tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
IRRADIATION TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT INTRATHORACIC TUMOURS
Authors: F. G. Chandler, N. S. Finzi, J. Maxwell
Journal: BMJ (1934)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L MEIrICAL JOURNA&L formalinization is increased, the toxicity is reduced, but, unfortunately, so also is the immunizing efficiency.Veldee has studied the method extensively during the past few years.He inclines to the view that formalinization must not be carried too far; unless approximately 500 skin test doses of toxin per cubic centimetre are left, high immunity is not secured, even with three doses and with the addition of alum.Here again it must be pointed out that experience indicates that progress would be more rapid in England if opportunities for immunizing large comparable groups of children were available.R. A. Q. O'Meara and H. J. Parish kindly allow me to say that they have been working with toxin-antitoxin mixture and with floccules as immunizing agents, but the few results available do not yet warrant publication.G. A. H. Buttle has been endeavouring to immunize rabbits rapidly by several modifications of the ordinary methods and by the use of the toxin of unusually high value described by O'Meara, but has not yet obtained results that satisfy him. Whooping-coughThe work of Madsen in Scandinavia and Sauer in U.S.A. offers considerable hope.Madsen states that of 1,800 people vaccinated 25 per cent.escaped infection, whereas only 2 per cent. of 450 non-vaccinated people escaped.Sauer found that of 380 young children who were vac- cinated and suffered exposure not one became infected.An odd feature is that, while Madsen finds that children rapidly become immune,-Sauer does not expect adequate immunity to develop for about four months.Jundell in Sweden vaccinates adult volunteers who have had an attack in the past, and hopes in this way to raise the titre of the antibody in the blood, thus obtaining an equivalent of the invaluable " convalescent measles serum" for protection of groups of young children in contact with sufferers from the disease. General NoteTwo thoughts may occur to the practitioner who is interested in this field of work.Reflecting on the resis- tance of the average parent to vaccination in any form, he will perhaps conclude that if the enthusiast gets his way there will be too much immunIzation.He must then remember that diphtheria alone causes 40,000 to 60,000 cases a year in England and 2,000 to 3,000 deaths, and that if we adopt Dr. Glover's estimate of the loss of time due to infectious disease in large schools the lost educa- tional time must cost.the community a huge sum each IRRADIATION TREATMENT OF MALIGNANT INTRATHORACIC
Book Review Myasthenia Gravis: An Illustrated History By John C. Keesey. 113 pp., illustrated. Roseville, Calif., Publishers Design Group, 2002. (Distributed by the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation of America, Los Angeles.) $49.95. 1-929170-04-1
Authors: Daniel B. Drachman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)
Effect of interferon‐alpha therapy on hepatitis D virus
Authors: Ashish Goyal, John M. Murray
Journal: Hepatology (2014)

