tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Remarks on Depletion and Excessive (?) Stimulation in Very Serious Cases of Acute Disease
Authors: L. S. Beale
Journal: BMJ (1863)

CASE. " I-e stated that until 2 this morning (Thursday, May 7th) nothing could be more favourable than his pa- tient's progress towards recovery ... buit at 2 this morning the general awoke with an acute pain in his side; and, although Dr. hoped that it might proceed from neuralgia, he had the greatest apprehensions in regard to pnetiruonia.Upon exanminatioii, it was pro- nounced that the symptoms were decidedly those of pneumrnonia.The doctor proceeded to cup and leech hidm; fromL that momenit I gavo up all hope of his reco- very May 10th.Consummatutm est.From the violent bleeding of Thursday last hle never rallied." (Timnes. ) CASE I. V. B., a well made man, in good condition, nearly ssix feet high; of temperate habits (drinking from one to two pinlts of beer daily).General health good, but he had been much exposed to wet and cold.He was one of the corps of commissionaires.Admitted into King's Col- lege Hospital on December 0th, 1s02.Face very dusky.Tongue furred.Some dulness at lower part of right lung behind, with crepitation and rhonchus.Urine with a trace of albtimen; plenty of chloride.On the third day after admission, there was dulness over lower half of riglht side of chest, back and front; crepitation; no bronchial breathing.Face very dusky; great dis.tress of breathing; pulse 92 ; respiration 40.He was ordered to be cupped to five ounces.Calomel gr.v; sulphate and carbonate of magnesia; liq.ammon.acet.Sss every four hours.Turpentine stupes to chest.
Culture, Health and Illness: An Introduction for Health Professionals
Authors: Katrina Schreiber
Journal: JAMA (1991)

Culture consists of shared beliefs, ideas, and symbols among a group of people. Culture guides our placement of meaning in the world; it channels our behavior. All realms of human endeavor hang in webs of cultural norms and expectations—including medicine. Consider the following questions: What is the relationship between health beliefs and accepted treatments? How are biological processes influenced by culture? What happens when Western medicine is introduced into a foreign culture? And, how are people chosen and trained in a curing system? Questions such as these fill the minds and works of medical anthropologists who study the relationships among culture, health, and illness. Health professionals are increasingly turning to medical anthropology to learn how people from different cultural backgrounds define and explain illness and what types of treatments they believe are effective. Medical anthropology is essential to improving health care in our own heterogeneous society and in underdeveloped countries
Study of Childhood Urinary Tract Infection in General Practice
Authors: N. C. Mond, R. N. Gruneberg, J. M. Smellie
Journal: BMJ (1970)

A study of bacteriuria was conducted among 426 of the 436 children under the age of 13 in a general practice in north-west London. Three girls and one boy were found to have asymptomatic bacteriuria, and a further girl with bacteriuria presented with abdominal pain and fever. The calculated incidence of urinary tract infection was 1.4% per annum. Most of the childhood urinary infections in this practice occurred before the age of 5 years, and the incidence of significant bacteriuria in this age group was 4.9% per annum. Five other children (four girls and one boy) in the practice were known to have had proved urinary tract infection. Of the total of eight children known to have had significant bacteriuria and investigated radiologically, three girls and two boys had radiological abnormalities in the urinary tract.Pyuria and proteinuria did not prove to be useful in the prediction of asymptomatic bacteriuria. Urinary tract infection with renal tract abnormality was found in this practice to be at least five times as common as diabetes in childhood.
Control of Respiratory Infections in Children by Tetracycline
Authors: N. Wynn-Williams
Journal: BMJ (1961)

