tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Gas in the Gut Wall
Authors: Rudolph H. de Jong
Journal: JAMA (1977)

For reasons largely unknown, clusters of gas-filled blebs occasionally collect in the intestinal wall. Called pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis (PCI), the ordinarily benign condition has been encountered in a wide variety of disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract from stomach to rectum. 1 Symptoms of PCI are mostly nonspecific: complaints such as diarrhea, constipation, melena, or flatulence predominating.  A clue to the causative mechanism derives from observations that PCI can follow bouts of vigorous coughing. Further hinting at a pulmonary source for this abdominal phenomenon is the rather common association in adults between chronic obstructive lung disease and PCI—suggesting that gas escaping from an alveolar tear could dissect downward along the aorta, to invade the gut wall via mesenteric vessels. Other etiologic factors that have been proposed are gas entry through a rent in the bowel's mucosa, or (in the presence of enteritis) intramural gas production by bacteria. 1   Other than as
S111 Human rhinovirus infection and exacerbation frequency at COPD exacerbation
Authors: SN George, ARC Patel, AJ Mackay, R Singh, RJ Sapsford, GC Donaldson, JA Wedzicha
Journal: Thorax (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Viral infections are associated with more severe COPD exacerbations in terms of greater burden of symptoms, resulting in longer recovery times and a greater likelihood of hospitalisation (Seemungal <i>et al</i>. 2000). Human rhinoviruses (HRV) are the main aetiological agents of virus-associated COPD exacerbations; however the association of HRV infection and exacerbation frequency has not been fully investigated. We aimed to examine the relationship between HRV presence and load, and the number of exacerbations patients experienced per year. <h3>Methods</h3> London COPD cohort patients recorded any new or increased respiratory symptoms on daily diary cards and contacted the clinical team when symptoms worsened. Exacerbations were defined using our usual symptomatic criteria; an increase in respiratory symptoms for two consecutive days, with at least one symptom being major (dyspnoea, sputum purulence or volume). Reverse-transcription quantitative PCR was used to detect HRV prevalence and load in sputum samples collected at exacerbation presentation (median 2 days after exacerbation onset). <h3>Results</h3> Patients positive for HRV (n = 42) had significantly more exacerbations per year than those without HRV (n = 31); the median (IQR) number of exacerbations per year in those with HRV infection was 3.01 (2.02–5.30) which was significantly greater than those without HRV infection 2.51 (2.00–3.51); p = 0.038 (Figure 1A). At exacerbation, a higher HRV load significantly correlated with the number of exacerbations patients experienced per year; r = 0.145; p = 0.024 (Figure 1B). <h3>Conclusion</h3> Patients with positive HRV infection at the time of exacerbation had experienced more exacerbations per year than those who did not have HRV. In patients with a higher exacerbation frequency, the HRV load at exacerbation was greater suggesting that patients with a history of frequent exacerbations are more susceptible to viral infection. This susceptibility may provide the mechanisms for the development of the frequent exacerbator phenotype. Thus these findings emphasise the importance of preventing viral infections and exacerbations in COPD patients.
Respiratory response to different parts of a climbing route
Authors: G Balasekaran, F K Fuss, G Niegl
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

This study investigates the fluctuations of oxygen uptake in synchrony with repetitive climbing a circular boulder on an instrumented climbing wall. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 , l/min) was measured with a portable battery-powered Cosmed K4b 2 metabolic systems via open circuit indirect calorimetry and the movement sequence with time was identified from the force signals at different holds. The results show that the fluctuations of VO 2 (l/min) are synchronised with climbing and depend on the route conditions, which, in turn, require different climbing techniques. The cyclic behaviour of respiration provoked by a circular boulder route suggests that the oxygen uptake is influenced by the climbing route even after the steady state is reached.
A bioinformatical approach suggests the function of the autoimmune hepatitis target antigen soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas
Authors: Thomas Kernebeck, Ansgar W. Lohse, Joachim Grötzinger
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Antibodies to a soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas (SLA/LP) appear to be highly specific for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. The SLA/LP target antigen was recently identified as a hitherto unknown gene encoding 474 amino acid residues. The function of this antigen remains unclear, because it does not share sequence homology with proteins of known function stored in any of the publicly accessible databases. Therefore we used a new theoretical method called fold recognition and could show that the SLA/LP sequence is compatible with the architecture of the superfamily of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP; vitamin B6)-dependent transferases. Its function is likely to be that of a serine hydroxymethyltransferase and may be an important enzyme in the thus far poorly understood selenocysteine pathway.
A Discussion on the Report of the Lunacy Commission (England): The Provisional Treatment Order of the Royal Commission
Authors: G. M. Robertson
Journal: BMJ (1927)

