tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Conflict and health: The health costs of war: can they be measured? Lessons from El Salvador
Authors: A. Ugalde
Journal: BMJ (2000)

This is the second of four articles 

Studies assessing the health impact of armed conflicts have documented the disruption of referrals, immunisation programmes, supplies, and monitoring and surveillance and increased dependence on foreign personnel and funding, 1 2 but measurements have typically focused on deaths, disabilities, infant mortality, and communicable diseases, and occasionally on facilities destroyed.2–4 The case of El Salvador shows that, useful as this quantitative information is, it is insufficient to assess the effects of war on health and to provide guidelines for rehabilitation of health services. Specifically, there are three key areas of underassessment in evaluating the health costs of war: psychosocial behaviours, environmental destruction, and disruption to policy making.

#### Summary points

Traditional indicators (infant mortality, maternal mortality, malnutrition, rates of communicable diseases) are insufficient to measure the impact of war: selective primary care improves these indicators even when the general health status of the population deteriorates,

Policy making is affected during periods of political violence: by conflicting approaches by different agencies, by parallel health systems organised during the war, and by conflicts between international funding agencies and national policy makers; the impact of war on policy making has not been adequately assessed

Agencies focusing on post-conflict rehabilitation tend to overlook effects of war that are less visible and more difficult to assess

The 1980–92 civil war in El Salvador was the culmination of decades of militarisation, intense political violence, and repression which produced thousands of victims.5–7 Violations of international codes of war conduct, mostly by the government's armed forces, routinely took place during the war. Horrifying descriptions of massacres of children, women, and elderly people; killings of wounded and sick in hospital wards; assassinations of civilians; and executions of prisoners have been reported by survivors. Estimates of war related casualties and physical …
Pro-tobacco editorial content of young mens magazines rises by 70% between 1991 and 2000
Authors: R. Dobson
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Researchers have attacked style magazines aimed at young men for the amount of content devoted to smoking.

The researchers, who criticise levels of pro-tobacco editorial content and advertisements, found that over one year the six leading magazines in the market carried 635 pages of tobacco coverage, including 429 pages of advertisements and promotions.

Overall, the magazines contained hardly any balancing coverage of smoking and health, say the researchers, and only two of the magazines published any items on the topic, and that totalled only 4.9 pages.

The researchers say that trends for greater coverage of tobacco are a …
STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON RABBIT LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Morgan Berthrong, Leighton E. Cluff
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1953)

Intravenous injection into rabbits of bacterial endotoxins results in an inhibition of migration of leucocytes from the buffy coat of their blood in tissue culture or in "slide cell" preparations. This effect was demonstrable 5 minutes after the intravenous injection and persisted for from 6 to 12 hours after the injection. It is as marked in rabbits receiving only a single intravenous injection of endotoxin as in those previously prepared intradermally and developing a severe local Shwartzman reaction on intravenous injection. The preparation of the skin for the Shwartzman reaction does not in itself result in appreciable changes of leucocyte migration. The production of the effect depends upon some action in vivo, since leucocytes of uninjected rabbits migrate normally from the buffy coat in plasma substrates to which large concentrations of endotoxin are added in vitro. The inhibitory effect, as observed in these experiments, also depends upon the added influence of centrifugation. Leucocytes from a rabbit receiving endotoxin intravenously migrate normally from uncentrifuged lung or spleen fragments and migrate normally in blood on the warm stage prior to centrifugation. Identical centrifugation does not affect leucocytes from uninjected animals. The heparin inhibition of the local Shwartzman reaction does not alter this effect of endotoxins on leucocytes. Its possible role in the production of leucopenia and of the local Shwartzman reaction is briefly discussed.
The EBMT/EMCL consensus project on the role of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation in mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: S Robinson, P Dreger, D Caballero, P Corradini, C Geisler, M Ghielmini, S Le Gouill, E Kimby, S Rule, U Vitolo, M Dreyling, O Hermine
Journal: Leukemia (2014)
THE STATUS OF DR. STONE
Authors: M. W. Ireland
Journal: JAMA (1924)

