tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Skin test and blastogenic responses to Sporotrichun schenckii.
Authors: R W Steele, P B Cannady, W L Moore, L O Gentry
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

In vivo skin testing and in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis were evaluated in a young adult population as methods for detecting cellular immunity to Sporotrichum schenckii. Similar procedures for Candida albicans and Coccidioides immitis were also investigated. 5 of 143 subjects had positive skin tests and 14 had positive blastogenic responses to S. schenckii. These 14 subjects also exhibited unusually high responses to C. albicans in vitro and 11 of the 14 were female. Data demonstrated a correlation coefficient of 0.89 when comparing the blastogenic assays for S. schenckii and C. albicans, suggesting cross antigenicity. Intact cellular immune mechanisms in combination with exposure to C. albicans may protect the host from systemic infection with S. schenckii. Although a limited number of subjects were studied, as a group, females had more vigorous cellular immune responses to C. albicans than males. The rare occurence of sporothrix infection in females as compared to males may be the result of antigenic stimulation from commonly observed vaginal colonization with C. albicans. The present data indirectly support this hypothesis.
Ionizing Radiation and Childhood Leukemia
Authors: Abel Russ
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2007)

ADHD in those subjects with low ferritin levels.Given that lead exposure may contribute to ADHD and iron deficiency may exacerbate deleterious effects caused by lead, we recommend systematically seeking for iron deficiency in children with ADHD.We also think that controlled studies assessing the potential effectiveness of iron supplementation on ADHD symptoms should be encouraged.Such studies could aid the understanding of the complex pathophysiology underlying ADHD and provide effective therapeutic strategies for this disorder.
Superficial Femoral Vein Thrombosis: A Potentially Confusing Term
Authors: Henry W. Vea
Journal: JAMA (1996)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —Dr Bundens and colleagues<sup>1</sup>have an important point regarding a possible communication pitfall in the diagnosis of lower-extremity deep venous thrombosis. However, I feel that their data indicate a conclusion different from that stated in their article's title. It is well known that language, including medical terminology, is subject to change over time (eg, no one now uses the term "gastroptosis"). Language is created and sustained by those who use it. As Bundens et al note, vascular surgeons and the directors of vascular laboratories term the venous segment between the popliteal vein and the inflow of the deep femoral vein the "superficial femoral vein." As the imaging and surgical specialists most concerned with this anatomical segment, they should be considered the "gold standard" for terminology. The erudite heads of departments of anatomy at US medical schools are often far removed from clinical practice and, therefore, could
Immunoperoxidase localization of bile salts in rat liver cells. Evidence for a role of the Golgi apparatus in bile salt transport.
Authors: Y Lamri, A Roda, M Dumont, G Feldmann, S Erlinger
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1988)

