tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Systematic Survey for Novel Types of Prokaryotic Retroelements Based on Gene Neighborhood and Protein Architecture
Authors: K. K. Kojima, M. Kanehisa
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (2008)

Retroelements, elements encoding reverse transcriptase (RT), are ubiquitous in eukaryotes and have a great influence on the evolution of our genome. Detailed information is available on eukaryotic retroelements; however, prokaryotic retroelements are poorly understood. Recently, new types of eukaryotic retroelements were characterized on the basis of their gene composition and their phylogenetic positions. Here we performed a systematic survey to identify novel types of prokaryotic retroelements by analyzing gene neighborhood and protein architecture. We found novel types of gene combination and examined whether they represent actual retroelements. Five monophyletic groups were identified that were distinct from characterized prokaryotic retroelements, showed specific gene combination, were distributed patchily, and included at least 1 example of recent integration. These results strongly indicated the frequent horizontal transfer of these elements. One group encoded DNA polymerase A. A possible function of DNA polymerase A in the life cycle of retroelements is catalyzing second-strand cDNA synthesis, which is DNA polymerization performed using a DNA template not an RNA template. Another group encoded both bacterial primase and carbon-nitrogen hydrolase. Primase is likely to synthesize primers to initiate reverse transcription. Two other groups also encoded carbon-nitrogen hydrolase as a fusion protein with RT. It is difficult to speculate on the function of hydrolase in the life cycle of retroelements. The last group encoded dual RT proteins, which are likely to form heterodimers during replication. The protein sets of these 5 groups of prokaryotic retroelements were completely different from those of eukaryotic retroelements, indicating that the survival constraints of prokaryotic elements were distinct from those of eukaryotic elements. It is likely that these prokaryotic retroelements are maintained as extrachromosomal DNA or RNA or are accidentally integrated into genomes. Our findings presented the possibility that many types of extrachromosomal prokaryotic retroelements remain to be characterized. In addition, we found 8 RT genes were associated with clustered regularly interspaced short palindrome repeats (CRISPRs) of the CRISPR-Cas system. These RT genes are likely to work in immunity against RNA phages via cDNA synthesis.
Hyperglycemic Effect of Sucrose Ingestion in IDDM Patients Controlled by Artificial Pancreas
Authors: Gabriele Forlani, Valeria Galuppi, Giovanna Santacroce, Antonia F Braione, Silvio Giangiulio, Adolfo Ciavarella, Pietro Vannini
Journal: Diabetes Care (1989)

The hyperglycemic effect of 28 g sucrose, taken during a mixed meal, was studied in six insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients controlled by artificial pancreas. On 2 consecutive days the patients were given, in random order, two Italian meals containing macaroni, bread, meat, vegetables, fruit, olive oil, and an eggnog made with sucrose (meal A) or saccharin (meal B). The two meals were isocaloric and contained equal amounts of carbohydrates. The feedback control on blood glucose continued for 180 min after the meals. Plasma glucose levels and insulin infusion rates delivered by the artificial pancreas after the two test meals did not show any significant differences regarding basal and peak values, peak times, and areas under the curves. A modest amount of sucrose, taken during a mixed meal, does not produce a hyperglycemic effect higher than an equal amount of complex carbohydrates in IDDM patients controlled by artificial pancreas. The same may be expected in well-controlled IDDM patients in conventional therapy because a correlation exists between insulin requirement for conventional therapy and insulin delivered during glucose-controlled insulin infusion.
Idiopathic Hemosiderosis
Authors: Giselle S. Pechet, Richard A. MacDonald
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1962)

Idiopathic hemochromatosis is unusually common in the Boston City Hospital: 1 case in approximately 800 hospital deaths1 contrasts with a reported incidence of 1 in 7000 hospital deaths.2 Because the diagnosis of hemochromatosis depends chiefly upon the demonstration of iron in the liver, and because the pigment hemofuscin has been considered by some to be a unique characteristic of the condition, this study was undertaken to determine the frequency with which hemosiderin and hemofuscin are present in the livers of patients in this hospital.Materials and MethodsTissues were obtained from 125 unselected autopsies performed at the Mallory Institute of . . .
Design, evaluation and structure—Activity relationship studies of the AChE reactivators against organophosphorus pesticides
Authors: Kamil Musilek, Martin Dolezal, Frank Gunn‐Moore, Kamil Kuca
Journal: Medicinal Research Reviews (2009)

