tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Making dirty water drinkable
Authors: Arunachalam Kumar, C Jairaj Kumar
Journal: BMJ (2005)

A theme issue by, for, and about Africa Results from Ugandan programme preventing maternal transmission of HIVEditor-Since the efficacy of antiretroviral drugs in preventing HIV transmission from mother to child was first shown, much effort has been devoted in many countries in Africa to implement sustainable regimens. [1]2][3][4] To identify potential reasons affecting uptake we evaluated the five year performance of a programme at St Francis Hospital Nsambya in Kampala, Uganda.The programme included voluntary counselling and confidential HIV testing for pregnant women and administration of antiretroviral prophylaxis in the peripartum period (zidovudine or nevirapine) for HIV positive women.Overall 24 133 women received counselling, 76% (18 384) agreed to be tested, and 2011 (10.9%) were HIV positive; 1341 (66.7% of the HIV positive women) were enrolled in the programme and received antiretroviral drugs.Acceptance of the test increased from 72.7% (9103/12 524) in 2000-2 to 79.9% (9281/11 609) in 2003-4, when a drug access programme became available in the hospital.Acceptance of the test and enrolment in the programme were lower in married or cohabitating women (test acceptance rate 72.9% (7735/10 605)) than single women (78% (860/1106)), indicating that the fear of being identified as HIV positive in the family is still a strong limiting factor and that men could have an important role.Acceptance of the test was lower in women belonging to the local tribe in Kampala (Baganda), probably because of fear of being recognised by hospital health workers.Higher education was associated with a lower prevalence of HIV and a higher enrolment in the programme, confirming that education can have a key role not only in protecting against HIV but also in allowing HIV positive people to benefit from existing measures against the spread of HIV.
Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery from the Left Sinus of Valsalva
Authors: Berkeley Brandt, James B. Martins, Melvin L. Marcus
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1983)

ANOMALOUS origin of the right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva is a rare congenital abnormality. For many years pathologists classified it as a minor anomaly of no clinical importance. Recently, manifestations of myocardial ischemia have been described in patients with this anomaly in the absence of additional atherosclerotic or other disease processes. These manifestations have included acute myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, syncope, nonfatal ventricular fibrillation, and sudden death.1 2 3 4 5 6 Although clinical, anatomic, and angiographic data suggest impaired physiologic function of an anomalous right coronary artery that originates from the left sinus of Valsalva, no actual physiologic measurements have . . .
The Proteasome Inhibitor PS-341 (Bortezomib) Up-Regulates DR5 Expression Leading to Induction of Apoptosis and Enhancement of TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis Despite Up-Regulation of c-FLIP and Survivin Expression in Human NSCLC Cells
Authors: Xiangguo Liu, Ping Yue, Shuzhen Chen, Liping Hu, Sagar Lonial, Fadlo R. Khuri, Shi-Yong Sun
Journal: Cancer Research (2007)

Abstract The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 (bortezomib or Velcade), an approved drug for treatment of patients with multiple myeloma, is currently being tested in clinical trials against various malignancies, including lung cancer. Preclinical studies have shown that PS-341 induces apoptosis and enhances tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–induced apoptosis in human cancer cells with undefined mechanisms. In the present study, we show that PS-341 induced caspase-8–dependent apoptosis, cooperated with TRAIL to induce apoptosis, and up-regulated death receptor 5 (DR5) expression in human non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. DR5 induction correlated with the ability of PS-341 to induce apoptosis. Blockage of PS-341–induced DR5 up-regulation using DR5 small interfering RNA (siRNA) rendered cells less sensitive to apoptosis induced by either PS-341 or its combination with TRAIL, indicating that DR5 up-regulation mediates PS-341–induced apoptosis and enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human NSCLC cells. We exclude the involvement of c-FLIP and survivin in mediating these events because c-FLIP (i.e., FLIPS) and survivin protein levels were actually elevated on exposure to PS-341. Reduction of c-FLIP with c-FLIP siRNA sensitized cells to PS-341–induced apoptosis, suggesting that c-FLIP elevation protects cells from PS-341–induced apoptosis. Thus, the present study highlights the important role of DR5 up-regulation in PS-341–induced apoptosis and enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human NSCLC cells. [Cancer Res 2007;67(10):4981–8]
Coexistent Pernicious Anemia and Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism in a Woman
Authors: Don B. Comin
Journal: JAMA (1969)

