tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Characterization and Molecular Evolution of Bacterial Endosymbionts in Psyllids (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha)
Authors: A. W. Spaulding, C. D. von Dohlen
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

Most sternorrhynchan insects harbor endosymbiotic bacteria in specialized cells (bacteriocytes) near the gut which provide essential nutrients for hosts. In lineages investigated so far with molecular methods (aphids, mealybugs, whiteflies), endosymbionts apparently have arisen from independent infections of common host ancestors and co-speciated with their hosts. Some endosymbionts also exhibit putatively negative genetic effects from their symbiotic association. In this study, the identity of endosymbionts in one major sternorrhynchan lineage, psyllids (Psylloidea), was investigated to determine their position in eubacterial phylogeny and their relationship to other sternorrhynchan endosymbionts. Small-subunit ribosomal RNA genes (16S rDNA) from bacteria in three psyllid species (families Psyllidae and Triozidae) were sequenced and incorporated into an alignment including other insect endosymbionts and free-living bacteria. In phylogenetic analysis, all sequences were placed within the gamma subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Three sequences, one from each psyllid species, formed a highly supported monophyletic group whose branching order matched the host phylogeny, and also exhibited accelerated rates of evolution and mutational bias toward A and T nucleotides. These attributes, characteristic of primary (P) bacteriocyte-dwelling endosymbionts, suggested that these sequences were from the putative psyllid P endosymbiont. Two other sequences were placed within the gamma-3 subgroup of Proteobacteria and were hypothesized to be secondary endosymbionts. The analysis also suggested a sister relationship between P endosymbionts of psyllids and whiteflies. Thus, a continuous mutualistic association between bacteria and insects may have existed since the common ancestor of psyllids and whiteflies. Calculations using a universal substitution rate in bacteria corrected for endosymbiont rate acceleration support the idea that this common ancestor was also the ancestor of all Sternorrhyncha. Compared with other P endosymbiont lineages, the genetic consequences of intracellular life for some psyllid endosymbionts have been exaggerated, indicating possible differences in population structures of bacteria and/or hosts.
Chronic subdural haematoma.
Authors: J G Sowerbutts
Journal: BMJ (1979)

recommendations, as at present stated, are at risk of being interpreted as the ideal, physiologically speaking.Our further criticims are as follows.Firstly, in recommending a reduction in the consumption of fats and oils to 36 °, of dietary energy, the authors ignore the suggestion of the joint committee of the British Cardiac Society and the Royal College of Physicians that the reduction in fat intake should take place at the expense of the saturated fat sources.Secondly, while an increased consumption of potatoes would provide a good source of dietary fibre and vitamin C, it is unlikely, as the authors imply, to provide a significant quantity of protein, with <5 0 g protein/day.Thirdly, we wonder on what basis the authors feel that it is unrealistic to recommend a substantial increase in the consump- tion of fish, pulses, and nuts, especially considering the increasing use of textured vegetable protein by the catering industry and the apparent increased popularity of pulses with housewives.An increased consumption of pulses and pulse products, if substituted for meat, would permit a decreased intake of fat, while maintaining protein intake constant.Finally, however eminent the authors may be in the field of nutrition, we dispute their wisdom in prescribing a "better British diet."In view of the disagreement on matters relating diet to health, might not three equally eminent nutritionists propose a different better British diet in this or some other journal ?
Diabetes and Noncommunicable Disease
Authors: Juliana C. N. Chan
Journal: JAMA (2013)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE LAW OF PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN PHYSICIAN AND PATIENT, AS APPLICABLE TO THE DUTIES OF RAILWAY SURGEONS.
Authors: TRACY C. BECKER
Journal: JAMA (1896)

<h3>Gentlemen of the Association.</h3> —I highly appreciate the honor conferred upon me by being invited to deliver an address at the meeting of the American Academy of Railway Surgeons on some topic connected with the medico-legal aspects of railway surgery; and upon reflection, have deemed it advisable to devote the time alloted to a consideration of the laws concerning "Privileged Communications between Physician and Patient," particularly as regards the application of these laws to the duties of railway surgeons. As I understand the status of the members of your body, nearly every one of you is under contract of regular employment by some railway company, by which, in cases of accidental injury to its employes or its passengers, it becomes your duty to visit such cases and to give them the benefit of your professional knowledge and skill. If so, you are not, in the strict sense of the term,
Nomograms of Renal Length in Children Obtained from DMSA Scintigraphy
Authors: RAQUEL M. SISAYAN, MONICA A. ROSSLEIGH, DOUGLAS W. J. MACKEY
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1993)

