tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.--II
Authors: L. C. Hill
Journal: BMJ (1957)

MMICAKL JOURNA L dangers from transfusion at the wrong time and the wrong speed, and we are concerned with learning how the judgment necessary to reduce these risks can be acquired and taught.The second question is that of supplies.In some parts of the world there are difficulties, but in Britain there are big reserves of voluntary donors yet untapped.The difficulties are organizational.If blood is needed it can be obtained.As for cost: what is it worth to save a life or a hundred lives ?Certainly with full modern resuscitation we can do more than save lives-particularly when our injured patients get to hospital quickly.Modern transfusion allows the latest developments in plastic and orthopaedic surgery to be applied at an earlier stage.The lessons we have learnt at the Birmingham Accident Hospital must be shared more widely and especially with our first-line allies-the first-aid workers -so well typified by the thousands who have been trained by the surgeons of the St. John Ambulance Brigade. SummaryTraditional teaching on the first-aid treatment of "shock " is criticized.The older practices are traced to their theoretical origin in observations based on the experience of the first world war.First-aid teaching needs to be revised on the basis of a recognition of the role of blood transfusion.This in turn must be based on an understanding of the extent of blood loss.Further evidence has been produced to show that blood loss is as important in civilian injuries as in battle casualties.Modern transfusion has been made possible by the development of blood banks.Modern techniques for the investigation of blood volume have helped the development of clinical aids to the assess- ment of blood loss and transfusion indications.An appreciation of the role of transfusion in the prevention and treatment of shock requires reconsidera- tion of the need for early diagnosis and treatment, with early transfer to hospital as a basis of first aid for moderate and major injuries.Fluids by mouth are rarely indicated in first aid.The disadvantages of heat treatment are discussed.The significance of " primary shock " is discussed, and it is suggested that many forms of early circulatory change following injury are not necessarily harmful unless associated with loss of blood or other fluid from the circulation.Suggestions are made for revision of the section on "Shock " in the St. John manual First Aid to the Injured.Brief reference is made to the dangers of transfusion and the possibilities of obtaining adequate supplies of stored blood.
Serum Glucose Concentrations
Authors: Clarence Cohn
Journal: JAMA (1966)

Glucose is the carbohydrate normally found in mammalian blood and is referred to as the "blood sugar." With few exceptions, it is equally distributed in the water of the extracellular fluids; as a result of the lower water content of the red blood cells, serum or plasma glucose values average 10% to 15% greater than those of whole blood. Because of variable results that accompany differences in hematocrit values in the multiphasic system of whole blood, and because plasma is the transport medium,<sup>1-2</sup>it appears desirable to determine glucose levels in serum or plasma. The concentration is optimally quantitated by specific methods, preferably one of the enzymatic glucose oxidase procedures, rather than those that have come back in vogue with at least one of the automated techniques that determines total reducing substances. <h3>Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia.—</h3> Serum glucose concentrations represent the resultant of a balance between the rate of ingress
766 HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA (HCC) RISK IN HBeAg-NEGATIVE CHRONIC HEPATITIS B (CHBe−) WITH OR WITHOUT CIRRHOSIS TREATED WITH ENTECAVIR: RESULTS OF THE NATIONWIDE HepNet.Greece COHORT STUDY
Authors: G. Papatheodoridis, S. Manolakopoulos, G. Touloumi, G. Nikolopoulou, M. Raptopoulou-Gigi, C. Gogos, I. Vafiadis- Zouboulis, D. Karamanolis, A. Chouta, A. Ilias, C. Drakoulis, K.M. Mimidis, I. Ketikoglou, E. Manesis, M. Mela, G. Hatzis, G. Dalekos
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2013)
IgE anti-Borrelia Burgdorferi components (p18, p31, p34, p41, p45, p60) and increased blood CD8+CD60+ T cells in children with lyme disease
Authors: J. Robin, M.H. Bluth, M. Ruditzky, K. Norowitz, S. Chice, E. Pytlak, M. Nowakowski, H.G. Durkin, T.A. Smith-Norowitz
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2005)
Mortality from sickle cell disease in Africa
Authors: Graham R Serjeant
Journal: BMJ (2005)

