tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Infectious AIDS: Have We Been Misled?
Authors: S. W G Derbyshire
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Peter H Duesberg North Atlantic Books, £15.99, pp 582 ISBN 1 55643 195 3

Infectious AIDS is a collection of papers by Peter Duesberg arguing that AIDS is not a consequence of viral infection but of extended exposure to pathogens from illicit drugs or unpurified factor VIII. It is a view that has caused Duesberg to be shunned.

According to the book's preface by Richard C Strohman, in 1987 Duesberg was an active and very successful molecular biologist “at the top of his career” with a promising future. In 1992, however, renewal of his prestigious Outstanding Investigator Award Grant was refused. This was followed, and preceded, by a score of other refusals. Today his research is at a halt. Supporters of Duesberg contend that his ideas were …
Prognosis of gastric cancer.
Authors: B A Scobie
Journal: BMJ (1971)

67low.Cases due to drugs or unknown causes are more difficult to treat and carry a fairly high mortality.Steroids are usually given in these cases and sometimes appear to be life-saving, but as resolution is so swift once the toxaemic stage has passed their real value is difficult to assess.Ex- pert nursing care is of paramount importance.
OTC Drug Review and Toxic Anachronisms
Authors: Carol R. Angle
Journal: JAMA (1975)

To the Editor.—  The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is in the midst of a major scientific review, by 17 extramural advisory panels, of all of the ingredients in over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. One such hard-working panel, which included myself, recently submitted its report on laxatives, antidiarrheals, antiemetics, and emetics, as published in theFederal Register.1Industry and other interested persons have 60 days in which to reply to the initial reports, following which the FDA may utilize the panel's advice to issue a final monograph defining the safe and effective ingredients of a class of products. The monograph on antacids is already in effect, and the antimicrobial panel is currently undergoing final review by the FDA.  Physicians should be aware not only of the scope of this endeavor but of the opportunity to eliminate unsafe and often anachronistic compounds still sold OTC. The Laxative Panel, for example, classified as
Restenosis of Mitral Valve: A Study of 100 Cases Treated by Operation
Authors: J. R. Belcher, R. L. Gupta
Journal: BMJ (1964)

EDICAsL JoURNA 871 the count was repeated a week later it was found to be normal and there was no recurrence.No other toxic effects in the blood-forming organs were noted.The frequent alterations in the biochemical investigations were studied carefully, but statistically significant alterations were found only in the case of the serum alkaline phosphatase estimations at the third and sixth months of treatment.Camerini-Davalos et al. (1962) have reported that the serum alkaline phosphatase and other liver-function tests are abnormal in 10% of diabetic patients irrespective of therapy.In this series nearly half the group showed a rise in the alkaline phos- phatase during some stage of the trial, while in 20% (all but one of whom were untreated) the level was raised before aceto- hexamide was started.We do not know what importance to attach to this observation, which has been described by other workers (Boshell et al., 1962; Field and Tyroler, 1963).Our patients showed no clinical evidence of ill-health, and we did not discontinue the drug as a result of this finding.Certainly, the evidence of an abnormal alkaline phosphatase level suggests a possible deleterious effect of the drug on the liver, but we did not observe any other significant biochemical disturbance or clinical findings to support this conclusion.It is conceivable that acetohexamide might possess an extrahepatic activity, so that an effect on kidney or osteoblast metabolism remains a hypothetical possibility.It is clear that further investigation into the importance or otherwise of the alkaline phosphatase response during acetohexamide therapy is needed.It is because of this finding that we hesitate to give the drug our unqualified recommendation.
The simple truth is seldom true and never simple: Dual role for p75NTR in transdifferentation and cell death of hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Albert Geerts
Journal: Hepatology (2007)

Differentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to extracellular matrix- and growth factor-producing cells supports liver regeneration through promotion of hepatocyte proliferation. We show that the neurotrophin receptor p75NTR, a tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member expressed in HSCs after fibrotic and cirrhotic liver injury in humans, is a regulator of liver repair. In mice, depletion of p75NTR exacerbated liver pathology and inhibited hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. p75 NTR−/− HSCs failed to differentiate to myofibroblasts and did not support hepatocyte proliferation. Moreover, inhibition of p75NTR signaling to the small guanosine triphosphatase Rho resulted in impaired HSC differentiation. Our results identify signaling from p75NTR to Rho as a mechanism for the regulation of HSC differentiation to regeneration-promoting cells that support hepatocyte proliferation in the diseased liver.
Abstract P1-04-02: The role of the mTORC1/S6K1 signaling pathway in ER-positive breast cancer.
Authors: MK Holz, HA Unger, A Sedletcaia
Journal: Cancer Research (2012)

