tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The content and metabolism of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate in adenocarcinoma of the human colon.
Authors: F R DeRubertis, R Chayoth, J B Field
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

Data from cultured cells have suggested that cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP may be important determinants of cell growth and transformation. However, few studies have examined cyclic nucleotide content and metabolism in naturally occurring tumors of man. Accordingly, in the present study we compared cAMP and cGMP levels and metabolism in carcinomas of the human colon to those of the adjacent uninvolved mucosa after therapeutic resection of these tissues. The cAMP content of the tumors, determined in samples frozen 30 min after excision, was significantly lower than that of the adjacent mucosa, when expressed on the basis of tissue wet weight, protein, or DNA content. By contrast, the cGMP content of the tumors was higher than that of the surrounding mucosa if calculated on the basis of tissue wet weight, but this difference did not persist when correction was made for the higher protein or DNA content of the tumors. Incubation of slices of mucosa or tumor with or without theophylline in vitro increased tissue cAMP and cGMP content above levels observed in frozen samples of the same tissue. However, after such incubations cAMP levels in the tumors remained clearly below that of the mucosa, while cGMP content of the two tissues did not differ. The failure of theophylline to abolish differences in cAMP content and the comparable activities of high and low Km cAMP-phosphodiesterase in homogenates of the two tissues suggested that the lower cAMP content of the tumors was a consequence of diminished cAMP synthesis rather than enhanced degradation. This possibility was supported by the reduction in basal and maximal prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-responsive adenylate cyclase activity found in tumor homogenates relative to those of mucosa, and the lower levels of cAMP in tumor slices after incubation of the tissues with a maximal dose of PGE1 and theophylline. Since NaF-responsive adenylate cyclase activity was not significantly reduced in the tumors, the lower basal and PGE1 activities may not be related to a deficiency of the catalytic unit of the cyclase complex in this tissue. The role of reduced activity of the adenylate cyclase-cAMP system and/or reduced tissue cAMP-to-cGMP ratios in the pathogenesis of colonic carcinoma is uncertain, but these changes might favor unregulated cellular proliferation.
Risks and benefits of aerosolized pentamidine and cotrimoxazole in primary prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-1-infected patients: a two-year Italian multicentric randomized controlled trial
Authors: G.P. Rizzardi, A. Lazzarin, M. Musicco, D. Frigerio, M. Maillard, M. Lucchini, M. Moroni
Journal: Journal of Infection (1996)
Cataract Extraction and Diabetes
Authors: A. G. Beckett, H. E. Hobbs
Journal: BMJ (1961)

BJour 16053. The British immigrant who died from lung cancer at the earlier age, 45 to 54, emigrated from Britain at an average age of 30 years; those who died between 55 and 64 emigrated at an average age of 24 years.4. The percentage of Union-born men who died of lung cancer and had temporarily resided in Britain was higher than the percentage of those dying of other diseases who had temporarily resided in Britain.5. In South African rural areas the lung cancer mortality rate for men aged 45 to 64 years was very low for both non-smokers and moderate smokers, and increased only with heavy cigarette smoking.This suggests that, in the absence of atmospheric air pollution, smoking fewer than 20 cigarettes a day causes so little irritation to the bronchial cells that the risk of lung cancer is small.In both South Africa and the U.K. the elimination of air pollution from urban areas would substantially reduce the incidence of lung cancer even if no change occurred in smoking habits.This research was made possible by the co-operation of Dr. H. M. Stoker, director of the South African Census Bureau, and Mr
Pre‐clinical <i>in vivo</i> models for the screening of bone biomaterials for oral/craniofacial indications: focus on small‐animal models
Authors: Andreas Stavropoulos, Anton Sculean, Dieter D. Bosshardt, Daniel Buser, Björn Klinge
Journal: Periodontology 2000 (2015)

