tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Poliomyelitis in Cornwall in 1949
Authors: E. R. Hargreaves
Journal: BMJ (1950)

Examination of the urine for albumin (Anning et al., 1948) is an unreliable indication of renal impairment, being inconstant or absent in some cases.Treatment consists in forcing fluids by mouth.Herrmann, Kirsten, and Krakauer (1949) have suggested the use of 250 ml. of sodium citrate 2.5% given intravenously four-hourly.In view of the necessity for laboratory control the ques- tion arises whether the results of treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with massive doses of vitamin D are justified.In 1935 Dreyer and Reed reported improvement in the arthritic condition of two patients receiving massive dosage of vitamin D for hay-fever.This was followed by numerous reports, principally in the United States, of its use in rheu- matoid arthritis.Though many claims for its curative value have been made, most observers have doubted its efficacy.The Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry of the American Medical Association (1939) concluded that " clini- cal evidence does not warrant the claim that massive doses of vitamin D are of benefit in chronic arthritis, in allergic conditions, or in psoriasis."Summary Two cases of toxicity due to massive dosage of vitamin D are described.The dangers of this form of therapy, particularly in rheumatoid arthritis, are pointed out, and the necessity for laboratory control is stressed.We would like to thank Dr. J. H. Kellgren for permission to publish these cases and for his constant help and encouragement.
Allergen exposure decreases glucocorticoid receptor binding affinity and steroid responsiveness in atopic asthmatics.
Authors: S R Nimmagadda, S J Szefler, J D Spahn, W Surs, D Y Leung
Journal: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (1997)

Allergen exposure can confound the management of asthma. To understand the potential mechanisms by which allergens increase the steroid requirements in atopic asthmatics, we examined the effects of allergens on glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) binding affinity and glucocorticoid (GC) responsiveness of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from atopic asthmatics. A significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the GCR binding affinity (Kd) was observed in ragweed-allergic asthmatics during ragweed pollen season compared with PBMC obtained before and after ragweed season. In vitro effects of allergen on PBMC GCR Kd were also examined by incubating PBMC from atopic asthmatics with allergen (ragweed and cat) versus Candida albicans. GCR binding affinity was significantly reduced after incubation with ragweed (p < 0.001) or cat allergen (p < 0.001) compared with baseline or C. albicans stimulation. This effect was limited to atopic asthmatics in that in vitro cat allergen incubation for 48 h failed to significantly alter GCR binding affinity in nonasthmatic, atopic individuals. These allergen-induced reductions in GCR binding affinity also rendered the PBMC less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone on allergen-induced proliferation (p < 0.01). To test the hypothesis that allergen-induced alterations in GCR binding affinity were cytokine-induced, we examined the effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2)and IL-4 neutralization using anticytokine antibodies. Addition of both anti-lL-2 and anti-lL-4 antibodies resulted in a significant (p < 0.001) inhibition of allergen-induced alterations in GCR binding affinity. Furthermore incubation with cat allergen induced significantly higher concentrations of IL-2 (p = 0.03) and IL-4 (p = 0.02) by PBMC from atopic as compared with nonatopic subjects. Our current observations suggest that allergen exposure may contribute to poor asthma control by reducing GCR binding affinity in mononuclear cells. This appears to be mediated through IL-2 and IL-4. These findings may have important implications for novel approaches to the treatment of poorly controlled asthma.
Symptomatic and objective effects of venesection on patients with intermittent claudication.
Authors: T F Ford, A Berent, K Speed, M S Rose, J A Dormandy
Journal: BMJ (1978)

she admitted that she swallowed large quantities of the laxative Dorbanex in the belief that she had severe constipation.Witnesses had noted yellow streaks around the mouth, which came from this drug.She was advised to stop taking Dorbanex and to rely on another laxative.This she agreed to do after many exhortations.Eventually, after some months, the blue colour of the skin faded and its normal colour was restored.
Phenobarbitone elimination rate after oral charcoal.
Authors: P J Neuvonen, E Elonen
Journal: BMJ (1980)

