tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Effect of Long-term, Low-Dose Erythromycin on Pulmonary Exacerbations Among Patients With Non–Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis
Authors: David J. Serisier, Megan L. Martin, Michael A. McGuckin, Rohan Lourie, Alice C. Chen, Barbara Brain, Sally Biga, Sanmarié Schlebusch, Peter Dash, Simon D. Bowler
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin may improve clinical outcomes in non-cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis, although associated risks of macrolide resistance are poorly defined.To evaluate the clinical efficacy and antimicrobial resistance cost of low-dose erythromycin given for 12 months to patients with non-CF bronchiectasis with a history of frequent pulmonary exacerbations.Twelve-month, randomized (1:1), double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin in currently nonsmoking, adult patients with non-CF bronchiectasis with a history of 2 or more infective exacerbations in the preceding year. This Australian study was undertaken between October 2008 and December 2011 in a university teaching hospital, with participants also recruited via respiratory physicians at other centers and from public radio advertisements.Twice-daily erythromycin ethylsuccinate (400 mg) or matching placebo.The primary outcome was the annualized mean rate of protocol-defined pulmonary exacerbations (PDPEs) per patient. Secondary outcomes included macrolide resistance in commensal oropharyngeal streptococci and lung function.Six-hundred seventy-nine patients were screened, 117 were randomized (58 placebo, 59 erythromycin), and 107 (91.5%) completed the study. Erythromycin significantly reduced PDPEs both overall (mean, 1.29 [95% CI, 0.93-1.65] vs 1.97 [95% CI, 1.45-2.48] per patient per year; incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.57 [95% CI, 0.42-0.77]; P = .003), and in the prespecified subgroup with baseline Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway infection (mean difference, 1.32 [95% CI, 0.19-2.46]; P = .02). Erythromycin reduced 24-hour sputum production (median difference, 4.3 g [interquartile range [IQR], 1 to 7.8], P = .01) and attenuated lung function decline (mean absolute difference for change in postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration, 2.2 percent predicted [95% CI, 0.1% to 4.3%]; P = .04) compared with placebo. Erythromycin increased the proportion of macrolide-resistant oropharyngeal streptococci (median change, 27.7% [IQR, 0.04% to 41.1%] vs 0.04% [IQR, -1.6% to 1.5%]; difference, 25.5% [IQR,15.0% to 33.7%]; P < .001).Among patients with non-CF bronchiectasis, the 12-month use of erythromycin compared with placebo resulted in a modest decrease in the rate of pulmonary exacerbations and an increased rate of macrolide resistance.anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12609000578202.
International Group Aims for Guidelines For BPH and Prostate Cancer
Authors: C. Vanchieri
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1993)

Journal Article International Group Aims for Guidelines For BPH and Prostate Cancer Get access Cori Vanchieri Cori Vanchieri Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 85, Issue 4, 17 February 1993, Pages 267–268, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/85.4.267 Published: 17 February 1993
Ablation of Serotonin 5-HT <sub>2B</sub> Receptors in Mice Leads to Abnormal Cardiac Structure and Function
Authors: Canan G. Nebigil, Pierre Hickel, Nadia Messaddeq, Jean-Luc Vonesch, Marie P. Douchet, Laurent Monassier, Katalin György, Rachel Matz, Ramaroson Andriantsitohaina, Philippe Manivet, Jean-Marie Launay, Luc Maroteaux
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —Identification of factors regulating myocardial structure and function is important to understand the pathogenesis of heart disease. Because little is known about the molecular mechanism of cardiac functions triggered by serotonin, the link between downstream signaling circuitry of its receptors and the heart physiology is of widespread interest. None of the serotonin receptor (5-HT 1A , 5-HT 1B , or 5-HT 2C ) disruptions in mice have resulted in cardiovascular defects. In this study, we examined 5-HT 2B receptor–mutant mice to assess the putative role of serotonin in heart structure and function. Methods and Results —We have generated G q -coupled 5-HT 2B receptor–null mice by homologous recombination. Surviving 5-HT 2B receptor–mutant mice exhibit cardiomyopathy with a loss of ventricular mass due to a reduction in number and size of cardiomyocytes. This phenotype is intrinsic to cardiac myocytes. 5-HT 2B receptor–mutant ventricles exhibit dilation and abnormal organization of contractile elements, including Z-stripe enlargement and N-cadherin downregulation. Echocardiography and ECG both confirm the presence of left ventricular dilatation and decreased systolic function in the adult 5-HT 2B receptor–mutant mice. Conclusions —Mutation of 5-HT 2B receptor leads to a cardiomyopathy without hypertrophy and a disruption of intercalated disks. 5-HT 2B receptor is required for cytoskeleton assembly to membrane structures by its regulation of N-cadherin expression. These results constitute, for the first time, strong genetic evidence that serotonin, via the 5-HT 2B receptor, regulates cardiac structure and function.
Philip Charles ("Charlie") Smith
Authors: B. Howarth
Journal: BMJ (2003)