Abstract Preclinical in vivo experimental studies are performed for evaluating proof‐of‐principle concepts, safety and possible unwanted reactions of candidate bone biomaterials before proceeding to clinical testing. Specifically, models involving small animals have been developed for screening bone biomaterials for their potential to enhance bone formation. No single model can completely recreate the anatomic, physiologic, biomechanic and functional environment of the human mouth and jaws. Relevant aspects regarding physiology, anatomy, dimensions and handling are discussed in this paper to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of small‐animal models. Model selection should be based not on the ‘expertise’ or capacities of the team, but rather on a scientifically solid rationale, and the animal model selected should reflect the question for which an answer is sought. The rationale for using heterotopic or orthotopic testing sites, and intraosseous, periosseous or extraskeletal defect models, is discussed. The paper also discusses the relevance of critical size defect modeling, with focus on calvarial defects in rodents. In addition, the rabbit sinus model and the capsule model in the rat mandible are presented and discussed in detail. All animal experiments should be designed with care and include sample‐size and study‐power calculations, thus allowing generation of meaningful data. Moreover, animal experiments are subject to ethical approval by the relevant authority. All procedures and the postoperative handling and care, including postoperative analgesics, should follow best practice.
147 INHIBITORY CONTROL TASK: FOCUS ON THE DETECTION OF MINIMAL HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Authors: P. Amodio, L. Ridola, S. Schiff, S. Montagnese, C. Pasquale, S. Nardelli, I. Pentassuglio, M. Trezza, C. Marzano, C. Flaiban, P. Angeli, P. Bisiacchi, A. Gatta, O. Riggio
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Estrogenic Substances in Beef
Authors: Anne Rossmeier
Journal: JAMA (1974)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> The response of Dr. Dean C. Fletcher to a question by Dr. Melvin Brody (227:1067, 1974) about safety of estrogens in beef production was somewhat misleading. A statement suggests that all livers contained diethylstilbestrol (DES) and that all meat, likewise, had a DES residue. In actual fact, DES has been detected in only a minute fraction of livers and never in "other meat" when used at levels consistent with commercial practice. The statement, "these levels [2 parts per billion] became detectable because of improvements in analytical techniques," most probably refers to the recently developed radioimmunoassay technique. This method has been reported to have a sensitivity in the parts-per-trillion range. Thus, the 2 ppb statement referred to could possibly have meant 2 ppt, a thousandfold difference. As correctly stated, low levels of DES (ie, 2 ppb) have not caused toxicity or carcinogenicity. Carcinogenicity studies have been conducted with
Retrograde Pyelography In Azotemia
Authors: Arthur A. Hellebusch
Journal: JAMA (1970)

To the Editor:—  I appreciate Drs. Dine and Shuster's interest in Renal Papillary Necrosis ( 210 : 1098, 1969) and concur in the use of DIP prior to retrograde pyelography. This roentgenographic technique has decreased the need for retrogrades in many instances. I have employed DIP in the past five to six years with often surprisingly good results.  Our enthusiasm, however, in patients with BUN values greater than 100 mg/100 ml has not paralleled that of Drs. Dine and Shuster as pyelographic detail with nonopaque filling defects is best demonstrated with retrograde pyelograms in our hands.
Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Calvin M. Kunin
Journal: JAMA (1975)

THE DIAGNOSIS and management of urinary tract infection rests on two major concepts. The first,<i>significant bacteriuria</i>, provides the basis for definitive diagnosis, efficacy of therapy, and follow-up. Until recently, it was relatively expensive to test for significant bacteriuria. Also, results were often available only after the physician had had to make a therapeutic commitment. Significant bacteriuria can now be detected by excellent, inexpensive office methods, including microscopic examination of the urine and quantitative culture. In addition, there now are commercially available chemical tests, which when properly used should be helpful for both screening and follow-up. The second major concept is a<i>therapeutic concept</i>that divides urinary tract infection into the so-called<i>complicated</i>(or surgical) and<i>uncomplicated</i>(or medical) categories of infection. It is relatively easy to treat infection uncomplicated by structural or neurologic lesions. Numerous effective antimicrobial agents are useful both for treatment and prophylaxis. Furthermore, antimicrobial sensitivity tests
COMPARISON OF LONG TERM CLINICAL OUTCOMES ACCORDING TO THE CULPRIT LESION LOCATION AT ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Jae Hyoung Park, Chul-Min Ahn, Ju hwan Choi, Han Saem Jeong, Je Sang Kim, Soon Jun Hong, Seong-Mi Park, Wan-joo Shim, Do-Sun Lim
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)
Field Trial of Methoxyflurane, Nitrous Oxide, and Trichloroethylene as Obstetric Analgesics
Authors: M. Rosen, W. W. Mushin, P. L. Jones, E. V. Jones
Journal: BMJ (1969)