MENTAL DISEASES, doctor is, as we believe, partly responsible for the repeated visitations of a sick person by laymen, and these 'will certainly not make for economy.Another very debatable point is the basis upon which the two classes of patient-namely, those to be placed under the provisional order,, and those to be placed under the reception order respectively--are to be selected.This involves the question of prognosis, notoriously the most difficult and uncertain problem in psychiatry.It has to 'be solved in the first place by the general practitioner, who can scarcely be expected tb have the necessary experience; and secondly, by the justice, who has had no medical
Diagnosis of occult tuberculosis in hematological malignancy by enumeration of antigen-specific T cells
Authors: L Richeldi, M Luppi, M Losi, F Luppi, L Potenza, P Roversi, S Cerri, K A Millington, K Ewer, L M Fabbri, G Torelli, A Lalvani
Journal: Leukemia (2005)
Single breath transfer factor measured concurrently by two methods in asthmatic and normal subjects
Authors: S. P. Haydu
Journal: Thorax (1974)

<b>Haydu, S.P. (1974).</b><i>Thorax</i>, <b>29</b>, 232-236. <b>Single breath transfer factor measured concurrently by two methods in asthmatic and normal subjects.</b> There have been conflicting reports that the single breath transfer factor for carbon monoxide in asthma may be normal, high or low. To resolve this point the single breath transfer factor was measured in comparable groups of asthmatic and normal subjects. Two methods of calculating the alveolar volume were used, employing multiple breath helium dilution (giving Tl) and single breath helium dilution (giving Tl′). A higher value was found for Tl than for Tl′ in the asthmatic subjects but a lower value for Tl than Tl′ in the normal subjects. These differences were significant. The largest differences were found in the asthmatic subjects with a large residual volume. There was no significant difference between the asthmatic and normal subjects in the value of Tl and Tl′. As the reports of a raised transfer factor were from workers who used Tl, and this was not confirmed by those who used Tl′, it is concluded that this apparent difference between normal and asthmatic subjects can be explained in some cases by the difference in the methods used.
Abstract 5028: MicroRNA-212 targets multiple signaling pathways in prostate cancer
Authors: Malathi Ramalinga, Anvesha Srivastava, Alexander Dimtchev, Offie Soldin, James Li, Catalin Marian, Simeng Suy, Sean P. Collins, Deepak Kumar
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of cancer in men in the United States. While metastasis is the most common cause of death among PCa patients, no specific markers have been assigned to the severity of the disease. Identification of molecular factors could improve diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of PCa. MicroRNAs represent a promising new class of circulating biomarkers owing to their inherent stability and resilience. Studies in our lab have demonstrated that miR-212 is a differentially modulated circulatory microRNA in prostate cancer patients. Identification and validation of miRNA targets provides functional insights in mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis and strategies for therapy. The present study was aimed to investigate and validate the targets for miR-212 to elucidate its role in prostate cancer and identify potential biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. Common mRNA targets of miR-212 were extracted from four web-based databases: TargetScan, miRanda, RNAhybrid, and PicTar. Some of the important common targets for miR-212 included DEDD, E2F5, GRM3, G2L1, SPRED1, SIRT1, SOS1, RASA1, PEA15, MYC, MAPK3, MAPK1 and HMGA2. Out of these SIRT1, SOS1, SPRED1, RASA1 were picked for further validation based on their documented role in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Transfection studies with miR-212 mimics were performed in PC3 and LnCap prostate cancer cell lines. Western blotting was used to see the initial expression of various targets. 3′UTR-Luciferase reporter assay was performed for validating the target inhibition by miR-212. In addition, Cell proliferation assay and wound-healing assay were performed to evaluate the effects of miR-212 on PCa cell proliferation and migration. In summary the present study identifies and validates miR-212 targets and examines the functional significance of miR-212 in prostate cancer (PCa) cells lines. *Contributed equally. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5028. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5028
Commercial versus Social Goals of Tracking What Doctors Do
Authors: David Grande, David A. Asch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2009)

