tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abortion Legislation-Reply
Authors: Phyllis W. Lauinger
Journal: JAMA (1983)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> Dr Charles Winterling raises two objections to my reference to the 1859 AMA resolution condemning abortion. First, he states that the physicians involved in the effort against abortion in the 19th century were motivated by a desire "to protect the status of women as much as for any other reason" and cites the risks of surgery in that era. We all hope that then, as now, physicians were concerned with the loss of maternal lives through abortion. However, a careful reading of the 1859 report of the AMA committee that investigated the subject for two years reveals only one short sentence referring to the protection of women.<sup>1</sup> The report, in fact, advises the AMA to "publicly express its abhorrence of the unnatural and now rapidly increasing crime of abortion; that it avow its true nature, as no simple offence against public morality and decency, no mere misdemeanor,<i>no</i>
1007-181 Oral folic acid does not reduce plasma concentrations of the endogenous nitric oxide synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine in hyperhomocysteinemic subjects
Authors: Markus C Stuehlinger, Bernhard Paulweber, Jan Schirnhofer, Otmar Pachinger, Olaf Stanger
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
A Plea for a SAFER Practice in Medicine
Authors: Stephen N. Steen
Journal: JAMA (1963)

To the Editor:—  The success of the Link-Trainer in teaching prospective pilots the use of complex equipment and conditioning his responses to simulated flying conditions is unquestioned. Anesthesiology, because of its dependence on complex machines and the necessity for judgment in evaluating and responding appropriately to abnormal clinical situations, is a unique area in medicine for the application of such equipment. The development of such a device, which we refer to as SAFER (Simulator of Anesthetic Functions for Education and Research), would require (1) an anesthetic apparatus modified for dual-control and/or programming which would permit evaluation of the management of the apparatus in response to the clinical problem as well as technical malfunction of the machine, and (2) a phantom human incorporating electromechanical and electronic analogues of organ systems which could be programmed to simulate responses to the clinical administration of anesthesia.  The implementation of SAFER will undoubtedly lead to
The antifibrotic effects of plasminogen activation occur via prostaglandin E2 synthesis in humans and mice
Authors: Kristy A. Bauman, Scott H. Wettlaufer, Katsuhide Okunishi, Kevin M. Vannella, Joshua S. Stoolman, Steven K. Huang, Anthony J. Courey, Eric S. White, Cory M. Hogaboam, Richard H. Simon, Galen B. Toews, Thomas H. Sisson, Bethany B. Moore, Marc Peters-Golden
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2010)

Plasminogen activation to plasmin protects from lung fibrosis, but the mechanism underlying this antifibrotic effect remains unclear. We found that mice lacking plasminogen activation inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which are protected from bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis, exhibit lung overproduction of the antifibrotic lipid mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Plasminogen activation upregulated PGE2 synthesis in alveolar epithelial cells, lung fibroblasts, and lung fibrocytes from saline- and bleomycin-treated mice, as well as in normal fetal and adult primary human lung fibroblasts. This response was exaggerated in cells from Pai1-/- mice. Although enhanced PGE2 formation required the generation of plasmin, it was independent of proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1) and instead reflected proteolytic activation and release of HGF with subsequent induction of COX-2. That the HGF/COX-2/PGE2 axis mediates in vivo protection from fibrosis in Pai1-/- mice was demonstrated by experiments showing that a selective inhibitor of the HGF receptor c-Met increased lung collagen to WT levels while reducing COX-2 protein and PGE2 levels. Of clinical interest, fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were found to be defective in their ability to induce COX-2 and, therefore, unable to upregulate PGE2 synthesis in response to plasmin or HGF. These studies demonstrate crosstalk between plasminogen activation and PGE2 generation in the lung and provide a mechanism for the well-known antifibrotic actions of the fibrinolytic pathway.
Alcohol-Related Hospitalizations of Elderly People
Authors: Wendy L. Adams
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To determine the prevalence, geographic variation, and charges to Medicare of alcohol-related hospitalizations among elderly people in the United States.A cross-sectional prevalence study using 1989 hospital claims data from the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA). Rates were determined using (1) hospital claims records from the HCFA's Medicare Provider Analysis and Review Record (MEDPAR) database for all Medicare Part A beneficiaries aged 65 years and older; (2) county population estimates for 1985 from the Bureau of the Census; and (3) per capita consumption of alcohol by state in 1989 as estimated by the US Department of Health and Human Services.Data include all hospital inpatient Medicare Part A beneficiaries aged 65 years and older in the United States in 1989.The prevalence of alcohol-related hospitalizations among people aged 65 years and older nationally in 1989 was 54.7 per 10,000 population for men and 14.8 per 10,000 for women. Comparison with hospital records showed that MEDPAR data had a sensitivity of 77% to detect alcohol-related hospitalizations. There was considerable geographic variation; prevalence ranged from 18.9 per 10,000 in Arkansas to 77.0 per 10,000 in Alaska. A strong correlation existed between alcohol-related hospitalizations and per capita consumption of alcohol by state (Spearman correlation coefficient, .64; P < .0001). In 1989, the hospital-associated charges to Medicare for all admissions where the primary diagnosis was alcohol related (N = 33,039) totaled $233,543,500. Median charge per hospital stay was $4514.Alcohol-related hospitalizations among elderly people are common; rates were similar to those for myocardial infarction as detected by the same method. The charges to Medicare for this preventable problem are considerable. Ecological analysis suggests that per capita consumption in the total US population predicts alcohol-related hospitalizations in the elderly population.
ABDOMINAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HODGKIN'S DISEASE
Authors: GEORGE P. MULLER
Journal: JAMA (1927)

