tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Homeobox genes in gut development
Authors: F Beck
Journal: Gut (2002)

Classical descriptions of gut development specify subdivision into foregut, midgut, and hindgut together with their derivatives. This is based on the anatomical localisation of the anterior and posterior intestinal portals separating the roof of the yolk sac from the foregut and hindgut diverticulae. When considering the molecular basis of intestinal differentiation, it is necessary to think in terms of the genes involved, and in this respect those containing the homeobox motif are important players in specifying the fate of both the endodermal and mesodermal components of the gut. In this review, evidence is considered for their role, with particular regard to the acquisition of positional information.
Nutrition Can Modulate the Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants: Implications in Risk Assessment and Human Health
Authors: Bernhard Hennig, Lindell Ormsbee, Craig J. McClain, Bruce A. Watkins, Bruce Blumberg, Leonidas G. Bachas, Wayne Sanderson, Claudia Thompson, William A. Suk
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2012)

The paradigm of human risk assessment includes many variables that must be viewed collectively in order to improve human health and prevent chronic disease. The pathology of chronic diseases is complex, however, and may be influenced by exposure to environmental pollutants, a sedentary lifestyle, and poor dietary habits. Much of the emerging evidence suggests that nutrition can modulate the toxicity of environmental pollutants, which may alter human risks associated with toxicant exposures.In this commentary, we discuss the basis for recommending that nutrition be considered a critical variable in disease outcomes associated with exposure to environmental pollutants, thus establishing the importance of incorporating nutrition within the context of cumulative risk assessment.A convincing body of research indicates that nutrition is a modulator of vulnerability to environmental insults; thus, it is timely to consider nutrition as a vital component of human risk assessment. Nutrition may serve as either an agonist or an antagonist (e.g., high-fat foods or foods rich in antioxidants, respectively) of the health impacts associated with exposure to environmental pollutants. Dietary practices and food choices may help explain the large variability observed in human risk assessment.We recommend that nutrition and dietary practices be incorporated into future environmental research and the development of risk assessment paradigms. Healthful nutrition interventions might be a powerful approach to reduce disease risks associated with many environmental toxic insults and should be considered a variable within the context of cumulative risk assessment and, where appropriate, a potential tool for subsequent risk reduction.
Abstract 1674: The NQO1 C609T polymorphism is associated with poorer response to AC adjuvant therapy in the treatment of breast cancer
Authors: David Jamieson, Nicola Cresti, Johanne Bray, Julieann Sludden, Melanie Griffin, Eve Farmie, Mark Verrill, Alan Boddy
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract A non-synonymous SNP in the NAD(P)H: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 gene has previously been implicated in the response of breast cancer patients to anthracycline containing regimens in a retrospective cohort study. NQO2 is 54% homologous to NQO1 at the primary protein structure and, despite the lack of a characterised endogenous electron donating cofactor for NQO2, the two enzymes share numerous substrates. NQO2, in contrast to NQO1, is additionally capable of reducing reactive quinone metabolites of estradiol. The NQO2 gene has a non-synonymous SNP that has previously been shown to result in a lower average NQO2 activity in cohorts of bladder and ovarian cancer patients. It is unknown if the NQO2 SNP impacts on survival in breast cancer. Genomic DNA samples from 239 women with early breast cancer were genotyped for the NQO1 (rs1800566) and NQO2 (rs1143684) SNPs. All of the participants were recruited from Medical Oncology out-patient clinics within the Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and were treated with an AC adjuvant therapy regimen with curative intent. Median follow up was 78 months and followed a standard protocol. Genotyping was done by the Taqman RT-PCR method. The NQO1 SNP was associated with a decreased time to progression (HR 2.8, 95%CI 1.4-5.64, p=0.003), decreased overall survival (HR 3.6, 95%CI 1.4-10, p=0.007) and a lower likelihood of having a dose delay, all indicative of NQO1 mediated sensitisation to the effects of doxorubicin. The NQO2 SNP had no impact on the cohort as a whole but was associated with a decreased overall survival (p=0.009, log-rank) and time to progression (p=0.004, log rank) in patients who were oestrogen receptor (ER) negative. This study confirms the previous observation of NQO1 genotype influencing response to anthracyclines and indicates a potential impact of an NQO2 SNP on the prognosis of ER negative breast cancer. The mechanism by which NQO2 genotype influences breast survival remains to be elucidated. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1674.
Silo-Fillers Disease
Authors: Janis Gailitis, Louis E. Burns, John B. Nally
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1958)

