tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract A14: Invalidation of the inflammasome within breast tumor microenvironment impairs tumor growth
Authors: Baptiste Guey, Nadege Goutagny, Isabelle Puisieux, Christophe Caux, Jurg Tschopp, Toufic Renno, Virginie Pétrilli
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in modulating and supporting tumor growth. Solid tumors are frequently infiltrated with innate immune cells as illustrated by the strong macrophages infiltration observed in breast tumors. In fact, infiltrating macrophages in breast tumors are associated with poor prognosis. IL-1beta (IL-1 b) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced mostly by macrophages and dendritic cells which detection in advance breast tumor stage is also correlated with bad prognosis. Furthermore, mouse studies using the orthotopic implantation of the mammary tumor cell line 4T1 have suggested a role for IL-1b in tumor growth and vascularization. IL-1b is a peculiar cytokine as its production is tightly controlled. First, proinflammatory signals induce the production of the proIL-1 b. To be active, the cytokine has to be cleaved by the caspase-1 within a complex named the inflammasome. Finally the cleaved cytokine is secreted outside the cells. By and large, the inflammasome is composed of a scaffold receptor, for instance NLRP3, an adaptor, ASC, and caspase-1. The NLRP3 inflammasome is mainly expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells and gets activated upon detection of pattern-associated molecular pattern but also danger-associated molecular pattern such as extracellular ATP or uric acid. As the inflammasome controls the biological activity of IL-1b, we speculated that the inflammasome should play an important role in the breast tumor microenvironment. To test our hypothsesis, we used the mouse mammary model of breast cancer using orthotopic implantation of 4T1 cells within the mammary gland of either wild-type or inflammasome deficient mice. Our results show that tumor growth is delayed in caspase-1 deficient mice suggesting that the presence of the inflammasome in the tumor microenvironment supports tumor growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2011 Sep 14-18; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(18 Suppl):Abstract nr A14.
Laparo-Endoscopic Single Site (LESS) versus Standard Laparoscopic Left Donor Nephrectomy: Matched-pair Comparison
Authors: David Canes, Andre Berger, Monish Aron, Ricardo Brandina, David A. Goldfarb, Daniel Shoskes, Mihir M. Desai, Inderbir S. Gill
Journal: European Urology (2009)
Principles and Practices of Neurodevelopmental Assessment in Children: Lessons Learned from the Centers for Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research
Authors: Kim N. Dietrich, Brenda Eskenazi, Susan Schantz, Kimberly Yolton, Virginia A. Rauh, Caroline B. Johnson, Abbey Alkon, Richard L. Canfield, Isaac N. Pessah, Robert F. Berman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2005)

Principles and practices of pediatric neurotoxicology are reviewed here with the purpose of guiding the design and execution of the planned National Children's Study. The developing human central nervous system is the target organ most vulnerable to environmental chemicals. An investigation of the effects of environmental exposures on child development is a complex endeavor that requires consideration of numerous critical factors pertinent to a study's concept, design, and execution. These include the timing of neurodevelopmental assessment, matters of biologic plausibility, site, child and population factors, data quality assurance and control, the selection of appropriate domains and measures of neurobehavior, and data safety and monitoring. Here we summarize instruments for the assessment of the neonate, infant, and child that are being employed in the Centers for Children's Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research, sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, discuss neural and neurobiologic measures of development, and consider the promises of gene-environment studies. The vulnerability of the human central nervous system to environmental chemicals has been well established, but the contribution these exposures may make to problems such as attention deficit disorder, conduct problems, pervasive developmental disorder, or autism spectrum disorder remain uncertain. Large-scale studies such as the National Children's Study may provide some important clues. The human neurodevelopmental phenotype will be most clearly represented in models that include environmental chemical exposures, the social milieu, and complex human genetic characteristics that we are just beginning to understand.
Do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors cause suicide?: Discrediting old drugs may be useful in marketing new ones
Authors: Hugh M Jones
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Do selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors cause suicide? Risk of suicide should be assessed for whole class of antidepressantsEditor-Gunnell et al's report on suicide risk with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) raises several issues. 1 Firstly, clinicians have observed that the first weeks of treatment of severe depression with an antidepressant are accompanied by a higher risk of suicide because of a drug induced motor disinhibition that is not yet accompanied by mood improvement. 2 Secondly, the authors' finding of a trend towards a protective effect of SSRIs against suicidal thoughts (odds ratio 0.77) compared with a trend towards an increased risk of self harm (odds ratio 1.57) is paradoxical.More surprising is the heterogeneity of results among SSRIs.Why would sertraline show a protective effect for suicidal thoughts and simultaneously increase the risk of self harm?The risk difference between citalopram and its active S-enantiomere, escitalopram, is also strange.No strong biological rationale can explain such heterogeneity among drugs with the same mechanism of action.Thirdly, the authors mention that the Medicine and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency found little evidence for a risk difference between SSRIs and the other antidepressants.The two accompanying papers show that the suicidal risk seems similar for serotoninergic and tricyclic antidepressants. 3 4The risk of suicide must be assessed for the whole class of antidepressants.The next stage would be to measure the risk of suicide according to the time since starting an antidepressant.Initially, the risks are higher than the benefits.To confirm old clinical observations by evidence based methods would be interesting and useful.
ALOPECIA AREATA HAIRS: A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY
Authors: DAVID JACKSON, R. E. CHURCH, F. J. EBLING
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1971)