Phenobarbitone elimination rate after oral charcoal Activated charcoal is used in treating poisoning by drugs to prevent their absorption.If given early and in a high dose (50 g) it will inhibit the absorption of over 90 % of most drugs.1 2A high proportion of many drugs with a long half life are excreted into the gut and reabsorbed.We report on the effect of activated charcoal, given orally in high multiple doses, on the elimination rate of three drugs with a long half life: phenobarbitone, carbamazepine, and phenylbutazone. Methods and resultsFive healthy volunteers participated in the randomised cross-over study.After an overnight fast they swallowed the following drugs: 200 mg phenobarbitone, 400 mg carbamazepine, and 200 mg phenylbutazone.They then received either water alone or 50 g activated charcoal suspended in water either within 5 minutes or 1 hour of ingesting the drugs, or they received 50 g activated charcoal only 10 hours after the drugs, followed by four further doses of 17 g at 14, 24, 36, and 48 hours.Serum samples were taken 0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 24, 32, 48, 72, and 96 hours after drug ingestion.Pheno- barbitone and phenylbutazone concentrations were estimated by gas chro- matography and that of carbamazepine by spectrophotometry.2
A<i>WNT4</i>Mutation Associated with Müllerian-Duct Regression and Virilization in a 46,XX Woman
Authors: Anna Biason-Lauber, Daniel Konrad, Francesca Navratil, Eugen J. Schoenle
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

WNT4, a secreted protein that suppresses male sexual differentiation, is thought to repress the biosynthesis of gonadal androgen in female mammals. An 18-year-old woman presented with primary amenorrhea and an absence of müllerian-derived structures, unilateral renal agenesis, and clinical signs of androgen excess--a phenotype resembling the Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser syndrome and remarkably similar to that of female Wnt4-knockout mice. A genetic evaluation revealed a loss-of-function mutation in the WNT4 gene. WNT4 appears to be important in the development and maintenance of the female phenotype in women, by means of the regulation of müllerian-duct formation and control of ovarian steroidogenesis.
Dream science 2000: A response to commentaries on <i>Dreaming and the brain</i>
Authors: J. Allan Hobson, Edward F. Pace-Schott, Robert Stickgold
Journal: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (2000)

Definitions of dreaming are not required to map formal features of mental activity onto brain measures. While dreaming occurs during all stages of sleep, intense dreaming is largely confined to REM. Forebrain structures and many neurotransmitters can contribute to sleep and dreaming without negating brainstem and aminergic-cholinergic control mechanisms. Reductionism is essential to science and AIM has considerable heuristic value. Recent findings support sleep's role in learning and memory. Emerging technologies may address long-standing issues in sleep and dream research.
ORAL CANDIDOSIS AND CARCINOMA
Authors: JOHN EYRE, FERGAL F. NALLY
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2006)

SUMMARY.— Three cases of chronic oral candidosis are presented. In 2 of these malignant change eventually occurred, as confirmed on repeated biopsy examination. The early diagnosis and active treatment of chronic localized candidal infection in the mouth is important as there appears to be a definite propensity for malignant change.
The Emergency Medical Service Systems Act of 1973
Authors: John C. Harvey
Journal: JAMA (1974)

THE Emergency Medical Service Systems Act of 1973 became Public Law 93-154 on Nov 16, 1973. It promises to have a significant impact on the future practice of medicine. This law adds a section to the Public Health Services Act of 1944 (PL 78-410), "to provide assistance and encouragement for the development of comprehensive area-wide emergency medical systems." These systems are defined as the arrangement of personnel, facilities, and equipment for effective coordination and delivery in an appropriate geographical area of health care services under emergency conditions by a public or a nonpublic or private entity which has the authority and resources to provide effective administration. The law demands that a local plan be developed, and it provides monies for feasibility and planning studies, initial establishment of operational systems, expansion of acceptable existing systems, and researches in emergency medical techniques and devices. It mandates local planning that will include consumers,
BIOLOGICAL EXPRESSIONS OF LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION
Authors: Robert R. Rich, Carl W. Pierce
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1973)

