, the relative molecular weights (Mr) of these new apoprotein bands were 55,000, 35,000, and 28,000. Although the Mr 28,000 apoprotein coelectrophoresed with authentic A-I on SDS polyacrylamide gels and showed immunochemical identity with the A-I apoprotein when tested with monospecific apo-A-I antiserum, it contained two amino acid residues, cysteine and isoleucine, which were not present in the amino acid sequence of normal human apo-A-I. This variant form of the A-I apoprotein was designated the A-IMilano apoprotein and denoted A-Icys. By virtue of the presence of cysteine (2 mol/mol A-Icys), the A-Icys apoprotein was capable of forming intermolecular disulfide bonds, and dimer formation of A-Icys produced the Mr 55,000 apoprotein. The Mr 35,000 apoprotein was composed of two different subunits, A-Icys and A-II. By analogy to the apo(E--A-II) complex, which also occurs in human HDL, this mixed disulfide complex was designated as the apo(A-Icys--A-II) complex. The A-IMilano (A-Icys) is the first example of a variation in the primary sequence of a protein of plasma lipoproteins.
Erythrocytosis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Subha Sen, George C. Hoffman, Nicholas T. Stowe, Robert R. Smeby, F. Merlin Bumpus
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1972)

During the study of an inbred strain of Wistar rats which spontaneously develop hypertension when they reach a weight of approximately 150 g, it was found that these animals also develop an erythrocytosis. A significant increase in red cell count was observed in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats (8-11 x 10(6) RBC/mm(3)) when compared with normotensive rats (6-7 x 10(6) RBC/mm(3)) of the same strain. This increase in red cell count paralleled the increase in body weight and the rise in blood pressure. Since the plasma volume, as measured with labeled albumin was normal, there was an absolute increase in red cells. The hematocrit and hemoglobin content of the blood measured in SH rats were only slightly greater than those found in normotensive rats. However, the mean cell volume (MCV) of the red cells in the SH rats was 45-47 mu(3) as compared with 51-53 mu(3) in normotensive rats.A fourfold increase in 24 hr (59)Fe incorporation into the red cells was found in the SH rats when compared with normotensive controls. The bone marrow of the SH rats showed erythroid hyperplasia. When the SH rats were treated with alpha-methyldopa (Aldomet 200 mg/kg daily, i.p.) the red cell count fell in parallel with the drop in blood pressure. No change in red cell count or blood pressure was observed in normotensive rats treated in the same manner. The erythropoietin titer was high in SH rats, and was undetectable in normotensive rats. These observations suggest a direct relationship between the hypertension and the erythrocytosis mediated by erythropoietin; both are genetically controlled.
Aspirin induced asthma
Authors: Christine Jenkins, John Costello, Linda Hodge
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Response to radiation incidents and radionuclear threatsMedical treatment should be given only when safe to do so Editor-Turai et al reviewed the medical response to radiation incidents and radionuclear threats. 1 Puzzlingly, they say that providing care for a patient in a life threatening condition always has priority over decontamination from radioactive materials or those actions required for the safety of others involved (medical staff, emergency rescue teams) or related to the wider public and environment. 1I disagree.This statement will encourage inexperienced staff to disregard the safety of themselves and others in a "heroic" attempt to treat those ill and injured.The latest edition of the Major Incident Medical Management and Support Course rightly emphasises self and scene safety over that of survivors. 2Experience has shown again and again that well meaning but poorly trained or equipped rescue and medical staff are highly likely to become further victims. 3As an example, the article points out that some of the 28 radiation deaths from the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 were among fire fighters.Medical treatment should be given only when it is safe to do so: poorly considered and risky actions will simply lengthen the list of casualties.
Lipid Studies on Human Lymph and Chyle
Authors: Robert H. Bartlett, William H. Falor, Chris J. D. Zarafonetis
Journal: JAMA (1964)

ALTHOUGH investigation of chyle and lymph has been extensive in animals, there are few reports on humans because of the difficulty in obtaining samples. Studies of individual patients with chylothorax, chylous ascites, and chyluria are valuable but subject to inaccuracy. Recently, a few series of human thoracic duct cannulations have been reported. The authors investigated lipid findings on specimens obtained by cannulation. <h3>Material and Methods</h3> Specimens were obtained by cannulation of the right main lymphatic duct and the left thoracic duct during bilateral scalene node biopsy. In general, satisfactory flow was achieved from the left duct in 60% of the subjects and from the right in 30%.<sup>1</sup>There were 32 patients with satisfactory left duct flow in this study and five of these also had flow from the right duct. Prior to operation most patients were given 6 oz (177.4 ml) of a cream mixture containing 11% fat, 99.9%
Chronic arsenic poisoning from burning high-arsenic-containing coal in Guizhou, China.
Authors: Jie Liu, Baoshan Zheng, H Vasken Aposhian, Yunshu Zhou, Ming-Liang Chen, Aihua Zhang, Michael P Waalkes
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2002)

