tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of endogenous TGF-β signaling enhances lymphangiogenesis
Authors: Masako Oka, Caname Iwata, Hiroshi I. Suzuki, Kunihiko Kiyono, Yasuyuki Morishita, Tetsuro Watabe, Akiyoshi Komuro, Mitsunobu R. Kano, Kohei Miyazono
Journal: Blood (2008)
Human lymphocytes with either the OKT4 or OKT8 phenotype produce interleukin 2 in culture.
Authors: T A Luger, J S Smolen, T M Chused, A D Steinberg, J J Oppenheim
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1982)

In this study, we demonstrate that both highly purified T4+ and T8+ lymphocytes can produce substantial amounts of Interleukin 2(IL 2) when stimulated with the combination of concanavalin A (Con A) and phorbol myristate acetate. Furthermore, addition of IL 1 to macrophage-depleted T lymphocytes significantly increased IL 2 production by lymphocytes of either the T4+ or T8+ phenotype. These findings provide a basis for further studies of the molecular mechanisms involved in human immune cell interactions.
THE PREFERABLE METHOD OF URETERO-URETERAL ANASTOMOSIS.
Authors: J. WESLEY BOVEE
Journal: JAMA (1901)

Injuries to the ureters are so common in conjunction with pelvic and abdominal surgery that a familiarity with conservative methods of dealing with them is of great importance. This necessity is particularly noticeable when one reads discussions in which the foremost surgeons of the age report cases of nephrectomy for injuries of the ureter during abdominal operations and for uretero-vaginal fistulæ. It is not necessary to mention here the ease by which most of such grave operations are obviated by more conservative work. Recently I found six cases of this kind reported in one discussion, all of which apparently could have been successfully treated by ureteroplasty. Nor is it necessary to refer to the totally different indications of uretero-ureteral anastomosis and uretero-cystostomy. The former of these two, however, seems to be dreaded and misunderstood. A recent journal review of Von Gubaroff's case mentions the possibility of it for divided ureter
Rapid platelet inhibition after a single capsule of Aggrenox®: Challenging a conventional full‐dose aspirin antiplatelet advantage?
Authors: Victor L. Serebruany, Alex I. Malinin, David C. Sane
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2003)

Abstract Aggrenox® is a novel combination of 25 mg of aspirin with 200 mg of sustained release dipyridamole. In a recent large trial (ESPS‐2), Aggrenox® was twice as effective for secondary stroke prevention as either aspirin or dipyridamole alone, suggesting superior platelet inhibition for combination therapy. We sought to compare the time course of platelet inhibition with Aggrenox® compared with escalating doses of non‐enteric coated aspirin. Data from 10 healthy volunteers were analyzed. Fasting subjects sequentially ingested aspirin in the following order: 325 mg, 81 mg, 25 mg, and then one pill of Aggrenox® after a 3‐week interval for aspirin washout. Platelet function was assessed at baseline, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min post‐medication with 5 μM epinephrine and 5 μM ADP using conventional aggregometry. Aspirin provided significant ( P &lt; 0.01) reduction of platelet aggregation at 15 min post 325 mg, 30 min post 81 mg, and unexpectedly within 60 min after taking 25 mg of aspirin. A single pill of Aggrenox® also inhibited platelet aggregation within 1 hr after administration. Aspirin inhibits platelets remarkably fast. Both Aggrenox® and a matching dose of aspirin (25 mg) exhibit significant antiplatelet properties within 60 min after ingestion. These findings could be relevant for the optimal balance between the reduction of vascular events via sufficient and rapid platelet inhibition and low risk of bleeding complications associated with the Aggrenox® therapy. Am. J. Hematol. 72:280–281, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ANTISYPHILITIC ACTION OF BISMUTH
Authors: J. G. HOPKINS
Journal: JAMA (1924)

