tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
A STUDY OF HILUM GLAND ENLARGEMENT IN A GROUP OF TUBERCULOUS CHILDREN
Authors: EDWARD DYER ANDERSON
Journal: JAMA (1923)

The diagnosis of tuberculosis in children is often a difficult one to make. Because of the fact that the infection is, in most instances, a glandular rather than a pulmonary one, there are usually few, if any, physical findings present. If the glands affected are those in the cervical region, the diagnosis is not so difficult. But in the majority of cases, the hilum glands are the ones involved, and in these it is often extremely hard to find any evidence, at least by physical examination, of any involvement. Aside from the general findings of undernourishment, poor muscle tone and posture of fatigue, which are often present, the only physical signs which point to hilum gland tuberculosis are those that are related to enlargement of these glands. D'Espine,<sup>1</sup>in 1889, called attention to a method of diagnosing hilum gland enlargement; since then there has been considerable written in regard
Doctors should refuse to assess Saudi blogger's fitness for flogging, human rights group says
Authors: S. Arie
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Doctors are playing a key part in the punishment by flogging of a blogger who has angered authorities in Saudi Arabia, and they should refuse to be involved, says the US based group Physicians for Human Rights.

The blogger Raif Badawi, whose Liberal Saudi Network promoted online debate about religion and politics, was convicted last year to 10 years in prison and 1000 lashes for “insulting Islam.” He was to be caned in sessions of 50 lashes each, with at least a week between each sessions. He was flogged, in public, on 9 January, …
Rage, Power, and Aggression
Authors: Mark H. Fleisher
Journal: JAMA (1994)

Most clinicians and, it now seems to me, most writers and academicians across many areas of study have given less than adequate time to the many dimensions of rage, anger, power, aggression, and destructiveness. Following a very lucid and learned introduction by the series editor, Dr Ethel Spector Person, the editors of this book, Drs Glick and Roose, present scholarly opinions from the perspectives of psychoanalysis, developmental psychology, anthropology, ethology, and neurobiology.  The purpose of this collection of interdisciplinary essays is to allow us to ponder the how and the why of certain human affects, to define them, and then to view them from perspectives that may have been underrepresented in the larger bodies of writing of these various fields. Additionally, we are able to compare the philosophical frameworks that distinguish these perspectives. Thus, the great benefit of this work is at least threefold: we can explore select emotional tones
Gamma Hydroxy Butyrate (GHB)-Reply
Authors: Steven B. Auerbach
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>In Reply. —</h3> Dr Lane raises an important concern regarding the<i>context</i>in which a drug is used. We agree that GHB, also known as sodium oxybate, may be potentially useful for some legitimate purposes, most notably for treating narcolepsy. Although we were not aware of its use in the developing world, a partial list of other reported uses of GHB includes its use as an anesthetic agent or adjunct in children (as Dr Lane describes),<sup>1,2</sup>as a treatment for ethanol withdrawal,<sup>3</sup>and as a treatment for ischemic conditions.<sup>4,5</sup> At this time, GHB is classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a drug not approved for marketing in the United States. It can be obtained and used legally under the supervision of a physician by a specific exemption granted for an investigational use protocol. The outbreak of poisonings that was reported in the<i>MMWR</i><sup>6</sup>
Cytomegalovirus Retinitis During Chemotherapy With Rituximab Plus Hyperfractionated Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, Doxorubicin, and Dexamethasone
Authors: Edward Libby, Sujana Movva, Dulcinea Quintana, Maryam Abdul-Jaleel, Arup Das
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2010)
Perforation of Stomach in Scrotal Hernia
Authors: H. Simmons
Journal: BMJ (1949)

