tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGIC NOTES ON SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA.
Authors: H. GIFFORD
Journal: JAMA (1900)

thorax from becoming detached.As a precaution it was found best to keep the abdomen pushed well up toward the thorax so that overstretching would be pre- vented.)*The abdominal wall was then nipped in a number of places, exercising care so as not to injure the Malpighian tubes, when the fatty whitish particles would escape in large quantity.To remove the stomach and Malpighian tubes, the esophagus was followed downward by cutting through the abdominal wall and gently teasing the fragments away.From time to time, if the two outer edges of the abdominal wall were placed on the stretch, the stomach and Malpighian tubes could be recognized, the former by its oblong shape, the latter by their loops.Normal saline solution was frequently added, and by gentle teas- ing all the fatty particles were removed, leaving the other part enclosed within its somewhat elastic ab- dominal wall.To get a complete dissection, usually three mosquitoes were necessary; one for the pharynx, one for the esophagus, crop and stomach, and one for the Malpighian tubes and rectum.Ross imbeds in eelloidin.These sections were im- ' bedded in paraffin, cut with a Minot microtome, and stained with Delafield's hematoxvlin solution.1706 N.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATION OF POLIOMYELITIS TO LOUPING ILL
Authors: F. F. Schwentker, Thomas M. Rivers, M. H. Finkelstein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1933)

The results of the work presented in the present paper show that louping ill and poliomyelitis immunologically are not closely related. Although relatively few experiments were performed, the data obtained were sufficiently decisive for our purposes. Certainly nothing was found to indicate that one might be able to immunize human beings against poliomyelitis by the use of louping ill virus. In addition to the negative findings, a certain amount of useful information was also secured, namely, (1) monkeys can be solidly immunized against louping ill by intraperitoneal injections of virus and partially protected by intramuscular administrations of the active agent, (2) during the process of immunization no signs of involvement of the central nervous system are manifested, and (3) sera from monkeys immunized in the manner described contain antibodies capable of neutralizing the virus.
THE COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT PENICILLIN THERAPY ON THE FORMATION OF ANTISTREPTOLYSIN IN HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGITIS 1
Authors: Edwin D. Kilbourne, J. Philip Loge
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1948)

In the Spring of 1947 an epidemic of streptococ- cal pharyngitis and scarlet fever attacked a large permanent army post 5 numbering about eight thousand troops.A carrier survey just prior to this outbreak had disclosed a high rate (17 per cent) of carriers of beta hemolytic streptococci.Study of these organisms and those isolated from pa- tients during the epidemic revealed that all were of Lancefield Group A. Seven-eighths of those isolated from carriers, and all streptococci isolated from patients, were either type 23 or 19.Infec- tions caused by type 23 predominated and con- stituted about 70 per cent of all cases.During a 60-day period, 184 patients received a preliminary diagnosis of streptococcal pharyn- gitis or scarlet fever and were placed in a special study group at the time of their admission to the post station hospital.The objectives of this study were: (1) to evalu- ate and delineate the natural history of streptococ- cal pharyngitis in the young male, (2) to assess the value of three treatment schedules (detailed below), and (3) to determine and evaluate the antistreptolysin antibody response of patients in each of the three treatment groups.This paper will be concerned only with the third objective of this study.
Halothane Abuse-Reply
Authors: Frank O. Raasch
Journal: JAMA (1976)

We are happy to respond to the letter of Drs Marks and Wallace and are gratified by their interest in our report. They essentially raise two points, which we shall comment on separately. <h3>Need for an Educational Program.—</h3> We could not agree more that an educational program is desirable. We believe that halothane abuse is a serious problem and that everyone associated with the clinical use of halothane should be made aware of the potential for abuse and the occurrence of sudden death during abuse. The seriousness of the problem is underscored by the fact that two additional deaths have come to our attention since our report of the three deaths due to halothane abuse was published. <h3>Report of Cases.—Case 4.—</h3> A 21-year-old man collapsed and died after sniffing halothane from a cloth pad. He was at a party with five other men where alcoholic beverages
Consent procedure for coronary angioplasty is haphazard
Authors: E. Langford, A. de Belder
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor—A legal case highlighted the importance of patients giving fully informed consent for medical procedures.1 Doctors must inform the patient of significant risks, but what represents a significant risk for particular procedures is not precisely defined.2 Coronary angioplasty carries a risk of death in hospital and of emergency coronary artery bypass grafting of 0.7% and 1.1% respectively.3

