tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
UK parties set out their health stalls in lead-up to next election
Authors: Kathryn Godfrey
Journal: BMJ (2004)

Labour and the Conservatives last week proclaimed “patient choice” as the focus of their plans for the future of the health service, prior to the next general election, due to take place by June 2006 at the latest.

The Labour government announced that from the end of 2005 patients will have the right to choose from at least four or five different healthcare providers. By 2008 patients will be allowed to choose from any provider, as long as it meets NHS standards and pricing levels.

Meanwhile the Conservative opposition offered unrestricted and immediate choice at any NHS or private hospital—but at NHS prices. Their plans include the controversial measure of allowing patients to put 50% of the cost of NHS treatment towards buying private care.

The health secretary, John Reid, outlined the government's five year NHS improvement plan in the House of Commons. It will update the NHS plan, a 10 year strategy produced in 2000.

He claimed that significant improvements had been made since 1997, with increased capacity, including 19000 more doctors, and faster service access, with maximum waiting times down to nine months.

Mr Reid said the government would now build on these improvements, offering “an even greater degree …
Urokinase therapy for a central venous catheter thrombus
Authors: Carlos R. Suarez, E. Phillip Ow, George H. Lambert, Craig L. Anderson, Navtej S. Purewal
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1989)

Abstract A 670 g premature infant is described in whom an intracardiac thrombus was documented. This thrombus formation probably resulted as a complication of an indwelling right atrial catheter. Thrombolytic therapy with urokinase was instituted, resulting in total and rapid dissolution. No hemorrhagic complications resulted. We believe that this particular thrombolytic therapy is safe and effective and should be considered when facing this particular complication.
Breastfeeding After Gestational Diabetes Pregnancy
Authors: Erica P. Gunderson
Journal: Diabetes Care (2007)

Breastfeeding provides important health benefits to both women and their offspring. Health benefits of lactation for women include a lower risk of breast and ovarian cancer (1) and possibly protection against type 2 diabetes (2). For the offspring, breastfeeding confers protection against both undernutrition and overnutrition during early childhood (3) and may lower risk of developing obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes later in life (4–7). Postnatal feeding is one of several critical or sensitive developmental periods (fetal life, adiposity rebound in childhood, and adolescence) hypothesized to result in “metabolic programming” of future chronic disease risk (8,9).

In developed countries, there is a robust association between breastfeeding and a lower risk of becoming overweight during childhood and adolescence, even after accounting for maternal obesity and family lifestyle behaviors (10–13). Moreover, greater protection against childhood overweight is associated with more prolonged exclusive breastfeeding. In the U.S., the association of breastfeeding and lower risk of childhood overweight has been observed in Caucasians, but not among low-income Hispanics or African-Americans.

Fetal life is another important developmental period influencing future health. Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) alters the intrauterine milieu for fetal development that may affect risk factors for chronic disease later in life (14). In some (15–18), but not all (19) studies, offspring of GDM mothers may be more likely to become overweight and to develop type 2 diabetes later in life. A combination of genetic, intrauterine, and postnatal factors contribute to development of childhood obesity and type 2 diabetes in the offspring of women with GDM.

Whether breastfeeding affects the future health of offspring of women with GDM is uncertain based on limited and conflicting findings from studies of Native Americans or women with diabetes during pregnancy. Furthermore, no studies that examined the …
Inhibitory Effect of Phlai Capsule on the Histamine and Allergen-Induced Wheal and Flare Response on Skin Test Response Among Allergic Rhinitis Patients
Authors: Orapan Poachanukoon, Prapasri Kulalert, Taweephol Dechatiwongse Na Ayudthaya, Sittichai Koontongkaew
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2015)
Maternal obesity increases type 1 diabetes risk in offspring, study shows
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Overweight and obesity among women increases the risk of type 1 diabetes in their offspring even when neither parent has diabetes, shows a nationwide cohort study of more than 1.2 million children in Sweden.

The results, published in Diabetologia ,1 indicate that efforts to reduce overweight and obesity in women before and during pregnancy might reduce the incidence of type 1 diabetes in children of parents without diabetes. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes is increasing in most countries.