Since the first report by Sazerac and Levaditi 1 on the antisyphilitic action of bismuth, this subject has attracted widespread interest. Of the numerous papers on this subject, not one has disputed the fact that this metal has a spirocheticidal action in syphilis of man and experimentally infected animals. There is, however, much uncertainty as to its exact place in the therapy of syphilis.  The questions at present in the balance are: the relative value of bismuth as compared with other antisyphilitics, the most effective compound, the dosage, the type of cases in which it should be used, and the correlation of bismuth therapy with other forms of treatment in the same patient.  To decide these questions, it seems necessary to obtain more accurate data as to the dosage in experimental animals, more prolonged observation of cases treated by the drug, and a better understanding of its toxicity, its rate
COMPARATIVE ACTION OF ANTICONVULSANT DRUGS
Authors: FREDERICK C. THORNE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1948)

A comparative study has been made in a group of institutionalized epileptic mental defectives of the anticonvulsant action of dilantin, tridione, and several barbiturate derivatives. The results indicate that dilantin has the most marked anticonvulsant action in most cases, but that maximum action is only achieved with toxic doses in severe cases. Tridione has definite anticonvulsant action against grand mal seizures and is particularly effective in combination with dilantin. Tridione has been successfully used intravenously to terminate status epilepticus and is tolerated in high concentration. Barbiturate derivatives are occasionally effective alone in individual cases but are most effectively used with dilantin.
THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT IN WORLD WAR II
Authors: Leonard D. Heaton
Journal: JAMA (1961)

The 48 planned volumes of the history of the United States Army Medical Department in World War II are part of the total historical record of the Army in that war. When the total series is finally completed, every technical and military phase of World War II will have been covered in it. The volumes devoted to military medicine represent the most ambitious project of the kind ever conceived. In both planning and scope they are far more comprehensive than the excellent, but far less ambitious, history of British medicine in World War II. The history of the Crimean War, the first formal medicomilitary history ever to be published, was completed by Andrew Smith, Director General of the British Army Medical Service, 2 years after that war ended. His achievement has never been duplicated. It took 23 years to complete the medical history of the U.S. Civil War and 11
Robust Gag-specific T cell responses characterize viremia control in HIV-2 infection
Authors: Aleksandra Leligdowicz, Louis-Marie Yindom, Clayton Onyango, Ramu Sarge-Njie, Abraham Alabi, Matthew Cotten, Tim Vincent, Carlos da Costa, Peter Aaby, Assan Jaye, Tao Dong, Andrew McMichael, Hilton Whittle, Sarah Rowland-Jones
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2007)

HIV-2 infection in the majority of infected subjects follows an attenuated disease course that distinguishes it from infection with HIV-1. Antigen-specific T cells are pivotal in the management of chronic viral infections but are not sufficient to control viral replication in HIV-1-positive subjects, and their function in HIV-2 infection is not fully established. In a community-based cohort of HIV-2 long-term nonprogressors in rural Guinea-Bissau, we performed what we believe is the first comprehensive analysis of HIV-2-specific immune responses. We demonstrate that Gag is the most immunogenic protein. The magnitude of the IFN-gamma immune response to the HIV-2 proteome was inversely correlated with HIV-2 viremia, and this relationship was specifically due to the targeting of Gag. Furthermore, patients with undetectable viremia had greater Gag-specific responses compared with patients with high viral replication. The most frequently recognized peptides clustered within a defined region of Gag, and responses to a single peptide in this region were associated with low viral burden. The consistent relationship between Gag-specific immune responses and viremia control suggests that T cell responses are vital in determining the superior outcome of HIV-2 infection. A better understanding of how HIV-2 infection is controlled may identify correlates of effective protective immunity essential for the design of HIV vaccines.
Postmarketing Surveillance: Beyond medWatch
Authors: Gerald A. Faich
Journal: JAMA (1993)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —As one who has actively participated in adverse effects surveillance over the past 10 years,<sup>1,2</sup>I wish to applaud the new Food and Drug Administration (FDA)MEDWATCHinitiative.<sup>3</sup>The FDA commissioner and his staff are to be congratulated on recognizing that major efforts must be made to heighten awareness of the importance of reporting by the medical community. The use of a single unified form that does not require practitioners to distinguish between devices, drugs, and biologicals is a great advance. It must be pointed out, however, that surveillance systems generate signals that require further quantification and risk evaluations. Stimulating reporting without providing resources to ensure adequate follow-up and epidemiologic assessments is only a partial solution. The FDA must give further attention to expanding its internal and extramural epidemiologic programs. While the agency has increased preapproval resources and activities, the proportion of manpower and funding
Inappropriate Drug Prescribing
Authors: James C. Maher
Journal: JAMA (1995)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —The article by Dr Willcox and colleagues<sup>1</sup>requires a response. As a geriatrician, I agree that most of the drugs listed should not be prescribed for the elderly. I am struck, however, by the inclusion of amitriptyline, which unquestionably works better for chronic pain syndrome in low doses (10 to 25 mg) than other tricyclic drugs, and in those doses causes little anticholinergic or orthostatic change in the patients of my practice. I was also surprised at the failure to include voltaren, which has a risk of aplastic anemia that is probably comparable with phenylbutazone. I was also struck by the inclusion of propranolol, which in my experience causes few adverse effects (other than bronchospasm) in geriatric doses (20 to 80 mg per day) compared with other β-blockers and has the advantage of a shorter half-life. Data show that β-blockers are the most effective drugs available
Germline copy number variation associated with Mendelian inheritance of CLL in two families
Authors: J R Brown, M Hanna, B Tesar, N Pochet, A Vartanov, S M Fernandes, L Werner, M Ash, C A Roden, L MacConaill, U Hainz, J Longtine, Y E Wang, M Correll, Y Van de Peer, A Regev, C Wu, D Neuberg, A S Freedman
Journal: Leukemia (2012)
Determination of Gestational Cocaine Exposure by Hair Analysis
Authors: Karen Graham
Journal: JAMA (1989)