General practitioner Bournemouth (b Weston-super-Mare 1961; q Welsh National School of Medicine 1984; DLO, DRCOG, DPD, MRCGP), died from lung cancer on 30 December 2002.​2002.




Figure 1




After senior house officer posts in Taunton, London, and High Wycombe, and a trainee year in Highcliffe, Charlie became a partner and trainer at Moordown Medical Centre. He developed an expertise in dermatology, working as a hospital practitioner in Bournemouth and Christchurch, and ran GP special interest clinics in dermatology and ear, nose, and throat medicine. He enjoyed a vast array of leisure pursuits and was a squadron leader in the Royal Air Force medical reserves. He leaves a wife, Brenda, and two children.
Prevalence of Visual Impairment in the United States
Authors: Susan Vitale, Mary Frances Cotch, Robert D. Sperduto
Journal: JAMA (2006)

ContextThe prevalence of visual impairment in the US public has not been surveyed nationally in several decades.ObjectiveTo estimate the number of US individuals aged 12 years or older who have impaired distance vision due to uncorrected refractive error.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), using a multistage probability sampling design, included a vision evaluation in a mobile examination center. Visual acuity data were obtained from 13 265 of 14 203 participants (93.4%) who visited the mobile examination center in 1999-2002. Visual impairment was defined as presenting distance visual acuity of 20/50 or worse in the better-seeing eye. Visual impairment due to uncorrected refractive error was defined as (presenting) visual impairment that improved, aided by automated refraction results, to 20/40 or better in the better-seeing eye.Main Outcome MeasuresPresenting distance visual acuity (measured with usual corrective lenses, if any) and distance visual acuity after automated refraction.ResultsOverall, 1190 study participants had visual impairment (weighted prevalence, 6.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.0%-6.8%), and of these, 83.3% could achieve good visual acuity with correction (95% CI, 80.9%-85.8%). Extrapolating these findings to the general US population, approximately 14 million individuals aged 12 years or older have visual impairment (defined as distance visual acuity of 20/50 or worse), and of these, more than 11 million individuals could have their vision improved to 20/40 or better with refractive correction.ConclusionsVisual impairment due to uncorrected refractive error is a common condition in the United States. Providing appropriate refractive correction to those individuals whose vision can be improved is an important public health endeavor with implications for safety and quality of life.
Randomized Comparison of Direct Thrombin Inhibition Versus Heparin in Conjunction With Fibrinolytic Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results From the GUSTO-IIb Trial
Authors: Brian K Metz, Harvey D White, Christopher B Granger, R.John Simes, Paul W Armstrong, Jack Hirsh, Valentin Fuster, Cynthia M MacAulay, Robert M Califf, Eric J Topol
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1998)
Symptomatic reaction to hepatitis B vaccine with abnormal liver function values.
Authors: V Rajendran, A P Brooks
Journal: BMJ (1985)

