tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Carcinoma of the Colon in a Child
Authors: E. O. R. Reynolds
Journal: BMJ (1961)

MBorn 749owing to the very bulk of the cysts, or an intussusception or volvulus be precipitated by their presence.X-ray Studies.-Characteristicradiological patterns have been described, and preoperative diagnosis has on occasion been made correctly by virtue of the x-ray appearance.Certainly x-ray studies offer the most useful diagnostic aid (Marshak et al., 1956).Films of the abdomen in the erect position may demonstrate grape- like clusters of air shadows, the walls of the bowel being delineated by a double contour line (Paris, 1955).In colonic involvement, and in the absence of complete obstruction as occurred in our case, x-ray films after a barium enema may reveal the gas cysts as discrete lucent areas, indenting the regular contour of the bowel as a series of filling defects of varying sizes.Differentiation between gas cysts and diffuse polyposis may be difficult, however.The occasional occurrence of pneumoperitoneum has already been commented upon.
Mechanism of action of pentagastrin on the lower esophageal sphincter.
Authors: R Zwick, K L Bowes, E E Daniel, S K Sarna
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1976)

The effects of pentagastrin on lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure has been studied in trained, unanesthetized dogs. LES pressure was monitored by an infusion manometric technique. Increasing doses of pentagastrin up to 3 mug/kg given as an i.v. bolus resulted in increasing rises in LES pressure; larger doses resulted in a lesser effect of shorter duration. Increasing i.v. boluses of methacholine produced greater increases in LES pressure up to a maximum of 5 mug/kg; higher doses had similar effects. Atropine (50-100 mug/kg) slightly diminished the response of the LES to 2 or 6 mug/kg of pentagastrin. In large doses (500-2,000 mug/kg), atropine did not diminish the response to pentagastrin and prolonged the response of 6 mug/kg pentagastrin. Hexamethonium (2 mg/kg i.v.) depressed the peak response to 3 mug/kg pentagastrin slightly but the response to 6 mug/kg was increased and prolonged. Propranolol (2 mg/kg i.v.) significantly prolonged the effect of 6 mug/kg pentagastrin on the LES. We conclude that the stimulatory effect of pentagastrin is mainly due to a direct action on the LES. A lesser stimulatory effect is due to an action on preganglionic cholinergic neurons. Large doses of pentagastrin have both stimulatory and inhibitory effects. The inhibitory effect is mediated at least in part via preganglionic neurons acting through adrenergic receptors. Ganglionic transmission of the effect may be through muscarinic as well as nicotinic receptors.
Exercise Type and Intensity in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease in Men
Authors: Mihaela Tanasescu
Journal: JAMA (2002)

ContextStudies have shown an inverse relationship between exercise and risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but data on type and intensity are sparse.ObjectiveTo assess the amount, type, and intensity of physical activity in relation to risk of CHD among men.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA cohort of 44 452 US men enrolled in the Health Professionals' Follow-up Study, followed up at 2-year intervals from 1986 through January 31, 1998, to assess potential CHD risk factors, identify newly diagnosed cases of CHD, and assess levels of leisure-time physical activity.Main Outcome MeasureIncident nonfatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD occurring during the follow-up period.ResultsDuring 475 755 person-years, we documented 1700 new cases of CHD. Total physical activity, running, weight training, and rowing were each inversely associated with risk of CHD. The RRs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) corresponding to quintiles of metabolic equivalent tasks (METs) for total physical activity adjusted for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors were 1.0, 0.90 (0.78-1.04), 0.87 (0.75-1.00), 0.83 (0.71-0.96), and 0.70 (0.59-0.82) (P&lt;.001 for trend). Men who ran for an hour or more per week had a 42% risk reduction (RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.44-0.77) compared with men who did not run (P&lt;.001 for trend). Men who trained with weights for 30 minutes or more per week had a 23% risk reduction (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.98) compared with men who did not train with weights (P = .03 for trend). Rowing for 1 hour or more per week was associated with an 18% risk reduction (RR, 0.82; 05% CI, 0.68-0.99). Average exercise intensity was associated with reduced CHD risk independent of the total volume of physical activity. The RRs (95% CIs) corresponding to moderate (4-6 METs) and high (6-12 METs) activity intensities were 0.94 (0.83-1.04) and 0.83 (0.72-0.97) compared with low activity intensity (&lt;4 METs) (P = .02 for trend). A half-hour per day or more of brisk walking was associated with an 18% risk reduction (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.67-1.00). Walking pace was associated with reduced CHD risk independent of the number of walking hours.ConclusionsTotal physical activity, running, weight training, and walking were each associated with reduced CHD risk. Average exercise intensity was associated with reduced risk independent of the number of MET-hours spent in physical activity.
Fundamentals of Immunology
Authors: Roberto Kretschmer
Journal: JAMA (1988)

