tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Observations on Secondary Malabsorption Syndromes of Intestinal Origin.
Authors: H. H. Scudamore
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1961)

s1 May 1961Observations on Secondary Malabsorption Syndromes of Intestinal Origin.H. H. Scudamore, M.D., F.A.C.P.H. H. Scudamore, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-54-5-1049_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptA malabsorption syndrome may develop in the presence of several different diseases or conditions in which absorption from the small intestine is impaired. A classification of these conditions is presented, with a consideration of the pathophysiologic factors leading to impaired absorption. Special emphasis is given to the malabsorption syndrome that may be associated with the following disease states: regional enteritis, amyloidosis, actinic enteritis, scleroderma, Whipple's disease, lymphomas, internal fistulas, and diverticulosis. The clinical manifestations of each of these syndromes are discussed and exemplified with illustrative cases. The differential diagnosis between nontropical sprue and related conditions is considered. The importance of... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Rochester, Minn. (CS) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 May 1961Volume 54, Issue 5Page: 1049-1050KeywordsAmyloidosisEnteritisFistulasLymphomaSclerodermaSmall intestine ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 May 1961 PDF downloadLoading ...
Should reviewers of papers have their names published?: Go one step further
Authors: Akheel A Syed
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Editor-Despite research in tropical medicine being undertaken in countries from low human development index, authorship and editorial opinion remain with countries from higher development index.This unfair trend observed by Keiser et al demands to be addressed and overturned. 1 This observed bias may arise because countries of high human development index fund the bulk of research in tropical medicine. 2 3Authors from these countries have prepared the grant applications, taken principal investigator status, and believe that they should take primary or terminal authorship.Researchers from low human development index countries can break this cycle only if they can obtain international funding themselves or are allowed authorship by the principal investigators.It seems this is rarely extended to the collaborators in tropical countries, even though they are the ones practically conducting the study.If such generosity in authorship and mentorship were provided, this would enable researchers from low human devel-
Ethics, Justice and Community Participation in the Microbicides Development Programme (MDP) Phase III Trial in Mwanza, Tanzania
Authors: Andrew Vallely, Shelley Lees, Charles Shagi, Saidi Kapiga, Sheena McCormack, Richard Hayes
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2012)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Acknowledgments All authors have composed this commentary on behalf of the Microbicides Development Programme (MDP) investigators.
Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 2 Promotes Acetate Utilization and Maintains Cancer Cell Growth under Metabolic Stress
Authors: Zachary T. Schug, Barrie Peck, Dylan T. Jones, Qifeng Zhang, Shaun Grosskurth, Israt S. Alam, Louise M. Goodwin, Elizabeth Smethurst, Susan Mason, Karen Blyth, Lynn McGarry, Daniel James, Emma Shanks, Gabriela Kalna, Rebecca E. Saunders, Ming Jiang, Michael Howell, Francois Lassailly, May Zaw Thin, Bradley Spencer-Dene, Gordon Stamp, Niels J.F. van den Broek, Gillian Mackay, Vinay Bulusu, Jurre J. Kamphorst, Saverio Tardito, David Strachan, Adrian L. Harris, Eric O. Aboagye, Susan E. Critchlow, Michael J.O. Wakelam, Almut Schulze, Eyal Gottlieb
Journal: Cancer Cell (2015)

Highlights•ACSS2 expression positively correlates with tumor stage and patient survival•Hypoxia and low lipid availability synergistically stimulate ACSS2 expression•Acetate is a major source of carbon for lipid synthesis during metabolic stress•ACSS2 is required for growth of tumor xenografts harboring ACSS2 copy-number gainsSummaryA functional genomics study revealed that the activity of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (ACSS2) contributes to cancer cell growth under low-oxygen and lipid-depleted conditions. Comparative metabolomics and lipidomics demonstrated that acetate is used as a nutritional source by cancer cells in an ACSS2-dependent manner, and supplied a significant fraction of the carbon within the fatty acid and phospholipid pools. ACSS2 expression is upregulated under metabolically stressed conditions and ACSS2 silencing reduced the growth of tumor xenografts. ACSS2 exhibits copy-number gain in human breast tumors, and ACSS2 expression correlates with disease progression. These results signify a critical role for acetate consumption in the production of lipid biomass within the harsh tumor microenvironment.Graphical abstract
The excitable gap in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Characterization with ventricular extrastimuli and pharmacologic intervention.
Authors: C D Schuger, R T Steinman, M H Lehmann
Journal: Circulation (1989)