FROM time to time during the last two years, case reports have appeared in the literature describing a respiratory disease that afflicted farmers working in silos.1 2 3 4 5 This condition has been attributed to the irritating effect of nitrogen dioxide and its polymer, nitrogen tetroxide.3 4 5 Both these gases are heavier than air and highly toxic when inhaled. In industry their hazards are well known.1 2 3 4 5 The term "silo-fillers disease" refers to any bronchopulmonic condition produced by exposure to oxides of nitrogen derived from fresh silage.Case ReportOn a mid-November evening in 1956 an elderly farmer was seen at his home because of . . .
Why Psoriasis Looks That Way
Authors: Frederick A. J. Kingery
Journal: JAMA (1966)

The hereditary disorder called psoriasis is characterized by certain histologic features. These include (1) increased and abnormal production of keratin by rapidly proliferating epidermal cells, (2) the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes from the dermal blood vessels into the horny layer of the epidermis, and (3) dilatation of the dermal capillaries in the papillae between the rete ridges of the epidermis. The clinical appearance of the psoriatic lesion is determined by the predominance of one or another of these features.  An abnormal keratinous scale accumulates on the surface from enhanced proliferation of epidermal cells and gives the most distinctive characteristic of the ordinary psoriatic lesion (Figure, left ). The stimulus for such mitotic activity is not known, but the turnover time, ie, the time required for a basal cell to reach the surface and be cast off, is reduced from the normal 28 days to about 4 days in this accelerated epidermopoiesis.
Alcohol Consumption and Cognition
Authors: Denis A. Evans, Julia L. Bienias
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Loss of cognitive function in old age, especially severe cognitive loss due to Alzheimer's disease, is a serious public health problem that will only increase as the number of people in the oldest age groups increases in the United States and other developed countries. Effective preventive measures are the key to coping with this potentially overwhelming problem as it emerges and are even more important than is treatment of affected persons. Unfortunately, very few effective means of either prevention or treatment have been identified to date.Studies that provide clues about prevention are therefore welcome. In this issue of the . . .
Shocks from Electrical Apparatus
Authors: W. A. Lindsay
Journal: BMJ (1965)

maximum suppression of plasma cortisol.We have found this dosage of methopyrapone satisfactory in the evaluation of pituitary- corticotrophin reserve.Finally, the diagnosis of isolated corticotrophin deficiency in our patient does not rest solely on the lack of response to metho- pyrapone.We feel sure that Dr. Sprunt will agree that both the correction of insulin- induced hypoglycaemia-unresponsiveness with exogenous corticotrophin and the low-normal plasma cortisol during fever further support the presence of a hypothalamic-pituitary defect affecting the secretion of corticotrophin.-We are, etc.,
THE EFFECT OF HIGH DOSES OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE PHAGOCYTIC, PROLIFERATIVE, AND METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
Authors: B. Benacerraf, Evelyn Kivy-Rosenberg, Martha M. Sebestyen, Benjamin W. Zweifach
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1959)

The effect of moderately high doses of x-irradiation upon the reticulo-endothelial system of mice and rats was investigated. A dosage of 600 r to mice and 850 r to rats did not interfere with the ability of the RES to clear colloidal particles from the blood. However the 850 r x-ray dose to rats prevented recovery of normal phagocytic function after "blockade." In mice, 600 r interfered with the ability of the RES to respond to the usual stimulating effect of zymosan. The ability of the RES of mice which have received 600 r of x-rays to clear P(32)-labelled E. coli from the blood was not significantly altered. These mice responded poorly to immunization, as demonstrated by the slow rate of clearance of the bacteria from the blood of immunized, irradiated individuals as compared with that of immunized controls. This reflected the lowered antibody production and not deficiency of phagocytic mechanism. There was no evidence of a changed capacity of the Kupffer cells of mice which had received 600 r of x-rays to break down denatured protein enzymatically.
Dialysis vs Transplant
Authors: Olga Jonasson
Journal: JAMA (1978)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The reply of John P. Kemph, MD, to the rebuttal by Howard et al (239:830, 1978) of his comparisons of dialysis and transplantation contains extreme inaccuracies. Dr Kemph makes the statement that "transplanted kidneys are almost always rejected, sometimes slowly and sometimes rapidly." In fact, many renal transplant recipients suffer no overt rejection at all and require such low doses of maintenance immunosuppressive medication that Cushing's syndrome is inapparent. To be sure, rejection episodes are the rule, and ultimate irreversible rejection eventually occurs in at least 50% of all recipients of cadaver allografts. However, a number of centers, including that of Howard et al, have made substantial progress in preventing irreversible rejection, and at least 60% of cadaver recipients are doing well for two or more years following transplantation. Many cadaver recipients have had successful renal transplant procedures performed five to ten years ago and would be
Research Focuses Not Only on Where, Why, How of Falls, but Also on Preventing Them
Authors: Jody W. Zylke
Journal: JAMA (1990)