We read with interest the study by Guedj et al.1 describing the dynamics of hepatitis D virus (HDV) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) after the commencement of pegylated interferon (IFN)-alpha 2a therapy. This study provides valuable data on this virus, which results in increased morbidity and mortality over hepatitis B virus (HBV) monoinfection. However, their conclusions on where IFN acts on the viral life cycle and their estimate of virion half-life are unlikely to be correct. Their calculations determined a median 8.5-day delay after IFN therapy started before HDV-RNA levels in serum decreased, yet they concluded that IFN impacted only on viral production, rather than new infection. This was less of a conclusion than an assumption given that their mathematical modeling excluded any inhibition of new infection (θ = 0 in their model). In contrast to the slow initial HDV-RNA delay observed in this study, HBV DNA decreases after a few hours with IFN and/or lamivudine therapy in HBV infection.2 Both of these drugs affect HBV virion production. Inhibition of virion production, as observed in the latter HBV study, will quickly affect viremia given that it acts closest to the stage that is renewing virus in serum. In contrast, inhibition of new infection will take a while to manifest itself on virion levels in serum given that a cell infected just before therapy will take some time to produce virus as the infection progresses through its complete replication cycle within that cell. This difference of effect determined by the length of the initial delay before viremia decreases has been observed in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by Murray et al.3 Monotherapy that inhibits fusion of a virion with a cell showed a larger initial delay in response than a drug that inhibited a later stage, such as integration of HIV DNA into the cell genome. All of these results and the long delay before HDV RNA decreases after IFN suggest that this drug impacts on new infection, rather than the much later stage of HDV virion production. If that is correct, then the length of delay indicates that the intracellular infection cycle of HDV or of HBV is, on average, 8.5 days in vivo. It is difficult to be sure which virus life cycle is reflected by this delay because HDV can infect cells that are not already infected with HBV, but requires HBV infection to be able to produce new virus.4 This 8.5-day duration is consistent with a 7.9-day half-life estimate of HBV-infected cells.5 The very long 2.9-day half-life estimate for HDV virions is also unlikely to be correct. Prenylation inhibitor therapy, which acts at the HDV virion packaging stage within an infected cell, resulted in an 85% decrease of HDV RNA in serum of mice after 2 days,6 much faster than would be reflected by a 2.9-day half-life. Ashish Goyal, M.S. John M. Murray, Ph.D. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of New South Wales Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Author names in bold designate shared co-first authorship.
Managed care of chronically ill older people: the US experience
Authors: Chad Boult, Robert L Kane, Randall Brown
Journal: BMJ (2000)

The continuing debate over changes in geriatric care in the United Kingdom could be informed by some difficult lessons learnt from recent developments in the United States.1 Medicare, created by US law in 1965, is a low cost health insurance programme that is available to most Americans aged 65 or older and to some disabled younger people. Medicare is a traditional indemnity insurance plan that reimburses physicians, hospitals, and other professionals for providing Medicare beneficiaries with acute healthcare services. The coverage does not include drugs or, with few exceptions, preventive or long term care services.

#### Summary points

The US Medicare health maintenance organisation industry has produced evidence on the cost effectiveness of new approaches to caring for elderly people

Some innovations change how and where health care is provided; others focus on educating patients and adapting their behaviour

Economic and organisational forces mean that most Medicare health maintenance organisations are reluctant to invest in new forms of care, even where programmes seem effective

Purchasers of health care for chronically ill older people should offer capitation payments that reflect each older person's probable need for health resources in the future

Purchasers should also facilitate the collection and public distribution of data about the quality and the outcomes of the care delivered by each provider

In the mid-1980s Medicare began looking to “managed care” to help control its runaway expenditure. Under managed Medicare, an insurance company known as a health maintenance organisation accepts from the Medicare programme a fixed capitation payment for each person it enrolls, and it agrees to provide that person with at least the standard package of Medicare benefits. The amount of the capitation payment is based on the person's age, sex, income, type of residence (nursing home or independent dwelling), and geographical location. The health maintenance organisation may, at …
Effect of OKY 046, a thromboxane synthase inhibitor, on lung vascular permeability after pulmonary embolism in sheep.
Authors: S Lelcuk, J M Klausner, A Merhav, R R Rozin
Journal: Thorax (1987)