The mechanisms of intracellular transport of bile acids from the sinusoidal pole to the canalicular pole of the hepatocyte are poorly understood. There is physiological and autoradiographic evidence for a vesicular pathway. The purpose of this study was to determine the localization of natural bile acids in the liver using antibodies against cholic acid conjugates and ursodeoxycholic acid. An indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used on rat liver sections fixed either with paraformaldehyde (PF) and saponin, a membrane-permeabilizing agent that allows penetration of antibodies into the cell, or with PF alone. Retention of taurocholate in the liver after tissue processing was 26 +/- SD 15% of the bile acid initially present. When sections fixed with PF and saponin were incubated with the antibody against cholic acid conjugates, a granular cytoplasmic staining was observed by light microscopy in all hepatocytes. By electron microscopy, strong electron-dense deposits were observed mostly on vesicles of the Golgi apparatus (GA) and, sometimes, in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER). After taurocholate infusion, the intensity of the reaction increased. When the liver was fixed with PF alone, almost no reaction was visible on light microscopy, but on electron microscopy the label was localized on the hepatocyte plasma membrane, mainly on the bile canalicular domain and to a lesser extent on the sinusoidal domain. With the antibody against ursodeoxycholic acid, no staining was observed in three of four livers, and a slight staining was observed in one. However, after infusion of ursodeoxycholic acid, staining of GA and SER vesicles was observed when the liver was fixed with PF and saponin. With PF alone, the reaction was intense on the canalicular membrane. These results support the view that, within the limits of the method, vesicles from the GA and possibly vesicles of the SER are involved in the intracellular transport of bile acids before canalicular secretion.
Home-Based Walking Exercise Intervention in Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Mary M. McDermott, Kiang Liu, Jack M. Guralnik, Michael H. Criqui, Bonnie Spring, Lu Tian, Kathryn Domanchuk, Luigi Ferrucci, Donald Lloyd-Jones, Melina Kibbe, Huimin Tao, Lihui Zhao, Yihua Liao, W. Jack Rejeski
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Clinical practice guidelines state there is insufficient evidence to support advising patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) to participate in a home-based walking exercise program.To determine whether a home-based walking exercise program that uses a group-mediated cognitive behavioral intervention, incorporating both group support and self-regulatory skills, can improve functional performance compared with a health education control group in patients with PAD with and without intermittent claudication.Randomized controlled clinical trial of 194 patients with PAD, including 72.2% without classic symptoms of intermittent claudication, performed in Chicago, Illinois between July 22, 2008, and December 14, 2012.Participants were randomized to 1 of 2 parallel groups: a home-based group-mediated cognitive behavioral walking intervention or an attention control condition.The primary outcome was 6-month change in 6-minute walk performance. Secondary outcomes included 6-month change in treadmill walking, physical activity, the Walking Impairment Questionnaire (WIQ), and Physical and Mental Health Composite Scores from the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey.Participants randomized to the intervention group significantly increased their 6-minute walk distance ([reported in meters] 357.4 to 399.8 vs 353.3 to 342.2 for those in the control group; mean difference, 53.5 [95% CI, 33.2 to 73.8]; P < .001), maximal treadmill walking time (intervention, 7.91 to 9.44 minutes vs control, 7.56 to 8.09; mean difference, 1.01 minutes [95% CI, 0.07 to 1.95]; P = .04), accelerometer-measured physical activity over 7 days (intervention, 778.0 to 866.1 vs control, 671.6 to 645.0; mean difference, 114.7 activity units [95% CI, 12.82 to 216.5]; P = .03), WIQ distance score (intervention, 35.3 to 47.4 vs control, 33.3 to 34.4; mean difference, 11.1 [95% CI, 3.9 to 18.1]; P = .003), and WIQ speed score (intervention, 36.1 to 47.7 vs control, 35.3-36.6; mean difference, 10.4 [95% CI, 3.4 to 17.4]; P = .004).A home-based walking exercise program significantly improved walking endurance, physical activity, and patient-perceived walking endurance and speed in PAD participants with and without classic claudication symptoms. These findings have implications for the large number of patients with PAD who are unable or unwilling to participate in supervised exercise programs.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00693940.
Role of Cyclic AMP Response Element–Binding Protein in Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor Up-regulation by Sex Steroids in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Marco Genua, Giuseppe Pandini, Diego Sisci, Gabriella Castoria, Marcello Maggiolini, Riccardo Vigneri, Antonino Belfiore
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) overexpression may play a role in prostate cancer progression. We found previously that, in prostate cancer cells, IGF-IR is up-regulated by both androgens and estrogens via a nongenotropic pathway. We now show that, in prostate cancer cells, stimulation with either androgens or estrogens up-regulates IGF-IR by inducing cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation. Both sex steroids phosphorylated CREB at Ser(133) in a dose-dependent manner in androgen receptor (AR)-positive LNCaP cells, whereas only estrogens phosphorylated CREB in AR-negative PC3 cells. CREB phosphorylation involved c-Src-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation, but not protein kinase A, protein kinase C, or calmodulin-dependent kinase II, and occurred also in cells transfected with AR or estrogen receptor mutants that do not localize into the nucleus. CREB silencing abrogated IGF-IR up-regulation and promoter activation. We also showed that CREB binds to IGF-IR promoter region and identified the relevant CREB-binding site at the 5'-untranslated region fragment of IGF-IR promoter. In conclusion, we describe a novel mechanism of IGF-IR up-regulation and promoter activity by CREB activation, induced by sex steroids, through a nongenotropic signaling.
Significance of basement membrane thickening in the human colon.
Authors: A Gledhill, F M Cole
Journal: Gut (1984)