Our purpose was to characterize the excitable gap during atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) to elucidate the electrophysiologic substrate of this clinically familiar microreentrant arrhythmia. Accordingly, in 11 patients with classic slow-fast AVNRT (mean cycle length, 342 +/- 41 msec), a single ventricular extrastimulus (V2) was periodically delivered after a spontaneous tachycardia beat (V1) until ventricular refractoriness was reached. With this technique, an excitable gap was considered present when atrial preexcitation of at least 20 msec could be achieved along with tachycardia resetting (noncompensatory pause after V2). The range of V1V2 intervals that resulted in atrial preexcitation constituted the preexcitation zone. Five patients (45%) showed evidence of an excitable gap at baseline, with a maximal atrial preexcitation achievable of 33 +/- 6 msec, representing 9 +/- 1% of the tachycardia cycle length. Verapamil was then administered to all 11 patients with the purpose of slowing the anterograde tachycardia wavefront before arrival of V2. This resulted in widening of the preexcitation zone in three patients by a mean of 50 +/- 37 msec, with a corresponding increase in maximal atrial preexcitation to 70 +/- 32 msec, or 16 +/- 4% of AVNRT cycle length, and the appearance of atrial preexcitation in two patients who lacked it during baseline. In the remaining six patients, AVNRT was not sustained after verapamil or was too unstable for evaluation. During baseline, V2A2 conduction time increased by only 5 +/- 3 msec throughout the preexcitation zone, with values at the outer border unchanged after verapamil, implying a fully excitable gap in the retrograde limb. In all patients with a preexcitation zone, AVNRT was consistently reset by V2, both at baseline and after verapamil, with a "flat" but mainly "increasing" response pattern as V1V2 was shortened. Hence, a significant number of patients with AVNRT have evidence of an excitable gap whose demonstrability can be facilitated by pharmacologic intervention; documentation of an increasing resetting response pattern, most apparent after verapamil, provides new evidence for a reentrant mechanism in AVNRT; and while not definitively proven, the presence of a fully excitable gap during AVNRT is most consistent with a microreentry circuit that incorporates an anatomic obstacle.
Transient expansion of Mac1+Ly6-G+Ly6-C+ early myeloid cells with suppressor activity in spleens of murine radiation marrow chimeras: possible implications for the graft-versus-host and graft-versus-leukemia reactivity of donor lymphocyte infusions
Authors: An D. Billiau, Sabine Fevery, Omer Rutgeerts, Willy Landuyt, Mark Waer
Journal: Blood (2003)
Hilton's Method
Authors: J. Morley
Journal: BMJ (1951)

Ag-specific immunotherapy is a long-term goal for the treatment of autoimmune diseases; however developing a means of therapeutically targeting autoimmune T cells in an Ag-specific manner has been difficult. Through the engineering of an HLA-DR1 chimeric Ag receptor (CAR), we have produced CD8<sup>+</sup> CAR T cells that target CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells in an Ag-specific manner and tested their ability to inhibit the development of autoimmune arthritis in a mouse model. The DR1 CAR molecule was engineered to contain CD3ζ activation and CD28 signaling domains and a covalently linked autoantigenic peptide from type II collagen (CII; DR1-CII) to provide specificity for targeting the autoimmune T cells. Stimulation of the DR1-CII CAR T cells by an anti-DR Ab induced cytokine production, indicating that the DR1-CAR functions as a chimeric molecule. In vitro CTL assays using cloned CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells as target cells demonstrated that the DR1-CII CAR T cells efficiently recognize and kill CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells that are specific for the CII autoantigen. The CTL function was highly specific, as no killing was observed using DR1-restricted CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells that recognize other Ags. When B6.DR1 mice, in which autoimmune arthritis had been induced, were treated with the DR1-CII CAR T cells, the CII-specific autoimmune CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell response was significantly decreased, autoantibody production was suppressed, and the incidence and severity of the autoimmune arthritis was diminished. These data demonstrate that HLA-DR CAR T cells have the potential to provide a highly specific therapeutic approach for the treatment of autoimmune disease.
Diseases associated with immunosuppression.
Authors: E R Heise
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1982)