<h3>Abstract</h3> In the mitochondrial outer membrane, tail-anchored (TA) proteins play critical roles in cytoplasmic-mitochondrial communication. Using genome-wide CRISPRi screens, we identify factors involved in mitochondrial TA biogenesis in human cells. We show that MTCH2, and its paralog MTCH1, are required for insertion of biophysically diverse mitochondrial TAs, but not outer membrane β-barrel proteins. In a reconstituted system, purified MTCH2 is sufficient to mediate insertion into proteoliposomes. Functional and mutational studies reveal that MTCH2 uses membrane-embedded hydrophilic residues to function as a gatekeeper for outer membrane protein biogenesis, controlling mislocalization of TAs into the endoplasmic reticulum and the sensitivity of leukemia cells to apoptosis. Our identification of MTCH2 as an insertase provides a mechanistic explanation for the diverse phenotypes and disease states associated with MTCH2 dysfunction. <h3>One-Sentence Summary</h3> MTCH2 is both necessary and sufficient for insertion of diverse α-helical proteins into the mitochondrial outer membrane, and is the defining member of a family of insertases that have co-opted the SLC25 transporter fold.
FARADIZATION OF THE MOTOR CORTEX IN THE HUMAN BRAIN.
Authors: JAMES HENDRIE LLOYD
Journal: JAMA (1906)

It can not be doubted that the exact localization of the various functions of the cortex of the human brain is a subject of first importance in neurology, and that much still remains to be done to place this subject in the domain of pure science. It is a subject, moreover, which is attended with limited opportunities and many difficulties; and the duty is, therefore, incumbent on us to seize every rare oportunity that offers, and to put on record every isolated case that has been observed with care and precision. I have, therefore, no apology to make for basing this paper on the record of one case, although a second case which presented itself will also be referred to, and an explanation given of the fact that at the last moment I was disappointed in the opportunity of faradizing the cortex in the patient after an osteoplastic flap had
Macrophage-derived nitric oxide induces apoptosis of rat hepatoma cellsin vivo
Authors: Manabu Nishikawa, Eisuke F. Sato, Tetsuo Kuroki, Kozo Utsumi, Masayasu Inoue
Journal: Hepatology (1998)

Although nitric oxide (NO) has been postulated to play important roles in host defense mechanisms against tumor cells, a direct evidence supporting this hypothesis is lacking. To obtain molecular insights into the antitumor action of NO, its metabolism and effect on ascites hepatoma (AH–130) cells were investigated in tumor–bearing rats. Kinetic analysis revealed that substantial amounts of nitrite and nitrate, metabolites of NO, appeared in plasma and ascites of AH–130-inoculated rats. Western blot analysis revealed that a large number of macrophages that expressed inducible type of NO synthase (iNOS) appeared in cancerous ascites, particularly during 1 to 2 weeks after inoculation of AH–130 cells. When NO generation by peritoneal macrophages increased, a significant fraction of AH–130 in ascites fluid underwent apoptosis as judged from the fragmentation of their nuclear DNA. Kinetic analysis revealed that NO strongly inhibited mitochondrial electron transport and changed calcium status in AH–130 cells, particularly under low oxygen tensions such as in cancerous ascites. Intraperitoneal injection of NO donor strongly enhanced DNA fragmentation of AH–130 cells. Antimycin A, a specific inhibitor for mitochondrial electron transport, also induced DNA fragmentation of AH–130 cells by a mechanism that was inhibited by adding ascorbate and tetramethyl– p –phenylene diamine (TMPD) as electron donors. These results indicate that NO derived from peritoneal macrophages inhibits mitochondrial electron transport and disturbs calcium homeostasis in ascites hepatoma AH–130 cells, thereby inducing their apoptosis in vivo .
The Evolutionary History of Drosophila buzzatii XXXIV. The Distribution of the Retrotansposon Osvaldo in Original and Colonizing Populations
Authors: M. Labrador, M. Seleme, A. Fontdevila
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1998)