In a field trial of 1,257 patients receiving methoxyflurane, trichloroethylene, and nitrous-oxide/oxygen for the relief of pain in labour methoxyflurane has been shown to have certain advantages which support its use in midwifery practice. The trial confirms our objective method for screening an inhalational agent as an obstetric analgesic.
Salbutamol and orciprenaline-induced changes in myocardial function
Authors: W. G. NAYLER, I. MCINNES
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1972)

Journal Article Salbutamol and orciprenaline-induced changes in myocardial function Get access WINIFRED G. NAYLER, WINIFRED G. NAYLER 2 From the Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia 2 Address for reprints: Dr. W. G. Nayler, Baker Medical Research Institute, Commercial Road, Prahran, 3181. Victoria, Australia. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar I. MCINNES I. MCINNES From the Baker Medical Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 6, Issue 6, November 1972, Pages 725–733, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/6.6.725 Published: 01 November 1972
Effect of antidiuretic hormone on human small intestinal water and solute transport
Authors: Konrad H. Soergel, George E. Whalen, John A. Harris, Joseph E. Geenen
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1968)

The effect of i.v. Pitressin (ADH) in a dose of 1 U/hr on permeability characteristics and on absorptive capacity of the normal human small intestine was investigated. The method of continuous intestinal perfusion was employed with polyethylene glycol 4000 as a nonabsorbable marker. Unidirectional flux rates of Na and H2O were calculated from the disappearance of 22Na and of 3HOH from isotonic saline solution within the intestinal lumen. Each study consisted of two successive perfusion periods: one while the subject was hydrated, the other during ADH infusion or while the subject was dehydrated. Water and sodium absorption from isotonic NaCl occurred in the hydrated state and was abolished by ADH as well as by dehydration in the jejunum. In some instances, net gain of water and sodium in the lumen occurred. In the ileum, ADH and dehydration caused a decrease in water and sodium absorption rate. By contrast, unidirectional flux into the intestinal lumen of water and sodium, as well as dextrose and D-xylose diffusion, remained unchanged by ADH. During perfusions with hypertonic urea solutions the rates of sodium and water entry into the intestine were greatly increased during i.v. ADH infusion, whereas urea loss from the study segment remained constant. ADH in the dosage used did not affect human intestinal motility. The results suggest that circulating ADH in physiologic concentrations affects the small intestine in one of two ways: increased secretion of water and salt into the lumen or direct interference with the active sodium transport mechanism.
THE VALUE OF COMPUTERS TO MEDICINE
Authors: Bernard A. Galler
Journal: JAMA (1960)

<h3>To the Editor:—</h3> I have read the article by Schenthal, Sweeney, and Nettleton inThe Journal, May 7, page 6, on the "Clinical Application of Large-Scale Electronic Data Processing Apparatus" and also the excellent editorial on the subject in the same issue (page 58). As you rightly observe: "Unfortunately the computer has achieved a reputation as a statistical and mathematical machine. Although it does offer tremendous advantages in these areas the abilities of the computer as an information machine should not be overlooked." The article clearly illustrates the power of even a medium-sized computer in these areas. However, these statements do not go far enough. Those of us who work closely with computers know them not as high-speed slide rules and adding machines, nor even as ready-access libraries, but as<i>tremendously powerful tools of analysis, capable of making decisions as complex as man can describe</i>. As one example, some doctors
ENDOCARDITIS AS A COMPLICATION OF PNEUMONIA.
Authors: EDWARD F. WELLS
Journal: JAMA (1902)

Ever since the days of the second edition of Bouillaud's clinical treatise on diseases of the heart, pneumonia has been recognized as one of the causes of endocarditis. Endocarditis in pneumonia, however, is of infrequent occurrence, as may be inferred from the following statistics: Thus Aufrecht, in 1,501 cases of pneumonia, observed recent endocarditis only once. Fismer encountered it in 2 of 180 cases; Herman once in 44 cases; Huss 4 times in 2,710 cases; Waller once in 81 cases. It was recognized twice in 498 cases which I analyzed ten years ago, and I have since seen a few other examples. Pye-Smith met with (ulcerative) endocarditis 7 times in 425 cases of pneumonia. Sears and Larrabee found, at autopsy, 9 cases of endocarditis in 341 fatal cases in an analysis of 949 cases of pneumonia. Osler found endocarditis in 16 of 100 fatal cases of pneumonia which he analyzed.
The Way We Die: An Investigation of Death and Dying in America Today
Authors: Thomas K. McElhinney
Journal: JAMA (1976)