The …
Endogenous somatostatin and the gut.
Authors: M R Lucey
Journal: Gut (1986)

Progress reportEndogenous somatostatin and the gut Somatostatin is a naturally occuring polypeptide first discovered in porcine hypothalamini by Brazeau et al' in 1973 after original observations by Kruhlich et al.2It has been identified in many mammalian tissues especially brain, gut, and pancreas.The molecular form first described consists of 14 amino acids in a cyclic arrangement and is called somatostatin-14. (Fig. 1).Precursor forms of larger molecular weight have since been recognised.Somatostatin-28, also called prosomatostatin, is a 28 amino acid polypeptide and includes the complete somatostatin-14 at its N terminus.3(Fig. 2).Preprosomatostatins are polypeptides of 120 or more amino acids and usually contain the somatostatin-28 sequence at the C-terminus.4 5 When infused in pharmacological doses into animals or man somatostatin-14 inhibits many endocrine and gastrointestinal functions.6Somatostatin-28 is also a pharmacological inhibitor although it can differ from somatostatin- 14 in specific effects.7 8
THE EFFECTS OF SULPHONAMIDE COMPOUNDS UPON LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS.*
Authors: H. W. BARBER
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (1941)

BEFORE dealing with the actual subject of this paper-the effects of the sulphonamide group of drugs upon lupus erythematosus-I propose briefly to summarize my views on the aetiology of the disease, in order to correct misunderstandings which have arisen in some quarters.When I first began the study of dermatology, lupus erythematosus was regarded by many, and particularly by the French school, as a toxi-tuberculide.In favour of this view were the frequency of a familial history of pulmonary tuberculosis, first pointed out by Sir Jonathan Hutchinson ; the association of the eruption with manifest old or active tuberculous lesions in organs other than the skin ; and the claims of several observers (Gougerot, Ehrmann and Reines.Bloch and Fuchs, Cannon) to have tuberculized guinea-pigs by injection of material prepared from fragments of the affected skin, and by mjecting the blood of patients with acute lupus erythematosus (Eloch and Raniel).Dr. Sequeira in his excellent article in Allbutt's System of Medicine states tliat he and Balean in 60 cases of the discoid form of the eruption could only find evidence of tuberculosis in eighteen per cent., an observation which contrasts strikingly with those of Roth, who claimed that 185 out of 250 cases were tuberculous, and of Boeck, who found evidence of tuberculosis in 24 out of 36 discoid cases.
Peptone stimulates CCK-releasing peptide secretion by activating intestinal submucosal cholinergic neurons.
Authors: Y Li, C Owyang
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1996)

In this study we tested the hypothesis that peptone in the intestine stimulates the secretion of the CCK-releasing peptide (CCK-RP) which mediates CCK secretion, and examined the enteric neural circuitry responsible for CCK-RP secretion. We used a "donor-recipient" rat intestinal perfusion model to quantify the CCK-RP secreted in response to nutrient stimulation. Infusion of concentrated intestinal perfusate collected from donor rat perfused with 5% peptone caused a 62 +/- 10% increase in protein secretion and an elevation of plasma CCK levels to 6.9 +/- 1.8 pM in the recipient rat. The stimulatory effect of the intestinal washings was abolished when the donor rats were pretreated with atropine or hexamethonium but not with guanethidine or vagotomy. Mucosal application of lidocaine but not serosal application of benzalkonium chloride which ablates the myenteric neurons in the donor rats also abolished the stimulatory action of the intestinal washings. Furthermore, treatment of the donor rats with a 5HT3 antagonist and a substance P antagonist also prevented the secretion of CCK-RP. These observations suggest that peptone in the duodenum stimulates serotonin release which activates the sensory substance P neurons in the submucous plexus. Signals are then transmitted to cholinergic interneurons and to epithelial CCK-RP containing cells via cholinergic secretomotor neurons. This enteric neural circuitry which is responsible for the secretion of CCK-RP may in turn play an important role in the postprandial release of CCK.
Top scientist warns of "sickness" in US health system
Authors: T. Radford
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The US health system is itself sick and needs a national commission to get it back on the road to recovery, Floyd Bloom, president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, told the association's annual meeting last week.