The abdominal type of Hodgkin's disease is generally conceded to be the least prevalent of the internal forms of this malady, which may manifest itself as predominantly abdominal or mediastinal. In both of these types the disease may be either primary or secondary, the latter condition being more frequent. When abdominal symptoms are projected into the picture, they may render the making of a diagnosis exceedingly difficult. It is with the view of clarifying the disturbing situation which frequently arises under such circumstances that we desire to present what has impressed us as relatively the more common abdominal manifestations of the disease.  The abdominal type of Hodgkin's disease may be either localized or generalized, acute or chronic. Of the abdominal organs, the retroperitoneal glands, especially the peripancreatic and the gastrohepatic, and the spleen and the liver are most frequently affected. Primary involvement of any of these structures is thought to
Homozygous deletion of the p16INK4a and the p15INK4b tumour suppressor genes in a subset of human sporadic cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: None Wagner, None Wagner, None Briedigkeit, None Goos
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1998)

Chromosome 9p21 is frequently deleted in malignant melanoma, and one familial malignant melanoma gene has been linked to 9p21-22. Recently, the cyclin D-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p16INK4a and p15INK4b have been localized within chromosome 9p21, and the presence of p16INK4a point mutations has been demonstrated in familial melanoma and melanoma cell lines in vitro. To analyse the role of these CDKIs in sporadic human cutaneous non-metastatic malignant melanoma, we examined 36 primary tumour specimens representing different stages of melanoma progression and their corresponding normal skin samples for the three mechanisms of CDKI inactivation described so far. Homozygous codeletion of the p16INK4a and the p15INK4b gene was detected by Southern blot analysis in two tumour samples. By direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified microdissected genomic DNA; no somatic or germline p16INK4a point mutations or small deletions were detected in the remaining 34 tumour samples; one individual exhibited the previously described germline codon 148 (Ala-->Thr) polymorphism. In these tumour specimens, comparative semiquantitative reverse PCR analysis of p16INK4a transcript levels revealed no evidence for repression of p16INK4a gene transcription and thus for p16INK4a promoter inactivation by DNA methylation. These results indicate homozygous p16INK4a and p15INK4b loss to occur in a subset of cutaneous melanomas and suggest, in view of the frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9p21, the presence of another tumour suppressor gene within this chromosomal region.
The Lawyers' Role in Medical Malpractice Claims
Authors: William J. Curran
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1977)