Drug self-reports are often unreliable and standard blood and urine tests detect only recent cocaine use. Since cocaine is deposited in hair, we have applied a radioimmunoassay to hair extract to detect past cocaine use. Hair from 16 adult users was positive for benzoylecgonine, in the presence of negative findings from urine screening tests. Benzoylecgonine in admitted heavy users averaged 8775 ng/g of hair (range, 640 to 29,089 ng/g of hair), whereas in occasional users it averaged 624 ng/g of hair (range, 32 to 1210 ng/g of hair). Benzoylecgonine was not detected in hair of 21 adults who reported no use of cocaine ever and whose urine samples were negative for the metabolite. Neonatal hair from seven infants whose mothers were known cocaine users averaged 5430 ng of benzoylecgonine per gram of hair (range, 200 to 27500 ng/g of hair). Hair from two infants 2.5 and 3.5 months of age averaged 6050 ng of benzoylecgonine per gram of hair. However, values were negative for infants 1 year and older, corresponding to loss of fetal hair in the few months after birth. Because studies reporting reproductive risks of cocaine compare exposed and nonexposed groups, validation of drug-free status of control subjects is extremely important. Hair analysis may remedy the disadvantages of currently used methods and may identify intrauterine exposure to cocaine in babies when a maternal drug history is not available or of doubtful truthfulness.
What is number needed to harm (NNH)?
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Researchers investigated whether 10 mg, 25 mg, or 50 mg metoclopramide combined with 8 mg dexamethasone, given intraoperatively, was more effective in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting than 8 mg dexamethasone alone. A four armed, parallel group, double blind, randomised controlled trial was performed. The intervention consisted of 8 mg dexamethasone alone (no metoclopramide) or 8 mg dexamethasone plus 10 mg, 25 mg, or 50 mg metoclopramide. Participants were 3140 patients who received balanced or regional anaesthesia during surgery.1 The main outcome measures were postoperative nausea and vomiting within 24 hours of surgery, plus occurrence of adverse drug reactions. The table⇓ shows the proportion of patients experiencing postoperative nausea and vomiting plus number needed to treat for each treatment group. The most common adverse drug reactions were hypotension and tachycardia; the table also shows the proportion of patients experiencing these adverse events plus number needed to harm for each treatment group. View this table: Association between dose of metoclopramide and nausea and vomiting, plus adverse events (hypotension and tachycardia) The researchers concluded that the addition of 50 mg metoclopramide to 8 mg dexamethasone (given intraoperatively) is an effective, safe, and cheap way to prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting. It was suggested that a reduced dose of 25 mg metoclopramide intraoperatively, with additional postoperative prophylaxis in high risk patients, might be equally effective and cause fewer adverse drug reactions. Which of the following statements, if any, are true?
Clinical significance of rheumatoid factors in early rheumatoid arthritis: results of a follow up study.
Authors: D van Zeben, J M Hazes, A H Zwinderman, A Cats, E A van der Voort, F C Breedveld
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (1992)