The aim of this study was to establish nomograms of renal length in children comparing age, body weight, and height. Renal lengths were obtained from data derived from Tc-99m DMSA scintigraphy in 266 patients with 532 kidneys that appeared normal on DMSA studies. The children's ages ranged from 6 days to 19 years. Renal length appeared to have nonlinear relationships with patient weight and age, but was found to correlate linearly with patient height. On average, scintigraphic renal length exceeded sonographic renal length by approximately 1 cm. The most likely explanation for this is the effect of respiration causing renal motion during the acquisition of the scintigraphic images. It is hoped that the nomograms derived from these data will be of use in routine clinical practice for nuclear medicine departments performing DMSA scintigraphy in children.
Mucocutaneous manifestations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) poisoning: a study of 122 cases in Taiwan
Authors: C.-K. Wong, C.-J. Chen, P.-C. Cheng, P.-H. Chen
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1982)

Journal Article Mucocutaneous manifestations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) poisoning: a study of 122 cases in Taiwan Get access C.‐K. WONG, C.‐K. WONG Department of Dermatology, National Yang‐Ming Medical College and Veterans General Hospital Prof. C.K.Wong, Department of Dermatology, Veterans General Hospital, Shin‐Pai, Taipei 112. Taiwan, R.O.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar C.‐J. CHEN, C.‐J. CHEN Department of Dermatology, National Yang‐Ming Medical College and Veterans General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P.‐C. CHENG, P.‐C. CHENG Department of Dermatology, National Yang‐Ming Medical College and Veterans General Hospital Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P.‐H. CHEN P.‐H. CHEN Department of Biochemistry, National Yang‐Ming Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 107, Issue 3, 1 September 1982, Pages 317–323, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1982.tb00361.x Published: 01 September 1982 Article history Accepted: 20 November 1981 Published: 01 September 1982
An Outbreak Involving Extensive Transmission of a Virulent Strain of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>
Authors: Sarah E. Valway, Maria Pia C. Sanchez, Thomas F. Shinnick, Ian Orme, Tracy Agerton, Debbie Hoy, J. Scott Jones, Harriet Westmoreland, Ida M. Onorato
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1998)

From 1994 to 1996, there was a large outbreak of tuberculosis in a small, rural community with a population at low risk for tuberculosis. Twenty-one patients with tuberculosis (15 with positive cultures) were identified; the DNA fingerprints of the 13 isolates available for testing were identical. To determine the extent of transmission, we investigated both the close and casual contacts of the patients. Using a mouse model, we also studied the virulence of the strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that caused the outbreak.The index patient, in whom tuberculosis was diagnosed in 1995; the source patient, in whom the disease was diagnosed in 1994; and a patient in whom the disease was diagnosed in 1996 infected the other 18 persons. In five, active disease developed after only brief, casual exposure. There was extensive transmission from the three patients to both close and casual contacts. Of the 429 contacts, 311 (72 percent) had positive skin tests, including 81 [corrected] with documented skin-test conversions. Mice infected with the virulent Erdman strain of M. tuberculosis had approximately 1000 bacilli per lung after 10 days and about 10,000 bacilli per lung after 20 days. In contrast, mice infected with the strain involved in the outbreak had about 10,000 bacilli per lung after 10 days and about 10 million bacilli per lung after 20 days.In this outbreak of tuberculosis, the growth characteristics of the strain involved greatly exceeded those of other clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis. The extensive transmission of tuberculosis may have been due to the increased virulence of the strain rather than to environmental factors or patient characteristics.
Impact of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, Brain Injury, and Severe Retinopathy on the Outcome of Extremely Low-Birth-Weight Infants at 18 Months
Authors: Barbara Schmidt, Elizabeth V. Asztalos, Robin S. Roberts, Charlene M. T. Robertson, Reginald S. Sauve, Michael F. Whitfield
Journal: JAMA (2003)