To assess current British practice when informed consent is obtained for coronary angioplasty we conducted a telephone survey of 25 centres in England, Scotland, and Wales that regularly …
Commentary: Freedom of expression should be preserved
Authors: I. Heath, B. Nilsson
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Any academic journal serves a purpose only if it is read and understood. The more people who read and understand it, the more useful it becomes. Journals such as the BMJ, which have a valued and growing international readership, have a responsibility to be as accessible as possible, but calls for severe restrictions to their vocabulary give us a profound sense of disquiet. The suggestion assumes that medicine is simply a biomechanical science, the sick body a malfunctioning machine, the doctor a mechanic, and the BMJ the technical manual. The task faced by clinical medicine, and by association the BMJ, is immensely more complex.

The challenge is to bridge the gap between the undifferentiated mass of human distress and suffering and the theoretical structures of medicine science, between the illness that the patient experiences …
Limited Usefulness of Fish in Destruction of Mosquitoes
Authors: Alfred G. Farmer
Journal: JAMA (1913)

<h3>To the Editor</h3> —InThe Journal, May 3, 1913, p. 1348, there is an item on a small fish, native of Barbados, called commonly "millions," which is used in the Cape Province, South Africa, for the destruction of the larvae of anophelines as one means of combating malarial fever. Similar experiments with the same species of fish, from Barbados, were carried on in the Canal Zone by the Sanitary Department of the Canal Commission three years ago. The method was found to be applicable only to small permanent collections of water unsuited to drainage or oiling. The fish are so small that they easily become prey of larger fish in streams and ponds of any size, and the smaller collections of water are usually more easily treated by oiling or drainage. For these reasons the value of this method of mosquito destruction is limited.
PTH-134 Malnutrition Screening In Hospital Outpatients
Authors: Z Gundkalli, V Blackwell, W Howson, H Williams
Journal: Gut (2014)

<h3>Introduction</h3> NICE Guidelines (2006) advocate the screening of all new hospital outpatients in order to identify individuals at risk of malnutrition within the community. However, existing data in support of outpatient screening are limited. To establish the utility of screening in specific outpatient settings, data were collected from targeted clinics. Patterns of risk associated with age, gender, ethnicity and ‘new’ or ‘follow up’ outpatient status were determined. <h3>Methods</h3> The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) was used to assess the nutritional status of all individuals attending outpatient appointments at eight clinics at St. Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust. These were Gastroenterology, General Surgery, Geriatric Falls, Oncology, Chest and Allergy, Hypertension, Dermatology and Gynaecology/Urogynaecology. Appropriate action was taken as per guidelines for patients identified as ‘at-risk’. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square and logistic regression. <h3>Results</h3> 585 outpatients were screened over a six week period (male 35.9%, n = 210/585; female 64.3%, n = 375/585; median age = 52, range 16–91 years; white ethnicity 57.7%, n = 338/585; non-white ethnicity 42.3%, n = 247/585). The overall prevalence of malnutrition risk was 12.1% (n = 71/585). There was a significantly higher risk of malnutrition in the young (16–24 years) and the elderly (≥ 75 years) (p = 0.04) and in individuals of white ethnicity (p = 0.0002). There was no difference in the prevalence of risk between new or follow up patients. There was a predictably high yield in Gastroenterology, General Surgery, Oncology and Geriatric Falls clinics. Low prevalence of risk was found in Hypertension and Gynaecology/Urogynaecology clinics. The Dermatology clinic yielded notable results with a 15.0% (n = 12/80) prevalence of risk. 8/12 of these patients were identified as medium risk (MUST score 1) due to a BMI of 18.5–20.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>; 7/8 were female and of white ethnicity. <h3>Conclusion</h3> There have been no published studies of larger cohorts in a hospital outpatient setting. The prevalence of total malnutrition risk in this population, as determined by MUST, was lower at 12.1% compared to previously published smaller studies. ‘At risk’ groups were the young, the elderly and individuals of a white ethnic background. Many patients ‘triggered’ with a MUST score of 1, BMI 18.5–20.0 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, which is in fact within the normal range. This was particularly notable in a cohort of young women attending the Dermatology clinic. The use of MUST in an outpatient setting requires further validation to ensure malnutrition risk is appropriately identified. <h3>Disclosure of Interest</h3> None Declared.
The efficacy of ibrutinib in the treatment of Richter syndrome
Authors: Mazie Tsang, Tait D. Shanafelt, Timothy G. Call, Wei Ding, Asher Chanan-Khan, Jose F. Leis, Grzegorz S. Nowakowski, Deborah Bowen, Michael Conte, Susan M. Schwager, Susan L. Slager, Neil E. Kay, Curtis A. Hanson, Sameer A. Parikh
Journal: Blood (2015)
Drug companies maintain "astounding" profits
Authors: S. Gottlieb
Journal: BMJ (2002)