Serum rheumatoid factors (RF) were measured yearly in 135 women with rheumatoid arthritis by the Waaler-Rose and latex fixation tests and IgM, IgA, and IgG RF were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The patients were followed up from an early phase of the disease for a mean duration of six years. Patients with a persistently positive RF test, irrespective of the type of test used, had more radiological abnormalities, more disease activity, worse functional ability, more extra-articular manifestations, and needed more treatment with second line drugs than patients with persistently negative or variably positive and negative test results during the follow up. Increased RF levels, especially a high level of IgA RF within three years of the onset of symptoms, was prognostic for a more severe disease outcome six years after the onset of symptoms.
Nonmedical Exemptions to School Immunization Requirements
Authors: Saad B. Omer, William K. Y. Pan, Neal A. Halsey, Shannon Stokley, Lawrence H. Moulton, Ann Marie Navar, Mathew Pierce, Daniel A. Salmon
Journal: JAMA (2006)

School immunization requirements have played a major role in controlling vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. Most states offer nonmedical exemptions to school requirements (religious or personal belief). Exemptors are at increased risk of acquiring and transmitting disease. The role of exemption policies may be especially important for pertussis, which is endemic in the United States.To determine if (1) the rates of nonmedical exemptions differ and have been increasing in states that offer only religious vs personal belief exemptions; (2) the rates of nonmedical exemptions differ and have been increasing in states that have easy vs medium and easy vs difficult processes for obtaining exemptions; and (3) pertussis incidence is associated with policies of granting personal belief exemptions, ease of obtaining exemptions, and acceptance of parental signature as sufficient proof of compliance with school immunization requirements.We analyzed 1991 through 2004 state-level rates of nonmedical exemptions at school entry and 1986 through 2004 pertussis incidence data for individuals aged 18 years or younger.State-level exemption rates and pertussis incidence.From 2001 through 2004, states that permitted personal belief exemptions had higher nonmedical exemption rates than states that offered only religious exemptions, and states that easily granted exemptions had higher nonmedical exemption rates in 2002 through 2003 compared with states with medium and difficult exemption processes. The mean exemption rate increased an average of 6% per year, from 0.99% in 1991 to 2.54% in 2004, among states that offered personal belief exemptions. In states that easily granted exemptions, the rate increased 5% per year, from 1.26% in 1991 to 2.51% in 2004. No statistically significant change was seen in states that offered only religious exemptions or that had medium and difficult exemption processes. In multivariate analyses adjusting for demographics, easier granting of exemptions (incidence rate ratio = 1.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-2.14) and availability of personal belief exemptions (incidence rate ratio = 1.48; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-2.13) were associated with increased pertussis incidence.Permitting personal belief exemptions and easily granting exemptions are associated with higher and increasing nonmedical US exemption rates. State policies granting personal belief exemptions and states that easily grant exemptions are associated with increased pertussis incidence. States should examine their exemption policies to ensure control of pertussis and other vaccine-preventable diseases.
Tusevnambi Jayatissa Rajapaksa
Authors: Fernando R
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Former consultant in old age psychiatry St Edward's Hospital, Cheddleton, North Staffordshire (b Sri Lanka 1928; q Colombo 1952; MRCPsych), died from a brain tumour on 22 May 2005.