Organophosphate pesticides (OPPs; e.g. chlorpyrifos, diazinon, paraoxon) are a wide and heterogeneous group of organophosphorus compounds. Their biological activity of inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) ranks them as life endangering agents. The necessary treatment after OPP exposure involves the use of parasympatolytics (e.g. atropine), oxime reactivators (e.g. obidoxime), and anticonvulsive drugs (e.g. diazepam). Therefore, the reactivators of AChE are essential compounds in the treatment of OPP intoxications. Commercial AChE reactivators (e.g. pralidoxime, HI-6, obidoxime, trimedoxime, methoxime) were originally developed for other members of the organophosphate family, such as nerve agents (e.g. sarin, soman, tabun, VX). Pralidoxime, HI-6, and methoxime were found to be weak reactivators of OPP-inhibited AChE. Obidoxime and trimedoxime showed satisfactory reactivation against various OPPs with minor toxicity issues. During the last two decades, the treatment of OPP exposure has become more widely discussed because of growing agricultural production, industrialization, and harmful social issues (e.g. suicides). In this review is the summarized design, evaluation, and structure-activity relationship studies of recently produced AChE reactivators. Since pralidoxime, over 300 oximes have been produced or tested against OPP poisoning, and several novel compounds show very promising abilities as comparable (or higher) to commercial oximes. Some of these are highlighted for their further testing of OPP exposure and, additionally, the main structure-activity relationship of AChE reactivators against OPP is discussed.
Psychogenic Water Intoxication: A Case Report
Authors: MICHAEL W. DEVEREAUX, RUTH A. McCORMICK
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

The authors describe a case of a 41-year-old schizophrenic woman who was treated for water intoxication due to compulsive water drinking. The patient presented in a coma, with convulsions and evidence of congestive heart failure. The authors describe her treatment in detail and believe that she appeared to have the most severe case of water intoxication of any reported thus far.
Markedly additive antitumor activity with the combination of a selective survivin suppressant YM155 and alemtuzumab in adult T-cell leukemia
Authors: Jing Chen, Cynthia A. Pise-Masison, Joanna H. Shih, John C. Morris, John E. Janik, Kevin C. Conlon, Anne Keating, Thomas A. Waldmann
Journal: Blood (2013)
Role of Genomic Markers in Colorectal Cancer Treatment
Authors: Wendy L. Allen, Patrick G. Johnston
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

For the last four decades, fluorouracil (FU) has been the main treatment of choice in colorectal cancer (CRC) in both the advanced and adjuvant settings. In the advanced setting, FU monotherapy produces response rates of only 10% to 20%. Furthermore, in resected stage III CRC, FU monotherapy has increased overall survival by only 20%. The combination of FU with newer therapies such as oxaliplatin and irinotecan has significantly improved response rates to 40% to 50%. Despite these improvements, more than half of advanced CRC patients derive no benefit from treatment; this is due to either acquired or inherent drug resistance. This review aims to highlight the current prognostic and predictive markers that have been identified for CRC to date. The limited use of these predictive markers underscores the importance of and need for multiple marker testing in order to improve response rates and decrease toxicity. This review will also focus on high throughput methods to identify panels of predictive markers for CRC, which ultimately aim to tailor treatment according to an individual patient and tumor profile.
Effects of dietary cholesterol on cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis in patients with cholesterol gallstones.
Authors: F Kern
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