Collagenous colitis is a rare condition characterised by watery diarrhoea. It is thought to be caused by a thick collagenous membrane found immediately beneath the colonic surface epithelium. We have studied specimens from 457 patients with a wide variety of large bowel diseases in order to determine the frequency, nature, and clinical correlations of the thick membranes. The normal membrane measured up to 3 microns. In 19 (4%) of the patients studied there was significant thickening (greater than 10 mu). In 12 patients the thickening ranged from 10-15 mu, and six of this group had diarrhoea. In seven, the membrane exceeded 15 mu, and six patients had diarrhoea. There was no correlation between the nature of the disease process, bleeding, pain, constipation or previous medication. It did not vary with the age, nor at different sites of the colon. We concluded that no case in this series represented an example of true collagenous colitis but that significant thickening of the membrane occurs in other disease conditions and that a thick membrane, no matter how it arises, is causally associated with profuse watery diarrhoea.
Eponym's 's: Argyll Robinson, Not pseudo-Turner, Was e. e. cummings' endocrinologist
Authors: John E. Duplantier
Journal: JAMA (1986)

To the Editor.—  As senior medical students interested in the history of medicine and in eponymic nomenclature, we read with great interest Dr Vaughan's 1 recent letter concerning the National Board of Medical Examiners' policy regarding the use of 's in eponymic designations. We disagree with Dr Vaughan's assertion that the nagging dilemma of correct and consistent usage of ' s is properly resolvable by categorical deletion. While this proposal may indeed be expedient for the editors, proofreaders, and typists of the National Board of Medical Examiners, we strongly oppose this deviation from standard English usage.  Having endured numerous National Board examinations in recent years, we can attest to the fact that the loss of ' s is both jarring to the ear and clumsy on the tongue (eg, Crohn disease, Pott disease). Our foremost objection, however, lies in the blatant linguistic impropriety of this policy. Dr Vaughan states that the National
Graft surveillance: Venous pressure, access flow, or the combination?
Authors: Johannes H.M. Smits, Joke Van Der Linden, E. Chris Hagen, Esther C. Modderkolk-Cammeraat, Geert W. Feith, Hein A. Koomans, Marinus A. Van Den Dorpel, Peter J. Blankestijn
Journal: Kidney International (2001)
Toward a quantitative description of large-scale neocortical dynamic function and EEG
Authors: Paul L. Nunez
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

A general conceptual framework for large-scale neocortical dynamics based on data from many laboratories is applied to a variety of experimental designs, spatial scales, and brain states. Partly distinct, but interacting local processes (e.g., neural networks) arise from functional segregation. Global processes arise from functional integration and can facilitate (top down) synchronous activity in remote cell groups that function simultaneously at several different spatial scales. Simultaneous local processes may help drive (bottom up) macroscopic global dynamics observed with electroencephalography (EEG) or magnetoencephalography (MEG). A local/global dynamic theory that is consistent with EEG data and the proposed conceptual framework is outlined. This theory is neutral about properties of neural networks embedded in macroscopic fields, but its global component makes several qualitative and semiquantitative predictions about EEG measures of traveling and standing wave phenomena. A more general “metatheory” suggests what large-scale quantitative theories of neocortical dynamics may be like when more accurate treatment of local and nonlinear effects is achieved. The theory describes the dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic action fields. EEG and MEG provide large-scale estimates of modulation of these synaptic fields around background levels. Brain states are determined by neuromodulatory control parameters. Purely local states are dominated by local feedback gains and rise and decay times of postsynaptic potentials. Dominant local frequencies vary with brain region. Other states are purely global, with moderate to high coherence over large distances. Multiple global mode frequencies arise from a combination of delays in corticocortical axons and neocortical boundary conditions. Global frequencies are identical in all cortical regions, but most states involve dynamic interactions between local networks and the global system. EEG frequencies may involve a “matching” of local resonant frequencies with one or more of the many, closely spaced global frequencies.
Angiographic Survey of Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Pete N. Poolos
Journal: JAMA (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Fields et al (<b>211</b>: 1993, 1970) have reported a series of cases in long-term follow-up comparing operative and nonoperative extracranial vascular disease. The authors mention the continued controversy between those physicians schooled in the neurologic sciences and their insistence upon adequate demonstration of the intracranial vascular pattern with its anastomotic variation vs those schooled in the purely extracranial approach, directing the entire attention of the attending physician (vascular surgeon) to the immediate evaluation and care of the carotid lesion. The importance of the demonstration of the intracranial arterial pattern has been repeatedly stressed in the various neurosurgical publications and this was pioneered by E. S. Gurdjian, MD. The present study indicating significant postoperative complications in those patients with carotid stenosis of less than 50% for which the authors comment, "The reason for this difference is not yet clear," I think points up even more the need for
Survey of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Accidents in Israel, 1973/74
Authors: P. Rozen
Journal: Endoscopy (1975)