Abstract The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central signaling node in mediating cellular responses to mitogens, hormones and nutrients. The 40S ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the AGC family of protein kinases, which also includes Akt, RSK and many others. S6K1 is the principal kinase effector downstream mTORC1. S6K1 is sensitive to a wide range of signaling inputs, including growth factors, amino acids, energy levels, and hypoxia. S6K1 relays these signals to regulate a growing list of substrates and interacting proteins in control of oncogenic processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, cell survival and apoptosis, and cell migration and invasion. Growing evidence indicates that there exists a close interaction between the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling. Notably, endocrine resistance is often associated with ligand-independent activation of ERα signaling due to hyperactivation of the mTORC1 signaling pathway, and can be reversed by the mTORC1 inhibitor everolimus in vitro. Several lines of evidence suggest an important role for S6K1 in ER-positive breast cancer. We demonstrated that S6K1 directly phosphorylates ERα on Ser167, leading to activation of its transcriptional activity. While the MAPK-regulated p90 RSK also contributes to phosphorylation of this site, its contribution is early and transient, while the phosphorylation of Ser167 by S6K1 is prolonged and sustained. Intriguingly, we also found that S6K1 expression is estrogenically regulated. This regulation involves the transcription factor GATA-3 and others. Thus it appears that S6K1 expression is maintained in two modes: a basal level of expression, typical of normal cells, and an estrogen/ERα-dependent specific upregulation. Therefore, there exists a feed-forward regulatory loop whereby S6K1 activates ERα transcriptional activity, leading to increased expression of S6K1. This finding is of great interest since it not only sheds light on the mode of transcriptional regulation of S6K1 expression, but may help understand the role of S6K1 overexpression and activation in the development and progression of breast cancer. Therefore, hyperactivation of mTORC1/S6K1 signaling may be closely related to ER-positive status in breast cancer, and may be utilized as a marker for prognosis and a therapeutic target. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-04-02.
"Death" from Lightning—And the Possibility of Living Again
Authors: HELEN B. TAUSSIG
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1968)

This article reviews a number of examples of persons who were struck by lightning and recovered. Statistics indicated that more persons recover after being struck than are killed. A person struck by lightning is instantaneously rendered unconscious. Heart action and respiration cease. Spontaneous recovery may occur if respiratory narcosis is not too long. The heart usually starts in sinus rhythm with marked bradycardia. Minor electrocardiographic changes are common; myocardial infarction is rare. When the patient first regains consciousness he may be mute and unable to move. Burns may be severe but heal remarkably easily. Transient headache and hypertension are common. Fractures of the limbs or skull may occur when the person is thrown to the ground. Most of the reports concern spontaneous recovery. In strikingly few reports was any effort made to resuscitate the person who had been killed. Nevertheless, the report of Ravitch and colleagues shows the importance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and prolonged artificial respiration for a person who appears to have been killed by lightning. Furthermore if recovery occurs, it is usually complete except for possible impairment or loss of sight or hearing. In my opinion, if a group of persons are struck by lightning, attention should first be directed to the dead, because those who show signs of life will in all probability recover even though burns or injuries may need treatment.
Effect of activated protein C on pulmonary blood flow and cytokine production in experimental acute lung injury
Authors: Jean-Christophe Richard, Fabienne Bregeon, Véronique Leray, Didier Le Bars, Nicolas Costes, Christian Tourvieille, Franck Lavenne, Mojgan Devouassoux-Shisheboran, Gerard Gimenez, Claude Guerin
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (2007)
Tissue-engineered vascular grafts composed of marine collagen and PLGA fibers using pulsatile perfusion bioreactors
Authors: Sung In Jeong, So Yeon Kim, Seong Kwan Cho, Moo Sang Chong, Kyung Soo Kim, Hyuck Kim, Sang Bong Lee, Young Moo Lee
Journal: Biomaterials (2006)
RISK OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE IN RELATIVES OF PROBANDS WITH CONOTRUNCAL CARDIAC DEFECTS: AN EVALUATION OF 1622 FAMILIES
Authors: Shabnam Peyvandi, Eitan Ingall, Stacy Woyciechowski, Jennifer Garbarini, Laura E. Mitchell, Elizabeth Goldmuntz
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)
The Blalock-Taussig Operation and Subsequent Progress in Surgical Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Dan G. McNamara
Journal: JAMA (1984)