change would be liable to occur more in one site than another.These two positions are the common sites in which anal fissure is found.It seems likely, therefore, that duct obstruction arises as a result of inflammation, the commonest cause being fissure.If this is true, it is odd that fistula is not a commoner complication ot haemorrhoidectomy.Cystic anal glands are occasion-
Abstract 1536: Neurropilin-1 high monocytes play an important role in trastuzumab mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in HER2 positive breast cancer cell lines.
Authors: Kosuke Kawaguchi, Eiji Suzuki, Tomoharu Sugie, Fumiaki Sato, Masakazu Toi
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract Purpose Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) was initially characterized as a neuronal receptor for specific secreted members of the semaphorin family involved in axon repulsion. However, it was recently reported to play an important role in the immune system. This study aimed to investigate the role of NRP-1 expression on monocytes in trastuzumab-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) targeting the HER2-positive human breast cell line SKBR3. Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers were prepared using Lymphoprep. The cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated anti-CD14 and allophycocyanin (APC)-conjugated anti-NRP-1 antibodies, and an NRP-1high and NRP-1low monocyte subset was sorted using FACSAria. These cells were used as effector cells in a conventional ADCC assay using SKBR3 as target cells and trastuzumab as an antibody. Target cell cytotoxicity was measured using the LDH cytotoxic test kit. A CD107a degranulation assay was also used to determine the role of NRP-1 expression on monocytes in ADCC. PBMCs were co-cultured with target SKBR3 cells and trastuzumab for 2 h, stained with APC-conjugated anti-NRP-1 and PE-Cy5-conjugated anti-CD107a antibodies, and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results The LDH cytotoxic test revealed significantly higher target cancer cell cytotoxicity in sorted NRP-1 high monocytes (12%) than in NRP-1 low monocytes (4%). Interestingly, microscopic findings showed that most NRP-1 high monocytes covered trastuzumab-treated target cancer cells (showing higher cellular cytotoxicity) while NRP-1 low monocytes did not cover the target cells but changed their morphology from a round to a dendritic shape (showing less cellular cytotoxicity) during ADCC. Moreover, the degranulation assay showed a higher expression of CD107a in NRP-1 high monocytes (17.4%) than in NRP-1 low monocytes (1.16%). Mean fluorescence intensity of CD107a in NRP-1 high and NRP-1 low monocytes was 92.6 and 26.3, respectively. Conclusions These data suggest that NRP-1 high monocytes exhibit higher trastuzumab-mediated ADCC than NRP-1 low monocytes in HER2-positive breast cancer cell lines. It may therefore be possible to differentiate HER2-positive breast cancer patients for whom trastuzumab will be less effective by testing for monocyte NRP-1 expression levels. Citation Format: Kosuke Kawaguchi, Eiji Suzuki, Tomoharu Sugie, Fumiaki Sato, Masakazu Toi. Neurropilin-1 high monocytes play an important role in trastuzumab mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in HER2 positive breast cancer cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1536. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-1536
Glucose Tolerance in Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding and in Carcinoma of Endometrium
Authors: F. Benjamin
Journal: BMJ (1960)

BRn 1243 intestinal absorption through obstruction of the lacteals by mesenteric lymph nodes is also a possible contributory factor.The explanation of the unusual haematological findings in Case 2 is not easy.In this case, in addition to macrocytosis and an increased reticulocyte count, there were numerous nucleated red cells, mainly with pyknotic nuclei, Howell-Jolly bodies, Pappenheimer bodies, and a number of Heinz bodies in the peripheral blood; the bone-marrow contained a smaller number of intermediate megaloblasts.Such findings occur some- times in idiopathic steatorrhoea with atrophy of the spleen, which in turn is thought to be due to folic-acid deficiency (Nieweg and Arends, 1953).In this case the red-cell anomalies could have been due to the small and pathological spleen.In view of the patient's condition it was impossible to carry out tests confirming the presence of folic-acid deficiency.Macrocytic anaemia with Howell-Jolly bodies and target cells was observed in a further case of febrile subacute Hodgkin's disease in which Reed-Sternberg cells were found in the bone-marrow and the spleen was small and atrophic. SummaryTwo cases of unusual presentation of Hodgkin's disease are reported: one appeared to be an acute abdomen, the other a possible case of steatorrhoea.No lymphadenopathy was demonstrable clinically or radio- logically in either case and the spleen was if anything atrophic.In the first, a case of acute Hodgkin's disease, Reed-Sternberg cells were circulating in the blood, and their discovery in the blood smears led to the diagnosis.In the second case the diagnosis was reached from the sternal puncture carried out for the purpose of investigating a macrocytic anaemia.Both patients had macrocytic anaemia, leucopenia, and thrombocytopenia.The haematological findings are discussed.It is suggested that cases of pyrexia of unknown origin presenting with the above haematological picture be carefully scrutinized for the presence of sternal tenderness.My thanks are due to Mr. F. Masina and Dr. J.
Dynamic respiratory system mechanics in infants during pressure and volume controlled ventilation
Authors: V. Kessler, J. Guttmann, C.J.L. Newth
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