<h3>Context</h3> Despite more than 2 decades of outcomes research after very preterm birth, clinicians remain uncertain about the extent to which neonatal morbidities predict poor long-term outcomes of extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) infants. <h3>Objective</h3> To determine the individual and combined prognostic effects of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), ultrasonographic signs of brain injury, and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) on 18-month outcomes of ELBW infants. <h3>Design</h3> Inception cohort assembled for the Trial of Indomethacin Prophylaxis in Preterms (TIPP). <h3>Setting and Participants</h3> A total of 910 infants with birth weights of 500 to 999 g who were admitted to 1 of 32 neonatal intensive care units in Canada, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Hong Kong between 1996 and 1998 and who survived to a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Combined end point of death or survival to 18 months with 1 or more of cerebral palsy, cognitive delay, severe hearing loss, and bilateral blindness. <h3>Results</h3> Each of the neonatal morbidities was similarly and independently correlated with a poor 18-month outcome. Odds ratios were 2.4 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-3.2) for BPD, 3.7 (95% CI, 2.6-5.3) for brain injury, and 3.1 (95% CI, 1.9-5.0) for severe ROP. In children who were free of BPD, brain injury, and severe ROP the rate of poor long-term outcomes was 18% (95% CI, 14%-22%). Corresponding rates with any 1, any 2, and all 3 neonatal morbidities were 42% (95% CI, 37%-47%), 62% (95% CI, 53%-70%), and 88% (64%-99%), respectively. <h3>Conclusion</h3> In ELBW infants who survive to a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks, a simple count of 3 common neonatal morbidities strongly predicts the risk of later death or neurosensory impairment.
Administration in vivo of recombinant interleukin 2 protects mice against septic death.
Authors: C Weyand, J Goronzy, C G Fathman, P O'Hanley
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1987)

Administration in vivo of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL-2) to mice induces a polyclonal IgM response. When co-administered with a specific antigen, rIL-2 can enhance concentrations of murine IgM antibodies specific for the antigen by fivefold within 7 d of initial treatment. IgM antibodies that are induced after injection of rIL-2 include antibodies specific for J5, a cell wall core lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigen that is shared by the different members of the Enterobactericeae family. We report here that mice pretreated with rIL-2 or immunized with J5 antigen 7 d before bacterial challenge were protected from septic death that is caused by intraperitoneal challenges with Escherichia coli. Optimal protection was provided by a combined J5 antigen and rIL-2 treatment. Acquisition of the rIL-2 and J5 antigen-induced protection against lethal bacterial infection coincided temporally with maximal serum IgM titers that also contained IgM antibodies specific for the J5 antigen. In passive immunization experiments, the affinity-purified IgM fraction in sera of rIL-2-treated animals was identified as necessary and sufficient for protection. The IgM-depleted serum had no protective effect. The nonspecific augmentation of host-defense mechanisms without the induction of endotoxin manifestations makes rIL-2 a potential candidate to any alternative LPS-containing vaccines for the prevention of bacterial infections by gram-negative organisms since the core LPS antigen is shared among gram-negative bacteria.
PTU-168 Barrett’s Oesophagus Screening: Infrared Spectroscopy For Cytological Assessment: Abstract PTU-168 Table 1
Authors: OJ Old, M Almond, G Lloyd, D Townsend, K Lenau, M Diem, H Barr
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Screening for Barrett’s oesophagus could allow early detection, enabling timely diagnosis and intervention for oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Recent studies have shown the acceptability of a swallowed cytology brush (‘Cytosponge’) for cell collection. If introduced, cytological assessment would pose several challenges. Firstly, oesophageal cytology is performed infrequently, and expertise in this field is correspondingly limited. Secondly, assessment of individual cells is challenging even for experienced cytopathologists, with a degree of interobserver variability. Thirdly, screening would require a great deal of cytopathology resources. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) gives reproducible spectra based on cell biochemistry; applying multivariate statistical analysis and computer modelling can provide robust and rapid discrimination between pathological cell subtypes. We aimed to demonstrate the potential application of IR in analysis of oesophageal cytology. <h3>Methods</h3> Endoscopic cytology brushes were used to collect oesophageal cells from patients undergoing endoscopy for Barrett’s oesophagus. Cells were fixed in formalin, centrifuged and slides prepared. IR spectra were measured across the entire sample area. Pre-processing steps allowed spectra from individual cells to be reconstituted. Further pre-processing removed confounding effects and enhanced signal-to-noise ratios. Conventional cytology analysis was undertaken to provide a reference for developing a predictive model using IR data. Chemometric analysis was then undertaken using Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS1DA) and cross-validation performed. <h3>Results</h3> 23 cytology brush samples were collected from 11 patients. 4 samples contained low cell counts and were excluded from analysis. 5536 cells (2339 normal squamous, 2511 Barrett’s oesophagus and 686 dysplastic) were used to create and validate a predictive model. The predictive capability of the model is shown in the table below: <h3>Conclusion</h3> The high accuracy demonstrated by our predictive model suggests IR is a promising candidate for cytological analysis of oesophageal cells. As an objective, automated system, this technique could prove invaluable for Barrett’s screening in future. <h3>Reference</h3> Schubert JM <i>et al</i>. <i>Lab Invest</i>. 2010;90(7):1068–1077 <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
Uric Acid Heralds Ischemic Tissue Injury to Mobilize Endothelial Progenitor Cells
Authors: Daniel Patschan, Susann Patschan, Glenda G. Gobe, Sreedhar Chintala, Michael S. Goligorsky
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2007)