<h3>To the Editor:</h3> —My attention has just been called to some of the statements made by Dr. Lee Alexander Stone in his publication<i>Physical Culture</i>; particular attention being invited to the statement on page 57 of the July issue, that Dr. Stone, the author of the article in question, is a surgeon in the United States Army, with the rank of lieutenant colonel, and is consequently in a position to speak with authority and intelligence. Dr. Stone was a captain in the temporary forces from August, 1917, to December, 1918, when he was discharged with the grade of captain. He did not reenter the medical service, and so far as the Medical Department is concerned, has had no connection with it since his discharge.
Modulation of EphA Receptor Function by Coexpressed EphrinA Ligands on Retinal Ganglion Cell Axons
Authors: Martin R. Hornberger, Dieter Dütting, Thomas Ciossek, Tomoko Yamada, Claudia Handwerker, Susanne Lang, Franco Weth, Julita Huf, Ralf Weßel, Cairine Logan, Hideaki Tanaka, Uwe Drescher
Journal: Neuron (1999)
Prolonging Patency — Choosing Coronary Bypass Grafts
Authors: Bruce W. Lytle
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The benefits of coronary bypass surgery last only as long as the grafts continue to function. Aorta-to-coronary saphenous-vein grafts (see diagram), the most widely used type of bypass graft, have historically had an occlusion rate of 10 to 15 percent within a year after surgery. Beyond 5 years after surgery, graft atherosclerosis develops in substantial numbers of saphenous-vein grafts, and progressive graft failure occurs so that by 10 years after placement, 60 to 70 percent of grafts are patent and half of those have angiographic evidence of atherosclerosis. By 20 years after placement, the rate of graft patency appears to . . .
Perinatal Care for Incarcerated Patients
Authors: Jennifer G. Clarke
Journal: JAMA (2011)

More than 6 million men and 1 million women are under US correctional control, be it jail, prison, probation, or parole. On any given day, about 250 000 women and adolescent girls are behind bars, a number well in excess of those documented for all other sovereign nations. Moreover, women and girls represent the fastest-growing segment of the prison and jail populations. Approximately 75% of these women are mothers of minor children (leaving 200 000 children “motherless”) and as many as 10 000 may be pregnant. Primarily designed for male offenders, the US correctional system is struggling to meet the specialized needs of its female inmates. Although incarceration during pregnancy is both stressful and dehumanizing, most studies paradoxically document better outcomes for pregnancies managed behind bars than for women of similar socioeconomic status whose pregnancies are managed in the community. Using the case of Ms A as a springboard for discussion, the issues, benefits, and challenges of caring for an incarcerated pregnant woman are addressed, as is the importance of family planning services to those about to be released.
Protein kinase C modulates basal myogenic tone in resistance arteries from the cerebral circulation.
Authors: G Osol, I Laher, M Cipolla
Journal: Circulation Research (1991)

The objective of this study was to determine whether myogenic tone in the cerebral circulation can be modified by agents that interact with protein kinase C (PKC), a modulator of intracellular calcium sensitivity. Pial arteries (194 +/- 8 microns at 125 mm Hg) were isolated from Wistar-Kyoto rats and mounted on glass microcannulas in a specialized arteriograph. Simultaneous recordings of transmural pressure and lumen diameter were made with a video-electronic system. Myogenic tone, which developed at transmural pressures above 50 mm Hg, reduced lumen diameter by 29 +/- 3%, to 136 +/- 5 microns. Staurosporine (a PKC inhibitor) or indolactam (a PKC activator) was added cumulatively to segments of arteries obtained from each animal. Staurosporine induced progressive and eventually complete dilation, with half-maximal inhibition of myogenic tone occurring at a concentration of 1.32 +/- 0.10 nM. Conversely, indolactam augmented basal tone, reducing diameter by a maximum of 62 +/- 3%, with half-maximal effects at 0.4 +/- 1.0 microM. The effects of indolactam on arterial responses to acute increases in transmural pressure were also determined to test whether this dynamic and possibly separate mechanism could be potentiated by PKC stimulation. Although basal tone was augmented, diameter responses to increased pressure were not altered. In summary, these results implicate PKC in the regulation of basal myogenic tone and resistance artery caliber, which is a major determinant of blood flow. PKC modulation did not affect diameter responses to sudden changes in transmural pressure, however, suggesting the existence of a separate sensing/transduction mechanism that has yet to be identified.
Divorce: Impact on Children
Authors: Michael S. Jellinek, Lois S. Slovik
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1981)

