tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Child medicine grows up
Authors: Kimberly Glasbrenner
Journal: JAMA (1986)

On May 1, 1972, pediatrician John Morgan helped bring Mary Jo into the world. Since then, he has treated her measles, sewn up her cut knee, and watched her grow and develop from year to year. She was always the sweet little girl who read the tattered issues of Children's Digest cover-to-cover while sitting in the waiting room. She wore her waist-length hair in braids, lived in overalls and tennis shoes, and spoke of nothing but horseback riding. But today, as he passes the waiting room, he sees her and is surprised. An issue of Glamour has replaced the Children's Digest. Her hair is lopped off at the shoulder, her face touched with makeup, and she wears high heels and a drop-waist dress. She has undergone metamorphosis from a little girl into a teenager. As pediatricians begin to see their babies grow up, suddenly they are faced with problems of
Patterns of Nodal Metastases on 18F-FDG PET/CT in Patients With Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma are Useful to Guide Treatment Planning of Radiotherapy
Authors: Chia-Ju Liu, Jason Chia-Hsien Cheng, Jang-Ming Lee, Mei-Fang Cheng, Kai-Yuan Tzen, Ruoh-Fang Yen
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2015)

The aim of the study was to examine the patterns of lymph node metastases from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and compare the laterality of lymphatic metastasis in cervical, supraclavicular, and paratracheal areas using F-FDG PET/CT.The data of 75 patients who underwent F-FDG PET/CT for staging of ESCC between January 2011 and March 2012 were reviewed. Fourteen groups of lymph nodes from the neck to abdomen were defined. Lateralization of the upper thoracic lymph nodes was defined in reference to the midline of the trachea. Frequencies of positive lymph nodes were used to determine the pattern of lymphatic spread and compare the lateralization of metastases in the cervical and upper thoracic regions.The right paratracheal region was the most frequent site of metastasis among all patients. Left paratracheal and paragastric nodes were more frequent in upper and lower third ESCC, respectively. Upward and downward lymphatic spread was equal in mid third ESCC. In all patients, there was a trend toward more frequent lymph node metastasis on the right side than the left side for the supraclavicular and paratracheal regions. Further stratified analysis with tumor location found that right paratracheal node metastasis was significantly associated with mid third ESCC (P = 0.03). Remote nodal metastasis was found in 10.5% of patients with upper third ESCC and 13% of patients with lower third ESCC, respectively. Remote nodal metastasis was associated with higher SUV of the primary tumor (P = 0.02) and worse survival (P = 0.03). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed a cutoff SUV of 14.8 for predicting remote lymph node metastases.PET/CT provides important information before radiotherapy planning. Mid and lower third ESCC tends to metastasize to the right paratracheal/supraclavicular lymph nodes. Remote nodal metastases on PET/CT correlated with higher primary tumor SUV and worse survival.
Cadmium Malignantly Transforms Normal Human Breast Epithelial Cells into a Basal-like Phenotype
Authors: Lamia Benbrahim-Tallaa, Erik J. Tokar, Bhalchandra A. Diwan, Anna L. Dill, Jean-François Coppin, Michael P. Waalkes
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2009)

BackgroundBreast cancer has recently been linked to cadmium exposure. Although not uniformly supported, it is hypothesized that cadmium acts as a metalloestrogenic carcinogen via the estrogen receptor (ER). Thus, we studied the effects of chronic exposure to cadmium on the normal human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10A, which is ER-negative but can convert to ER-positive during malignant transformation.MethodsCells were continuously exposed to low-level cadmium (2.5 μM) and checked in vitro and by xenograft study for signs of malignant transformation. Transformant cells were molecularly characterized by protein and transcript analysis of key genes in breast cancer.ResultsOver 40 weeks of cadmium exposure, cells showed increasing secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9, loss of contact inhibition, increased colony formation, and increasing invasion, all typical for cancer cells. Inoculation of cadmium-treated cells into mice produced invasive, metastatic anaplastic carcinoma with myoepithelial components. These cadmium-transformed breast epithelial (CTBE) cells displayed characteristics of basal-like breast carcinoma, including ER-α negativity and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) negativity, reduced expression of BRCA1 (breast cancer susceptibility gene 1), and increased CK5 (cytokeratin 5) and p63 expression. CK5 and p63, both breast stem cell markers, were prominently overexpressed in CTBE cell mounds, indicative of persistent proliferation. CTBE cells showed global DNA hypomethylation and c-myc and k-ras overexpression, typical in aggressive breast cancers. CTBE cell xenograft tumors were also ER-α negative.ConclusionsCadmium malignantly transforms normal human breast epithelial cells—through a mechanism not requiring ER-α—into a basal-like cancer phenotype. Direct cadmium induction of a malignant phenotype in human breast epithelial cells strongly fortifies a potential role in breast cancer.
The Effect of Hemodynamically Significant Carotid Artery Disease on the Hemodynamic Status of the Cerebral Circulation
Authors: William J. Powers, Gary A. Press, Robert L. Grubb, Mokhtar Gado, Marcus E. Raichle
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1987)

