tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Virulence factors of <i>Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans</i>
Authors: Paula M. Fives‐Taylor, Diane Hutchins Meyer, Keith P. Mintz, Catherine Brissette
Journal: Periodontology 2000 (1999)

A. actinomycetemcomitans has clearly adapted well to its environs; its armamentarium of virulence factors (Table 2) ensures its survival in the oral cavity and enables it to promote disease. Factors that promote A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization and persistence in the oral cavity include adhesins, bacteriocins, invasins and antibiotic resistance. It can interact with and adhere to all components of the oral cavity (the tooth surface, other oral bacteria, epithelial cells or the extracellular matrix). The adherence is mediated by a number of distinct adhesins that are elements of the cell surface (outer membrane proteins, vesicles, fimbriae or amorphous material). A. actinomycetemcomitans enhances its chance of colonization by producing actinobacillin, an antibiotic that is active against both streptococci and Actinomyces, primary colonizers of the tooth surface. The fact that A. actinomycetemcomitans resistance to tetracyclines, a drug often used in the treatment of periodontal disease, is on the rise is an added weapon. Periodontal pathogens or their pathogenic products must be able to pass through the epithelial cell barrier in order to reach and cause destruction to underlying tissues (the gingiva, cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone). A. actinomycetemcomitans is able to elicit its own uptake into epithelial cells and its spread to adjacent cells by usurping normal epithelial cell function. A. actinomycetemcomitans may utilize these remarkable mechanisms for host cell infection and migration to deeper tissues. A. actinomycetemcomitans also orchestrates its own survival by elaborating factors that interfere with the host's defense system (such as factors that kill phagocytes and impair lymphocyte activity, inhibit phagocytosis and phagocyte chemotaxis or interfere with antibody production). Once the organisms are firmly established in the gingiva, the host responds to the bacterial onslaught, especially to the bacterial lipopolysaccharide, by a marked and continual inflammatory response, which results in the destruction of the periodontal tissues. A. actinomycetemcomitans has at least three individual factors that cause bone resorption (lipopolysaccharide, proteolysis-sensitive factor and GroEL), as well as a number of activities (collagenase, fibroblast cytotoxin, etc.) that elicit detrimental effects on connective tissue and the extracellular matrix. It is of considerable interest to know that A. actinomycetemcomitans possesses so many virulence factors but unfortunate that only a few have been extensively studied. If we hope to understand and eradicate this pathogen, it is critical that in-depth investigations into the biochemistry, genetic expression, regulation and mechanisms of action of these factors be initiated.
Transmission from One Child to Another of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 with a Zidovudine-Resistance Mutation
Authors: Joseph E. Fitzgibbon, Sunanda Gaur, Lawrence D. Frenkel, Fabienne Laraque, Brian R. Edlin, Donald T. Dubin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1993)

We describe a child who apparently acquired human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the home setting. The suspected source of infection was a child with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who had received zidovudine and whose virus contained a mutation associated with in vitro zidovudine resistance. The children were born to different HIV-1-infected mothers, but they lived in the same home between the ages of two and five years. Child 1 was infected perinatally; Child 2 was not and was repeatedly found to be seronegative. Child 2 was examined because of acute lymphadenopathy and had seroconverted to HIV-1 positivity. HIV-1 proviral DNA was amplified from peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and subjected to sequence analysis. Sequences from Child 2 were compared with those from Child 2's mother, Child 1, and local HIV-1-infected control children.
Sexual intercourse and angina pectoris.
Authors: G Jackson
Journal: BMJ (1978)

precipitated by leaving a protective home environment for university, where she faced major interpersonal difficulties as a consequence of her low self-esteem and appearance.Should the association between anorexia nervosa and Turner's syndrome occur with greater than chance frequency, the latter may not be the only condition which shows this association.Anorexia nervosa may well be a manifestation of a wide range of both psychological and organic disturbances,5 and not a unitary syndrome with a common cause.Epidemiological studies of the association with other disorders seems desirable.
Tumor grafts derived from women with breast cancer authentically reflect tumor pathology, growth, metastasis and disease outcomes
Authors: Yoko S DeRose, Guoying Wang, Yi-Chun Lin, Philip S Bernard, Saundra S Buys, Mark T W Ebbert, Rachel Factor, Cindy Matsen, Brett A Milash, Edward Nelson, Leigh Neumayer, R Lor Randall, Inge J Stijleman, Bryan E Welm, Alana L Welm
Journal: Nature Medicine (2011)
Value of Routine Multiple Blood Tests in Patients Attending the General Practitioner
Authors: M. H. B. Carmalt, P. Freeman, A. J. H. Stephens, T. P. Whitehead
Journal: BMJ (1970)