Pharmaceuticals again ranked as the most profitable sector in the United States, topping the annual Fortune 500 ranking of America's top industries, released this month.

The pharmaceutical industry topped all three of Fortune magazine's measures of profitability for 2001, making this decade the third in which the industry has been at or near the top in all the magazine's measures of profitability.

The occasion was seized by critics of the industry as reflecting corporate greed. Frank Clemente, director of Public Citizen's …
Significance of the Changes in the Circulating Lymphoid Cells in Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: D. Crowther, G. H. Fairley, R. L. Sewell
Journal: BMJ (1969)

The lymphoid cell population in the peripheral blood in Hodgkin's disease differs from normal blood in three ways. Firstly, the number of large lymphoid cells actively synthesizing deoxyribonucleic acid is increased; secondly, the number of medium-sized lymphoid cells with intensely basophilic cytoplasm is increased; and, thirdly, occasional plasma cells are seen. These changes are related to the activity but not to the stage of the disease.Similar changes are found under conditions of known antigenic challenge-that is, in infections, and after immunization, and in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.
OCCUPATIONAL CANCER OF MULE-SPINNERS
Authors: A. H. Southam
Journal: BMJ (1928)

THE peculiar liability to skin cancer of workmieii ill certain trades, as a reesult of their occupatioi, has beeil r1cog'nized for ov'era hundred years.l It asonly ill 1922, however, that *ii e first dr-ew attentioill to theo occiurrceiice of epitheliomla of th e scr-otum am-iongst m uitile-spinnels ii Souith Lancashire as the result of the soiliing of the clothes in the regioni of the scrotum by the lubricatinig oil used in tho cottolin-spinning machinery.The experience gained since that time anid the cliniical observationssmlade of a large nnumber of cases have ciialbed certaiii definiite conclusions to be drawni as to tle earliest signs, clinical features, and treatment of this type of skin cancer.INCIDENCE OF MULE-SPINNERS' CANCER.Epitheliomiiatous ulceration occurring in mule-spinners is usually fouind in operatives over the age of 50 years, though cases may be miet with ill younger mein.It is only seeni in those who lave worked in tile mill for long pperiods-r-arely less tilan ten years.The m10 ost commoni situation for tie lesion is oii the left side of the scrotum, but about 25 per cent.ccui01i othler
744 INSULIN RESISTANCE AND STEATOSIS ARE RELATED TO LOW ADIPONECTIN LEVELS IN NO-DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH HCV GENOTYPE NO-3 CHRONIC HEPATITIS
Authors: O. Lo Iacono, O. Nunez, M. Lozano, A. Matilla, D. Rincon, J. Gomez, A. Hernando, G. Clemente, R. Banares
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2008)
Guillain-Barré syndrome seen in users of isotretinoin
Authors: J Pritchard, R Appleton, R Howard, R A C Hughes
Journal: BMJ (2004)

We report Guillain-Barre syndrome in people taking oral isotretinoin, a retinoid drug used in secondary care for severe acne.1 The Committee on Safety of Medicines has received one other report of Guillain-Barre syndrome after oral isotretinoin (Committee on Safety of Medicines, private communication).