Dynamic respiratory system mechanics can be determined using multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. There is no need for a particular ventilator setting or for a special ventilatory manoeuvre. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether or not different ventilator modes and the flow-dependent resistance of the endotracheal tube (ETT) influence the determination of resistance and compliance by MLR. Ten paediatric patients who were on controlled mechanical ventilation for various disorders were investigated. The ventilator modes were changed between pressure control (PC) and volume control (VC). Flow and airway pressure were measured and tracheal pressure was continuously calculated. Each mode was applied for 3 min, and 10 consecutive breaths at the end of each period were analysed. Respiratory mechanics were determined by MLR based on either airway pressure, thus including the resistance of the ETT, or tracheal pressure. Resistance was found to be slightly higher in PC than in VC. There was no effect on determination of compliance between the different modes. Elimination of the flow-dependent resistance of the ETT preserved the differences between the modes. The authors conclude that using multiple linear regression compliance is not affected by the actual ventilator mode, whereas resistance is.
Cytotoxic effects of singlet oxygen.
Authors: L J Schiff, W C Eisenberg, J Dziuba, K Taylor, S J Moore
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1987)

The toxic effects of gas-phase singlet oxygen, 1O2, on the ciliated respiratory epithelium of hamster trachea have been demonstrated. Tracheal explants treated with 1O2 showed a dose-dependent decrease in cilia beating frequency and focal ciliostasis. A statistically significant decrease in ciliary activity occurred at 1O2 concentrations as low as 154 ppb after a 2-hr exposure. Cytological alterations in the mucociliary epithelium were observed in explants exposed to 235 ppb 1O2 or greater. When cytotoxic effects were related to the time of exposure to 1O2, maximum effects occurred after a 4-hr exposure. In vitro recovery studies indicate that ciliary activity returned to normal between 4 and 8 hr after exposure.
Rejection of Disseminated Metastases of Colon Carcinoma by Synergism of IL-12 Gene Therapy and 4-1BB Costimulation
Authors: Shu-Hsia Chen, Khiem B. Pham-Nguyen, Olivier Martinet, Yunzhong Huang, Wen Yang, Swan N. Thung, Lieping Chen, Robert Mittler, Savio L.C. Woo
Journal: Molecular Therapy (2000)
Sharing patient information electronically throughout NHS: Change of culture is needed
Authors: A. Langton
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Editor—Booth's editorial highlights once again the gulf between information technology in primary and secondary care.1 The key factor accounting for this lies in the evolution of information systems in these two parts of the NHS.

Primary care computing has been led by general practitioners, initially by enthusiastic entrepreneurs, trying to develop an electronic alternative to paper records that will provide fast and reliable answers to clinical problems. As a result, general practitioners and primary care trusts can now access quite advanced quality data on the care of patients. The new contract for general practitioners could not have been conceived without this.

In contrast, information in secondary care has generally been led by managers, with an emphasis on the needs of management, such as waiting times and bed states. This has left clinicians in secondary care unable to answer simple questions easily, such as, how many diabetic patients have had their blood pressure checked and how well controlled it is—information that is now readily available in my primary care trust. Interestingly, management information is also available to general practitioners once the clinical record is electronic; it seems you can have clinical information followed by management data but not the other way round.

