tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Brutal pragmatism on food
Authors: J. T. Winkler
Journal: BMJ (2013)

We urgently need a new public health strategy on nutrition



Nutrition policy has failed. Everywhere, people grow fatter and fatter. It is time to do something different, something that works.

We must start by honestly acknowledging what has proved inadequate and what is politically improbable, then select among the options remaining, in a spirit of brutal pragmatism. The choice is not what is ideal but what might be effective.

We do not have much time. Closely following the obesity epidemic is a diabetes epidemic that would combine human tragedy, medical overload, and financial catastrophe. The need for a new strategy is urgent.

Special diets do not work. They are transformative for some people, but most resign or relapse. Dieting is not a public health solution for societies where more than half of adults are overweight.

Education does not work either. Surveys by the World Health Organization and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development show that developed countries overwhelmingly rely on information programmes directed at consumers, urging them to choose different foods. But such information motivates only a minority.

The most important reason for failure is the one that nutritionists …
Hypokalemic Paralysis Induced by Amphotericin B
Authors: John A. McChesney, John F. Marquardt
Journal: JAMA (1964)

UNTIL QUITE RECENTLY, the major emphasis on the toxic effects of amphotericin B therapy in man has centered around the serious complications of nephrotoxicity,<sup>1,2</sup>anemia,<sup>3,4</sup>and liver damage.<sup>5</sup>However, in scattered case reports, it has become apparent that severe hypokalemia<sup>2,6-8</sup>may be encountered as another complication in certain patients under amphotericin therapy, and can result in severe muscular weakness and paralysis. The purpose of the present communication is to report another case in which this less well recognized form of amphotericin B toxicity occurred with a relatively small total dose of the drug and to briefly review those previously reported cases. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 28-year-old Negro male entered our hospital April 1, 1963, with a history of fever, night sweats, and severe pleuritic pain on the right side of two weeks' duration. Approximately ten days prior to the onset of symptoms, he had visited
Stenting at the Flow-limiting Segment in Tracheobronchial Stenosis due to Lung Cancer
Authors: Teruomi Miyazawa, Yuka Miyazu, Yasuo Iwamoto, Atsuko Ishida, Koji Kanoh, Hidetaka Sumiyoshi, Masao Doi, Noriaki Kurimoto
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2004)

Airway stenting at the wave-speed flow-limiting segment (the choke point) is assessed. We determined prospectively the precise location of the choke point using the flow–volume curve, endobronchial ultrasonography, ultrathin bronchoscopy, and three-dimensional computed tomography scan before and after stenting in 64 patients with extrincic compression due to lung cancer. We noted distinct flow–volume curve patterns specific to the type of stenosis. The tracheal stenosis group indicated fixed narrowing patterns with an expiratory plateau, bronchial stenosis group dynamic collapse patterns with an expiratory flow deterioration (choking), carinal stenosis group combined fixed and dynamic patterns, and extensive stenosis group complex patterns containing elements of all the former. After stenting, almost full-function patterns with significant improvement in PEF were observed in all groups (p < 0.01, p < 0.05, p < 0.001, p < 0.01, respectively). In patients with extensive stenosis, implantation of additional stents was required when the choke points were observed to have migrated to the areas of malacia with cartilage destruction by the tumor. Secondary stenting at migrated choke points resulted in a significant improvement in PEF over the initial stenting (p < 0.01). Stenting at the choke point improved expiratory flow limitation by increasing the cross-sectional area, supporting the weakened airway wall and relieving dyspnea.
Treatment of Acute Appendicitis
Authors: A. Lyall
Journal: BMJ (1945)