A woman who had onset of pernicious anemia in adulthood subsequently manifested idiopathic hypoparathyroidism. No previous instances of the combination of these two diseases occurring in adults have been reported in detail. Circulating autoantibodies to thyroid microsomes, all three cellular zones of the adrenal cortex and Castle's intrinsic factor (both blocking and precipitating) were demonstrated in the serum of this patient. Periodic assessment of the endocrine status of patients with pernicious anemia should be considered.
Cardiac and respiratory responses to exercise in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Authors: J M Shneerson
Journal: Thorax (1980)

Twenty girls, aged 11-15 years, with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were studied before spinal fusion was performed. Each underwent a range of lung function tests and a standardised progressive exercise test on a bicycle ergometer. The resting lung function tests showed reduced peak flow rates, lung volumes, and maximum voluntary ventilation. The maximum oxygen uptake was slightly diminished but maximum exercise ventilation was normal. The latter was achieved by using a greater than normal fraction of the vital capacity in tidal breathing while exercising. Mild hyperventilation during submaximal exercise and a trend towards an exercise tachycardia with increasing body weight were observed.
A ROCKING-SHOE
Authors: Patrick P. Grosso
Journal: JAMA (1923)

A rocking-shoe is a simple appliance that may be used successfully by the patient himself for mechanotherapy. It is suitable for cases in which there is a partial loss of function in the ankle or leg, resulting from various conditions that tend to weaken or to limit the ankle movements, such as foot drop, partial atrophy from disuse or nerve injury, partial ankylosis, contractures of tendons or muscles, stiffness following a sprain, contusion or dislocation, fractures into or about the ankle joint, or a recovering arthritis. The rocking-shoe consists of a flat, rigid board, which is shaped like the sole of a shoe. Attached across the under surface, half way between the heel and the toe, is a cylindric piece of hard wood which acts as a fulcrum or rocker for plantar and dorsal flexion exercise. When the foot movements of inversion and eversion are required, the cylindric piece of
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Authors: DAVID H. SPODICK
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1979)

To the editor: In their well-written editorial note in the February issue, Engel and Meister (1) raise appropriate caveats about the mixed blessings and potential dangers of the promising new mechanical procedure for coronary artery disease, transluminal balloon angioplasty. They also appropriately note its successes but include a well-reasoned caution. This was a needed analysis, yet it was profoundly disappointing not to find any reference to the need for appropriately designed controlled clinical trials with random allocation of comparable patients. If we are to compare this with any other treatment or with no treatment, trial-and-error is no longer acceptable. Surely,
Medical patients aged 65 and over admitted to an accident and emergency department.
Authors: G H Jenner
Journal: BMJ (1985)

A study of 100 consecutive emergency medical admissions to Oldchurch Hospital was made to establish if the mode of referral--either by the general practitioner or self referral--influenced the presentation and severity of illness and the eventual outcome. Of the 94 cases analysed, 55 were self referred and 39 were sent in by their general practitioners. No significant differences were found between the two groups of patients, which suggests that the patient (or the patient9s family or companion) is as discriminating as the general practitioner in deciding when emergency referral to hospital is necessary.
Editorial: Cancer immunotherapy
Authors: H. H. Hussey
Journal: JAMA (1974)