A nation-wide, anonymous record of endoscopy accidents showed that during 1973, 1470 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and colonoscopies were performed. There were 3 fatalities (0.2%), 2 cardiovascular and one following an esophageal perforation. There were 2 other non-fatal cardiovascular complications (0.27%, including the fatal cases) and three other non-fatal perforations (0.27% including the fatal case). The overall morbidity being 0.34%. These figures compare unfavorably with other nation-wide series from the USA and Britain. It reflects the variable experience or the large number of examiners and trainees involved and the increasing number of poor-risk and elderly patients being examined.
Effectiveness of antiarrhythmic agents in preventing death in ventricular fibrillation induced by isoprenaline in desoxycorticosterone-pretreated rats
Authors: M. GREEN, G. GUIDERI, D. LEHR
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1983)

The effectiveness of the β-adrenoceptor blocking agents 1-, d-, dl-propranolol, practolol and sotalol and the antiarrhythmic drugs quinidine, lignocaine, phenytoin and verapamil in preventing isoprenaline-induced death in ventricular fibrillation was assessed in unanaesthetised desoxycorticosterone (DOCA) pretreated rats. The animals were implanted subcutaneously (sc) with a wax pellet containing 20 mg of DOCA and drank 1% saline. After a period of 3 to 4 weeks of this treatment, rats were challenged with one single, sc, dose of 150 μg·kg−1 of isoprenaline. Death occurred 20.3± 10.4 min (mean±SD) after isoprenaline in 37 out of 38 rats. Antiarrhythmic agents, injected sc 20 min before isoprenaline injection, prevented death with the following ED50 (mg·kg−1): 1-propranolol, 0.16; dl-propranolol, 0.24; practolol, 1.93; sotalol, 6.50; d-propranolol, 6.80; quinidine, 49.4;lignocaine, 78.2;phenytoin, 397.6. Verapamil, at the dose of 35 mg·kg−1, prevented death in nine out of 22 rats (41%). Higher doses of verapamil diminished survival rates. Bulk myocardial content of Na+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, expressed in meq·kg−1 wet weight (mean±SD), was determined immediately after death in ventricular fibrillation or after killing 60 to 70 min after isoprenaline challenge. Prior to the injection of isoprenaline, rats pretreated with DOCA-saline exhibited a lower myocardial content of K+ (69.0±3.4) and Mg2+ (16.1 ±1.0) than untreated controls (K+, 79.3 ±5.8; Mg2+, 19.5 ± 1.6). Isoprenaline did not alter the cardiac content of the four cations in untreated rats, but it further decreased the K+ levels to 63.4±2.8 and elevated Na+ from 41.3± 1.8 to 50.2±3.8 in DOCA-saline pretreated rats. No net changes in Ca2+ were observed. None of the antiarrhythmic agents altered myocardial Na+ increase, but β-adrenergic antagonists obviated myocardial Mg2+ and K+ loss induced by isoprenaline. These data demonstrate that the DOCA-saline model is useful for the screening of antiarrhythmic drugs and that changes in myocardial electrolytes may serve to distinguish agents possessing β-adrenoceptor blocking properties from other antiarrhythmic agents.
The opposing effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme blockade by captopril on the responses to exogenous angiotensin II and vasopressin vs. norepinephrine in rats.
Authors: F Spertini, H R Brunner, B Waeber, H Gavras
Journal: Circulation Research (1981)