The literature of the medical malpractice crisis has been reaching overkill proportions. Yet the amount of fundamental research is still very, very thin in many areas. The darkest corners are still reserved for insurance practices and the volume and nature of claims. Next is the practice of the lawyers in the field.Very little notice has been given in the literature to a Comprehensive study of how lawyers actually handle malpractice cases. This study was supported by the Secretary's Commission on Medical Malpractice.1 Because the study was completed very late in the period of operation of the Commission itself, it . . .
Abstract 4549: Expression and localization of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 and 2 in normal and malignant endometrial cells
Authors: Leyla Kavandi, Vessela S. Ivanova, Huyen Nguyen, Viqar Syed
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Recently, two progesterone receptor membrane components (PGRMC) have been identified. PGRMC-1 protein has been shown to be overexpressed in breast, colon, and thyroid cancers, whereas far less is known about PGRMC2. The purpose of this study was to assess the expression, localization and hormonal regulation of PGRMC-1 and PGRMC-2 in normal and malignant endometrial tissues and cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a high expression of PGRMC-1 in normal tissues and a stage dependent decrease was observed in endometrial cancer tissues. A progressive decrease of PGRMC-2 expression was evident in endometrial cancer tissues but was not as marked as in PGRMC-1. Dual immunofluorescent confocal microscopy demonstrated colocalization of PGRMC-1 and PGRMC-2 in the cytoplasm and nucleus of endometrial cancer (Ishikawa and ACI-126) cells. Of significance, in normal epithelial endometrial (NEE) cells PGRMC-2 was predominantly localized in the membrane, whereas PGRMC-1 showed cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. Treatment of cancer cells with progesterone (P4) translocated both PGRMCs to the nucleus, while in normal cells PGRMC-1, but not PGRMC2 was translocated to the nucleus of cells. The results suggest that expression of PGRMCs is regulated by P4 and the dynamic pattern of PGRMC1 and PGRMC2 expression in normal and malignant cells implicate their role in tumorigenesis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4549. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4549
A randomised prospective comparison of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding after acute dysphagic stroke
Authors: B Norton, M Homer-Ward, M T Donnelly, R G Long, G K T Holmes
Journal: BMJ (1996)

To compare percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and nasogastric tube feeding after acute dysphagic stroke.Randomised prospective study of inpatients with acute stroke requiring enteral nutrition.One university hospital (Nottingham) and one district general hospital (Derby).30 patients with persisting dysphagia at 14 days after acute stroke: 16 patients were randomised to gastrostomy tube feeding and 14 to nasogastric tube feeding.Six week mortality; amount of feed administered; change in nutritional state; treatment failure; and length of hospital stay.Mortality at 6 weeks was significantly lower in the gastrostomy group with two deaths (12%) compared with eight deaths (57%) in the nasogastric group (P < 0.05). All gastrostomy fed patients (16) received the total prescribed feed whereas 10/14 (71%) of nasogastric patients lost at least one day's feed. Nasogastric patients received a significantly (P < 0.001) smaller proportion of their prescribed feed (78%; 95% confidence interval 63% to 94%) compared with the gastrostomy group (100%). Patients fed via a gastrostomy tube showed greater improvement in nutritional state, according to several different criteria at six weeks compared with the nasogastric group. In the gastrostomy group the mean albumin concentration increased from 27.1 g/l (24.5 g/l to 29.7 g/l) to 30.1 g/l (28.3 g/l to 31.9 g/l). In contrast, among the nasogastric group there was a reduction from 31.4 g/l (28.6 g/l to 34.2 g/l) to 22.3 g/l (20.7 g/l to 23.9 g/l) (P < 0.003). In addition, there were fewer treatment failures in the gastrostomy group (0/16 versus 3/14). Six patients from the gastrostomy group were discharged from hospital within six weeks of the procedure compared with none from the nasogastric group (P < 0.05).This study indicates that early gastrostomy tube feeding is greatly superior to nasogastric tube feeding and should be the nutritional treatment of choice for patients with acute dysphagic stroke.
“If We Don’t Do It, They Will!”
Authors: F. J. Ingelfinger
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1974)