The paper describes the investigation of 296 patients selected at random from those attending the general practitioners9 surgery and studied by means of multiple biochemical and haematological tests. The tests that would not normally have been requested led to a new diagnosis of clinical significance in 16·9% of patients, in most instances requiring an alteration of the patient9s therapy. The effect of the profile tests on patient follow-up, referral of patients to hospital, and the need for subsequent investigations was studied by comparing the patients profiled with a control group of patients not having a blood profile. The place of such an investigation in general practice is considered.
Gene transcription in differentiating immature T cell receptor(neg) thymocytes resembles antigen-activated mature T cells.
Authors: J C Zúñiga-Pflücker, H L Schwartz, M J Lenardo
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1993)

Early in ontogeny thymocytes have a surface marker phenotype that resembles activated mature T cells but they lack expression of the T cell receptor (TCR) complex. We have made preparations of day 14/15 triple negative fetal thymocytes that exhibit the activated T lymphocyte markers CD25, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, Ly-6A/E, CD44, and heat stable antigen and are rapidly proliferating as evidenced by flow cytometric examination of BrdU incorporation. We found that binding activities of the gene regulators nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, the NF-kappa B p50 homodimer complex, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT), oct-1, oct-2, activator protein 1 (AP-1), and serum response factor (SRF), are all present in these early thymocytes. Whereas the octamer factors and SRF persist during ontogeny, NF-kappa B, NF-AT, and AP-1 decrease and are undetectable in the adult thymus. Transfection of disaggregated thymocytes by electroporation or intact thymic lobes by gold-particle bombardment revealed that reporter constructs for NF-kappa B, NF-AT, AP-1, octamer factors and, to a small extent, the TCR-alpha enhancer were active in early thymocyte development. We rigorously eliminated the possibility that these transcriptional events were due to minor populations of TCR+ cells by showing that these reporter constructs were also active in recombinase activating gene (RAG)-/- thymocytes that are incapable of completing TCR gene rearrangement, and predominantly contain cells that have an activated phenotype. Thus, transcriptional events that are usually triggered by antigen stimulation in mature T cells take place early in thymic ontogeny in the absence of the TCR. Our analysis suggests that there are striking regulatory similarities but also important differences between the activation processes that take place in antigen-stimulated mature T cells and thymic progenitor cells.
A final service
Authors: Naomi Bronzite
Journal: BMJ (2004)

I am an English trained GP who has been living and working in Holland for the past five years. My patient was 72 years old; a nice man with a caring wife by his side. I had seen him only twice before. The first time, a couple of months ago, he complained of tiredness. His ensuing blood test results were normal. He returned a few weeks later, this time with dizziness. His neurological examination was normal, so I referred him routinely to the local ear, nose, and throat clinic and gave him some cinnarizine for the weekend. His weekend didn't go well; the on-call GP thought he had probably had a transient ischaemic attack. I telephoned the local neurologist early on Monday morning, and, because …
Nonenzymatic glycation of human lens crystallin. Effect of aging and diabetes mellitus.
Authors: R L Garlick, J S Mazer, L T Chylack, W H Tung, H F Bunn
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1984)