Over time, the pages of<i>JAMA</i>have allotted substantial space to the matter of immunotherapy of neoplastic diseases, an "in thing," somewhat nebulous still, but promising and deserving further research. Before the advent of antibacterial agents, it used to be said that the mortality of bacterial endocarditis was 99%. Yet, who witnessed the one patient in 100 who recovered spontaneously from that disease? So, too, there was vague talk of an occasional case of cancer that underwent spontaneous remission. In retrospect, if such reports were true, how could they be explained except by an extraordinary immune body defense against diseases otherwise uniformly fatal? Bacterial endocarditis has faded from view as a subject of immune mechanisms because effective therapy has solved the problem except in a scattering of cases. Not so, the malignant neoplastic diseases, which now are on center stage. Earlier efforts to control the latter diseases centered on attempts
Spontaneous histamine release from washed leukocytes and whole blood in atopic and non‐atopic individuals
Authors: U. Wahn, M. Ernsting, J. Peterson
Journal: Allergy (1990)

The ability of basophils from patients with allergic rhinitis, extrinsic asthma, chronic idiopathic urticaria and atopic dermatitis to release histamine spontaneously in vitro was studied. Spontaneous release in the presence and absence of 30% D 2 O was investigated from both washed leukocytes and whole blood. Compared with controls histamine release (HR) from washed leukocytes was significantly enhanced in allergic rhinitis patients only, whereas in the other groups only a certain percentage of patients was found to have high spontaneous HR. In whole blood experiments HR in all groups was within the normal range. Our data indicate that enhanced spontaneous mediator release from washed basophils in vitro does not necessarily prove this mechanism to be of patho‐physiological relevance in vivo.
Scintigraphic Findings in Plant Thorn Tenosynovitis of Finger
Authors: Meryem Kaya, Hakan Tuna, Nermin Tunçbilek, Tevfik Fikret Çermik, Kenan Sardoğan
Journal: Clinical Nuclear Medicine (2008)

A 37-year-old women with pain and swelling in the third finger of the left hand for 10 months secondary to a plant thorn injury in her garden is presented. Three-phase bone scintigraphy was subsequently requested after the results of plain radiography were reported as normal. Dynamic bone scintigraphy showed increased activity in the proximal phalanx on the 3 phases of the study. Magnetic resonance imaging described the inflammatory soft tissue formation around the third flexor tendon as tenosynovitis. Culture of biopsy material was negative, and the histology was consistent with chronic inflammatory changes.
Marginal zone macrophages express a murine homologue of DC-SIGN that captures blood-borne antigens in vivo
Authors: Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek, Peter C. Groot, Martijn A. Nolte, Sandra J. van Vliet, Shanti T. Gangaram-Panday, Gerard C. F. van Duijnhoven, Georg Kraal, Antoon J. M. van Oosterhout, Yvette van Kooyk
Journal: Blood (2002)
More Breast Implant Prose and Cons
Authors: Deborah J. del Junco
Journal: JAMA (1997)

Considering the all too familiar history of conflicting evidence from independent epidemiologic studies of the health effects following exposures to various medical interventions (eg, studies of breast cancer following reserpine use<sup>1</sup>and of the development of rheumatoid arthritis among oral contraceptive users<sup>2</sup>), results from studies of the occurrence of connective tissue disease following breast implantation have been surprisingly consistent.<sup>3-17</sup>Despite the remarkable agreement showing little to no increased risk of the established connective tissue disease syndromes, the breast implant controversy has gained its own inexorable momentum. Early case reports of the development of autoimmunelike disease in women who had silicone injections directly into their breast tissue and in women who had silicone gel-filled breast implants aroused fears of a causal relationship. The fears set off a complex chain reaction of speculation about biologically plausible mechanisms, abrupt changes in Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory policy, a groundswell
The blood-brain barrier in primary CNS lymphomas: Ultrastructural evidence of endothelial cell death
Authors: Peter P. Molnár, Brian P. O'Neill, Bernd W. Scheithauer, Dennis R. Groothuis
Journal: Neuro-Oncology (1999)

