tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
589 Hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C: a multicenter study of US veterans
Authors: K HU, R CHEUNG, S CURRIE, E BINI, H SHEN, B ANAND, L JEFFERS, S HO, N BRAU, W SCHMIDT
Journal: Hepatology (2003)

Euclidean norm calculations arise frequently in scientific and engineering applications. Several approximations for this norm with differing complexity and accuracy have been proposed in the literature. Earlier approaches [1], [2], [3] were based on minimizing the maximum error. Recently, Seol and Cheun [4] proposed an approximation based on minimizing the average error. In this paper, we first examine these approximations in detail, show that they fit into a single mathematical formulation, and compare their average and maximum errors. We then show that the maximum errors given by Seol and Cheun are significantly optimistic.
Benefits Agency always holds consent before approaching healthcare professionals for information
Authors: M. Aylward
Journal: BMJ (1997)

Editor-I cannot agree with Simon J Ellis's conclusion that a fifth of reports provided to the Benefits Agency are provided without the patient's full consent.1 When dealing with a person's claim to a state benefit the Benefits Agency takes several steps to ensure that consent to obtain information from a third party is held. Consent has to be furnished on the various claim forms, questionnaires, and certificates used when a person applies for benefit. The agency will always hold consent before approaching a healthcare professional …
INNOCENT FIBROMYOMA OF THE UTERUS.
Authors: THOMAS B. EASTMAN
Journal: JAMA (1905)

During the last few years there has appeared in the surgical literature a number of articles wherein the writers have advocated the removal of practically all fibromyomata of the uterus. This position has been taken for the most part on the ground that in many cases complications threatening life, such as the various diseases of the tubes and ovaries, etc., were found which warranted the removal of these structures together with the uterus itself. It is my purpose to urge that in a very large proportion or in practically all fibroid tumors there exists in the tumor itself at the time of diagnosis, or will exist with considerable degree of certainty at some future time, conditions which warrant their removal, or that the tumor will sooner or later produce such conditions elsewhere. I do this with the full realization that there come to the autopsy room numerous cases wherein such
Most countries will fail to meet targets on non-communicable diseases, says WHO
Authors: A. Gulland
Journal: BMJ (2015)

Most countries are set to fail to meet global targets on tackling non-communicable diseases, a report by the World Health Organization has said.1 The report looks at progress made on targets set in 2013, two years after world leaders agreed to tackle this growing problem at a United Nations high level meeting.2 In 2013 the World Health Assembly adopted a monitoring framework with 25 indicators and nine voluntary global targets set for 2025.

However, in the latest report WHO said that while some countries were making progress, most were off course to meet the global targets on non-communicable disease. Progress remained “uneven and inadequate,” WHO warned, and the report highlighted “missed opportunities to strengthen governance, prevention and reduction of risk factors, health care, and surveillance and monitoring, particularly in …
The Study of Trauma
Authors: Francis D. Moore
Journal: JAMA (1979)

TRAUMA research has two purposes—reduction in death and disability in the civilian population and increased effectiveness for our military forces. Largely financed by tax monies through the National Institutes of Health and the Armed Services Research and Development Commands, a large segment of trauma research is conducted in surgical units by bioscientists, bioengineers, and clinical surgeons. What should be the shape of the future for this research?  The literature of an age has rarely proved to be a guide to its future. America's first textbook of surgery, that by Jones of New York, was written in 1775 for the Continental Army soon to be mustered under the Cambridge Elm. Although it turned out to be a remarkable predictor of political events, the text is more interesting for its omissions than for its inclusions in clinical surgery. There is little mention of unrelieved pain, hemorrhage, or infection.  Then, 150 years later,
The Penicillins
Authors: William L. Hewitt
Journal: JAMA (1963)

