tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary cell populations in recipients of bone marrow transplants with interstitial pneumonitis.
Authors: H J Milburn, L W Poulter, H G Prentice, R M du Bois
Journal: Thorax (1989)

The immunological basis of the inflammatory response in the lungs of patients with pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation has been investigated by means of bronchoalveolar lavage. Ten episodes of pneumonitis associated with cytomegalovirus and nine episodes due to various other infectious and non-infectious causes were investigated in 16 patients (three patients had two episodes of pneumonitis). Total lavage cell counts and differential cell counts were determined and compared with results from normal control subjects. In most patients with pneumonitis the total cell yield was greater than normal (mean 6.8 (SD 6.0) x 10(5) cells/ml; normal 1-2 x 10(5) cells/ml). The percentage distribution of these cells was 71.9 (17) macrophage like cells, 24.1 (15.8) lymphocytes, 5.0 (5.0) polymorphonuclear cells, and 0.7 (1.0) eosinophils. None of the patients had peripheral lymphocytosis despite the increased number of lymphocytes in the lavage fluid. Further analysis of the lymphocyte population using monoclonal antibodies with immunocytochemical techniques showed that B cells were generally present in normal proportions, whereas the proportion of cells expressing T lymphocyte markers (CD2+, CD5+, CD8) were reduced in nine out of 19 cases. In 10 of the 19 episodes there were substantial numbers of cells expressing none of the B or T cell antigens studied ("null" cells). These abnormalities bore no relation to survival. The total cell yield, the proportion and number of lymphocytes, and the proportion and number of T cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were all lower in the group with cytomegalovirus infections than in those with pneumonitis from other causes. These results suggest that the pneumonitis in recipients of bone marrow transplants is associated with a local immune response despite the fact that the individuals are otherwise immunosuppressed.
The Prevention of Prostate Cancer — The Dilemma Continues
Authors: Peter T. Scardino
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2003)

Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer in the United States, the second leading cause of death from cancer among U.S. men, and the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. The number of new cases of prostate cancer, now estimated at more than 220,000 per year, is expected to increase to more than 380,000 by 2025 because of the aging male population. The incidence of prostate cancer and the rate of death due to the disease increase exponentially with age. The other major risk factors for prostate cancer include a family history of prostate cancer, black . . .
Treating anaphylaxis with sympathomimetic drugs.
Authors: M. Fisher
Journal: BMJ (1992)

Acute anaphylaxis is characterised by its rapid, unpredictable onset and progression and usually gratifying, prompt response to treatment.These factors virtually preclude its study by controlled trials.Recommended treatment is therefore based mainly on clinical anecdotes, an understanding of its pathophysiology and the effects of drugs, and, to a lesser extent, animal studies.Animal models generally respond predictably, with a single organ system being affected, unlike humans, who produce variable clinical manifestations.The life threatening effects in humans are cardiovascular collapse (900/o), bronchospasm (300/o), angio-oedema (25%), and pulmonary oedema (49%).'2Some 90% of patients who develop anaphylaxis outside hospital lose consciousness; only one organ system is affected in O0% of patients.'Controversies still rage over treatment because of the lack of controlled clinical trials.Recently, this journal aired the debate over the best route for giving adrenaline a contro- versy that is partially resolvable.Despite the desire for simple recommendations for treatment the nature of the disorder means that no one route of administration is likely to be right in all cases.There are several reasons for this.The timing of administration of the drug may be critical.Early in anaphylaxis vasodilatation is the main pathological change.Cardiac output and blood flow to skin and muscle may be increased, enabling subcutaneous and intramuscular absorption of adrenaline to be rapid and effective.Indeed, the efficacy of the route is emphasised to those patients who treat themselves using automatic injectors to administer adrenaline subcutaneously.No convincing evidence exists for a difference
Confirmation of death.
Authors: M S Christian, J K Gosnold, P N Kersley
Journal: BMJ (1980)

A working party set up to study the problems surrounding the confirmation of death investigated current practice by means of a questionnaire sent to a random sample of accident and emergency departments in district general hospitals. Of the 38 replying, 24 said that bodies were examined in the ambulance, four in the accident and emergency department, and 10 in both. Answers to the other questions also suggest that the present procedures are in general unsatisfactory, and some dissatisfaction was expressed by departments. The individuals and organisations consulted were unanimous that confirmation of death should not be carried out in the ambulance. A change of practice would, however, create practical problems. The working party recommends therefore that the standard practice should be for all bodies to be properly examined by a doctor in the accident and emergency department, and that funds should be made available for any building alterations and increase in staff made necessary by such changes.
The 18F-FDG PET/CT Finding of a Condyloma Acuminata Mimicking Primary Anorectal Carcinoma in an HIV-Infected Patient
Authors: Bom Sahn Kim
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