Impairment of any of the major components of the immune system (T-cells, B-cells phagocytes, complement) may result in clinical immunodeficiency. Immune defects can arise from intrinsic or heritable defects of lymphoid elements, failure of normal cellular differentiation, viral infection or other acquired causes. Clinical impairment of immunity is expressed as a marked susceptibility to opportunistic and pathogenic organisms which are difficult to control and by an increased risk of malignancy, allergy and autoimmune disease. Certain immunodeficiency disorders are associated with aberrant immune regulation. The major types of immune deficiency are characterized by unique patterns of infections depending on the level at which the defect occurs and the pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite. The basic defects of representative primary and secondary immunodeficiencies are discussed in relation to observed immunologic consequences.
Thermometric Observations on Epidemic Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis
Authors: T. W. Grimshaw
Journal: BMJ (1868)

T Eattention Of the profession being at present very much directed to the disease now known under the name of epideimc cerebro-spinal itis, and as during the past two years I have had extensive oPportuties of maicin thermometric observations on patients labouring under this affection,I believe I am justified in submitting some of the ralts for the peral of the readers of the BRITISH MEDICAL JOUR.X4, and trust that they will be found of interest The observations detailed in this paper are selected from a large number; each case being t chosen either from is being typical of its clas, or as possessing some I na mul peculiarity.Considerable difficulty has always been experien in treating of the disease now under consideration, arising chiefly from I the great divergence in character between the different cases.In order, ee forj o make any observations intelligible, it is necessary, in the 4 to classify the cases.There is no disease, as far as I am r aware, where the absence of a type is so well marked; therefore, we cannot adopt the usual division into cases according with, and those varying from, a typical form.The classification which appears to me I mpost useful for the present purpose, is founded upon the duration and severity of the cases, as follows.CLASS x.-Cases of very mild form, terminating in recovery; the du- raion being from one to three weeks (usually about a fortnight).CLASS 2.-Cases of a very severe form setting in suddenly; the.symptoms very violent and well marked; terminating in death in fomm a few hours to three or four days.These cases are usually accom.ponied by purpuric spots and blotches; and hence the name of Black Neat applied to this affection.CLASS 3.-Cases of medium severity; the symptoms well marked (but not necessarily very severe), usually yielding to treatment, and ter.-i-ai in recovery in from two to six weeks.CLASS 4.-Cases which may set in either in a mild or severe form, rnalong course (becoming chronic) of from sixweeks to six months;the reslt being generally determined by the previous constitution of the ptent.In accordance with the foregoing classification, I shall give examples of the ranges of temperature as they occurred in a few cases selected from each class.. Of ClassI, the follown three cases may be taken as examples.The first two are instances of slight uncomplicated cerebro-spinal meningitis; the third, a case of that disease combined with typhus fever-a com- binaton by no means uncommon during the epidemic.CAsE i.-Mary C., agedIo years; four days ill before admission.
The Extent of Long-Term Moderate Drinking among Alcoholics Discharged from Medical and Psychiatric Treatment Facilities
Authors: John E. Helzer, Lee N. Robins, John R. Taylor, Kristin Carey, Richard H. Miller, Terri Combs-Orme, Anne Farmer
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1985)

To assess the frequency of an evolution to stable moderate drinking among alcoholics coming to medical or psychiatric treatment facilities, we examined the five- to seven-year outcome for 1289 diagnosed alcoholics treated in our facilities during a two-year period (between 1973 and 1975). We obtained data from personal interviews, records, or both for 83 per cent of the sample. Only 1.6 per cent of the subjects met our definition of stable moderate drinking at follow-up, 15 per cent had become totally abstinent, and 4.6 per cent were mostly abstinent with occasional drinking. The only predictors of moderate drinking that we found were female sex and less severe alcoholism. The evolution to stable moderate drinking appears to be a rare outcome among alcoholics treated at medical or psychiatric facilities. (N Engl J Med 1985; 312:1678–82.)
The effect of placebo and 'aggro' on the weal and flare response to histamine
Authors: L.J. COOK, SAM SHUSTER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1981)