Acute appendicitis is still a very serious problem in spite of widespread propaganda aimed at early treatment and the avoidance of purgation by well-meaning parents in cases of undiagnosed abdominal pain in children.The pverall mortality appears to vary fairly widely in different clinics.Grey Turner (1943) gives his own mortality figures over a period of some years as 3.49%.The figures of Busch and Spivack (1940), Arnheim and Neuhof (1940), and Jennings et at.(1942) vary between 1.8 and 2.2%.Dennis et al. (1942), who reviewed the reports from a number of American clinics, found that the death rate varied between 2.3 and 6.3%, with an average of 4.12%.'Jennings et al. (1942) published tables summarizing the mortality figures from various reviews and found that they varied from Lazzarini's (1937) of 12% to their own of 1.9%.Since the beginning of 1943 up to the present-i.e., the middle of 1945-I have personally dealt with a total of 480 cases of acute appendicitis.During 1943 the cases were treated at Glasgow Royal Infirmary and at an E.M.S. hospital.Since the beginning of 1944 the cases included have been those which came under my care in Greenock Royal Infirmary.In this consecutive series there were two deaths-an overall mortality of well under 0.5%.The series comprises patients of all ages from 4 to 72, and thus represents a very mixed collection 'of appendicitis cases.It is proposed to discuss briefly the treat- ment of these cases in an attempt to evaluate the factors responsible for this low mortality figure. Classification and TreatmentWe have divided the cases into four groups.The general methods of treatment will be discussed with each group.1. Acute Appendicitis without Peritonitis Into this group fell cases where the appendix was congested but showed little or no fibrinous deposition on its surface.Most of these were admitted within 24 hours of the onset of illness.Histologically there was usually ulceration of a crypt and leucocytic infiltration in the submucosa extending into the deeper parts of the muscularis.The cases were those frequently called acute catarrhal appendicitis.Of our cases 177 belonged to this group.Appendicectomy was carried out in all of them.The mortality was nil, and there were no postoperative complications. Acute Appendicitis with Local Peritonitis
Erratum: Corrigendum: A centrosomal mechanism involving CDK5RAP2 and CENPJ controls brain size
Authors: J Bond, E Roberts, K Springel, S Lizarraga, S Scott, J Higgins, D J Hampshire, E E Morrison, G F Leal, E O Silva, S M R Costa, D Baralle, M Raponi, G Karbani, Y Rashid, H Jafri, C Bennett, P Corry, C A Walsh, C G Woods
Journal: Nature Genetics (2005)
Guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins and dual control of adenylate cyclase.
Authors: A G Gilman
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

Guanine Nucleotide-binding Regulatory Proteins and Dual Control of Adenylate Cyclase Investigation performed during the past five years has revealed that the hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase system is far more complicated than originally suspected, consisting of at least three types of proteins embedded in the lipids of the plasma mem- brane.Receptors for a large number of hormones, neurotrans- mitters, and autacoids face the extracellular space and interact with appropriate endogenous ligands and with drugs.The in- teractions of such ligands with many types of receptors ultimately result in stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, with resultant enhancement of intracellular phosphorylation as a consequence of the action of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases.Stim- ulatory receptors include those for,-adrenergic agonists, ad- renocorticotropic hormone, gonadotropins, and many others.Adenylate cyclase activity is also under inhibitory control by such agents as a2-adrenergic and muscarinic agonists and opioids; the ultimate physiological consequences ofthese inhibitory effects are somewhat less clear cut than are those that result from the stimulatory events.Receptors communicate with a pair of homologous guanine
Recordings of basal ventricular preexcitation from electrode catheters in patients with accessory atrioventricular connections.
Authors: L B Mitchell, J W Mason, M M Scheinman, R A Winkle, H B Burchell
Journal: Circulation (1984)

To determine the effects of ventricular preexcitation via accessory atrioventricular connections (ACs) on the sequence of basal ventricular activation, electrophysiologic study records of 22 patients with AC were reviewed. In each, AC site was confirmed by mapping done at operation. Local ventricular preexcitation (VP), defined as earlier timing of a local ventricular electrogram relative to the surface electrocardiographic QRS onset in preexcited compared with in normal QRS complexes, was assessed at the coronary sinus and at the ventricular septal summit recorded from the His bundle site. Five patients with concealed AC did not have VP. VP patterns with manifest AC were similar during average fusion QRS complexes and maximum ventricular preexcitation. Left free wall and left crux AC produced VP apparent on the ventricular electrogram recorded at the coronary sinus alone. With anteroseptal AC, VP was noted only at the ventricular septal summit. Posteroseptal AC produced VP that was apparent on the ventricular electrogram recorded at the coronary sinus and on the electrogram of the ventricular septal summit. Right free wall AC preexcited neither of these basal ventricular regions. The observation of VP patterns may help in localizing AC and may be particularly useful in patients without retrograde AC function at electrophysiologic study.
The Health Benefits of Exercise -- A Critical Reappraisal
Authors: Gregory D. Curfman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