Case 1 —A 31 year old man took 80 mg of oral isotretinoin a day for five weeks, during which he had epistaxis, dry lips, …
The Use of Bile Acid Sequestrants to Lower Serum Thyroid Hormones in Iatrogenic Hyperthyroidism
Authors: K. M. Mohamed Shakir
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

Hyperthyroidism occasionally must be rapidly restored to euthyroidism, especially if it is associated with an emergent condition such as myocardial infarction. Several modalities are available to render endogenous hyperthyroid patients to a euthyroid state rapidly. Few therapeutic options, however, are available to rapidly treat hyperthyroidism caused by ingestion of excess thyroid hormones, except perhaps the use of β-blockers. We observed hypothyroidism develop in two patients taking stable doses of levothyroxine after cholestyramine was added to their drug regimen. This finding led us to treat two patients with iatrogenic hyperthyroidism with cholestyramine. A euthyroid state was achieved in 72 to 96 hours whereas in three similar patients without cholestyramine treatment it had taken almost 8 days for serum thyroid hormone levels to fall into normal range. Our preliminary results suggest that bile acid sequestrants may be useful in treating exogenous thyroid-hormone-induced hyperthyroidism in emergent situations.
Hospital Readmissions Among Survivors Six Months After Myocardial Revascularization
Authors: Babette Ann Stanton
Journal: JAMA (1985)

One neglected but important measure of early morbidity after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations is rehospitalization. As part of a prospective study of recovery after elective CABG procedures conducted at four academic medical centers, data from all readmissions occurring within the first six postoperative months were collected for 326 patients. A total of 24% of patients had readmissions. The most common categories of readmission discharge diagnoses were cardiac (57%), noncardiac (26%), and surgical sequelae (17%). Factors from the initial hospitalization identified as risk factors for rehospitalization included: length of stay in intensive care unit after surgery, severe noncardiac complications, duration of preoperative cardiac symptoms, intra-aortic balloon insertion, and preoperative resting angina. These findings help to identify a subset of at risk patients for whom more careful surveillance might be beneficial.
Hypotonic swelling promotes nitric oxide release in cardiac ventricular myocytes: impact on swelling-induced negative inotropic effect
Authors: Luis Alberto Gonano, Malena Morell, Juan Ignacio Burgos, Raul Ariel Dulce, Verónica Celeste De Giusti, Ernesto Alejandro Aiello, Joshua Michael Hare, Martin Vila Petroff
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2014)

Cardiomyocyte swelling occurs in multiple pathological situations and has been associated with contractile dysfunction, cell death, and enhanced propensity to arrhythmias. We investigate whether hypotonic swelling promotes nitric oxide (NO) release in cardiomyocytes, and whether it impacts on swelling-induced contractile dysfunction.Superfusing rat cardiomyocytes with a hypotonic solution (HS; 217 mOsm), increased cell volume, reduced myocyte contraction and Ca(2+) transient, and increased NO-sensitive 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM) fluorescence. When cells were exposed to HS + 2.5 mM of the NO synthase inhibitor l-NAME, cell swelling occurred in the absence of NO release. Swelling-induced NO release was also prevented by the nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) inhibitor, nitroguanidine, and significantly reduced in NOS1 knockout mice. Additionally, colchicine (inhibitor of microtubule polymerization) prevented the increase in DAF-FM fluorescence induced by HS, indicating that microtubule integrity is necessary for swelling-induced NO release. The swelling-induced negative inotropic effect was exacerbated in the presence of either l-NAME, nitroguandine, the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, ODQ, or the PKG inhibitor, KT5823, suggesting that NOS1-derived NO provides contractile support via a cGMP/PKG-dependent mechanism. Indeed, ODQ reduced Ca(2+) wave velocity and both ODQ and KT5823 reduced the HS-induced increment in ryanodine receptor (RyR2, Ser2808) phosphorylation, suggesting that in this context, cGMP/PKG may contribute to preserve contractile function by enhancing sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) release.Our findings suggest a novel mechanism for NO release in cardiomyocytes with putative pathophysiological relevance determined, at least in part, by its capability to reduce the extent of contractile dysfunction associated with hypotonic swelling.
Molecular mechanism of transcriptional activation of angiotensinogen gene by proximal promoter.
Authors: K Tamura, S Umemura, M Ishii, K Tanimoto, K Murakami, A Fukamizu
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1994)