A REVIEW of the current statistics on divorce quickly establishes the pervasive impact of this social phenomenon. In the 12-month period from June 1979 to June 1980 there were 1,184,000 divorces in the United States — a rate of 5.4 per thousand population, as compared with a marriage rate of 10.6 per thousand. In this same one-year period, approximately 1.2 million children were added to the 17 million under the age of 18 who were living in homes headed by a single parent.1 In 1978, 18.1 children per thousand population under 18 were involved in a divorce — more than . . .
Human Cloning — The Science and Ethics of Nuclear Transplantation
Authors: Rudolf Jaenisch
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

In addition to the moral argument against the use of somatic-cell nuclear transfer for the creation of a child ("reproductive cloning"), there are overwhelming scientific reasons to oppose this practice. In contrast, many believe that the practice of somatic-cell nuclear transfer with the goal of generating an embryonic stem-cell line (sometimes referred to as "therapeutic cloning") is justified, because it holds the promise of yielding new ways of studying and treating a number of diseases. Once isolated from a patient, an embryonic stem cell thus derived would be "customized" to the needs of the patient who had served as the . . .
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β regulates expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 in arthritis
Authors: Hidetoshi Tsushima, Ken Okazaki, Mitsumasa Hayashida, Takahiro Ushijima, Yukihide Iwamoto
Journal: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (2011)

To investigate whether CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) mediates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and aggrecanases in arthritis.Localisation of C/EBPβ and MMP-3 in synovium and cartilage from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis was determined by immunohistochemistry. Cell lines SW982, C28/I2 and human fibroblast-like synoviocytes stimulated by interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were subjected to western blotting and quantitative PCR. Overexpression of C/EBPβ by adenovirus was performed in cells and organ culture of normal cartilage. Knockdown of C/EBPβ by small interference RNA was performed in cells. Activity of the human MMP-3 and aggrecanase-2 ADAMTS-5 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) promoters was analysed by a luciferase assay. To determine whether C/EBPβ directly binds to the MMP-3 or ADAMTS-5 promoter,a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was performed.Immunohistochemistry showed that C/EBPβ and MMP-3 were co-localised in arthritic synovium and cartilage. Western blots revealed increased C/EBPβ expression in cells treated with IL-1β. Expression of MMP-3, MMP-13 and ADAMTS-5 mRNA was significantly increased by the overexpression of C/EBPβ. C/EBPβ stimulated MMP-3 expression and induced matrix degradation in cartilage explants. C/EBPβ knockdown reduced MMP-3 and ADAMTS-5 expression. C/EBPβ stimulated the 2011 bp MMP-3 promoter and the 1768 bp ADAMTS-5 promoter in a dose-dependent manner. Deletion and mutation analysis of the MMP-3 promoter showed that the C/EBPβ core responsive element was located between -108 bp and -100 bp. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that C/EBPβ was directly bound to MMP-3 and ADAMTS-5 promoters.These data demonstrate that C/EBPβ is involved in expression of MMP-3 and ADAMTS-5 in arthritic synovium and cartilage.
Retraction: A Genomic Strategy to Refine Prognosis in Early-Stage Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:570-80.
Authors: Anil Potti, Sayan Mukherjee, Rebecca Petersen, Holly K. Dressman, Andrea Bild, Jason Koontz, Robert A Kratzke, Mark A. Watson, Michael Kelley, Geoffrey S. Ginsburg, Mike West, David H. Harpole, Joseph R. Nevins
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2011)

