tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Nonviral Retrograde Gene Transfer of Human Hepatocyte Growth Factor Improves Neuropathic Pain-related Phenomena in Rats
Authors: Toyokazu Tsuchihara, Sho Ogata, Koichi Nemoto, Takatoshi Okabayashi, Kuniaki Nakanishi, Naoki Kato, Ryuichi Morishita, Yasufumi Kaneda, Maki Uenoyama, Shinya Suzuki, Masatoshi Amako, Toshiaki Kawai, Hiroshi Arino
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2008)

Peripheral nerve injury occasionally causes chronic neuropathic pain with hyperalgesia and allodynia. However, its treatment is difficult. Here, we used a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model in rats to investigate the effects on experimental neuropathic pain of the human hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) gene delivered into the nervous system by retrograde axonal transport following its repeated intramuscular transfer, using liposomes containing the hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ). CCI (control) rats exhibited marked mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and decreased blood flow in sciatic nerve and hind paw. All these changes were significantly reversed by HGF gene transfer. In the sciatic nerve in HGF-treated rats, the size-frequency distributions for myelinated and unmyelinated axons each showed a rightward shift, the number of myelinated axons >5 microm in diameter was significantly increased, and the mean diameter of unmyelinated axons was significantly increased (versus CCI rats). Levels of P2X3, P2X4, and P2Y1 receptor mRNAs, and of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) mRNAs, were elevated in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia and/or sciatic nerve by CCI, and these levels were decreased by HGF gene transfer. These results may point toward a potential new treatment strategy for chronic neuropathic pain in this model.
REPORT OF A CASE OF EARLY RUPTURE OF FETAL MEMBRANES
Authors: Mildred Van Cleve
Journal: JAMA (1924)

"Dry labor," due to rupture of the membranes before complete dilatation of the cervix, at the onset of labor, or preceding labor by several hours or even days, is a not uncommon obstetric complication; but rupture weeks or months before delivery is rare. Williams<sup>1</sup>says of this condition: "Ordinarily, labor sets in within twenty-four hours after rupture of the membranes, but exceptionally, several days or even a week or longer may elapse. Meyer-Ruegg,<sup>2</sup>in 1904, collected from the literature fifteen cases in which several months elapsed between this occurrence and the completion of labor, though so long an interval is very unusual." A search through the recent literature available affords but one reference to very early rupture of the membranes. McQuarrie,<sup>3</sup>in a report on 2,717 deliveries in the University of California Hospital, records two of the total 119 fetal deaths occurring in this series as having
PROBLEM CASES OF TOXIC DIFFUSE GOITER TREATED WITH RADIOACTIVE IODINE
Authors: MYRON PRINZMETAL
Journal: JAMA (1949)

Several investigators 1 have reported the successful use of radioactive iodine in the management of toxic diffuse goiter (Graves' disease). In the published reports, no particular emphasis has been given to this form of therapy in cases of hyperthyroidism in which complications exist due either to the underlying disease or to unrelated illnesses, and which therefore render surgical treatment an inadvisable or risky procedure. Surgical management of most cases of thyrotoxicosis has proved to be satisfactory, but in a few situations it carries a mortality risk or the danger of undesirable surgical complication or gives poor results. Among these surgically unsuitable situations are: (1) patients with multiple recurrences of thyrotoxicosis after previous adequate surgical removal of thyroid tissue, (2) patients with severe congestive heart failure, (3) patients with extreme emotional instability or frank psychosis and (4) patients with unusually severe toxicity difficult or impossible to control by antithyroid drugs or
The politics of alcohol.
Authors: R Smith
Journal: BMJ (1982)