SUMMARY.— The fractured ends of exclamation mark hairs were found to be quite distinct from those of normal hairs broken by traction when examined with the scanning electron microscope. The cuticular scales of exclamation mark hairs, telogen hairs from around lesions, hairs from unaffected parts of the scalp, and hairs from normal subjects were found to possess smooth edges when first produced. More distally, however, the edges of the scales became jagged, although their configuration remained unaltered, in all cases.
774 BASELINE AND ON-TREATMENT FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGH RATES OF SUSTAINED VIROLOGICAL RESPONSE IN PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH PEGINTERFERON ALFA-2A AND RIBAVIRIN
Authors: S. Bruno, S.J. Hadziyannis, M. Shiffman, D. Messinger, P. Marcellin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Hypnosis, Stimulus Preference and Autonomic Response
Authors: Mels A. de Jong, Anton W. van den Bergh, Arnold J. de Jong
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1975)

We investigated whether stimuli consisting of beautiful and ugly colours as judged by human subjects elicit different autonomic response patterns. The autonomic functions recorded were heart rate (HR) respiration rate, skin conductance, number of GSRs (nGSR) and also eye movements, as an index of somatic activity. In order to obtain strong responses, i.e. to avoid inhibition of 'natural' responses by anxiety due to the laboratory setting, we made use of post-hypnotic suggestions regarding the nature of the stimuli the subjects were to expect. It appeared that for all but one autonomic function differences could be found between beautiful and ugly stimuli, in the sense that during the ugly stimuli more 'activation' occurred. The direction of HR change during the beautiful stimuli was opposite to those of the other functions. Effect of hypnosis on autonomic response could be substantiated for HR and nGSR. Apart from hypnosis it seems likely that the whole experimental set-up may have helped to reduce 'experimental anxiety'. One may conclude that response specificity for pleasant and unpleasant stimuli seems to exist.
Dispersion of horse allergen in the ambient air, detected with sandwich ELISA
Authors: G. Emenius, P. H. Larsson, M. Wickman, B. Härfast
Journal: Allergy (2001)

Background: The objective was to establish an ELISA to detect horse allergen in ambient air and settled dust. Methods: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against extracts of horse antigen. Two mAbs were selected and used in a sandwich ELISA. By the aid of portable pumps, air samples were collected in one stable and in the ambient air surrounding this stable. Furthermore, settled dust was collected by wiping spots with pieces of fabric, at sites within 500 m of the stable. Results: Extracts of horsehair could be extensively diluted and still be positive. Extracts of cat and dog allergen failed to be detected. Furthermore, the mAbs were shown to detect an IgE‐binding component. This was demonstrated by an ELISA using mAbs as capture antibody and sera from horse‐allergic subjects as secondary antibody with readout depending on anti‐IgE antibody. The sera with the highest RAST class to horse were positive in this ELISA. Airborne levels of horse allergen were over 500‐fold higher in the stable than just outside the stable and over 3000‐fold higher than at a residential building located only 12 m from the stable. Similarly, an inverse correlation was found between the distance to the stable and levels of “outdoor settled” horse allergen ( r =−0.9, P &lt;0.001). Conclusions: We have developed a sensitive, horse‐allergen‐specific, mAb assay allowing detection of low levels of horse allergens. Raised levels of horse allergen were found outdoors only in the close vicinity of the stable.
Technology for automated analysis of maize pollen used as a marker for mutation: 1. Flow-through systems.
Authors: H W Tyrer
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1981)

