tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Abstract 4656: Relationship of nicotine and carcinogen biomarkers to lung cancer risk among smokers in the Shanghai cohort study
Authors: Sharon E. Murphy, Jeannette Zinggeler Berg, Renwei Wang, Katherine M. Wickham, Yu-Tang Gao, Stephen S. Hecht, Jian-Min Yuan
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract Individuals who develop lung cancer are predominantly tobacco users and further risk profiling within this group is important to better understand cancer susceptibility and could be used to target interventions. A nested case-control approach was used to evaluate risk factors for lung cancer in a population of Chinese men from Shanghai, China (317 cases and 317 controls). All participants were current smokers at baseline and controls were matched for age, neighborhood, and date of biospecimen collection. Biomarkers assessed in urine were nicotine and its major metabolites, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL, a tobacco carcinogen), and r-1,t-2,3,c-4-tetrahydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrophenanthrene (PheT, a biomarker of polyaromatic hydrocarbons). The odds ratio for developing lung cancer were greatest for men with the highest versus lowest quintile of urinary cotinine (cotinine + cotinine glucuronide), OR (95% CI); 8.79 (4.42-17.47) unadjusted, and 5.26 (2.39-11.57) adjusted for years of smoking, cigarettes per day, NNAL, and PheT. Cotinine levels are influenced both by nicotine exposure and metabolism. Nicotine and cotinine are metabolized by cytochrome P450 2A6 which is polymorphic and ∼15% of the Chinese population carry low activity alleles. In contrast, nicotine equivalents is a biomarker of exposure that is less influenced by metabolism as it is the sum of nicotine and its metabolites excreted in urine. Higher odds ratios of lung cancer were also observed for increasing nicotine equivalents but this was a weaker biomarker compared to cotinine in this population, OR (95% CI); 4.86 (2.72-8.69) unadjusted, and 2.58 (1.32-5.03) adjusted for years of smoking, cigarettes per day, NNAL, and PheT. The ratio of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine to cotinine per nicotine equivalents was evaluated as a biomarker of oxidation phenotype. Previously the ratio of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine to cotinine has been used to phenotype individuals for P450 2A6 activity, and to account for variation in nicotine dose during smoking the ratio was expressed per nicotine equivalents. Unexpectedly, the highest quintile of the metabolite ratio was associated with a decreased risk of lung cancer compared to the lowest quintile, OR (95%CI); 0.26 (0.15-0.47). This group would include individuals who have a low nicotine metabolism phenotype and smoke an average-to-high amount. Higher urinary NNAL and PheT were also risk factors for lung cancer albeit the odds ratios were lower than for cotinine. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4656. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4656
Lesional expression of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) in atopic dogs
Authors: Sadatoshi Maeda, Shunske Fujiwara, Keitaro Omori, Ko Nakashima, Keigo Kurata, Kohei Yamashita, Kenichi Masuda, Koichi Ohno, Hajime Tsujimoto
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
An Address ON SOME OF THE PRINCIPLES AND PROBLEMS RELATED TO THE TREATMENT OF GUNSHOT FRACTURES: Delivered at the Queen Alexandra Military Hospital, Grosvenor Road, London, on May 26th, 1916
Authors: H. Groves
Journal: BMJ (1916)

Microcirculatory dysfunction is correlated with increased mortality among septic patients and is believed to be a major contributor to the development of acute kidney injury (AKI). Rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, has been shown to reduce microvascular permeability and in the kidney, increase renal blood flow (RBF). This led us to investigate its potential to improve the renal microcirculation and preserve renal function during sepsis using a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model to induce sepsis. Rolipram, tested at doses of 0.3–10 mg/kg i.p., acutely restored capillary perfusion in a bell-shaped dose-response effect with 1 mg/kg being the lowest most efficacious dose. This dose also acutely increased RBF despite transiently decreasing mean arterial pressure. Rolipram also reduced renal microvascular permeability. It is noteworthy that delayed treatment with rolipram at 6 hours after CLP restored the renal microcirculation, reduced blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, and increased glomerular filtration rate at 18 hours. However, delayed treatment with rolipram did not reduce serum nitrate/nitrite levels, a marker of nitric oxide production, nor reactive nitrogen species generation in renal tubules. These data show that restoring the microcirculation with rolipram, even with delayed treatment, is enough to improve renal function during sepsis despite the generation of oxidants and suggest that PDE4 inhibitors should be evaluated further for their ability to treat septic-induced AKI.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase and Rickets in Urban Schoolchildren
Authors: W. T. Cooke, C. H. J. Swan, P. Asquith, V. Melikian, W. E. McFeely
Journal: BMJ (1973)