In a saner world, where national sovereignty, military machismo, and governmental amour-propre counted for less, the politics of alcohol would probably be a great deal more important than the politics of the Falkland Islands. Disraeli said that:  first priority of Government must be the health of the people, and yet the cabinet minister at the Department of Health and Social Security, despite being the biggest spender, is 18th in the pecking order. (He has recently been relegated.) About five times as many people as the entire population of the Falkland Islands die every year from alcohol in Britain, and many hundreds of thousands more suffer from the diverse effects of alcohol.1 Not only life and happiness but that other essential of political dispute?money?is vitally important too: in 1979 Britons spent almost ?9000m on alcohol (7-7% of all consumer expenditure); in 1980 the Government had an income of ?3597m from tax on alcohol; in 1979 3-4% of the working population were employed in the drink industry; and in 1980 Britain had a positive balance of trade from alcohol of ?449-3m.2 Furthermore, there are many sides and factors in the potential conflict over alcohol. At one extreme are ardent prohibitionists, and at the opposite extreme bodies who insist on the rights of drink manufacturers and advertisers to market their products as aggressively as possible unhindered by any governmental intervention. In the middle are a host of govern? mental and non-governmental organisations and individuals concerned in some way with the many effects of alcohol. The idea that some kind of political action is necessary to reduce alcohol damage is now well established. Professor R E Kendell made the case for political action very cogently in the BMJ in 1979,3 and the World Health Organisation,4 the Royal College of Psychiatrists,1 and the Central Policy Review Staff (the Government think tank)5 have all taken a similar line. The decks are now being cleared for political action to combat alcohol problems, and this article looks at some of the many organisations who will have a part to play.
Cancer risk assessment of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: a critical review of methodology.
Authors: J McCann
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

This review provides a discussion of cancer risk assessment methodology pertinent to developing a strategy for extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMF). Approaches taken for chemical agents or ionizing radiation in six key topic areas are briefly reviewed, and then those areas are examined from the perspective of EMF, identifying issues to be addressed in developing a risk assessment strategy. The following recommendations are offered: 1) risk assessment should be viewed as an iterative process that informs an overall judgment as to health risk and consists of a complex of related activities incorporating both positive and negative data, tumor and nontumor end points, and human and nonhuman sources of information; 2) a hazard identification resulting in a conclusion of weak or null effects, such as may be associated with EMF, will need to assign significant weight to animal cancer bioassays conducted under defined exposure conditions as well as to human epidemiologic studies; 3) a default factor to account for possible age differences in sensitivity to carcinogenesis should be included in an EMF risk assessment; 4) lack of evidence of dose response and the apparent lack of DNA reactivity of EMF suggest that a safety (or uncertainty) factor or margin of exposure type of risk characterization may be most appropriate; and 5) an EMF risk assessment should permit at least tentative conclusions to be reached as to the limits of carcinogenic risk from exposure to EMF, and should also define an efficient research agenda aimed at clarifying uncertainties appropriate to a more complete assessment.
Inhibition of histamine, leukotriene C4/D4, and thromboxane B2 release from human leukocytes and human chopped lung mast cells by the allergic mediator release inhibitor, CI-949
Authors: M.C. Conroy, J.A. Kennedy, J.C. Chestnut, C.D. Wright, R.L. Adolphson, D.O. Thueson
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (1990)
Feasibility of Intracoronary β-Irradiation to Reduce Restenosis After Balloon Angioplasty
Authors: Vitali Verin, Philip Urban, Youri Popowski, Michael Schwager, Philippe Nouet, Pierre A. Dorsaz, Pascal Chatelain, John M. Kurtz, Wilhelm Rutishauser
Journal: Circulation (1997)