The frequency distribution of the retrotransposon Osvaldo in the haploid genome of Drosophila buzzatii has been studied in five natural populations from the Iberian Peninsula and six natural populations from Argentina. In Iberian populations, Osvaldo insertion sites do not follow a Poisson distribution, most probably due to eight euchromatic sites with high occupancy, found in all populations. The estimated alpha and beta parameters, which measure the relative importance of drift and negative selection in shaping frequency distributions, indicate that drift is the main force acting upon the distribution of Osvaldo in natural populations of D. buzzatii in the Iberian Peninsula. On the other hand, Osvaldo distribution in populations from Argentina is similar to the distribution of elements with low copy numbers, such as those described for Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans: there are no indications for deviation from a Poisson distribution, there is a low occupancy per insertion site, and genetic drift has no apparent effect on the frequency distribution. We propose that the unusual distribution found in the populations from the Iberian Peninsula is a consequence of the colonization process. Iberian Peninsula populations suffered a genomic redistribution of Osvaldo, most probably after a founder effect. Consequently, certain copies that arrived at high frequencies are showing a high occupancies today, and the mean copy number of Osvaldo is higher in Iberian Peninsula populations than in populations from Argentina. All other copies are the result of recent (after colonization) transposition events.
An expanding remit for general practice
Authors: J. S Noble
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Northumberland Local Medical Committee's challenging proposals on an expanding role for general practice have been sent to all local medical committees."They provide general practitioners with an opportunity to partici- pate in the debate on a new charter for general practice.This is also being studied by a special working group of the General Medical Services Committee.2The LMC has proposed that the GP should provide a wider range of personal services for fewer patients, with good equipment, facilities, help, and proper remuneration for continuing responsi-
Distrust, Rage May Be 'Toxic Core' That Puts 'Type A' Person at Risk
Authors: Chris Raymond
Journal: JAMA (1989)

IT'S NOT talking fast, feeling pressed for time, and putting in long hours that will kill you. It's being suspicious of and hostile toward your fellow humans that will do you in. So finds Duke University Medical Center's Redford B. Williams, Jr, MD, professor of psychiatry at the Durham, NC, campus. Speaking at the annual American Heart Association science writers' forum in Monterey, Calif, he said this distrustful attitude, rather than the sense of time urgency, is the "toxic core" of the renowned Type A personality. The latter, a set of traits originally described by cardiologists Meyer Friedman, MD, and Ray Rosenman, MD (<i>JAMA</i>. 1959;169:1286-1296 and 1984;252:1385-1393), had been thought to increase the risk of coronary heart disease and death until, in the early 1980s, several studies cast doubt on its value as a predictor of risk. For example, the Western Collaborative Study Group reported that Type A persons survived
Radial incision and cutting method for refractory stricture after nonsurgical treatment of esophageal cancer
Authors: T. Yano, Y. Yoda, H. Satake, T. Kojima, A. Yagishita, Y. Oono, H. Ikematsu, K. Kaneko
Journal: Endoscopy (2013)

Strictures remaining after nonsurgical treatment for esophageal cancer are generally more refractory to endoscopic balloon dilation (EBD) when compared with anastomotic strictures. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a radial incision and cutting (RIC) method for the treatment of refractory strictures after nonsurgical treatment of esophageal cancer. All subjects complained of grade 2 or worse dysphagia, even after at least 10 sessions of EBD. Between August 2009 and May 2012, eight consecutive patients with refractory esophageal stricture after nonsurgical treatments, including chemoradiotherapy (CRT) alone (n = 3), CRT followed by salvage endoscopic treatment (n = 3), or endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD; n = 2), underwent the RIC procedure. After the RIC procedure, dysphagia in all the patients dramatically improved to grade 1 or 0 without any major complications; however, the long-term efficacy was unfavorable as only 37.5 % (3 /8) demonstrated adequate lumen patency at 3 months, and re-intervention was necessary in six patients (75 %).
Electrophysiological Response of the Right Atrium to Ibutilide During Typical Atrial Flutter
Authors: Jie Cheng, Kathryn Glatter, Yanfei Yang, Shulong Zhang, Randall Lee, Melvin M. Scheinman
Journal: Circulation (2002)