To study the influence of acute and chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme blockade on the pressor response to exogenous angiotensin II, vasopressin and norepinephrine, we gave normal female Wistar rats 100 mg of captopril or 1 ml of 5% glucose twice daily by gavage for 2 weeks. On the 15th day, rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and dose-response curves to angiotensin II, lysine-vasopressin, and norepinephrine were obtained before and after intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of captopril or 1 ml of 5% glucose. Acute as well as chronic converting enzyme blockade enhanced the pressor response to exogenous angiotensin II. Similarly, sensitivity to exogenous vasopressin was increased by both acute and chronic converting enzyme inhibition. In contrast, chronic converting enzyme blockade significantly blunted the response to exogenous norepinephrine, whereas acute blockade tended to accentuate its pressor effect. These results suggest that chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme blockade may partly inhibit sympathetic activity which, in turn, might contribute to the antihypertensive efficacy of this therapeutic approach. These results also point to an important physiological interaction between the two pressor hormones, angiotensin II and vasopressin.
Do doctors who volunteer their services in disasters overseas do more harm than good?
Authors: Hasan Tahir, Zafar Iqbal
Journal: BMJ (2006)

Recently we returned from the area in Pakistan affected by October's earthquake, having provided care to people suffering in its aftermath. Nothing could have prepared us for the distressing scenes we saw. Whole generations have been lost; millions of people have been left homeless and thousands of children orphaned.

As in all recent natural disasters there was an outpouring of charity from the public and a rush to the scene of scores of emergency relief organisations. These ranged from recognised, regulated official organisations to unregulated and ad hoc groups.

Many individual overseas medical professionals volunteered their help and inundated the afflicted areas. However, although well meant, their help led us to question whether volunteer doctors do more harm than good.

> We were alarmed at the number of patients who had received some …
Human embryonic stem cells for cardiovascular repair
Authors: S Nir
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

The critical loss of functional cardiomyocytes causes severe deterioration of pump function, resulting in heart failure. The possibility to regenerate or repair damaged or ischemic cardiac tissue is a great challenge for the future treatment of end-stage heart failure. As cardiomyocytes cannot be regenerated in adults, current therapeutic modalities for the treatment of end-stage heart failure are limited and include medical therapy, mechanical left ventricular assist devices, and cardiac transplantation. This review will focus on the potential use of human embryonic stem (hES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes and vascular cells, as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of myocardial infarction and end-stage heart failure.
Long-term Prognosis in Transient Global Amnesia
Authors: Paul A. Nausieda
Journal: JAMA (1979)

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is generally believed to be a transient ischemic attack affecting short-term memory centers. A recent three-year follow-up found a high incidence of subsequent dementia and stroke in patients with TGA. We studied the course (average, 46 months) of 32 patients with TGA and found a low rate of recurrence (12.5%), dementia (6%), or transient ischemic attacks (3%). Transient global amnesia would appear to carry a more benign prognosis than classical transient ischemic attacks.
How can probiotics and prebiotics impact mucosal immunity?
Authors: Sarah O'Flaherty, Delphine Saulnier, Bruno Pot, James Versalovic
Journal: Gut Microbes (2010)

The study of probiotics and prebiotics is an expanding field of interest and scientific research that has resulted in insights related to the host immune response. Recent advances have naturally led to key questions. What are the specific probiotic components that mediate immunomodulation? Can we extrapolate the results of in vitro studies in animal and human trials? Which biomarkers and immune parameters should be measured in probiotic and prebiotic intervention studies? These questions were part of a discussion entitled "How Can Probiotics and Prebiotics Impact Mucosal Immunity" at the 2009 Annual Meeting of the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP). This review highlights recent knowledge about the modulation of mucosal immunity by probiotics and prebiotics, as well as considerations for measuring their effects on mucosal immunity. A list of biomarkers and immune parameters to be measured in human clinical trials is included.