Most health professionals, many clergy, and probably all morticians will find portions of this comprehensive study of death to be at least simplistic, at most highly arguable. However, few persons are likely to have read as much about the dying individual and the consequences for his family and for society as Dempsey has related in<i>The Way We Die</i>. Therefore, a reason for recommending this "investigation of death and dying in America today" is that it should provide insights outside of the direct area of one's professional experience. In accounts written for a general audience, which try to encompass all of the concerns in a particular area of human experience, the reader often may be angered by the lack of critical judgment on the part of the author. Dempsey avoids this problem because he is frequently in dialogue with the views that he presents. Although it is possible to disagree
The Prognosis of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease After Coronary Bypass Operations
Authors: RICHARD P. ANDERSON, SHAHBUDIN H. RAHIMTOOLA, LAWRENCE I. BONCHEK, ALBERT STARR
Journal: Circulation (1974)

The clinical progress of 532 patients who were treated for ischemic heart disease by coronary bypass grafting during a five-year period was studied. All patients had at least 50% luminal narrowing of one or more major coronary arteries determined by preoperative coronary arteriography and relatively stable and disabling (New York Heart Association Functional Class III and IV) angina pectoris. During the total observation period there were 35 deaths: 18 early and 17 late. The over-all 4-year survival rate by life-table methods was 89%, and it differed among patients with one-vessel involvement (96%), two-vessel involvement (89%), and three-vessel involvement (84%), but not significantly so. The patency rate of bypass grafts determined in 191 patients at a mean time of six months postoperatively was 76%. Functional class I and II status was 93% during the first year and was 75% during the fourth year after operation in observed survivors.
Differential effects of norUDCA and UDCA in obstructive cholestasis in mice
Authors: Peter Fickert, Marion J. Pollheimer, Dagmar Silbert, Tarek Moustafa, Emina Halilbasic, Elisabeth Krones, Franziska Durchschein, Andrea Thüringer, Gernot Zollner, Helmut Denk, Michael Trauner
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
Role of the Federal Government in Health and Medical Affairs
Authors: Philip R. Lee
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1968)

THE rapid expansion of federal activity in the areas of health and medicine during the 1960's has been sufficiently dramatic to generate considerable interest and debate within the medical profession. It is a fair assumption, however, that many busy physicians have not had the opportunity to keep abreast of all the new developments, since they have come in such quick succession and in so many different areas. This paper represents an attempt to summarize and analyze the federal function as it now exists, in contemporary terms and in historical perspective.The BeginningsIn the early days of the Republic there . . .
Antibody Pretargeting Advances Cancer Radioimmunodetection and Radioimmunotherapy
Authors: David M. Goldenberg, Robert M. Sharkey, Giovanni Paganelli, Jacques Barbet, Jean-François Chatal
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2005)

This article reviews the methods of pretargeting, which involve separating the targeting antibody from the subsequent delivery of an imaging or therapeutic agent that binds to the tumor-localized antibody. This provides enhanced tumor:background ratios and the delivery of a higher therapeutic dose than when antibodies are directly conjugated with radionuclides, as currently practiced in cancer radioimmunotherapy. We describe initial promising clinical results using streptavidin-antibody constructs with biotin-radionuclide conjugates in the treatment of patients with malignant gliomas, and of bispecific antibodies with hapten-radionuclides in the therapy of tumors expressing carcinoembryonic antigen, such as medullary thyroid and small-cell lung cancers.
English hospitals under-report surgical site infections, survey shows
Authors: S. Mayor
Journal: BMJ (2013)

Patients develop wound infections after surgery far more often than is usually reported, show the results of a survey of English hospital trusts that reveal wide variations in how different hospitals collect and report this information.1

The researchers have called for a complete overhaul of the national surgical site infection surveillance system, a voluntary reporting scheme run by the Health Protection Agency, to improve its reliability. Their findings show that hospitals that conduct high quality surveillance of surgical site infections are penalised in the current surveillance service.