The vasculature of 24 primary CNS B-cell lymphomas that were not related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was systematically studied by electron microscopy. Seven low-grade astrocytic tumors were included for comparison. Classical electron microscopy features of apoptosis were found in lymphoma cells of 21 of 22 subjects. Capillaries of gliomas and lymphomas showed changes reported previously: variability of endothelial cell (EC)-thickness and number, basal lamina thickness and duplication, and fenestrations. Primary CNS B-cell lymphoma ECs showed two distinctive populations of electron-dense and electron-lucent cells. The electron-dense ECs occurred in 38% of all capillaries, with changes consisting of chromatin condensation in bizarre and contracted nuclei, cytoplasmic shrinkage with markedly increased electron density, and dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum. We interpreted these changes as indicative of apoptosis. Cell death eventually resulted in complete disintegration of the endothelium with frank discontinuities of the EC component of the blood-tumor barrier in capillaries and postcapillary venules. Another population of ECs had increased cell volume, conspicuous cytoplasmic electron lucency, dispersed organelles, scattered vesicles, and apical stress fibers. We interpreted these changes as indicative of cellular regeneration. Individual apoptotic ECs often lay next to normal or regenerating ECs. Neither type of EC change was observed in gliomas, which also lacked perivascular neoplastic lymphocytic cuffing. We believe that these populations of ECs, which have not been described in other disorders affecting the blood-brain barrier, may be induced by cytokines released from necrotic and/or apoptotic tumor lymphocytes and may explain the unusual imaging characteristics of primary CNS B-cell lymphomas treated with corticosteroids.
Keratoacanthoma developing in hypertrophic lichen planus
Authors: T.A. Chave, R.A.C. Graham-Brown
Journal: British Journal of Dermatology (2003)

Journal Article Keratoacanthoma developing in hypertrophic lichen planus Get access T.A. Chave, T.A. Chave Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K Dr T.A.Chave E‐mail: toby@chave.fsbusiness.co.uk Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R.A.C. Graham‐Brown R.A.C. Graham‐Brown Department of Dermatology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, U.K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Dermatology, Volume 148, Issue 3, 1 March 2003, Page 592, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05119.x Published: 01 March 2003
Ten year audit of secondary prevention in coronary bypass patients
Authors: R J. Irving, S H. Oram, J. Boyd, P. Rutledge, F. McRae, P. Bloomfield
Journal: BMJ (2000)

ous diagnosis of parkinsonism is of some concern and deserves further attention.We thank all the general practitioners who allowed us to study their patients and who contacted them for the purpose of this study; Professors Ley Sander and Simon Shorvon, who allowed us to cooperate with some of the practices participating in the linkage scheme between the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery in London and several surrounding general practices; and all the patients.
Evaluating Diabetes Education: Are we measuring the most important outcomes?
Authors: Russell E Glasgow, Virginia L Osteen
Journal: Diabetes Care (1992)

This article reviews the published literature on diabetes education evaluations and makes recommendations for outcome measures to be used in future research. We conclude that program evaluations to date have focused too narrowly on assessing knowledge and GHb outcomes to the exclusion of other important variables. To reflect the changing emphasis and conceptual basis of diabetes education, we recommend that future evaluations do the following: 1) report on the program's target population, recruitment methods, and representativeness of participants; 2) collect measures of self-efficacy and patient-provider interaction; 3) include quality of life and patient-functioning outcomes; and 4) use more standardized and objective measures of diabetes management behaviors. We close by providing practical examples of feasible collection measures for most settings and references to studies that have done so.
Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments Finally May Go Into Effect September 1
Authors: Charles Marwick
Journal: JAMA (1992)