Although the presence of a hemodynamically significant carotid artery lesion is commonly used as an indicator of impaired cerebral circulation, the effect of such lesions on cerebral perfusion pressure and cerebral blood flow has never been determined accurately. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to study 19 patients with unilateral hemodynamically significant carotid artery disease ( > 66% diameter reduction) and no evidence of cerebral infarction. According to PET measurements in the cerebral hemisphere distal to the lesion, 7 patients had normal cerebral hemodynamics, 8 had reduced perfusion pressure with normal blood flow, and 4 had reduced blood flow. Neither the percent stenosis nor the residual lumen diameter in the carotid artery was a reliable indicator of the hemodynamic status of the cerebral circulation. However, a significant relationship was found between the PET measurements of cerebral hemodynamics and the arteriographic circulation pattern (p = 0.006). The role of hemodynamic factors in the pathogenesis and treatment of cerebrovascular disease cannot be determined from the severity of carotid artery disease alone.
Dying woman may revoke her controversial suicide plans
Authors: C. Zinn
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A woman with terminal bowel cancer who reopened the euthanasia debate in Australia by going public with her plans to commit suicide may change her mind after all.

Nancy Crick, who has been experiencing chronic pain, vomiting, and diarrhoea, said she might reconsider her decision if the palliative care and pain relief treatment offered by a Queensland hospital made her life more tolerable.

The 70 year old great grandmother, an unapologetic chain smoker, has detailed her suffering and wish to die in a website, which has solicited more than 15 000 email messages of support from around the world.

On the website she wrote: “Compassionate vets will not let this [indignity …
Chitosan may decrease serum valproate and increase the risk of seizure reappearance
Authors: P. Striano, F. Zara, C. Minetti, S. Striano
Journal: BMJ (2009)

Mental illness often develops in adolescence and young adulthood. <b>Patrick McGorry</b> (doi:10.1136/bmj.b3373) believes the best way to ensure early treatment is to have dedicated services, but <b>Peter Birleson </b>argues that integration with existing systems is more important
Volkmann's Ischemic Contracture After Intra-Arterial Injection of Secobarbital
Authors: Nial R. Morgan
Journal: JAMA (1970)

A clinical syndrome follows accidental self-administration of secobarbital intra-arterially. It is characterized by immediate, severe, burning pain radiating into the hand. Tense muscle edema and necrosis developed during 24 to 48 hours in the presence of an intact radial pulse. Confusion with cellulitis may delay accurate diagnosis. Early fasciotomy can prevent the development of Volkmann's ischemic contracture.
Drug firm is to supply AIDS drug free in South Africa
Authors: Pat Sidley
Journal: BMJ (2001)

As the legal campaign against the South African government's decision not to provide antiretroviral drugs grows apace, it has emerged that the manufacturer of one of the drugs is about to supply the drug free of charge.

More than 200 doctors and several nurses have joined the Treatment Action Campaign to sue South Africa's health minister and her provincial colleagues to force them to supply an effective and inexpensive antiretroviral drug to pregnant women with HIV infection to reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to their babies. …
White Coat Hypertension-Reply
Authors: Thomas G. Pickering
Journal: JAMA (1988)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —We are glad that our article has generated so much interest. We agree with the point made by several of the respondents (and by ourselves in the article) that the interactions of the gender and status of the medical personnel need to be further elucidated. We are presently evaluating the effects of a female physician and a male technician on patients' blood pressure. The potential confounding factors that might influence clinic blood pressures are almost numberless. In addition to the gender of the physician or technician, there is evidence that racial interactions may also be significant.<sup>1</sup>Dr Serwatka may be interested to know of a study<sup>2</sup>performed on army recruits, in which the experimenter was either a private or a captain. Blood pressure was consistently higher in the presence of the captain. Long et al<sup>3</sup>have observed that the increase of blood pressure that occurs during
What is sampling error?
Authors: P. Sedgwick
Journal: BMJ (2012)

Researchers evaluated the effectiveness of a newly developed behavioural intervention designed to prevent weight gain and improve health related behaviours in women with young children. A cluster randomised controlled trial was used. The intervention group received four interactive group sessions that involved simple health messages, strategies to change behaviour, and group discussion, in addition to monthly support using mobile telephone text messages for 12 months. The control group received one non-interactive information session based on population guidelines on diet and physical activity.1