No change in the weal and flare response to histamine was found after placebo and ‘aggro’, the former given double-blind, the latter in a blind study. Placebo and ‘aggro’ actions may involve mechanisms other than the final response to mediators of inflammation.
Genetic variant near IRS1 is associated with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
Authors: Johan Rung, Stéphane Cauchi, Anders Albrechtsen, Lishuang Shen, Ghislain Rocheleau, Christine Cavalcanti-Proença, François Bacot, Beverley Balkau, Alexandre Belisle, Knut Borch-Johnsen, Guillaume Charpentier, Christian Dina, Emmanuelle Durand, Paul Elliott, Samy Hadjadj, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin, Jaana Laitinen, Torsten Lauritzen, Michel Marre, Alexander Mazur, David Meyre, Alexandre Montpetit, Charlotta Pisinger, Barry Posner, Pernille Poulsen, Anneli Pouta, Marc Prentki, Rasmus Ribel-Madsen, Aimo Ruokonen, Anelli Sandbaek, David Serre, Jean Tichet, Martine Vaxillaire, Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski, Allan Vaag, Torben Hansen, Constantin Polychronakos, Oluf Pedersen, Philippe Froguel, Robert Sladek
Journal: Nature Genetics (2009)
Tumors of the Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Larynx
Authors: Robert S. Totten
Journal: JAMA (1971)

It is not possible in a brief presentation of this sort to discuss all of the tumors involving the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, or their behavior in detail. Table 2 lists those seen commonly in these areas, but is not intended to be complete. Certain generalities can be applied to these tumors in reference to their natural history. Of special importance are the location, histologic type, and extent of the tumor. There is little doubt that the behavior of a given tumor does vary with its location. The prognosis of a squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip is significantly better than that of a similar lesion in the pyriform sinus, even if both are graded the same histologically. Such things as mobility of tissues and proximity of lymphatics undoubtedly contribute to the differences in behavior; however, other factors remain unknown. Why does malignant melanoma of the skin of
Hypothesis-Driven Science
Authors: Inder M. Verma
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2002)