FEDERAL INSPECTION and regulation of physicians' office laboratories are moving nearer. Regulations for implementing the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments have just been published in the<i>Federal Register</i>. The amendments, often referred to by their acronym (CLIA), were passed by Congress 4 years ago in the wake of widely publicized allegations of clinical laboratory errors, especially involving Papanicolaou testing (<i>JAMA</i>. 1989;262:2355-2356). Barring challenges, implementation begins in 24 weeks. However, the American Society for Microbiology already is charging that the newly published regulations "threaten to undermine the integrity of laboratory testing." Cynthia Graham, PhD, Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, Mass, secretary of the society (which represents some 39 000 laboratory personnel from physicians and other doctorate-level medical scientists through medical technologists), charges that these regulations "understate and misclassify the level of complexity of many tests, consequently lowering the personnel standards required for conducting and supervising these tests." The American Medical Association (AMA)
Obesity at Diagnosis of Breast Carcinoma Influences Duration of Disease-free Survival
Authors: Ruby T. Senie, Paul Peter Rosen, Philip Rhodes, Martin L. Lesser, David W. Kinne
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1992)

To study disease-free survival at 10 years in relation to obesity at the time of diagnosis.A prospective study of consecutively treated patients with primary breast cancer.Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York.Nine hundred twenty-three women treated by mastectomy and axillary dissection.Women who were obese (25% or more over optimal weight for height) at the time of primary breast cancer treatment were at significantly greater risk for recurrence (42%) compared with nonobese patients (32%) 10 years after diagnosis (P less than 0.01). In multivariate analyses, obesity remained a statistically significant prognostic factor after controlling for measured tumor size, number of positive axillary lymph nodes, age at diagnosis, and adjuvant chemotherapy with a hazard ratio of 1.29 (95% CI, 1.0 to 1.67). When analyses were restricted to the 557 patients free of lymph node metastases, the hazard ratio of recurrence associated with obesity was 1.59 (CI, 1.06 to 2.39); 32% of obese patients developed recurrent disease compared with 19% of nonobese women.Obesity at the time of diagnosis is a significant prognostic factor that may limit the reduction in breast cancer mortality attainable through detection at an early stage of disease. Because obesity and the risk for breast cancer increase with age, interventions that encourage weight control may influence breast cancer survival rates.
Insecticides and Aplastic Anemia
Authors: L. Sánchez-Medal, J. P. Castanedo, F. García-Rojas
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (1963)

TO prove that a drug or chemical has an etiologic relation to aplastic anemia is a difficult task. This is due mainly to the low incidence with which their use is followed by the disease, making it necessary to accumulate a sizable number of suspicious cases to find a statistical argument in its favor. Thus, recognition of the aplastic-anemia-inducing effect of chloramphenicol, the most offending drug in this respect in the United States, was delayed for several years.1 Likewise, the indirect toxic effects of the insecticides are not widely recognized though a few cases of blood dyscrasias after their use . . .
Social suffering: relevance for doctors
Authors: S. R Benatar
Journal: BMJ (1997)

The term social suffering describes collective and individual human suffering associated with life conditions shaped by powerful social forces.1 Unlike physical suffering or mental illness, it is largely unrecorded. New measures such as disability adjusted life years, designed to document the global distribution of morbidity in economic and individualistic terms, only barely represent a much more complex concept of suffering as a social experience and neglect most of what is at stake for people globally.2 Yet more than ever social suffering requires scholarly attention to facilitate cross cultural discourse and peaceful development in an increasingly interdependent world.1 2 3

Social suffering has evolved from the state of ignorance, vulnerability to nature, and terror associated with naked tyrannical power in the dark ages to the diverse suffering associated with wealth creating progress since the Enlightenment.2 In 16th century Europe enclosure of common land dispossessed the poor. A century later the industrial revolution generated abysmal working conditions in European factories. Pervasive forces in the 20th century continue to inflict suffering worldwide.

Since the Enlightenment demands for respecting human dignity have progressively ameliorated indignities suffered under oppressive rulers, industrialists, and slave owners. The Universal …
QUANTIFICATION OF MYOCARDIAL PERFUSION DEFECTS IN A LARGE ANIMAL MODEL USING DYNAMIC DUAL SOURCE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Alexia Rossi, Andre Uitterdijk, Marcel Dijkshoorn, Marcel van Straten, Wim J. van der Giessen, Gabriel P. Krestin, Pim de Feyter, Dirk J. Duncker, Daphne Merkus, Nico Mollet, Erasmus MC
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2011)