This case report describes a condyloma acuminata with intense FDG uptake mimicking primary anorectal carcinoma in an HIV-infected patient. A 44-year-old HIV-positive homosexual man with a history of lymphoma underwent an 18F-FDG PET/CT for restaging. A focal intense hypermetabolic lesion around the anorectal area was found by the PET/CT and it was suggested as a tumorous lesion. However, the lesion was not detected on the contrast-enhanced abdominal CT. Via a sigmoidoscopy, cauliflower-like masses were visualized in the intra-anal area. The tumor was surgically excised and proven to be condyloma acuminata by permanent pathology.
Maternal morbidity associated with in utero transfer.
Authors: T. D. Ryan, G. M. Kidd
Journal: BMJ (1989)

OBJECTIVE--To determine the extent of maternal morbidity associated with in utero transfer. DESIGN--Retrospective study of 190 consecutive cases over two years. SETTING--Liverpool Maternity Hospital. PATIENTS--190 Pregnant women were transferred to the hospital under the in utero transfer arrangements from district general hospitals both within and outside the Mersey region. The women admitted were divided into two categories: those in threatened or established uncomplicated preterm labour and those who may or may not have been in threatened or established preterm labour but who had coexisting complicating factors affecting the mother or fetus, or both. INTERVENTIONS--Planned delivery of the fetus if indicated and arrangements for appropriate postpartum care of the mother. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Assessment of the progress of labour and, if appropriate, resuscitation of the mother. RESULTS--Women who were transferred with no coexisting disease (124) had relatively uncomplicated deliveries whereas those transferred with coexisting diseases (66) exhibited considerable morbidity and 17 of these required prolonged intensive monitoring after delivery. CONCLUSIONS--In utero transfer in healthy mothers may have benefits for babies born very prematurely. If mothers have coexisting disease, however, the desirability of transfer should be reviewed urgently in the light of the considerable maternal morbidity associated with these problems. In these cases transfer may introduce an additional hazard.
Relationship Between Electroencephalographic and Sociometric Variables Among Psychiatric Patients
Authors: MELVIN COHEN, DONALD F. KLEIN, FRED STRUVE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1970)

The authors demonstrate a significant relationship between EEG patterns of psychiatric patients and the degree and quality of their social behavior. Normal EEG patients are more popular than those with either a 14 and 6 EEG pattern, who tend to be socially rejected, or those with other EEG abnormalities, who tend to be socially isolated.
Comparison of Effect Sizes Associated With Biomarkers Reported in Highly Cited Individual Articles and in Subsequent Meta-analyses
Authors: John P. A. Ioannidis
Journal: JAMA (2011)

Many biomarkers are proposed in highly cited studies as determinants of disease risk, prognosis, or response to treatment, but few eventually transform clinical practice.To examine whether the magnitude of the effect sizes of biomarkers proposed in highly cited studies is accurate or overestimated.We searched ISI Web of Science and MEDLINE until December 2010.We included biomarker studies that had a relative risk presented in their abstract. Eligible articles were those that had received more than 400 citations in the ISI Web of Science and that had been published in any of 24 highly cited biomedical journals. We also searched MEDLINE for subsequent meta-analyses on the same associations (same biomarker and same outcome).In the highly cited studies, data extraction was focused on the disease/outcome, biomarker under study, and first reported relative risk in the abstract. From each meta-analysis, we extracted the overall relative risk and the relative risk in the largest study. Data extraction was performed independently by 2 investigators.We evaluated 35 highly cited associations. For 30 of the 35 (86%), the highly cited studies had a stronger effect estimate than the largest study; for 3 the largest study was also the highly cited study; and only twice was the effect size estimate stronger in the largest than in the highly cited study. For 29 of the 35 (83%) highly cited studies, the corresponding meta-analysis found a smaller effect estimate. Only 15 of the associations were nominally statistically significant based on the largest studies, and of those only 7 had a relative risk point estimate greater than 1.37.Highly cited biomarker studies often report larger effect estimates for postulated associations than are reported in subsequent meta-analyses evaluating the same associations.
C-Peptide Reactivity as a Measure of Insulin Dependency in Obese Diabetic Patients Treated with Insulin
Authors: Joost B L Hoekstra, Herman J M Van Rijn, Joseph H H Thijssen, D Willem Erkelens
Journal: Diabetes Care (1982)