DURING THE 15 YEARS since the publication by Anderson and Keefer on the results of penicillin therapy, a powerful and bewildering array of antibiotic agents has emanated from the pharmaceutical industry. With further contributions now being made by the molecular manipulation of the basic structures of old agents, the physician must more than ever make a clear decision on whether antibiotic therapy for an individual patient is necessary at all. The purpose of this paper is to relate the practical usefulness of various natural and semisynthetic penicillin compounds one to another. No attempt is made to give a comprehensive account of the therapeutic use of penicillin or to define the situations in which antibiotic treatment may be indicated. Although laboratory studies can define an impressive spectrum of activity in vitro, or an impressive increase in plasma concentrations after administration, the final assessment of the value of an antibiotic requires extended
The sensitivity of multidisciplinary triple assessment for diagnosing breast cancer in a symptomatic breast clinic.
Authors: PD Britton, P Forouhi, A O'Neill, M Wallis, R Sinnatamby, M Gaskarth, B Sue, BR John, GC Wishart
Journal: Cancer Research (2009)

Abstract Abstract #6009 Introduction: Triple assessment by a multidisciplinary team comprising clinical and radiological examination, supplemented with tissue diagnosis is the standard of care for evaluating patients with potential breast cancer in symptomatic breast clinics in the U.K. Currently there are no guidelines for acceptable sensitivity of this process. This study reports the proportion of patients who return with breast cancer after initially having been reassured and discharged (analogues to screening “interval” cancer)&amp;#x2028; Methods: All new symptomatic episodes in the 3 year period from 01/01/2001 to 31/12/2003 were identified using a dedicated database. Patients discharged with a non-cancer diagnosis were traced through the database for a further 3 years and the clinical and imaging records of those subsequently diagnosed with cancer reviewed. Tissue diagnosis was obtained using percutaneous core biopsy in all cases.&amp;#x2028; Results: Of the 7,740 new symptomatic patients assessed 518 (6.7%) were diagnosed with breast cancer and 7222 were discharged. Of these, 32 patients were diagnosed with breast cancer over the next 3 years (5 within 12 months, 19 within 24months). This equates to a symptomatic “interval” cancer rate of 0.6 per thousand women within 12 months, 2.5 per thousand women within 24 months and 4.1 per thousand women within 36 months. This reflects an overall sensitivity for histology-based triple assessment of 99.6%. On review a definite delay in diagnosis was found in 5 (16%, 0.6/1000), a possible delay in 9 (28%, 1.1/1000) and no delay in diagnosis (no signs of disease on original radiology and no related clinical findings) in 18 (56%).&amp;#x2028; Conclusion: In this series less than 2 per thousand women discharged from a symptomatic clinic were subsequently found to have a cancer that might have been diagnosed at initial assessment, with an overall sensitivity for triple assessment of 99.6%. Modern multi-disciplinary “triple” assessment is a safe method of evaluating patients with potential breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(2 Suppl):Abstract nr 6009.
High-risk myeloma: a gene expression–based risk-stratification model for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma treated with high-dose therapy is predictive of outcome in relapsed disease treated with single-agent bortezomib or high-dose dexamethasone
Authors: Fenghuang Zhan, Bart Barlogie, George Mulligan, John D. Shaughnessy, Barb Bryant
Journal: Blood (2008)
Insulin sensitivity and regular alcohol consumption: large, prospective, cross sectional population study (Bruneck study)
Authors: S. Kiechl, J. Willeit, W. Poewe, G. Egger, F. Oberhollenzer, M. Muggeo, E. Bonora
Journal: BMJ (1996)