The research group sent questionnaires …
Antiarrhythmic Effects of Tricyclic Antidepressants-Reply
Authors: Koonlawee Nademanee
Journal: JAMA (1982)

In Reply.—  We thank Drs Thase and Perel in suggesting that we add imipramine and other tricyclic antidepressants to the growing list of newer antiarrhythmic drugs. In our review, the intent was not to discuss all new antiarrhythmic drugs. Rather, it was to present, in a brief compass, the salient features of those compounds that have been studied somewhat extensively. For this reason, we did not describe the properties or the role of the tricyclic compounds pirmenol hydrochloride, cibenzoline, sotalol, clofilium phosphate, propafenone, or moricizine. Undoubtedly, ongoing studies will clarify the relative merits and roles of these compounds in the control of disorders of cardiac rhythm.
A novel variant of human Grb7 is associated with invasive esophageal carcinoma.
Authors: S Tanaka, M Mori, T Akiyoshi, Y Tanaka, K Mafune, J R Wands, K Sugimachi
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1998)

The cDNAs of a putative growth factor-bound (Grb) 7 signal transduction molecule and Grb7V novel splice variant were isolated from an invasive human esophageal carcinoma. Although both Grb7 isoforms share homology with the Mig-10 cell migration gene, the Grb7V isoform lacks 88 base pairs in the C terminus; the resultant frame shift leads to substitution of an SH2 domain with a short hydrophobic sequence. The wild-type Grb7 protein, but not the Grb7V isoform, is rapidly tyrosyl phosphorylated in response to EGF stimulation in esophageal carcinoma cells. Analysis of human esophageal tumor tissues and regional lymph nodes with metastases revealed that Grb7V was expressed in 40% of Grb7-positive esophageal carcinomas. More importantly, Grb7V expression was enhanced after metastatic spread to lymph nodes as compared to the original tumor tissues. Finally, transfection of an antisense Grb7 RNA expression construct lowered endogenous Grb7 protein levels and suppressed the invasive phenotype exhibited by esophageal carcinoma cells. These findings suggest that Grb7 isoforms are involved in cell invasion and metastatic progression of human esophageal carcinomas.
A multicenter trial of mizoribine compared with placebo in children with frequently relapsing nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Kazuo Yoshioka, Yasuo Ohashi, Tadasu Sakai, Hiroshi Ito, Norishige Yoshikawa, Hajime Nakamura, Takakuni Tanizawa, Hiroyoshi Wada, Sunao Maki
Journal: Kidney International (2000)
PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF APACHE SCORE AND LACTATE IN PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH OUT-OF-HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST AND SHOCKABLE RHYTHM IN THE ABSENCE OF ST-SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: David Miranda, Yader Sandoval, Steven Goldsmith, Bradley Bart, Fouad A. Bachour
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF RENAL INSUFFICIENCY IN CLINICAL OUTCOMES IN HOSPITALIZED HYPONATREMIC PATIENTS WITH SYSTOLIC HEART FAILURE: THE CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS ANDOUTCOMES IN RELATION WITH SERUM SODIUM LEVEL IN ASIAN PATIENTS HOSPITALIZED OR HEART FAILURE (THE COAST) STUDY
Authors: Jin Joo Park, Dong-Ju Choi, Seok-Min Kang, Byung-Su Yoo, Juey-Jen Hwang, Shing-Jong Lin, Ming-Sheng Wen, Jian Zhang, Junbo Ge
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
Principles of Noninvasive Cardiac Imaging: Echocardiography and Nuclear Cardiology
Authors: Warren R. Janowitz
Journal: JAMA (1981)

As stated by the authors of this text, "Foremost among the enormous growth and wide acceptance of noninvasive technology in modern clinical cardiology has been the development of ultrasound and radionuclide techniques." This book attempts to "present both examining techniques side by side to provide comparative analysis of the value, indications and limitations of the two modalities in providing answers to specific clinical questions." Approximately two thirds of the book is devoted to M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography, with the remaining third devoted to cardiovascular nuclear medicine. The authors are well-known investigators and authorities in these fields and have produced a concise text describing the ultrasonographic and scintigraphic findings of a large variety of cardiac disorders. The information presented is reasonably current, with separate chapters devoted to newer topics and ongoing research. The book's value, however, is diminished by there being virtually no attempt to place into perspective the relative strengths