tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric Gallbladder Contraction Following Cholecystokinin Hepatobiliary Imaging
Authors: HAROLD L. ATKINS, ZVI H. OSTER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1989)

Three patients are presented with abnormal hepatobiliary images. A slow infusion of the terminal octapeptide of cholecystokinin caused asymmetric contraction in all three. Two of the patients displayed a bilobate appearance of the gallbladder. In one of the patients, there were typical changes associated with adenomyomatosis by other imaging modalities. The third patient showed good contraction of the fundus of the gallbladder but not of the proximal segment. In two of the patients, the global ejection fraction was considered to be normal. The asymmetrical contraction under the stimulus of cholecystokinin may be an important indicator of biliary dysfunction despite a normal ejection fraction.
Growth of Specialization in Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Fred G. Donini-Lenhoff
Journal: JAMA (2000)

The growth of specialization in graduate medical education (GME) and physician practice continues at a rapid rate, generating increasing national attention. Although the major educational, accrediting, and certifying bodies have mechanisms for approving new areas of study and practice, the results of their efforts have not been consistently congruent. This article presents information about GME since the beginnings of its standardization and accreditation in the early 20th century, its growth during and following World War II, and the variations among accredited specialties and subspecialties, certificates, and self-designated practice areas that have resulted from this long period of unstructured growth. JAMA. 2000;284:1284-1289
Thrombospondin 1 acts as a strong promoter of transforming growth factor effects via two distinct mechanisms in hepatic stellate cells
Authors: K Breitkopf
Journal: Gut (2005)

<b>Background and aims:</b> Thrombospondin 1 (TSP-1) is an important activator of latent transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) but little is known of the expression patterns and functions of TSP-1 in liver cells. We therefore analysed if and how TSP-1 acts on TGF-β during fibrogenesis. <b>Methods and results:</b> Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, we demonstrated that hepatocytes from normal liver expressed no TSP-1 mRNA whereas Kupffer cells and sinusoidal endothelial cells did. TSP-1 mRNA and protein were detected in quiescent and activated cultured hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and TSP-1 expression was highly inducible by platelet derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and, to a lesser extent, by tumour necrosis factor α in activated HSC. Furthermore, addition of PDGF-BB directly led to enhanced TGF-β mRNA expression and a TSP-1 dependent increase in TGF-β/Smad signalling. Using either a peptide specifically blocking the interaction of TSP-1 with latent TGF-β or antibodies against TSP-1 not only abrogated activation of latent TGF-β but also reduced the effects of the active dimer itself. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our data suggest that TSP-1 expression is important for TGF-β effects and that it is regulated by the profibrogenic mediator PDGF-BB in HSC. Furthermore, the presence of TSP-1 seems to be a prerequisite for effective signal transduction by active TGF-β not only in rat HSC but also in other cell types such as human dermal fibroblasts.
Analysis of natural killer cells isolated from human decidua: evidence that 2B4 (CD244) functions as an inhibitory receptor and blocks NK-cell function
Authors: P. Vacca, G. Pietra, M. Falco, E. Romeo, C. Bottino, F. Bellora, F. Prefumo, E. Fulcheri, P. L. Venturini, M. Costa, A. Moretta, L. Moretta, M. C. Mingari
Journal: Blood (2006)
SOME PATHOLOGIC FEATURES OF THE PULP.
Authors: V. A. LATHAM
Journal: JAMA (1906)

In offering for consideration a few ideas on the diseases of the pulp, I do not mean to infer that its pathology is different from that of any other part of the body. As a general rule, inflammation presents the same set of phenomena wherever it is situated, subject to the variations peculiar to the organ in its especial location. We must never forget that disease of an organ is seldom or never a local affair; in other words, its effects are farreaching and other structures must always become involved. In teaching the subject, this point is one that is very difficult to impress on a student's mind, for collateral anatomy, physiology and pathology seem to be forgotten in studies in the special structure under consideration. A simple carious cavity is not the only thing by which to diagnosticate a patient's suffering. <h3>HISTOLOGY OF THE PULP.</h3> In former papers given
UK government sets up pilot studies to evaluate medical abortion services outside hospitals
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2007)

The Department of Health is funding two hospitals to pilot medical abortion outside hospital settings, to evaluate their effectiveness and safety, the UK government announced in a recent report.

