tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Ulcerative Colitis: Case Responding to Treatment With Lithium Carbonate
Authors: Sidney Zisook
Journal: JAMA (1972)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> In the case presented below, a patient with ulcerative colitis was treated with lithium carbonate for his concomitant affective disorder. Both conditions have shown marked improvement, illustrating another possible area for investigation concerning the therapeutic efficacy of lithium carbonate. <h3>Report of a Case.—</h3> A 67-year-old meat cutter was admitted to the psychiatric service of the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, on July 8, 1970, in the manic phase of a cyclic manic-depressive psychosis which he had had for five years. At that time he also complained of frequent, bloody, mucus-containing stools. One week earlier, a gastroenterologist had found "severe, active ulcerative colitis," which had been first diagnosed in 1963 by sigmoidoscopy. He had responded well to vigorous medical treatment, and during the ensuing seven years the colitis was in various stages of activity, never quiescent for more than a few months at a time. On admission, all drugs
Pressure mounts for further action on climate change
Authors: Tony Juniper
Journal: BMJ (2005)

The World Health Organization called this week for a “proactive culture of action” to protect the public's health from the impact of rapid of climate change.

The organisation highlighted how climate change is already affecting human health, including more than 35 000 excess deaths in western Europe caused by the 2003 heat wave and the spread of tick borne encephalitis to greater latitudes. The organisation called for strategies to be developed now to enable societies to adapt as best they could to the effects of rapid …
Efficacy of BCG Vaccine-Reply
Authors: Graham A. Colditz, Timothy F. Brewer, Catherine S. Berkey, Mary E. Wilson, Elisabeth Burdick, Harvey V. Fineberg, Frederick Mosteller
Journal: JAMA (1994)

In Reply.  —We thank Dr Bellin, Dr Wheeler and colleagues, and Dr Comstock for their comments. These authors raise concerns about the interpretation of our meta-analysis.  Bellin feels more weight should be given to the Madras trial, done in southern India, before considering BCG vaccine use in the United States. Wheeler et al feel that only US studies are relevant to considering BCG vaccine use in the United States. Our analysis attempted to take advantage of all available studies that met predetermined eligibility criteria. We believe that studies in many geographic areas are germane to the main purpose of our study, namely, characterizing the efficacy of BCG vaccine and reasons for heterogeneity in observed results.  Wheeler et al question the methodology used for the meta-analysis. The National Research Council strongly recommended the random-effects approach we used. 1   Wheeler et al and Bellin are worried about undue influence of smaller studies
Ventilatory Management of Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Eddy Fan, Dale M. Needham, Thomas E. Stewart
Journal: JAMA (2005)

The acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are critical illnesses associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Mechanical ventilation is the cornerstone of supportive therapy. However, despite several important advances, the optimal strategy for ventilation and adjunctive therapies for patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome is still evolving.To identify reports of invasive ventilatory and adjunctive therapies in adult patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, we performed a systematic English-language literature search of MEDLINE (1966-2005) using the Medical Subject Heading respiratory distress syndrome, adult, and related text words, with emphasis on randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses. EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were similarly searched. The search yielded 1357 potential articles of which 53 were relevant to the study objectives and considered in this review.There is strong evidence to support the use of volume- and pressure-limited lung-protective ventilation in adult patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The benefit of increased levels of positive end-expiratory pressure and recruitment maneuvers is uncertain and is being further evaluated in ongoing trials. Existing randomized controlled trials of alternative ventilation modes, such as high-frequency oscillation and adjunctive therapies, including inhaled nitric oxide and prone positioning demonstrate no significant survival advantage. However, they may have a role as rescue therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome with refractory life-threatening hypoxemia.Volume- and pressure-limited ventilation strategies should be used in managing adult acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Further research is needed to identify barriers to widespread adoption of this strategy, as well as the role of alternative ventilation modes and adjunctive therapies.
Subtypes of Australia Antigen among Patients and Healthy Carriers in Copenhagen
Authors: Jens O. Nielsen, George L. Le Bouvier
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1973)

