tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
The relationship between peritubular capillary protein concentration and fluid reabsorption by the renal proximal tubule
Authors: Barry M. Brenner, Kenneth H. Falchuk, Robert I. Keimowitz, Robert W. Berliner
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1969)

The relationship between peritubular capillary protein concentration and rate of sodium reabsorption by the rat proximal tubule was examined using free-flow recollection micropuncture techniques. Tubule fluid-to-plasma inulin ratios were measured before, during, and at successive intervals after brief (15-25 sec) intra-aortic injections (at the level of the renal artery) of colloid-free, isoncotic, and hyperoncotic solutions. Arterial hematocrit and protein concentrations were measured simultaneously in these rats. In other rats, total protein concentration of peritubular capillary blood plasma was determined before, during, and after these same infusions with a newly described submicroliter fiber-optic colorimeter. In the 15-25 sec interval necessary to infuse 2 ml of these test solutions, fractional and absolute sodium reabsorption varied directly with peritubular capillary colloid osmotic pressure, declining during infusion of colloid-free solutions, increasing during hyperoncotic infusions, and remaining unchanged during isoncotic infusions. In the subsequent 20-min interval after intra-aortic injection of these test solutions, capillary protein concentration remained at (isoncotic infusions) or returned to (colloid-free and hyperoncotic fluids) control values. Whereas reabsorption after colloid-free solutions returned to base line levels in parallel with the return in capillary protein concentration, after colloid infusions (which resulted in continued expansion of extracellular fluid volume), a progressive decline in reabsorption was observed. These results afford strong evidence that peritubular capillary colloid osmotic pressure is one important determinant of proximal sodium reabsorption. Nevertheless it is apparent that mechanisms other than or in addition to this must be invoked to explain the delayed inhibition of reabsorption that accompanies expansion of extracellular fluid volume by colloid solutions.
The Collection of Data on Hospital Patients — The Massachusetts Health Data Consortium Approach
Authors: Paul M. Densen, Jonathan E. Fielding, Jacob Getson, Elliot Stone
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1980)

Data on hospital patients are used by planning and regulatory bodies to determine the future of hospitals and particular services and to establish criteria for reimbursement programs. Health planners and regulators approached hospital administrators with overlapping requests for patient data during the 1970's. Reliance on these data by federal, state, and regional health agencies led to widespread concern about the availability, quality, and comparability of the data. This article discusses one organizational approach to these concerns.The Airlie House conference of 1969 was convened by the National Center for Health Services Research, the National Center for Health Statistics, and the . . .
Adenovirus 12 E1A gene detection by polymerase chain reaction in both the normal and coeliac duodenum.
Authors: M Lawler, P Humphries, C O'Farrelly, H Hoey, O Sheils, M Jeffers, D S O'Briain, D Kelleher
Journal: Gut (1994)

A 12 amino acid sequence from the adenovirus 12 E1B protein is homologous at the protein level with a similar 12-mer derived from the wheat protein A-gliadin. It has been suggested that exposure to Ad 12 could sensitise individuals to gliadins with resultant gluten sensitive enteropathy. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to analyse duodenal biopsy tissue from patients with coeliac disease for the presence of Ad 12. The sensitivity of the assay system was at least 1 in 10(5) cells and specificity was confirmed both by probing with an internal oligonucleotide and by direct sequencing. Ad 12 sequences were detected in three of 17 patients with adult coeliac disease and in five of 16 adult controls with normal duodenal biopsies. Since exposure to the virus would be predicted to occur in infancy we also studied patients with childhood coeliac disease diagnosed at less than 1 year of age. Ad 12 was positive in three of 10 childhood coeliac patients and one of seven controls. In addition, we studied a cohort of patients who presented with a diarrhoeal illness and associated anti alpha gliadin antibodies in 1983. These patients had duodenal biopsies performed at this time. One of three patients with abnormal histology had detectable Ad 12 while two of 14 with normal findings were positive for Ad 12. Finally, the potential oncogenic nature of Ad 12 prompted examination of a group of patients with intestinal tumours. Ad 12 DNA was, however, in only two of 19 tumour samples tested. These data indicate that Ad 12 can be successfully detected using PCR on paraffin embedded tissue. Furthermore, Ad 12 was detected at a relatively high level in normal duodenum. The results do not, however, support the hypothesis that prior exposure to Ad 12 is implicated in the pathogenesis of coeliac disease.
Patients with suspected rheumatoid arthritis should be referred early to rheumatology
Authors: Kimme L Hyrich
Journal: BMJ (2008)