OKY 046, a specific thromboxane synthase inhibitor, was used to investigate whether large pulmonary emboli, like microemboli, cause an increase in thromboxane A2 and an associated increase in vascular permeability in sheep. Nineteen sheep were anaesthetised and had cannulas inserted into the afferent lymphatic of the caudal mediastinal lymph node and pulmonary and carotid arteries. Several days later the animals were pretreated with placebo or OKY 046 0.4 mg/kg one hour before being given clotted blood 0.5 g/kg intravenously. After embolisation in the control animals mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) rose from 12 to 34 mm Hg and pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) fell from 4.4 to 1.5 mm Hg; the cardiac index did not change but the physiological shunt (QS/QT) rose from 17% to 50%. One hour after embolisation the platelet count fell from 76 to 32 x 10(6)/l whereas at 15 minutes thromboxane B2 rose from 116 to 560 pg/ml in plasma and from 324 to 795 pg/ml in lymph (p less than 0.05). By 2 hours the concentration of thromboxane B2 was higher in lymph than in plasma. Lymph flow rose from 8.7 to a maximum of 27.3 ml/h at 15 minutes but despite the increase in flow the lymph:plasma (L:P) protein ratio did not fall, indicating an increased permeability of the blood vessels to protein. Pretreatment with OKY 046 inhibited the rise in plasma and lymph thromboxane B2, and limited the rise of QS/QT. The changes in MPAP, PAWP, cardiac index, platelet count, lymph flow, and L:P protein ratio, however, were no different from those in untreated sheep. These results indicate that a large pulmonary embolus leads to an increase in plasma and lung lymph thromboxane A2, which moderates the rise in QS/QT in part but not the increase in vascular permeability.
Dietary fibre and the risk of colorectal cancer
Authors: R A GOODLAD
Journal: Gut (2001)

It has long been accepted that a high fibre diet is a “good thing” and protects against colon cancer: however, recently there has been a spate of extensive studies, published in prestigious journals, which have not supported this claim. This started with the report from Boston tracking the eating habits of 88 000 female nurses over 16 years which found no protective action of fibre on the development of colorectal cancer or polyps.1 This year saw the publication of more epic studies which found that low fat/high fibre diets2 and dietary supplement with wheat bran fibre did not protect against recurrent colorectal adenomas.3 Fruit and vegetables also seem to have null associations.4 5The recent report by the European Cancer Prevention Organisation Study Group has even found that a soluble fibre supplement had a deleterious effect on recurrence of colorectal adenomas6; similar increases in tumour yield in APC mutant mice following supplementation with fibre-like substrates have also been reported.7 

The implications of this are obviously a cause of some concern but most pundits would appear to be in a state of denial. This is exemplified by the papers themselves and by the published comments. The study of Fuchs and colleagues1 actually found that those individuals who ate the most vegetables (significantly) increased their risk of colon cancer by 35%. When reviewed in Gastroenterology ,8 the conclusion was that it was too early to throw away the “baby with the bath water” and ended with the standard American advice to consume 25 g of fibre a day (the UK recommendations are less as it was not thought that such intakes could be sold to the public). These articles,2 3 while appropriately stating that high fibre cereal supplements or a low fat/high …
Studying Health Disparities by Including Incarcerated and Formerly Incarcerated Individuals
Authors: Emily A. Wang
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
Abstract LB-399: Use of metformin and the risk of cancer in the EPIC-Italy centers
Authors: Karin van Veldhoven, Carlotta Sacerdote, Fulvio Ricceri, Alessia Russo, Vittorio Krogh, Salvatore Panico, Domenico Palli, Rosario Tumino, Franco Berrino, Giuseppe Matullo, Paolo Vineis
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Background: Recent epidemiological studies suggest a reduced cancer incidence and mortality among metformin users. Some studies also assessed treatment with other anti-diabetic drugs, such as insulin, and found an increased risk of cancer. Our aim is to investigate in a large prospective study the possible association between metformin use and other anti-diabetic drugs and the risk of cancer. In order to disentangle the protective effect of metformin from the possible increased risk of other anti-diabetic drugs we will compare diabetic patients treated with metformin to diabetic patients treated with other anti-diabetic drugs and to non-diabetic subjects. Methods: We have requested data on diabetic patients and non-diabetic subjects from 5 different centers in Italy (about 40000 volunteers enrolled), participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. We expect to have approximately 1500 incident and 1000 prevalent diabetic patients. We will adjust our analyses for anthropometric, dietary, and lifestyle factors. Preliminary analyses have been performed on the Turin cohort, including 473 incident and 214 prevalent diabetic patients. We calculated odds ratios (ORs), adjusting for age and sex for diabetic patients developing cancer using metformin compared to diabetic patients not using metformin. Results: Among both incident and prevalent diabetic patients we found a decreased risk of cancer for metformin users versus non-metformin users: OR=0.89, 95%CI=0.25-3.14 and OR=0.61, 95%CI=0.22-1.69 respectively, however, these results were not statistically significant. Conclusion: The results seem to suggest a protective effect of metformin, although it is not statistically significant. Using data from all EPIC-Italy centers will increase our power. This will be the largest prospective cohort study investigating the possible association between the use of metformin and other anti-diabetic drugs, and cancer incidence, comparing diabetics to non diabetics and adjusting for different possible confounding factors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-399.
Plasma prednisolone studies in rheumatic patients.
Authors: M Hayes, A F Alam, F E Bruckner, S M Doherty, A Myles, J English, V Marks, J Chakraborty
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1983)