In an amazing tour de force, Eric Lander of the Whitehead Institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (the keynote speaker at the 5th American Society of Gene Therapy Annual Meeting in Boston) described how we have gone from rediscovering Mendel's laws to a near-complete nucleotide sequence of the human genome in a hundred-year span. He also reminded listeners that next year is the 50th anniversary of the unveiling of the DNA helix and the 25th anniversary of the onset of the revolution in recombinant DNA technology.
Cancer in Populations Living Near Nuclear Facilities
Authors: Seymour Jablon
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Reports from the United Kingdom have described increases in leukemia and lymphoma among young persons living near certain nuclear installations. Because of concerns raised by these reports, a mortality survey was conducted in populations living near nuclear facilities in the United States. All facilities began service before 1982. Over 900,000 cancer deaths occurred from 1950 through 1984 in 107 counties with or near nuclear installations. Each study county was matched for comparison to three "control counties" in the same region. There were 1.8 million cancer deaths in the 292 control counties during the 35 years studied. Deaths due to leukemia or other cancers were not more frequent in the study counties than in the control counties. For childhood leukemia mortality, the relative risk comparing the study counties with their controls before plant start-up was 1.08, while after start-up it was 1.03. For leukemia mortality at all ages, the relative risks were 1.02 before start-up and 0.98 after. For counties in two states, cancer incidence data were also available. For one facility, the standardized registration ratio for childhood leukemia was increased significantly after start-up. However, the increase also antedated the operation of this facility. The study is limited by the correlational approach and the large size of the geographic areas (counties) used. It does not prove the absence of any effect. If, however, any excess cancer risk was present in US counties with nuclear facilities, it was too small to be detected with the methods employed.
Enlargement of the Parotid Glands
Authors: Leonard Tushnet
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The communication by Dr. Katsilambros (<i>JAMA</i><b>178</b>:513 [Nov. 4] 1961) on "Asymptomatic Enlargement of the Parotid Glands" failed to include in its references the most extensive and intensive study of starvation in the human ever made. I refer to the research done in the Warsaw Ghetto in 1942. In Athens the caloric intake was 1,000 to 1,500 calories daily, but in Warsaw the patients studied never had a caloric intake of more than 800 calories daily. Inevitably, mass starvation resulted, completely unrelieved until the final extermination of the inhabitants of the Ghetto in 1943. The research, published in Warsaw in 1946, under the title, Maladie de Famine, gives a wealth of information on the various phases of starvation. Concerning the parotid glands, Doctors Braude-Heller, Rotbalsam, and Elbinger state, on page 178 of the<i>Maladie de Famine:</i>"The increase in size of the parotid glands and the
Hyperlipemia During Estrogen Therapy
Authors: Mark E. Molitch, Phyllis A. Oill, William D. Odell
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> We would like to reply to the letters published in the May 13, 1974, issue ofThe Journalconcerning our article, "Massive Hyperlipemia During Estrogen Therapy" (227:522, 1974). As Dr. Applegate suggested, certainly caloric intake, the degree of saturated and unsaturated fats in the diet, ethanol, and free sugar intake are all very important determinants of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels (Kuo PT,<i>Ann Intern Med</i>68:449, 1968; Bortz WM,<i>Metabolism</i>22:1507, 1973: Ginsberg H, et al,<i>Ann Intern Med</i>80:143, 1974; Fredrickson DS, et al,<i>N Engl J Med</i>276:32, 1967). While we do not deny the effects of weight loss and reduction of carbohydrates and saturated-fat intake in our cases 2 and 3, the decline in lipid levels from the extremely high levels in all four cases (especially cases 1 and 4, on whom no dietary restrictions were placed), when estrogen therapy was discontinued, to
Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza A and B: PROSE may be as useful as POEMs
Authors: N. C Bradley
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Nonmotor manifestations are integral components of Parkinson disease (PD), and they often have a greater impact on disability and quality of life than the motor features that currently define the illness. Nonmotor features of PD, such as dementia, may be an intrinsic feature of the disorder and persist regardless of the medication state (ie, they continue to manifest in the “on” or “off” state); some nonmotor features, such as psychotic symptoms, may be iatrogenic complications of pharmacologic intervention for the treatment of the motor manifestations of PD. Iatrogenic complications, such as psychosis and impulse control disorders, may respond to modification of the PD treatment regimen at the risk of worsening motor symptoms. Thus, a balance must be struck between controlling nonmotor manifestations and motor features of the disease.
The Council of the College of Surgeons and Reform
Authors: P. Swain
Journal: BMJ (1884)

<h3>Background</h3> Improvements in primary care quality are often proposed as a solution to rises in emergency department (ED) attendances. However, there is little agreement on what constitutes an avoidable attendance, and the relationship between primary care quality and ED demand remains poorly understood. <h3>Objective</h3> To estimate the size of the associations between primary care quality and volumes of ED attendances classified as avoidable. <h3>Methods</h3> Retrospective observational study of all attendances at EDs in England during 2015/2016, applying three definitions of avoidable attendance. We linked practice-level counts of attendances to seven measures of primary care access, patient experience and clinical quality for 7521 practices. We used count data regressions to associate attendance counts with levels of quality. We then calculated proportions of attendances associated with levels of primary care quality below the national average. <h3>Results</h3> Attendance volumes were negatively related to three of the seven quality measures. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for all attendances associated with 10 percentage-point differences in quality were 0.987 for clinical quality and 0.987 for easy telephone access and 0.978 for ability to get an appointment. These associations were relatively stronger for narrower definitions of avoidable attendances (for the narrowest definition, IRRs=0.966, 0.976 and 0.934, respectively) but represented fewer attendances in absolute terms. 341 000 (2.4%) attendances were associated with levels of primary care quality below the national average in 2015/2016. <h3>Conclusion</h3> ED attendances are sensitive to primary care quality, but magnitudes of these associations are small. Attendances are much less responsive to differences in primary care quality than indicated by estimates of the prevalence of avoidable attendances. This may explain the failure of initiatives to reduce attendances through primary care improvements.