Dr Bloom is the head of neuropharmacology at the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California. He was editor in chief, until 2000, of the journal Science , and he once headed the neuropharmacology laboratory at the National Institutes of Health. That an architect of modern neuroscience chose to open the largest single public science conference in the United States to make his point suggests more than just a cautionary diagnosis.

Dr Bloom warned of soaring health premiums, shortages of expertise in a number …
Intense FDG Uptake in the Ovary With Painless Torsion
Authors: Kentaro Takanami, Tomohiro Kaneta, Hitoshi Niikura, Shigeo Kinomura, Shogo Yamada, Hiroshi Fukuda, Shoki Takahashi
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2007)

We report a case demonstrating intense FDG uptake in the ovary, which was diagnosed to be a hemorrhage and congestion due to painless torsion. An asymptomatic retropelvic mass was detected in a 51-year-old female by echography. FDG-PET demonstrated intense uptake in the mass, thus suggesting an ovarian tumor. A resection of the tumor was performed, and histopathological examination revealed hemorrhage and congestion in the ovary due to ovarian torsion. An ovarian hemorrhage due to painless torsion should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intrapelvic masses demonstrating high FDG uptake, even in asymptomatic patients.
Metastatic Prostate Cancer Incidence and Prostate-specific Antigen Testing: New Insights from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Carlotta Buzzoni, Anssi Auvinen, Monique J. Roobol, Sigrid Carlsson, Sue M. Moss, Donella Puliti, Harry J. de Koning, Chris H. Bangma, Louis J. Denis, Maciej Kwiatkowski, Marcos Lujan, Vera Nelen, Alvaro Paez, Marco Randazzo, Xavier Rebillard, Teuvo L.J. Tammela, Arnauld Villers, Jonas Hugosson, Fritz H. Schröder, Marco Zappa
Journal: European Urology (2015)
Depiction of elderly and disabled people on road traffic signs: international comparison
Authors: R. P Gale
Journal: BMJ (2003)

The traffic sign for elderly or disabled people crossing the road was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1981 after a children's competition.1 It portrays a silhouette of a man with a flexed posture using a cane and leading a kyphotic woman (fig 1). The same sign is also used for frail, disabled, or blind people, even though many of these people are not old. The sign implies that osteopaenic vertebral collapse and the need for mobility aids are to be expected with physical disability as well as with advancing age.

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Elderly people should not be stigmatised as being impaired or inevitably disabled. We had observed that some countries did not depict these groups in this way and wondered how road signs worldwide illustrate elderly people, as well as people with physical disabilities.

We obtained addresses from the British Diplomatic List 2001,2 and we …

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OC-049 Are Endoscopic Examinations Performed by Trainee Endoscopists Less Tolerable than those Conducted by Senior Colleagues?: Abstract OC-049 Table 1
Authors: A J Irvine, M Kurien, R Harrold, L Taylor, D S Sanders
Journal: Gut (2013)

<h3>Introduction</h3> Endoscopic training for gastroenterology trainees is an integral part of specialty training, with defined competencies required prior to independent practise. Whilst training of future endoscopists is essential to meet the future demands of endoscopy, previous studies have suggested that tolerability and patient satisfaction is decreased when trainees undertake endoscopic examinations. This study evaluates the influence trainees may have on endoscopic tolerability with 3 outcome measures assessed: procedural pain, discomfort and distress. <h3>Methods</h3> Consecutive patients attending a tertiary referral centre and undergoing clinically indicated oesophogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) and colonoscopy were prospectively recruited between September 2011 and June 2012. Outcomes measures were assessed using a validated 10-point numeric rating scale (NRS) from 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable), with scores ≥5 considered to be elevated. Details of staff member(s) undertaking endoscopic examinations were recorded, with procedures considered to have trainee involvement if a trainee had performed all or part of the procedure. Chi squared analysis was then used to determine if trainee involvement influenced outcome measures. <h3>Results</h3> 610 patients were recruited (280 male, median age 56 years, range 17–90 years). Whilst no significant differences were identified for pain, discomfort or distress during colonoscopy, significant differences were identified in procedural discomfort and distress (p = 0.015 and p = 0.033 respectively) when trainees undertook OGD’s, with procedural pain approaching significance (p = 0.061, Table 1). <h3>Conclusion</h3> This is the first study to discriminate pain, distress and discomfort as tolerability outcome measures. Whilst trainee involvement during OGD negatively influenced all 3 outcome measures, no significant effect was observed during colonoscopy. This finding may reflect OGD’s frequently being the first endoscopic procedure taught to trainees and the difficulties of oesophageal intubation. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared
Iron Metabolism: An International Symposium Sponsored by CIBA, Aix-en-Provence 1st5th July, 1963
Authors: Paul G. Hattersley
Journal: JAMA (1964)