A population of thymus-derived lymphocytes has been identified that, upon activation by the nonspecific plant mitogen concanavalin A, suppresses the development of plaque-forming cell responses in fresh or 48-h antigen-stimulated cultures of mouse spleen cells. Suppressor cells can inhibit both primary and secondary IgM and IgG responses in vitro. X-irradiation before activation of peripheral thymus-derived cells by concanavalin A abrogates generation of suppressor cells. After a 48 h activation period, however, the function of concanavalin A-activated suppressor cells is radioresistant. As yet uncertain is whether these suppressor cells are a population of cells distinct from thymus-derived "helper" cells. In certain important regards, the cells mediating these two opposing functions share similar characteristics; the effect observed may be determined by the circumstances of activation or the numbers of activated cells, and may consequently represent different functions of a single thymus-derived regulator cell population.
Reports of Esophageal Cancer with Oral Bisphosphonate Use
Authors: Diane K. Wysowski
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2008)

To the Editor: Between the time of the initial marketing of alendronate in October 1995 through mid-May 2008, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) received reports of 23 patients in the United States receiving a diagnosis of esophageal cancer, with alendronate (Fosamax, Merck) as the suspect drug (in 21 patients) or the concomitant drug (in 2 patients). No similar U.S. reports for other oral bisphosphonates were retrieved from the FDA's database for adverse-event reporting. Eight deaths were reported. Of the 23 patients, 18 (78%) were women; the median age was 74.0 years (mean, 71.8; based on 19 patients). Among the . . .
Culture of preimplantation embryos and its long-term effects on gene expression and phenotype
Authors: Sanjeev Khosla, Wendy Dean, Wolf Reik, Robert Feil
Journal: Human Reproduction Update (2001)

A growing number of medical, scientific and biotechnological procedures rely on culture of mammalian preimplantation embryos. This review presents currently available data on aberrant offspring development that sometimes arises from commonly applied in-vitro procedures in humans, ruminant species and mice. Comparison between mammalian species reveals similarities in the phenotypic abnormalities that are observed at fetal and perinatal stages of development. In particular, aberrant effects on fetal growth have been observed in multiple studies in which serum complemented the preimplantation culture medium. Although it remains to be determined whether there is a common causal mechanism(s) involved, several hypotheses have been put forward to account for the variety of the observed developmental abnormalities. One of these postulates that culture can result in the epigenetic deregulation of developmentally important genes, and that such epigenetic alterations would affect in particular the expression of genes that are subject to genomic imprinting. Imprinted genes play key roles in the control of fetal growth, and altered imprinting can cause growth defects. Some recent in-vitro culture studies on mice and ruminant species now lend support to this hypothesis.
The scavenger receptors SRA-1 and SREC-I cooperate with TLR2 in the recognition of the hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 3 by dendritic cells
Authors: Céline Beauvillain, Francesca Meloni, Jean-Claude Sirard, Simon Blanchard, Ulrich Jarry, Mari Scotet, Giovanni Magistrelli, Yves Delneste, Vincenzo Barnaba, Pascale Jeannin
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2010)
Regional Enteritis Following Acute Trauma to the Abdomen
Authors: Jomes F. Huff
Journal: JAMA (1962)