In 1945, few would have predicted the sustained worldwide interest in, and profound influence on, the surgical treatment of heart disease that would follow the report of three children operated upon for a cyanotic malformation of the heart. The paper was submitted for publication when the patients were only a few months postoperative, probably leading some critics to question whether the report of success was a little premature. The authors acknowledged and defended the promptness of the report as follows: "The results are sufficiently encouraging to warrant an early report."<sup>1</sup> The paper was not a hastily assembled report of a new procedure but included, first, a methodical exposition on the prevailing theories of the mechanism of cyanosis in congenital heart disease, then a step-by-step review of how Dr Taussig developed the concept of surgically increasing the volume of blood to the pulmonary circulation in cyanotic malformations with pulmonary stenosis
Effects of posture on carbon dioxide responsiveness in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Authors: M Satoh, W Hida, T Chonan, S Okabe, H Miki, O Taguchi, Y Kikuchi, T Takishima
Journal: Thorax (1993)

BACKGROUND--It is well known that upper airway resistance increases with postural change from a sitting to supine position in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). It is not known, however, how the postural change affects the ventilatory and occlusion pressure response to hypercapnia in patients with OSA when awake. METHODS--The responses of minute ventilation (VE) and mouth pressure 0.1 seconds after the onset of occluded inspiration (P0.1) to progressive hypercapnia (delta VE/delta PCO2, delta P0.1/delta PCO2) both in sitting and supine positions were measured in 20 patients with OSA. The ratio of the two (delta VE/delta P0.1) was obtained as an index of breathing efficiency. The postural changes in response to carbon dioxide (CO2) after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) were also compared in seven patients with OSA. RESULTS--There were no significant changes in the resting values of end tidal PCO2, P0.1, or VE between the two positions. During CO2 rebreathing, delta VE/delta PCO2 did not differ between the two positions, but delta P0.1/delta PCO2 was significantly higher in the supine than in the sitting position (supine, mean 0.67 (SE 0.09) cm H2O/mm Hg; sitting, mean 0.57 (SE 0.08) cm H2O/mm Hg), and delta VE/delta P0.1 decreased significantly from the sitting to the supine position (sitting, 4.6 (0.4) l/min/cm H2O; supine, 3.9 (0.4) l/min/cm H2O). In seven patients with OSA who underwent UPPP, delta VE/delta P0.1 improved significantly in the supine position and postural change in delta VE/delta P0.1 was eliminated. CONCLUSIONS--These results suggest that in patients with OSA the inspiratory drive in the supine position increases to maintain the same level of ventilation as in the sitting position, and that the postural change from sitting to supine reduces breathing efficiency. Load compensation mechanisms of patients with OSA appear to be intact while awake in response to the rise in upper airway resistance.
A Concept of Fitness and its Measurement in Relation to Rugby Football
Authors: R. M. Reid, C. Williams
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (1974)

Perhaps not all will agree when we say that as far as we are concerned the most important area of fitness for rugby football is that of the cardio-vascular response to a continual high level of physical output.We know that many people see other component parts as being vitally important.However, whilst being fully appreciative of the many areas and the vital parts they have to play we feel that the highest priority must be given to what we in Aberdeen have termed "runability".This is working on the supposition that if one is unable to get there competently, then one is not really taking part, this being especially true in the coaching environment at a University.Fitness is probably one of the most poorly defined words in sport, being only understood when taken to mean fitness for a specific task.Central to the meaning of fitness, when it is used in the vocabulary of participants in running games or events, is the ability to deliver oxygen from the air to the tissues efficiently, - cardiovascular respiratory fitness.In Aberdeen we define fitness (a) in terms of our understanding and Leuwen).This system can accommodate a wide range of fitness levels, but with the exception of the Aberdeen University Rugby Squad, 70/71, the majority of the testing has been confined to the Astrand and Cooper methods.Most of our testing has to be done at set periods when the students are available, therefore time is at a premium so a shorter test has distinct advantages.Perhaps the most important feature about tests should be that they will not be of such a nature as to be a deterant at a future date.
Acute Pancreatitis after Prolonged Fast and Subsequent Surfeit
Authors: William V. McDermott, Marshall K. Bartlett, Perry J. Culver
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1956)

IT has been almost customary in all reports dealing with acute pancreatitis to refer to the famous case reported by Opie.1 The appeal of this report lay in the fact that a logical cause- and-effect relation was established between the obstruction of the distal common bile duct by an impacted stone and the development of acute pancreatitis. Innumerable subsequent reports concerned with the problem of acute pancreatitis have demonstrated that a single etiologic factor cannot be implicated to explain all cases of pancreatitis. Recent reviews of the subject2 , 3 summarize well the many causes that must be considered when inflammatory disease . . .
Training for overseas doctors may not be appropriate
Authors: C. E Lennox
Journal: BMJ (1996)