We examined changes in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism produced by dietary cholesterol in gallstone subjects and matched controls. Healthy women were recruited and, after confirming the presence or absence of radiolucent gallstones, they were studied on regular diets and again on the same diet supplemented with five eggs daily for 15-18 d. Studies included plasma lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins, dietary records, cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis, plasma clearance of chylomicron remnants, biliary lipid composition, and secretion and bile acid kinetics. On low cholesterol, gallstone subjects absorbed a slightly lower fraction of dietary cholesterol, synthesized more cholesterol, and had smaller bile acid pools and faster fractional turnover rate (FTR) of bile acids. On high cholesterol, the fraction of cholesterol absorbed decreased in both groups and cholesterol synthesis decreased, especially in the gallstone group. Biliary cholesterol secretion increased in the gallstone group only. FTR of bile acids did not change in either group. Bile acid synthesis and pool tended to increase (P = NS) in the controls, but in gallstone subjects, synthesis and pool size decreased. We concluded that in gallstone subjects cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis is significantly altered, and that increasing dietary cholesterol increases biliary cholesterol secretion and decreases bile acid synthesis and pool, changes associated with cholesterol gallstone formation.
More financial resources must be provided for multidrug resistant TB
Authors: M. L Schmid, M. W McKendrick, S. T Green, E. J Ridgway
Journal: BMJ (1999)

EDITOR—Drobniewski endorsed the need for the rational use of rapid diagnostic tools in the diagnosis of multidrug resistant tuberculosis.1 This model of rapid culture and sensitivity testing should become the rule rather than being the exception as at present. Only by making the earliest possible diagnosis can we achieve optimum management.

In England and Wales in 1997 there were 5859 notifications of tuberculosis and 447 deaths from the disease; isolates of multidrug resistant tuberculosis reported to the Communicable …
Interleukin-1 beta induces the expression and production of stem cell factor by epithelial cells: crucial involvement of the PI-3K/mTOR pathway and HIF-1 transcription complex
Authors: Rafal W Wyszynski, Bernhard F Gibbs, Luca Varani, Daniela Iannotta, Vadim V Sumbayev
Journal: Cellular and Molecular Immunology (2014)
Serum albuterol levels in mechanically ventilated patients and healthy subjects after metered-dose inhaler administration.
Authors: A G Duarte, R Dhand, R Reid, J B Fink, P J Fahey, M J Tobin, J W Jenne
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1996)

In mechanically ventilated patients, systemic blood levels of inhaled drugs reflect absorption from the lower respiratory tract alone since, unlike nonintubated patients, oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal absorption cannot occur. To determine the efficiency of aerosol administration by a metered-dose inhaler (MDI), we measured serum albuterol levels after administration by a MDI and spacer to nine mechanically ventilated patients (10 puffs) and to 10 healthy subjects (six puffs). Serum albuterol levels (+/- SEM) quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection were: 0.09 +/- 0.04 mg/ml/puff at baseline, 0.66 +/- 0.10 at 5 min, 0.98 +/- 0.10 at 10 min, 0.56 +/- 0.08 at 15 min, and 0.37 +/- 0.03 at 30 min in mechanically ventilated patients versus zero at baseline, 0.89 +/- 0.12 at 5 min, 1.27 +/- 0.13 at 10 min, 0.84 +/- 0.09 at 15 min, and 0.53 +/- 0.07 at 30 min in control subjects (p > or = 0.07 at 5, 10, and 30 min; p < or = 0.05 at baseline and at 15 min). Area under the curve (AUC0-30) in the mechanically ventilated patients was 16.8 +/- 1.4 versus 23.4 +/- 1.9 ng/ml/puff x min in control subjects (p = 0.014). In summary, administration of albuterol with a MDI achieved a profile of serum levels in mechanically ventilated patients similar to that in healthy control subjects, but the peak serum level and systemic bioavailability (AUC0-30) were lower in the patients. In conclusion, serum levels reliably assess lower respiratory tract deposition of albuterol, and show that MDIs are more efficient for aerosol delivery in mechanically ventilated patients than was previously reported in studies using radiolabeled aerosols.
Women and HIV.
Authors: C. J. Lacey
Journal: BMJ (1989)

rhe numbers of cases reported yearly to the Public Health Laboratory Service Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre is about 3000.Among children aged under 5 cryptosporidiosis may be found more commonly than salmonella infection.4Detailed follow up study of cases diagnosed by the laboratory commonly shows other cases among contacts,' including adults, and the number of cases reported clearly represents only a proportion of the actual incidence.
PHENYLBUTAZONE AND AGRANULOCYTOSIS
Authors: John A. Strazza
Journal: JAMA (1953)