Understanding the nature of endogenous mechanisms for mobilization of stem/progenitor cells is predicated on the identification of injury-induced substances that are released from a damaged organ and capable of producing a distant effect. Although different substances that mobilize endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been proposed, their potential to signal injury and afford postischemic renoprotection and repair remains obscure. Uric acid (UA) is consistently overproduced by ischemic tissues and has been shown to exert immunomodulatory functions. It was hypothesized that UA and/or its precursors might serve as injury signals that are capable of mobilizing EPCs in acute renal ischemia. Indeed, FVB/NJ mice that were subjected to acute renal ischemia showed a transient surge in UA level in the peripheral blood. Single-dose treatment with UA, as well as acute hyperuricemia induced by the inhibition of uricase, caused a robust mobilization of EPCs, whereas administration of adenosine or inosine seemed to lack this effect. Moreover, pretreatment of mice with a single dose of UA afforded significant renoprotection against ischemic injury. In animals with chronic hyperuricemia (induced by continuous 2-wk treatment with a uricase inhibitor oxonic acid), EPC mobilization was blunted and renoprotective effects were absent. In conclusion, acute elevation of UA acts as "physiologic," fast-acting endogenous mediator of EPC mobilization and renoprotection, consistent with its novel function in pharmacologic preconditioning. Both of these actions are lacking in mice with chronic hyperuricemia. In summary, a transient surge in UA concentration may serve as a universal herald of tissue injury to accelerate the recruitment of EPCs.
Dendritic Cells Are Recruited into the Airway Epithelium during the Inflammatory Response to a Broad Spectrum of Stimuli
Authors: Andrew S. McWilliam, Sylvia Napoli, Amanda M. Marsh, Francis L. Pemper, Delia J. Nelson, Carolyn L. Pimm, Philip A. Stumbles, Timothy N.C. Wells, Patrick G. Holt
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1996)

A key rate-limiting step in the adaptive immune response at peripheral challenge sites is the transmission of antigen signals to T cells in regional lymph nodes. Recent evidence suggests that specialized dendritic cells (DC) fulfill this surveillance function in the resting state, but their relatively slow turnover in most peripheral tissues brings into question their effectiveness in signaling the arrival of highly pathogenic sources of antigen which require immediate mobilization of the full range of host defenses for maintenance of homeostasis. However, the present report demonstrates that recruitment of a wave of DC into the respiratory tract mucosa is a universal feature of the acute cellular response to local challenge with bacterial, viral, and soluble protein antigens. Consistent with this finding, we also demonstrate that freshly isolated respiratory mucosal DC respond in vitro to a variety of CC chemokines as well as complementary cleavage products and N-formyl-methionyl-leucine-phenylalanine. This suggests that rapid amplification of specific antigen surveillance at peripheral challenge sites is an integral feature of the innate immune response at mucosal surfaces, and serves as an “early warning system” to alert the adaptive immune system to incoming pathogens.
Fine Structure of the His Bundle
Authors: THOMAS N. JAMES, LIBI SHERF
Journal: Circulation (1971)

The fine structure of the His bundle is described on the basis of its light and electron microscopic appearance. Electron microscopy was performed on one human and two canine hearts, and light microscopy on over 400 human and 60 canine hearts. The His bundle was identified by its light microscopic appearance. There were no significant differences in the fine structure of human and canine His bundles. In both, the principal cell was a typical Purkinje cell containing few myofibrils and a large perinuclear clear zone; these cells are shorter and broader than working myocardial cells, and their intercellular junctions (which are obliquely rather than transversely oriented) contain a high proportion of nexus formations. Both the human and canine His bundles are partitioned by fine collagen septa, which are longitudinally oriented with comparatively few crossover connections. The general organization of the His bundle is thus into multiple strands of Purkinje cells, and these strands are largely separated from one another by collagen. This longitudinal separation of Purkinje strands by collagen, plus the specialized nature of intercellular junctions within each strand, form an anatomic basis for suspecting longitudinal separation of conduction within the normal His bundle. Some electrophysiologic implications of these findings are discussed.