tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Chapter 5: Arrhythmias
Authors: HENRY D. MCINTOSH
Journal: Circulation (1968)

Ventricular fibrillation was the most common major arrhythmia reported, having occurred in 59 of 12,367 studies (0.48%). The age-related incidence of the complication is shown in figure 1 and the relative incidence was as follows: [see table in the PDF file] The relative incidence may reflect the severity of the heart disease since most of the infants studied were critically ill. Twelve of the 13 patients less than 60 days old in whom ventricular fibrillation developed had coarctation tion of the aorta, aortic stenosis, hypoplasia of the left heart, or mitral atresia. Patients with these diagnoses represented approximately 10% of all patients under the age of 60 days who were studied.
Landmark article Oct 31, 1936: Observations on the etiologic relationship of achylia gastrica to pernicious anemia. V. Further evidence for the essential participation of extrinsic factor in hematopoietic responses to mixtures of beef muscle and gastric juice and to hog stomach mucosa. By W.B. Castle and T.H. Ham
Authors: W. B. Castle
Journal: JAMA (1984)

Observations on patients with addisonian pernicious anemia have appeared to us to demonstrate that the immediate basis of the anemia is a "conditioned" defect of nutrition. Thus, patients suffering from pernicious anemia are seemingly unable to derive from food some substance essential for normal function of bone marrow. The nutritional defect in such patients is apparently caused by the failure of a reaction which occurs in the normal individual between a substance in the food (extrinsic factor) and a substance in the normal gastric secretion (intrinsic factor). This conclusion is based on the following evidence derived from previous observations1 on cases of addisonian pernicious anemia: The daily administration of (extrinsic factor) 200 Gm. of beef muscle is without significant effect on blood formation. The daily administration of (intrinsic factor) from 150 to 300 cc. of normal human gastric juice is without significant effect on blood formation. If,
Book Review Primary Care: America's health in a new era Edited by Molla S. Donaldson, Karl D. Yordy, Kathleen N. Lohr, and Neal A. Vanselow. 395 pp. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press, 1996. $42.95. 0-309-05399-4
Authors: John M. Eisenberg
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1997)
Abrupt complement activation and transient neutropenia in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with streptokinase.
Authors: D Frangi, M Gardinali, L Conciato, C Cafaro, L Pozzoni, A Agostoni
Journal: Circulation (1994)

BACKGROUND Whether and to what extent complement is activated in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and how it contributes to inflammation of the ischemic area are not yet clear. Fibrinolytic agents used for thrombolysis are known to activate complement in vitro and may contribute to its activation in vivo. The aim of this study was to measure the extent of complement activation in AMI patients, some treated and some not treated with streptokinase. In addition, because abrupt complement activation in vivo is usually associated with leukocyte margination, plugging of cells in the microcirculation, and hypotension, we correlated complement activation with leukocyte numbers and mean arterial pressure. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty AMI patients were studied: 20 were treated with streptokinase (1.5 million IU IV over 60 minutes), and 20 were not given any fibrinolytic agent. The extent and severity of AMI were not significantly different in both groups. Blood samples were drawn on arrival at the hospital, during streptokinase infusion, and then daily for 1 week. Time-matched samples were also drawn from patients not treated with streptokinase. We measured plasma levels of anaphylatoxin C4a, C3a, and C5a by radioimmunoassay and membrane attack complexes SC5b-9 by enzyme immunoassay. Leukocytes and arterial pressure also were measured when samples were obtained. C4a, C3a, and SC5b-9 levels increased about 10-fold (P &lt; .0001) during infusion of streptokinase. There were no significant increases in complement catabolic products in AMI patients not treated with streptokinase. There was a significant transient leukopenia (mean +/- SEM, -29.5 +/- 7.0%; P = .001) and decreases in systolic and diastolic pressures (systolic, -29.3 +/- 3.2%, P &lt; .0001; diastolic, -27.5 +/- 3.4%, P &lt; .0001) after 15 minutes of streptokinase infusion in coincidence with the peak of anaphylatoxins in plasma. CONCLUSIONS Streptokinase treatment of AMI causes abrupt activation of the complement system, whereas no significant complement activation can be detected in plasma of AMI patients not treated with fibrinolytic agents. Complement activation causes a transient leukopenia, as reported for such other clinical conditions as dialysis and cardiopulmonary bypass, and possibly contributes to the hypotension observed during streptokinase treatment.
Fracture Risk After Cataract Surgery
Authors: Rajesh C. Rao, Brian J. Dlouhy
Journal: JAMA (2012)