In his 1772 account of angina pectoris, the English physician William Heberden described a patient who “set himself a task of sawing wood for half an hour every day, and was nearly cured”1. More recently, the question of whether regular physical activity can prevent heart disease and its progression has been controversial. While exercise disciples have preached the health benefits of a physically active lifestyle, skeptics have demanded proof. Two articles in this issue of the Journal, by Paffenbarger et al.2 and Sandvik et al.,3 will further fuel the debate. They are representative of the many epidemiologic studies dealing . . .
Quality of Dyspnea in Bronchoconstriction Differs from External Resistive Loads
Authors: MARILYN L. MOY, J. WOODROW WEISS, DAVID SPARROW, ELLIOT ISRAEL, RICHARD M. SCHWARTZSTEIN
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2000)

To test the hypothesis that patients perceive the same quality of dyspnea during mild bronchoconstriction and external resistive loads, we studied subjects with asthma under two conditions: (1) during methacholine bronchoprovocation to mimic the bronchospasm of mild asthma and (2) while breathing on a circuit to which was added a range of external resistors to mimic the mechanical load of mild asthma. During each of these stimuli, respiratory variables, overall dyspnea intensity on a modified Borg scale, and the qualitative descriptors of breathlessness from a 19-item questionnaire were assessed. The "chest tightness" and "constriction" responses were significantly more frequent in the methacholine trials as compared with the external load trials (p < 0.0001). The "chest tightness" or "constriction" response was chosen during 92% of the 26 trials of methacholine bronchoconstriction compared with 3% of the 72 trials of breathing against the external resistors. Changes in functional residual capacity were not significantly different between the two conditions. We conclude that in mild asthma, the sensation of chest tightness is distinct from the sensation of work and effort and is not attributable to the mechanical load imposed on the respiratory system.
Abstract 5346: A novel immunotoxin comprising quadruple RNase tethered to an internalizing anti-TROP-2 humanized MAb shows potent cytotoxicity against diverse solid tumors <i>in vitro</i>
Authors: Thomas M. Cardillo, Edmund A. Rossi, Roberto Arrojo, Eric Chan, David M. Goldenberg, Chien-Hsing Chang
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Ribonucleases (RNase) are potential anti-tumor agents, and their potency can be enhanced by recombinant fusion or chemical conjugation with tumor-targeting antibodies, as have been demonstrated for ranpirnase (Rap), an amphibian RNase, conjugated to LL2, a murine anti-CD22 MAb (Newton et al., Blood 2001; 97: 528-35) or fused to a humanized anti-CD74 MAb (Chang et al., Blood 2005; 106: 4308-14). We have now applied the Dock-and-Lock (DNL) method to link four copies of Rap site-specifically to the carboxyl termini of a panel of tumor-targeting humanized antibodies, in particular, hRS7, an internalizing, humanized, anti-TROP-2 MAb. We combined Rap-DDD2, a fusion protein comprising Rap and the dimerization and docking domain (DDD) of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), with hRS7-IgG-AD2, a fusion protein comprising two AD2 peptides derived from A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) having each AD2 appended to the carboxyl terminus of the heavy chain. Since Rap-DDD2 is isolated as a dimer, the resulting DNL complex, designated E1-Rap, contains four copies of Rap tethered to a bivalent hRS7 IgG. In the present study, we compared the in vitro growth inhibitory properties of E1-Rap against a variety of carcinoma cell lines. In breast (MDA-MB-468), cervical (ME-180), and pancreatic (BxPC-3 and Capan-1) tumor lines, all of which express high levels of TROP-2, E1-Rap was very potent, showing EC50 in the subnanomolar range (5 to 890 pM), which was 1,000- to 100,00-fold higher than untargeted Rap or the combination of Rap and hRS7. In cell lines expressing moderate levels of TROP-2, such as the three prostate cancer lines (PC-3, DU 145, and LNCaP), E1-Rap was less potent, but still showed EC50 in the nanomolar range (1 to 890 nM). The cell binding data obtained for these solid cancer cell lines suggest that the sensitivity of a cell line to E1-Rap appears to correlate with its TROP-2 expression on the cell surface. No toxicity was observed for E1-Rap in the prostate cancer line, 22Rv1, which fails to bind hRS7. Based on these results, further in vivo studies are warranted to better determine the efficacy of E1-Rap for future development as a new candidate therapeutic for TROP-2-positive solid tumors, including breast, cervical, pancreatic, and prostatic carcinomas. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5346.