MOBILITY, strength, and balance may be improved through exercise. One researcher who is interested in the second investigative approach solicited by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Bethesda, Md) (please see accompanying article on page 2021) is David M. Buchner, MD, associate professor of health services and geriatrics at the University of Washington, Seattle. Buchner wondered if "disuse atrophy of muscles was contributing to falls," especially in community-living adults. In a prospective cohort study of 149 people followed up for 1 year, he and his colleagues found an association between leg strength and falls in men but not in women (<i>Clin Res.</i>In press. Abstract). Given this finding, the next question is, "Will the incidence of falls decrease if leg muscles are strengthened?" As part of the NIH prevention initiative, Buchner and colleagues plan to address this question using an intensive exercise program to boost strength and aerobic capacity. <h3>Centers</h3>
Waiting for Tonsillectomy
Authors: R. P. Garrow
Journal: BMJ (1948)

<b>Background and aim:</b> The diagnosis of submucosal fundal varices is challenging. Currently, endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are considered most useful for this purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate if multi-detector row CT (MDCT) angiography contributes to the diagnosis of submucosal fundal varices. <b>Patients and methods:</b> Twenty two patients with endoscopically suspected fundal varices were prospectively included in the study. All patients underwent EUS and MDCT angiography. Levels of agreement between EUS and MDCT angiography for the detection of submucosal and perigastric fundal varices were evaluated by three blinded independent readers. In addition, variceal size and location, as well as afferent and efferent vessels of the submucosal varices, were determined. <b>Results:</b> Good or excellent image quality of MDCT angiography was obtained in 21/22 patients (95%). Based on EUS, submucosal varices were detected in 16 of 22 patients (73%) and perigastric varices in 22/22 patients (100%). Using MDCT angiography, the presence of submucosal varices was confirmed in all of these 16 patients by all three readers. Perigastric varices were also confirmed in all 22 patients by all three readers. In addition, all three readers noted the presence of a submucosal varix in an additional patient which was not detected on initial EUS. MDCT angiography showed an excellent interobserver reliability with regard to variceal diameter (κ=0.90) and variceal location (κ=0.94). Based on MDCT angiography, afferent and efferent vessels of submucosal varices included the left gastric vein in 11 (65%), the posterior/short gastric veins in 15 (88%), gastrorenal shunts in 10 (59%), the left inferior phrenic vein in six (35%), and the left pericardiophrenic vein in six (35%) of 17 patients. <b>Conclusions:</b> MDCT angiography is equivalent to EUS in terms of detection and characterisation of fundal varices, in particular with regard to the distinction between submucosal and perigastric fundal varices.
Delivery during Sleep
Authors: A. Samelson
Journal: BMJ (1865)

work; but the bowels did not act copiously until the 12th, after an active pill of calomel, gamboge, aloes, and soap.Nov. 14th.He had no choleraic symptoms, but was weak, depressed, and without appetite.His bodily discomforts seemed now to arise from his still breathing an air that was fall of a foul smell.
By how much does dietary salt reduction lower blood pressure? II--Analysis of observational data within populations.
Authors: C D Frost, M R Law, N J Wald
Journal: BMJ (1991)

To determine whether the estimates of the size of the association between blood pressure and sodium intake derived from studies of individuals within populations can be quantitatively reconciled with our estimates derived from comparisons of the average blood pressure and sodium intake between different populations.Examination of data from 14 published studies that correlated blood pressure recordings in individuals against measurements of their 24 hour sodium intake (within population studies).Comparison of observed differences in blood pressure per 100 mmol/24 h difference in sodium intake in each within population study with predicted differences calculated from the between population data, after allowing for the underestimation of the true association of blood pressure with sodium intake caused by the large day to day variation in 24 hour sodium intake within individuals.The underestimation bias inherent in the within populations studies reduced the regression slope of blood pressure on single measures of 24 hour sodium intake to between a half and a quarter of the true value (for example, in one study from 6.0 to 2.4 mm Hg/100 mmol/24 h). Estimates from between population comparisons of the regression slope of blood pressure on sodium intake, after adjustment to take this underestimation bias into account, were similar to the values actually observed in the within population studies.The within population studies confirm our estimates from between population comparisons of the magnitude of the association between blood pressure and sodium intake.
1078-98 Transplantation of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cells does not alter arrhythmia threshold in adult swine with chronic myocardial ischemia
Authors: Fernando Tondato, Aysegul Yegin, Jianhua Cui, Mio Ebato, Bunken Ebato, Steve Frohwein, Jesse Rios, Keith Robinson, Nicholas Peters, James Sanzo, Traci Goodchild, Mark Ungs, Nicolas Chronos
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)
Dietary Retinol—A Double-edged Sword
Authors: Margo A. Denke
Journal: JAMA (2002)