SINCE 1932, when Crohn and associates first described 14 cases of surgically proved, benign, nonspecific granulomas exhibiting necrotizing and cicatrizing inflammation confined to the terminal portion of the ileum, the cause or causes of regional enteritis have remained obscure. Entities from dietary habits to trauma have been incriminated as etiologic factors. Trauma as the cause of regional enteritis has been denied at times, but experience has shown that under certain well-defined circumstances it may act as a definite causative factor or may aggravate preexisting latent enteritis. The rarity of the relationship of regional enteritis to trauma is evidenced by the fact that only 17 adequately documented cases have been reported in the literature through July, 1961. The purpose of this communication is to report a case of regional enteritis associated with an aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery following severe trauma to the lower part of the thorax and to
Drug injection and HIV prevalence in inmates of Glenochil prison
Authors: S. M Gore, A G. Bird, S. M Burns, D. J Goldberg, A. J Ross, J. Macgregor
Journal: BMJ (1995)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To determine prevalence of HIV infection and drug injecting behaviour among inmates of Glenochil Prison on a specified date a year after an outbreak of hepatitis B and HIV infection. <b>Design</b>: Cross sectional: voluntary, anonymous HIV salivary antibody surveillance and linked self completion questionnaire on risk factors. <b>Setting</b>: Glenochil prison, Scotland, a year after an outbreak of hepatitis B and HIV transmission related to drug injection. <b>Subjects</b>: 352 prisoners, of whom 295 (84%) took part; 284 questionnaires (96%) passed logical checks. <b>Main outcome measures</b>: HIV prevalence; proportion of all inmates who had ever injected drugs, had ever injected inside prison, had started injecting drugs while inside prison. <b>Results</b>: More than half (150/284) the current inmates were also in Glenochil Prison during the critical period of January to June 1993, when hepatitis B and HIV were transmitted. Similar proportions of current inmates and men who were also in Glenochil during the critical period were drug users (27% (75/278) v 30% (44/149)). A quarter of injecting drug users (18/72) had first injected inside prison, irrespective of whether they were in Glenochil in January to June 1993 and regardless of the calendar period when they first injected. Significantly more inmates from Glasgow (41%; 56/138) than from Edinburgh (21%; 7/34) or elsewhere (11%; 12/106) were injecting drug users. On testing for HIV, seven saliva samples out of 293 gave positive results—four were presumed to be from inmates known to be infected with HIV, and the others from injecting drug users from Glasgow, all of whom had been in Glenochil during January to June 1993, when two of the three had injected drugs and had been tested for HIV, with negative results. The ratio of overall (2.4%) to disclosed (1.4%) HIV prevalence was 1.7. For men who had injected drugs in Glenochil during January to June 1993, HIV prevalence was estimated at 29%. <b>Conclusion</b>: Between a quarter and a third of prisoners who injected drugs in Glenochil in January to June 1993 were infected with HIV. There is widespread ongoing risk of bloodborne virus infection within prisons, which is probably long standing but demands urgent attention. <h3>Key messages</h3> Key messages The proportion of injecting drug users differed according to residence before prison: 41% of Glasgow residents, 21% of Edinburgh residents, and 11% of those resident elsewhere A quarter of injecting drug users in Glenochil prison had started injecting while in some prison Between a quarter and a third of men who injected drugs in Glenochil prison in January to June 1993 became infected with HIV while in prison Widespread risk of bloodborne virus infections in British prisons demands urgent attention
The community. Where reform rolls on
Authors: R. J. Davidson
Journal: JAMA (1995)

What now for health care system reform? For a look at how and where health care systems are changing regardless of progress in the national debate, we go to the community. We should be doing all we can to accelerate the change that is already under way in many communities: the formation of new partnerships among hospitals, physicians, and others, partnerships that are perhaps bringing more positive change in the way health care is delivered and costs are contained than any national mandate could. Certainly we need action at the national level to achieve coverage for all Americans. But hospitals, health systems, and physicians across the country recognize that although Congress is unlikely to act any time soon, the problems that pushed health care to the top of the national agenda—such as the tens of millions of uninsured Americans and the fear of losing coverage—are still very much with us.
Loss of Sensory Input Causes Rapid Structural Changes of Inhibitory Neurons in Adult Mouse Visual Cortex
Authors: Tara Keck, Volker Scheuss, R. Irene Jacobsen, Corette J. Wierenga, Ulf T. Eysel, Tobias Bonhoeffer, Mark Hübener
Journal: Neuron (2011)