On November 18, 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit upheld the constitutionality of a New Hampshire statute that was the first in the nation to restrict the sale of physicians' prescribing data for commercial marketing purposes.1,2 The District Court of New Hampshire had previously overturned the statute on the grounds that it unnecessarily restricted speech. Writing on behalf of the circuit court, Judge Bruce Selya stated that the statute “regulates conduct, and to the extent that the challenged portions impinge at all upon speech, that speech is of scant social value.” Moreover, he reasoned that . . .
Cortisol and Growth Hormone Secretion in Relation to Linear Growth: Patients with Still's Disease on Different Therapeutic Regimens
Authors: R. A. Sturge, C. Beardwell, M. Hartog, D. Wright, B. M. Ansell
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Linear growth was studied in 20 children suffering from Still's disease on various treatment regimens, and their ability to secrete growth hormone and cortisol was investigated. Growth recovered on reducing daily corticosteroid therapy or on changing to an alternative regimen. Retardation of growth was not due to an absolute inability to secrete growth hormone. Basal plasma cortisol levels and the plasma cortisol response to hypoglycaemia were reduced in patients on daily steroid therapy, but patients on alternate-day prednisone did not differ significantly in this respect from those on non-steroid regimens. Those on alternate-day corticotrophin showed preservation of the circadian rhythm but a subnormal response to hypoglycaemia.
World Health Assembly debates sharing of bird flu viruses for vaccines
Authors: Anne Glusker
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Tension between developed and developing countries over access to any vaccine for bird flu was much in evidence at the World Health Organization's World Health Assembly in Geneva last week.

Indonesia had stopping sharing virus samples in December 2006, alleging that a WHO collaborating centre had violated an agreement by turning over samples to third parties.

Battle lines were drawn between rich and poor countries during discussions at the assembly of preferential pricing, access to technology, and distribution on the basis of need. …
Scientists Zero In on New HIV Microbicides
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1995)

AFTER YEARS of clinical and political neglect, basic scientists have some promising news about AIDS prevention for women. A handful of researchers who presented findings at the recent conference on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in women in Washington, DC, offered a new look at microbicides intended to protect women from infection without the aid or consent of their sexual partners. (See also p 982.) Women's health advocates stress the need for alternatives to condoms, not because they leak or break too frequently but because they aren't used often enough. They also acknowledge the need for noncontraceptive methods of infection prevention. Investigators are taking several approaches. Some are studying compounds that may block infection of vaginal or cervical epithelial cells. Others are evaluating temperature-sensitive gels that might disperse infection-fighting drugs in the female genital tract. Even nonoxynol 9, the spermicide once ballyhooed but soon discredited as an anti-HIV agent, may get
Correlation of Subjective Side Effects with Plasma Concentrations of Nortriptyline
Authors: M. Asberg, B. Cronholm, F. Sjoqvist, D. Tuck
Journal: BMJ (1970)

Plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressant drugs vary considerably between individuals receiving the same amount of drug. The bearing of this variation on the occurrence of subjective side effects was investigated in 40 psychiatric inpatients with depressive disorders. Plasma levels were determined before and during four weeks of treatment with nortriptyline 50 mg. three times a day and patients were rated for subjective side effects, the assessors being unaware of the plasma levels of the drug.Plasma levels varied widely between individual patients, but in any given patient the plasma level tended to be constant over a period of time. The side effects of nortriptyline diminished significantly with time and were in most cases absent during the fourth week of treatment. There was a significant positive correlation between plasma level of nortriptyline and subjective side effects.The steady-state plasma level of a drug which is metabolized is usually a more important determinant for its effect than dosage, since it reflects the amount of drug available for biological action. Very high plasma levels of nortriptyline should presumably be avoided, since there is no evidence that they are needed for therapeutic effect and they are potentially harmful.
Do Normal Findings at Biliary Endoscopic Ultrasonography Obviate the Need for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiography in Patients with Suspicion of Common Bile Duct Stone? A Prospective Follow-Up Study of 238 Patients
Authors: B. Napoléon, J. Dumortier, O. Keriven-Souquet, B. Pujol, T. Ponchon, J.-C. Souquet
Journal: Endoscopy (2003)