outcome.Clinical features, in particular uncontrolled hypertension, heavy proteinuria (>1 g/24 h), and recurrent urinary tract infections have an independent and cumulative negative effect on the outcome of pregnancy.Women with moderate to severe disease (stages 3-5) are at highest risk of complications during pregnancy and of an accelerated decline in renal function.Successful management of women with chronic kidney disease during pregnancy requires team work between primary care clinicians, midwives, specialists, and the patient.Frequent monitoring of simple clinical and biochemical features will guide timely expert intervention to achieve optimal pregnancy outcome and conservation of maternal renal function.
The age and evolution of non-LTR retrotransposable elements
Authors: H. S. Malik, W. D. Burke, T. H. Eickbush
Journal: Molecular Biology and Evolution (1999)

A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was conducted of non-long-terminal-repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons based on an extended sequence alignment of their reverse transcriptase (RT) domain. The 440 amino acid positions used included a region proposed to be similar to the "thumb" of the right-handed RT structure found in retroviruses. All identified non-LTR elements could be grouped into 11 distinct clades. Using the rates of sequence change derived from studies of the vertical inheritance of R1 and R2 elements in arthropods as a comparison, we found no evidence for the horizontal transmission of non-LTR elements. Assuming vertical descent, the phylogeny suggested that non-LTR elements are as old as eukaryotes, with each of the 11 clades dating back to the Precambrian era. The analysis enabled us to propose a simple chronology for the acquisition of different enzymatic domains in the evolution of the non-LTR class of retrotransposons. The first non-LTR elements were sequence specific by virtue of a restriction-enzyme-like endonuclease located downstream of the RT domain. Evolving from this original group were elements (eight clades) that acquired an apurinic-apyrimidic endonuclease-like domain upstream of the RT domain. Finally, four of these clades have inherited an RNase H domain downstream of the RT domain. The phylogenies of the AP endonuclease and RNase H domains were also determined for this report and are consistent with the monophyletic acquisition of these domains. These studies represent the most comprehensive effort to date to trace the evolution of a major class of transposable elements.
The FDA's New Procedures for the Use of Investigational Drugs in Treatment
Authors: Frank E. Young
Journal: JAMA (1988)

The Food and Drug Administration has established new procedures to make promising investigational drugs available for treatment of patients with immediately life-threatening or serious diseases as early in the drug development process as possible and well before general marketing begins. The purpose of this article is to inform the medical community about these new procedures and to facilitate their implementation. Examples of immediately life-threatening and serious diseases are given and the procedures that physicians should use to obtain a drug under the new regulations are described. The treatment use of zidovudine (Retrovir), while still in the investigational phase, is described as a case study. The article also summarizes the Food and Drug Administration's new procedures under which drug sponsors can charge for investigational drugs.
Dynamic Anisotropic Viscoelastic Properties of the Aorta in Living Dogs
Authors: DOLI J. PATEL, JOSEPH S. JANICKI, RAMESH N. VAISHNAV, JOHN T. YOUNG
Journal: Circulation Research (1973)

