tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Human T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma Virus and Adult T-Cell Leukemia
Authors: William A. Blattner
Journal: JAMA (1983)

THE ISOLATION and characterization of the human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV)<sup>1-5</sup>and its relationship to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)<sup>6-8</sup>represent the remarkable convergence of scientific discoveries made half a world apart. The discovery of HTLV represents the culmination of a search for a true human retrovirus (type C virus) that dates back more than 50 years. Almost simultaneous to this breakthrough was the remarkable recognition of a distinctive clinicopathologic entity, ATL.<sup>9-11</sup>The molecular and clinical studies summarized in this review represent a scientific tale of two cities, Bethesda, Md, and Kyoto, Japan. <h3>HTLV: A Prototype Human Retrovirus</h3> In numerous animal species, naturally occurring leukemias or lymphomas are caused by retroviruses (also known as type C viruses, RNA tumor viruses, leukemia viruses).<sup>12-14</sup>This class of virus is characterized by a replication cycle requiring integration of the viral genetic material in the form of a provirus into host
Three-Dimensional Determination of Gastric Ulcer Size with Laser Endoscopy
Authors: M. Yamaguchi, Y. Okazaki, H. Yanai, T. Takemoto
Journal: Endoscopy (1988)

We have developed a new endoscopic system for measuring the three-dimensional structure of the gastric ulcer. The system consists of an argon ion laser generator, a side-viewing endoscope with diffraction grating made of glass fibers, and a graphic processing unit. Via a fiber grating fitted in the tip of the endoscope, about 1600 light spots produced by the diffracted laser beam were projected on to the gastric mucosa. By graphic processing involving the detection of the deviation of the laser spot array on the gastric lesion, the diameter, area, and height or depth of the lesion could be determined. To evaluate the accuracy of the system, the diameter and area of a rubber disc were determined in vitro and in the stomach. A cubic model 10 mm in height was used to evaluate the accuracy of the system in measuring height. Accuracy proved to be satisfactory for clinical use. The course of healing of 6 gastric ulcers treated by histamine receptor antagonist was followed with the system. A linear decrease in diameter and depth of the ulcer was observed.
Hypertension: A Major Medical Care Challenge
Authors: William R. Barclay
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Many people mistakenly believe that health care is synonymous with medical care. Health is, to a large degree, a matter of personal responsibility that must be exercised within the limits of genetic endowment. Educational achievement, income, and environment are also important factors. As a general rule, however, medical care has relatively little impact on health. Measurements that supposedly reflect health, such as morbidity, longevity, growth, and development, are not measures of the quality of medical care being received. There are, however, exceptions to general rules, and this issue ofThe Journalfocuses attention on such an exception. The detection and treatment of hypertension, which can unequivocally be defined as medical care, has been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality. If 55% of the population suffers from some degree of hypertension, as found by the Community Hypertension Evaluation Clinics Program (CHEC) (p 2299), then appropriate medical management would make a substantial
Nutrition and Scholastic Attainment
Authors: I. F. MacKenzie
Journal: BMJ (1944)

CHILDREN MEDBCAITIOURNAL 205 the differences are due to econonmic factors is supported, by a study of the relation between nutritional status and family size (Yudkin, 1944a) and by the results of an investigation of children from industrial areas (Yudkin, 1944b).Limiting Factors in Nutritional Deficiency.-The absence of effect of vitamin or other nutritional therapy is not necessarily an indication that the diet was completely adequate in these essentials (Yudk n, 1943(Yudk n, .1944c).Let us consk!er the results of sr" - VITAMIN' CROUP 40 z o 30 20 I0 1 2 34 4 DAYS TO SATURATE 50 CONTROL CROUP 40z IA 30 _ -20 I0 0 I Z 3 4' 5 DAY4 TO SATURATE FIG. 6.-Vitamin C saturation tests.the Cambridge vitamin investigation from this, point of view.Apart from the improvement in vitamin C saturation, which is simply an index of past vitamin C intake, the supplements effected an improvement only in respiratory illness and in general behaviour as assessed by the teachers.The fact that no improvement was produced in height, weight, haemoglobin, etc., even in children from the poorer school, does not mean that these are unaffected by vitamin A, B,, C, or D. It might mean, of course, that the diets of the children supplied adequate quantities of these components.On the other hand, it might mean that the diets were deficient in other essentials in addition to these vitamins and that one or more of these other essentials was the limiting factor in growth, haemoglobin formation, and so on.An animal showing suboptimal growth on a diet slightly deficient, for example, in protein, calcium, and vitamin A will not be made to grow normally by the administration of only one of them.On the other hand, a similar degree of suboptimal growth caused by deficiency of, say, vitamin A only, will be restored to normal by an increase in this factor alone.SummaryThe nutritional status of about 1,100 Cambridge school-children, determined in Jan. and Feb., 1942, was found to compare favourably with that reported for children in other parts of the country.Never-
Acute ethanol intoxication stimulates superoxide anion production byin situ perfused rat liver
Authors: Abraham P. Bautista, John J. Spitzer
Journal: Hepatology (1992)