Angiotensinogen is shown to be produced by the liver and the hepatoma cell line HepG2. As a first step for understanding the molecular relationship between the transcriptional regulation of the angiotensinogen gene and the pathogenesis of hypertension, we have analyzed the basal promoter of the angiotensinogen gene. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) assays with 5'-deleted constructs showed that the proximal promoter region from -96 to +22 of the transcriptional start site was enough to express HepG2-specific CAT activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and DNase I footprinting demonstrated that the liver- and HepG2-specific nuclear factor (angiotensinogen gene-activating factor [AGF2]) and ubiquitous nuclear factor (AGF3) bound to the proximal promoter element from -96 to -52 (angiotensinogen gene-activating element [AGE2]) and to the core promoter element from -6 to +22 (AGE3), respectively. The site-directed disruption of either AGE2 or AGE3 decreased CAT expression, and the sequential titration of AGF3 binding by in vivo competition remarkably suppressed HepG2-specific CAT activity. Finally, the heterologous thymidine kinase promoter assay showed that AGE2 and AGE3 synergistically conferred HepG2-specific CAT expression. These results suggest that the synergistic interplay between AGF2 and AGF3 is important for the angiotensinogen promoter activation.
Adolescents' Perceptions of Factors Affecting Their Decisions to Seek Health Care
Authors: Kenneth R. Ginsburg
Journal: JAMA (1995)

To have adolescents, rather than adults, identify characteristics of health care providers and sites that affect their decision to seek care.Five stages conducted over a 10-month period: (1) focus groups to frame the study questions; (2) nominal group technique to generate student responses; (3) three surveys to assess response importance; (4) one survey to link the most important responses with the decision to seek care; and (5) focus groups to explain the variables associated with the decision to seek care.The Philadelphia (Pa) School District.The study population consisted of all ninth graders from 39 of Philadelphia's 42 public high schools. The 6821 students who returned the final survey comprised the study sample (69% of in-school youth).In the final survey, students used a Likert scale (1 to 5) to describe the impact of 31 ideas on their decision to seek care. The most important characteristics were provider hand washing, clean instruments, honesty, respect toward teens, cleanliness, know-how, carefulness, experience, seronegativity for the human immunodeficiency virus, equal treatment of all patients, and confidentiality. There was little variation in the order of the items by sex, race, or socioeconomic status. Factor analysis showed that the most important of four identified latent factors related to infection control and provider competency.Four of the top 10 characteristics that affect an adolescent's decision to seek care involve cleanliness and infection control. These findings offer providers and planners straightforward, modifiable factors that teens believe influence their decision to seek care.
Intensive sequential chemotherapy (ISC 95) with growth factors and blood stem cell support in high–intermediate and high-risk (IPI 2 and IPI 3) aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: an oligocentric report on 42 patients
Authors: R Bouabdallah, A-M Stoppa, J-F Rossi, G Lepeu, D Coso, L Xerri, P Ladaique, C Chabannon, D Blaise, V-J Bardou, C Alzieu, J-A Gastaut, D Maraninchi
Journal: Leukemia (1999)
Absorption of glucose, sodium, and water by the human jejunum studied by intestinal perfusion with a proximal occluding balloon and at variable flow rates
Authors: R. Modigliani, J. J. Bernier
Journal: Gut (1971)

A perfusion technique with a proximal occluding balloon has been used to study the absorption of glucose, sodium, and water from the human jejunum at different rates of flow. The absorption of glucose and water was significantly higher with the balloon deflated than inflated, probably because of reflux of infused solution above the point of infusion. Above the inflated balloon 0 to 4.2 ml/min of endogenous secretions could be recovered. Increasing flow rates increase the glucose absorption rate; a single relationship could be found between the glucose load and glucose absorption rate, and single values for the maximum velocity and for the half saturating load were calculated whatever the infusing rate and the initial glucose concentration. The stimulating effect of glucose on water and sodium movement increases gradually when the initial sugar concentration varies from 14 to 133 mM/1. Above this concentration a drop in water and sodium movement is observed, although the initial sodium concentration is kept constant. High flow rates result in a decrease of water absorption and an increase in sodium and potassium secretion rates.