This second edition of Bier's<i>Fundamentals of Immunology</i>six years after the first edition will be welcomed by those who appreciated the forerunner, and they were not few. As the authors state, the book is aimed primarily at medical and biology students as they undertake their initial introduction to this devilishly mutating field. This new edition has lost none of its direct, simple, clear, and highly didactic approach to the many complex problems of immunology. In many chapters time and space are spent in detailing the crucial experiment(s) that led to major conceptual landmarks in immunologic thought. This strategy will be particularly helpful for undergraduate students. One only regrets it was not used more profusely and systematically throughout the book. Illustrations are in general good, but a uniform artistic approach would have improved the overall presentation (eg, compare Figures 7.16, 7.22, and 13.6: all three are correct, but why not
Why Do the Quack and the Faith Curist at Times Succeed.
Authors: P. Maxwell Foshay
Journal: JAMA (1900)

Cleveland, Aug. 31, 1900. <h3>To the Editor:</h3> —An exhaustive answer to the above query is not contemplated, as it would greatly transcend the limits of this note, but it is proposed to draw attention to two very chief factors in the success of the irregular, of the "christian scientist," and of others of the prolific breed of "curists." One of the causes is wholly without the influence of the medical profession, being deep-rooted in the inherited mental processes of all mankind, while the other is entirely within the power of the profession to eliminate. First, as Ratzel, in his "History of Mankind," well says in speaking of the Chinese: "Superstitious medicine is one of the deepest-seated disorders of the human mind, of which perhaps it will never quite be cured." This ingrained, often subconscious, but almost always alert, substratum of belief in the intervention of supernatural agencies in the cure
Abstract 1461: The heparan sulfate mimetic PG545 potently inhibits spontaneous lung metastasis and significantly enhances overall survival in the 4T1 breast carcinoma model
Authors: Keith Dredge, Edward Hammond, Paul Handley, Jessica Rowley, Christina Vincent, Ralf Brandt, Ian Bytheway
Journal: Cancer Research (2011)

Abstract PG545 is a fully synthetic heparan sulfate (HS) mimetic entering Phase I clinical trials for advanced cancer. PG545 inhibits key processes in tumor progression (a) angiogenesis – by interfering with growth factor binding and (b) metastasis – by inhibition of heparanase activity. The syngeneic 4T1 breast carcinoma murine model is a well known model of spontaneous metastasis and PG545 was assessed for effects on primary tumour growth, metastatic development in lung and overall survival. PG545 and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sorafenib (used as a comparative antiangiogenic agent) were investigated for their effect on primary tumour growth and the number of lung metastases after treatment for two weeks. PG545 significantly inhibited solid tumour growth and potently inhibited the formation of lung metastases when administered on a twice-weekly dosing schedule (2xqw). Although sorafenib inhibited primary tumour growth to a similar extent as PG545, sorafenib significantly increased the number of lung metastases. In a separate study to investigate overall survival, mice had their primary tumours resected (mastectomy) on day 11 post-inoculation and treatment with PG545 (1xqw), sorafenib (1xqd) or cisplatin (1xqw) was administered for 55 days. Interim data on day 30 using satellite animals confirmed the potent antimetastatic activity of PG545 by enumeration of lung metastases. This reduction in metastasis correlated with overall survival in the PG545-treated mice in the main study which was significantly enhanced compared to vehicle control or sorafenib (which had a similar survival profile as control). PG545 also outperformed cisplatin. Mice culled due to clinical signs associated with disease progression correlated with histological assessment of metastatic burden in lung tissue. The antimetastatic effects of PG545 were confirmed by histological assessment at the end of the study on day 55, with very few metastases observed in PG545-treated mice. In conclusion, PG545 has potent anti-metastatic activity that would appear to differentiate it from other antiangiogenic therapies such as TKI's which have also been recently reported by other groups to aggravate metastatic development under certain circumstances. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1461. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1461
Conservative treatment versus endoscopic sphincterotomy in the initial management of acute cholecystitis in elderly patients at high surgical risk
Authors: J. Vracko, S. Markovic, K.-L. Wiechel
Journal: Endoscopy (2006)