This study examines the generation of superoxide anion by the perfused rat liver after ethanol intoxication and acute endotoxemia to assess the potential importance of oxygen-derived free radicals in the ethanol-induced hepatic pathological condition. Hepatic superoxide anion production of 0.65 ± 0.06 nmol/min/gm liver weight was measured 1 hr after ethanol infusion; it reached a peak value of 0.8 ± 0.07 at 3 hr and was reduced to 0.11 ± 0.01 by 7 hr. In a group of animals, 4-methylpyrazole was injected 5 min before the administration of ethanol to determine whether the metabolism of ethanol moiety is necessary for the observed effects. However, no significant inhibition of superoxide production was observed after 4-methylpyrazole administration. Introduction of ibuprofen into the perfused liver abolished superoxide anion production, suggesting that arachidonic acid metabolites may play an important role in superoxide generation under these conditions. Endotoxin, a potent activator of macrophages, has also been associated with increased superoxide release by the liver. Therefore the combined impact of ethanol and endotoxin on superoxide production by the liver was also examined. Acute ethanol intoxication inhibited the endotoxin-mediated superoxide anion generation by the perfused liver. These data indicate that the ethanol-mediated superoxide production and the ethanol-induced inhibition of the lipopolysaccharide-enhanced free-radical generation by the liver may have a pathophysiological significance in tissue injury and in resistance to infection. (HEPATOLOGY 1992;15?-898).
End of therapy response in HCV chronic liver disease relapsers to IFN retreated with combination therapy (interferon + ribavirin)
Authors: A. Ascione, M. De Luca, MA. Guardascione, C. Canestrini, A.Galeota Lanza, S. Astritto, C. D'Asero, F. Froio, P. Piergrossi
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (1998)
Health secretary's remarks about GPs are "morale sapping," says royal college
Authors: I. Torjesen
Journal: BMJ (2013)

England’s health secretary, Jeremy Hunt, has announced that one of the changes he wants to make to the current GP contract is to give every vulnerable elderly patient a named GP who would be responsible for their care. He said that under the present system hospital emergency staff know some patients better than their own GPs do.

His remarks were condemned by Clare Gerada, president of the Royal College of General Practitioners, as “disheartening and morale sapping.”

Outlining his plans for the future, Hunt said that the 2004 general medical services contract for GPs removed the historical system whereby every patient was registered with an individual, named GP, replacing it instead with a system where patients were registered only with a practice. The aim was to make it easier for patients to …
Smoking, Oral Contraceptives, and Obesity
Authors: Irwin R. Fisch
Journal: JAMA (1975)

Data from 14,961 healthy women were analyzed to determine the relative importance of factors that alter the white blood cell (WBC) count. The effects of smoking, oral contraceptive use, and obesity were most striking. A total leukocyte count greater than 10,00/cu mm was found in 44% of obese, heavily smoking women who took oral contraceptives (central 95% of the distribution was 5,800 to 14,200/cu mm) as compared to 2% of women without these attributes (3,500 to 9,400/cu mm). Other factors such as age, time of day, phase of the menstrual cycle, and red blood cell variables were of lesser significance. The use of noncontraceptive estrogenic hormones did not affect the WBC count. Recognition of these findings is important because excessive laboratory studies, lost physician time, and patient inconvenience may thereby be avoided.
Early Diagnosis of Abscess in Aortic Bioprosthetic Valve by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography
Authors: Ludivine Saby, Yvan Le Dolley, Olivia Laas, Laetitia Tessonnier, Serge Cammilleri, Jean-Paul Casalta, Didier Raoult, Gilbert Habib, Franck Thuny
Journal: Circulation (2012)

A 69-year-old woman, with an aortic bioprosthetic valve implanted 2 years before, was referred to our department because of a suspicion of endocarditis.She had experienced fever for 1 week, and Haemophilus parainfluenza was identified in 1 blood culture.The total white blood count (WBC) was 12ϫ10 9 /L, and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 60 mm.The first transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) studies were considered as normal.However, the 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT), performed the day after, revealed an intense fixation at the level of the bioprosthetic valve.Then, a treatment with ceftriaxone and gentamicin was started.Six days later, although fever persisted and ESR remained elevated, a second TEE showed the emergence of a periprosthetic abscess without any dehiscence (Figure 1 and Movies I and II).The lesions were confirmed during surgery performed thereafter.
Enhancement of Antibody Responses to Influenza Vaccination in the Elderly following a Cognitive-Behavioural Stress Management Intervention
Authors: Kav Vedhara, Paul D. Bennett, Sian Clark, Stafford L. Lightman, Samantha Shaw, Paula Perks, Moira A. Hunt, Judith M.D. Philip, Deborah Tallon, Peter J. Murphy, Roy W. Jones, Gordon K. Wilcock, Nola M. Shanks
Journal: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (2003)

