tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Estimations of gestational age and screening for Down's syndrome.
Authors: S Holding
Journal: BMJ (1991)

Software for screening to assess risk of Down's syndrome SIR,-The brief reference to screening for Down's syndrome in the ABC of antenatal care' is perhaps indicative of the few centres currently offering screening to assess the risk of Down's syndrome despite the considerable benefits that the screen offers.The delays in introducing the screen are possibly due to uncertainty about the analytes required to perform an effective screen.a Feto- protein and human chorionic gonadotrophin are well established, but there is still dispute over whether unconjugated oestriol should be included.2'Furthermore, other potential screen- ing variables have been suggested, including preg- nancy specific f1 glycoprotein (SP-1),4 ratio of biparietal diameter to length of femur,s and maternal urea resistant neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity.6A further cause of delay in introducing the screen is the poor availability of commercial software to calculate the risk.In Gwent and South Glamorgan screening using a fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotrophin has been offered with considerable success for the past 16 months.
"A Physiologic Question of Practical Importance."
Authors: Theo. L. Hatch
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Owatonna, Minn., Nov. 18, 1898. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —I was interested in your editorial in theJournalof November 12, under the above caption, but wish to correct an erroneous impression you have conveyed to your readers in it. The fact is, that the official investigation in the Tryon case showed that the Admiral was so thoroughly under the influence of alcoholic intoxicants as to render him incompetent for the performance of almost any intelligent function. There is but little doubt that many of the cases to which you refer originate in the same manner, though perhaps not from this identical cause. It is well known that there are various drugs which produce such results, and there is but little doubt that the excessive use of tea, coffee and tobacco may be responsible. However, the fact still remains that we often do have the phenomena to which you refer resulting
The Use of Molecular Breast Imaging to Assess Response in Women Undergoing Neoadjuvant Therapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Dietlind L. Wahner-Roedler, Judy C. Boughey, Carrie B. Hruska, Beiyun Chen, Deborah J. Rhodes, Cindy L. Tortorelli, Robert W. Maxwell, Stephen S. Cha, Michael K. O'Connor
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2012)

Purpose of the Report: To report our findings from a prospective pilot study evaluating the accuracy of molecular breast imaging (MBI) in assessing tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy (NT) for breast cancer. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with newly diagnosed invasive breast cancer who were scheduled to receive NT underwent MBI before beginning and after completing NT before surgery. MBI was performed using a dual-detector cadmium-zinc-telluride gamma camera system mounted on a modified mammography gantry after patients had received an intravenous injection of 20 mCi of 99mTc sestamibi. Tumor extent was measured on MBI, and tumor-to-background (T/B) ratios of radiotracer uptake were determined through region-of-interest analysis. Pathologic measurement of tumor size was used as a standard and compared with post-NT tumor size derived from MBI. Results: Three patients in whom post-NT MBI could not be performed because of scheduling problems were excluded from analysis. Eighteen cancers were diagnosed in 17 patients. A correlation coefficient of r = 0.681 (P = 0.002) was found between MBI and residual tumor size. The average T/B ratio on MBI decreased from a pretreatment value of 3.0 to a posttreatment value of 1.4. The relative decrease in T/B ratio did not appear to be predictive of response. Conclusions: Measurements of tumor size by MBI and T/B ratios are limited in their predictive value regarding the pathologic extent of residual disease in women treated with NT for breast cancer. Alternate tumor-specific radiopharmaceuticals should be evaluated to provide information to improve planning and monitoring of breast cancer treatment.
The Relationship Between Prostacyclin Activity and Pressure in the Portal Vein
Authors: George Hamilton, Rose Chow Fung Phing, Ronald A. Hutton, Paresh Dandona, Kenneth E.F. Hobbs
Journal: Hepatology (1982)

