tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Aquatic toxicology: fact or fiction?
Authors: K J Macek
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1980)

A brief history of the development of the field of aquatic toxicology is provided. In order to provide a perspective on the state-of-the-art in aquatic toxicology relative to classical toxicology, the two fields are compared from the standpoint of the type of scientist practicing each field, the respective objectives of each, the forces which drive the activity in each field, and the major advantages and disadvantages accruing to the practitioner of aquatic toxicology as a result of the differences in objectives and driving forces.
Breath Tests for Alcohol
Authors: David Lester
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1971)

Above a threshold level of 0.05 per cent of ethyl alcohol in the blood, the risk of collision involvement is a positively related monotonic function of blood ethanol level. State statutes recognize blood alcohol levels of 0.08 per cent (Utah), 0.10 per cent (22 states) and 0.15 per cent (27 states) or more as prima facie evidence of "driving under the influence"; the amount of alcohol in about 225 ml of whiskey circulating in the blood of a 70-kg person produces a concentration of 0.15 per cent.Ethanol distributes itself between the blood and gas phase of the lungs according . . .
Combined Analysis of V20, VS5, Pulmonary Fibrosis Score on Baseline Computed Tomography, and Patient Age Improves Prediction of Severe Radiation Pneumonitis After Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy for Locally Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kayoko Tsujino, Tomohisa Hashimoto, Temiko Shimada, Eisaku Yoden, Osamu Fujii, Yosuke Ota, Miyako Satouchi, Shunichi Negoro, Shuji Adachi, Toshinori Soejima
Journal: Journal of Thoracic Oncology (2014)
Mortality and ambient fine particles in southwest Mexico City, 1993-1995.
Authors: V H Borja-Aburto, M Castillejos, D R Gold, S Bierzwinski, D Loomis
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1998)

++Epidemiologic studies have focused attention on the health effects of fine particulate air pollutants <2.5 microm in diameter (PM2.5). To further characterize the potential effects of fine particles, we investigated the relationship of air pollution to mortality in Mexico City during 1993-1995. The concentration of PM2.5 was measured on a 24-hr integrated basis; concentrations of NO2 and ozone were measured hourly and reduced to 24-hr means. Daily mortality was determined from death registration records, and Poisson regression was used to model daily death counts as a function of air pollutant levels on the same and previous days, while controlling for temperature and periodic cycles. Without taking other air pollutants into account, a 10 microg/m3 increase in the level of PM2.5 was associated with a 1.4% increase in total mortality, both on the current day and 4 days after exposure [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.2-2.5]. An equivalent increase in PM2.5 was also associated with somewhat larger excesses of deaths among people over 65 years of age and from cardiovascular and respiratory causes, which occurred after a lag of 4 days. The mean concentration of ozone over a 2-day period was associated with a 1.8% increase in mortality from cardiovascular diseases. NO2 was not consistently related to mortality. Fine particles had an independent effect on mortality when modeled simultaneously with other pollutants, and the association of ozone with cardiovascular mortality was strengthened after adjusting for NO2 and PM2.5. These results support previous findings that urban air pollution at current levels leads to excess mortality and suggest that fine particles may play a causal role in producing that excess.
Abstract 15853: Ultrasound Guided Chest Compressions Over the Left Ventricle During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Increases Coronary Perfusion Pressure and Return of Spontaneous Circulation in a Swine Model of Traumatic Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Kenton L Anderson, Maria G Castaneda, Susan M Boudreau, Kristin Cox, Vikhyat S Bebarta
Journal: Circulation (2014)

Introduction: Recent evidence has demonstrated that the location of chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) influences coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). However, the role of closed chest compressions (CCC) during traumatic cardiac arrest remains controversial, and there currently is no evidence identifying the ideal location for CCC in traumatic arrest.

Hypothesis: We hypothesized that chest compressions located over the left ventricle would result in improved coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) and return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in a swine model of traumatic cardiac arrest.