At the moment, the secretary of state has to approve places that can provide abortions, and as yet has not approved anywhere other than hospitals. In its response to a report from the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee on scientific developments relating to the Abortion Act 1967, the current legislation that covers abortion, the government said that a formal evaluation is under way to assess the safety, effectiveness and patient acceptability of providing early medical abortion services in these ‘non-traditional’ settings. 

One of the pilots is in a community hospital and the other is …
Scientific advisers are guaranteed academic freedom after protest
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

The UK government is to incorporate guarantees of academic freedom in its forthcoming principles for part time unpaid scientific advisers and will drop a controversial proposal for ministers and advisers to “work together to reach a shared position.”

The move follows an outcry by more than 90 leading scientists over a set of draft principles floated by the government in December to try to defuse the row over Home Secretary Alan Johnson’s sacking of David Nutt, chairman of the advisory council on the misuse of drugs ( BMJ 12 February 2010, doi:10.1136/bmj.c887).

Professor Nutt was sacked last October for claiming in a lecture given in his academic capacity that cannabis and ecstasy were less dangerous than alcohol. …
Temporal Patterns of Antihypertensive Medication Use Among Elderly Patients
Authors: Bruce M. Psaty, Peter J. Savage, Grethe S. Tell, Joseph F. Polak, Calvin H. Hirsch, Julius M. Gardin, Robert H. McDonald
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To estimate the incidence of newly treated hypertension and to describe the patterns of antihypertensive medication use among those aged 65 years and older. <h3>Design.</h3> —Medicare eligibility lists from four US communities (Forsyth County, North Carolina; Washington County, Maryland; Sacramento County, California; and Pittsburgh, Pa) were used to obtain a representative sample of 5201 community-dwelling elderly for the Cardiovascular Health Study, a prospective cohort study of risk factors for coronary heart disease and stroke. Participants were examined at baseline and again 1 year later. The two examinations included standardized questionnaires, blood pressure measurements, and the assessment of medication use by medication inventory. In this cohort analysis, we excluded 231 subjects (4.4%) who did not return for follow-up, 69 (1.3%) who had missing data for medications, and another 495 (9.5%) who were taking "antihypertensive" medications for an indication other than high blood pressure. <h3>Interventions.</h3> —None. <h3>Results.</h3> —Among the 4406 participants, 1613 used antihypertensive medications at both visits. Between the two visits, 144 started and 115 stopped antihypertensive therapy. Among nonusers at baseline, the annual incidence of newly treated hypertension was 5.2% in women and 5.6% in men. Due to the number of participants who stopped therapy, the overall prevalence of antihypertensive treatment increased only slightly, from 40.7% to 41.1% in women and from 37.1% to 38.2% in men, during 1 year of follow-up. After adjustment for age, systolic blood pressure, number of antihypertensive drugs, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, the newly treated hypertensives were about half as likely as the previously treated hypertensives to receive diuretics (odds ratio [OR], 0.59;<i>P</i>=.008) or β-blockers (OR, 0.52;<i>P</i>=.01); and they were about twice as likely to receive calcium channel blockers (OR, 1.88;<i>P</i>&lt;.004) or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (OR, 2.40;<i>P</i>&lt;.001). A similar pattern of within-person changes over time was apparent among the continuous users. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Between June 1990 and June 1991, physicians were increasingly prescribing angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers in place of diuretics and β-blockers for the treatment of hypertension in elderly patients, especially for those just starting therapy. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1993;270:1837-1841)
Abstract 2700: Effects of anticancer drugs on the viability and the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Hiromi Sakai, Satoshi Kokura, Takeshi Ishikawa, Manabu Okajima, Tatsuzou Matsuyama, Tsuguhiro Matsumoto, Jun Funaki, Satoko Adachi, Yuko Matsuura, Hideyuki Konishi, Yuji Naito, Toshikazu Yoshikawa
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract [Background/Purpose] Cytotoxic chemotherapy is generally considered immunesuppressive because of its toxicity for dividing cells in the bone marrow. However, recent experimental studies support the notion that certain cytotoxic anticancer agents may actually exhibit immune modulatory activities. Effects of anticancer drugs on adoptive transferred cells remain unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of anticancer drugs on the viability and the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). [Method] 5-FU, CPT-11, CDDP and GEM were assessed in the present experiment. PBMCs were treated with each drug for 2hrs, and then cell viability was determined by trypan blue staining and WST-8 assay. For assessment of effects of each drug on proliferation and cytokine producing ability of PBMCs, PBMCs were stimulated with PHA for 48 hrs, following the treatment with each anticancer drug for 2hrs. Proliferation potency of PBMCs was measured using BrdU cell proliferation assay and the producing ability of various cytokines from PBMCs was measured using ELISA. The percentages of IFN-γ-expressing cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in GEM-treated PBMCs were measured using flow cytometric assay. [Results] The anticancer drugs did not affect the cell viability of PBMCs. While 5FU and CPT-11 did not influence proliferation potency, CDDP and GEM inhibited it in concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with GEM enhanced the production of IFN-γ from PBMCs and decreased the number of Tregs induced by PHA. Flow cytometric assay revealed that GEM treatment increased the number of IFN-γ-producing cells in CD4 cells, but GEM did not affect in CD8 cells. [Conclusions] The anticancer drugs did not affect the cell viability of PBMCs in the present experiment. We have found that GEM may be a practical strategy for the enhancement of IFN-γ production from CD4 cells and reduction of Tregs. Thus, GEM should be evaluated in conjunction with a variety of immunotherapy approaches. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2700. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-2700
THE EIGHTH COMPONENT OF HUMAN COMPLEMENT (C8): ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION, AND HEMOLYTIC EFFICIENCY
Authors: Jorge A. Manni, Hans J. Müller-Eberhard
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1969)