The effect of portal hypertension (induced by partial ligation) on the ability of the portal vein wall to produce prostacyclin (PGI 2 ) was studied in rats over a period of 6 weeks. PGI 2 –like activity measured by bioassay was shown to be significantly increased in portal vein segments during established hypertension when compared to control groups. As a collateral circulation developed with consequent fall in portal venous pressure, PGI 2 –like activity decreased. A positive correlation between PGI 2 –like activity and portal pressure has been demonstrated. Parallel measurements of this activity by bioassay and radioimmunoassay to 6–keto–prostaglandin–F 1 α showed a positive correlation (r = 0.88) and suggested that PGI 2 is the inhibitory prostaglandin involved. The possible significance of these observations in relation to the hemorrhagic manifestations associated with portal hypertension in man is discussed.
The nature of circulating CD27+CD43+ B cells
Authors: Martin Perez-Andres, Christina Grosserichter-Wagener, Cristina Teodosio, Jacques J.M. van Dongen, Alberto Orfao, Menno C. van Zelm
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2011)

To the Editor: 

We recently read with great interest an article in The Journal of Experimental Medicine from the [laboratory of Thomas Rothstein][1] ([Griffin et al., 2011][2]). This paper described a new B cell population present in human cord blood and adult peripheral blood that displays
Alpha 2A interferon monotherapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C and repeatedly normal aminotransferase levels
Authors: C. Hézode, F. Roudot-Thoraval, S. Naveau, D. Capron, G.H. Riachi, P. Chaumet-Riffaut, J.M. Pawlotsky, D. Dhumeaux
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2000)
124 HEPATOCYTES DERIVED FROM HUMAN PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS PERMIT COMPLETE REPLICATION OF THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS
Authors: P. Roelandt, S. Obeid, J. Vanhove, J. Paeshuyse, K. Vanuytsel, S. Raitano, A. Van Lommerl, Y. Nahmias, J. Neyts, C. Verfaillie, F. Nevens
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2012)
Closed-Eye Ocular Injuries in the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars
Authors: Glenn C. Cockerham, Thomas A. Rice, Eva H. Hewes, Kimberly P. Cockerham, Sonne Lemke, Gloria Wang, Richard C. Lin, Catherine Glynn-Milley, Lars Zumhagen
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

Comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation was conducted in 46 veterans hospitalized because of traumatic brain injury after blast exposure in Iraq or Afghanistan. Evidence of closed-eye injury was found in 20 of these patients.
Intrinsic Coagulation Activation and the Risk of Arterial Thrombosis in Young Women
Authors: B. Siegerink, J.W.P. Govers-Riemslag, F.R. Rosendaal, H. ten Cate, A. Algra
Journal: Circulation (2010)

Classically, intrinsic coagulation proteins are thought to have a minor role in hemostasis. Recently, these proteins, especially FXII, were implicated as possible key players in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis. This study aims to determine the risks of arterial thrombosis conferred by increased activation of intrinsic coagulation proteins in young women and the effect of oral contraceptive use on this association.The Risk of Arterial Thrombosis In relation to Oral contraceptives (RATIO) study is a population-based case-control study including young women (age 18 to 50 years) with myocardial infarction (n=205) and ischemic stroke (n=175) and 638 healthy controls. Intrinsic coagulation protein activation was determined by measuring activated protein-inhibitor complexes. This complex is with C1 esterase inhibitor (FXIIa-C1-INH, FXIa-C1-INH, Kallikrein-C1-INH) or antitrypsin inhibitor (FXIa-AT-INH). Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated with logistic regression. High levels of protein activation (>90th percentile of controls) showed an increased risk of ischemic stroke: FXIIa-C1-INH (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.3 to 3.5), FXIa-C1-INH (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.6 to 4.7), FXIa-AT-INH (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4 to 4.0), and Kallikrein-C1 (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 2.6 to 7.2). If anything, myocardial infarction risk was only increased by Kallikrein-C1-INH (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.9 to 2.5). Oral contraceptive use further increased the risks.High levels of activated proteins of the intrinsic coagulation system are associated with arterial thrombosis, whereas the strength of these associations differs for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. This contradicts similar analyses among men in the Northwick Park Heart Study. Together with the finding that oral contraceptive use further increases the risks, the question of whether the role of intrinsic coagulation proteins in the pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis is sex-specific is raised.
ROUTINE ANNUAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST INFLUENZA
Authors: Leroy E. Burney
Journal: JAMA (1960)

