The γ-Aminobutyric Acid A (GABA<sub>A</sub>) Receptor Complex and Hepatic Encephalopathy
Authors: E. Anthony Jones
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

NIH Conference1 April 1989The γ-Aminobutyric Acid A (GABAA) Receptor Complex and Hepatic EncephalopathySome Recent AdvancesE. Anthony Jones, MD, Phil Skolnick, PhD, Sergio H. Gammal, MD, Anthony S. Basile, PhD, Kevin D. Mullen, MBE. Anthony Jones, MDSearch for more papers by this author, Phil Skolnick, PhDSearch for more papers by this author, Sergio H. Gammal, MDSearch for more papers by this author, Anthony S. Basile, PhDSearch for more papers by this author, Kevin D. Mullen, MBSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-110-7-532 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptIncreased neural inhibition appears to be an important component of the syndrome of hepatic encephalopathy. The pathways subserved by the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine receptor complex are the principal inhibitory systems in the mammalian brain. Hyperpolarization of neural membranes is accomplished by an increase in transmembrane chloride flux through a GABA-gated chloride channel in the complex. The opening of the chloride channel is induced by the binding of GABA to its receptors, and it is potentiated by barbiturates or benzodiazepines that act at distinct recognition sites on the complex. Involvement of the GABA neurotransmitter system in hepatic encephalopathy is suggested by several findings in animal models of fulminant hepatic failure. For example, hepatic encephalopathy resembles encephalopathies induced by drugs (including benzodiazepines) that potentiate GABAergic neurotransmission. In addition, neurons from animals with hepatic encephalopathy show increased sensitivity to benzodiazepine and GABA receptor agonists. Moreover, these neurons are excited by benzodiazepine receptor antagonists at concentrations that do not affect control neurons. Also, elevated levels of a substance that inhibits radioligand binding to benzodiazepine receptors have been found in cerebrospinal fluid from animals with hepatic encephalopathy. Furthermore, manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy can be ameliorated by benzodiazepine receptor antagonists. The relevance of these findings to hepatic encephalopathy in human beings is supported by clinical observations showing that a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist can lessen the degree of hepatic encephalopathy. These findings suggest that an endogenous substance with benzodiazepine-like properties contributes to the neuropsychiatric manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy by augmenting GABAergic neurotransmission....References1. ConnLieberthal HM. The Hepatic Coma Syndromes and Lactulose. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1978. Google Scholar2. Sherlock S. Hepatic encephalopathy: acute (fulminant) hepatic failure. In: Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. 7th ed. 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