Until clinicians in secondary care take control of information technology and focus it on their clinical needs the current situation will continue and make an integrated electronic record extremely difficult to achieve. Equally, managers need to relinquish control of information, risky though that may feel. Once again primary care has shown the way ahead—will secondary care follow?
The Mallory-Weiss-Syndrome: A Clinical Study of 20 Cases
Authors: M. Knoblauch, E. Stevka, J. Lämmli, H. Schauwecker, P. Deyhle, P. Frey, H. Säuberli
Journal: Endoscopy (1976)

This is an account of 20 cases of MWS, representing 8% of a series of 247 consecutive upper GI-bleedings. Men above 40 years and persons with severe concomitant disease are specially at risk. The prognosis is rather good, mortality from bleeding being 10%. Surgery should not be undertaken unless all conservative measures, including vasopressin infusion and even Sengstaken-Blakemore tube have been applied. The typical history, a hiatal hernia and alcohol intake are frequently missing. Neither studies of gastric acid secretion nor esophageal manometry disclosed new pathogenic aspects.
Re: Abegg et al.: Microcystic macular edema: retrograde maculopathy caused by optic neuropathy (Ophthalmology 2014;121:142-9)
Authors: Omar A. Mahroo, Zaid Shalchi, John Kisimbi, Anna J. Sanyiwa, Moin D. Mohamed, Gordon T. Plant
Journal: Ophthalmology (2014)
Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 promotes intravascular thrombus formation in porcine coronary arteries in vivo
Authors: K Morishige
Journal: Cardiovascular Research (2003)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) cause extracellular matrix degradation and may be involved in the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques by degrading fibrous cap, resulting in the intravascular thrombus formation. Here we examined whether local overexpression of MMP-9 alters the characteristics of arteriosclerotic vascular lesions and promotes thrombosis after balloon injury in porcine coronary arteries in vivo.Balloon angioplasty was performed in the left coronary arteries followed by injection of adenovirus vector solution encoding either MMP-9 or beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene into the injured coronary arteries. Three weeks after the gene transfer, histological examination demonstrated that macroscopic intravascular thrombus formation was noted at the MMP-9-transfected site but not at the beta-gal-transfected site. Microscopic intramural thrombus area was significantly larger at the MMP-9-transfected site as compared to the beta-gal-transfected site. Co-transfection of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) with MMP-9 prevented the intravascular thrombus formation in vivo. Western blot analysis revealed the reduced expression of intact tissue factor pathway inhibitor-1 and the increased tissue factor (TF) expression at the MMP-9-transfected sites.These results provide the first in vivo evidence that overexpression of MMP-9 promotes intravascular thrombus formation after balloon injury due in part to the activation of TF-mediated coagulation cascade.
Vitamins E and C in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Men
Authors: Howard D Sesso, Julie E Buring, William G Christen, Tobias Kurth, Charlene Belanger, Jean MacFadyen, Vadim Bubes, JoAnn E Manson, Robert J Glynn, J Michael Gaziano
Journal: JAMA (2008)