To the Editor:—  I would appreciate very much an opportunity to useThe Journalto bring to the attention of the physicians of the United States the Public Health Service recommendation that the chronically ill, the aged, and pregnant women be given routine annual immunization against influenza. This recommendation is based on the findings of the Service's Advisory Committee on Influenza Research after analysis of the excess mortailty from recent influenza outbreaks.  For many years, influenza has been recognized as one of the major causes of death. The catastrophic pandemic of 1918 serves as a constant reminder of the epidemic potential of this disease. As a result of the introduction of a new antigenic variant, the Asian strain, epidemic influenza recently swept areas of the United States in two distinct waves—in the fall of 1957 and the winter of 1958. Around 60,000 more deaths than would be expected under normal
Strengthening local-level cause of death surveillance: a case study of Western Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Pam Groenewald, Tracey Naledi, Johann Daniels, Lesley Shand, Ian Neethling, Marcel Berteler, Manshil Misra, Charlene Jacobs, Vonita Thompson, William Msemburi, Richard Matzopoulos, Debbie Bradshaw
Journal: The Lancet (2013)
Hepatocytes produce nitrogen oxides from L-arginine in response to inflammatory products of Kupffer cells.
Authors: R D Curran, T R Billiar, D J Stuehr, K Hofmann, R L Simmons
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1989)

A metabolic pathway by which L-arginine (L-arg) is converted to the biologically active compound NO. has recently been described in macrophages (M phi) and endothelial cells. This report demonstrates that transferable products from activated Kupffer cells (KC) induce the conversion of large quantities of L-arg to nitrogen oxides within hepatocytes (HC). In M phi and endothelial cells, citrulline and NO2-/NO3- are the stable endproducts of this metabolic pathway. In contrast, HC L-arg metabolism resulted in significantly greater production of NO2-/NO3- than citrulline. The generation of NO. within HC was associated with a concurrent decrease in total protein synthesis.
Increased Risk for Cancer in Patients with the Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Authors: Lisa A. Boardman
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1998)

Some reports describe an increased risk for cancer in patients with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.To characterize occurrences of cancer in a large cohort of patients with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.Retrospective cohort study.Tertiary care center.34 patients with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome identified from Mayo Clinic records from 1945 to 1996.Cases of cancer documented by chart review and telephone follow-up.26 cases of noncutaneous cancer developed in 18 of the 34 patients: 10 cases of gastrointestinal cancer and 16 cases of extraintestinal cancer. With the use of SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) data for comparison, the relative risk for cancer was 18.5 (95% CI, 8.5 to 35.2) in women with the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and 6.2 (CI, 2.5 to 12.8) in men with the syndrome (P = 0.001). In women, the relative risk for breast and gynecologic cancer was 20.3 (CI, 7.4 to 44.2).The Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is associated with an increased risk for cancer. The relative risk for breast and gynecologic cancers is particularly high.
Antibodies to streptokinase
Authors: K Jennings
Journal: BMJ (1996)

benefit and toxicity of treatment but not whether there is an effect.Individual patients should undoubtedly have a role in balancing the potential benefits and side effects of treatment.Several new drugs with substantial activity in patients who are resistant to treatment with fluorouracil, such as Irinotecan (CPT1 1) and oxaloplatin, are now available for phase II and eventually phase III testing.For the the first time there is evidence that monoclonal antibodies may have a role as adjuvant therapy in patients with Dukes's type C colon cancer.14Customised treatment according to individual patients' predicted chemosensitivity may soon become a real possibility.15The treatment of colon cancer has been transformed from a therapeutic desert into one of the most innovative and fast moving areas oflaboratory and clinical cancer research.
Efficient In Vivo Targeting of Epidermal Stem Cells by Early Gestational Intraamniotic Injection of Lentiviral Vector Driven by the Keratin 5 Promoter
Authors: Masayuki Endo, Philip W Zoltick, William H Peranteau, Antoneta Radu, Nidal Muvarak, Mayumi Ito, Zaixin Yang, George Cotsarelis, Alan W Flake
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2007)