Raj first came to England in 1950 as a senior house officer in paediatrics in Cambridge, returning to Sri Lanka after two years to continue in general practice. He came back to England in 1965 for postgraduate studies at the Institute of Neurology, London, but his interest in psychological medicine led to a career change to psychiatry. Working as a senior registrar at City General Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, he set up old age psychiatry services for North Staffordshire. In retirement he carried out voluntary work in Sri Lanka. Predeceased by his daughter, he leaves a wife, Chitra; two sons; and three grandchildren.
Chemotherapy: An Introductory Text
Authors: Vincent J. Gagliardi
Journal: JAMA (1968)

This introductory text is intended to provide medical students, interns, residents, and practitioners with sufficient pharmacology for the optimal therapeutic application of anti-infective and anticancer agents. Basically to be used in a medical school curriculum, it presents chapters organized into history, chemistry, mechanisms of action, metabolism and excretion, therapeutic applications, and adverse effects of selected established and currently useful drugs. These include the penicillins, tetracyclines and chloramphenicol, antituberculotic drugs, sulfonamides, other antibiotics and antiviral agents, and the therapy of protozoal, helminthic, and fungal diseases. Cancer chemotherapy, covered in a relatively short chapter, is rounded out by a guest chapter on the mechanisms of action of analog inhibitors and antibiotics, the latter coverage being partly repetitious of other sections. Compared to standard texts, the detail falls short, and the references, though well selected and up to date, are not as comprehensive or numerous. Cumbersome sentence construction and laborious use of the
Teriparatide as a Chondroregenerative Therapy for Injury-Induced Osteoarthritis
Authors: Erik R. Sampson, Matthew J. Hilton, Ye Tian, Di Chen, Edward M. Schwarz, Robert A. Mooney, Susan V. Bukata, Regis J. O’Keefe, Hani Awad, J. Edward Puzas, Randy N. Rosier, Michael J. Zuscik
Journal: Science Translational Medicine (2011)

Teriparatide is chondroprotective and chondroregenerative in a mouse model of injury-induced osteoarthritis of the knee.
Adults with a history of child sexual abuse: evaluation of a pilot therapy service
Authors: D. Smith, L. Pearce, M. Pringle, R. Caplan
Journal: BMJ (1995)

To evaluate a pilot service offering therapy specifically to adults with a history of child sexual abuse.Questionnaire survey.Specialised therapy unit, Breakfree, which offers care, therapy, and support.116 clients presenting to the service who were offered therapy.Scores from three psychological questionnaires--the social activities and distress scale, the general health questionnaire, and the delusions, symptoms, and states inventory--and from questionnaires about the clients' abuse, previous use of health services, and opinion of the Breakfree service.Clients had received previous help from health services and other agencies without apparent effect; they were highly distressed according to their psychological scores; and they were very frequent users of the health services. The clients showed significant improvement in their psychological scores (Wilcoxon's matched pairs signed ranks test): social activities and distress scale, z = -3.3, P = 0.001; general health questionnaire, z = -5.8, P < 0.00001; delusions, symptoms, and states inventory, z = -4.8, P < 0.00001). This was most pronounced for those who had completed therapy by the end of the study. Whereas 82/88 clients had a score for the general health questionnaire that indicated clinical distress at the start, only 28/58 did so at the end of the study (only 17/35 among those who had finished therapy).This group of adults with a history of child sexual abuse were highly disturbed and previous high users of the health service. The specialist service Breakfree was effective in the short term and, if the benefits are sustained, would yield a net cost saving to the health service.
Chemical synthesis of idiotopes. Evidence that antisera to the same JH1 peptide detect multiple binding site-associated idiotopes.
Authors: M V Seiden, B Clevinger, S McMillan, A Srouji, R Lerner, J M Davie
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1984)

In an attempt to better understand the molecular basis of idiotypy, we have generated several site-specific antisera through immunization of animals with synthetic peptides corresponding to the (JH1) heavy chain joining segment 1 of the mouse heavy chain variable (VH) region. These anti-peptide sera identify several idiotypic determinants present on intact hybridoma and myeloma immunoglobulins. Expression of at least three of these idiotopes is correlated with the antigen specificity of the family of immunoglobulins bearing the determinant. Use of synthetic peptides may prove a powerful technique in the generation of molecularly defined antiidiotypic reagents.