Knowledge of iron metabolism has increased rapidly in the past few years. Important contributions have appeared in journals of biochemistry, microbiology, radioisotopes, pathology, hematology, and pharmacology, as well as clinical medicine and therapeutics. Ciba's international symposium brings together much of this information. The list of participants includes many of the world's leading authorities, and the papers nicely cover this growing field. There are five contributions on the biochemistry of iron and four on normal and abnormal physiology, including another in the series of magnificent contributions on iron kinetics by Pollycove. Iron deficiency is discussed in its many facets in six papers, and the diagnostic and metabolic aspects of iron overload in five. Finally, after papers on the oral and parenteral treatment of iron deficiency, there are six on the pharmacology and therapeutics of chelating agents in primary and secondary hemochromatosis. All but one of the papers are in English, with
Local generation of angiotensin II as a mechanism of regulation of peripheral vascular tone in the rat.
Authors: J A Oliver, R R Sciacca
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Renin is present in vascular smooth muscle cells and has been shown to coexist with angiotensins I (AI) and II (AII) in many cell types. Accordingly, we postulated that the renin-angiotensin system controls vascular tone, not by the action of circulating renal renin but rather, by the local generation of angiotensin by vascular renin. Isolated rat hindquarters were perfused in vitro with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing 7% albumin, and flow-adjusted to obtain a perfusion pressure of approximately 90 mmHg. Infusion of 4.8 nmol X min-1 for 5 min of AII or AI markedly increased perfusion pressure. An identical dose of the synthetic tetradecaptide of renin substrate (TDCP-RS) increased pressure similarly to AI. The pressure increase evoked by TDCP-RS was markedly decreased by captopril and by two different peptides that inhibit renin. Renin activity in the perfusate, incubated with semipurified rat renin substrate, was 21 +/- 3 pg AI X ml-1 X h-1 (mean +/- SEM) at 15 min of perfusion and 47 +/- 4 pg AI X ml-1 X h-1 at 45 min (n = 9; P less than 0.01). When TDCP-RS was infused at 4.8 nmol X min-1 for 5 min in the presence of captopril, AI in the perfusate increased linearly at a rate of 16.5 pmol X min-1 for 10 min (n = 5). The results indicate that TDCP-RS constricted the vasculature by its conversion to AII and suggest that AII was generated from a two-step hydrolysis of TDCP-RS by renin and converting enzyme. The data thus suggest that the renin-angiotensin system controls vascular tone by the local generation of AII by renin and converting enzyme in the vasculature.
Effects of inhaled acid aerosols on lung mechanics: an analysis of human exposure studies.
Authors: M J Utell
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1985)

There exist significant gaps in our understanding of human health effects from inhalation of pollutants associated with acid precipitation. Controlled clinical studies examine effects of criteria pollutants almost exclusively by assessing changes in lung mechanics. One constituent of acid precipitation, sulfuric acid aerosols, has been shown to induce bronchoconstriction in exercising extrinsic asthmatics at near ambient levels. These asthmatics may be an order of magnitude more sensitive to sulfuric acid aerosols than normal adults. More recently, a second component nitrogen dioxide has been observed to provoke changes in lung mechanics at progressively lower concentrations. To date, virtually no data exist from clinical exposures to acidic aerosols for subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Renal Amyloidosis Evaluation by Gallium Imaging
Authors: VICTOR W. LEE, MARTHA SKINNER, ALAN S. COHEN, STEPHEN NGA, TIEN T. PENG
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1986)