The purpose of this paper is to describe the incremental dynamic anisotropic viscoelastic properties of the middle descending thoracic aorta in ten living dogs. A segment of the middle descending thoracic aorta was isolated in situ and connected to a reservoir filled with oxygenated blood. The height of the reservoir could be adjusted to impress a known pressure on the segment. In addition, a sinusoidal fluid displacement pump was connected to this assembly to superimpose small sinusoidal pressures at various frequencies (0-5 Hz); in another phase of the experiment small sinusoidal changes in length were also imposed on the segment. The pressure, the longitudinal force, and the length of the segment were monitored continuously with specially designed transducers. From these data, the incremental elastic ( E ') and the viscous ( E '') moduli in the circumferential (θ), longitudinal ( z ), and radial (γ) directions were calculated around a given state of strain in the physiological range. In general, the viscoelastic moduli were functions of the initial stretches, indicating the nonlinear nature of the arterial wall. Within the physiological range of pressure, E z ' &gt; E θ ' &gt; E γ ' ( P &lt; 0.01) and E z '' &gt; E γ '' &gt; E θ '' (P &lt; 0.01). These results indicated that the vessel wall was anisotropic, having its largest values of elastic and viscous moduli in the longitudinal direction. The ratio of E ' / E ' &lt; 0.123 at 2 Hz, indicating a small viscous component relative to its elastic counterpart. The elastic moduli increased markedly from 0-2 Hz and then settled down to a relatively constant value; this finding was consistent with previously published data. The values of E z ' and E z '' from the in vivo experiments were higher than those from the in vitro experiments, and the difference was attributed to the vascular tethering present in the in vivo state.
Eosinophilic colitis associated with larvae of the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis
Authors: L.X. Liu, J. Chi, M.P. Upton, L.R. Ash
Journal: The Lancet (1995)

Various helmintic parasites, most of which are uncommon in economically developed countries, can cause abdominal pain and eosinophilic inflammation of the bowel. A homosexual man presented with severe abdominal pain and haemorrhagic colitis, eosinophilic inflammation of the ileum and colon, and numerous unidentifiable larval nematodes in diarrhoeal stool. His symptoms resolved with anthelmintic treatment alone. Using comparative morphology and molecular cloning of nematode ribosomal RNA genes, we identified the parasites as larvae of the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis, which are rarely observed or associated with disease. Occult enterobiasis is widely prevalent and may be a cause of unexplained eosinophilic enterocolitis.
Microbiome manipulation modifies sex-specific risk for autoimmunity
Authors: Janet GM Markle, Daniel N Frank, Khosrow Adeli, Martin von Bergen, Jayne S Danska
Journal: Gut Microbes (2014)

Despite growing evidence for a causal role of environmental factors in autoimmune diseases including the rise in disease frequencies over the past several decades we lack an understanding of how particular environmental exposures modify disease risk. In addition, many autoimmune diseases display sex-biased incidence, with females being disproportionately affected but the mechanisms underlying this sex bias remain elusive. Emerging evidence suggests that both host metabolism and immune function is crucially regulated by the intestinal microbiome. Recently, we showed that in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), the gut commensal microbial community strongly impacts the pronounced sex bias in T1D risk by controlling serum testosterone and metabolic phenotypesCitation1. Here we present new data in the NOD model that explores the correlations between microbial phylogeny, testosterone levels, and metabolic phenotypes, and discuss the future of microbiome-centered analysis and microbe-based therapeutic approaches in autoimmune diseases.
Evaluation of the role of miR-31-dependent reduction in dystrophin and nNOS on atrial-fibrillation-induced electrical remodelling in man
Authors: Svetlana Reilly, Xing Liu, Ricardo Carnicer, Timothy Rajakumar, Rana Sayeed, George Krasopoulos, Sander Verheule, Tudor Fulga, Ulrich Schotten, Barbara Casadei
Journal: The Lancet (2015)
THE ARTHRITIC DIATHESIS.
Authors: R. ALEXANDER BATE
Journal: JAMA (1899)