To the Editor:  —I have just read with interest the report Agranulocytosis Following Use of Phenylbutazone (Butazolidin ® ) by Hinz and others inThe Journal, Jan. 3, 1953, page 38. During the past year and a half, I have obtained a great deal of experience from using this drug in the treatment of over 700 patients with various arthritides and musculoskeletal disorders. While I have observed certain side-reactions caused by it, I believe that, since phenylbutazone has such a wide field of usefulness and is of such great benefit to so many patients, one should examine reports on its therapeutic effectiveness. With this in mind, I wish to comment on the case of agranulocytosis reported inThe Journal.  Despite the authors' statement that serious agranulocytosis has not been previously reported, it should be pointed out that various investigators have noted the importance of periodic blood cell counts on patients receiving
Patients with bone metastases need better care
Authors: Z. Kmietowicz
Journal: BMJ (1998)

Surgeons have called for better care for women who develop bone metastases after breast cancer; many of these women suffer from excruciating pain, fractures, and even paralysis because of delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatment.

In guidelines to be published in the European Journal of Surgical Oncology in February next year, the British Association of Surgical Oncologists calls for a designated orthopaedic surgeon to be present in each cancer unit across the country to offer an opinion on diagnosis …
The Sexual and Intimate Consequences of Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: W. S. Schain
Journal: CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians (1988)

Confronting the loss of sexual desire, feelings of sexual attractiveness, range of sexual activities, and ability to reproduce is often a seriously neglected area in oncology and a great source of distress for the breast cancer patient. Addressing the problem early in the doctor-patient relationship and simply giving the woman permission to discuss these critical concerns with the person managing her care will do much to reduce some of the anguish that accompanies breast cancer and its treatments.
THE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF JAUNDICE
Authors: M. A. BLANKENHORN
Journal: JAMA (1930)

The clinical significance of jaundice has been the same for the past twenty years or more. Jaundice should have no different meaning in the eyes of the surgeon than it has for the physician. The first question occurring to any one contemplating the jaundiced patient regardless of all else should be, Is there stoppage of the bile ducts? When this query cannot be answered in the affirmative, jaundice becomes a medical problem and the physician proceeds to make hard work of its solution. As long as the physician continues to classify his nonsurgical jaundiced patient by old fashioned and established methods, his job is not so difficult. He makes it easy by the use of convenient names such as catarrhal jaundice, infectious jaundice or icterus gravis as determined by certain more or less related symptoms.  Whenever the physician undertakes a rational study of the patient and attempts to speak of
IMP3 Predicts Aggressive Superficial Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Lioudmila Sitnikova, Gary Mendese, Qin Liu, Bruce A. Woda, Di Lu, Karen Dresser, Sambit Mohanty, Kenneth L. Rock, Zhong Jiang
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

In this study, we investigated whether an oncofetal protein, IMP3, can serve as a new biomarker to predict progression and metastasis of early-stage urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.The expression of IMP3 in 242 patients with primary superficial bladder urothelial carcinoma and metastatic urothelial carcinoma was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Patients with primary superficial urothelial carcinoma of the bladder were further investigated by use of survival analysis.Twenty percent (42 of 214) of primary superficial urothelial carcinomas and 93% (26 of 28) of metastatic urothelial carcinomas expressed IMP3. Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank tests showed that patients with IMP3-positive tumors had a much lower progression-free survival (P = 0.0002) and disease-free survival rate (P = 0.0067) than did those with IMP3-negative tumors. The 5-year progression-free and disease-free survival rates were 91% and 94% in IMP3-negative patients versus 64% and 76% in IMP3-positive patients, respectively. Sixty percent of IMP3-positive patients with superficial invasive urothelial carcinoma at initial diagnosis went on to develop metastases, whereas no metastasis was found in IMP3-negative patients (P = 0.0017). In the multivariable Cox analysis, patients with IMP3 expression in their superficial urothelial carcinomas subsequently developed invasive tumors or metastasis at a rate that was about five times greater than cases without expression of IMP3 adjusting for other well-known clinical variables (tumor stage and grade, etc.).Our findings indicate that IMP3 is an independent prognostic marker that can identify a group of patients with a high potential to develop progression and who might benefit from early aggressive therapy.
Genomic loss of patient-specific HLA in acute myeloid leukemia relapse after well-matched unrelated donor HSCT
Authors: Cristina Toffalori, Irene Cavattoni, Sara Deola, Sara Mastaglio, Fabio Giglio, Benedetta Mazzi, Andrea Assanelli, Jacopo Peccatori, Claudio Bordignon, Chiara Bonini, Sergio Cortelazzo, Fabio Ciceri, Katharina Fleischhauer, Luca Vago
Journal: Blood (2012)
Human monoclonal antibodies that react with the E2 glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus and possess neutralizing activity
Authors: Darren J. Schofield, Birke Bartosch, Yohko K. Shimizu, Tobias Allander, Harvey J. Alter, Suzanne U. Emerson, François-Loïc Cosset, Robert H. Purcell
Journal: Hepatology (2005)