In total, 250 women aged 25-51 years with a child attending one of 12 primary schools were recruited and randomised as school clusters to the intervention group (n=127) or control group (n=123). The main outcome was weight change from baseline at 12 months. After one year, women in the intervention group had lost on average 0.20 kg (standard deviation 3.66 kg, standard error 0.35 kg), compared to an average weight gain of 0.83 kg (3.69 kg, 0.36 kg) for women in the control group. The researchers reported …
Theatre: Sense of Belonging: The Tale of Ikpiko
Authors: C. McKenna
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A play by Sister Help at the Arcola Theatre, London E8, 9–13 July and at the Green Room, Manchester, 17–20 July. A national tour is planned later this year. Rating ![Graphic][1]</img>![Graphic][2]</img>![Graphic][3]</img>![Graphic][4]</img> Imagine you are an 18 year old woman, living in a village in mid-Western Nigeria. You are six months pregnant when your husband's family come and take you to a hut where three hefty women pin you on to a bed, one sitting on your chest, the others holding your arms and legs down. A fourth woman wields a knife and proceeds to cut away your clitoris, because it is … [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/inline-graphic-2.gif [3]: /embed/inline-graphic-3.gif [4]: /embed/inline-graphic-4.gif
Detection of pulmonary hypertension by Doppler echocardiography of the inferior vena cava in chronic airflow obstruction.
Authors: J P Laaban, B Diebold, M Lafay, J Rochemaure, P Peronneau
Journal: Thorax (1989)

Pulsed Doppler echocardiography of the inferior vena cava is an accurate method for the diagnosis of tricuspid regurgitation and impaired right ventricular compliance, two features of pulmonary hypertension. The purpose of this study was to assess the value of Doppler echocardiography of the inferior vena cava for the detection of pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Pulse Doppler echocardiography of the inferior vena cava and right heart catheterisation were performed in 29 patients with severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 27 (10) mm Hg for the entire group; 62% of patients (18/29) had pulmonary arterial hypertension (mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 20 mm Hg). An adequate Doppler signal could be obtained in 25 of the 29 patients (86%). Pulsed Doppler echocardiography of the inferior vena cava gave normal results in 10 patients and disclosed tricuspid regurgitation in seven patients, impaired right ventricular compliance in seven patients, and both of these abnormalities in one patient. An abnormal Doppler echocardiogram of the inferior vena cava (tricuspid regurgitation or impaired right ventricular compliance, or both) predicted the presence of pulmonary arterial hypertension with a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 80%. These results suggest that pulsed Doppler echocardiography of the inferior vena cava may be a useful though imperfect method of detecting pulmonary arterial hypertension in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.
Sjogren's syndrome: a population based study of prevalence in Greece. The ESORDIG study
Authors: P I Trontzas
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2005)

Primary Sjogren’s syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterised by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands, presenting chiefly with keratoconjunctivitis sicca and xerostomia. Estimates of the prevalence of pSS have varied widely among population based surveys, partly because of the different classification criteria used and partly because of methodological differences. We previously reported the prevalence of pSS as 0.15%, in the ESORDIG study,1 and we now report more detailed information about these patients and compare our findings with those from other studies.

The ESORDIG study was a cross sectional epidemiological study of the rheumatic diseases in Greece (target the adult white population: 10 647 residents; fig 1). The preliminary European (EU) criteria for the classification of pSS were used.2 Subjects who …
Adolescent Gynecology: A Guide for Clinicians
Authors: John W. Huffman
Journal: JAMA (1983)

The 12 authors of the 13 chapters composing this book, all of whom are associated with institutions in Philadelphia, have created an interesting work on several aspects of adolescent gynecology. In the foreword, Edward Wallach asks whether pediatricians or gynecologists should care for the adolescent's gynecologic disorders (but does not answer the question). Alvin Goldfarb, in his pertinent and well-written chapter, "The Initial Encounter," suggests that the physician who has special hours set aside for adolescents and who establishes good rapport with them will be best able to serve young patients. I would add that the physician, regardless of specialty, ought to have had adequate training in gynecologic anatomy, physiology, and pathology—something that should be given to gynecologic, pediatric, and family practice house officers. The text stresses sexual problems in adolescence with chapters on sexual behavior, contraception, teenage pregnancy, venereal disease, rape, and legal considerations in the treatment of minors.
Analysis of Heart-Infiltrating T-Cell Clonotypes in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis in Rats
Authors: Haruo Hanawa, Takayuki Inomata, Hiroho Sekikawa, Toru Abo, Makoto Kodama, Tohru Izumi, Akira Shibata
Journal: Circulation Research (1996)