With the aim of decreasing the incidence of restenosis after coronary balloon angioplasty, we developed a technique of intracoronary beta-irradiation using an endoluminally centered pure metallic 90Y source. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical feasibility and safety profile of this approach with a dose of 18 Gy delivered to the inner arterial surface.Between June 21 and November 15, 1995, fifteen patients (6 women and 9 men; mean age, 71 +/- 5 years) underwent intracoronary beta-irradiation immediately after a conventional percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) procedure. The PTCA/irradiation procedure was technically feasible in all attempted cases, and the delivery of the 18 Gy dose was accomplished without complications. In 4 patients, the intervention was completed through intra-arterial stent implantation because of dissection induced by the initial PTCA. During the follow-up period of 178 +/- 17 days (range, 150 to 225 days), no complication occurred that could be attributed to radiation therapy. No aneurysm or angiographically detectable thrombus was observed in any of the irradiated arterial segments. The clinical event rate (4 of 15 patients underwent further target lesion revascularization) and the angiographic follow-up (6 of 15 patients had a > 50%-diameter stenosis at the previously treated site) did not suggest a marked impact on the expected restenosis rate.This early experience demonstrates that our approach is feasible, and no side effects attributable to radiation were noted during a 6-month period of follow-up. Whether higher doses of beta-irradiation will favorably affect post-PTCA restenosis in patients must await further evaluation.
Organ transplantation and the fetal allograft.
Authors: M C Wilkinson
Journal: BMJ (1978)

geriatric medicine at Northwick Park Hospital, Harrow, where a CAT whole-body scanner has been available for some years now, I reviewed all admission to the unit over a seven-year period to see what differences in presentation existed between patients with intracranial neoplasm and stroke.This formed part of a review of the experience of this acute geriatric unit in the presentation and clinical course of brain tumours in the elderly.'Twenty per cent of all admissions to the unit were diagnosed as having a vascular stroke, as defined elsewhere.'3This represents over 1000 patients.Only four of these were subsequently found to have a brain tumour- that is, 0 4 % of all strokes.During the seven-
Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase <scp>II</scp> equally induces sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> leak in human ischaemic and dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Thomas H. Fischer, Jörg Eiringhaus, Nataliya Dybkova, Anna Förster, Jonas Herting, Astrid Kleinwächter, Senka Ljubojevic, Jan D. Schmitto, Katrin Streckfuß‐Bömeke, André Renner, Jan Gummert, Gerd Hasenfuss, Lars S. Maier, Samuel Sossalla
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2014)
Feasibility and Acceptability of Google Glass for Emergency Department Dermatology Consultations
Authors: Peter R. Chai, Roger Y. Wu, Megan L. Ranney, Jayne Bird, Sandy Chai, Brian Zink, Paul S. Porter
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2015)

that approximately 20 to 30 NMEs were approved each year from 2000 through 2013.Topical NMEs are developed at a much lower rate (0.9 NMEs per year).These findings are consistent with prior studies 5 illustrating the underrepresentation of all drugs developed for primarily dermatological uses.Dermatological illnesses are not often fatal and may be considered lower priority by policymakers.Priority designations are assigned by the US Food and Drug Administration to new drugs that represent significant improvements over existing options and command more resource investment and regulatory attention.Only 5 total topical applications and 1 topical NME were given the priority review designation compared with 45% of all pharmaceutical and biological NMEs from 2000 through 2009. 6 Beyond being considered lower priority, traditional metrics of blood and urine drug levels often do not apply to topical therapies.The lack of accepted surrogate end points may explain why the median approval time for topical medications is comparable with oral and intravenous therapies despite representing a lower systemic risk.Given these regulatory challenges, the low number of active companies with the necessary expertise to develop topical therapeutics likely contributes to the continued high cost and low availability of these drugs.Prior studies on medical innovation of devices, small molecules, and biotechnology suggest a multifaceted approach to spur future development. 7 Strategies most likely to succeed include continued research funding to study diseases that are likely to be responsive to topical therapeutics and increased collaboration between academic and industry professionals.In the short term, adoption of more surrogate end points reduces the regulatory burden and may encourage companies to invest more resources in this underserved area.
Developmental Trends in Type A Behavior as Predictors for the Development of Somatic Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors
Authors: Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen, Katri Räikkönen
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (1989)

