tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Case-finding by Serial Tuberculin-testing of Schoolchildren
Authors: A. H. Griffith, M. J. Bellamy, M. F. Davey
Journal: BMJ (1963)

BpmJs 717 from coronary heart disease may be explained in the same way and is proportionately larger only because of the greater knowledge about this and because of a shift of diagnosis from other groups to this one.There is direct evidence of this shift having taken place since 1940, for the deaths from other diseases of the myocardium diminished enough to account for much of the increase in 1940-9 and for all of the increase in deaths from coronary disease in 1950-9.The cause of coronary heart disease should therefore be searched for mainly on general pathological and bio- chemical principles, and not specially on any changes in the environment, though these might be of some lesser importance.Summary and Conclusions The death rate from all diseases of the heart started to rise sharply about 1920-4, though before this it had been constant for at least 50 years.By 1959 it was more than two and a half times its earlier level.The death rate from all causes, after little change for 50 years, decreased to about half its previous level from 1880 to 1920.Since 1926 there has been little change, and further large changes are unlikely until something more can be done to prevent deaths from disease of the heart, vascular lesions of the brain, and cancer.Assuming (I) that most of the lives saved were young persons who would have died from infectious diseases and tuberculosis, and (2) that one-quarter of them died sub- sequently from heart disease at the ages when other persons die from this (on the average about 40 years later), a calculation of the expected death rate from all diseases of the heart from 1880 to 1990 has been made.These expected death rates show close similarities to the death rates observed from 1880 to 1959.This could have been predicted at any time after 1910, though not in such detail until 1926.It seems that practically all the large increase in deaths from heart disease since 1920, including coronary heart disease, can be explained in this way.This is probably equally true for the deaths from vascular lesions of the central nervous system, though this group has not been discussed in the present paper.No doubt this is the explanation that has been believed by many cardiologists and actuaries: they do not, however, seem to have written much on the subject, though Wood (1956) says that " the increasing age of the population is no doubt partly responsible.
Incidence of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer in Relation to Ambient UV Radiation in White Populations, 1978-2012
Authors: Fan Xiang, Robyn Lucas, Simon Hales, Rachel Neale
Journal: JAMA Dermatology (2014)

<h3>Importance</h3> Nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) are the most common cancers in fair-skinned populations. Their incidence continues to increase in many countries. Exposure to UV radiation (UVR) is the primary cause of NMSC, although the pattern of exposure that gives rise to different types of NMSC appears to vary. <h3>Objective</h3> To examine dose-response relationships between ambient UVR levels and NMSC incidence at the population level. <h3>Design, Setting, and Participants</h3> Peer-reviewed literature published from January 1, 1978, through December 31, 2012, that provided age- and sex-specific incidence of NMSC in white populations worldwide was systematically reviewed. <h3>Exposures</h3> Mean erythemally weighted daily ambient UVR levels for each study location were derived from satellite data. <h3>Main Outcomes and Measures</h3> The incidence of NMSC in white populations worldwide as reported in population-based studies. <h3>Results</h3> Forty eligible publications were included in the analysis. Analysis models that contained age group, sex, study year, mean daily UVR, and day-to-day variability of UVR explained most of the variability in NMSC incidence: 82% for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and 85% for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Exclusion of studies in which imputation of age-specific incidence data from standardized rates was required improved the model fit to 85% for BCC and 88% for SCC. Higher mean daily UVR was associated with higher NMSC incidence rates; this was greater in men than women for BCC (70% vs 60%) but greater in women for SCC (99% vs 92%). Incidence rates for BCC and SCC were higher among those older than 60 years, but the increase with age was steeper for those younger than 60 years. <h3>Conclusions and Relevance</h3> Our models highlight the etiologic differences between BCC and SCC and allow prediction of NMSC incidence for data-poor regions and under changing demographic and environmental conditions.
Preoperative Correction of a Platelet Functional Disorder
Authors: HARRY R. LOCKE
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Letters1 June 1973Preoperative Correction of a Platelet Functional DisorderHARRY R. LOCKE, M.D., W. E. HATHAWAY, M.D., FREDERIC FEILER, M.D., DONALD L. DAWSON, M.D.HARRY R. LOCKE, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, W. E. HATHAWAY, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, FREDERIC FEILER, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, DONALD L. DAWSON, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-6-972 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Since 1967 several cases of a mild to moderately severe bleeding disorder associated with a platelet functional defect have been described (1-5). This disorder has been called "failure to release ADP [adenosine 5′-diphosphate]" and is characterized by normal coagulation studies, normal platelet counts, variable prolongation of the bleeding time, poor platelet retention in glass-bead filters (platelet adhesivity), and decreased aggregation of platelets by collagen and epinephrine. Platelet aggregation by exogenous adenosine 5′-diphosphate is usually normal.Our report describes an additional case and documents correction of the defect by platelet transfusions during a surgical procedure.The patient, a...References1. HARDISTY R and HUTTON R: Bleeding tendency associated with "new" abnormality of platelet behavior. Lancet 1:983-985, 1967 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2. HIRSH J, CASTELAN D, and LODER P: Spontaneous bruising associated with a defect in the interaction of platelets with connective tissue. Lancet 2:18-21, 1967 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. CAEN J, SULTAN Y, and LARRIEU M: A new familial platelet disease. Lancet 1:204-205, 1968 Google Scholar4. WEISS H, CHERVENICK P, and ZALUSKY R: A familial defect in platelet function associated with impaired release of adenosine diphosphate. N Engl J Med 281:1264-1270, 1969 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5. WEISS H and ROGERS J: Thrombocytopathia due to abnormalities in platelet release reaction-studies on six unrelated patients. Blood 39:187-196, 1972 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: HARRY R. LOCKE, M.D.; W. E. HATHAWAY, M.D.; FREDERIC FEILER, M.D.; DONALD L. DAWSON, M.D.Affiliations: Penrose Hospital Colorado Springs, Colorado Department of Pediatrics University of Colorado Medical Center Denver, Colorado PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 June 1973Volume 78, Issue 6Page: 972-973KeywordsAdenosineAdenosine diphosphateEpinephrineHemorrhagePlatelet aggregationPlatelets ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 June 1973 PDF downloadLoading ...
UK report proposes a new harms index to rate dangers of drugs and alcohol
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2007)