Abstract Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) resembles the lethal giant cell myocarditis seen in humans, and the recurrent forms lead to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). EAM in rats induced by a subcutaneous injection of cardiac myosin has been shown to be a T cell–mediated autoimmune disease. αβ T cells have proved to be important by the observation that antibodies to αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) prevent disease progression. αβ T cells recognize antigenic peptides bound to major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules by αβ TCR, and complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) is considered the most important region for antigen recognition. To elucidate the nature of this T cell–mediated myocarditis, we analyzed TCR Vβ chains of heart-infiltrating T cells. In the early stage of EAM, none of 22 TCR Vβ chain transcripts seemed to be dominant by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction analysis of total RNA and flow cytometric analysis. On the other hand, single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of TCR Vβ8.2, Vβ8.5, Vβ10, and Vβ16 cDNA amplified by polymerase chain reaction encompassing the CDR3 revealed oligoclonal expansion in heart-infiltrating T cells isolated from animals at various disease stages. cDNA encoding Vβ CDR3 from heart-infiltrating and pericardial effusion T cells in rats with EAM revealed more restricted sequences than did cells from rats with normal spleens. Clones from distinct lesions of the same animal were identical, and clones from heart-infiltrating and pericardial effusion T cells from the same animal showed overlap. Thus, CDR3 of the TCR β chain may be important in rat EAM, and heart-infiltrating T cells are considered to recognize the specific antigen.
Informed consent in clinical trials. Consent may not be possible.
Authors: P Chinnery, G Asimakopoulos, R A Kenny
Journal: BMJ (1993)

this would be true for participation in clinical trials.Clinical trials are here to stay.Patients who participate should not be sidelined by overbearing researchers.Trials are not a form of treatment and are not part of the patient-doctor contract.Informed consent is imperative and should not be a contest between researchers and ethicists.It is a basic right; it is about the freedom of choice.
Abstract 3132: Dynamic changes of epigenetic abnormalities during initiation and progression of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL)
Authors: Takashi Oka, Lamia Abd Al-Kader, Hiaki Sato, Kana Washio, Yoko Shinnou, Katsuyoshi Takata, Ichiro Murakami, Atae Utsunomiya, Tadashi Yoshino
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract HTLV-1 causes ATLL in 3-5% of infected individuals after a long latent period of 40 to 60 years. ATLL is divided into four stages: namely, smoldering, chronic, lymphoma and acute types. The smoldering and chronic types are indolent, but the acute and lymphoma types are aggressive ATLL characterized by resistance to chemotherapy and a poor prognosis. Such a long latent period suggests that a multi-step leukemogenic/lymphomagenic mechanism is involved in the development of ATLL, although the critical events in the progression have not been characterized. To determine whether epigenetic abnormalities are playing the important role in the progression of ATLL, we analyzed the methylation profiles, showing that number of CpG island methylated genes increased with disease progression and aberrant hyper-methylation in specific genes was detected even in HTLV-1 carriers and correlated with progression to ATLL. The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) was observed most frequently in lymphoma type ATLL and was also closely associated with the progression and crisis of ATLL. The high number of methylated genes and increase of CIMP incidence were shown to be unfavorable prognostic factors and correlated with a shorter overall survival with the Kaplan-Meyer analysis. Dynamic changes of aberrant DNA methylation status in the specific genes were observed during the progression of an ATLL patient. The present findings strongly suggest that the multi-step accumulation of aberrant CpG methylation in specific target genes and the presence of CIMP are deeply involved in the initiation and progression of ATLL not only epidemiologically but also in the clinical course of a specific ATLL patient. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3132. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3132
Dr. William W. Herrick—A Measure of the Man
Authors: William H. Wehrmacher
Journal: JAMA (1979)

A delightful tribute by an adoring daughter provides a warm, affectionate biography of Dr Herrick, professor of Clinical Medicine at Columbia (1910 to 1929), an affectionate attending physician, an efficient medical consultant to the US Army during the first World War, and a worthy contributor to the medical literature from 1908 until his death in 1945. Many of us remember him best as editor of<i>Nelson's Loose-Leaf Medicine</i>(1924 to 1945). Three generations of Herricks preceded him as medical students at Yale, and his own son followed him by receiving a medical degree there in 1933. As his daughter observed after his sudden death, "It began to hit me how wonderful and very unique he was." Those who read this slim attractive volume will feel it hit them also.