At the present time, no efficient in vivo method for gene transfer to skin stem cells exists. In this study, we hypothesized that early in gestation, specific epidermal stem cell populations may be accessible for gene transfer. To test this hypothesis, we injected lentiviral vectors encoding the green fluorescence protein marker gene driven by either the cytomegalovirus promoter or the keratin 5 (K5) promoter into the murine amniotic space at early developmental stages between embryonic days 8 and 12. This resulted in sustained green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in both basal epidermal stem cells and bulge cells in the hair follicles of the skin. Transduction of stem cell populations was dependent on the developmental stage, and confirmed by the prolonged duration of GFP expression in all skin elements into adulthood. In addition, transduced stem cell populations responded to regenerative signals after wounding and actively participated in wound healing. Finally, we quantified the fraction of epidermal stem cells transduced, and the distribution of transduction related to the promoters utilized, confirming improved efficiency with the K5 promoter. This simple approach has possible biological applications in our study of gene functions in skin, and perhaps future clinical applications for treatment of skin based disorders. At the present time, no efficient in vivo method for gene transfer to skin stem cells exists. In this study, we hypothesized that early in gestation, specific epidermal stem cell populations may be accessible for gene transfer. To test this hypothesis, we injected lentiviral vectors encoding the green fluorescence protein marker gene driven by either the cytomegalovirus promoter or the keratin 5 (K5) promoter into the murine amniotic space at early developmental stages between embryonic days 8 and 12. This resulted in sustained green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in both basal epidermal stem cells and bulge cells in the hair follicles of the skin. Transduction of stem cell populations was dependent on the developmental stage, and confirmed by the prolonged duration of GFP expression in all skin elements into adulthood. In addition, transduced stem cell populations responded to regenerative signals after wounding and actively participated in wound healing. Finally, we quantified the fraction of epidermal stem cells transduced, and the distribution of transduction related to the promoters utilized, confirming improved efficiency with the K5 promoter. This simple approach has possible biological applications in our study of gene functions in skin, and perhaps future clinical applications for treatment of skin based disorders.
Medical Pharmacology: Principles and Concepts
Authors: David J. Greenblatt
Journal: JAMA (1982)

A generation of medical students owes its survival to Andres Goth. Now in its 20th year and tenth edition, Goth's<i>Medical Pharmacology</i>has rendered intelligible and tolerable the often alien and all too quantitative discipline of pharmacology, firmly sealing its link with clinical medicine. Over the years Goth has retained this flavor and, with it, an immense popularity. Yet Goth has changed substantially with the times, keeping up in the past two decades with the almost complete turnover of pharmacology, from a descriptive, observational science into a staggering technocracy of molecular biology, receptor theory, pharmacodynamic quantitation, and pharmacokinetic modeling. After two topical sections dealing with general aspects of pharmacology and drug effects of neurotransmitters, the next seven are organsystem- and disease-oriented in the classic sense. Three newer topics appearing in recent editions include immunopharmacology, drug interactions, and poisons-antidotes. Another relatively new feature consists of reference appendices on blood concentrations of
Long-lasting depression of the factor XII-dependent fibrinolytic system in patients with myocardial infarction undergoing thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator: A randomized placebo-controlled study
Authors: Steffen Munkvad, Jørgen Jespersen, Jørgen Gram, Cornelis Kluft
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1991)
Electrocardiographic and Enzymatic Infarct Size in a Randomised Study of Intracoronary Streptokinase and Intravenous Anisoylated Plasminogen Streptokinase Activator Complex in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: R. A. Hackworthy, S. G. Sorensen, R. L. Menlove, J. L. Anderson
Journal: Drugs (1987)
Mechanisms of Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Authors: David I. Abramson
Journal: JAMA (1979)