Although no units of measurement are available — not even non-metric units such as gills, firkins or kilderkins — it is common practice to rate what man does on some sort of admirable-contemptible scale. Among the many factors that determine such an assessment is the willingness of the doer to stand up for a cause. In this context the reactions of the body medical to potential change have become increasingly stereotyped and ignominious. A few say, "Yes, let's boost it." A few say, "No, let's fight it." The commitment of both these groups commands respect. But what of the so prevalent . . .
Clinical Relevance of <i>KRAS</i>-Mutated Subclones Detected with Picodroplet Digital PCR in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Treated with Anti-EGFR Therapy
Authors: Pierre Laurent-Puig, Deniz Pekin, Corinne Normand, Steve K. Kotsopoulos, Philippe Nizard, Karla Perez-Toralla, Rachel Rowell, Jeff Olson, Preethi Srinivasan, Delphine Le Corre, Thevy Hor, Zakaria El Harrak, Xinyu Li, Darren R. Link, Olivier Bouché, Jean-François Emile, Bruno Landi, Valérie Boige, J. Brian Hutchison, Valerie Taly
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2014)

KRAS mutations are predictive of nonresponse to anti-EGFR therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, only 50% of nonmutated patients benefit from them. KRAS-mutated subclonal populations nondetectable by conventional methods have been suggested as the cause of early progression. Molecular analysis technology with high sensitivity and precision is required to test this hypothesis.From two cohorts of patients with mCRC, 136 KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF wild-type tumors with sufficient tumor material to perform highly sensitive picodroplet digital PCR (dPCR) and 41 KRAS-mutated tumors were selected. All these patients were treated by anti-EGFR therapy. dPCR was used for KRAS or BRAF mutation screening and compared with qPCR. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were analyzed according to the KRAS-mutated allele fraction.In addition to the confirmation of the 41 patients with KRAS-mutated tumors, dPCR also identified KRAS mutations in 22 samples considered as KRAS wild-type by qPCR. The fraction of KRAS-mutated allele quantified by dPCR was inversely correlated with anti-EGFR therapy response rate (P < 0.001). In a Cox model, the fraction of KRAS-mutated allele was associated with worse PFS and OS. Patients with less than 1% of mutant KRAS allele have similar PFS and OS than those with wild-type KRAS tumors.This study suggests that patients with mCRC with KRAS-mutated subclones (at least those with a KRAS-mutated subclones fraction lower or equal to 1%) had a benefit from anti-EGFR therapies.
Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia complicating FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy
Authors: Sara Mach-Pascual, Kaveh Samii, Photis Beris
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1996)

We describe 3 episodes of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA) in 2 solid organ recipients under FK506 (tacrolimus) therapy. In both cases, discontinuation of FK506 and treatment with plasma exchange, fresh frozen plasma replacement, corticosteroids, aspirin, and dipyridamole led to resolution of MAHA. In one patient, reintroduction of FK506 led to rapid recurrence of MAHA. FK506-associated MAHA is probably rare but physicians must be aware of this severe complication. In our experience and according to the literature, FK506 does not seem to cross-react with cyclosporin A (CyA), an immuno-suppressive drug already known to induce MAHA. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Metastatic Abdominal Implants of Endometrial Carcinoma Demonstrated on 99mTc-Methylene Diphosphonate Bone Scan
Authors: JACK R. CANNON, ROBERT F LONG, SANFORD V. BERENS, GERALD E. CAPLAN
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1978)

Metastatic serosal and omental implants from a primary papillary endometrial carcinoma were well demonstrated by radionuclide uptake on a bone scan utilizing 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate. Imaging of an endometrial malignancy by a 99mTc-labeled phosphate compound has not previously been reported. While the exact mechanism of accumulation in such soft-tissue neoplastic foci is not known, several possibilities have been suggested. In this particular case, the mechanism appears related in some way to the presence of dystrophic calcifications within the metastatic deposits.
Effect of Glutamine on Cystine Excretion in a Patient with Cystinuria
Authors: Ken Miyagi, Fukuichi Nakada, Seigi Ohshiro
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