The D (ad +, y-) and Y (ay +,d-) subtypes of Australia antigen were determined in 199 antigen-positive patients with various liver diseases and 23 healthy carriers. In 183 consecutive patients with biopsy-verified acute viral hepatitis, the antigen was the Y subtype in 79 per cent and the D subtype in 21 per cent. A similar subtype distribution was found in patients with biopsy-verified chronic hepatitis and persistent antigenemia. In contrast, all 10 patients with cirrhosis and all the healthy carriers had antigen of the D subtype. A striking epidemiologic difference was found, in that 98 per cent of the drug addicts had the Y subtype, whereas the D subtype predominated in the "sporadic" cases. The acute disease in the 183 patients with acute hepatitis was more severe in the group of patients with antigen of the D subtype, as judged by both histologic and biochemical criteria. Thus, the different subtypes of Australia antigen are associated with particular epidemiologic and clinical features of acute hepatitis, as it is seen in Copenhagen. (N Engl J Med 288:1257–1261, 1973)
Retrospectively, Compared Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and Surgical Revascularization Results for the Treatment of Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease According to Syntax Scores Groups
Authors: Fatih Aytemiz, Efe Edem, Zülkif Tanrıverdi, Ümmü Tas, Barış Ünal, Abdulla Arslan, Önder Kırımlı
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
A prospective, randomized trial of butyl cyanoacrylate injection versus band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices
Authors: Gin-Ho Lo, Kwok-Hung Lai, Jin-Shiung Cheng, Mei-Hsiu Chen, Hung-Ting Chiang
Journal: Hepatology (2001)

Gastric variceal bleeding is a catastrophic event. Both cyanoacrylate injection and banding ligation have been proven to be effective in the management of bleeding gastric varices. This study was performed to compare the efficacy and complications of both the modalities. Cirrhotic patients with a history of gastric variceal bleeding were randomized to 2 groups. The group receiving endoscopic obturation (group A) comprised 31 patients and the group receiving band ligation (group B) comprised 29 patients. Butyl cyanoacrylate and pneumatic–driven ligator were applied, respectively. Treatment was repeated regularly until obliteration of gastric varices. Active bleeding occurred in 15 patients in group A and 11 patients in group B. Initial hemostatic rate (defined as no bleeding for 72 hours after treatment) was 87% in group A and 45% in group B ( P = .03). The sessions required to achieve variceal obliteration and obliteration rates were similar in both the groups. However, rebleeding rates were significantly higher in group B (54%) than group A (31%) ( P = .0005). Treatment–induced ulcer bleeding occurred in 2 patients (7%) in group A and 8 patients (28%) in group B ( P = .03). The amount of blood transfusions required were also higher in group B than group A (4.2 ± 1.3 vs. 2.6 ± 0.9 units, respectively) ( P &lt; .01). Nine patients of group A and 14 patients of group B died ( P = .05). In conclusion, endoscopic obturation using cyanoacrylate proved more effective and safer than band ligation in the management of bleeding gastric varices.
Effects of acetazolamide on Na+-HCO-3 cotransport in basolateral membrane vesicles isolated from rabbit renal cortex.
Authors: M Soleimani, P S Aronson
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1989)

We evaluated the effects of acetazolamide on Na+-HCO3- cotransport in basolateral membrane vesicles isolated from the rabbit renal cortex. Na+ uptake stimulated by an imposed inward HCO3- gradient was not significantly reduced by 1.2 mM acetazolamide, indicating that acetazolamide does not directly inhibit Na+-HCO3- cotransport. 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonate (DIDS)-sensitive Na+-base cotransport was found to be absolutely CO2/HCO3--dependent. We therefore tested whether acetazolamide-sensitive availability of HCO3- at the basolateral membrane could be rate-limiting for Na+-base cotransport under some conditions. In the presence of a CO2/HCO3- buffer system but absence of an initial HCO3- gradient, Na+ influx was stimulated fivefold by an outward NH4+ gradient. This stimulation of Na+ influx by an outward NH4+ gradient was inhibited greater than 75% by 0.6 mM acetazolamide, suggesting that acetazolamide blocked the ability of the NH4+ gradient to generate an inward HCO3- gradient. In the presence of an inward HCO3- gradient, Na+ influx was inhibited greater than 70% by an inward NH4+ gradient. This inhibition of Na+ influx was reduced to only 35% by 0.6 mM acetazolamide, suggesting that acetazolamide blocked the ability of NH4+ to collapse the inward HCO3- gradient. Similarly, Na+ influx in the presence of an inward HCO3- gradient was inhibited greater than 80% by an outward acetate gradient, and this inhibition was reduced to only 50% by acetazolamide. Thus, acetazolamide caused either inhibition or stimulation of Na+ uptake depending on the conditions with respect to pH and HCO3- gradients. The indirect interaction of acetazolamide with the basolateral membrane Na+-HCO3- cotransport system may be an important mechanism underlying inhibition of proximal tubule acid secretion by this agent.
ISOPRAL AND HYDRATED CHLORAL.
Authors: ROBERT A. HATCHER
Journal: JAMA (1907)