Abstract 3555: Identification of candidate epigenetic markers for early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Authors: Xuesong Yang, Ying Ying Szeto, Yue Cheng, Dora Lai-wan Kwong, Maria Li Lung
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a human malignancy that is particularly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia, and is strongly related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Since early detection of NPC will greatly improve the overall survival, screening becomes important for early NPC diagnosis. In this study, the methylation sensitive-high resolution melting (MS-HRM) method was established for detection of promoter DNA methylation using a panel of five tumor suppressor genes (RASSF1A, WIF1, DAPK1, RARβ2, p16), which were top candidates selected from 13 genes that had been tested in seven NPC cell lines and one immortalized NP cell line and which, showed highly different methylation status between cancer and immortalized cells. Biopsy samples from 52 NPC patients showed methylation for individual genes ranging from 30% to 96%. The combination of WIF1-RASSF1A, WIF1-DAPK1, and WIF1-RARβ2 all reached detection rates of 98% or above in biopsy samples, validating the frequent methylation status of these genes in NPC patients. WIF1, an important secreted Wnt inhibitor, is the most frequently methylated gene in our panel, as reported in many other cancers. In addition, the WIF1-RASSF1A combination showed the highest detection rate, reflecting that both early genetic events in chromosome 3p and the Wnt pathway play important roles in NPC development. To develop non-invasive methods for NPC high-risk screening, early diagnosis and prognosis, more NP brushings and cell-free plasma samples from NPC patients and healthy individuals have been tested for their methylation status of these candidate markers. Preliminary data indicate that the sensitivity and specificity reached more than 90% in certain gene combinations with NP brushings from patients of early NPC stage. The detection rate of methylation in cell-free plasma from NPC patients is even higher than the traditional EBV DNA test, which together show great potential for non-invasive high-risk screening for early NPC and early detection of local recurrence after therapy. In conclusion, a MS-HRM panel of multiple methylation markers is proposed as a complementary test for NPC early detection in combination with more established EBV-based markers. Citation Format: Xuesong Yang, Ying Ying Szeto, Yue Cheng, Dora Lai-wan Kwong, Maria Li Lung. Identification of candidate epigenetic markers for early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3555. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3555
Psychometric Evaluation of Children with Familial Dysautonomia
Authors: HELEN G. SAK, ALFRED A. SMITH, JOSEPH DANCIS
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1967)

A battery of objective psychological tests was administered to 25 children with familial dysautonomia and to ten unaffected siblings. Although the children with dysautonomia were able to achieve, on the average, an intelligence quotient within the low average range, comparison with the unaffected siblings lings indicated significant mental impairment. Of all the subtests given, the dysautonomic children scored best in "similarities," particularly those who were nine years old or older, indicating an ability to think conceptually. Of 19 dysautonomic children, only two have been able to maintain a normal position in school. Factors associated with the disease other than intelligence have probably contributed to this poor performance.
CONDITIONS DEMANDING ENUCLEATION OF THE FAUCIAL TONSILS
Authors: JOSEPH C. BECK
Journal: JAMA (1910)