Lester Crawford, former commissioner of the US Food and Drug Administration, was last week fined $89 377 (£45 800; €67 000), sentenced to three years of supervised probation, and required to do 50 hours of community service by Judge Deborah Robinson of the US District Court for the District of Columbia.Last October Dr Crawford (below) pleaded (below) pleaded pleaded guilty to two charges: failing to report that he and his wife owned shares in companies regulated by the agency and filing false
818 A METABONOMIC STUDY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN A NIGERIAN POPULATION USING PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: N. Ladep, M. Shariff, M. Crossey, E. Okeke, A. Malu, H. Williams, S. Khan, J. Cox, S. Taylor-Robinson
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Textbook of Pathology
Authors: S. L. Wilens
Journal: JAMA (1965)

Medical-school faculty members can be divided into potential textbook writers and researchers. Nowadays the latter generally have more prestige. As a consequence, textbook-writing is no longer a surefooted path to great renown and, since competition between books is lively, not even a reliable panacea for the relief of economic distress. This latest addition to the growing list of new textbooks on pathology has much that is commendable, and it should find favor with a multitude of second-year medical students. It represents a happy compromise between crenated, compact digests and obese, encyclopedic volumes replete with fine print. Fallis' book is crammed with factual information and should get its readers safely through their various jousts with examiners, whether these be institutional or national. For the inquisitive or competitive-minded student there are ample lists of references at the end of each section. Cellular pathology as unfolded by the light microscope has reached the
Requirement for metabolic activation of acetylaminofluorene to induce multidrug gene expression.
Authors: T W Gant, D Schrenk, J A Silverman, S S Thorgeirsson
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1994)

Previously we have demonstrated that several xenobiotics can induce multidrug (mdr) gene expression in cultures of primary isolated hepatocytes. One of the best of these xenobiotic inducers in rat hepatocytes is 2-acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), which induces mdr expression by an enhancement of mdr gene transcription. In all species studied to date, AAF is extensively and variously metabolized. In this study we have sought to determine if AAF per se or a metabolite is responsible for mediating the increase in mdr gene transcription and expression. This study demonstrates that AAF per se is not active, but that the effect of AAF we have observed on mdr gene transcription and expression in the rat is due to the formation of a reactive metabolite(s). Our data indicate that this reactive metabolite is probably N-acetoxy-2-aminofluorene or the sulfate ester of N-hydroxy-AAF. The requirement for the formation of one of these metabolites may explain the differences in species response to AAF, in terms of mdr gene expression, that we have observed. We hypothesize that the mechanism by which mdr gene transcription is increased in response to AAF involves a covalent interaction between a reactive metabolite and an mdr gene regulatory protein. Our current work is concerned with the exploration of this hypothesis.
Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Korey K. Hood, Samantha Huestis, Allison Maher, Debbie Butler, Lisa Volkening, Lori M.B. Laffel
Journal: Diabetes Care (2006)

Depression in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes has been associated with negative diabetes-related health outcomes such as poorer glycemic control (1–5) and recurrent diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) admissions (6,7). While mechanisms that link depression and suboptimal health outcomes are poorly understood (8), it is apparent that the chronicity of type 1 diabetes and the demands of management provide a fertile environment for adjustment problems. Our aim was to investigate depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their association with demographic, diabetes-specific, and family-functioning variables.