The C-peptide increase after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and intravenous glucagon test (GT) was assessed to establish actual insulin dependency in 16 obese diabetic patients treated with insulin for years. The results, compared to five reference groups, showed two types of reaction: first, a negative response in 3 patients with a minimal C-peptide increase after either stimulation (range 0-0.1 ng/ml during GT, 0-0.5 during OGTT), not different from that in the insulin-dependent reference group (GT: 0.1 +/- 0.2, OGTT: 0.1 +/- 0.3. means +/- SD). Second, a positive response in 13 patients with a C-peptide increase, different from that in the insulin-dependent group after glucagon (range 0.7-5.6), and in 6 patients after OGTT (range 0.8-1.8). When insulin treatment was discontinued in two nonresponders, the B-hydroxybutyrate levels and ketobutyrate levels increased to over 2.1 and 0.60 mmol/L within 10 days, proving insulin dependency, and thus type I diabetes. B-hydroxybutyrate and ketobutyrate levels increased to maximal 0.4 and 0.17 after stopping insulin therapy in nine positive responders. No ketoacidosis developed during a 4-wk follow-up, indicating non-insulin dependency (type II diabetes). Measuring C-peptide after glucagon is a simple test that may be a discriminative method to establish insulin dependency in obese diabetic patients treated with insulin.
THE EFFECTS OF SERUM TREATED WITH AGAR
Authors: Edgard Zunz, Maurice Gelat
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1916)

The intravenous injection of horse serum, kept for 2 hours at 38 degrees C. in the presence of one-fifth of its volume of a suspension of 0.5 per cent agar in physiological salt solution and then separated from the agar by centrifugalization and filtration, produces in normal rabbits in adequate doses a considerable and prolonged fall in the blood pressure, expulsion of feces, a diminished coagulability in the carotid blood, and at times accelerated respiration; that is, the various symptoms observed after the intravenous injection of horse serum in a seroanaphylactized rabbit. Horse serum previously kept for 30 minutes at 56 degrees C. and then treated with agar in the manner described above, when injected intravenously into a normal rabbit will have no more effect on the arterial pressure, on the intestinal movement, on the respiratory rate, or the coagulation of arterial blood than the introduction of horse serum into the veins of a normal rabbit.
ERG-APLNR Axis Controls Pulmonary Venule Endothelial Proliferation in Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease
Authors: Christopher Lathen, Yu Zhang, Jennifer Chow, Martanday Singh, Grace Lin, Vishal Nigam, Yasser A. Ashraf, Jason X. Yuan, Ivan M. Robbins, Patricia A. Thistlethwaite
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease is caused by excessive cell proliferation and fibrosis, which obliterate the lumen of pulmonary venules, leading to pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular failure, and death. This condition has no effective treatment and a 5-year survival of <5%. Understanding the mechanism of this disease and designing effective therapies are urgently needed.We show that mice with homozygous deletion of the Ets transcription factor Erg die between embryonic day 16.5 and 3 months of age as a result of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, capillary hemorrhage, and pancytopenia. We demonstrate that Erg binds to and serves as a transcriptional activator of the G-protein-coupled receptor gene Aplnr, the expression of which is uniquely specific for venous endothelium and that knockout of either Erg or Aplnr results in pulmonary venule-specific endothelial proliferation in vitro. We show that mice with either homozygous-global or endothelium-directed deletion of Aplnr manifest pulmonary veno-occlusive disease and right heart failure, detectable at 8 months of age. Levels of pulmonary ERG and APLNR in patients with pulmonary veno-occlusive disease undergoing lung transplantation were significantly lower than those of control subjects.Our results suggest that ERG and APLNR are essential for endothelial homeostasis in venules in the lung and that perturbation in ERG-APLNR signaling is crucial for the development of pulmonary veno-occlusive disease. We identify this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of this incurable disease.
Rehabilitation of Patients with Through-knee Amputation
Authors: P. F. Early
Journal: BMJ (1968)