Arsenic is an environmental hazard and the reduction of drinking water arsenic levels is under consideration. People are exposed to arsenic not only through drinking water but also through arsenic-contaminated air and food. Here we report the health effects of arsenic exposure from burning high arsenic-containing coal in Guizhou, China. Coal in this region has undergone mineralization and thus produces high concentrations of arsenic. Coal is burned inside the home in open pits for daily cooking and crop drying, producing a high concentration of arsenic in indoor air. Arsenic in the air coats and permeates food being dried producing high concentrations in food; however, arsenic concentrations in the drinking water are in the normal range. The estimated sources of total arsenic exposure in this area are from arsenic-contaminated food (50-80%), air (10-20%), water (1-5%), and direct contact in coal-mining workers (1%). At least 3,000 patients with arsenic poisoning were found in the Southwest Prefecture of Guizhou, and approximately 200,000 people are at risk for such overexposures. Skin lesions are common, including keratosis of the hands and feet, pigmentation on the trunk, skin ulceration, and skin cancers. Toxicities to internal organs, including lung dysfunction, neuropathy, and nephrotoxicity, are clinically evident. The prevalence of hepatomegaly was 20%, and cirrhosis, ascites, and liver cancer are the most serious outcomes of arsenic poisoning. The Chinese government and international organizations are attempting to improve the house conditions and the coal source, and thereby protect human health in this area.
Molecular mechanisms of diabetic kidney disease
Authors: Kimberly Reidy, Hyun Mi Kang, Thomas Hostetter, Katalin Susztak
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2014)

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide and the single strongest predictor of mortality in patients with diabetes. DKD is a prototypical disease of gene and environmental interactions. Tight glucose control significantly decreases DKD incidence, indicating that hyperglycemia-induced metabolic alterations, including changes in energy utilization and mitochondrial dysfunction, play critical roles in disease initiation. Blood pressure control, especially with medications that inhibit the angiotensin system, is the only effective way to slow disease progression. While DKD is considered a microvascular complication of diabetes, growing evidence indicates that podocyte loss and epithelial dysfunction play important roles. Inflammation, cell hypertrophy, and dedifferentiation by the activation of classic pathways of regeneration further contribute to disease progression. Concerted clinical and basic research efforts will be needed to understand DKD pathogenesis and to identify novel drug targets.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE LESIONS CONSTITUTING THE SO-CALLED CHRONIC NASAL CATARRH.
Authors: H. GRADLE
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The term chronic catarrh was formerly used for all chronic affections of the nose manifested by more or less nasal obstruction and secretion. It is still so employed by the public and to some extent by physicians, yet the studies of the last twenty years have resolved this comprehensive name into a number of separate affections. The description of these various types of disease is, however, neither uniform in different text-books on the nose, nor do the types stated by authors conform always with actual observation. Perhaps the main reason for these discrepancies is the frequent multiplicity of lesions, so that quite commonly the symptoms of catarrh depend on several different morbid conditions co-existing in the nose. My object is to classify the different lesions which make up this composite picture of catarrh. On the basis of many years' personal observation I wish to describe those types of morbid changes
Problem-Oriented Approach to Practice
Authors: Avrum L. Katcher
Journal: JAMA (1977)

<h3>To the Editor. —</h3> The article by Tufo and associates on the problem-oriented approach to practice may or may not substantiate economical use of services by the population that his group served. They state that 50% of all professional services were incurred outside of their plan and that the bed days in 1976 per thousand patients approximated just under 1,000.I would conclude that the total bed days for their patients approximated just under 2,000, which is almost double the average for the state of New Jersey for Blue Cross patients served by all physicians regardless of how they practice. The authors do not make mention of the social level of their population other than to say it has not changed. Social class levels as well as age are among important determiners of health care use. They will have to demonstrate experience of their population versus some other population before we
The Peripheral Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone
Authors: Kevin J. Martin, Keith A. Hruska, Jeffrey J. Freitag, Saulo Klahr, Eduardo Slatopolsky
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

AFTER the radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone (PTH) was introduced by Berson et al. in 1963,1 initial enthusiasm for its clinical application was tempered because widely differing results were reported from several laboratories.2 3 4 5 The overlap of serum levels of immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) between normal subjects and patients with hyperparathyroidism ranged from 0 to 50 per cent. In addition, whereas Reiss and Canterbury3 reported that serum levels of iPTH were not reduced by calcium infusion in patients with parathyroid adenomas, Potts and his coworkers4 found marked suppression of serum iPTH levels in response to induced hypercalcemia in a similar group of patients. . . .
MN1 overexpression induces acute myeloid leukemia in mice and predicts ATRA resistance in patients with AML
Authors: Michael Heuser, Bob Argiropoulos, Florian Kuchenbauer, Eric Yung, Jessica Piper, Stephen Fung, Richard F. Schlenk, Konstanze Dohner, Tanja Hinrichsen, Cornelia Rudolph, Axel Schambach, Christopher Baum, Brigitte Schlegelberger, Hartmut Dohner, Arnold Ganser, R. Keith Humphries
Journal: Blood (2007)
Glycated Collagen I Induces Premature Senescence-Like Phenotypic Changes in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Jun Chen, Sergey V. Brodsky, David M. Goligorsky, Dierk J. Hampel, Hong Li, Steven S. Gross, Michael S. Goligorsky
Journal: Circulation Research (2002)