Interest in performing dosimetry for clinical radiopharmaceutical therapy procedures has grown in recent years. Several approved therapies include dosimetry in the Food and Drug Administration–approved label instructions, and other therapies are best used under a patient-tailored paradigm. This paper, which is a product of the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Dosimetry Task Force, presents motivations and general workflows for radiopharmaceutical therapy dosimetry, as well as existing strategies for obtaining reimbursement for clinical activities related to dosimetry. Several specific patient examples are provided, including suggested codes for reimbursement. In addition to current reimbursement approaches, key dosimetry services that are not supported under the current coding structure are presented and suggested as areas of focus in the coming years.
Allergy to Marihuana
Authors: Barry Liskow, Jay L. Liss, Charles W. Parker
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1971)

A 29-year-old housewife had symptoms consistent with an anaphylactoid response after smoking a marihuana cigarette for the first time. Scratch testing and passive transfer studies confirmed an immunologic basis for her response and indicated that it was related to the cannabinoid and perhaps specifically to the tetrahydrocannabinol component of the marihuana plant.
THE TREATMENT OF INGUINAL HERNIAS IN YOUNG INFANTS
Authors: L. Charles Rosenberg
Journal: JAMA (1924)

The treatment of inguinal hernias in infants only a few weeks old is always difficult. Appliances for this purpose are numerous. The most popular are the old-fashioned steel truss and the newer yarn truss of Fiedler. Objections to the former are many. It is cumbersome and generally fails to accomplish its purpose. The objections to the latter are that some skill and experience are required for its proper application, and this is usually not possible for the average mother. The great objection, however, to these and all other varieties is excoriation, to say nothing of the danger of infection. This is especially true in the case of the wool truss, which becomes soaked with urine and feces. Any truss applied to very young infants, particularly those that are premature, must be soft, so as not to irritate the tender skin; it must be simple enough so that it can be
Inquiry calls for checks on staff who work with elderly
Authors: D. Chadda
Journal: BMJ (1999)

An inquiry, which reported last week, found that four nurses and a healthcare assistant were guilty of directly harming patients or knowingly supporting their ill treatment at Beech House, St Pancras Hospital, in London.

As a result of the investigation, Camden and Islington Community Health Services NHS Trust, of which the hospital is a part, is calling …
Novel correlations between the genotype and the phenotype of hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy: results from the German Competence Network Heart Failure
Authors: Stephan Waldmüller, Jeanette Erdmann, Priska Binner, Götz Gelbrich, Sabine Pankuweit, Christian Geier, Bernd Timmermann, Janine Haremza, Andreas Perrot, Steffen Scheer, Rolf Wachter, Norbert Schulze‐Waltrup, Anastassia Dermintzoglou, Jost Schönberger, Wolfgang Zeh, Beate Jurmann, Turgut Brodherr, Jan Börgel, Martin Farr, Hendrik Milting, Wulf Blankenfeldt, Richard Reinhardt, Cemil Özcelik, Karl‐Josef Osterziel, Markus Loeffler, Bernhard Maisch, Vera Regitz‐Zagrosek, Heribert Schunkert, Thomas Scheffold
Journal: European Journal of Heart Failure (2011)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress–Associated Caspase 12 Mediates Cisplatin-Induced LLC-PK1 Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Hua Liu, Radhakrishna Baliga
Journal: Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (2005)

Reactive oxygen metabolites are important mediators in cisplatin-induced apoptosis in renal tubular epithelial cells (LLC-PK1). Mitochondria have been implicated to play a principal role in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Caspase 12, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-specific caspase, participates in apoptosis under ER stress. Cytochrome P450 system is crucial to the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites and is present at high concentration in the ER. The direct role of caspase 12 in any model of renal injury has not previously been described. In this study, cleavage of procaspase 12 preceded that of caspases 3 and 9 after cisplatin treatment of LLC-PK1 cells. The active form of caspase 8 was not detected throughout the course of study. Preincubation of the LLC-PK1 cells with the caspase 9 inhibitor did not attenuate caspase 3 activation and provided no significant protection. Caspase 3 inhibitor provided only modest protection against cisplatin-induced apoptosis. LLC-PK1 cells that were transfected with anti-caspase 12 antibody significantly attenuated cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Taken together, these data indicate that caspase 12 plays a pivotal role in cisplatin-induced apoptosis. It is proposed that the oxidative stress that results from the interaction of cisplatin with the ER cytochrome P450 leads to activation of procaspase 12, resulting in apoptosis.
Effects of clonidine on the reflex cardiovascular responses and release of substance P during muscle contraction.
Authors: A Ally, A F Meintjes, J H Mitchell, L B Wilson
Journal: Circulation Research (1994)