Basic research and observational studies suggest vitamin E or vitamin C may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. However, few long-term trials have evaluated men at initially low risk of cardiovascular disease, and no previous trial in men has examined vitamin C alone in the prevention of cardiovascular disease.To evaluate whether long-term vitamin E or vitamin C supplementation decreases the risk of major cardiovascular events among men.The Physicians' Health Study II was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled factorial trial of vitamin E and vitamin C that began in 1997 and continued until its scheduled completion on August 31, 2007. There were 14,641 US male physicians enrolled, who were initially aged 50 years or older, including 754 men (5.1%) with prevalent cardiovascular disease at randomization.Individual supplements of 400 IU of vitamin E every other day and 500 mg of vitamin C daily.A composite end point of major cardiovascular events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and cardiovascular disease death).During a mean follow-up of 8 years, there were 1245 confirmed major cardiovascular events. Compared with placebo, vitamin E had no effect on the incidence of major cardiovascular events (both active and placebo vitamin E groups, 10.9 events per 1000 person-years; hazard ratio [HR], 1.01 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.90-1.13]; P = .86), as well as total myocardial infarction (HR, 0.90 [95% CI, 0.75-1.07]; P = .22), total stroke (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.89-1.29]; P = .45), and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.90-1.28]; P = .43). There also was no significant effect of vitamin C on major cardiovascular events (active and placebo vitamin E groups, 10.8 and 10.9 events per 1000 person-years, respectively; HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.89-1.11]; P = .91), as well as total myocardial infarction (HR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.87-1.24]; P = .65), total stroke (HR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.74-1.07]; P = .21), and cardiovascular mortality (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.85-1.21]; P = .86). Neither vitamin E (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.97-1.18]; P = .15) nor vitamin C (HR, 1.07 [95% CI, 0.97-1.18]; P = .16) had a significant effect on total mortality but vitamin E was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (HR, 1.74 [95% CI, 1.04-2.91]; P = .04).In this large, long-term trial of male physicians, neither vitamin E nor vitamin C supplementation reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events. These data provide no support for the use of these supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older men.clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00270647.
Short term effect of captopril on microalbuminuria induced by exercise in normotensive diabetics.
Authors: G. Romanelli, A. Giustina, A. Cimino, U. Valentini, E. Agabiti-Rosei, G. Muiesan, G. Giustina
Journal: BMJ (1989)

OBJECTIVE--To investigate whether captopril has any effect on microalbuminuria induced by exercise in normotensive diabetic patients with early stage nephropathy. DESIGN--Randomised, double blind, crossover trial. SETTING--Outpatient department. PATIENTS--22 diabetics with stage II nephropathy (urinary albumin excretion rate less than 20 micrograms/min; 15 with type I diabetes and seven with type II), 32 patients with stage III nephropathy (urinary albumin excretion rate 20-200 micrograms/min; 14 with type I diabetes and 18 with type II), and 10 normal subjects. INTERVENTIONS--Four exercise tests on a cycle ergometer: the first two under basal conditions and the third and fourth after subjects had received captopril (two 25 mg doses in 24 hours) or placebo (two tablets in 24 hours). END POINT--Exercised until 90% of maximum heart rate achieved. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--Mean urinary excretion one hour after the first two exercise tests was 21 micrograms/min in normal subjects, 101 micrograms/min in diabetic patients with stage II nephropathy, and 333 micrograms/min in those with stage III nephropathy. Similar results were obtained after placebo. After captopril the urinary excretion rate one hour after exercise was significantly decreased in diabetics with stage II (36 micrograms/min) and stage III (107 micrograms/min) disease compared with placebo but not in normal subjects. Systolic and diastolic pressures were similar in the three groups after placebo and captopril had been given. CONCLUSIONS--Captopril significantly reduces microalbuminuria induced by exercise in normotensive diabetics without affecting systemic blood pressure. Captopril may reduce renal intracapillary pressure.
Who cleans the clogs?
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (2003)

Surgeons have an image of being control freaks, but today's operating theatres are more democratic than you think. Few of us surgeons enjoy sitting in a circle and sharing our thoughts in an egalitarian way, but then nor do the rest of the team. Each member—nurse, technician, anaesthetist—is proud of his or her role and knows that the rest do not fully understand it.

Nevertheless, most decisions are shared. Patient and surgeon together decide whether …
Health Care and Public Health in the Former Soviet Union, 1992: UkraineA Case Study
Authors: Richard G. Farmer
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1993)

The dissolution of the Soviet Union created many problems for the health care systems of the New Independent States (NIS).To address these problems, the U.S. Secretary of State convened a coordinating conference in Washington, D.C., on 22-23 January 1992 at which more than 50 nations and organizations were represented. After this conference, an expert medical working group visited 10 republics of the NIS during February and March 1992. Hospitals, public health facilities, and pharmaceutical plants and distribution sites were visited to assess the health care needs of a large population in a vast geographic area. It was concluded that the massive health care system of the Soviet Union remains largely intact but has major economic and supply deficiencies. The assessment process and findings in one republic, Ukraine, are presented. Ukraine was chosen because of its size, location, and representativeness.