Diabetic vasculopathy is central to the development of diverse cardiovascular, renal, retinal, and neurological complications of diabetes. We previously demonstrated that growth of endothelial cells on glycated extracellular matrix proteins (collagen and matrigel) results in a significant decrease in cell proliferation. In the present study, we show that early-passage human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) grown on glycated collagen (GC) express hallmarks of premature cell senescence, ie, increase in the proportion of cells expressing senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, apoptotic rate, and p53 and p14 AFR expression, but in contrast to replicative senescence, display neither attrition of telomeres nor decrease in telomerase activity. An increased frequency of prematurely senescent cells was similarly observed in vivo in aortae of young Zucker diabetic rats, compared with lean controls. NO production by HUVECs grown on GC was decreased, despite a 3-fold increase in eNOS expression and was associated with the increased nitrotyrosine-modified proteins. Development of premature senescence of HUVECs on GC could be prevented and reversed by treatments with the peroxynitrite scavenger, ebselen, eNOS intermediate N ω -hydroxy- l -arginine (NOHA), or superoxide dismutase mimetic Mn-TBAP. Concomitant with the reversal of senescence, ebselen, and NOHA each restored NO production to levels observed with HUVECs grown on unmodified collagen. Our findings indicate that diabetes mellitus in vivo and GC exposure in vitro elicit premature senescence of the vascular endothelium, a process with distinct pathogenetic mechanisms. Premature senescence of the vascular endothelium is hypothesized to be an important contributor to diabetic vasculopathy and a consequence of reduced NO availability, peroxynitrite, and/or superoxide excess.
Xenon Ventilation-Perfusion Lung Scans
Authors: J. A. Jeevendra Martyn
Journal: JAMA (1979)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Schall and associates have emphasized the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of inhalation injury and have advocated the use of xenon ventilation-perfusion lung scans to achieve this end. Their data, however, do require careful interpretation. Contrary to the authors' claims in the text (their Table 2), patients with abnormal scans do not have a higher incidence of closed space vs open space burns. Three patients with intraoral burns and four patients with carbonaceous sputum, signs almost pathognomonic of inhalation injury, had normal scans. For reasons not immediately evident, the authors have equated the presence of an early normal xenon perfusion scan to the absence of inhalation injury and a classification that we believe is inappropriate. We have revised their Table. In effect, 4+23, or 27 patients had clinical evidence of an inhalation injury, and the xenon scan substantiated it in 85% (23 of 27) of patients.
Outpatient treatment for uterine polyps
Authors: J. Bosteels, S. Weyers
Journal: BMJ (2015)

A long overdue break with traditional practice, backed up by solid evidence

Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most common reasons why women present to hospital gynaecology departments. Even in developed countries such as Belgium1 a large proportion of these women are still being offered traditional dilatation and curettage combined with hysteroscopy under general anaesthesia, a costly approach that is inconvenient as it involves an overnight stay in hospital. The dominance of traditional inpatient dilatation and curettage is currently being challenged most recently by Cooper and colleagues in the linked study (doi:10.1136/bmj.h1398) evaluating outpatient diagnosis and treatment for women with uterine polyps, a common cause of intrauterine bleeding.2

During dilatation and curettage the operator is unable to see inside the uterine cavity, and tissue is therefore removed in a blind manner. The procedure is usually done to rule out endometrial cancer, and although the diagnostic accuracy for detecting endometrial cancer is high it is moderate for other endometrial disease, such as uterine polyps.3 Between 20% and 40% of women with abnormal uterine bleeding have polyps. Hysteroscopy allows the operator to visualise the entire uterine …
The nature and incidence of gallstones containing calcium
Authors: D. J. Sutor, S. E. Wooley
Journal: Gut (1973)

The crystalline constituents of gallstones determined by x-ray powder diffraction can be broadly classified as cholesterols and calcium salts. On this basis there are three main types of stones consisting of cholesterol, calcium salts, and mixtures of these. In a study of the composition of 481 gallstones from 11 countries, the percentage incidence of each was 59.9, 13.1, and 27.0 respectively. The presence of calcium compounds in 40.1% of the calculi showed the importance of these constituents in the nucleation and/or growth of many specimens. Men are just as likely as women to form stones consisting entirely of calcium salts, but female patients outnumber males by about 3:1 for both calculi of cholesterol and those of cholesterol with calcium salts. A description is given of the appearance, texture, and structure of calcium-containing stones subdivided according to the calcium salt(s) present.
Crossing the Species Barrier — One Small Step to Man, One Giant Leap to Mankind
Authors: Mark S. Klempner, Daniel S. Shapiro
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

On first setting foot on the moon, Neil Armstrong famously proclaimed that he had taken “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” With minor adjustments, he could have been referring to one of the most important distinctions between limited outbreaks of infectious diseases and the occurrence of devastating pandemics: one small step to man, one giant leap to mankind. Recent events, such as the reports of cases of avian influenza and monkeypox in humans and the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), bring this distinction into sharp focus. Many infectious diseases cross the species barrier. Generally, . . .