Methods: Transthoracic echo was used to mark the location of the aortic root and the center of the left ventricle on animals (n=26) which were randomized to receive chest compressions in one of the two locations. One third of each animal’s blood volume was removed and ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced to simulate traumatic cardiac arrest. After a period of ten minutes of VF, basic life support (BLS) with mechanical CPR was initiated and performed for ten minutes followed by advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) and blood transfusion for an additional ten minutes. During BLS the area of maximal compression was verified using transesophageal echo. CPP was recorded every two minutes.

Results: CPP was higher in the left ventricle group during the last four minutes of BLS (p≤0.03) and during the entire ACLS period (p≤0.002). Five of the left ventricle group (38%) achieved ROSC compared to zero of the aortic root group (p=0.04).

Conclusions: In our swine model, chest compressions performed directly over the left ventricle resulted in an increase in CPP during resuscitation and a greater proportion of animals with ROSC.
Effects of an antibody to interleukin-5 in a monkey model of asthma.
Authors: P J Mauser, A M Pitman, X Fernandez, S K Foran, G K Adams, W Kreutner, R W Egan, R W Chapman
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1995)

To investigate the role of interleukin-5 (IL-5) on airway hyperreactivity and pulmonary inflammation in nonhuman primate airways, the effect of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to murine IL-5 (TRFK-5) was investigated in a cynomolgus monkey model of allergic asthma. Anesthetized Ascaris-sensitive monkeys underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to assess the granulocyte content of this fluid before and 24 h after aerosolized Ascaris suum extract inhalation. Airway reactivity was assessed by the concentration of inhaled histamine required to produce a 40% reduction in dynamic lung compliance (Cdyn40). Exposure to A. suum extract produced an increase in airway reactivity (Cdyn40 = 0.065 +/- 0.024% before Ascaris; Cdyn40 = 0.014 +/- 0.004% after Ascaris) and an inflammatory reaction in the airways characterized by an increase in BAL eosinophils (0.05 +/- 0.03 x 10(3) cells/ml before Ascaris; 176 +/- 76 x 10(3) cells/ml after Ascaris) and neutrophils (3 +/- 1 x 10(3) cells/ml before Ascaris; 406 +/- 211 x 10(3) cells/ml after Ascaris). In contrast, only small nonsignificant changes in airway reactivity and granulocyte influx into the BAL occurred after aerosolized saline as a sham challenge. When the monkeys were treated 1 h before Ascaris challenge with the TRFK-5 antibody (0.3 mg/kg, intravenously), there was no increase in airway reactivity after Ascaris challenge (Cdyn40 = 0.032 +/- 0.016% before Ascaris; Cdyn40 = 0.217 +/- 0.196% after Ascaris) and there were only small increases in the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in the BAL after Ascaris challenge. The inhibition of this pulmonary eosinophilia and bronchial hyperresponsiveness by TRFK-5 was seen for up to 3 mo after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dysbalance of angiogenic and angiostatic mediators in patients with mixed connective tissue disease
Authors: J. H. W. Distler, T. Strapatsas, D. Huscher, C. Dees, A. Akhmetshina, H. P. Kiener, I. H. Tarner, B. Maurer, M. Walder, B. Michel, S. Gay, J. S. Smolen, U. Muller-Ladner, G. Schett, O. Distler
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

<h3>Objective</h3> Vascular disease is common in mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). The aim of the present study was to investigate, whether dysbalance of angiogenic and angiostatic factors occurs in MCTD. <h3>Methods</h3> In all, 38 patients with MCTD, and 40 patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) for comparison, were included. Four centres contributed to this cross-sectional analysis. A total of 66 healthy volunteers were used as controls. The serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and endostatin were determined by ELISA. For comparisons between controls and patients with MCTD and detection of associations of serum levels with dichotomous clinical parameters in patients with MCTD the Mann–Whitney test was used. <h3>Results</h3> Serum levels of the angiogenic factor VEGF were significantly elevated in patients with MCTD and SSc. Significantly increased levels of the angiostatic factor endostatin were also detected in MCTD, but not in SSc. No differences were observed for bFGF. Levels of VEGF were higher in patients with MCTD with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), acrosclerosis and myositis. In multivariate linear regression analysis, an additive model of PAH, myositis and lymphadenopathy accounted for 79% of the variability of the VEGF levels (r=0.889). <h3>Conclusions</h3> Molecular factors modulating angiogenic responses are dysregulated in patients with MCTD and SSc with increases of VEGF in MCTD and SSc and selective upregulation of endostatin in MCTD. Furthermore, high serum levels of VEGF might characterise patients with MCTD with a more severe course of the disease with increased prevalence of PAH and myositis.
Expert panel will examine feasibility of setting levels for drug driving
Authors: J. Wise
Journal: BMJ (2012)