The term ''diathesis'' is applied to an inherited predisposition to alterations of nutrition. Nutrition consists of the transformation of non-living molecules into living cells (assimilation) which undergo chemic changes with oxygen (reaction), producing waste material that in time is thrown off to make room for fresh cells (disassimilation). Nutrition is controlled by the nervous system, and is modified by age, sex, climate, food, geographic and geologic position, occupations, manners and customs, hygienic conditions, variations of light, heat, moisture and atmosphere (environment). Continuous subjection to any of these conditions modifying nutrition becomes apparent in the progeny of individuals; and this functional alteration of nutrition, causes a predisposition to pathologic conditions, or a pathologic condition itself, known as diathesis. Bouchard defines ''constitution'' as including all that is concerned with the structure and framework of the body; while the word "temperament" includes everything that pertains to the individual characteristics and functional activity. Constitution
THE ALKALINE TIDE IN ACHLORHYDRIA
Authors: S. A. MUNFORD
Journal: JAMA (1926)

It is well known that when duplicate gastric analyses are carried out the results of the two tests are often quite different. Not infrequently one test will show an absence of hydrochloric acid, while in another done at about the same time acid will be found. It has seemed worth while to try to develop some technic which would sort out the doubtful cases for further study, and so to avoid errors in diagnosis which may sometimes be of considerable importance. It seemed probable that an absence of the changes known as the   in the urine might occur in cases of achlorhydria, and that urine studies might provide a method for the purpose.  The alkaline tide is a decreased acidity, or increased alkalinity, which is observed in the urine of most subjects during the day. The evidence seems to show that an increased alkalinity that develops during the
Equal Space for Swedish Health Care
Authors: OTTO NEURATH
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1977)

To the editor: The June 1977 issue contains a paper by the well-known Swedish physician Gunnar Biörck, in which the author writes about the pitfalls of socialized medicine in Sweden. In his introduction, he states that his paper was an answer to the "'pro'-socialized-medicine" views, expressed by a Dr. Bror Rexed at a meeting on Swedish health care held at the University of Chicago in April 1976. I believe that according to the old principle "audiatur et altera pars" (let the other side be heard also), Dr. Rexed's paper should be published in Annals of Internal Medicine. It is only
Molecular Pathogenesis of Cutaneous Melanocytic Neoplasms
Authors: Nageatte Ibrahim, Frank G. Haluska
Journal: Annual Review of Pathology Mechanisms of Disease (2008)

Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer without an effective treatment. An understanding of the genetic basis of melanoma has recently shed light on some of the mechanisms of melanomagenesis. This review explores the major genes involved in familial and sporadic cutaneous melanoma with an emphasis on CDKN2A, CDK4, MC1R, and MAPK pathway targets (e.g., RAS and BRAF), apoptosis regulators (e.g., BCL-2, AKT, and APAF-1), and the tumor-suppressor genes TP53 and PTEN. New directions for therapeutics based on our current knowledge of the genes implicated in melanoma are also discussed.
Acute and chronic effects of transient myocardial ischemia on sympathetic nerve activity, density, and norepinephrine content
Authors: M. W. Dae, J.W. O'Connell, E. H. Botvinick, M. C. Chin
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (1995)