To assess the relation between regular alcohol consumption and insulin sensitivity, and to estimate the importance of insulin in the association of alcohol with multiple vascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease.Prospective and cross sectional study of a large randomly selected population sample.Part of the Bruneck study 1990-5 (Bolzano province, Italy).820 health, non-diabetic women and men aged 40-79 years.Concentrations of fasting and post-glucose insulin, cholesterol, apolipoproteins, triglycerides, Lp(a) lipoprotein glucose, fibrinogen, and antithrombin III; blood pressure; insulin resistance estimated by the homeostasis model assessment.Fasting insulin concentrations in those who did not drink alcohol and subjects reporting low (1-50 g/day), moderate (51-99 g/day), and heavy (> or = 100 g/day) alcohol intake were 12.4, 10.0, 8.7, and 7.1 mU/l (P < 0.001). Likewise, post-glucose insulin concentrations and estimates for insulin resistance assessed by the homeostasis model assessment decreased significantly with increasing amounts of regular alcohol consumption. These trends were independent of sex, body mass index, physical activity, cigarette smoking, medication, and diet (P < 0.001). Regular alcohol intake predicted multiple changes in vascular risk factors over a five year period including increased concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and apolipoprotein A I; higher blood pressure; and decreased concentration of antithrombin III. These associations were in part attributable to the decrease in insulin concentrations observed among alcohol consumers.Low to moderate amounts of alcohol, when taken on a regular basis, improve insulin sensitivity. Insulin is a potential intermediate component in the association between alcohol consumption and vascular risk factors (metabolic syndrome).
Exome sequencing identifies recurrent somatic MAP2K1 and MAP2K2 mutations in melanoma
Authors: Sergey I Nikolaev, Donata Rimoldi, Christian Iseli, Armand Valsesia, Daniel Robyr, Corinne Gehrig, Keith Harshman, Michel Guipponi, Olesya Bukach, Vincent Zoete, Olivier Michielin, Katja Muehlethaler, Daniel Speiser, Jacques S Beckmann, Ioannis Xenarios, Thanos D Halazonetis, C Victor Jongeneel, Brian J Stevenson, Stylianos E Antonarakis
Journal: Nature Genetics (2011)
Relating price determination to disease prevalence
Authors: A. Messori, A. Cicchetti, L. Patregani
Journal: BMJ (2010)

For orphan drugs, the yearly cost per patient is inversely related to the prevalence of the disease.1 2 3 4 5 Although this relation is widely recognised qualitatively, to our knowledge, no attempt has been made to define it mathematically.

We examined the decisions made for non-cancer orphan drugs approved in Italy over the past years and developed the …
The miracle of DICE therapy for acute stroke: fact or fictional product of subgroup analysis?
Authors: C. E Counsell, M. J Clarke, J. Slattery, P. A G Sandercock
Journal: BMJ (1994)

<h3>Abstract</h3> <b>Objective</b>: To determine whether inappropriate subgroup analysis together with chance could change the conclusion of a systematic review of several randomised trials of an ineffective treatment. <b>Design</b>: 44 randomised controlled trials of DICE therapy for stroke were performed (simulated by rolling different coloured dice; two trials per investigator). Each roll of the dice yielded the outcome (death or survival) for that "patient." Publication bias was also simulated. The results were combined in a systematic review. <b>Setting</b>: Edinburgh. Main outcome measure—Mortality. <b>Results</b>: The "hypothesis generating" trial suggested that DICE therapy provided complete protection against death from acute stroke. However, analysis of all the trials suggested a reduction of only 11% (SD 11) in the odds of death. A predefined subgroup analysis by colour of dice suggested that red dice therapy increased the odds by 9% (22). If the analysis excluded red dice trials and those of poor methodological quality the odds decreased by 22% (13, 2P=0.09). Analysis of "published" trials showed a decrease of 23% (13, 2P=0.07) while analysis of only those in which the trialist had become familiar with the intervention showed a decrease of 39% (17, 2P=0.02). <b>Conclusion</b>: The early benefits of DICE therapy were not confirmed by subsequent trials. A plausible (but inappropriate) subset analysis of the effects of treatment led to the qualitatively different conclusion that DICE therapy reduced mortality, whereas in truth it was ineffective. Chance influences the outcome of clinical trials and systematic reviews of trials much more than many investigators realise, and its effects may lead to incorrect conclusions about the benefits of treatment.
Gastric Acidity and Cholera
Authors: Ralph A. Giannella, Selwyn A. Broitman, Norman Zamcheck
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1973)