We have examined the nonenzymatic glycation of human lens crystallin, an extremely long-lived protein, from 16 normal human ocular lenses 0.2-99 yr of age, and from 11 diabetic lenses 52-82-yr-old. The glucitol-lysine (Glc-Lys) content of soluble and insoluble crystallin was determined after reduction with H-borohydride followed by acid hydrolysis, boronic acid affinity chromatography, and high pressure cation exchange chromatography. Normal lens crystallin, soluble and insoluble, had 0.028 +/- 0.011 nanomoles Glc-Lys per nanomole crystallin monomer. Soluble and insoluble crystallins had equivalent levels of glycation. The content of Glc-Lys in normal lens crystallin increased with age in a linear fashion. Thus, the nonenzymatic glycation of nondiabetic lens crystallin may be regarded as a biological clock. The diabetic lens crystallin samples (n = 11) had a higher content of Glc-Lys (0.070 +/- 0.034 nmol/nmol monomer). Over an age range comparable to that of the control samples, the diabetic crystallin samples contained about twice as much Glc-Lys. The Glc-Lys content of the diabetic lens crystallin samples did not increase with lens age.
Focus on emergency departments to reduce delays in thrombolysis
Authors: C J L Hetherington
Journal: BMJ (2002)

EDITOR—Qasim et al reported the safety and efficacy of nurse initiated thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction.— The stepwise improvement in thrombolysis times over the three phases is impressive and a credit to the medical and nursing staff of the coronary care unit. We hope that phase 4 will continue to show improvement, enabling the 2003 national service framework targets to be met.

The emergency department gets merely a cursory mention in the context of reasons and causes of …
Hereditary Nephritis: A Re-examination of its Clinical and Genetic Features
Authors: WILLIAM M. O'NEILL
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1978)

In order to re-evaluate current concepts of hereditary nephritis we studied the urinary findings, the course of the disease, and its genetic transmission in two large pedigrees. We identified 150 patients with hereditary nephritis. Our data show that microscopic hematuria is the most reliable urinary criterion for diagnosing hereditary nephritis in both male and female patients. The hematuria is frequently accompanied by erythrocyte casts indicating that the renal lesion is a glomerulitis. Men are more severely affected than women. They have striking urinary abnormalities, which are present in early childhood, and they progress to renal failure in adult life. Affected women have less obvious urinary abnormalities and rarely develop uremia. In these two families a sex-linked dominant mode of genetic transmission was present. The demonstration that hereditary nephritis is X-linked, at least in some families, helps to explain the difference in severity between men and women and the variable expression among affected women.
Altered Clinical Presentation of Early Syphilis in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Catherine M. Hutchinson
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1994)

To compare clinical presentations of patients with early syphilis who did or did not have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.Case-control study.The sexually transmitted diseases clinics of the Baltimore City Health Department.Patients with newly diagnosed primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis who had voluntary HIV testing from January 1990 to November 1991.Data on sexual history, risk behaviors, and physical findings (before knowledge of HIV or syphilis serologic test results) were extracted from clinical records. Diagnoses of syphilis were confirmed by reactive syphilis serologic tests. Rapid plasma reagin titers reported to the disease registry of the Baltimore City Health Department were abstracted to determine therapeutic response. Patients positive for HIV who returned for follow-up had further counseling, staging, and CD4 lymphocyte testing.Data were available on 309 of 527 patients with early syphilis: 108 patients with primary syphilis, 116 with secondary syphilis, and 85 with early latent syphilis. Seventy (23%) patients had concurrent HIV infection. Patients with HIV infection presented more often with secondary syphilis than did patients with syphilis who were HIV seronegative (53% [37 of 70] compared with 33% [79 of 239]; P = 0.01). The same was true for heterosexual men with HIV infection (46% [16 of 35]) compared with heterosexual men without infection (25% [35 of 142]; P < 0.03). Among those who denied intravenous drug use, 59% (22 of 37) of patients with HIV infection presented with secondary syphilis compared with 33% (65 of 198) of patients without infection (P < 0.01). Among patients with first episodes of syphilis, patients positive for HIV who had secondary syphilis were more likely to present with persistent chancres (43% [9 of 21] compared with 15% [11 of 72]; P = 0.01). The rate of decline in the rapid plasma reagin titers during a 12-month period after treatment did not differ between patients with and without HIV infection (P = 0.15).The clinical presentation of syphilis in patients with HIV infection differs from that of patients without HIV infection in that patients with HIV infection present more often in the secondary stage and those with secondary syphilis are more likely to have chancres.
STRL33, A Novel Chemokine Receptor–like Protein, Functions as a Fusion Cofactor for Both Macrophage-tropic and T Cell Line–tropic HIV-1
Authors: Fang Liao, Ghalib Alkhatib, Keith W.C. Peden, Geetika Sharma, Edward A. Berger, Joshua M. Farber
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1997)