If the compound sodium lactate solution is run through the system after whole blood or plasma reduced blood a dilution gradient is produced through the system.When the dilution is 1/4 for whole blood, or 1!3 for plasma reduced blood, clotting occurs.Before the addition of the blood warmer, clotting takes longer in the system as the temperature is 15-C lower, about room temperature.Clotting may not clearly register in the recipient set because of slow formation, and diluent and streamlining effects of the sodium lactate solution.Initially the clots formed are soft and pass easily along the fluid pathway into the patient, the size and number depending on the rate of flow.If blood is then rapidly infused, using a pressure infusor, then probably all the clots formed in the system distal to the recipient filter pass into the patient.This hazard is not mentioned in the British Pharmacopoeia 1980, the European Pharmacopoeia 1975, Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia 1977, the British Pharmaceutical Codex 1973, or the data sheets issued with the product.The British National Formulary2 does comment that if a giving set is not changed after transfusion, and is used for other infusion fluids, a precipitate of fibrin may form, which physically blocks the set and increases the likelihood of microbial growth.Printed on the back of the carton containing the blood warming bag under Notes is: a) "Use set only with fluids compatible with each other."We do not know how common is the practice of giving compound sodium lactate through the same recipient system as blood, but, clearly, this could harm the patient.Although Fenwal equipment was used in this study, clotting would occur with any other similar equipment.
Response to Letter Regarding Article, “Growth Properties of Cardiac Stem Cells Are a Novel Biomarker of Patients’ Outcome After Coronary Bypass Surgery”
Authors: Domenico D’Amario, Antonio M. Leone, Antonio Iaconelli, Nicola Luciani, Mario Gaudino, Ramaswamy Kannappan, Melissa Manchi, Anna Severino, Sang Hun Shin, Francesca Graziani, Gina Biasillo, Andrea Macchione, Costantino Smaldone, Carlo Cellini, Andrea Siracusano, Lara Ottaviani, Massimo Massetti, Polina Goichberg, Annarosa Leri, Piero Anversa, Filippo Crea
Journal: Circulation (2014)
Ethnicity, equity, and quality: lessons from New Zealand
Authors: K M McPherson
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Life expectancy and poorer outcomes associated with ethnicity are important issues for many countries. National and local developments are making a difference in New Zealand 

Life expectancy for indigenous people in colonised countries is shorter than it should be. In New Zealand, Maori die on average 10 years younger than people of Anglo-European descent.1 The usual suspects of poverty and poor socioeconomic opportunities contribute to inequity, but failures in service organisation and delivery are part of the picture. New Zealand is not the only colonised nation with higher rates of illness and premature death, but it is making concerted efforts to address the disparity.

The starting point in identifying inequality in health outcomes is ensuring accuracy of data. The 2001 census indicates that 14.1% of New Zealand's population is Maori, 6.2% Pacific people, and 6.4% Asian.2 Each of these groups is actually growing at a faster rate than pakeha (the white descendants of colonial settlers). Until recently, documentation of ethnic origin in relation to health was not routinely collected. Even when ethnic group was recorded, it tended to be based on health workers' assessments of the appearance of the service user. Addressing health needs and planning appropriate …
COMPARISON OF GRACE RISK SCORE VERSUS TIMI RISK SCORE ON ANGIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN PATIENTS WITH NON-ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
Authors: Tatsuya Nakachi, Masami Kosuge, Kiyoshi Hibi, Toshiaki Ebina, Kengo Tsukahara, Jun Okuda, Satoshi Morita, Tetsuji Kaneko, Satoshi Umemura, Kazuo Kimura
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2010)
A NOTE ON THE OPERATION OF GASTROENTEROSTOMY.
Authors: B. G. A. MOYNIHAN
Journal: JAMA (1904)

I am prompted by the report of a discussion on various gastric operations, which was published inThe Journalof the American Medical Association, Sept. 17, 1904, to send a brief description of the operation of gastroenterostomy as I now practice it. The papers and the contributions to the discussion inThe Journalare of the highest merit; and the distinction and the wide experience of all those who joined in the debate make the opinions therein expressed worthy of serious thought. The fact that there was not a little difference of opinion as to the mere mechanics of the operation of gastroenterostomy is my excuse for this paper. I propose briefly to describe the method of gastroenterostomy by suture which I now adopt. It is modified in some slight degree from that which I mentioned in a paper I had the honor to read in May, 1903, before the
False-Negative Stool Occult Blood Tests Caused by Ingestion of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)
Authors: R. M. JAFFE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1975)