Active and/or passive immunoprophylaxis against hepatitis C virus (HCV) remain unachieved goals. Monoclonal antibodies might provide one approach to protection. We derived human monoclonal antibodies from the bone marrow of a patient with a well-controlled HCV infection of 22 years duration. Five distinct antibodies reactive with the E2 glycoprotein of the homologous 1a strain of HCV were recovered as antigen-binding fragments (FAbs). They demonstrated affinity constants as high as 2 nanomolar. "Neutralization of binding" titers paralleled the affinity constants. All five FAbs reacted with soluble E2 protein only in nonreducing gels, indicating that the relevant epitopes were conformational. The FAbs could be divided into two groups, based on competition analysis. Three of the FAbs neutralized the infectivity of pseudotyped virus particles (pp) bearing the envelope glycoproteins of the homologous HCV strain (genotype 1a). The three FAbs also neutralized genotype 1b pp and one also neutralized genotype 2a pp. In conclusion, one or more of these monoclonal antibodies may be useful in preventing infections by HCV belonging to genotype 1 or 2, the most medically important genotypes worldwide.
Ticagrelor Effects on Myocardial Infarction and the Impact of Event Adjudication in the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) Trial
Authors: Kenneth W. Mahaffey, Claes Held, Daniel M. Wojdyla, Stefan K. James, Hugo A. Katus, Steen Husted, Philippe Gabriel Steg, Christopher P. Cannon, Richard C. Becker, Robert F. Storey, Nardev S. Khurmi, José C. Nicolau, Cheuk-Man Yu, Diego Ardissino, Andrzej Budaj, Joao Morais, Debra Montgomery, Anders Himmelmann, Robert A. Harrington, Lars Wallentin
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2014)
Nonwhite race is associated with a higher rate of death and ischemic complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes despite modern early invasive treatment
Authors: Marc S. Sabatine, Gavin J. Blake, Mark H. Drazner, David A. Morrow, Laura A. Demopoulos, Peter M. DiBattiste, Carolyn H. McCabe, Christopher P. Cannon, Eugene Braunwald
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2002)
In out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, mechanical CPR did not improve survival compared with manual CPR
Authors: Eddy Lang
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (2014)

Source Citation Rubertsson S, Lindgren E, Smekal D, et al. Mechanical chest compressions and simultaneous defibrillation vs conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: the LINC randomized trial. JAMA. 2014;311:53-61. 24240611
Pagetoid reticulosis: a disease of histiocytic origin
Authors: A. C. CHU, D. M. MacDONALD
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1980)

A patient with Pagetoid reticulosis has been investigated using standard transmission electron microscopy and an immunohistochemical technique for identifying T lymphocytes in situ in light and electron microscopy. Our results indicate that the majority of the cells in the underlying dermal infiltrate are T lymphocytes but that only very few T lymphocytes are found in the extensive epidermal infiltrate. Ultrastructurally the majority of the abnormal cells in the epidermis are of histiocytic origin.