Developmental trends in type A behavior and somatic risk factors of coronary heart disease were studied in 842 healthy adolescents and young adults. Type A behavior was measured using the AFMS and the somatic risk factors adopted were serum total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse frequency and body mass index. The results showed that cross-sectionally somatic and behavioral risk indicators were independent, but longitudinally an increasing tendency towards type A behavior in boys was related to an increasing level of somatic risk. In boys type A behavior predicted also cross-sectionally a likelihood to be classified into the group where serum cholesterols increased according to age. In girls, no correlation was found.
Incidence of the Physiological Third Heart Sound
Authors: A. W. Sloan, F. W. Campbell, A. S. Henderson
Journal: BMJ (1952)

Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leukocyte infiltration, and up-regulation of the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in the colon. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a potent stimulator of erythroid progenitor cells, and its expression is enhanced by hypoxia. Here we investigate the effects EPO has on the development of experimental colitis. To address this question, we used an experimental model of colitis induced by dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). When compared with DNBS-treated mice, EPO (1000 IU/kg day s.c.)-treated mice subjected to DNBS-induced colitis experienced significantly lower rates in the extent and severity of the histological signs of colon injury. DNBS-treated mice experienced diarrhea and weight loss. At 4 days after administration of DNBS, the mucosa of the colon exhibited large areas of necrosis. Neutrophil infiltration (determined by histology as well as an increase in myeloperoxidase activity in the mucosa) was associated with up-regulation of ICAM-1. Immunohistochemistry for nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) showed an intense staining in the inflamed colon. On the contrary, the treatment of DNBS-treated mice with EPO significantly reduced the degree of diarrhea and weight loss caused by administration of DNBS. EPO also caused a substantial reduction of the degree of colon injury, the rise in myeloperoxidase activity (mucosa), and the increase in staining (immunohistochemistry) for nitrotyrosine as well as the up-regulation of ICAM-1 caused by DNBS in the colon. Thus, treatment of rat with EPO reduces the degree of colitis caused by DNBS. We propose that EPO may be useful in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
United Kingdom finally bans tobacco advertising
Authors: L. Eaton
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Tobacco advertising was due, finally, to be outlawed in the United Kingdom on 14 February, although there will still be tobacco sponsorship of sports for another two years and some advertising will be possible at the point of sale of cigarettes.

The change in the law marks the end of a long, hard battle by campaigners, including the BMA and Action …
Massive Fluid Requirement in Surgery of the Abdominal Aorta
Authors: C. Gene Wheeler, Jesse E. Thompson, Mark M. Kartchner, Dale J. Austin, R. Don Patman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1966)

DESPITE many advances, surgery of the abdominal aorta continues to be plagued by complications such as shock, prolonged hypotension on release of the aortic clamp and severe postoperative renal insufficiency that contribute to mortality rates as high as 10 to 15 per cent.1 2 3 An earlier report has defined a program of fluid therapy for elective surgery in aortoiliac occlusive disease that virtually eliminated these complications and reduced the overall mortality from 7 per cent in the first 100 cases of the series to 0.5 per cent in the last 200 cases.4 In aortic surgery many sources of modest fluid loss . . .
GP who prescribed dangerous levels of drugs will not face manslaughter charge
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

Jane Barton, a GP found guilty of serious professional misconduct for prescribing potentially hazardous levels of sedatives and painkillers to elderly patients, will not face manslaughter charges, the Crown Prosecution Service has announced.