In a female patient with unexplained anemia, ascorbic acid ingestion and apparent false-negative occult blood tests were related. When she stopped ascorbic acid, her stools became strongly reactive ("4+") by three tests for occult stool blood; this association was observed repeatedly. A test developed to measure stool occult blood in the presence of ascorbic acid remained reactive throughout this observation, and the observation was confirmed by in-vitro studies. Current tests for occult blood depend on the pseudoperoxidase activity of heme and are inhibited by low levels of ascorbic acid. Reducing substances chemically similar to ascorbic acid also inhibits occult blood tests; oxidized ascorbic acid and sulfhydryl reducing agents do not inhibit them at physiologic levels.
Insulin suppresses bile acid synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes by down-regulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase gene transcription
Authors: Jaap Twisk, Marco F. M. Hoekman, Eline M. Lehmann, Piet Meijer, Willem H. Mager, Hans M. G. Princen
Journal: Hepatology (1995)

Evidence from in vivo studies indicates that the bile acid pool and bile acid excretion are increased in humans with diabetes mellitus and in experimental diabetic animals, and that both parameters return to normal levels after administration of insulin. To investigate the biochemical background of these changes, the effects of insulin on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase, two key enzymes in routing of cholesterol toward bile acids, were studied in cultured rat hepatocytes. Mass production of bile acids was dose dependently diminished, showing significant reduction (-33% to -53%) at physiological concentrations of the hormone (1.4 to 14 nmol/L) and a maximal decrease at 140 nmol/L (-65%). The decrease of bile acid synthesis correlated well with the suppression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase activity. The enzyme activity for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, examined in more detail, was dose dependently diminished on incubation of hepatocytes with various concentrations of insulin, reaching maximal reduction at 14 nmol/L of insulin. Maximal decrease of the enzyme activity was seen after 8 hours of incubation (-70%). Insulin strongly reduced the rise in cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity induced by incubation with dexamethasone. Sterol 27-hydroxylase activity was inhibited up to -58% after 24 hours of incubation with 140 nmol/L insulin. To study the mechanism of suppression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase activity, the effects of insulin on their respective levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) and gene transcription were assessed. The decrease in enzyme activities could be explained by a concomitant reduction in the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (-76%) and sterol 27-hydroxylase (-62%) mRNA level. Transcriptional activity, as assessed by nuclear runoff assays, was decreased to the same extent, i.e., -60% for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and -75% for sterol 27-hydroxylase. Transient expression experiments using a construct containing the proximal 348 basepairs of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase promoter fused to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene (-348Rcat) showed a significant reduction of transcriptional activity (-64%) with insulin, indicating that a sequence important for an insulin-induced transcriptional response is located within the first 348 basepairs, preceding the transcription start of the cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase promoter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
European Court adviser rules against British American Tobacco and Imperial
Authors: R. Watson
Journal: BMJ (2002)

The European Union is on course to introduce tougher restrictions on the manufacture, presentation, and sale of cigarettes after two of the world's largest tobacco companies recently had a major legal setback in their attempt to overturn the new rules.

These rules will require cigarette manufacturers to set aside 30% of the front of a packet for clear health messages such as “Smoking kills” and “Smoking seriously harms you and others around you.” Even more of the back (40%) will carry additional warnings.

The measures will cut the maximum permitted tar levels from 12 mg …
Diabetes Referrals at a Veterans Administration Tertiary Facility
Authors: Carolyn V. Nguyen, Alvin C. Powers, Debra L. Greenspan, Tom A. Elasy
Journal: Diabetes Care (2005)

Diabetes affects ∼20% of the 4.2 million veterans that receive health care through the Veterans Health Administration, a prevalence rate approximately three times greater than the general population rate of 6.3% (1,2). The purpose of this study is to characterize patients with diabetes that are referred to an endocrinology service at a Veterans Administration (VA) tertiary facility and to determine the reasons for referral.