It is my belief that, with the rarest exception, whenever the tonsil requires surgical interference enucleation should be the procedure, and, consequently, whatever I may say of the pathologic conditions in the tonsil itself, in its immediate neighborhood and in the system in general, it will be understood that I consider radical removal of the tonsil required to improve these conditions. The subject of the pathology of the tonsil, with special reference to its causing not only local and regional disturbances, but also general manifestations, has been so thoroughly discussed in the past two or three years that I can add but little that is new and only confirm observations made by others. In regard to the many general disturbances mentioned in this paper for which the diseased tonsils are held responsible, one may be led to believe that it is my intention to attribute too many diseases to this source
An Address on Cholera
Authors: W. B. Beatson
Journal: BMJ (1886)

ance of it by the patient.In my last cae, reinversion was a:omplished without the tapes being touebed after their first adjustment.Reduction takes place by the cervical method.Newnham ad- vised this mode of reinversion in 1818.He said: " It is wisest and best to endeavour to reinvert the uterus by returning first that portion of it which was last expelled from the os uteri."Pressing on the fundus causes couniter vaginal traction on the cervix, making it unroll gradually until the internal os is reached, where a little delay is caused by its being less dilatable.When this point is passed, the body of the uterus soon opens, and admits the cup.The last step must take place rather suddenly, for all patients say they feel that something has " given -say," and com- parative comfort is the result.When the inversion lias been reduced, the sooner the cup is with- drawn the .better,for the cervix immediately begins to close round the rod or stem, and the cup becomes firmly graspel in the uterine cavity.Tho best way of removing the little cup, is to tilt it ont end, and bring it through the os as you would a button through a button- hole.If it have been long retained, an ansesthetic will assist.It might be a good plan to have a hole made through the edge of the cup, through which a stout string might be passed, by which to make trac- tion.Continuous elastic traction on this string would remove the most firmly grasped cup with certainty.The stem might be pre- viously unscrewed from the cup.When the cup has been removed, pass a thick sound into the uterus; and, by pressing the point of it forward, the rounlded funduis will be felt through the abdominal walls.Being satisfied that com lete re- inversion has taken place, syringe out the uterinecavity with iodine water at 120 Fahr., whichi will cleanse its surface and make the whole organ contract.I think, gentlemen, after consiLlering these facts, you will come to the concluision that every case of chronic inversion of the uterus can be cured by sustained elastic pressure exercised in tho right direction ; and I hope you will not think me too sanguine when I state my be- lief that the mutilation of a woman, by removing her uterus, will no longer be necessary in consequence of the impoBsibility of replacing this important organ when inverted.
Vaccinia of the Eyelid
Authors: Joseph D. Bybee
Journal: JAMA (1967)

VACCINIA of the eyelid is a rare complication of vaccination considering the frequency of administration of this procedure. Well over 200 cases, however, have been reported in the world literature since the introduction of vaccination in 1796. 1 In large scale vaccination programs, several ocular vaccinial infections have been observed. 2,3 The patient whose case is reported here presented with typical vaccinial blepharoconjunctivitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by virologic and electron microscopic studies.  Report of a Case  A 25-year-old housewife was admitted to Methodist Hospital on Aug 21, 1965, because of a swollen, painful left eye of two days' duration. On Aug 10, a smallpox vaccination over the medial border of the left scapula was performed. On Aug 15, a typical vaccinia reaction was noted at the site of vaccination, with formation of a papule which became vesicular and finally crusted. On Aug 19, the patient noted itching and minimal
Effects of Physical Training in Dogs with Coronary Artery Ligation
Authors: ELIEZER KAPLINSKY, WILLIAM B. HOOD, BRIAN McCARTHY, H. LOUIS McCOMBS, BERNARD LOWN
Journal: Circulation (1968)

This experiment was designed to determine whether physical conditioning can be achieved in the presence of acute myocardial infarction and whether such an exercise program is harmful. For this purpose the effects of a 5-weeks' treadmill-exercise program and inactivity were compared in two groups of dogs in which acute myocardial infarction was produced by coronary artery ligation. The exercised group of animals tolerated the training program well, and neither arrhythmia nor sudden death occurred. At the end of the training program the exercised group of animals displayed the characteristic changes of physical conditioning, namely, reduction in exercise heart rate, cardiac output, and blood lactate levels; rise in circulating epinephrine levels with exercise was also suppressed by conditioning. Postmortem examination revealed neither ventricular dilatation nor aneurysm formation.