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General practitioners' training for, interest in, and knowledge of sports medicine and its organisations
Authors: D G Buckler
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1999)

To assess the training and interest of a group of general practitioners in the area of sport and exercise medicine, and the organisations representing the specialty.A postal questionnaire using a Likert scale in a previously piloted set of questions.275 general practitioners registered with the Northampton Regional Health Authority.Responses to questions designed to assess training and interest in sport and exercise medicine.A response rate of 87.6% was achieved. It was found that 72.7% of the responding general practitioners felt inadequately trained to practice sport and exercise medicine. Some 76.0% would welcome more training and 36.4% felt that their undergraduate orthopaedic training was of no use in primary care. Many (63.6%) of the general practitioners believed that the current NHS cannot sustain sport and exercise medicine, and there was uncertainty as to whether it is currently a recognised specialty, although 60.4% felt that it should be. General practitioners listed lack of facilities (53.1%), lack of training (42.9%), and lack of time (38.2%) as the main problems in practicing sport and exercise medicine in primary care within the current NHS.General practitioners feel undertrained in sport and exercise medicine at both undergraduate and post-graduate level; they have a perceived need for more training and show an interest in the subject. There is scope for improving the value of undergraduate orthopaedic training. General practitioners wish to see sport and exercise medicine recognised as an NHS specialty but fear that this is not sustainable under current conditions. There is confusion among general practitioners about the current sport and exercise medicine organisations.
Phototherapy: the hospital as risk factor.
Authors: A Van Enk, R de Leeuw
Journal: BMJ (1987)

In a retrospective study over six years the incidence of phototherapy was examined in two groups of healthy neonates who were born spontaneously and at term in hospital. They were comparable in all respects except that one group was cared for at home and the other group was cared for in hospital. It appeared that the infants in hospital received phototherapy seven times more often than those at home, and surveillance at home was not inferior to that in hospital. There is no reason to assume that neonatal jaundice occurred more often in neonates in hospital than in those at home. Thus the difference in the frequency of treatment with phototherapy between the two groups is ascribed to the influence of the hospital environment, which may encourage intervention.
Positive Cancer Smears in Teenage Girls—A Warning
Authors: James Henry Ferguson
Journal: JAMA (1962)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> The purpose of the article was missed. A clinician familiar with practices through the nation knows how dangerous are the age-barriers that many (including in Boston) place in the way of the opportunity we have to eradicate cervical carcinoma. If a few men, as a result of my article, will stop using 30 and 35 as ages at which cytology begins, then it all will have been worthwhile. Looseness in grading vaginal smears is something we have never suspected in our cytology laboratory. I see nothing unusual in "only 3 of the girls with carcinoma<i>in situ</i>(intraepithelia) had Class 4 smears." I asked several of my colleagues what could be meant. Did he think the patient with intraepithelial carcinoma should have a Class 2, 3, or 5 smear? Because of our experience in the correlation of cytology and tissue diagnoses and the smearing of slides on
Diffuse primary cutaneous amyloidosis
Authors: J.F. BOURKE, J. BERTH-JONES, D.A. BURNS
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1992)

A case of extensive primary cutaneous amyloidosis exhibiting both macular and lichenoid lesions is reported. Lesions were arranged in a distinctive linear pattern covering much of the trunk and limbs, in places following Blaschko's lines. The coexistence of macular and lichenoid lesions suggests that this is an unusual variant of biphasic cutaneous amyloidosis.
Bilateral pneumothorax following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a case report
Authors: H. Markogiannakis, K. Toutouzas, N. Pararas, A. Romanos, D. Theodorou, I. Bramis
Journal: Endoscopy (2007)

Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincterotomy is an essential diagnostic and therapeutic modality for biliary and pancreatic diseases, it carries significant morbidity. A rare case of bilateral pneumothorax along with pneumomediastinum, pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and subcutaneous emphysema complicating ERCP with sphincterotomy is reported.