A student of materia medica can not fail to observe that many substances come into notice, rise into popular favor and sink back into obscurity, only to give place to others which follow the same course. This observation should tend to make one conservative, but we are so accustomed to brilliant discoveries, whereby the impossibility of yesterday becomes the accomplished fact of to-day, that many of us have cast conservatism to the winds and accept, with extraordinary credulity, the statements of the charlatan, the falsifier and the self-styled investigator. We are coming to appreciate the indecency of allowing ourselves to be made the dupes and unpaid agents of the makers of worthless compounds, which are forced on our notice in high-sounding, and often meaningless, phrases. We must also be on our guard against accepting the statements of those who may be interested in reporting too "optimistically" on nostrums sold at
Abstract 5044: Dual GSK-3β/CDK inhibitors induce multiple myeloma cell death and eliminate putative cancer stem cell populations
Authors: Nathan G. Dolloff, Lori S. Hart, Patrick A. Mayes, Wafik S. El-Deiry
Journal: Cancer Research (2010)

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell malignancy that recurs in 100% of patients despite high treatment response rates. The incurable nature of the disease and the low proliferative capacity of terminally differentiated MM plasma cells supports the existence of a cancer stem cell (CSC) component - a cell population with self-renewal and drug resistance properties capable of repopulating the disease after seemingly effective treatment and periods of undetectable disease. It is imperative to develop new therapies that target both terminally differentiated MM plasma cells and MM CSCs to extend disease-free survival and control the disease. We tested the ability of c-Myc-inducing compounds, such as GSK-3β and dual GSK-3β/CDK inhibitors, to enhance the activity of bortezomib against advanced MM cell lines (RPM-I8226 and NCI-H929). We have shown that this class of inhibitors has anti-tumor effects and sensitizes numerous solid malignancies to apoptosis-inducing agents (Mayes P.A., Dolloff N.G. et al., in revision). Moreover, c-Myc expression increases protein translation, and in doing so, enhances the cytotoxicity of proteasome inhibitors such as bortezomib (Nawrocki et al., 2008). We found that GSK-3β inhibitors (lithium choloride and sc-24020) failed to induce apoptosis or reduce viability of MM cell lines or to enhance the activity of bortezomib. By contrast, the dual GSK-3β/CDK inhibitors, alsterpaullone and the nucleoside analogue SLM3 (Mayes P.A., Dolloff, N.G. et al., in revision), were highly toxic to MM cells both alone and in combination with bortezomib. In addition to inducing massive apoptosis and reducing MM cell viability, alsterpaullone and SLM3 eliminated the presence of dye-effluxing side-populations, that have been shown to exhibit CSC behavior in vitro and in animal models of MM. By comparison, bortezomib, adriamycin and melphalan increased the percentage of MM side-population cells, suggesting that MM CSC cells are more resistant to these agents compared to their non-CSC counterparts. Interestingly, alsterpaullone and SLM3 eliminate a distinctly large sub-population of MM cells that are enriched in side-population cells, providing a further characterization of the MM CSC phenotype. We propose that using GSK-3β/CDK inhibitors may be effective therapies, as they target tumorigenic CSC populations, which are responsible for disease relapse. We are currently testing this hypothesis in mouse models of MM. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5044.
Seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis: is this classification adherent to real life?
Authors: G. Ciprandi, I. Cirillo, A. Vizzaccaro, M. Tosca, G. Passalacqua, E. Pallestrini, G. W. Canonica
Journal: Allergy (2005)