Biliary endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) are equally accurate for the diagnosis of common bile duct (CBD) stone. The aim of this prospective 1-year follow-up study was to determine whether normal findings at initial EUS obviated the need for ERC.During a 17-month period, all patients referred for biliary EUS because of suspicion of CBD stone, in whom EUS findings were normal were included in the study. Early (1-month) and late (1-year) follow-up details were obtained by mail or telephone. The clinical course and need for ERC were recorded.238 patients were enrolled. During follow-up, 59 (25 %) patients underwent cholecystectomy, with (n=31) or without (n=28) cholangiography, and 30 patients underwent ERC (13 %). CBD stone was found in 14 (6 %) patients. Of these 30 patients, ERC was done in 15 cases in the first week after EUS, because of persistent suspicion of a CBD stone which was found in 10 patients. The 15 late ERC procedures (carried out more than 1 week after EUS) revealed only one CBD stone. The negative predictive value of EUS for the diagnosis of CBD stones was 95.4 %.Patients with suspicion of CBD stones but normal EUS findings have a low risk of needing ERC in a 1-year period.
Klinefelter's Syndrome in a Ten-Month-Old Mongolian Idiot
Authors: Jonathan T. Lanman, Burton S. Sklarin, Herbert L. Cooper, Kurt Hirschhorn
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1960)

IN 1956 Tjio and Levan1 and Ford and Hamerton2 conclusively established the normal human chromosome number to be 46. This number includes 22 pairs of autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes, paired in the female (XX) and unpaired in the male (XY). In 1959 abnormal numbers of chromosomes were described in several clinical entities. In mongolism 47 chromosomes were found,3 with 3 of 1 of the small autosomes in place of the usual pair. Klinefelter's syndrome (testicular dysgenesis) is also associated with 47 chromosomes,4 owing to the presence of 3 sex chromosomes (XXY). Patients with Turner's syndrome (ovarian agenesis) have only . . .
POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS FOR HAMSTRING MUSCLE STRAIN INJURY DURING THE LATE SWING PHASE OF SPRINTING
Authors: A Higashihara, Y Nagano, T Ono, T Fukubayashi
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2014)

Background The hamstring muscles are susceptible to strain injury during sprinting, and the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) is reportedly the most frequently injured muscle. Therefore, elucidation of the risk factors is of particular concern for injury prevention. Objective To clarify the potential risk factors for the incidence of muscle strain injury in each hamstring muscle by comparing the time of occurrence of peak musculotendon length and electromyography (EMG) activation during the late swing phase of sprinting. Design Descriptive laboratory study. Setting Male college track and field athletes. Participants 13 male sprinters (age 20.2±0.6 years). Intervention Full-body kinematics and EMG of the BFlh and semitendinosus (ST) were recorded during overground sprinting at maximum effort. The hamstring musculotendon lengths were computed by using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model. Main outcome measurements The time at the peak musculotendon length, in terms of percentage of the running gait cycle, was calculated and compared with that of the peak EMG activity. Results The peak length of the BFlh and ST was observed during the late swing phase, at 86.7% [2.5%] and 81.1% [2.5%] gait cycle, respectively (mean [SD]). A significant difference was observed in the time of the peak musculotendon length (P&lt;.001). Peak EMG activation time of the BFlh occurred significantly later (86.0% [7.9%] gait cycle, P&lt;.01) than that of the ST (76.2% [7.8%] gait cycle). The peak musculotendon length was synchronous with the peak EMG activation in the BFlh, while a statistically significant difference was observed between these values in the ST (P&lt;.05). Conclusions The results indicate that the BFlh is exposed to instantaneous high tensile force during the late swing phase of sprinting, suggesting a higher potential risk for strain injury among the hamstring muscles.
Severe tumor lysis syndrome following splenic irradiation
Authors: Theodor Schifter, Amos Cohen, Uri H. Lewinski
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1999)