A fundamental property of neuronal circuits is the ability to adapt to altered sensory inputs. It is well established that the functional synaptic changes underlying this adaptation are reflected by structural modifications in excitatory neurons. In contrast, the degree to which structural plasticity in inhibitory neurons accompanies functional changes is less clear. Here, we use two-photon imaging to monitor the fine structure of inhibitory neurons in mouse visual cortex after deprivation induced by retinal lesions. We find that a subset of inhibitory neurons carry dendritic spines, which form glutamatergic synapses. Removal of visual input correlates with a rapid and lasting reduction in the number of inhibitory cell spines. Similar to the effects seen for dendritic spines, the number of inhibitory neuron boutons dropped sharply after retinal lesions. Together, these data suggest that structural changes in inhibitory neurons may precede structural changes in excitatory circuitry, which ultimately result in functional adaptation following sensory deprivation.
Are Voluntary Hospitals Caring for the Poor?
Authors: Arnold S. Relman
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1988)

Private, not-for-profit ("voluntary") hospitals in this country are under pressure to justify their tax-exempt status because of the growing opinion in some quarters that they are no longer charitable institutions. In former times, when third-party payers were willing to reimburse costs without question, voluntary hospitals were quite willing to provide unprofitable services and unreimbursed care to the poor. Now, however, such charitable activities threaten the economic survival of these institutions, and hospital managers discourage them if possible. Furthermore, the growing concern with survival is forcing many voluntary hospitals to seek new revenues from various kinds of business ventures and to . . .
Prospective Study of Lipoprotein(a) as a Risk Factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Takaki Hiraga, Tetsuro Kobayashi, Minoru Okubo, Kohji Nakanishi, Tadao Sugimoto, Yasuo Ohashi, Toshio Murase
Journal: Diabetes Care (1995)

To assess whether lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in diabetes.We studied 221 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) without diabetic complications who were followed for 2.2-3.1 years. Their serum Lp(a) levels were semiquantified by a rapid electrophoretic method that accurately discriminates high from low serum Lp(a) at the 20 mg/dl level.Seven of 105 diabetic patients with a high serum Lp(a) experienced a clinical event related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This incidence was significantly higher than that of the 110 diabetic patients with a low serum Lp(a). The logistic regression analysis revealed that Lp(a) was an independent risk factor for the event.Lp(a) is a significant risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in NIDDM.
Canine Electrocardiographic and Cardiac Electrophysiologic Changes Induced by Procainamide
Authors: MICHAEL R. ROSEN, HENRY GELBAND, BRIAN F. HOFFMAN
Journal: Circulation (1972)

Microelectrode technics were used to study the effects of procainamide (PA) on electrophysiologic properties of canine Purkinje fibers (PF) perfused in an extra-corporeal circuit with arterial blood of donor dogs. Donor electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) and electrophysiologic properties of the isolated PF were simultaneously monitored. PA, 25 mg/kg, was administered as a single intravenous injection and plasma PA concentrations (PPAC) were determined spectrophotometrically. A decrease in PF automaticity was noted within 5-10 min of PA injection. Within 20 min, when PPAC was 10 µg/ml, amplitude and maximal rate of rise of phase 0 of the AP and conduction velocity (CV) decreased and alterations in AP duration and refractoriness were noted. BP and ECG rate were unchanged but the QRS complex had widened. At PPAC = 10-20 µg/ml (induced by further PA infusion) the aforementioned changes were accentuated. At PPAC &gt; 20 µg/ml membrane responsiveness was significantly depressed. These experiments suggest that therapeutic PA levels rapidly decrease PF automaticity. Slowing of conduction commences later, simultaneously with changes in QRS duration. Within the same time span and range of plasma levels there are alterations in AP duration and refractoriness. Membrane responsiveness is not significantly depressed until PPAC is well into the clinically toxic range.