To the Editor: Dr Tseng and colleagues conducted a retrospective study of the association of fracture risk after cataract surgery in a random 5% sample of Medicare beneficiaries. The authors noted that patients with decreased visual acuity have a higher incidence of fractures. Therefore, it is reasonable to propose that fracture risk would decrease after cataract surgery. When corrected for demographic data and comorbidities based on the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) score, this relationship was confirmed for patients with a propensity score decile subgroup of 4 or higher (Table 5 in article) for patients aged 70 years or older, and for those with a CCI score of 3 or higher (Table 6). However, this benefit did not extend to younger and healthier patients who underwent cataract surgery. With a significance level of P .05, the odds ratio (OR) for any fracture was actually higher for propensity score deciles 1 to 3 (ORs: 1.28 and 1.08; P .02; Table 5) and for patients with a CCI score of 2 or lower (OR, 1.03; P=.04; Table 6). For the youngest patients in the study (aged 65-69 years), cataract surgery was linked to a higher OR of hip fracture and any fracture (ORs: 1.16 and 1.09; P .02; Table 6). These subgroups comprised a significant percentage of pseudophakic Medicare beneficiaries; 19.5% were aged 65 to 69 years and 62.8% had a CCI of 2 or lower (Table 1). Why would cataract surgery result in a higher OR of hip fracture and any fracture in younger and healthier patients? Should these patients with visual impairment secondary to cataracts be counseled against cataract surgery? Ophthalmologists, other physicians, and patients with cataracts who are considering surgery would benefit from discussion of this paradoxical observation. The sequence of the diagnoses is important given the premise of the study: fracture risk after cataract surgery. The authors acknowledged their inability to distinguish whether the fracture or cataract diagnosis was noted first if both diagnoses occurred in the same calendar year. Severe cataracts, which the authors designated as “posterior subcapsular cataracts, total or mature cataract, hypermature cataract, and combined forms of cataract,” can progress rapidly, especially if the patient has diabetes mellitus or Cushing syndrome or is taking systemic corticosteroids. In these cases, the fracture diagnosis may have preceded the cataract diagnosis in the same year, which may confound the robust, reported link between extraction of severe cataracts and subsequent fracture risk.
Relationship Between Baseline Glycemic Control and Cognitive Function in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Tali Cukierman-Yaffe, Hertzel C. Gerstein, Jeff D. Williamson, Ronald M. Lazar, Laura Lovato, Michael E. Miller, Laura H. Coker, Anne Murray, Mark D. Sullivan, Santica M. Marcovina, Lenore J. Launer
Journal: Diabetes Care (2009)

Diabetes is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. However, the relationship between the degree of hyperglycemia and cognitive status remains unclear. This was explored using baseline cognitive measures collected in the ongoing Memory in Diabetes (MIND) substudy of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial.
Resistance in Rheumatism
Authors: W. Hughes
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1942)