Study participants were 145 youth and their parents (107 mothers, 35 fathers, and 3 guardians) who received care at a pediatric diabetes center from a multidisciplinary team. The sample of 145 youth (56% female) had a mean age of 14.9 ± 2.3 years (range 10–18). Duration of type 1 diabetes was 8.3 ± 3.5 years, and mean HbA1c (A1C) was 8.7 ± 1.4%. At the time of the participant’s clinic appointment, a trained research assistant obtained written informed consent and assent and then administered questionnaires. This sample of 145 parent-youth dyads represented 88% of the families approached.

Insulin dose and frequency of insulin injections were documented by the youth’s medical provider. Frequency of blood glucose monitoring (BGM) was documented through meter downloads and parent report. Each participant provided a sample of blood for A1C, measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (reference range 4.0–6.0%, Tosoh 2.2; Tosoh Bioscience, South San Francisco, CA).

Depressive symptoms in youth were assessed with the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) (9), a self-report questionnaire consisting of 27 …
Focusing on Quality Patient Care in the New Global Subsidy for Malaria Medicines
Authors: Suerie Moon, Carmen Pérez Casas, Jean-Marie Kindermans, Martin de Smet, Tido von Schoen-Angerer
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2009)

Tido von Schoen-Angerer and colleagues discuss the new Affordable Medicines Facility for malaria (AMFm), which subsidizes and facilitates access to artemisinin-based combination therapy, and what mechanisms are needed to ensure it stays focused on quality patient care.
Investigation and Treatment of Septic Abortion
Authors: A. M. Ramsay, E. H. Brown, S. M. Manners
Journal: BMJ (1955)

BRmsH 1239 respectively.Statistical analysis shows that the difference between reversion rates in the Rhondda Fach and those in the control valley is significant.The morbidity rates amongst the schoolchildren originally tested in the Rhondda Fach in 1950-1 are 0.6 for those who were " lapses" for Mantoux-testing in 1950-1; 1.4 for those Mantoux-negative in 1950-1; and 4.3 for those Mantoux-positive in 1950-1.This is an unusual finding, and might possibly be related to reduc- tion of tuberculous infectivity in the valley.My thanks are due to Mr.
Islet-cell, thyroid, and gastric autoantibodies in diabetic identical twins.
Authors: R Lendrum, P G Nelson, D A Pyke, G Walker, D R Gamble
Journal: BMJ (1976)

Sera from 54 pairs of identical twins, 29 discordant and 25 concordant for insulin-dependent diabetes, and 11 pairs of concordant non-insulin dependent identical twins were examined for pancreatic islet-cell antibodies (ICAs). ICAs were found in 10 of the 29 diabetic discordant and eight of the 50 concordant twins (difference not significant P greater than 0-05). Six out of nine twins tested within one year of onset of diabetes were positive, whereas nine out of 29 tested after one to 10 years and three out of 41 tested after 10 years were positive. Only one of the 22 non-insulin-dependent twins had ICAs. Repeat ICA testing in five pair of insulin-dependent twins and in the siblings of one pair showed that ICAs may be present in people with normal glucose tolerance' may precede clinical diabetes by several years; and may decline in titre or disappear with increasing duration of disease. Thyroid or gastric autoantibodies, or both, were found in 36 out of 108 insulin-dependent twins and three out of 22 non-insulin dependent twins (difference not significant P less than 0-05). Only four twins had both ICAs and thyrogastric antibodies. There were no significant associations between autoantibodies and HLA histocompatibility types. As ICAs are more common in the diabetic than the non-diabetic twins of the discordant pairs they must be associated with juvenile onset diabetes. ICAs may appear some years before the onset of diabetes, but their prevalence declines with increasing duration of diabetes. The factors determining the production of ICA differ from those for thyroid and gastric autoantibodies.
Effects of severe acute hypoxia on the distribution of cardiac electrolytes and water
Authors: P. I. POLIMENI
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1975)

Journal Article Effects of severe acute hypoxia on the distribution of cardiac electrolytes and water Get access PHILIP I. POLIMENI PHILIP I. POLIMENI From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 9, Issue 2, March 1975, Pages 249–255, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/9.2.249 Published: 01 March 1975
Breast Cancer and Progestogens
Authors: Bernadine Z. Paulshock
Journal: JAMA (1968)

To the Editor:—  In the issue of Sept 25 (201:1058, 1967), Dr. Anna Southam answered  question about administration of estrogens to women with suspected breast cancer.  She stated that a synthetic progestogen which is commercially available in the United States is effective in relieving the symptoms of chronic cystic mastitis, but for some reason she refrained from being specific about which of the available progestogens she uses for this purpose. Most of the marketed products are combined with estrogen.  I would also like to call attention to the statement by Francis Moore (New Eng J Med277:295, 1967) that progestogens stimulate breast cancer metastases as do estrogens. Dr. Moore et al refer to  study which reported stimulation of breast cancer by medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera) which would militate against confident use of progestogens in those same patients in whom estrogen was felt to be contraindicated.
Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in Scotland
Authors: Helga M Rhein
Journal: BMJ (2008)