This volume is based on a symposium sponsored by the Presbyterian Hospital of Pacific Medical Center in San Francisco. It consists of 13 articles on various aspects of hemostasis and thrombosis, written by 17 contributors. Emphasis is placed on the role of platelets in hemostasis and their importance in the genesis of atheroma and thromboembolic events. Included in the monograph are articles on techniques to measure platelet function, the relation of prostaglandins to platelet function, the release reaction, platelet coagulant activities, the role of thrombin in platelet function, the interaction of platelet membrane proteins with nucleotides, heparin and platelets, contribution of RBCs to hemostasis, role of platelets in thrombosis, and antiplatelet drugs as antithrombotic agents. Extensive bibliographies are found at the end of each article. Also following each group of related articles, there is a discussion of the highlights of the presentations by the authors. Self-assessment questions are found after
Asthma in Childhood. A Discussion of the Psychological Aspect
Authors: M. B. Hall
Journal: BMJ (1940)

The endoscopic appearance of the extrapletural pneumothorax in which post-operative haemorrha-e has occurred is described.A constant finding has been the presence of cones of blood clot arising from the chest wall.These cones are sometimes free, sometimes fixed to the lung.It is suggested that in some cases organization and contrac- -tion of these cones may be a factor in producing obliteration of the pneumothorax space.I wish to express my thanks to the London County Council and to Dr. Watt, medical superintendent of the King George V Sanatorium, for permission to publish these cases.
Cost-minimization analysis of MRC versus ERCP for the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis
Authors: Jayant A. Talwalkar, Paul Angulo, Daniel C. Johnson, Bret T. Petersen, Keith D. Lindor
Journal: Hepatology (2004)

Investigations examining the use of magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) for the diagnosis of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have described comparable accuracy when compared to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). The effectiveness of MRC based on overall cost, however, remains unknown. Our aim was to determine the average cost per correct diagnosis using MRC or ERCP as the initial testing strategy for the diagnosis of PSC. A decision analysis model was constructed employing diagnostic test parameters prospectively determined among 73 patients with clinically suspected biliary disease. ERCP was performed within 24 hours after MRC. Cost data were derived from average Medicare reimbursement fee schedules. The prevalence of PSC in the study cohort was 32%. The sensitivity and specificity of MRC for the diagnosis of PSC were 82% and 98%, respectively. The average cost per correct diagnosis of PSC was $724.00 for initial MRC (including the cost of ERCP following a negative MRC examination) versus $793.17 for initial ERCP. In the absence of biliary obstruction, the average cost per correct diagnosis of PSC was $549.64 with MRC versus $623.25 for ERCP. The average cost of managing post-ERCP-related complications among patients with PSC was $2902.20 (range, $1915.40-$5031.54). For ERCP to be the optimal initial test strategy, a prevalence rate of PSC greater than 45%, MRC specificity less than 85%, or reduction in the average cost per diagnosis to $538.30 would be required. In conclusion , MRC has comparable accuracy to ERCP and results in cost savings when used as the initial test strategy for diagnosing PSC. (Hepatology 2004;40:39-45.)
Hospital Admissions and Fine Particulate Air Pollution
Authors: Paolo F. Ricci, Sorin R. Straja
Journal: JAMA (2006)

To the Editor: Dr Dominici and colleagues provided evidence of significant adverse health effects that can occur from exposure to air pollution with ambient levels of fine particles (particulate matter of 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5]) in a large nationwide sample of older adults. The breadth and size of their Medicare study population, and the recent Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposal for new legal limits for this air pollutant, raise a timecritical question: can this same study population be used to further test the hypothesis that the EPA proposal to set a maximum daily exposure limit of 35 μg/m will be sufficient to eliminate these adverse health effects? It would be highly informative if the authors could conduct subset analyses to test whether this newly proposed air pollution standard, if achieved, could actually eliminate the public health risk of excess hospital admissions from acute exposures to PM2.5 air pollution in this population.