TREATMENT OF ARTHRITIS very, small or none.After many intravenous injections of this preparation the plasma gold concentration and excretion of gold are small and similar to the values usually observed following oral or intramuscular administration.These results are due to quick phagocytosis of the colloidal gold salt by reticulo-endothelial cells.
Krüppel-Like Factor 8 Induces Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition and Epithelial Cell Invasion
Authors: Xianhui Wang, Mingzhe Zheng, Gang Liu, Weiya Xia, Paula J. McKeown-Longo, Mien-Chie Hung, Jihe Zhao
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract Tumor invasion and metastasis are the main causes of death from cancer. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a determining step for a cancer cell to progress from a noninvasive to invasive state. Krüppel-like factor 8 (KLF8) plays a key role in oncogenic transformation and is highly overexpressed in several types of invasive human cancer, including breast cancer. To understand the role of KLF8 in regulating the progression of human breast cancer, we first established stable expression of KLF8 in an immortalized normal human breast epithelial cell line. We found that KLF8 strongly induced EMT and enhanced motility and invasiveness in the cells, by analyzing changes in cell morphology and epithelial and mesenchymal marker proteins, and using cell migration and Matrigel invasion assays. Chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIP), oligonucleotide precipitations, and promoter-reporter assays showed that KLF8 directly bound and repressed the promoter of E-cadherin independent of E boxes in the promoter and Snail expression. Aberrant elevation of KLF8 expression is highly correlated with the decrease in E-cadherin expression in the invasive human breast cancer. Blocking KLF8 expression by RNA interference restored E-cadherin expression in the cancer cells and strongly inhibited the cell invasiveness. This work identifies KLF8 as a novel EMT-regulating transcription factor that opens a new avenue in EMT research and suggests an important role for KLF8 in human breast cancer invasion and metastasis. [Cancer Res 2007;67(15):7184–93]
An Antibody–Drug Conjugate That Targets Tissue Factor Exhibits Potent Therapeutic Activity against a Broad Range of Solid Tumors
Authors: Esther C.W. Breij, Bart E.C.G. de Goeij, Sandra Verploegen, Danita H. Schuurhuis, Ali Amirkhosravi, John Francis, Vibeke Breinholt Miller, Mischa Houtkamp, Wim K. Bleeker, David Satijn, Paul W.H.I. Parren
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Tissue factor (TF) is aberrantly expressed in solid cancers and is thought to contribute to disease progression through its procoagulant activity and its capacity to induce intracellular signaling in complex with factor VIIa (FVIIa). To explore the possibility of using tissue factor as a target for an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), a panel of human tissue factor-specific antibodies (TF HuMab) was generated. Three tissue factor HuMab, that induced efficient inhibition of TF:FVIIa-dependent intracellular signaling, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and rapid target internalization, but had minimal impact on tissue factor procoagulant activity in vitro, were conjugated with the cytotoxic agents monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) or monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF). Tissue factor-specific ADCs showed potent cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, which was dependent on tissue factor expression. TF-011-MMAE (HuMax-TF-ADC) was the most potent ADC, and the dominant mechanism of action in vivo was auristatin-mediated tumor cell killing. Importantly, TF-011-MMAE showed excellent antitumor activity in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models with variable levels of tissue factor expression, derived from seven different solid cancers. Complete tumor regression was observed in all PDX models, including models that showed tissue factor expression in only 25% to 50% of the tumor cells. In conclusion, TF-011-MMAE is a promising novel antitumor agent with potent activity in xenograft models that represent the heterogeneity of human tumors, including heterogeneous target expression.
The red cell; production, metabolism, destruction: normal and abnormal.
Authors: Leon O. Jacobson
Journal: JAMA (1963)

<i>The Red Cell</i>is a noteworthy and outstanding achievement by John W. Harris. This book is concerned with essential basic and clinical features of normal and abnormal production, metabolism, and destruction of erythrocytes. It represents a new approach to medical school teaching of hematology and beautifully integrates the description of abnormalities of red cells encountered in the practice of medicine, with relevant biochemistry, physiology, and pathology. This rational presentation of the mechanisms of production of the anemic and polycythemic states of man, and the corresponding scientific account of the symptoms associated with these hematologic abnormalities, is sparkling in its clarity. The 2000-plus scientific reports that Dr. Harris has examined critically in preparing this book —many of them published as recently as a few months ago—are listed for the interested reader. Although prepared primarily for medical students, this book will be of great value to practitioners of medicine who are curious
The Venetian Blinds
Authors: Lee Litvinas
Journal: JAMA (1990)