Training for overseas doctors may not be appropriate EDITOR,-James Owen Drife highlights the inappropriateness of much medical work that takes place in the developing world.'Regrettably, Britain contributes much to this.Many of the doctors who attended the congress in India about which Drife writes will have received much of their medical training in Britain.How helpful was this training in addressing the real health needs (obstetric and others) in these doctors' own country?The curricula vitae of overseas doctors applying for positions in Britain often mention the doctors' desire for "subspecialty training."The attendance at the seminar on in vitro fertilisation in India reflects this attitude.As long as we continue to train overseas doctors in Britain as if they were returning to situations similar to those in western Europe and as long as the royal colleges seem to pursue the same agenda, Drife's experiences will continue.
Techniques of Autoradiography
Authors: Renato Baserga
Journal: JAMA (1967)

This book describes in detail the techniques of autoradiography as applied to biology and medicine. The last book on the subject was published by G. A. Boyd in 1955, and the progress made by autoradiography in the past 12 years has been such as to make Boyd's book obsolete. In the circumstances, the effort of Dr. Rogers is welcomed by all investigators using autoradiography to study life processes.  The book includes 18 chapters dealing variously with both the theory and practice of autoradiography. A description of nuclear emulsions and of the photographic process is given in readable form, and after treating the problem of autoradiographic resolution and efficiency, Dr. Rogers describes in more detail some of the techniques in use. These include the dip-coating technique, the stripping-film technique, and autoradiography with the electron microscope. Two subjects are treated in more detail than can be found in articles or chapters dealing
Principles of Chest Roentgenology: A Programmed Text
Authors: E. James Potchen
Journal: JAMA (1967)

<b>Cardiovascular Roentgenology: A Validated Program</b>, by Charles M. Nice, Jr., 260 pp, 98 illus, paper, $9.35, New York: Hoeber Medical Division, Harper &amp; Row, 1967. With the mass of increasing knowledge and the shortage of skilled teachers, programmed texts are assuming more importance in general education. Programmed medical texts are not yet common, and a good one is indeed rare. These books are designed to organize information systematically and facilitate its retention through progressive reinforcement. Systematic differential diagnosis in radiology lends itself to programmed instruction. <i>The Principles of Chest Roentgenology</i>emphasizes normal pulmonary anatomy and classical roentgenogram interpretation. There is a thorough discussion of the silhouette sign and air bronchogram as in Dr. Felson's previous work (<i>Fundamentals of Chest Roentgenology</i>, Saunders, 1960). Dr. Felson's outstanding ability as an educator and clinician are amply demonstrated in this text. A specific orientation to the author's interest in rib notching is well presented
Hepatitis C in Hiv–Infected Patients With and Without Aids: Prevalence and Relationship to Patient Survival
Authors: Teresa L. Wright, Harry Hollander, Xiang Pu, Michael J. Held, Peter Lipson, Stella Quan, Alan Polito, Michael M. Thaler, Peter Bacchetti, Bruce F. Scharschmidt
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

Background: Limited information is available about the prevalence of hepatitis C virus in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in relation to specific risk factors or about the influence of hepatitis C virus coinfection on survival. This retrospective study addressed these questions. Methods: The study population consisted of 512 predominantly non–intravenous drug–using male homosexuals, 224 of whom had AIDS. Samples positive for hepatitis C virus antibody by second–generation enzyme immunoassay were further tested by means of strip immunoblot assay, and for hepatitis C virus RNA by means of polymerase chain reaction amplification. A randomly selected set of enzyme immunoassay–negative samples was also tested for hepatitis C virus RNA and, if hepatitis C virus RNA positive, by a second–generation recombinant immunoblot assay. Results: The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection unaccounted for by intravenous drug use or transfusion was 11.7% by enzyme immunoassay, and 87% of sera positive by enzyme immunoassay were also positive by second–generation recombinant immunoblot assay or hepatitis C virus RNA analysis. Hepatitis C virus RNA was detectable in 53% of enzyme immunoassay–positive samples but in only about 1% of enzyme immunoassay–negative samples. Hepatitis C virus coinfection did not influence survival of HIV–infected patients with or without manifestations of AIDS. Conclusions: Hepatitis C virus infection in nontransfused, non–intravenous drug–using patients with HIV infection is several times more prevalent than in volunteer blood donors, suggesting homosexual transmission of hepatitis C virus. About half of patients seropositive for hepatitis C virus antibody have detectable hepatitis C virus RNA, and serologically occult hepatitis C virus viremia is rare. Hepatitis C virus coinfection does not appear to adversely influence survival. (Hepatology 1994;20:1152-1155).
1054-147 Use of color M-mode tissue Doppler imaging to calculate dynamic compliance of the pulmonary arteries in pulmonary hypertension: Validation in an animal model
Authors: Bibhuti B Das, Janice M Bright, June A Boon, Hsiu-Mei Yao, Craig J Lanning, Lilliam M Valdes-Cruz, Robin Shandas
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2004)