The UK government is putting together an expert panel to look at introducing a new law against taking drugs and driving.

The panel, set up by the Department of Transport, will look at how a specific drug driving offence could be defined and whether it is possible to set levels for the impairing effects of individual drugs.

This course of action was recommended in a 2010 review by the legal scholar Peter North ( BMJ 2010;340:c3315, doi:10.1136/bmj.c3315). The review concluded that there is a substantial drug driving problem in the United Kingdom. There were 56 fatal and 207 serious injury incidents reported by police in 2008 as involving impairment by drugs, but the true scale of the problem is likely to be much greater.

The panel will examine whether it is possible to identify, for average members of the adult population, the levels of drugs that have an impairing effect …
Frequency of citation and outcome of cholesterol lowering trials.
Authors: G. R. Thompson
Journal: BMJ (1992)

higher in the treated group2; for these two reasons the use of this particular drug has waned.The two other trials each showed a significant benefit in reduction of coronary risk with two very different drugs."This is strong evidence that use of carefully selected drugs to lower cholesterol concentra- tion has an important clinical benefit.I do not believe that the meta-analysis alters this view.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Lipid Accumulation in the Human Diaphragm during Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Martin Picard, Boris Jung, Feng Liang, Ilan Azuelos, Sabah Hussain, Peter Goldberg, Richard Godin, Gawiyou Danialou, Rakesh Chaturvedi, Karolina Rygiel, Stefan Matecki, Samir Jaber, Christine Des Rosiers, George Karpati, Lorenzo Ferri, Yan Burelle, Douglass M. Turnbull, Tanja Taivassalo, Basil J. Petrof
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2012)

Rationale: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is associated with adverse effects on the diaphragm, but the cellular basis for this phenomenon, referred to as ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD), is poorly understood.Objectives: To determine whether mitochondrial function and cellular energy status are disrupted in human diaphragms after MV, and the role of mitochondria-derived oxidative stress in the development of VIDD.Methods: Diaphragm and biceps specimens obtained from brain-dead organ donors who underwent MV (15–176 h) and age-matched control subjects were compared regarding mitochondrial enzymatic function, mitochondrial DNA integrity, lipid content, and metabolic gene and protein expression. In addition, diaphragmatic force and oxidative stress after exposure to MV for 6 hours were evaluated in mice under different conditions.Measurements and Main Results: In human MV diaphragms, mitochondrial biogenesis and content were down-regulated, with a more specific defect of respiratory chain cytochrome-c oxidase. Laser capture microdissection of cytochrome-c oxidase–deficient fibers revealed mitochondrial DNA deletions, consistent with damage from oxidative stress. Diaphragmatic lipid accumulation and responses of master cellular metabolic sensors (AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuins) were consistent with energy substrate excess as a possible stimulus for these changes. In mice, induction of hyperlipidemia worsened diaphragmatic oxidative stress during MV, whereas transgenic overexpression of a mitochondria-localized antioxidant (peroxiredoxin-3) was protective against VIDD.Conclusions: Our data suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction lies at the nexus between oxidative stress and the impaired diaphragmatic contractility that develops during MV. Energy substrate oversupply relative to demand, resulting from diaphragmatic inactivity during MV, could play an important role in this process.
The Power to Block the Affordable Care Act
Authors: John D. Kraemer, Lawrence O. Gostin
Journal: JAMA (2012)