A method was described allowing the isolation of the eighth component of complement, C8, from human serum. C8 is an immunochemically definable, heretofore unrecognized serum protein with a molecular weight of approximately 150,000 and an electrophoretic mobility of a gamma(1)-globulin. It may be obtained with 5% yield as a 5000-fold purified, physicochemically and immunochemically homogeneous protein. Under optimal experimental conditions, a few molecules of C8 were found sufficient for lysis of a cell.
Research in Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Irving S. Wright
Journal: JAMA (1971)

To the Editor.—  Your editorial, Is Rheumatic Fever Necessary? ( 214: 361, 1970), commenting on the recent report of the Study Group on Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources was appreciated. It was heartening to have your support in the urgent need for applying a proved preventive measure for the eradication of this disease. However, your comments on the paucity of emphasis on  needs suggested a lack of understanding of the objectives of this Commission and of the recognition that this report was only one of approximately 30 sections which will be published, first serially in Circulation and finally in volume form. As stated in the Introduction to the Commission's report ( Circulation 41, May 1970, p A-1 to A-15), the objective of this Commission can be epitomized as research to application—the development of a guide to medical facilities, communities, and regions for
Rapid ventricular pacing in the dog: pathophysiologic studies of heart failure.
Authors: P W Armstrong, T P Stopps, S E Ford, A J de Bold
Journal: Circulation (1986)