&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt; Previous research has demonstrated that the psychological morbidity experienced by informal caregivers is associated with increased vulnerability to infectious diseases, in particular influenza. A pragmatic trial was conducted to examine whether a stress management intervention (SMI) could reduce psychological morbidity and enhance the antibody response to influenza vaccination in the elderly, and whether changes in immune response of SMI participants were associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. &lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt; Forty-three elderly spousal carers of dementia patients and 27 non-carer controls were recruited. Sixteen carers were allocated to an 8-week SMI or a non-intervention condition (n = 27). The non-carers formed a no treatment, ‘normal’ comparison group. At the end of the SMI or its equivalent time period, all participants received an influenza vaccination. IgG antibody titres to the vaccine were measured 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks post-vaccine. &lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt; There was evidence of elevated distress in both carer groups compared with non-carer controls throughout the SMI period, but no between-group differences in salivary cortisol. Immune responses to the vaccine revealed that 50% of SMI carers, 7% of non-intervention carers and 29% of non-carer controls produced a four-fold increase in antibody titre. &lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt; The immune response to influenza vaccination appears amenable to improvement through stress management, although the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear.
Adenovirus-Mediated p53 Gene Transfer in Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: S. G. Swisher, J. A. Roth, J. Nemunaitis, D. D. Lawrence, B. L. Kemp, C. H. Carrasco, D. G. Connors, A. K. El-Naggar, F. Fossella, B. S. Glisson, W. K. Hong, F. R. Khuri, J. M. Kurie, J. J. Lee, J. S. Lee, M. Mack, J. A. Merritt, D. M. Nguyen, J. C. Nesbitt, R. Perez-Soler, K. M. W. Pisters, J. B. Putnam, W. R. Richli, M. Savin, D. S. Schrump, D. M. Shin, A. Shulkin, G. L. Walsh, J. Wait, D. Weill, M. K. A. Waugh
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1999)

BACKGROUND: Preclinical studies in animal models have demonstrated tumor regression following intratumoral administration of an adenovirus vector containing wild-type p53 complementary DNA (Ad-p53). Therefore, in a phase I clinical trial, we administered Ad-p53 to 28 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) whose cancers had progressed on conventional treatments. METHODS: Patients received up to six, monthly intratumoral injections of Ad-p53 by use of computed tomography-guided percutaneous fine-needle injection (23 patients) or bronchoscopy (five patients). The doses ranged from 10 6 plaque-forming units (PFU) to 10 11 PFU. RESULTS: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed the presence of adenovirus vector DNA in 18 (86%) of 21 patients with evaluable posttreatment biopsy specimens; vector-specific p53 messenger RNA was detected by means of reverse transcription-PCR analysis in 12 (46%) of 26 patients. Apoptosis (programmed cell death) was demonstrated by increased terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated biotin uridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining in posttreatment biopsy specimens from 11 patients. Vector-related toxicity was minimal (National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria: grade 3 = one patient; grade 4 = no patients) in 84 courses of treatment, despite repeated injections (up to six) in 23 patients. Therapeutic activity in 25 evaluable patients included partial responses in two patients (8%) and disease stabilization (range, 2-14 months) in 16 patients (64%); the remaining seven patients (28%) exhibited disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Repeated intratumoral injections of Ad-p53 appear to be well tolerated, result in transgene expression of wild-type p53, and seem to mediate antitumor activity in a subset of patients with advanced NSCLC.
Metastatic Calcification in a Patient with Malignant Parathyroid Carcinoma
Authors: ROBERT M. DAVIDSON, RAMESH D. DHEKNE, WARREN H. MOORE, DONALD B. BUTLER
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (1990)

A patient whose bone scan showed features typical of a "superscan," having extensive pulmonary, cardiac, and renal calcifications is described. Metastatic parathyroid carcinoma with renal insufficiency and phosphate retention are cited as the cause. Early diagnosis and surgical extirpation offer the best chance for cure or palliation. Pitfalls of plain film radiography in identifying metastases and pathologic soft tissue calcifications in the setting of severe hyperparathyroidism are discussed, and the advantages of functional radionuclide imaging assessments are emphasized.
The Mortality Experience of Major-League Baseball Players
Authors: J Waterbor, P Cole, E Delzell, D Andjelkovich
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

Do the conditioning and training of professional athletes determine their length of life or cause of death? We have addressed this question through an analysis of the rate and causes of death of American professional baseball players.The cohort comprised all baseball players who played their first games for a professional major-league baseball team in the United States between 1911 and 1915 and who survived until 1925. Of 1030 players listed by one or more baseball publications as having made their professional debut between 1911 and 1915, 6 were excluded from the cohort because officials at the Major League Baseball . . .
Leadership with a small "l"
Authors: R. Bohmer
Journal: BMJ (2010)

What exactly do we mean by leadership in health care? Does it mean to take formal positions in senior leadership teams in hospitals, trusts, health boards, ministries of health, and professional societies—what might be termed leadership with a big “L?” Or does it mean something fine grained and local—leadership with a small “l”?