To the Editor: We would like to retract our article, "A Genomic Strategy to Refine Prognosis in Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer,"(1) which was published in the Journal on August 10, 2006. Using a sample set from a study by the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) and a collection of samples from a study by the Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB), we have tried and failed to reproduce results supporting the validation of the lung metagene model described in the article. We deeply regret the effect of this action on the work of other investigators.
Monitoring during sedation for endoscopy.
Authors: N. Tate
Journal: BMJ (1988)

oblique muscles the eyes become extorted on look- ing down, and the patient experiences torsional diplopia.This is sometimes accompanied by a convergent deviation on depression caused by the loss of abduction (which is the normal secondary action of the superior oblique muscles, to which Dr Sharland refers).In bilateral superior oblique muscle palsies depression of the ceres is also limited when the eyes are converged (and, hence, are in the adducted position).A patient may compensate for the difficulty in maintaining bino- cular single vision on looking down by lowering his chin so as to avoid the need to depress his eyes.
The under-funding of academic cancer research
Authors: Mark Aitken
Journal: Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine (2009)

Bosanquet and Sikora1 make a compelling case for increasing NHS expenditure on cancer services. It is only natural for cancer specialists to promote the importance of their chosen field of expertise. However, as Karol Sikora2 has often reiterated, healthcare does not have access to inexhaustible financial resources and therefore rationing in one guise or another is inevitable. Where in the complexity of disease management should one concentrate that effort? Cancer and fire share similar strategies, e.g. prevention (the spark), early diagnosis (smoke detection), powerful therapies (fire-fighting) and palliation (finding shelter when the building is beyond repair). However, because most cancers appear to start from within the body, the main strategy is fire-fighting. The pharmaceutical industry plays the dominant role in researching and testing increasingly powerful forms of reproductive domestos. This underpins their commercial viability and costs the Treasury dear. Cancer is undeniably the result of multifactorial aberrations of cellular reproduction. Identifying the key factors should be the scientific goal rather than shock and awe.3 This is academic research where there are many false trails and occasional flashes of serendipity. If one's head ruled one's heart then this is where the bulk of funding would be spent, but our patients expect treatment and rarely accept a futuristic approach and simple palliation. For decades there were pointers that cancer of the cervix was initiated by an external factor. In recent times HPV has been shown to fit that bill. There may well be other viruses, plasmids and molecules that can enter the body like some Trojan horse and then disrupt cellular reproduction and activate/inactivate nuclear switches that have yet to be identified. Curiously the alpha (aetiology) and omega (palliation/terminal care) of the cancer problem derive most of their funding from charity. Have we got our priorities wrong?
Missense Mutations of <b> <i>MADH4</i> </b>
Authors: Christine A. Iacobuzio-Donahue, Jason Song, Giovanni Parmiagiani, Charles J. Yeo, Ralph H. Hruban, Scott E. Kern
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2004)

Abstract Purpose and Experimental Design: The mutational spectrum of MADH4 (DPC4/SMAD4) opens valuable insights into the functions of this protein that confer its tumor-suppressive nature in human tumors. We present the MADH4 genetic status determined on a new set of pancreatic, biliary, and duodenal cancers with comparison to the mutational data reported for various tumor types. Results: Homozygous deletion, followed by inactivating nonsense or frameshift mutations, is the predominant form of MADH4 inactivation in pancreatic cancers. Among the naturally occurring MADH4 missense mutations, the MH2 domain is the most frequent target (77%) of missense mutations in human tumors. A mutational hot spot resides within the MH2 domain corresponding to codons 330 to 370, termed the mutation cluster region (MCR). A relationship was found between the locations of the missense mutations (the MH1 domain, the MH2-MCR, and the MH2 outside of the MCR) and the tumor types, suggesting environmental or selective influences in the development of MADH4 mutations. Immunohistochemical studies for Madh4 protein in nine archival cancers (six pancreatic cancers, two duodenal cancers, and one biliary cancer) with known missense mutations indicated that all mutations within the MH1 or MH2 domain COOH-terminal to the MCR (seven of nine cases) had negative or weak labeling, whereas two cancers with mutations within the MCR had strong positive nuclear labeling for Madh4 protein. Conclusions: These findings have important implications for in vitro functional studies, suggesting that the majority of missense mutations inactivate Madh4 by protein degradation in contrast to those that occur within the MCR.
Notes of a Case of Hydrophobia
Authors: R. W. Cunningham
Journal: BMJ (1862)