We examined rapid ventricular cardiac pacing as a means of inducing heart failure in the dog to establish the sequence and nature of physiologic compensation in this preparation. Seven animals paced at 250 beats/min for 3 weeks (VP1 group) showed an increase in cardiac size from 78.5 +/- 9.5(SD) to 105.8 +/- 13.0 cm2, a reduction in mean arterial pressure from 149 +/- 7 to 130 +/- 21 mm Hg, a fall in cardiac index from 196 +/- 57 to 125 +/- 37 ml/kg/min, and an increase in left ventricular filling pressure from 6 +/- 5 to 22 +/- 9 mm Hg and in right atrial pressure from 2 +/- 2 to 5 +/- 3 mm Hg. An additional series of six animals (VP2 group) was paced until a clear biologic end point for heart failure was reached (average 5.3 +/- 1.9 weeks) and they showed similar but more advanced changes compared with the VP1 group. The changes in cardiac size and hemodynamics in the VP1 and VP2 groups were significantly different from those in parallel studies of 10 sham-operated animals. Plasma norepinephrine and renin activity were unchanged in sham-operated animals, whereas in the VP1 group, plasma norepinephrine rose from 338 +/- 118 to 764 +/- 567 pg/ml (p less than .05), but plasma renin activity did not change. In the VP2 group norepinephrine rose from 471 +/- 285 to 999 +/- 425 pg/ml (p less than .025) and plasma renin rose from 2.1 +/- 1.5 to 8.0 +/- 7.1 ng/ml/hr (p less than .05). There was an excellent correlation between plasma norepinephrine and renin activity before the animals were killed in both the VP1 and VP2 groups (r = .88, p less than .001). No change was evident in atrial natriuretic factor content, as determined by bioassay, in sham-operated or VP1 group animals. However, there was a significant reduction in atrial natriuretic activity from the right atrium that was inversely correlated with the level of right atrial pressure in the VP2 group.
Drug Dose and Pharmacokinetics
Authors: BRIAN L. BOTTEMILLER
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Letters and Corrections1 March 1983Drug Dose and PharmacokineticsBRIAN L. BOTTEMILLER, R.PH., GARY C. NICHOLAS, R.PH.BRIAN L. BOTTEMILLER, R.PH.Search for more papers by this author, GARY C. NICHOLAS, R.PH.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-3-418_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: We read with some bewilderment the transcript of the UCLA Conference on the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy(1). The section on pharmacologic therapy contained some statements by Dr. Troupin that are either misleading or untrue.The statement that one must dose a drug every half-life or more often to reach a steady state is untrue. As the author states elsewhere in the text, the time to reach steady state depends only on the drug's half-life. In all instances, with drugs that show first-order kinetics (more than 90% of drugs), steady state is reached in five half-lives. Because...References1. TROUPIN A. Pharmacologic therapy, pp. 587-90. Google Scholar ENGEL JIn: , moderator. Recent developments in the diagnosis and therapy of epilepsy. Ann Intern. Med. 1982;97:584-98. LinkGoogle Scholar2. WINTERKATCHERKODA-KIMBLE MBM. Phenytoin. In: Basic Clinical Pharmacokinetics. San Francisco: Applied Therapeutics, Inc.; 1980:183-99. Google Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Highline Community Hospital Seattle, WA 98166 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 March 1983Volume 98, Issue 3Page: 418-418KeywordsDrug therapyDrugsHalf lifePharmacokinetics Issue Published: 1 March 1983 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Abstract 3309: Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) growth is mediated through gamma-aminobutyric acid a receptor (GABAAR)
Authors: Weijuan Wu
Journal: Cancer Research (2014)

Abstract The GABAergic signaling and growth factor pathways have been implicated in neuroendocrine differentiation and CRPC progression. We hypothesized that the GABAergic signaling and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway worked together to promote prostate cancer (PCa) progression. Using androgen receptor (AR)-negative PC-3 cells and AR-positive LNCaP cells derived from human PCa patients, we demonstrated that both cell lines responded to GABA(10-7M - 10-14M) and isoguvacine [a GABAAR antagonist] (10-7M - 10-11M) treatments over two days with elevated growth in a concentration-dependent manner (n=3 for each). Both GABA and isoguvacine also significantly (p&amp;lt;0.05) stimulated expressions of EGFR ligands (EGF, HB-EGF, and TGF-α) (n=3 for each) in both PCa cell lines as determined by real-time quantitative PCR. Immunoblot analyses indicated significant (p&amp;lt;0.05, n=3) elevation of phosphorylation levels of EGFR (Tyr1068) and downstream signal component Src (Tyr416) after GABA and isoguvacine treatments in both cell types with the same temporal changes as those observed with EGFR ligand expressions. Further involvement of GABAAR and EGFR signaling pathway in GABA and isoguvacine-stimulated PCa cell growth and signal transduction was studied using picrotoxin (a GABAAR antagonist) (10-6M ) and gefitinib (an EGFR inhibitor)( 10-6M). Both picrotoxin and gefitinib significantly (p&amp;lt;0.05, n=3) suppressed the GABA and isoguvacine-stimulated cell growth, as well as EGFR (Tyr1068) and Src (Tyr416) phosphorylation. Immunohistochemical studies of GABAAR α1 and phospho-Src (Tyr416) demonstrated that the presence of these molecules was largely limited to prostate carcinomatous glands, but the levels were extremely low or absent in the normal prostate. In addition, GABAAR α1 and phosphor-Src (Tyr416) were co-localized within the cancerous prostate. Our results demonstrate for the first time, that the GABAergic signaling in CRPC cells is mediated through the EGFR pathway, suggesting that GABA may work as autocrine or paracine to promote PCa progression. The clinical implications of this pathway in CRPC may be of significance by therapeutically targeting the GABAAR pathway. Citation Format: Weijuan Wu. Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) growth is mediated through gamma-aminobutyric acid a receptor (GABAAR). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3309. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3309
Error in References
Authors: Myron H. Jacobs
Journal: JAMA (1976)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Dr David P. Nicholson's letter (236:1010, 1976) points to an error in the manner in which we refer to his work in our communication (235:1983, 1976). He is correct, but the error arises from two typographical mistakes in references.
Phencyclidine Abuse Mimicking Head Injury
Authors: R. L. Corales
Journal: JAMA (1980)