The medical records of all patients referred to the Nashville VA endocrinology service during a 6-month period were reviewed. The consultation requests, which were electronically submitted through the Computerized Patient Record System, were received from inpatient and outpatient clinics at the Nashville VA Medical Center and from the regional care centers that it serves. Each consultation request contained specific data fields that identified the referring provider, service submitting the request, provisional diagnosis, and reason for request. From the codes entered, it was determined if the referral came from an outpatient or inpatient clinic, from a primary care or specialty clinic, and from a physician (ie., MD, DO) or midlevel provider (NP, PA, or PharmD).

The “reason for request” field allowed significant flexibility for the referring provider to include pertinent patient information and history of care to support the …
Cross-talk between Paracrine-Acting Cytokine and Chemokine Pathways Promotes Malignancy in Benign Human Prostatic Epithelium
Authors: Mingfang Ao, Omar E. Franco, Dean Park, Dayanidhi Raman, Karin Williams, Simon W. Hayward
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The present study explores the mechanisms by which human prostatic carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAF) induce tumorigenesis in initiated but nonmalignant human prostatic epithelial cells (BPH-1). CAF express elevated levels of both transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and stromal cell–derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12). TGF-β inhibits the growth of BPH-1 cells in vitro, but was found to be necessary for the tumorigenic response to CAF. This counterintuitive result suggested that the TGF-β signaling system was involved in other processes relating to tumorigenesis. The SDF-1 receptor, CXCR4, is expressed at low levels in benign prostate tissue and in BPH-1 cells in culture. However, CXCR4 levels increase during prostate cancer progression. CXCR4 was found to be induced and localized to the cell membrane in BPH1 cells by CAF-conditioned medium and by CAF cells in tissue recombinants. TGF-β was both necessary and sufficient to allow the detection of membrane-localized CXCR4 in BPH1 cells. Suppression of epithelial cell CXCR4 expression abrogated the tumorigenic response to CAF. SDF-1, secreted by CAF, acts via the TGF-β–regulated CXCR4 to activate Akt in the epithelial cells. This mechanism elicits tumorigenesis and obviates the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-β. Thus, tumor stroma can contribute to carcinogenesis through synergism between TGF-β, SDF-1, and CXCR4. These experiments suggest mechanisms by which TGF-β can shift its role from an inhibitor to a promoter of proliferation during tumor progression. Both the TGF-β and SDF-1 pathways are targets of drug discovery efforts; these data suggest potential benefits in the cotargeting of these pathways. [Cancer Res 2007;67(9):4244–53]
SURFACE ANTIGENS OF MAMMALIAN CELLS AS GENETIC MARKERS. II
Authors: Paul Wuthier, Carol Jones, Theodore T. Puck
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

A second surface antigen, B(L), lethal in the presence of specific antibody and complement has been identified on some human cells and shown to behave as a good genetic marker. It is autosomal, unlinked to the human A(L) antigen previously described, and unlinked to 15 other human genes. The A(L) antigen, which is linked to the lactic dehydrogenase A gene, is found on the HeLa, the cultured human fibroblast, and in small amounts on the human lymphocyte. B(L) occurs on HeLa cells, on cultured human fibroblasts, and on human lymphocytes, but not on human RBCs. Hybrid cells formed by fusion of human and Chinese hamster cells have been prepared containing each of the four possible combinations of these two markers. Highly selective antisera sensitive to each marker separately can be obtained. The use of single-cell plating to demonstrate the presence of the antigens and of hybrid cells containing desired combinations of the markers facilitates study in this system.
Why computation need not be traded only for internal representation
Authors: Robert S. Stufflebeam
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1997)

Although Clark &amp; Thornton's “trading spaces” hypothesis is supposed to require trading internal representation for computation, it is not used consistently in that fashion. Not only do some of the offered computation-saving strategies turn out to be nonrepresentational, others (e.g., cultural artifacts) are external representations. Hence, C&amp;T's hypothesis is consistent with antirepresentationalism.
Requirement for Lymphoid Tissue-Inducer Cells in Isolated Follicle Formation and T Cell-Independent Immunoglobulin A Generation in the Gut
Authors: Masayuki Tsuji, Keiichiro Suzuki, Hiroshi Kitamura, Mikako Maruya, Kazuo Kinoshita, Ivaylo I. Ivanov, Kikuji Itoh, Dan R. Littman, Sidonia Fagarasan
Journal: Immunity (2008)