Background: Allergic rhinitis is traditionally subdivided into seasonal (SAR) and perennial (PAR), although the new definitions of persistent and intermittent were recently proposed. We assessed the validity of the traditional classification in a large group of subjects suffering from allergic rhinitis alone. Methods: Young males referred to a Navy Military Hospital for routine fitness visit, and reporting symptoms of rhinitis alone were selected. According to the sensitization they were subdivided into (i) sensitized to pollens only (seasonal, SAR), (ii) to perennial allergens only (perennial, PAR) and (iii) to both (mixed, MAR). Spirometry, methacholine challenge, severity and characteristics of symptoms were assessed in all participants. Results: Of 19 325 subjects, 2347 had allergic rhinitis. Seventy‐two percent of the subjects had MAR, 17% SAR and 11% PAR. Ocular involvement and irritative symptoms were more frequent in SAR ( P &lt; 0.03), whereas obstruction was predominant in PAR ( P &lt; 0.01). Nasal symptoms varied according to the period of the year in SAR ( P &lt; 0.01) and PAR ( P &lt; 0.03). An overt bronchial obstruction was detected in 12% of PAR patients, in 7.8% of MAR, and in 4.2% of SAR. forced expiratory volume/1 s was significantly lower during season in SAR patients only ( P &lt; 0.05). The FEF25–75 was impaired in 22.5% MAR patients, 21% PAR, and 14% SAR, with a seasonal change in SAR ( P &lt; 0.05) and PAR ( P &lt; 0.001). Bronchial hyperreactivity was present in 82.2% of PAR, 73.6% of MAR, and 53.5% of SAR, with a seasonal change in SAR ( P &lt; 0.001) and MAR ( P &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that up to 80% of allergic rhinitics have a mixed form, and SAR and PAR definitions are poorly adherent to real life. Lung involvement is frequent in patients reporting nose symptoms alone.
The Cytokine RANKL Produced by Positively Selected Thymocytes Fosters Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells that Express Autoimmune Regulator
Authors: Yu Hikosaka, Takeshi Nitta, Izumi Ohigashi, Kouta Yano, Naozumi Ishimaru, Yoshio Hayashi, Mitsuru Matsumoto, Koichi Matsuo, Josef M. Penninger, Hiroshi Takayanagi, Yoshifumi Yokota, Hisakata Yamada, Yasunobu Yoshikai, Jun-ichiro Inoue, Taishin Akiyama, Yousuke Takahama
Journal: Immunity (2008)
ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION ASSESSMENT AND MAJOR CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES: AN UPDATED META-ANALYSIS
Authors: Andrea Cardona, Jonathan Davey, Sreenivasa Rao Kondapally Seshasai, Antonio L. Arrebola Moreno, Giuseppe Ambrosio, Juan C. Kaski, Kausik K. Ray
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2012)
Acidic sulfate aerosols: characterization and exposure.
Authors: P J Lioy, J M Waldman
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1989)

Exposures to acidic aerosol in the atmosphere are calculated from data reported in the scientific literature. The majority of date was not derived from studies necessarily designed to examine human exposures. Most of the studies were designed to investigate the characteristics of the atmosphere. However, the measurements were useful in defining two potential exposure situations: regional stagnation and transport conditions and local plume impacts. Levels of acidic aerosol in excess of 20 to 40 micrograms/m3 (as H2SO4) have been observed for time durations ranging from 1 to 12 hr. These were associated with high, but not necessarily the highest, atmospheric SO4(2)- levels. Exposures of 100 to 900 micrograms/m3/hr were calculated for the acid events that were monitored. In contrast, earlier London studies indicated that apparent acidity in excess of 100 micrograms/m3 (as H2SO4) was present in the atmosphere, and exposures less than 2000 micrograms/m3/hr were possible. Our present knowledge about the frequency, magnitude, and duration of acidic sulfate aerosol events and episodes is insufficient. Efforts must be made to gather more data, but these should be done in such a way that evaluation of human exposure is the focus of the research. In addition, further data are required on the mechanisms of formation of H2SO4 and on what factors can be used to predict acidic sulfate episodes.
Epinephrine: selective inhibition of the acute insulin response to glucose
Authors: Roger L. Lerner, Daniel Porte
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1971)