tion of the patient that he bad been subject to intermit- tent malarial fever, anld by finding his pulse very con- centred and small, that he ordered, after the application of leeches and fomentations, a dose of quinine; after which MIr. S. began gradually to get better.Now, was it the malarial fever which appeared with the different above mentioned symptoms, as often is the case? or did the complaint which first appeared, such as the cholerine, the gastritis, the otitis, etc., give place to the development of the intermittent malarial fever?This I am most inclined to believe.No doubt it is of great importance, in treating our patients, to ascertain whether they have ever had intermittent fever-at the slightest symptom, I will say, not of intermission, but of remission.If so, I think it enough to say-forewarned, forearmed.
Long-term results after atrial repair of transposition of the great arteries in early infancy.
Authors: L Mahony, K Turley, P Ebert, M A Heymann
Journal: Circulation (1982)

Fifty-two patients younger than age 100 days who had an intact interventricular septum or a small ventricular septal defect underwent atrial repair of d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA). No patient died. To assess long-term results, we evaluated all 36 patients who had been followed for at least 1.5 years (mean 2.7 years) after surgery. The physical findings, chest roentgenograms, ECGs and echocardiograms were reviewed. Catheterization was done 6-60 months (mean 15 months) after surgery in 28 patients. Growth was normal in all but three patients. Neurologic development was abnormal in six patients (delayed speech in one patient, learning disability in three patients and preoperative cerebral infarction in two patients). The ECG showed sinus rhythm in 24 patients, minor abnormalities in nine and major dysrhythmias in three. Catheterization showed a normal cardiac index in all 28 patients. No intracardiac shunt was detected in 19 of 24 patients in whom complete oximetry data were available. One patient required reoperation for persistent atrial shunt and subsequent pacemaker placement. Two patients required baffle revision for symptoms related to superior vena caval obstruction. Right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was less than 15 mm Hg in all of 18 patients evaluated. We conclude that atrial repair of d-TGA in early infancy can be performed with a low mortality rate and a low incidence of late complications.
The Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor, HAVcR-1, Reduces the Integrity of Human Endothelial Tight Junctions.
Authors: T. Martin, G. Harrison, M. Mason, W. Jiang
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Background: Disruption of Tight Junctions (TJ's) in endothelial cells can cause a leaky vascular bed and may therefore lead to vascular spread of cancer cells. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) cellular receptor HAVcR-1, also known as KIM-1/TIM-1, is the cellular receptor for the hepatotropic picornavirus that causes acute hepatitis-A in humans. Although HAVcR-1 is expressed in every human organ, the natural function of HAVcR-1 remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the location, association and possible functionality of HAVcR-1 in human endothelial cells.Methods: HAVcR-1 protein in human endothelial cells was visualised using immunohistochemistry and mRNA transcript by RT-PCR. A hammerhead ribozyme transgene that specifically targeted human HAVcR-1 was constructed and used to knockdown endogenously expressed HAVcR-1 (HECVHKD); moreover, forced expression was obtained by insertion of a transgene into wild type endothelial cells (HECVHEX).TJ function was assessed using trans-endothelial resistance (TER) and paracellular permeability assays under the influence of HGF (40ng/ml) a cytokine we have previously shown to modulate TJs in human endothelial cells.Results: Human endothelial cells expressed HAVcR-1 at low levels. The location of both endogenous and forcibly expressed HAVcR-1 was at the cell-cell junction, at the region of the TJ. In this study, one of the first to examine the location and binding partners of HAVcR-1, expression of this receptor was targeted to the vicinity of intercellular junctions, via ZO-1, which further was demonstrated to be at the site of the TJ by its co-localisation with ZO-2. This was true of both endogenously and forcibly expressed protein. Moreover, HAVcR-1 was co-precipitated with the regulatory factor Rho C. Although there was no change in function of HECVHEX cells, the TJ function of the HECVHKD cells exhibited significantly reduced response to HGF over 2h (p&amp;lt;0.01). Interestingly, there was no concurrent response in PCP.Conclusion: These results demonstrate for the first time that HAVcR-1 may have a previously undiscovered role in the regulation of TJ integrity in human endothelial cells. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 2158.