Background and study aims: Surgery in elderly patients with acute cholecystitis is quite a high-risk procedure. The recent finding that activated pancreatic enzyme is present in sterile bile from the acutely inflamed gallbladder suggests that obstruction at the level of the common channel is a possible precipitating factor. It was therefore hypothesized that an initial endoscopic sphincterotomy in patients with acute cholecystitis might improve the clinical course. Patients and methods: A prospective unselected series of 105 patients over 65 years of age (52 men, 53 women; mean age 78) suffering from acute cholecystitis were initially treated on a random basis with either conservative methods or endoscopic sphincterotomy. Within the first 72 h after the onset of symptoms, all 52 patients in the endoscopic sphincterotomy group were managed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), combined with endoscopic sphincterotomy in 50 cases. The main study parameter was the need for emergency cholecystectomy within the first week after admission. Results: Biliary sepsis requiring emergency surgery occurred in 15 patients in the conservatively treated group, in contrast with none of the 52 patients in the endoscopic sphincterotomy group (P < 0.001). Iatrogenic complications after endoscopic sphincterotomy occurred in three patients, one of whom required surgery, while two were managed by conservative means. The clinical course improved, avoiding the need for emergency cholecystectomy and other interventions, in 48 patients in the endoscopic sphincterotomy group and in 36 patients in the conservatively treated group (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The clinical course after endoscopic sphincterotomy improved in the majority of elderly patients suffering from acute cholecystitis, suggesting that early relief of obstruction at the level of the common channel reduces the risk of developing biliary sepsis. The majority of these patients can undergo surgery electively or can receive further conservative treatment.
A Man With Alcoholism and HIV Infection, 1 Year Later
Authors: Thomas L. Delbanco
Journal: JAMA (1996)

At the Psychiatry Grand Rounds held approximately 1 year ago, Dr Steven Hyman discussed the management of a 39-year-old man with active alcoholism and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.<sup>1</sup>Dr Hyman discussed the pathophysiology of alcoholism and the nature of addiction, and how these influence the treatment plan. Dr Hyman and the audience also discussed the public health implications of the patient who is both self-destructive and potentially destructive to others. We asked the patient and his primary doctor to comment on the year that has passed. <b>Mr L, THE PATIENT:</b>I still drink, but my patterns are different: I don't drink as often, and I don't have blackouts. With the friends I have now, drinking doesn't fit into my life as much. I talk to my therapist about how I don't like alcohol, but what do I replace it with? I have a stable living situation and I
Arteriovenous Crossing Patterns in Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Authors: Jialiang Zhao, Srinivas M. Sastry, Robert D. Sperduto, Emily Y. Chew, Nancy A. Remaley, Lawrence A. Yannuzzi, John A. Sorenson, Johanna M. Seddon, Evangelos S. Gragoudas, Carmen A. Puliafito, Thomas C. Burton, Marilyn D. Farber, Norman Blair, Thomas Stelmack, Alan Axelrod, Julia Haller, Sharon Pusin, Gary Cassel, Dayton T. Miller, Anne L. Sowell, Elaine W. Gunter, Marsha Dunn
Journal: Ophthalmology (1993)
Eradicating Antibiotic‐Resistant Biofilms with Silver‐Conjugated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Naside Gozde Durmus, Thomas J. Webster
Journal: Advanced Healthcare Materials (2012)