An epinephrine infusion of 6 μg/min decreased the rapid insulin response to a 5 g glucose pulse by 96% (P < 0.001) compared with the preinfusion control. In contrast when an identical epinephrine infusion was superimposed on a prolonged glucose infusion, elevated steady-state insulin levels did not decrease, but increased from 26.9 ±6 (mean ±SD, μU/ml) to 56.8 ±15 μU/ml (P < 0.05) in parallel with the epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia. Thus epinephrine inhibition of insulin secretion was observed during acute but not chronic glucose stimulation. To evaluate further the insulin responses during a prolonged glucose infusion, a 5 g glucose pulse was given before and 60 min later during a concomitant epinephrine infusion. Although the acute insulin response to the first glucose pulse was observed during the elevated steady-state glucose and insulin levels associated with the glucose infusion, epinephrine again inhibited the acute insulin response to the subsequent 5 g glucose pulse by 91% (P < 0.01). Thus epinephrine appears to inhibit selectively the rapid insulin response to glucose but not to influence insulin output stimulated by prolonged hyperglycemia. These observations provide further evidence for a model of insulin secretion which includes a small storage pool available for immediate release to a glucose challenge and a more slowly responding pool regulating insulin secretion in the basal and steady state.
Nonpegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (TLC-D99), Paclitaxel, and Trastuzumab in HER-2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer: A Multicenter Phase I/II Study
Authors: Javier Cortes, Serena Di Cosimo, Miguel A. Climent, Hernán Cortés-Funes, Ana Lluch, Pere Gascón, José I. Mayordomo, Miguel Gil, Manuel Benavides, Lluís Cirera, Belén Ojeda, César A. Rodríguez, José M. Trigo, Josep Vazquez, Pilar Regueiro, Juan F. Dorado, José Baselga
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2008)

Abstract Purpose: To determine the recommended dose, cardiac safety, and antitumor activity of nonpegylated liposomal doxorubicin (TLC-D99), paclitaxel, and the anti-HER-2 monoclonal antibody trastuzumab in patients with HER-2-overexpressing locally advanced nonoperable breast cancer (LABC) and metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Experimental Design: Women with measurable, previously untreated, HER-2-overexpressing LABC and MBC with a baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &amp;gt;50% received weekly trastuzumab in combination with escalating doses of weekly paclitaxel and TLC-D99 every 3 weeks for 6 cycles. LVEF monitoring was done every 3 weeks for the first 18 weeks and every 8 weeks thereafter. Results: Sixty-nine patients participated, 15 in the dose escalating part and 54 at the recommended phase II dose (28 patients with LABC and 26 patients with MBC). The recommended doses of TLC-D99 and paclitaxel were 50 mg/m2 every 3 weeks and 80 mg/m2/wk, respectively. Twelve (17%) patients developed asymptomatic declines in LVEF. In 8 of these patients, LVEF recovered to ≥50% after a median time of 9 weeks (range, 3-38 weeks). In the rest of patients, LVEF ranged from 44% to 49%. No patients developed symptomatic cardiac heart failure. The overall response rate was 98.1% (95% confidence interval, 90.1-99.9) with a median time to progression not reached in LABC and of 22.1 months (95% confidence interval, 16.4-46.3) in MBC patients. Conclusions: Nonpegylated doxorubicin, paclitaxel, and trastuzumab combination is safe, does not result in clinically manifest cardiac toxicity, and has a high rate of durable responses in HER-2-overexpressing breast cancer patients. Further exploration of this combination is warranted.
Schistosomiasis Japonica
Authors: Porter K. Mason, Worth B. Daniels, Franklin K. Paddock, Harry H. Gordon
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1946)

FOLLOWING the invasion of Leyte, an island in the Philippines, on October 20, 1944, cases of schistosomiasis japonica began to appear among Army personnel. It is the purpose of this report to describe briefly the results of an investigation of 481 patients studied four to nine months after acquiring the disease. The dissemination of this information will enable patients from this and other hospitals who are being discharged from the Army and scattered throughout the country to obtain appropriate care in places where the disease is unknown. Although the results of this study are to be reported separately in considerable . . .