Maize pollen is used as a monitor for environmental pollutants. Mutant pollen grains (induced by environmental pollutants) are detectable above a background frequency of 5 or less in 10(5). To enumerate a satisfactory number of mutant grains, it is necessary to count 10(6) grains in a sample, a laborious, time-consuming process which should be amenable to automated analysis techniques. High resolution image analysis technology has been used in the morphologic assessment of rare cells in a sample, provided a suitable training set could be devised to instruct the computer on the characteristics of the rare cells. On the other hand, flow cytometry uses primarily cytochemical means for detection and has been shown to detect rare events. Hence, the two technologies, which may be viewed as complementary, are suitable for the task. Alternatively, a hybrid technology employing both cell sorter and image analysis techniques may be extremely desirable for this problem. The potential for archival storage of analyzed samples is very attractive when considering the possibility of an adversary relationship between a putative regulator and polluter.
Transcriptomic analysis of the woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Simon P. Fletcher, Daniel J. Chin, Yongmei Ji, Leonardo A. Iniguez, Bruce Taillon, David C. Swinney, Palanikumar Ravindran, Donavan T. Cheng, Hans Bitter, Uri Lopatin, Han Ma, Klaus Klumpp, Stephan Menne
Journal: Hepatology (2012)

The Eastern woodchuck ( Marmota monax ) is naturally infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), a hepadnavirus closely related to the human hepatitis B virus (HBV). The woodchuck is used as an animal model for studying chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in humans, but the lack of sequence information has hitherto precluded functional genomics analysis. To address this major limitation of the model, we report here the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the woodchuck transcriptome, together with the generation of custom woodchuck microarrays. Using this new platform, we characterized the transcriptional response to persistent WHV infection and WHV-induced HCC. This revealed that chronic WHV infection, like HBV, is associated with (1) a limited intrahepatic type I interferon response; (2) intrahepatic induction of markers associated with T cell exhaustion; (3) elevated levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) in the liver; and (4) intrahepatic accumulation of neutrophils. Underscoring the translational value of the woodchuck model, this study also determined that WHV-induced HCC shares molecular characteristics with a subtype of human HCC with poor prognosis. Conclusion: Our data establish the translational value of the woodchuck model and provide new insight into immune pathways which may play a role either in the persistence of HBV infection or the sequelae of CHB.
Experimental and Clinical Experience With Gastric Freezing
Authors: Wallace P. Ritchie
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Successful gastric freezing designed to achieve protracted periods of achlorhydria depends upon the attainment of uniform mucosal-temperature depression over the period of perfusion, an objective regularly achieved on freezing the isolated canine gastric pouch and the intact rodent stomach. This aim is facilitated by the use of four balloon-mucosal interface thermocouples, high collant flow rates, uniform coolant dispersion, perfusion with a nontoxic coolant, and rewarming of the stomach on conclusion of the procedure. Maintenance of balloon-mucosal interface temperatures in the range of -10 C to -11 C for six to seven minutes is optimal but not often registered on all thermocouples. Up to Jan 1, 1966, a total of 698 patients with manifestations of peptic ulcer and 10 patients with esophageal varices had undergone 1,021 episodes of freezing without hospital mortality. Postfreeze bleeding or gastric ulcer or both occurred in 7.5%. Since institution of rapid postfreeze gastric rewarming no complications have been observed. Almost uniform initial relief of pain and a high incidence of ulcer-crater healing were observed. Of those patients undergoing gastric freezing more than 24 months ago, 40% were either asymptomatic or experienced only minimal symptoms.
Optical Coherence Tomography in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: S. Brand, J. M. Poneros, B. E. Bouma, G. J. Tearney, C. C. Compton, N. S. Nishioka
Journal: Endoscopy (2000)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a high-resolution, cross-sectional optical imaging technique that allows in situ imaging of tissue by measuring back-reflected light. OCT provides images in real time with a resolution approaching that of conventional histopathology, but without the need for tissue removal. OCT imaging can be performed endoscopically to visualize gastrointestinal tissue using a fiberoptic catheter passed through the instrument channel of a conventional endoscope. The resolution of OCT allows visualization of the different layers of gastrointestinal epithelium and the differentiation of Barrett's epithelium from normal gastric and squamous mucosa. OCT has also been used to image esophageal adenocarcinoma and colonic polyps. Recent developments include Doppler OCT, spectroscopic OCT, and ultrahigh-resolution OCT, which can visualize nuclei within single cells. Although still in its infancy as a clinical tool, OCT currently provides high-resolution images over the same imaging depth as conventional mucosal biopsy, and may prove to be a useful and minimally invasive technique for evaluating gastrointestinal tissue, particularly for early neoplastic changes.
Letter: Folate-responsive neuropathy.
Authors: E H Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (1976)