Among 569 schoolchildren (386 boys and 183 girls) aged 14-17 years, 233 had serum alkaline phosphatase values of 30 K.A. units or greater. There was no significant difference in the results in Asian, white, or West Indian children. The mean values were significantly greater in boys than girls and both showed a fall in mean values with increasing age. Radiological rickets occurred in at least 4% of the survey, and was more common in Asians. Low calcium and high hydroxyproline excretion in most of those investigated and the response to vitamin D therapy suggests that most children with alkaline phosphatase levels above 30 K.A. units have rickets. Since the decline of the widespread supplementation of the diet with vitamin D, the demands of the physiological growth spurt for extra vitamin D in adolescents already on a borderline intake may be responsible for the great increase in “biochemical” rickets. Once the growth spurt is over the condition subsides but the results of impaired growth or permanent pelvic deformity will not necessarily be eradicated.
S27 Cardiovascular events following Clarithromycin use in lower respiratory tract infections: analysis of two prospective cohort studies
Authors: A Singanayagam, P Short, P Williamson, A Akram, G Fleming, J Taylor, S Higgins, D Mills, A Singanayagam, R Archibald, L Peet, AT Hill, JD Chalmers, S Schembri
Journal: Thorax (2012)

<h3>Background</h3> Previous studies have suggested that use of macrolide antibiotics may increase cardiovascular risk. <h3>Objective</h3> To study the effects of clarithromycin on cardiovascular events in the setting of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) and community acquired pneumonia (CAP). <h3>Design</h3> Cohort study of two prospectively collected datasets; a multicentre observational study of patients hospitalised with AECOPD and the Edinburgh pneumonia study cohort. <h3>Setting</h3> COPD dataset includes patients admitted to one of 12 hospitals around the United Kingdom between 2009–2011. The Edinburgh pneumonia study cohort includes patients admitted to NHS Lothian Hospitals between 2005–2009. <h3>Main outcome measures</h3> Hazard ratios (HR) for cardiovascular events at 1 year (defined as hospitalised with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), decompensated cardiac failure, serious arrhythmia or sudden cardiac death) and hospitalisation for acute coronary syndrome (acute ST elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST elevation MI and unstable angina). Secondary outcomes were all cause and cardiovascular mortality at 1 year. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate hazard ratio’s and 95% confidence intervals after adjusting for significant covariates. <h3>Results</h3> There were 1323 and 1631 patients in the AECOPD and CAP cohorts with 268 and 171 cardiovascular events respectively over 1 year. Macrolide use in AECOPD was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events HR 1.60 (1.17–2.20) and ACS HR 1.88 (1.16–3.01). Macrolide use in CAP was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events HR 1.81 (1.28–2.55) and ACS HR 1.90 (1.07–3.33). There was a significant association between macrolide use and cardiovascular but not all cause mortality in AECOPD HR 1.67 (1.11–2.51) and 1.24 (0.96–1.61). Macrolide use in CAP was associated with a trend towards increased risk of all cause and cardiovascular mortality HR 1.13 (0.85–1.51) and 1.57 (0.84–2.82). These relationships persisted after propensity matching. Statins and other cardiac drugs attenuated this increased risk. Longer durations of macrolide use were associated with more cardiovascular events. The effect of macrolides was most evident in patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease or at high risk of cardiovascular disease according to the QRISK2 score. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The use of clarithromycin in the setting of AECOPD or CAP is associated with increased cardiovascular events.
The transcription factor SNAIL represses vitamin D receptor expression and responsiveness in human colon cancer
Authors: Héctor G Pálmer, María Jesús Larriba, José Miguel García, Paloma Ordóñez-Morán, Cristina Peña, Sandra Peiró, Isabel Puig, Rufo Rodríguez, Ricardo de la Fuente, Antonio Bernad, Marina Pollán, Félix Bonilla, Carlos Gamallo, Antonio García de Herreros, Alberto Muñoz
Journal: Nature Medicine (2004)
FURTHER REPORT ON ILEOCOLITIS COMPLICATED BY ACIDOSIS
Authors: THOMAS D. PARKE
Journal: JAMA (1910)