Vitamin D deficiency is widespread in Scotland I agree with Holick 1 and Sievenpiper et al 2 about the urgent need to highlight the neglected subject of vitamin D deficiency in the United Kingdom.We have found in our general practice in Edinburgh a (to us) surprisingly high prevalence of gross vitamin D deficiency.The deficiency affects not only our South Asian patients but also a considerable number of those with white skin colour.Between 2005 and 2007, blood samples were taken from 99 patients aged 15-85.We included patients suspected of having a possible vitamin D deficiency: patients of South Asian origin or other ethnic minorities, patients with vague musculoskeletal symptoms or overweight, patients taking antiepileptic drugs, patients using sunscreen or make up, housebound patients, and patients with little exposure to sunlight.The figure shows our as yet unpublished results.According to the definitions of most vitamin D researchers, insufficient vitamin D concentrations are those below 75 nmol/l.In our sample only 2% had a sufficient vitamin D concentration.Measurements below 25 nmol/l are defined as severe deficiency; in our sample, the proportion was 47%.We select the letters for these pages from the rapid responses posted on bmj.com favouring those received within five days of publication of the article to which they refer.Letters are thus an early selection of rapid responses on a particular topic.
Human cord blood-derived primitive CD34-negative hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are myeloid-biased long-term repopulating HSCs
Authors: Y Matsuoka, K Sumide, H Kawamura, R Nakatsuka, T Fujioka, Y Sasaki, Y Sonoda
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2015)

Human cord blood-derived primitive CD34-negative hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are myeloid-biased long-term repopulating HSCs
Fatigue in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: K Cauch-Dudek, S Abbey, D E Stewart, E J Heathcote
Journal: Gut (1998)

Fatigue is a frequent and debilitating symptom in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).To study fatigue in relation to sleep, depression, and liver disease severity.Patients with PBC completed validated self report questionnaires measuring fatigue, sleep quality, depression, and functional capacity. Verbally reported fatigue and observer rated measure of depression and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) use were recorded. Liver biochemistry and tests to rule out metabolic causes of fatigue were performed.Mean age of the 88 patients enrolled was 57 years; 86% were female and mean duration of disease was 6.6 years. Median bilirubin was 13 micromol/l (mean 18.6). Verbally reported fatigue (for more than six months) was present in 60 patients (68%). The self rated Fatigue Severity Score (FSS) correlated well with verbally reported fatigue (p=0.0001). The FSS did not correlate with age, duration of disease, serum bilirubin, Mayo Risk Score, or UDCA use, but correlation was seen with sleep quality. Fatigued patients had more sleep problems and higher depression scores than non-fatigued patients. Self rated depression was present in 28% (17/60) of fatigued compared with 4% (1/28) of non-fatigued patients.Long term fatigue affected 68% of the patients with PBC but it was not related to the severity of their liver disease. Poor sleep quality and depression were commonly associated with fatigue.
Congenital Bilateral Polycystic Parotid Glands
Authors: E. E. Mihalyka
Journal: JAMA (1962)

AFTER AN INVESTIGATION of available American and foreign literature it is safe to say that cysts of the parotid glands are rare. Diagnosis is difficult, for the condition often simulates a mixed parotid tumor. There are reported cases, however, of simple parotid cyst involvement. As early as 1895, Hildebrant ' reported a case which involved the parotid gland with cyst formation. This seems to be the first reported case, and only 28 additional case histories have appeared since that date. However, Biancifiori believes that 7 cases did not include sufficient data. Of those cases reported, the right parotid gland was involved in 13 cases, the left in 6, and both in 1. I present here what I believe to be the only recorded case of bilateral polycystic involvement of the parotid gland which is believed to be congenital in origin.  Report of a Case  A 67-year-old woman was first referred
THE DONORA DISASTER
Authors: Clarence A. Mills
Journal: JAMA (1949)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> Not often is a relatively minor disaster so loaded with significance for the whole country as was that of October 30 at Donora. It deserved also more intelligent handling than it recently received inThe Journal's Queries and Minor Notes columns (p. 1122, April 16, 1949). High-lighting as it did the growing problem of industrial air pollution, the Donora tragedy should be most closely studied in its public health aspects. Suddenly everyone realizes the prohibitive health costs to the community from industrial pollution of its atmosphere—which I have been pointing out since 1941. Is the medical profession now to leave consideration of this serious health hazard to governmental health authorities and still further weaken its stand as the nation's health guardian? Is this profession to stand for health or for disease? The Donora disaster offers a most pertinent case in point. The United States Public Health