The CPS’s decision follows a review of the evidence after an inquest into 10 deaths at Gosport Memorial Hospital in Hampshire, where Dr Barton was a part time clinical assistant from 1996 to …
Investigation into Germany’s largest research funder confirms collaboration with Nazi regime
Authors: Annette Tuffs
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Graduates from some UK medical schools consistently perform better than others in postgraduate medical exams, says a study published this week.The authors say that their finding supports the introduction of a national licensing examination for doctors.The study retrospectively analysed the performance from 2003 to 2005 of 5827 doctors from 19 UK medical schools in one or more of the three examinations required for membership of the Royal College of Physicians.This is an international postgraduate assessment that is important for career progression and is attempted by about 30% of all UK medical graduates.The research group looked at performance in parts 1 and 2 of the written examination, which are multiple choice assessments, and in part 2 of the practical examination of clinical assessment skills (PACES), which uses real and simulated patients to test clinical examination and communication skills.A further analysis involved data on performance in the part 1 examination over a much longer timeframe, from 1989 to 2002.The results showed that graduates from Oxford, Cambridge, and Newcastle upon Tyne performed significantly better than average in part 1 and part 2 of the written examination (BMC Medicine 2008;6:5).Those from Liverpool, Dundee, Belfast, and Aberdeen showed significantly below average performance.Ninety one per cent of Oxford students, 76% from Cambridge, and 67% from Newcastle passed part 1 at their first attempt, whereas the figures were 32% for Liverpool, 38% for Dundee, 37% for Belfast, and 41% for Aberdeen.The overall relation between medical school and exam performance was highly significant (χ 2 =300, df=6, P<0.001).About 60% of the variance between medical schools was explained by differences in pre-admission qualifications (according to number of points gained, but not subjects taken, in A level examinations or in the Scottish highers).However, the remaining portion of the variance was still significant. Doctors from different schools vary in later postgraduate examsUK NEWS BMA advises GPs on longer opening hours, p 351 World NEWS Inquiry finds scientists collaborated with Nazis, p 353 bmj.comCharity is set up to improve adolescents' health care newS
HBsAg subtypes among HBsAg carriers in Okinawa, Japan. Evidence of an important relationship in seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe
Authors: Akinori Noguchi, Jun Hayashi, Koya Nakashima, Miki Hirata, Hideyuki Ikematsu, Seizaburo Kashiwagi
Journal: Journal of Infection (1994)
Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular risk factors and events associated with second-generation antipsychotic compared to antidepressant use in a non-elderly adult sample: results from a claims-based inception cohort study
Authors: Christoph U. Correll, Benjamin I. Joffe, Lisa M. Rosen, Timothy B. Sullivan, Russell T. Joffe
Journal: World Psychiatry (2015)

This is a study of the metabolic and distal cardiovascular/cerebrovascular outcomes associated with the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) compared to antidepressants (ADs) in adults aged 18-65 years, based on data from Thomson Reuters MarketScan® Research Databases 2006-2010, a commercial U.S. claims database. Interventions included clinicians' choice treatment with SGAs (allowing any comedications) versus ADs (not allowing SGAs). The primary outcomes of interest were time to inpatient or outpatient claims for the following diagnoses within one year of SGA or AD discontinuation: hypertension, ischemic and hypertensive heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, and obesity. Secondary outcomes included the same diagnoses at last follow-up time point, i.e., not censoring observations at 365 days after SGA or AD discontinuation. Cox regression models, adjusted for age, gender, diagnosis of schizophrenia and mood disorders, and number of medical comorbidities, were run. Among 284,234 individuals, those within one year of exposure to SGAs versus ADs showed a higher risk of essential hypertension (adjusted hazard ratio, AHR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.21, p<0.0001), diabetes mellitus (AHR=1.43, CI: 1.33-1.53, p<0.0001), hypertensive heart disease (AHR=1.34, CI: 1.10-1.63, p<0.01), stroke (AHR=1.46, CI: 1.22-1.75, p<0.0001), coronary artery disease (AHR=1.17, CI: 1.05-1.30, p<0.01), and hyperlipidemia (AHR=1.12, CI: 1.07-1.17, p<0.0001). Unrestricted follow-up results were consistent with within one-year post-exposure results. Increased risk for stroke with SGAs has previously only been demonstrated in elderly patients, usually with dementia. This study documents, for the first time, a significantly increased risk for stroke and coronary artery disease in a non-elderly adult sample with SGA use. We also confirm a significant risk for adverse metabolic outcomes. These findings raise concerns about the longer-term safety of SGAs, given their widespread and chronic use.