The effects of microdialyzing clonidine into the L-7 dorsal horn on the cardiovascular responses, renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA), and release of substance P (SP) evoked by static contraction of the triceps surae muscle were studied using anesthetized cats. A microdialysis probe was inserted into the spinal cord ipsilateral to the muscle being contracted or stretched. Contraction, evoked by stimulation of the distal ends of the cut L-7 and S-1 ventral roots for 1 minute, increased mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and RSNA by 48 +/- 6 mm Hg, 18 +/- 2 beats per minute, and 66 +/- 5%, respectively. Passive stretch of the same muscle for 1 minute also increased MAP, HR, and RSNA by 51 +/- 6 mm Hg, 17 +/- 2 beats per minute, and 50 +/- 3%, respectively. Microdialysis of clonidine (380 mumol/L) blunted the contraction-evoked responses: MAP, HR, and RSNA increased by 19 +/- 4 mm Hg, 7 +/- 1 beats per minute, and 24 +/- 5%, respectively. The increases elicited by passive stretch were also attenuated (MAP, 22 +/- 4 mm Hg; HR, 6 +/- 1 beats per minute; and RSNA, 15 +/- 4%). This attenuation by clonidine was dose dependent (3.8 mumol/L, 38 mumol/L, 380 mumol/L, and 3.8 mmol/L). Preadministration of the alpha 2-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine (3 mmol/L) blocked the effect of clonidine (380 mumol/L) on the cardiovascular and RSNA responses to muscle contraction. Clonidine (380 mumol/L) did not alter the release of SP in the dorsal horn during contraction (before clonidine, 0.380 +/- 0.018 fmol/100 microL; after clonidine, 0.356 +/- 0.012 fmol/100 microL).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Severe and progressive steatosis and focal necrosis in rat liver induced by continuous intragastric infusion of ethanol and low fat diet
Authors: Hidekazu Tsukamoto, Samuel W. French, Nancy Benson, George Delgado, G. Ananda Rao, Edward C. Larkin, Corey Largman
Journal: Hepatology (1985)

Blood alcohol levels (BAL) were maintained at high levels (overall mean ± S.D. achieved in 14 alcoholic rats was 216.0 ± 120.1 mg%) in male Wistar rats for 15 to 85 days by continuous intragastric infusion of ethanol and nutritionally defined low fat liquid diet. The ethanol intake was progressively increased from 32% of total calories up to 41.4% in order to maintain high BAL. Pair-fed animals received isocaloric glucose solution and the liquid diet. Despite the low level of dietary fat (4.9% of total calories), histopathological evaluation of the liver revealed severe and progressive fatty infiltration in the alcoholic rats. In addition, following 30 days of intoxication, one third of the animals showed focal necrosis with mononuclear cell infiltration in centrilobular areas of the livers. This was correlated with the markedly elevated levels of SGOT and SGPT in these animals. Pair-fed controls showed no abnormality in the morphology of liver or blood chemistry. Chemical quantitation of liver triglycerides confirmed the histological observation, with triglyceride levels of 61.51 ± 16.45 and 89.61 ± 5.94 mg per gm at 30 and 85 days, respectively. Most importantly, the degree of steatosis was tightly and significantly correlated with the mean BAL achieved (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). These data represent the first confirmation of the hypothesis that continuously high BAL correlate with the severity of alcohol-induced liver pathology.
Optimal Electrical Stimulus for Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis
Authors: A. N. Nicolaides, V. V. Kakkar, E. S. Field, P. Fish
Journal: BMJ (1972)

The most effective electrical stimulus to the calf muscles which prevents stasis in the soleal veins during operation was determined. This was subsequently used in a clinical trial and was shown to produce a 92% relative reduction in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis as determined by the <sup>125</sup>I-fibrinogen test.
Sports injuries in adolescents' ball games: soccer, handball and basketball.
Authors: J Yde, A B Nielsen
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1990)