SINCE Crawhall et al. reported on the use of D-penicillamine in cystinuria,1 this drug has been thought to provide the best treatment for the disease. The drug converts cystine into more soluble disulfide compounds, thus preventing the formation of calculi. During our study of amino acid reabsorption in cystinuria, glutamine was found to decrease cystine excretion by either increasing reabsorption or decreasing cystine secretion.2 This observation suggested the possible use of glutamine as an alternative to D-penicillamine for the treatment of cystinuria.Case ReportA 69-year-old man was considered to have Type II cystinuria,3 because oral loads of cystine decreased . . .
Hospital Utilization Reviews
Authors: Everett McClenahan
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Pre-Medicare utilization may be compared and contrasted with post-Medicare utilization: The basic concept of pre-Medicare utilization is physician education, while post-Medicare utilization reviews have as their basis an act of Congress making these reviews mandatory by those rendering service. One applies to care rendered to persons of all ages, the other only to care given those over 65 years of age. One is based, more or less, on an honorary system, the other on a law. It is most unfortunate that the same title has been applied to both, for it is possible that one can destroy the beneficial effects of the other. It is hoped that post-Medicare utilization reviews will be able to incorporate the benefits of pre-Medicare utilization measures. There is little doubt that it is basically correct that decisions relative to admissions, stay rates, and discharge policies are unavoidable, when one recognizes that third parties are paying
Systematic Reviews: Checklists for review articles
Authors: A D Oxman
Journal: BMJ (1994)

Preparing a review entails many judgments.The focus ofthe review must be decided.Studies that are relevant to the focus ofthe review must be identified, selected for inclusion and critically appraised.Infor- mation must be collected and synthesised from the relevant studies, and conclusions must be drawn.Checklists can help prevent important errors in this process.Reviewers, editors, content experts, and users of reviews all have a role to play in improving the quality of published reviews and promoting the appropriate use of reviews by decisionmakers.It is essential that both providers and users appraise the validity ofreview articles. Why checklists?When we think about flying, it is obvious why a checklist is used before take off.Airplanes are complex machines.Things can go wrong with them, and it is preferable that problems are discovered on the ground.However brilliant a pilot and crew might be, most of us would prefer that they use a checklist when preparing for take off, rather than relying on memory.The need for checklists for review articles is less obvious, but the rationale is much the same.Preparing a review is a complex process entailing many judgments.The focus of the review must be decided.Studies that are relevant to the focus of the review must be identified, selected for inclusion, and critically appraised.Information must be collected and synthesised from the relevant studies, and conclusions must be drawn.Many decisions must be made throughout this process.It is important to go through this process systematically to avoid errors.Explicitness about how decisions were made enables others to assess how well the process protected against errors.Checklists can help those doing and using reviews to avoid important errors.Problem formulation * Is the question clearly focused?Study identification * Is the search for relevant studies thorough?Study selection * Are the inclusion criteria appropriate?Appraisal of studies * Is the validity of included studies adequately assessed?Data collection * Is missing information obtained from investigators?Data synthesis * How sensitive are the results to changes in the way the review is done?Interpretation ofresults * Do the conclusions flow from the evidence that is reviewed?* Are recommendations linked to the strength of the evidence?* Are judgments about preferences.(values) explicit?* If there is "no evidence of effect" is caution taken not to interpret this as "evidence ofno effect"?* Are subgroup analyses interpreted cautiously?
DEMONSTRATION OF GASTRODIAPHANY.Read before the Section of Practice of Medicine at the Forty-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association.
Authors: MAX EINHORN
Journal: JAMA (1893)

Although our means of diagnosis in diseases of the stomach are quite manifold, and have of late been increased (chemical analysis of stomach contents; inflation of the stomach with gas; the splashing sound), nevertheless I do not hesitate in bringing in a new method of examination before your learned body, as I am convinced it will prove of value. In no other region of the body does there exist at times so many difficulties for making an exact diagnosis as in the abdominal cavity. Here so many important organs are crowded together, and though in the normal state they are friendly neighbors and hold their own places, it is quite different in sickness. This often necessitates changes in the size and position, and thus the normal limits are obliterated, and at times hardly recognizable. This has special reference to the stomach, which is the most frequently afflicted organ in the