In our experience many doctors and medical students believe that dextrose is a carbohydrate that is different from glucose and do not realise that dextrose is the name given in the British Pharmacopoeia (1973) and the British Pharmaceutical Codex (1973) for glucose monohydrate.This causes confusion in under- standing disease and in treatment.Glucose is the scientifically acceptable trivial name for D( +)-glucose.We make a plea for the universal use in medicine of "glucose" as the only name for this compound and of "glucose mono- hydrate" when it is necessary to specify that the glucose molecule is not anhydrous (as it carries one molecule of water)-and for the abandonment by pharmacists of the name "dextrose."
The Absolute Risk of Venous Thrombosis after Air Travel: A Cohort Study of 8,755 Employees of International Organisations
Authors: Saskia Kuipers, Suzanne C Cannegieter, Saskia Middeldorp, Luc Robyn, Harry R Büller, Frits R Rosendaal
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2007)

The risk of venous thrombosis is approximately 2- to 4-fold increased after air travel, but the absolute risk is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the absolute risk of venous thrombosis after air travel.We conducted a cohort study among employees of large international companies and organisations, who were followed between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2005. The occurrence of symptomatic venous thrombosis was linked to exposure to air travel, as assessed by travel records provided by the companies and organisations. A long-haul flight was defined as a flight of at least 4 h and participants were considered exposed for a postflight period of 8 wk. A total of 8,755 employees were followed during a total follow-up time of 38,910 person-years (PY). The total time employees were exposed to a long-haul flight was 6,872 PY. In the follow-up period, 53 thromboses occurred, 22 of which within 8 wk of a long-haul flight, yielding an incidence rate of 3.2/1,000 PY, as compared to 1.0/1,000 PY in individuals not exposed to air travel (incidence rate ratio 3.2, 95% confidence interval 1.8-5.6). This rate was equivalent to a risk of one event per 4,656 long-haul flights. The risk increased with exposure to more flights within a short time frame and with increasing duration of flights. The incidence was highest in the first 2 wk after travel and gradually decreased to baseline after 8 wk. The risk was particularly high in employees under age 30 y, women who used oral contraceptives, and individuals who were particularly short, tall, or overweight.The risk of symptomatic venous thrombosis after air travel is moderately increased on average, and rises with increasing exposure and in high-risk groups.
Humanism and the Physician
Authors: HAYA R. RUBIN
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Letters and Corrections1 July 1987Humanism and the PhysicianHAYA R. RUBIN, M.D. Ph.D.HAYA R. RUBIN, M.D. Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-107-1-124_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Arnold and colleagues (1) make a timely and important effort to clarify what defines a humanistic physician. The following four points may help to place their efforts in perspective.1. They discuss humanism as if it is a property of the individual instead of a product of the individual and his or her environment. In fact, the same individual may be humanistic in certain conditions and not humanistic in other conditions (for example, a leisurely as opposed to a busy practice setting; an inpatient as opposed to an outpatient setting; a free society as opposed to one...Reference1. ARNOLDPOVARHOWELL RGJ. The humanities, humanistic behavior, and the humane physician: a cautionary note. Ann Intern Med. 1987; 106:313-8. LinkGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 90024 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 July 1987Volume 107, Issue 1Page: 124-124KeywordsInpatientsOutpatients Issue Published: 1 July 1987 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Cell-Mediated Immunity during Natural Measles Infection
Authors: H. C. Whittle, J. Dossetor, A. Oduloju, A. D. M. Bryceson, B. M. Greenwood
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1978)

Natural measles causes prolonged depression of cell-mediated immunity yet little is known as to how the infection influences lymphocyte function. Therefore, we studied the properties and function of lymphocytes during and after measles. The number and proportion of circulating thymus-derived lymphocytes was low during the acute stage of measles, and at this time 37% of these cells showed positive immunofluorescent staining for measles virus after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin. 7% of B cells were shown to contain virus but their numbers did not alter during the infection. Acute-phase lymphocytes, when stimulated, yielded infective virus and half were killed on incubation with autologous serum and complement. In acute measles the increase in [(3)H]-thymidine uptake of lymphocytes when stimulated with an optimal dose of PHA was normal in media with 10% fetal calf serum and low in media containing 10% autologous serum: the mean values were 56.8+/-34.1 and 23.7+/-25.9 cpm x 10(3) per 10(6) lymphocytes, respectively. Stimulation of acute-phase lymphocytes by Candida antigen was also low in media containing autologous serum averaging 1.2 x 10(3) cpm per 10(6) lymphocytes. On recovery 4-6 wk later this rose significantly to 18.9+/-19.8. The mean migration index of leukocytes to heat-killed candida cells in acute measles was 0.84+/-SD 0.08, and this fell significantly to 0.75+/-SD 0.08 4 wk later. Thus, depletion of T cells, an inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation in the serum and a possible defect in antigen processing, interacts to depress cell-mediated immunity in measles.
Is It Time to Eliminate the Need for Overnight Fasting for Lipid Tests in Patients With Diabetes?
Authors: Saleh A. Aldasouqi, George Grunberger
Journal: JAMA Internal Medicine (2013)

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