Phencyclidine hydrochloride (PCP) is a psychoactive drug that in small doses produces agitation, excitement, and disorientation, but in larger doses results in stupor, convulsions, coma, and death. Two accident victims under the effects of phencyclidine were in coma. A history of phencyclidine abuse was not initially available in either instance. Head injury was suspected in both patients, although their neurological symptoms suggested a state of sensory blockade. Phencyclidine abuse should be considered in all patients with atypical coma despite a clear history of trauma. (<i>JAMA</i>243:2323-2324, 1980)
Murder, mystery, and medicine
Authors: T. Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2011)

No doubt it is unusual for the founders of great institutions of learning to be deliberately poisoned to death with strychnine, let alone at the second attempt, but such seems to have been the fate in 1905 of the immensely rich Jane Stanford, the joint founder of Stanford University. First someone put strychnine in her mineral water in San Francisco, and then in her bicarbonate of soda in Honolulu, to which she had escaped to recover from the physical and emotional shock of having been poisoned.

The president of Stanford University at the time was a medical man, a keen eugenicist and ichthyologist, called David Starr Jordan, who was much …
The <i>JAK2</i> exon 12 mutations: A comprehensive review
Authors: Linda M. Scott
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2011)

A variety of acquired mutations targeting JAK2 exon 12 are present in those patients with the myeloproliferative neoplasm, polycythemia vera, that lack the more common JAK2V617F mutation. Both mutation types perturb erythropoiesis, with individuals presenting with a raised hematocrit, reduced serum erythropoietin levels, and erythropoietin-independent erythroid progenitor cells. However, there are also phenotypic differences that, until recently, precluded a significant proportion of patients with a JAK2 exon 12 mutation from receiving an appropriate diagnosis. Here, we review the literature published on the JAK2 exon 12 mutations and compare the biology associated with these mutations with that of JAK2V617F. Am. J. Hematol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SYNERGY BETWEEN SUBPOPULATIONS OF MOUSE SPLEEN CELLS IN THE IN VITRO GENERATION OF CELL-MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY
Authors: Richard J. Hodes, Barry S. Handwerger, William D. Terry
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1974)

Two subpopulations separated from normal spleen have been shown to synergize as responding cells in the in vitro induction of specific cell-mediated cytotoxicity during the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The synergizing populations are a nylon wool column-adherent and a nylon wool column-nonadherent fraction, enriched for B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes, respectively. When a mixture of these fractions is used as the responding cell population in MLC, greater cytotoxicity is generated than would be expected from the sum of activities generated in the two subpopulations sensitized separately. The synergy appears to occur at the sensitization rather than the effector phase. The synergizing cell which is contained in the nylon-adherent subpopulation is distinct from the cytotoxic effector T lymphocyte, is resistant to lysis by rabbit antimouse brain serum, and is unresponsive to phytohemagglutinin; its synergizing function could not be replaced by either plastic-adherent spleen cells or peritoneal exudate cells. These results suggest a role of a non-T-cell nonmacrophage population in the generation of cytotoxic activity.