HEALTH CARE REFORM REMAINS PRECARIOUS IN THE United States, with intense political disagreement about the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Former Governor Romney vows to “repeal and replace” President Obama’s signature domestic achievement. Although repeal would face potentially insurmountable political barriers, a Republican president could selectively enforce the ACA, effectively blocking full implementation. The president has wide discretion in implementing legislation, so understanding the scope of executive powers is important—not only for the ACA but also for a broad range of social welfare legislation.
Recoverin is the tumor antigen in cancerassociated retinopathy
Authors: Arthur S. Polans, Grazyna Adamus
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1995)

Abstract Considerable progress has been made toward understanding the involvement of recoverin in a cancer-associated retinopathy (CAR) that results in blindness. We describe the expression of recoverin in tumors of individuals afflicted with CAR, characterize the immunological response towards recoverin in these patients, and demonstrate how the disease can be induced in rodents using recoverin as an immunogen.
Modern Tests of Vestibular Function, with Special Reference to their Value in Clinical Practice
Authors: M. R. Dix
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The many vestibular tests now available provide the means of accurate localization of lesions at all levels of the vestibular pathways. The value of the test procedures described has been well established in the examination of very many patients over the past twenty years, and though other forms of tests are available only those have been included which have proved to give consistently useful information. Most of these tests can be undertaken by the clinician without the use of any costly equipment, and together with a careful history and examination the diagnosis can in most cases be arrived at. Recognition of the highly important role of optic fixation and ocular deviations on vestibular nystagmus, together with recent facilities to demonstrate this electronystagmographically, may provide additional valuable and more precise information.
OXA- and GES-type β-lactamases predominate in extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a Turkish University Hospital
Authors: A.C. Cicek, A. Saral, M. Iraz, A. Ceylan, A.O. Duzgun, A.Y. Peleg, C. Sandalli
Journal: Clinical Microbiology and Infection (2013)
Inflammatory priming predisposes mice to age-related retinal degeneration
Authors: Debarshi Mustafi, Tadao Maeda, Hideo Kohno, Joseph H. Nadeau, Krzysztof Palczewski
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

Disruption of cellular processes affected by multiple genes and accumulation of numerous insults throughout life dictate the progression of age-related disorders, but their complex etiology is poorly understood. Postmitotic neurons, such as photoreceptor cells in the retina and epithelial cells in the adjacent retinal pigmented epithelium, are especially susceptible to cellular senescence, which contributes to age-related retinal degeneration (ARD). The multigenic and complex etiology of ARD in humans is reflected by the relative paucity of effective compounds for its early prevention and treatment. To understand the genetic differences that drive ARD pathogenesis, we studied A/J mice, which develop ARD more pronounced than that in other inbred mouse models. Although our investigation of consomic strains failed to identify a chromosome associated with the observed retinal deterioration, pathway analysis of RNA-Seq data from young mice prior to retinal pathological changes revealed that increased vulnerability to ARD in A/J mice was due to initially high levels of inflammatory factors and low levels of homeostatic neuroprotective factors. The genetic signatures of an uncompensated preinflammatory state and ARD progression identified here aid in understanding the susceptible genetic loci that underlie pathogenic mechanisms of age-associated disorders, including several human blinding diseases.
Noninvasive Assessment of Myocardial Viability by Positron Emission Tomography With <sup>11</sup> C Acetate in Patients With Old Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Tatsuhiko Hata, Ryuji Nohara, Masatoshi Fujita, Ryohei Hosokawa, Linsetsu Lee, Takashi Kudo, Eiji Tadamura, Nagara Tamaki, Junji Konishi, Shigetake Sasayama
Journal: Circulation (1996)