The sympathetic nervous system has profound influences on myocardial function, particularly during ischemia. There is controversy, however, as to whether myocardial ischemia results in damage to myocardial sympathetic nerves coursing through the ischemic territory. To further evaluate these issues, we assessed the acute and chronic effects of transient myocardial ischemia on sympathetic nerve function and morphology.A total of 20 dogs were studied. For acute studies (n = 9), we performed serial dynamic imaging of I-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) washout during coronary occlusion and reperfusion, and assessed residual myocardial perfusion with thallium-201. For chronic studies (n = 11), we assessed sympathetic innervation and perfusion 11 days following a transient intracoronary balloon occlusion. Imaging results were correlated with electrocardiographic responses, histology, and tissue norepinephrine (NE).In the acute studies, regional MIBG washout increased more than 2-fold in the ischemic territory compared to the control region during coronary occlusion (14.2 +/- 2.3 vs. 5.9 +/- 1.2%, P < 0.01). Tissue NE was reduced in the ischemic territory compared to the non-ischemic territory (335 +/- 162 vs. 751 +/- 190 ng/g, P < 0.01). Myocardial perfusion was normal. In the chronic studies, 9/11 dogs showed ischemic ECG changes during balloon occlusion, and developed ventricular arrhythmias. On follow-up imaging, 5/11 dogs showed reduced MIBG uptake relative to thallium, in viable myocardium overlying necrotic subendocardium, reduced NE (226 +/- 77 vs. 733 +/- 82 ng/g in control regions, P < 0.01), decreased nerve density, and a larger extent of denervation than scar (25.5 +/- 3.7 vs. 8.2 +/- 2.7%, P < 0.02). Six of 11 dogs showed normal innervation patterns.These studies suggest that the sympathetic nerves are acutely affected in regions of myocardial ischemia as detected by enhanced regional washout of MIBG. In addition, chronic sympathetic nerve denervation can occur in the absence of transmural myocardial necrosis; however, the occurrence of transient ischemia does not predict the development of chronic denervation. The severity of ischemia, as evidenced by the extent of the related necrosis, does appear to predict chronic denervation. The severity of ischemia, as evidenced by the extent of the related necrosis, does appear to predict chronic denervation. The mechanisms leading to chronic denervation of sympathetic nerves in the absence of transmural infarction remain to be defined.
Leukemia Stem Cells and Microenvironment: Biology and Therapeutic Targeting
Authors: Marina Y. Konopleva, Craig T. Jordan
Journal: Journal of Clinical Oncology (2011)

Acute myelogenous leukemia is propagated by a subpopulation of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). In this article, we review both the intrinsic and extrinsic components that are known to influence the survival of human LSCs. The intrinsic factors encompass regulators of cell cycle and prosurvival pathways (such as nuclear factor kappa B [NF-κB], AKT), pathways regulating oxidative stress, and specific molecular components promoting self-renewal. The extrinsic components are generated by the bone marrow microenvironment and include chemokine receptors (CXCR4), adhesion molecules (VLA-4 and CD44), and hypoxia-related proteins. New strategies that exploit potentially unique properties of the LSCs and their microenvironment are discussed.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF NEPHRITIS AND NEPHROSIS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: JOSEPH L. BAER
Journal: JAMA (1922)

ulcer cases.I deny that Dr. Carman sees his cases at the stage the rest of us do.Just recently, in reviewing my cases of ulcer, I was interested in noting how they ran as to time ; and the stage at which they came to office consultation varied from six months to twenty years.I should like to have you go to the Mayo Clinic and find out whether Dr. Carman sees those cases in the first two or three or four months after the patient has complained of symptoms.His cases are not acute by any means.
Clinical Characteristics of Renovascular Hypertension
Authors: Norman Simon
Journal: JAMA (1972)

Clinical characteristics of 175 patients with renovascular hypertension cured by surgery were compared with those of 339 patients with essential hypertension. Significant variables included abdominal or flank bruit, age, sex, race, duration and acceleration of hypertension, family history, symptoms, history of arterial occlusive disease outside of the kidney, body habitus, systolic blood pressure, orthostatic change in blood pressure, severity of retinopathy, cardiomegaly, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and cholesterol levels, serum potassium and carbon dioxide contents, urinary casts, proteinuria, and bacteria. Some of the differences between the two populations were no longer apparent after matching 131 pairs of patients according to age, sex, race, and diastolic blood pressure. Patients cured by surgery were compared with patients who were improved, who failed to respond, and who had surgical deaths. In patients with atherosclerotic lesions, those who failed to respond had hypertension of longer duration and were more likely to show left ventricular hypertrophy than the cured patients. Those with surgical death had more widespread atherosclerosis, cardiac damage, and renal functional impairment.