Abstract Concerns about antibiotic‐resistant microorganisms, such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is causing a resurgence in the search for novel strategies which can eradicate infections without the use of antibiotics. In this study, the unique magnetic and antibacterial properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) and silver have been combined through the design of silver‐conjugated SPION. For the first time, it is demonstrated that MRSA biofilms can be eradicated by silver‐conjugated SPION without resorting to the use of antibiotics. A significant decrease in biofilm mass, which corresponds to a seven orders of magnitude decrease in viability, is observed when MRSA biofilms are treated with 1 mg/mL of silver‐conjugated SPION (p &lt; 0.01). Moreover, SPION anti‐biofilm efficacy is further improved in the presence of an external magnetic field. The anti‐biofilm property of silver‐conjugated SPION treatment is due to the significant increases in intracellular or membrane‐bound iron (p &lt; 0.001), sulfur (p &lt; 0.05), and silver (p &lt; 0.001) concentrations, thus increases in SPION uptake within the biofilms. For this reason, this study demonstrates for the first time that silver‐conjugated SPION could be used as a targeted antibacterial therapy to the infection site. Thus, this novel infection eradication strategy holds great promise to be an alternative to the antibiotic of last resort, vancomycin, which bacteria have already started to develop a resistance towards.
Contemporary psychiatry in China.
Authors: G Thornicroft
Journal: BMJ (1986)

From the period of Fu Hsi, the first legendary Chinese emperor (about 2852 bc), the recognised types of illnesses related to wind included paralysis, falling sickness (epilepsy), and excited insanity (hysteria).1 The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine, of about 1000 bc, described hysteria in relation to excessive Yin and epilepsy as a surfeit of Yang.2 It stated that those who act contrary to the laws of the four seasons dissipate in their duties, and if Yin is not equal to Yang the pulse becomes weak and madness results. More recently Wang K'en T'ang in Standards for Diagnosis and Treatment (1602) recognised insanity, mania, fits, and three types of depression (those associated with anger, appre? hension, and melancholy).3 The first psychiatric hospital was established by Dr John Kerr at Canton in 1897, though by liberation in 1949 there were fewer than 2000 beds specifically designated for psychiatric patients through? out the country. The flavour of this period is well captured in a section from Behind Iron Bars, written in 1926 by McCartney: Mental patients constitute a very helpless class in China.4 If caught upon the streets doing anything wrong they are arrested and thrown into prison and treated as if they were criminals. If they are homeless and wander in the streets, they are mocked and laughed at and stoned.
Detection of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma cells: clinical and biological significance
Authors: S-H Kuo, L-T Chen, C-W Lin, M-S Wu, P-N Hsu, H-J Tsai, C-Y Chu, Y-S Tzeng, H-P Wang, K-H Yeh, A-L Cheng
Journal: Blood Cancer Journal (2013)

We previously reported that CagA can be translocated into B cells in Helicobacter pylori (HP) coculture media, and the translocation appears biologically significant as activation of the relevant cellular pathways was noticed. In this study, we further explore if CagA can be detected in malignant B cells of HP-positive gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Expression of CagA was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. CagA expression was further confirmed by western blot analysis. The association between CagA expression in malignant B cells and tumor response to HP eradication therapy (HPE) was evaluated in 64 stage IE gastric MALT lymphoma patients. We detected CagA expression in 31 (48.4%) of 64 patients: 26 (68.4%) of the 38 HP-dependent cases and 5 (19.2%) of the 26 HP-independent cases (P<0.001). Patients with CagA expression responded to HPE quicker than those without (median time to complete remission, 3.0 vs 6.5 months, P=0.025). Our results indicated that CagA can be translocated into malignant B cells of MALT lymphoma, and the translocation is clinically and biologically significant.
Osteoarthritis: time to shift the paradigm
Authors: Paul Dieppe
Journal: BMJ (1999)

The name “osteoarthritis” arose from observation of the striking overgrowth of marginal and subchondral bone by the pathologists and radiologists who classified the different forms of joint disease at the turn of the century.1 For many years it was regarded as a simple, age related, degenerative, “wear and tear” phenomenon, a view that led to negative approaches to both research and treatment. Over recent years this has changed: there is now plenty of interest in osteoarthritis, and the research effort has led to several new treatments, such as lubricating injections into joints2 and cartilage transplants.3 But this trend has inherent dangers. Not only do we not yet know whether these new treatments really help patients in the long term; the introduction of complex, expensive treatments for a disorder that may affect a quarter of the world's older people is unlikely to be of much use to most doctors or patients. We need to take stock and ask ourselves if current approaches are appropriate.