Prednisolone concentration in plasma after a daily maintenance steroid dose was monitored in 83 patients with rheumatic diseases. Although no restrictions were imposed on the intake of food or drink, plasma drug levels tended to peak at 1 h after the ingestion of the standard tablets, whereas intestinal absorption of the enteric-coated preparation was found to be most unpredictable. A profound individual variation was observed in plasma prednisolone concentrations, and neither total nor unbound drug levels showed any consistent relationship with the size of the prednisolone dose or the control of the disease activity. The basal cortisol production was suppressed in one-third of the patients. There is no support from this study for the concept of an 'optimum therapeutic range' of plasma prednisolone for the treatment of rheumatic disease.
Uptake of Tc-99m Methylene Diphosphonate in Peritoneal Metastases From Breast Cancer
Authors: Wai Yin Wong, Jill S. L. Wong
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

Distant spread from breast cancer commonly involves the bones, lungs, and liver. Metastatic involvement of the peritoneum is rare, in most cases detected only on computed tomography (CT) performed to evaluate clinical or biochemical disease progression. Several reports in the literature have described the uptake of bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals by peritoneal metastases, the majority in the context of a primary osteogenic sarcoma, or ovarian cancer. We describe a 64-year-old woman with recurrent breast cancer presenting with contralateral axillary nodal metastases and peritoneal metastases, the latter showing avid uptake of Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP).
ROLE OF CHRONIC LOW-LEVEL LEAD EXPOSURE IN THE ÆTIOLOGY OF MENTAL RETARDATION
Authors: A.D. Beattie, M.R. Moore, A. Goldberg, MargaretJ.W. Finlayson, ElizabethM. Mackie, JanetF. Graham, JoanC. Main, D.A. Mclaren, R.M. Murdoch, G.T. Stewart
Journal: The Lancet (1975)
Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice
Authors: R. Suvarna
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The accessory α<sub>2</sub>δ subunits of voltage-gated calcium channels are highly glycosylated transmembrane proteins that interact with calcium channel α1 subunits to enhance calcium currents. We compared the membrane localization and processing of native cerebellar α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 subunits with α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 stably expressed in tsA-201 cells. We identified that α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 is completely concentrated in cholesterol-rich microdomains (lipid rafts) in cerebellum, in which it substantially colocalizes with the calcium channel α1 subunit Ca<sub>V</sub>2.1, although Ca<sub>V</sub>2.1 is also present in the Triton X-100-soluble fraction. In tsA-201 cells, unlike cerebellum, α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 is not completely proteolytically processed into α<sub>2</sub>-2 and δ-2. However, this processing is more complete in the lipid raft fraction of tsA-201 cells, in which α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 also colocalizes with Ca<sub>V</sub>2.1. Cholesterol depletion of intact cells disrupted their lipid rafts and enhanced Ca<sub>V</sub>2.1/α<sub>2</sub>δ-2/β4 currents. Furthermore, α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 coimmunoprecipitates with lipid raft-associated proteins of the stomatin family. The apparent affinity of α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 for its ligand gabapentin is increased markedly in the cholesterol-rich microdomain fractions, in both cerebellum and the stable α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 cell line. In contrast, α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 containing a point mutation (R282A) has a much lower affinity for gabapentin, and this is not enhanced in the lipid raft fraction. This R282A mutant α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 shows reduced functionality in terms of enhancement of Ca<sub>V</sub>2.1/β4 calcium currents, suggesting that the integrity of the gabapentin binding site may be important for normal functioning of α<sub>2</sub>δ-2. Together, these results indicate that both α<sub>2</sub>δ-2 and Ca<sub>V</sub>2.1 are normally associated with cholesterol-rich microdomains, and this influences their functionality.
Comparisons of Different Cardiovascular Risk Scoring Systems in Predicting 10-Year Cardiovascular Events in the Population of Patients Followed-Up for Asymptomatic Hypertension
Authors: Tayyar Akbulut, Dilek Ural, Tayfun Şahin, Hakan Çakmak, Neslihan Özlem Al, Erhan Saraçoğlu, Ender Emre, Ertan Ural
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
SEPARATION OF STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE "T" CELLS INVOLVED IN CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
Authors: K. Shortman, K. T. Brunner, J.-C. Cerottini
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1972)