In a prospective study of 302 adolescent players in three ball games (soccer, handball and basketball), 119 incurred injuries. The injury incidence (number of injuries per 1000 playing hours) was 5.6 in soccer, 4.1 in handball and 3.0 in basketball. Ankle sprains accounted for 25 per cent of the injuries, finger sprains 32 per cent, strains in the thigh and leg 10 per cent, and tendinitis/apophysitis 12 per cent. The most serious injuries were four fractures, one anterior cruciate ligament rupture, and two meniscus lesions. The most serious injuries, with the longest rehabilitation period, occurred in soccer. In soccer, many injuries occurred during tackling and contact with an opposing player, while the injuries in handball and basketball were often caused by ball contact and running.
ABC of clinical electrocardiography: Broad complex tachycardia---Part I
Authors: J. Edhouse
Journal: BMJ (2002)

This article continues the discussion, started last week, on ventricular tachycardias and also examines how to determine whether a broad complex tachycardia is ventricular or supraventricular in origin.



Fascicular ventricular tachycardia (note the right bundle branch block pattern and left axis deviation)



### Fascicular tachycardia

Fascicular tachycardia is uncommon and not usually associated with underlying structural heart disease. It originates from the region of the posterior fascicle (or occasionally the anterior fascicle) of the left bundle branch and is partly propagated by the His-Purkinje network. It therefore produces QRS complexes of relatively short duration (0.11-0.14 s). Consequently, this arrhythmia is commonly misdiagnosed as a supraventricular tachycardia.



Right ventricular outflow track tachycardia



The QRS complexes have a right bundle branch block pattern, often with a small Q wave rather than primary R wave in lead V1 and a deep S wave in lead V6. When the tachycardia originates from the posterior fascicle the frontal plane axis of the QRS complex is deviated to the left; when it originates from the anterior fascicle, right axis deviation is seen.

### Right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia

This tachycardia originates from the right ventricular outflow tract, and the impulse spreads inferiorly. The electrocardiogram typically shows right axis deviation, with a left bundle branch block pattern. The tachycardia may be brief and self terminating or sustained, and it may be provoked by catecholamine release, sudden changes in heart rate, and exercise. The tachycardia usually responds to drugs such as β blockers or calcium antagonists. Occasionally the arrhythmia stops with adenosine treatment and so may be misdiagnosed as a supraventricular tachycardia.

### Torsades de pointes tachycardia

Torsades de pointes (“twisting of points”) is a type of polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in which the cardiac axis rotates over a sequence of 5-20 beats, changing from one direction to another and back again. The QRS amplitude varies similarly, such that the complexes appear to …
Positron Computed Tomography for Studies of Myocardial and Cerebral Function
Authors: MICHAEL E. PHELPS
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1983)

Positron computed tomography is a noninvasive medical imaging technique. Biologically active, radiolabeled compounds are administered intravenously to patients and the distribution of the radioactivity is quantitatively measured. By using appropriate mathematical models and labeled compounds, quantitative measurements of local metabolism, blood flow and volume, protein synthesis, transport, receptor binding, drug kinetics, and concentrations can be obtained noninvasively. This technique goes beyond medical imaging; it allows local analytic assays of biochemical reactions. In the heart, the technique measures local blood flow as well as myocardial free fatty acid and glucose metabolism, and can clinically evaluate patients with ischemic heart disease or cardiomyopathies. In the brain, positron computed tomography can be used to examine alterations in blood flow and metabolism including ischemia and degenerative disorders (Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease), cerebral tumors, and epilepsy. In normal persons, positron computed tomography shows cerebral activations resulting from physiologic stimulation (auditory and visual).
A Vitamin K Analogue in Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: J. M. Macfie, A. L. Bacharach, M. R. A. Chance
Journal: BMJ (1939)

Attempts to isolate, identify, and synthesize vitamin K led to the discovery that 2-methyl-l 4-naphthoquinone (formula 1), though not identical with any of the naturally occurring forms of the vitamin, had anti-haemorrhagic properties when tested on chickens
478 RECURRENCE PRIMARY BILIARY CIRRHOSIS AFTER LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: THE EFFECT OF AZATHIOPRINE
Authors: P. Manousou, V. Arvaniti, E. Tsochatzis, G. Germani, N. Rolando, M. Pleguezuelo, K. Jones, J. O'Beirne, D. Patch, A.P. Dhillon, A.K. Burroughs
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2009)
Madness in Society: Chapters in the Historical Sociology of Mental Illness
Authors: Marjorie C. Meehan
Journal: JAMA (1968)