Osteoarthritis is obviously important: it is the main cause of joint replacement surgery and is so common that in the developed world it is set to become the fourth …
The influence of ovarian hormones on the granulomatous inflammatory process in the rat lung
Authors: M Shirai, A Sato, K Chida
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (1995)

This study was initiated to clarify the relationship between ovarian hormones and the granulomatous inflammatory process in the lung. To assess whether ovarian dysfunction influences the granulomatous inflammatory process, we compared immunological alterations in ovariectomized rats and in sham-operated rats. After a heat-killed, bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-elicited granulomatous reaction, the lung-body weight ratios, the number of lymphocytes and activated T-cells, and the interferon-gamma levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from the ovariectomized rats were significantly higher than those of the sham-operated rats. Moreover, exogenous ovarian steroids supplemented in vivo suppressed not only the granulomatous inflammatory process in the lungs, but also the parameters measured in the bronchoalveolar fluid. These results indicate that ovarian dysfunction may adversely affect the formation of granulomas in the lung.
Population explosion--a pediatric problem.
Authors: H. A. Kahn
Journal: BMJ (1966)

One of the biggest public health problems facing the world today is the population explosion and its implications.All over the world populations are rising rapidly, and no country, young or old, large or small, developed or developing, whether in- habited by coloured people or white, can escape the ravages of this phenomenal population growth.The trend of the increase, as reflected by demographic studies, is as follows: Country World Africa
[200] IMPAIRED ISLET INSULIN EXPRESSION AND ENDOTHELIAL PERMEABILITY IN THE PANCREAS OF CIRRHOTIC RATS WITH ASCITES
Authors: P. Melgar-Lesmes, S. Tugues, M. Morales-Ruiz, M. Parrizas, J. Ros, G. Fernandez-Varo
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2007)
Treatment of Colleagues
Authors: R. Iacono
Journal: JAMA (1982)

To the Editor.—  It has been noted that the greatest tragedies in medicine occur when routine is broken. Unfortunately, this situation is prevalent when care is directed to our colleagues. Even when an effort is made not to  anything special, this may conversely cause undue conservatism or hesitation at times of therapeutic urgency. Judgment is confounded by our own recognition of possible emotional involvement, making decision more difficult and action seem more perilous. I am sure most of us can relate to these stresses, but we also lack a prepared psychological praxis for these special circumstances.  A common way to proceed when a fellow physician, important person, or hospital staff member requires treatment is to boost the patient to the professor's service. This maneuver often compounds the issues already mentioned, while abdicating our responsibility and also therapeutic contribution.  I do not have my own answer to this problem, but
Immunoglobulin allotypes and immune response to meningococcal group B polysaccharide.
Authors: J P Pandey, W D Zollinger, H H Fudenberg, C B Loadholt
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1981)

Serum samples were collected from 120 healthy adult volunteers (105 Caucasians and 15 Negros) before and after immunization with meningococcal polysaccharide (MPS) group B vaccine. Antibodies to MPS group B were measured and sera were typed for several Gm and Km(1) allotypes. A significant association was found between the Km(1) allotype and immune response to MPS group B in Caucasians.
Comparison of the 'Open' vs 'Closed' Intensive Care Unit Formats
Authors: Thomas D. Wendel
Journal: JAMA (1996)

To the Editor.  —A disturbing finding in the article by Carson et al 1 is that the availability of emotional support for patients decreased significantly under the closed ICU system, and continuity of care was rated as poorer by house staff and attending physicians. This cost was borne by patients and their families (whose response rate to the interview unfortunately was poor) so that teaching could improve and rounds could be interrupted less frequently. Even the nurses, who are reported to have more confidence under the closed system, had a less than 50% rate of being very confident in the clinical judgment of the closed system physicians.  An article by Hansot 2 points out that, from the patient's perspective, many problems exist when critical care is provided by specialists who are not familiar with the patient and his or her values and preferences. It is time to wake up to the needs of