One hundred and one patients with through-knee amputations attending the Manchester limb-fitting centre are reviewed. Most amputations were performed for trauma or vascular disease. The interval from amputation to measurement for the first prosthesis averaged 12 weeks in cases of primary healing, and 21 weeks when healing was delayed. Artificial limbs were successfully fitted to 83%, and only 10% failed to use either a limb or a pylon. Three-quarters of those with outdoor mobility returned to work. Disarticulation through the knee has several advantages over above-knee amputation: in particular, the long end-bearing stump facilitates balance and control of the prosthesis. Disadvantages are a tendency to slow healing of the wound, lack of an internal knee mechanism in the artificial limb, and the bulky appearance of the limb. The results of rehabilitation could be improved by careful selection of patients and attention to operative detail; stump bandaging and exercises; earlier attendance at the limb-fitting centre to be measured for pylon or artificial limb; and improvements in design and production of prostheses.
HLA class II haplotype and quantitation of WT1 RNA in Japanese patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
Authors: Tsutomu Shichishima, Masatoshi Okamoto, Kazuhiko Ikeda, Toshihiko Kaneshige, Haruo Sugiyama, Takashi Terasawa, Kazuoki Osumi, Yukio Maruyama
Journal: Blood (2002)
A study based on whole-genome sequencing yields a rare variant at 8q24 associated with prostate cancer
Authors: Julius Gudmundsson, Patrick Sulem, Daniel F Gudbjartsson, Gisli Masson, Bjarni A Agnarsson, Kristrun R Benediktsdottir, Asgeir Sigurdsson, Olafur Th Magnusson, Sigurjon A Gudjonsson, Droplaug N Magnusdottir, Hrefna Johannsdottir, Hafdis Th Helgadottir, Simon N Stacey, Adalbjorg Jonasdottir, Stefania B Olafsdottir, Gudmar Thorleifsson, Jon G Jonasson, Laufey Tryggvadottir, Sebastian Navarrete, Fernando Fuertes, Brian T Helfand, Qiaoyan Hu, Irma E Csiki, Ioan N Mates, Viorel Jinga, Katja K H Aben, Inge M van Oort, Sita H Vermeulen, Jenny L Donovan, Freddy C Hamdy, Chi-Fai Ng, Peter K F Chiu, Kin-Mang Lau, Maggie C Y Ng, Jeffrey R Gulcher, Augustine Kong, William J Catalona, Jose I Mayordomo, Gudmundur V Einarsson, Rosa B Barkardottir, Eirikur Jonsson, Dana Mates, David E Neal, Lambertus A Kiemeney, Unnur Thorsteinsdottir, Thorunn Rafnar, Kari Stefansson
Journal: Nature Genetics (2012)
Coping Strategies of Women with Breast Cancer: A Comparison of Patients with Healthy and Benign Controls
Authors: Fotios Anagnostopoulos, Gregoris Vaslamatzis, Marios Markidis
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2003)

Cancer has an enormous impact on the patient, triggering fears of suffering, disability and death. Still, little research has been published which investigates the coping strategies adopted by cancer patients, when attempting to deal with their serious health threat. Moreover, it is often not clarified whether the selected coping strategies are used exclusively by cancer patients, or whether other groups of women facing benign breast diseases or having health worries regarding their breasts share similar coping strategies. This study attempts to identify those coping strategies that distinguish breast cancer patients from non-malignant controls.A sample of 180 breast cancer patients was assessed on how it coped with health threats. The control group was composed of 268 women who were diagnosed as having either a benign disease or were disease free. The Ways of Coping Questionnaire was administered in order to record the frequency of the coping strategies used under the health conditions. Univariate analyses were conducted to compare mean scores in coping strategies among the diagnostic groups. Multivariate analyses were performed to identify those variables that distinguish one group from the other.Compared with women with benign breast disease and those who were disease free, breast cancer patients significantly infrequently exhibited attributions of blame to self, whereas they did not differ from controls in other ways of coping such as self-isolation, passive acceptance, seeking social support, problem-focused coping, positive reappraisal, distancing, and wishful thinking.Our results may suggest that under the conditions of a cancer diagnosis, patients do not tend to assign responsibility on themselves and their character, since they possibly need to avoid guilt, low self-esteem, and social distance, and to maintain a potential to invest in the adjustment process.
Physician Interpretations and Textbook Definitions of Blinding Terminology in Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: P. J. Devereaux
Journal: JAMA (2001)

ContextWhen clinicians assess the validity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), they commonly evaluate the blinding status of individuals in the RCT. The terminology authors often use to convey blinding status (single, double, and triple blinding) may be open to various interpretations.ObjectiveTo determine physician interpretations and textbook definitions of RCT blinding terms.Design and SettingObservational study undertaken at 3 Canadian university tertiary care centers between February and May 1999.ParticipantsNinety-one internal medicine physicians who responded to a survey.Main Outcome MeasuresRespondents identified which of the following groups they thought were blinded in single-, double-, and triple-blinded RCTs: participants, health care providers, data collectors, judicial assessors of outcomes, data analysts, and personnel who write the article. Definitions from 25 systematically identified textbooks published since 1990 providing definitions for single, double, or triple blinding.ResultsPhysician respondents identified 10, 17, and 15 unique interpretations of single, double, and triple blinding, respectively, and textbooks provided 5, 9, and 7 different definitions of each. The frequencies of the most common physician interpretation and textbook definition were 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 65%-83%) and 74% (95% CI, 52%-90%) for single blinding, 38% (95% CI, 28%-49%) and 43% (95% CI, 24%-63%) for double blinding, and 18% (95% CI, 10%-28%) and 14% (95% CI, 0%-58%) for triple blinding, respectively.ConclusionsOur study suggests that both physicians and textbooks vary greatly in their interpretations and definitions of single, double, and triple blinding. Explicit statements about the blinding status of specific groups involved in RCTs should replace the current ambiguous terminology.