The chemokine receptors CXCR4, CCR2B, CCR3, and CCR5 have recently been shown to serve along with CD4 as coreceptors for HIV-1. The tropisms of HIV-1 strains for subgroups of CD4+ cells can be explained, at least partly, by the selective use of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have identified a novel human gene, STRL33, located on chromosome 3 that encodes a GPCR with sequence similarity to chemokine receptors and to chemokine receptor–like orphan receptors. STRL33 is expressed in lymphoid tissues and activated T cells, and is induced in activated peripheral blood lymphocytes. When transfected into nonhuman NIH 3T3 cells expressing human CD4, the STRL33 cDNA rendered these cells competent to fuse with cells expressing HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins (Envs). Of greatest interest, STRL33, in contrast with CXCR4 or CCR5, was able to function as a cofactor for fusion mediated by Envs from both T cell line–tropic and macrophage-tropic HIV-1 strains. STRL33-transfected Jurkat cell lines also supported enhanced productive infection with HIV-1 compared with control Jurkat cells. Despite the sequence similarities between STRL33 and chemokine receptors, STRL33-transfected cell lines did not respond to any in a panel of chemokines. Based on the pattern of tissue expression of the STRL33 mRNA, and given the ability of STRL33 to function with Envs of differing tropisms, STRL33 may play a role in the establishment and/or progression of HIV-1 infection.
Treatment of Anxiety States by Antidepressant Drugs
Authors: W. Sargant, P. Dally
Journal: BMJ (1962)

From our experience in making this survey we support Burnet's (1953) suggestion for the establishment of perma.nenttwin research departments in certain centres.This work was supported by a Research Grant made by the Birmingham Regional Hospital Board, to whom we express our gratitude.Our thanks are due to the clinical staff of the Wolver- hampton Group of Hospitals and of the General Hospital, Birmingham, as well as
Interaction of motion and color in the visual pathways
Authors: Karl R. Gegenfurtner, Michael J. Hawken
Journal: Trends in Neurosciences (1996)

In recent years the idea of parallel and independent processing streams for different visual attributes has become a guiding principle for linking the organization, architecture and function of the visual system. Findings concerning the segregation of motion and color information have been at the forefront of the evidence in favor of the parallel processing scheme. A number of studies have shown that motion perception is impaired for isoluminant stimuli, which are thought to isolate the color system. However, there are now many studies, the results of which are incompatible with the simple idea of segregated pathways. We propose two processing streams for motion that differ mostly in their temporal characteristics. Although neither of the two motion streams is color-blind, as was originally suggested, they differ radically in the way they process color information. The view that we propose provides a framework that reconciles a number of seemingly contradictory results. Evidence to support the new framework comes from psychophysical, physiological and lesion studies.
<i>In vivo</i> Evaluation of 177Lu- and 67/64Cu-Labeled Recombinant Fragments of Antibody chCE7 for Radioimmunotherapy and PET Imaging of L1-CAM-Positive Tumors
Authors: Jürgen Grünberg, Ilse Novak-Hofer, Michael Honer, Kurt Zimmermann, Karin Knogler, Peter Bläuenstein, Simon Ametamey, Helmut R. Maecke, P. August Schubiger
Journal: Clinical Cancer Research (2005)