Background— The efficacy of ibutilide in conversion of atrial fibrillation and flutter (AFL) has been demonstrated. However, its electrophysiological effects on human atria have not been fully studied. Methods and Results— Twelve patients with typical AFL were studied. Electrograms were recorded from the anterolateral right atrium, His bundle position, and coronary sinus. During AFL, we measured the conduction time, CTi, through the isthmus between the tricuspid annulus and eustachian ridge and the conduction time, CTni, through the remainder of the right atrium. Resetting response curves and atrial effective refractory periods were determined with single extrastimuli delivered in the tricuspid annulus–eustachian ridge isthmus. After infusion of ibutilide (2 mg over 15 minutes), AFL cycle length (CL) increased from 260±30 to 295±39 ms ( P &lt;0.0003) because of an increase in either CTi, CTni, or both. Effective refractory periods increased from 149±16 to 208±26 ms ( P &lt;0.001). AFL CL variability increased, with a rightward shift of the resetting response curves and loss of full excitability. In 8 patients, AFL was terminated by atrial overdrive pacing after ibutilide at CLs equal to or longer than those that were not effective at baseline, which was caused by orthodromic block in the tricuspid annulus–eustachian ridge isthmus or was associated with development of transient rapid rhythms around newly formed sites of intra-atrial conduction block. Conclusions— Ibutilide causes prolongation of AFL CL and increased CL variability by abolishment of a fully excitable gap. Ibutilide may facilitate pace termination of AFL by development of new short-lived reentry around functional blocks.
Quantitative Spatiotemporal Analysis of Antibody Fragment Diffusion and Endocytic Consumption in Tumor Spheroids
Authors: Greg M. Thurber, K. Dane Wittrup
Journal: Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Antibody-based cancer treatment depends upon distribution of the targeting macromolecule throughout tumor tissue, and spatial heterogeneity could significantly limit efficacy in many cases. Antibody distribution in tumor tissue is a function of drug dosage, antigen concentration, binding affinity, antigen internalization, drug extravasation from blood vessels, diffusion in the tumor extracellular matrix, and systemic clearance rates. We have isolated the effects of a subset of these variables by live-cell microscopic imaging of single-chain antibody fragments against carcinoembryonic antigen in LS174T tumor spheroids. The measured rates of scFv penetration and retention were compared with theoretical predictions based on simple scaling criteria. The theory predicts that antibody dose must be large enough to drive a sufficient diffusive flux of antibody to overcome cellular internalization, and exposure time must be long enough to allow penetration to the spheroid center. The experimental results in spheroids are quantitatively consistent with these predictions. Therefore, simple scaling criteria can be applied to accurately predict antibody and antibody fragment penetration distance in tumor tissue. [Cancer Res 2008;68(9):3334–41]
Infusion of platelet-derived growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor induces selective glomerular mesangial cell proliferation and matrix accumulation in rats.
Authors: J Floege, E Eng, B A Young, C E Alpers, T B Barrett, D F Bowen-Pope, R J Johnson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1993)

Mesangial cell (MC) proliferation and extracellular matrix expansion are involved in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis and renal failure. In vitro, PDGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) regulate MC proliferation and/or matrix production. To elucidate the role of PDGF and bFGF in vivo, equimolar concentrations of recombinant PDGF-BB or bFGF or vehicle were infused intravenously into rats over a 7-d period. Rats were either nonmanipulated ("normals") or had received a subnephritogenic dose of anti-MC antibody ("anti-Thy 1.1 rats") before the infusion period. Glomerular cell proliferation (anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunostaining) on days 2, 4, and 7 was unchanged in vehicle-infused normals or anti-Thy 1.1 rats. PDGF infusion increased glomerular cell proliferation 32-fold in anti-Thy 1.1 rats and an 11-fold in normals on day 2. bFGF increased glomerular cell proliferation fourfold in anti-Thy 1.1 rats but was ineffective in normals. Induction of cell proliferation in all kidneys was limited to the glomerulus. The majority of proliferating cells were identified as MC by double immunolabeling. No significant proteinuria, glomerular leukocyte, or platelet influx developed in any group. Glomerular matrix expansion with increased deposition of type IV collagen, laminin, and fibronectin, as well as upregulated laminin and collagen IV mRNA expression was confined to PDGF-infused anti-Thy 1.1 rats. These results show that PDGF and, to a lesser degree, bFGF are selective MC mitogens in vivo and that previous subclinical injury can enhance this MC response. The data thereby support a role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis.
Acute non-infectious arthritis of the hip in rheumatoid arthritis: synovial membrane findings.
Authors: J R Wohlgethan, M M Stilmant, J M Harris, H R Smith
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1989)