Comments and Corrections1 May 1973Gastric Acidity and CholeraRALPH A. GIANNELLA, M.D., SELWYN A. BROITMAN, PH.D., NORMAN ZAMCHECK, M.D.RALPH A. GIANNELLA, M.D.Search for more papers by this author, SELWYN A. BROITMAN, PH.D.Search for more papers by this author, NORMAN ZAMCHECK, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-78-5-780_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In the February issue of the ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE we reviewed data bearing on the hypothesis that individuals with reduced or absent gastric acid secretion are unduly susceptible to enteric infections (1).We should like to call attention to the recently published paper of Sack and associates (2), cited in abstract in our review, dealing with the interaction of gastric acid secretion and cholera. These investigators studied acid secretion in patients with cholera and nonvibrio diarrhea (no pathogen found), and in two control groups—hospitalized patients from the same socioeconomic group as those with cholera and normal...References1. GIANNELLABROITMANZAMCHECK RSN: Infuence of gastric acidity on bacterial and parasitic enteric infections. A perspective. Ann Intern Med 78:271-276, 1973 LinkGoogle Scholar2. SACKPIERCEHENNESSEY GNK: Gastric acidity in cholera and noncholera diarrhea. Bull WHO 47: 31-36, 1972 MedlineGoogle Scholar3. HORNICKMUSICWENZEL RSR: The Broad Street pump revisited: response of volunteers to ingested cholera vibrios. Bull NY Acad Med 47:1181-1191, 1971 MedlineGoogle Scholar4. GITELSON S: Gastrectomy, achlorhydria and cholera, Isr J Med Sci 7:663-667, 1971 MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited ByVibrio comma and pHHOBART A. REIMANN, M.D. 1 May 1973Volume 78, Issue 5Page: 780-780KeywordsCholeraDiarrheaPathogens Issue Published: 1 May 1973 PDF DownloadLoading ...
Agranulocytosis and clozapine
Authors: V J Dev, T Rosenberg, P Krupp
Journal: BMJ (1994)

dispensing arrangements will continue as the government is openly committed to reducing expenditure in the NHS.One strategy is the wholesale deregulation of prescription only medicines; this and the extortionate NHS prescription charge encourage sick people not to see.their doctor but to treat themselves, placing them- selves in the willing hands of business interests.It now seems that pharmacists in maintenance programmes have far more to offer than the doctors concerned, so perhaps we will soon hear of the deregulation of methadone to pharmacy only status.
Evaluation of Renal Transplant Scintigraphy and Resistance Index Performed Within 2 Days After Transplantation in Predicting Long-Term Graft Function
Authors: Bulent Yazici, Aylin Oral, Cenk Gokalp, Aysegül Akgün, Huseyin Toz, Suha Sureyya Ozbek, Ayse Yazici
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2015)

Purpose Value of renal transplant scintigraphy and resistance index (RI) in the assessment of renal graft function is well known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of renal transplant scintigraphy and RI for long-term graft function. Materials and Methods A total of 119 patients were analyzed retrospectively. Renal transplant scintigraphy with technetium Tc 99 m DTPA and color Doppler ultrasonography for RI were performed to each patient within 2 days after transplantation. Resistance index and the results of the tests in perfusion/renographic curve analysis of scintigraphy were compared with the serum creatinine (sCr) levels at 3 months, 1 year, and 5 years after transplantation. A sCr level of more than 1.5 mg/dL was considered abnormal. Results Differences of the mean values of T½ of graft washout (GW½), time difference between peak renal perfusion and arterial count ([INCREMENT]P), and accumulation index (R20/3) were significantly high in patients with high follow-up sCr (>1.5 mg/dL) (P < 0.01). The correlation of these tests with the follow-up sCr levels was significant (P < 0.01). The number of recipients with high perfusion curve grade was also significant in the follow-up groups with high sCr levels. However, difference of the mean value of RI was insignificant between the follow-up groups, and there was no correlation between the RI and sCr levels. Conclusion Renal transplant scintigraphy performed within 2 days after transplantation is useful in the prediction of long-term graft function at 3 months, 1 year, and 5 years; and it is superior to resistance index.
Peroral Small — Bowel Biopsy
Authors: H. Koch, M. Classen
Journal: Endoscopy (1970)

The peroral small-intestine biopsy is a relatively simple, harmless examination technique which, unfortunately, however, has, up till now, lead to an unequivocal diagnosis only in few diseases. The hopes initially put in this method have not been fully realized. The assumption may, however, be made that, through more subtile histochemical and ultrastructurell examinations the scope of the small-bowel biopsy technique will be extended.
A SIMPLE APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING URINE FROM MALE INFANTS
Authors: Oscar M. Schloss
Journal: JAMA (1918)