The morning sun filtered through the venetian blinds, casting dancing columns of light on the wall beside my hospital bed. Today will be the day. No more suffering for my family and myself. No more sleepless, sweatful, painful nights. Life will go on for the masses, struggling with the meaning of their existence. Today, I, like others before me, will experience the truth and freedom that only death can bring. Yes, today is the day. The doctors have played all their cards. They have worked their pseudo-miracles, filling me with toxins, technology, and nausea. Safe, uneventful passage is all I desire, and yet this is precisely what is denied me. I have no appetite, yet I am fed through my veins. I have lost inspiration, yet I receive manufactured air through a hot, oily machine. So foreign now are the pictures coming from the television suspended near the ceiling of
Immunohistochemical studies of cyclic guanosine monophosphate and nuclear function.
Authors: E M Rosenberg, J G Conway, S M Tucci, E W Doucet
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1980)

In previous immunohistochemical studies, it has been found that all nuclei contain cyclic (c)GMP, which occurs in discrete aggregates and in the nucleolus. We have studied the nature of the cGMP aggregates in isolated mouse fetal nuclei using a specific immunofluorescent technique. These aggregates correspond to the areas of condensation of DNA, demonstrable by either Felugen's or acridine orange stain. Treatment with DNAase eliminated DNA and cGMP staining. Staining for RNA, with a human anti-RNA antibody, demonstrated RNA to be distributed diffusely throughout the nucleus and not preferentially in the areas of discrete cGMP aggregates. The diffuse stain for nuclear RNA was eliminated by pretreatment with RNAase but not DNAase, but aggregates of cGMP were not affected by pretreatment with RNAase. Sites of active RNA synthesis were determined by autoradiography using [3H]uridine, and did not correspond to the aggregates of cGMP. The relationship of cGMP to nucleolar function was examined in the endothelial cells of the isthmus and ampulla of the rat fallopian tube. Previous studies have shown that in proestrous, a period of increased RNA synthesis, nucleoli detectable by staining for RNA appear in the endothelial cells lining the fallopian tube. After immunofluorescent staining, we found prominent accumulation of cGMP in the nucleoli. During other phases of the cycle, there is an absence of nucleoli detectable by staining for RNA, and an absence of nucleolar cGMP. After we treated hypophysectomized or oophorectomized rats with estrogen, which is known to increase nucleolar RMA synthesis in the fallopian tube and endometrium, nucleoli in the endothelial cells of the rat fallopian tube and uterus stained strongly for cGMP. In conclusion, our studies suggest that the discrete aggregates of nuclear cGMP are associated with a fraction of DNA uninvolved in RNA synthesis. In contrast, cGMP appears in the nucleolus during a period of increased RNA synthesis, suggesting a role for cGMP in regulating nucleolar synthesis and processing of RNA.
Recertification: Will We Retreat?
Authors: Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1979)

Only a few years ago, the notion of recertification of specialists seemed to enjoy wide support. All 22 of the specialty boards had committed themselves to at least voluntary recertification, although to date only five have actually started such programs. To its great credit, the newly established American Board of Family Practice was the first to make recertification mandatory. More recently, the American Board of Surgery has done the same thing, but it has placed the obligation only on diplomates certified after 1975 (a decision that a contributor to this week's correspondence section claims is discriminatory and unfair).Now there . . .
Abstract 2243: Targeting the MUC1-C oncoprotein synergistically enhances cytotoxicity of breast carcinoma cells in combination with PI3K inhibitors
Authors: Deepak Raina, Surender Kharbanda, Donald Kufe
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The mucin 1 (MUC1) heterodimeric protein is aberrantly overexpressed by most human breast carcinomas and contributes to the malignant phenotype. However, there are no effective agents that directly inhibit the oncogenic MUC1-C subunit and induce death of breast cancer cells. We have synthesized MUC1-C peptide inhibitors that bind to the MUC1-C cytoplasmic domain and block the formation of MUC1-C dimers in breast cancer cells. We have shown that inhibition of MUC1-C arrests growth and induces necrotic death of the breast carcinoma cells. Here we demonstrate that combining the MUC1-C inhibitor GO-203-2C with agents that target PI3K (LY294002, GDC0941) induces highly synergistic cytotoxicity of breast carcinoma cells. Notably, GO-203-2C significantly enhanced the effectiveness of these PI3K inhibitors by contributing to the downregulation of p-AKT and p-S6K. Taken together, these findings provide support for combining PI3K inhibitors and GO-203-2C, an agent now undergoing Phase I evaluation, to improve treatment of patients with breast cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2243. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2243
CURE OF TYPHOID CARRIERS
Authors: GEORGE H. BIGELOW
Journal: JAMA (1933)