Density distribution analysis in continuous gradients of albumin has been used to study the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL), to separate and characterize the progenitors of CL, and to determine their relationship to subpopulations of T cells. CL progenitors in the thymus were a homogeneous, medium-density population, distinct from the typical, dense, thymus small-lymphocyte. Activity seemed to be associated with one minor subpopulation of cells with surface antigenic properties characteristic of peripheral T cells (high levels of H-2 antigen, low levels of θ-antigen). CL progenitors in the spleen differed from those in the thymus and normally had the high buoyant density of typical small T lymphocytes. In states of antigenic stimulation, some lighter-density CL progenitors were found in the spleen. The buoyant density of the CL population developing in the spleens of immunized animals showed progressive changes with time. Early, "immature" CL had the light-density characteristics of large, activated lymphocytes. As the response developed, the density of the CL population increased, and finally approached that of CL progenitors and of typical small lymphocytes. The data suggest that density subpopulations of T cells represent stages in the development of immunocompetent cells. Possible differentiation pathways of T lymphocytes in the thymus and in the spleen are discussed.
lndium-111 WBC Scan in Acute Toxic Centrilobular Hepatic Necrosis
Authors: ROBERT M. DAVIDSON, RAMESH D. DHEKNE, WARREN H. MOORE
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

In this case of prolonged fever and abnormal liver functions, dual tracer scintigraphy with ln-111 WBCs and Tc-99m SC led to a biopsy-proven diagnosis of severe acute toxic hepatitis (hepatocellular necrosis). Correlation of the Tc-99m SC scan findings with those previously reported for "pseudotumors" of the liver is discussed. A "pseudonormal" scan pattern is described for the ln-111 WBC scintigraphy. Discordance between ln-111 WBC and Tc-99m SC scintigraphy in this clinical setting should raise the possibility of hepatic necrosis as a diagnostic alternative to hepatic abscess.
Sharing clinical trial data should become the "expected norm," US panel says
Authors: M. McCarthy
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Investigators, sponsors, and other stakeholders in clinical research should “foster a culture in which data sharing is the expected norm,” a US Institute of Medicine committee has concluded in a report issued on 14 January.1

“The issue is no longer whether to share clinical trial data, but what specific data to share, at what time, and under what conditions,” said Bernard Lo, the committee’s chair and president of the Greenwall Foundation, in the report’s preface.

The Institute of Medicine convened the committee to develop guiding principles and a framework for sharing clinical trial data. The report was sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation, the Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, as well as more than a dozen major drug companies.

Sharing clinical data—allowing investigators to carry out additional analyses and reproduce published findings—is in the public …