A case of acute hip pain in rheumatoid arthritis is presented, with synovial membrane findings. A patient with classical rheumatoid arthritis suffered three unusual bouts of sudden, severe but transient hip pain. The hips were clinically normal between these episodes. The clinical picture on two of these occasions strongly suggested septic arthritis. Although the synovial fluid was highly inflammatory, cultures were negative. The synovial membrane showed mild lining cell hyperplasia, vascular congestion, and scattered inflammatory cells, predominantly lymphocytes. These findings were not compatible with either pyogenic infection or longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. The clinical and pathological features of acute non-infectious arthritis of the hip appear to delineate a distinct syndrome.
Estradiol uptake, toxicity, metabolism, and adverse effects on cadmium-treated amphibian embryos.
Authors: Osvaldo Fridman, Lucrecia Corró, Jorge Herkovits
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2004)

The exposure of Bufo arenarum embryos to 25 micromol/L 17beta-estradiol (E2) resulted in 100% lethality within 48 hr, whereas 10 micromol//L E2 was the no observed effect concentration value for short-term chronic (7 days) exposure. The toxicity profile curves show that lethal effects were proportional to the E2 concentration and the time of exposure. The E2 uptake resulted in 20.1 ng E2/mg embryo at 8 hr posttreatment, but 67.3% of this value was achieved during the first 30 min of incubation with this estrogen. Regarding metabolism, the embryos synthesize estrone (E1) from E2 by means of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Simultaneous treatments of Bufo arenarum embryos with 1 mg/L Cd2+ and 0.1, 1, or 10 micromol/L E2 enhanced the lethality exerted by cadmium in 76.7, 80, and 83.3% of embryos, respectively. The results indicate that estrogenic endocrine disruptors could have an adverse effect on amphibian embryos and enhance the toxic effect of Cd on amphibian embryos. This study points to the possibility of using the AMPHITOX test as a screening method for potential endocrine disruption as well as the combined effects of chemical mixtures.
&lt;EMPH TYPE="BOLD"&gt;Limiting Infant Exposure to Thimerosal in Vaccines and Other Sources of Mercury&lt;/EMPH&gt;
Authors: Neal A. Halsey
Journal: JAMA (1999)

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Correlation of Serum and Urine Vitamin B12
Authors: J. F. Adams
Journal: BMJ (1970)

The relation between the serum vitamin B(12) level and the daily loss of vitamin B(12) in urine was examined in patients with normal serum vitamin B(12) levels and in patients suffering from vitamin B(12) deficiency. A linear correlation was found between the two measurements, suggesting that the serum vitamin B(12) level is a governing factor in the urinary loss of vitamin B(12). The contribution by this loss to the total loss of vitamin B(12) from the body is small under normal circumstances but becomes quantitatively more important with the depletion of body stores.
Enlightened Self-Interest and the Control of Tuberculosis
Authors: Barry R. Bloom, Joshua A. Salomon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2005)

Given the great humanitarian tradition of the United States, it is curious that no category of government spending ranks below foreign aid in polls of the American public.1 Americans are poorly informed about foreign aid; polls indicate that the majority believe the United States spends substantially more on foreign aid than it does, the median estimate being about 15 percent of the federal budget.2 In reality, the United States currently provides about $19 billion in overseas development assistance, the largest dollar amount of any country.3 But that represents only 0.16 percent of the U.S. gross domestic product, which is the . . .