Typhoid carrier control presents one of the most troublesome of public health administrative problems. It is easy to say that such carriers should not be allowed to handle food for the consumption of others, yet application of this principle is often difficult if food handling is the only livelihood that the individual has. Too close surveillance may accomplish nothing further than to drive the carrier under cover, only to reappear in connection with further cases. To the administrator, therefore, any means of dealing effectively with such a carrier is just as valuable a tool as is the epidemiologic procedure that brought his existence to light. Subsidy of carriers, the offering of an official reward for good behavior and abstinence from food handling has been attempted in some states. At best it can hardly be held out as an ideal solution, since it must always fall short of the normal earning
Mammary Gland Dysplasia in Iodine Deficiency
Authors: Bernard A. Eskin
Journal: JAMA (1967)

Epidemiological studies suggest that persons living in areas of normal iodine availability show less breast cancer than those living in iodine-deficient areas.<sup>1,2</sup>World Health Organization investigations, recently published,<sup>3</sup>have revealed that a large segment of the population in the United States and other parts of the world lives in areas of limited iodine availability. In addition, there appears to be statistical evidence of an increased incidence of breast malignancy in hypothyroidism.<sup>4-6</sup>Our results imply that iodine deficiency may be involved in these thyroid-breast relationships. The breasts of chronically iodine-deficient female rats treated with testosterone were observed to be considerably larger than their normally fed, testosterone-injected litter-mate controls. No reports directly pertaining to this observation were found in the literature. Therefore, we decided to carry out a systematic investigation of the influence of iodine deficiency on the resting and sex-hormone-treated breasts of female rats. The changes seen were
Self-Cardioversion of Paroxysmal Lone Atrial Fibrillation with Exercise
Authors: Mark W. Ragozzino, James Snyder, Hemal M. Nayak
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2002)

New Strains of Bacteria and Exacerbations of COPDTo the Editor: I find the choice of denominators by Sethi et al. (Aug.15 issue) 1 curious, in that they compare patients with new strains during exacerbations with stable patients without new strains.This appears to be comparing apples and oranges, particularly given the wide range of base-line characteristics in the study population.For example, the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1 ) at base line ranged from 0.47 liter to 4.07 liters, and the FEV 1 as a percentage of the predicted value ranged from 15 percent to 99 percent.Furthermore, over the 56-month study period, the number of patient visits to the clinic ranged from 2 to 65.Therefore, it seems feasible that a healthier population of patients with more stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was serving as the control group.A more appropriate comparison would have been between patients who had exacerbations with new strains and those who had exacerbations without new strains.The safest conclusions to be drawn from the study are that new strains occasionally appear in the sputum of patients with COPD both during stable periods (181 instances in the study) and during exacerbations (89 instances), and that new strains may be causally related to exacerbations in a minority of cases.In this carefully conducted longitudinal study that used advanced molecular techniques, it is unfortunate that no attempts were made to identify, characterize, and elucidate the emerging role of viruses in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. 2
Demonstrations of Physical Signs in Clinical Surgery
Authors: C. Barrett
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Hamilton Bailey’s classic text is well known to most surgeons, many editions having been published around the world over the years. It is essentially a textbook of clinical surgical examination that emphasises a logical approach to history taking, examination, and investigation. It is also memorable for a number of striking illustrations and the author’s incisive (and often witty) thoughts.

Bailey was a surgeon from another era. He had a strong family background in medicine, but his early career was colourful, to say the least. At the outbreak of the first world war, while still only a medical student, he joined …