Three years ago I presented to this Section a series of cases that had occurred under my observation during the preceding four years, and I now wish again to call attention to them by the relation of a few histories and by a brief discussion of the problems involved. I have been unable to find descriptions in the text-books of the symptom-complex presented by the series, and my object now, as three years ago, is to focus attention on and bring recognition of this distinctly marked symptom-complex. It is not reasonable to suppose that such cases are confined to one limited area. It is only reasonable to conclude that they have not been recognized elsewhere. Thirteen cases have come under my observation since the report of three years ago, mostly in consultation, but this does not embrace a number of other cases that have come to my notice, directly
Voxel-Based Quantitative Analysis of Brain Images From 18F-FDG PET With a Block-Matching Algorithm for Spatial Normalization
Authors: Christophe Person, Valérie Louis-Dorr, Sylvain Poussier, Olivier Commowick, Grégoire Malandain, Louis Maillard, Didier Wolf, Nicolas Gillet, Véronique Roch, Gilles Karcher, Pierre-Yves Marie
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) is widely used for the quantitative analysis of brain images from ¹⁸F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET). SPM requires an initial step of spatial normalization to align all images to a standard anatomic model (the template), but this may lead to image distortion and artifacts, especially in cases of marked brain abnormalities. This study aimed at assessing a block-matching (BM) normalization algorithm, where most transformations are not directly computed on the overall brain volume but through small blocks, a principle that is likely to minimize artifacts.Large and/or small hypometabolic areas were artificially simulated in initially normal FDG PET images to compare the results provided by statistical tests computed after either SPM or BM normalization.Results were enhanced by BM, compared with SPM, with regard to (i) errors in the estimation of large defects volumes (about 2-fold lower) because of a lower image distortion, and (ii) rates of false-positive foci when numerous or extended abnormalities were simulated. These observations were strengthened by analyses of FDG PET examinations from epileptic patients.Results obtained with the BM normalization of brain FDG PET appear more precise and robust than with SPM normalization, especially in cases of numerous or extended abnormalities.
Congenital Pericardial Defects
Authors: Doris Kavanagh-Gray, Edward Musgrove, David Stanwood
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1961)

A recent case report of partial deficiency of the pericardium1 has brought such cases reported in the world's literature to a total of 101 since 1559, when M. Realdus Columbus2 first described the condition. The statement by Hering et al.1 that the diagnosis of partial deficiency of the pericardium could be made before thoracotomy, if adequate angiocardiograms were available, prompted this report of another such case, in which the diagnosis, though apparent in retrospect from examination of the angiocardiograms, was not made until thoracotomy, owing to lack of appreciation of the existence of the entity.Case ReportP.C., an asymptomatic . . .
Attempted Bone-Marrow Autografts after Large Doses of Nitrogen Mustard
Authors: A. L. Kretchmar, G. A. Andrews, B. W. Sitterson
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

THERE is continued and active interest in the possibility of obtaining autologous bone-marrow grafts in human beings.1 2 3 4 5 6 Our interest was primarily centered on the technical aspects of the problem and on whether it could be established, by clinical experiment, that an autograft had indeed been accomplished. The results of this study were reported at the Oak Ridge session of the AET–Bone Marrow Conference in January, 1960, but, because of the continued interest in this subject, are reported here in more detail. Despite the small number of patients and the limited scope of the study we believe that it demonstrates . . .
Effect of intravenous coadministration of human stroma cell lines on engraftment of long-term repopulating clonal myelodysplastic syndrome cells in immunodeficient mice
Authors: X Li, A M Marcondes, T Ragoczy, A Telling, H J Deeg
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2013)

Engraftment of clonal hematopoietic precursor cells from patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in immunodeficient mice has been difficult to achieve by intravenous (i.v.) injection. We used i.v. coadministration of the human marrow stroma cell line HS27a with CD34+ MDS cells in Nod.cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1wjll (NSG) mice to provide signals that would facilitate engraftment. Hematopoietic cells from 24 MDS patients were transplanted. Cells from all patients were engrafted, and engraftment was documented in 44 of 46 evaluable mice (95%). Immunohistochemistry revealed human HS27a stroma colocalizing with human hematopoietic cells in mouse spleens. Human CD34+ precursors harvested from marrow and spleen of primary murine recipients, when combined with HS27a cells, were also engrafted successfully in secondary NSG recipients, showing persistence of the original clonal characteristics. This observation supports the concept that clonal markers were present in long-term repopulating cells. We suggest that HS27a stroma cells 'traveled' in direct contact with hematopoietic precursors and enabled their propagation. An essential signal for engraftment appears to be CD146, which is prominently expressed on HS27a cells. This xenotransplantation model will allow to further dissect signals that control engraftment of MDS cells and should be amenable to in vivo treatment studies.
Smoking and Diabetes Mellitus: Findings From 1988 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
Authors: Earl S Ford, Jeffrey Newman
Journal: Diabetes Care (1991)

To examine the association between smoking and self-reported diabetes mellitus.The study was comprised of 3006 people greater than or equal to 18 yr of age with diabetes and 52,750 without diabetes.Twenty-six percent (SE 1.8) of the diabetic population were current smokers, 25.9% (SE 1.4) were former smokers, and 48.1% (SE 2) had never smoked. Similar percentages were found among the nondiabetic population. Compared to respondents without diabetes, the prevalence of current smoking was notably higher among respondents with diabetes who were between the ages of 18 and 34 yr (36.1%, SE 4.1), who had not graduated from high school (44.9%, SE 3.7), and who were men of African-American origin (54.8%, SE 5.8).Despite the excess risks, the overall prevalence of smoking in the diabetic population is comparable to that of the general population. Our finding of a higher prevalence of smoking among young people, people who had not graduated from high school, and African-American men with diabetes suggests that additional educational efforts should be targeted at these groups.
Spending on mental health services in England fell in 2011-12
Authors: N. Hawkes
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Spending on mental health services for working age people in England has stalled, and that for older people has shown a decline, show two reports published by the Department of Health.1 2