When patients with severely depressed left ventricular function are treated, it is crucial to know in advance how much functional recovery is expected from coronary revascularization.We compared the results of 11C acetate positron emission tomography (PET) with dobutamine infusion with changes in regional wall motion evaluated by left ventriculography in 28 patients with old Q-wave anterior myocardial infarctions. Dysfunctional but viable myocardium (group A, n = 13) was separated from nonviable myocardium (group B, n = 15) by echocardiographic assessments of regional wall motion before and after successful coronary revascularization. 11C acetate PET was performed to characterize normalized myocardial blood flow and oxidative metabolism (the clearance rate constant, k mono). While the baseline k monos of the infarct areas of the two groups were different with overlap, the responses to dobutamine infusion were directionally different. In addition, relative perfusion by 11C acetate PET could predict recovery of left ventricular function as well as or better than dobutamine 11C acetate kinetics. The extent of the increase in k monos of the infarct area with dobutamine infusion correlated well (P < .01) with the degree of the increase in the percentage of systolic segment shortening in the infarct area (left ventriculography) after coronary revascularization.11C acetate PET with dobutamine infusion can predict not only the reversibility of dysfunctioning myocardium after coronary revascularization but also the extent of improvement of regional wall motion in patients with old Q-wave infarction.
Free amino acids in plasma and skeletal muscle of patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Alberto Montanari, Isabella Simoni, Daniele Vallisa, Antonio Trifirò, Rossana Colla, Roberto Abbiati, Loris Borghi, Almerico Novarini
Journal: Hepatology (1988)

Free amino acids were measured under postabsorptive conditions in plasma and intracellular water of skeletal muscle obtained by needle biopsy in nine healthy controls and 14 subjects suffering from clinically stable liver cirrhosis. The aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in cirrhotics were elevated to the same extent in plasma and in muscle water. Branched-chain amino acids were uniformly reduced in plasma, but in muscle water only valine was significantly lower (222 +/- 92 mumoles per kg intracellular water vs. 368 +/- 82, p less than 0.001), while isoleucine (142 +/- 63 vs. 103 +/- 30), leucine (223 +/- 88 vs. 226 +/- 36) and branched-chain amino acids as a whole (589 +/- 186 vs. 681 +/- 88) were normal or elevated with an increased muscle:plasma ratio (3.12 +/- 2.03 vs. 1.41 +/- 0.37, p less than 0.05 for isoleucine; 3.00 +/- 1.28 vs. 1.85 +/- 0.27, p less than 0.025 for leucine; 2.24 +/- 0.64 vs. 1.69 +/- 0.13, p less than 0.05 for total branched-chain amino acids. Our data show that, in cirrhosis, plasma concentrations of branched-chain amino acids do not reflect their levels in muscle cellular water; only the intracellular pool of valine is severely depleted. This suggests that higher amounts of valine supplementation may be useful in nutritional treatment of liver cirrhosis. The elevated muscle:plasma gradients for branched-chain amino acids may result from abnormalities in their transport through muscle-plasma membrane.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Influence of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Sepsis on Outcome of Critically Ill Infected Patients
Authors: Corinne Alberti, Christian Brun-Buisson, Sergey V. Goodman, Daniela Guidici, John Granton, Rui Moreno, Mark Smithies, Oliver Thomas, Antonio Artigas, Jean Roger Le Gall
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2003)

Section:ChooseTop of pageAbstract <<METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONAPPENDIXReferencesCITING ARTICLES
Patients are still not receiving NICE approved drugs, report says
Authors: H. Mooney
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Some NHS organisations are still rationing some drugs despite the fact that they have been approved by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) as being cost effective, according to the findings of a new report.

The report published today by the Health and Social Care Information Centre found that medicines in six treatment areas were prescribed at rates lower than would have been expected from disease prevalence.1 All have been backed by NICE as good value for money.

The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI) said that the findings showed that the UK was “consistently lagging behind international counterparts on the uptake and access of medicines.”

Stephen …
Epidurals do not lead to more caesarean sections, study shows
Authors: Susan Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2005)

for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) would result largely from what officials called a "pause" in new building plans and reductions in preventive health programmes.Budget summaries showed that the Atlanta based institution would be authorised to spend $7.5bn during the fiscal year that begins 1 October 2006-$491m less than it is spending this year.
INFLUENCE OF DIASTOLIC FUNCTION FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION ON CLINICAL OUTCOMES
Authors: Amil Shah, Sung Hee Shin, Hicham Skali, Akshay S. Desai, Lars Kober, Aldo P. Maggioni, Jean L. Rouleau, Roxzana Y. Kelly, Deborah Keefe, John J.V. McMurray, Marc A. Pfeffer, Scott D. Solomon
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)