A 72-year-old man suffering from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is described. After failing to respond to chlorambucil–prednisone regimen for three months, he was treated by splenic irradiation (total dose 500 cGY) in 10 consecutive daily doses. Two days after the last irradiation, the patient developed acute tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) with extreme blood levels of uric acid (33.7 mg/dl), phosphorus (13.7 mg/dl), potassium (6.08 mEq/l), and calcium (6.8 mg/dl). It should be remembered that the acute TLS, which usually occurs following chemotherapy, can also be radiation-induced. Am. J. Hematol. 60:75–76, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interferon inhibits the generation of allospecific suppressor T lymphocytes.
Authors: D Fradelizi, I Gresser
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1982)

The effect of human interferon alpha on the differentiation of functional populations of lymphocytes during the human allogeneic response in vitro was studied. Interferon alpha inhibited the generation of allospecific suppressor T lymphocytes that normally develop from lymphocytes primed in vitro against allogeneic cells. This effect was not the result of the destruction by interferon of precursor suppressor cells but rather to inhibition of their differentiation into active suppressor T lymphocytes. This inhibition was reversible and could be overcome by repeated allogeneic stimulation even in the presence of interferon. Inhibition of the generation of allospecific suppressor lymphocytes by interferon might play an important role in the allogeneic response. Interferon inhibited the proliferation of lymphocytes after allogeneic stimulation in a primary mixed lymphocyte reaction but enhanced their cytotoxicity. Despite the inhibitory effect in the primary mixed lymphocyte reaction, the specific secondary proliferative response of lymphocytes primed against a single HLA-DR antigen was only slightly affected by interferon. On the other hand, the nonspecific secondary proliferative response of lymphocytes primed in the presence of interferon was significantly reduced, indicating that interferon might decrease the recruitment of nonspecific "irrelevant" clones of responding cells during the sensitization period.
Hypoxia Imaging With 18F-Fluoroerythronitroimidazole Integrated PET/CT and Immunohistochemical Studies in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Man Hu, Ligang Xing, Dianbin Mu, Wenfeng Yang, Guoren Yang, Li Kong, Jinming Yu
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2013)

(18)F-fluoroerythronitroimidazole ((18)F-FETNIM) PET/CT allows a noninvasive assessment of tumor hypoxia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a noninvasive and simplicity parameter for quantization of (18)F-FETNIM uptake with expectations to predict survival in non-small cell lung cancer surgical patients and investigate the relationship between (18)F-FETNIM uptake and molecular markers related to hypoxia, glucose metabolism, and angiogenesis.Thirty-two patients with biopsy-proven non-small cell lung cancer for surgical treatment were enrolled from March 2007 to February 2011. All patients had PET/CT studies with (18)F-FETNIM and subsequently underwent surgery. Twenty-five patients had stage II disease of surgical staging only for statistical analysis. The tumor-to-mediastinum (T/Me) ratio was calculated and correlated with survival and immunohistochemical staining of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).The actuarial survival was worse for patients showing a high T/Me ratio, the best discriminative cutoff value being 1.9. A statistically significant worse survival was noted in patients having a tumor with a T/Me ratio of 1.9 or greater, compared with patients showing a tumor with a T/Me ratio of less than 1.9, a 3-year survival of 43.8% and 88.9%, respectively (P = 0.034). There was a positive correlation between T/Me ratio and HIF-1α (P = 0.023), GLUT-1 (P = 0.035), and VEGF (P = 0.042).T/Me ratio provides a noninvasive parameter for quantization of (18)F-FETNIM uptake on PET/CT. T/Me ratio is correlated with a worse outcome and with the expression of HIF-1α, GLUT-1, and VEGF, all up-regulated under hypoxic conditions.