In cash terms, spending on working age people continued its 10 year rise, reaching £6.63bn (€8.4bn; $10.4bn) in 2011-12, a 1.2% increase. But when corrected for inflation this represented a real terms decrease of 1% on the 2010-11 figure. Among people aged 65 years or over the amount spent fell in cash and in real terms. The total spend in this age group was £2.83bn, a fall of 1%, and when inflation is taken into account this represented a real terms decline of 3.1%.

By comparison, figures from the Treasury’s public spending statistics, …
Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: C. Stey, K. Truninger, D. Marti, P. Vogt, T.c Medici
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1999)

The association of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) with polymyalgia rheumatica is rare, and only one case has previously been described. This study reports on the case of an 80 yr-old male who presented with malaise, nonproductive cough and exertional dyspnoea for several weeks, along with a history of bilateral shoulder and pelvic girdle pain of several months9 duration. The chest radiograph revealed a pneumonic infiltrate in the right lower lobe, which was unresponsive to antibiotics. Bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage and a transbronchial lung biopsy established the diagnosis of BOOP. The patient improved consistently on steroids. As in other connective diseases, organizing pneumonia may be one of the early manifestations of polymyalgia rheumatica.
Abnormal erythrocyte metabolism in hepatic disease: Effects of NADP repletion
Authors: J. Robert Smith, Neil E. Kay, Arlan J. Gottlieb, Frank A. Oski
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1979)

Abstract Erythrocytes from ten patients with severe liver disease displayed low methylene blue‐stimulated hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity and glucose recycling despite elevated total glucose consumption when compared to controls. Heinz body formation was increased and reduced glutathione concentration significantly decreased. After hemolysis, no differences in methylene‐blue stimulated HMP shunt activity or glucose recycling could be demonstrated between patients and controls. The addition of 2‐ and 4‐mM NADP to the hemolysates produced significantly greater HMP shunt activity and glucose recycling in the patients' hemolysates. The addition of NADPH to the incubation mixture produced no significant stimulation of either HMP shunt activity or glucose recycling, unless methylene blue was also added. Omission of NAD or phosphate from the incubation mixture produced no change in shunt metabolism. The absence of supplemental ATP resulted in extremely low shunt metabolism and refractoriness to NADP stimulation in both patients and controls. In the absence of additional magnesium, a reduction of shunt metabolism was noted. These data suggest that the defect in stimulated shunt metabolism in the intact erythrocytes of patients with hepatic disease does not result from an absolute enzyme deficiency, but rather from an unavailability of NADP or other cofactor.
Simultaneous recording of action potentials from endocardium and epicardium during ischemia in the isolated cat ventricle: relation of temporal electrophysiologic heterogeneities to arrhythmias.
Authors: S Kimura, A L Bassett, T Kohya, P L Kozlovskis, R J Myerburg
Journal: Circulation (1986)

We studied the effects of ischemia on transmembrane action potentials, conduction time, and refractory periods of both endocardial and epicardial muscle cells of coronary-perfused cat left ventricles. Oxygenated Tyrode's solution was perfused through the left anterior descending coronary artery, while the preparation was superfused with Tyrode's solution gassed with 95% N2 and 5% CO2. Transmembrane action potentials recorded simultaneously from endocardial and epicardial cells were normal during coronary perfusion. When perfusion was discontinued ("ischemia"), rapid deterioration of action potentials and prolongation of conduction time were observed in both endocardial and epicardial cells. The magnitude of the reduction of action potential amplitude and action potential duration (APD), and of prolongation of conduction time, was greater in epicardial cells than in endocardial cells, although the change in resting membrane potential was almost the same. However, APD of endocardial cells decreased progressively during 30 min of ischemia, whereas APD of epicardial cells was reduced maximally at 10 min and then partially recovered. Shortening of refractory periods of endocardial cells paralleled APD shortening, whereas refractory periods of epicardial cells decreased for the first 10 min and then increased. At 10 min of ischemia, APD and refractory periods of epicardial cells were significantly shorter than those of endocardial cells. At 30 min of ischemia, refractory periods of epicardial cells exceeded those of endocardial cells because of development of greater postrepolarization refractoriness in epicardial cells. Accompanying these different changes in APD and refractory periods of endocardial and epicardial cells, spontaneous extrasystolic impulses increased and rapid runs of extrasystolic impulses could be induced by extrastimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)