In all human groups, some individuals behave in deviant ways. How they are regarded varies greatly. They may be seen as sick, or crazy, or sinful, or possessed (perhaps by devils or else by beneficent spirits). The community may offer them care, abuse, punishment, or admiration. They may be hidden by their families, exposed to public derision, driven away, or confined in institutions. For some many years Rosen has studied "the historical sociology of mental illness," by which he means not the history of psychiatry but the history of how different societies have regarded and cared for the mentally ill. Between 1959 and 1964 he published eight papers in this field, dealing with the Western world from the Middle Ages to the present. In the present volume he brings these papers together, with new chapters on ancient Palestine, Greece, and Rome. Thus he offers a history of occidental attitudes to
Open-access endoscopy service for general practitioners.
Authors: G Holdstock, M Wiseman, C A Loehry
Journal: BMJ (1979)

An open-access general-practitioner referral service for endoscopy of the upper gastrointestinal tract was established in a district general hospital, and the impact of the service over three years was assessed. The reason for referral, duration of symptoms, and amount of disease detected were the same in patients referred by general practitioners and those attending from hospital outpatient departments. Despite a steady increase in the number of patients referred for endoscopy, the number of barium-meal examinations performed did not correspondingly decrease. The number of ulcers and cancers detected in each six-month period of the study did not increase, and the combined overall pick-up rate for these two conditions fell from 25% to 13%. All general practitioners in the area were sent questionnaires. Most thought that clinic referral had been reduced and patient management helped as a result of the introduction of the service. While the value of negative endoscopic findings cannot be assessed, there is little objective evidence of benefit. Hence the large increase in numbers of endoscopies performed as a result of the introduction of the service cannot be justified.
Self-monitoring of blood glucose in diabetic pregnancy.
Authors: I Peacock, J C Hunter, S Walford, S P Allison, J Davison, P Clarke, E M Symonds, R B Tattersall
Journal: BMJ (1979)

Admission to hospital is usually recommended to achieve the best possible diabetic control during pregnancy. We have used blood glucose monitoring at home to find out if patients can achieve equally good control outside hospital. Twenty-five consecutive diabetic patients were studied, of whom 20 had taken insulin before pregnancy. Six of their 14 previous pregnancies had ended in perinatal death. The 25 women performed 4247 blood glucose measurements during their pregnancies. Overall the mean blood glucose concentration was 7.1 mmol/l (128 mg/100 ml); before meals the mean was 6.5 mmol/l (117 mg/100 ml). Mean concentrations were lower in the third trimester, but at no stage was control in hospital significantly better than at home. The mean hospital stay before delivery was 22 days, and all patients had live babies. Monitoring blood glucose concentrations at home produces greater understanding and motivation among patients, improves control early in pregnancy, and shortens time spent in hospital.
Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in chronic active hepatitis.
Authors: P Bories, P Coursaget, A Goudeau, C Degott, P Maupas, J P Benhamou
Journal: BMJ (1978)

Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc), which has been assumed to be a more sensitive indicator of hepatitis B virus replication than hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), was detected in the sera of 26 of our 65 patients with HBsAg-negative chronic active hepatitis. Thus despite the absence of HBsAg the liver disease could be the consequence of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus in these patients. They differed, however, from a group of 35 patients with HBsAg-positive hepatitis in being older on average and having less active liver lesions. The two groups could represent either two stages of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus or two types of response to it.
Substance Use and Abuse-Reply
Authors: Patrick H. Hughes
Journal: JAMA (1991)

<h3>In Reply.</h3> —The letter from Ms Thomson raises two issues. First, she asks if there are objective guidelines to define when the dose, frequency, and chronicity of substance use becomes abuse. The answer, to our knowledge, is no. The<i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Revised Third Edition</i>of the American Psychiatric Association<sup>1</sup>contains currently accepted criteria for diagnosis of substance abuse and dependence. However, the criteria address the symptoms and dysfunction experienced by patients who use dependence-producing substances. The criteria do not define the specific amount of drug taken. Those who conduct alcohol and drug questionnaire surveys tend not to follow these criteria, however, as they were developed for use by a trained professional in direct contact with the patient. But questionnaire surveys can measure frequency of substance use, and some researchers equate certain frequencies of substance use with abuse. For example, a recent study of physicians defined four or