The use of an ordinary test tube to collect urine from male infants has several disadvantages. Unless the closed end is strapped firmly to the thigh, it is apt to be higher than the penis, and as a consequence the urine leaks out as fast as it is voided. Moreover, the mouth of the test tube must be fastened so firmly that the lower edge may cause considerable pressure. These difficulties are obviated by a tube made as illustrated.<sup>1</sup>Another advantage is that the infant may change his position to a considerable degree without loss of the contained urine. The tube may be secured by means of a special band with abdominal and perineal straps, by means of floss around the abdomen and thighs, or by adhesive plaster. Such tubes have been in use on Dr. L. E. La Fétra's service at Bellevue Hospital for about three years, and
Subchorial Hematoma Mole (Breus' Mole)
Authors: Robert F. Linthwaite
Journal: JAMA (1963)

SUBCHORIAL HEMATOMA MOLES probably occur more often than a survey of the recent obstetrical literature<sup>1-3</sup>would suggest. It is probable that the majority of these moles are not recognized or are considered of no clinical significance. Existing published reports (mostly European) deal largely with pathology, only a few including both clinical and pathological findings. The most notable descriptions of these anomalies were published 60 or 70 years ago by Breus,<sup>4</sup>Hart,<sup>5</sup>Taussig,<sup>6</sup>and Walthier.<sup>7</sup>In a monograph entitled<i>Das Tuberose Subchoriale Haematom der Decidua</i>, Breus divided these moles into two categories: (1) complete, those which completely obliterate the amniotic cavity, and (2) incomplete, those in which hematomas project from the placenta into the amniotic cavity without completely occluding the cavity. A complete hematoma mole is more commonly known as a carneous or fleshy mole. In this report the incomplete type of hematoma mole will be
A foolish, fond old man
Authors: Theodore Dalrymple
Journal: BMJ (2007)

What was King Lear's diagnosis? There are two problems: firstly, he was a fictional character, and secondly, he is not available for tests or examination (a problem besetting all pathographers, though it also affords them infinite scope for pleasant speculation). So, screeds have been written in the last two centuries, but we are no nearer the truth—because there is no truth to come nearer to.

Let that not detain us. If we argued only about those matters that had a potentially definitive answer we should become boringly rational. Was Lear, then, demented, and if so was the …
Immunological Test for Pregnancy
Authors: John B. Henry
Journal: JAMA (1962)

Numerous tests based on alterations in chorionic gonadotropin in serum and urine have been used for the detection of pregnancy. Performance of the frog test in duplicate focused attention on the problem of biologic variation wherein the same specimen would produce occasionally a positive reaction in one frog and a negative result in another. An immunological test for chorionic gonadotropin was evaluated in gestational and nongestational states in respect to methodology, reliability, and sensitivity. It proved to be a simple and rapid procedure with precision and accuracy comparable to those of a biological pregnancy test.
Nine candidates nominated for top WHO post
Authors: F. Fleck
Journal: BMJ (2002)

In the race for the world's top health post—director general of the World Health Organization—the two front runners are from Africa and Mexico.

WHO unveiled a list of nine candidates, seven of them from developing countries, for the role of director general of the United Nations agency from July next year, when the present incumbent, Gro Harlem Brundtland, retires.

Insiders say it is unlikely that the present director general, a former prime minister of Norway, will be succeeded by another candidate from the developed world.

That would effectively rule out the Belgian epidemiologist and microbiologist Peter Piot, who heads UNAIDS (the joint UN programme on HIV and AIDS). Piot, 53, originally made his name as one of the doctors who helped isolate …
Disease-Specific Survival Following Routine Prostate Cancer Screening by Digital Rectal Examination: Corrected Patient Classification
Authors: Glenn S. Gerber, Ronald Thisted, Gerald W. Chodak, Ian M. Thompson
Journal: JAMA (1993)

To the Editor.  —It has been brought to our attention that there are discrepancies between our recently published article in JAMA  1 and the two original publications 2,3 on prostate cancer screening on which the recent article was based. Specifically, the relative number of men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the first year of screening (group 1) and subsequent years of screening (group 2) was not the same between the individual studies. This discrepancy is due in part to the addition of some patients to the study group after the publication of the original articles. However, our review of the data has also revealed that three patients were misclassified in group 2 when they were truly diagnosed in the first year of screening. In addition, the correct classification of two other patients is unclear, despite review of all available information.  To assess the impact of these errors on the conclusions