It is tempting to frame the discussion in terms of the first, if only because the big issues dealt with at higher levels in delivery organisations and government—such as licensure, reimbursement, malpractice, technology licensing, and working hours—profoundly affect the working lives of so many doctors. But mounting evidence of the impact of organisations on clinical outcomes is making the second model of physician leadership increasingly important. 

As the growing complexity of clinical problems is paralleled by increasing organisational and technical complexity of health care, medical outcomes have become as much a function of organisational performance as of individual doctors’ skill. Quality and safety failures are driven by system failures as well as failures of individual physicians’ skill and decision making; and higher performing hospitals are differentiated by their greater use of organisational interventions, cultures that support innovation, structures such as …
Requirement for sphingosine 1–phosphate receptor-1 in tumor angiogenesis demonstrated by in vivo RNA interference
Authors: Sung-Suk Chae, Ji-Hye Paik, Henry Furneaux, Timothy Hla
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2004)

Angiogenesis, or new blood vessel formation, is critical for the growth and spread of tumors. Multiple phases of this process, namely, migration, proliferation, morphogenesis, and vascular stabilization, are needed for optimal tumor growth beyond a diffusion-limited size. The sphingosine 1–phosphate (S1P) receptor-1 (S1P1) is required for stabilization of nascent blood vessels during embryonic development. Here we show that S1P1 expression is strongly induced in tumor vessels. We developed a multiplex RNA interference technique to downregulate S1P1 in mice. The small interfering RNA (siRNA) for S1P1 specifically silenced the cognate transcript in endothelial cells and inhibited endothelial cell migration in vitro and the growth of neovessels into subcutaneous implants of Matrigel in vivo. Local injection of S1P1 siRNA, but not a negative control siRNA, into established tumors inhibited the expression of S1P1 polypeptide on neovessels while concomitantly suppressing vascular stabilization and angiogenesis, which resulted in dramatic suppression of tumor growth in vivo. These data suggest that S1P1 is a critical component of the tumor angiogenic response and argue for the utility of siRNA technology in antiangiogenic therapeutics.
Do we mind the gap?
Authors: A. M Jones
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Hawkes describes how inequalities in health in the UK reflect inequities in society.1 I disagree that “there’s not much that health care can do about that.”

Certain groups find it difficult to register with a GP, including people who exhibit challenging behaviour, move frequently with their work, are homeless or vulnerably housed, or are gypsies, travellers, migrants, refugees, or asylum seekers. GPs can register anyone for …
New Guidelines Suggest Ways to Optimize Treatment, Care of Patients With ALS
Authors: Mike Mitka
Journal: JAMA (2009)

male high school athletes and addresses both drug use for body building and unhealthy dieting, report significantly less ongoing and new use of diet pills, less new sexual activity, more seatbelt use, as well as better eating and training habits (Elliot DL et al. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2004;158[11]: 1043-1049). Former participants in ATHENA who were surveyed 1 to 3 years later also report less use of cigarettes, marijuana, and alcohol, effects that were not seen in the short term (Elliot DL et al. J Alcohol Drug Educ. 2008; 52[2]:73-92). Goldberg explained that for female athletes, body image and performance often go hand-in-hand; in addition to facing pressure to perform well, young women are pressured to fit certain body ideals. “For young women, steroids are body-shaping drugs,” said Goldberg. The programs’ success may be, in part, attributable to their emphasis on offering alternatives to drug use and helping student athletes build the social and life skills they need to make good choices and to resist peer pressure. Backhouse said that helping students build such skills are a key component of successful programs to prevent bullying and alcohol, tobacco, and recreational drug use among young people (http://www .wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document /backhouse_Prevention_through _Education_final_2009.pdf). Sheandher colleagues were commissioned to review such prevention programs by the World Anti-Doping Agency to identify characteristics of successful programs that might be applied to dopingprevention programs. Other successful prevention programs also target individuals during adolescence, before their attitudes become more established; tailor their programs to the target population; actively engage the participants; and reinforce the program over time, she noted. Goldberg emphasized the importance of engaging the students’ coaches and peers in ATLAS and ATHENA. “It’s a social influence not to use drugs because it would hurt the team,” he said.