Abstract Purpose: The L1 cell adhesion protein is overexpressed in tumors, such as neuroblastomas, renal cell carcinomas, ovarian carcinomas, and endometrial carcinomas, and represents a target for tumor diagnosis and therapy with anti-L1-CAM antibody chCE7. Divalent fragments of this internalizing antibody labeled with 67/64Cu and 177Lu were evaluated to establish a chCE7 antibody fragment for radioimmunotherapy and positron emission tomography imaging, which combines high-yield production with improved clearance and biodistribution properties. Experimental Design: chCE7F(ab′)2 fragments were produced in high amounts (0.2 g/L) in HEK-293 cells, substituted with the peptide-linked tetraazamacrocycle 3-(p-nitrobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate-triglycyl-l-p-isothiocyanato-phenylalanine, and labeled with 67Cu and 177Lu. In vivo bioevaluation involved measuring kinetics of tumor and tissue uptake in nude mice with SK-N-BE2c xenografts and NanoPET (Oxford Positron Systems, Oxford, United Kingdom) imaging with 64Cu-3-(p-nitrobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate-triglycine-chCE7F(ab′)2. Results: The 177Lu- and 67Cu-labeled immunoconjugates reached maximal tumor accumulation at 24 hours after injection with similar levels of 12%ID/g to 14%ID/g. Blood levels dropped to 1.0%ID/g for the 177Lu fragment and 2.3%ID/g for the 67Cu fragment at 24 hours. The most striking difference concerned radioactivity present in the kidneys, being 34.5%ID/g for the 177Lu fragment and 16.0%ID/g for the 67Cu fragment at 24 hours. Positron emission tomography imaging allowed clear visualization of s.c. xenografts and peritoneal metastases and a detailed assessment of whole-body tracer distribution. Conclusions: 67/64Cu- and 177Lu-labeled recombinant chCE7F(ab′)2 revealed suitable in vivo characteristics for tumor imaging and therapy but displayed higher kidney uptake than the intact monoclonal antibody. The 67Cu- and 177Lu-labeled immunoconjugates showed different in vivo behavior, with 67/64Cu-3-(p-nitrobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetate-triglycine-F(ab′)2 appearing as the more favorable conjugate due to superior tumor/kidney ratios.
Does Reduced Vascular Stiffening Fully Explain Preserved Cardiovagal Baroreflex Function in Older, Physically Active Men?
Authors: Brian E. Hunt, William B. Farquhar, J. Andrew Taylor
Journal: Circulation (2001)

Background —We measured cardiovagal baroreflex gain and its vascular mechanical and neural components during dynamic baroreflex engagement in 10 young untrained men, 6 older untrained men, and 12 older, physically active men. Methods and Results —Our newly developed assessment of beat-to-beat carotid diameters during baroreflex engagement estimates the mechanical transduction of pressure into barosensory stretch (Δdiameter/Δpressure), the neural transduction of stretch into vagal outflow (ΔR-R interval/Δdiameter), and conventional integrated cardiovagal baroreflex gain (ΔR-R interval/Δpressure). Integrated gain was lower in older untrained men than in young untrained men (6.8±1.2 versus 15.7±1.8 ms/mm Hg) due to both lower mechanical (9.1±1.0 versus 17.1±2.4 mm Hg/μm) and lower neural (0.57±0.10 versus 0.90±0.10 ms/μm) transduction. Integrated gain in older active men (13.3±2.7 ms/mm Hg) was comparable to that in young untrained men. This was achieved through mechanical transduction (12.1±1.4 mm Hg/μm) that was modestly higher than that in older untrained men and neural transduction (1.00±0.20 ms/μm) comparable to that in young untrained men. Across groups, both mechanical and neural components were related to integrated gain; however, the neural component carried greater predictive weight (β=0.789 versus 0.588). Conclusions —Both vascular and neural deficits contribute to age-related declines in cardiovagal baroreflex gain; however, long-term physical activity attenuates this decline by maintaining neural vagal control.
Histocompatibility Antigens and Tissue Transplantation.
Authors: L. A. Herzenberg
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1962)

s1 April 1962Histocompatibility Antigens and Tissue Transplantation.L. A. Herzenberg, Ph.D.L. A. Herzenberg, Ph.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-56-4-688_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptThe rejection of grafts between genetically different individuals has been clearly shown to be due to an immunological response of the host to the grafted tissue. The specific constituents to which this immune response is directed are the histocompatibility or transplantation antigens.In the mouse, where the existence of genetically homogeneous (highly inbred) strains allows genetic tests to be performed with facility, several independent determinations have shown that at least 15 separate genetic loci control the formation of as many different histocompatibility antigens. One of these, the H-2 locus, plays a pre-eminent role in graft rejection. Others are much weaker... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: L. A. Herzenberg, Ph.D.Affiliations: Palo Alto, Calif. (BS) PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 April 1962Volume 56, Issue 4Page: 688-688KeywordsGenetic determinismHistocompatibilityImmune responseMajor histocompatibility antigensTransplantation ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 April 1962 PDF downloadLoading ...