A study has been performed to evaluate the efficacy of gallium imaging in the detection of renal amyloidosis. Ten of the 11 patients who had biopsy-proven renal amyloidosis demonstrated marked uptake in both kidneys. One patient revealed moderate gallium uptake in his kidneys. None of the patients had underlying renal or extrarenal pathology other than amyloidosis, which could account for renal gallium uptake (renal infection, neoplasm, hepatic failure or frequent blood transfusions). Four patients also had extrarenal foci of abnormal gallium uptake, suggesting other sites of amyloid deposits. Our data strongly suggest that gallium imaging has a high sensitivity for detection of renal amyloidosis. Its specificity is enhanced significantly by careful review of the clinical history to exclude other known causes of renal gallium uptake. Potentially, gallium imaging may be used to monitor the progress of patients under experimental therapy.
Role of anaerobic bacteria in the metabolic welfare of the colonic mucosa in man.
Authors: W E Roediger
Journal: Gut (1980)

Suspensions of isolated epithelial cells (colonocytes) from the human colon were used to assess utilisation of respiratory fuels which are normally available to the colonic mucosa in vivo. Cells were prepared from operative specimens of the ascending colon (seven) and descending colon (seven). The fuels that were used were the short chain fatty acid n-butyrate, produced only by anaerobic bacteria in the colonic lumen, together with glucose and glutamine, normally present in the circulation. The percentage oxygen consumption attributable to n-butyrate, when this was the only substrate, was 73% in the ascending colon and 75% in the descending colon. In the presence of 10 mM glucose these proportions changed to 59% and 72%. Aerobic glycolysis was observed in both the ascending and descending colon. Glucose oxidation accounted for 85% of the oxygen consumption in the ascending colon and 30% in the descending colon. In the presence of 10 mM n-butyrate these proportions decreased to 41% in the ascending colon and 16% in the descending colon. Based on the assumption that events in the isolated colonocytes reflect utilization of fuels in vivo, the hypothesis is put forward that fatty acids of anaerobic bacteria are a major source of energy for the colonic mucosa, particularly of the distal colon.
Book Review Hodgkin Lymphoma Second edition. Edited by Richard T. Hoppe, Peter T. Mauch, James O. Armitage, Volker Diehl, and Lawrence M. Weiss. 466 pp., illustrated. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 2007. $199. 978-0-7817-6422-3
Authors: Bertrand Coiffier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)
Intra-operative 3D guidance and edema detection in prostate brachytherapy using a non-isocentric C-arm
Authors: A. Jain, A. Deguet, I. Iordachita, G. Chintalapani, S. Vikal, J. Blevins, Y. Le, E. Armour, C. Burdette, D. Song, G. Fichtinger
Journal: Medical Image Analysis (2010)
Absence of DNA Polymerase η Reveals Targeting of C Mutations on the Nontranscribed Strand in Immunoglobulin Switch Regions
Authors: Xianmin Zeng, George A. Negrete, Cynthia Kasmer, William W. Yang, Patricia J. Gearhart
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2004)

Activation-induced cytosine deaminase preferentially deaminates C in DNA on the nontranscribed strand in vitro, which theoretically should produce a large increase in mutations of C during hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. However, a bias for C mutations has not been observed among the mutations in variable genes. Therefore, we examined mutations in the mu and gamma switch regions, which can form stable secondary structures, to look for C mutations. To further simplify the pattern, mutations were studied in the absence of DNA polymerase (pol) eta, which may produce substitutions of nucleotides downstream of C. DNA from lymphocytes of patients with xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) disease, whose polymerase eta is defective, had the same frequency of switching to all four gamma isotypes and hypermutation in mu-gamma switch sites (0.5% mutations per basepair) as control subjects. There were fewer mutations of A and T bases in the XP-V clones, similar to variable gene mutations from these patients, which confirms that polymerase eta produces substitutions opposite A and T. Most importantly, the absence of polymerase eta revealed an increase in C mutations on the nontranscribed strand. This data shows for the first time that C is preferentially mutated in vivo and pol eta generates hypermutation in the mu and gamma switch regions.