tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Cancer in the developing world: a call to action
Authors: S. B Jones
Journal: BMJ (1999)

Imagine this. You are a doctor in Tanzania. Annual health expenditure is $4 (£2.50) per head; malaria, tuberculosis, and maternal death are pressing problems; 150 000 people died from AIDS last year; and 9% of adults are infected with HIV.1 Life expectancy is 53 years. As an oncologist in the country's only cancer centre, you saw 1650 new cases last year. This probably represents about 10% of the total—your centre is inaccessible to the rest of the population. Around 90% of patients present with late stage, incurable disease. How do you begin to tackle cancer in such a context? This was the stark challenge posed by Twalib Ngoma of the Tanzania Cancer Center to a conference on “Cancer Strategies for the New Millennium.”2 This report synthesises selected themes from the discussion on how best to combat cancer in the developing world.

#### Summary points

By 2020, cancer incidence and mortality are set to double, and more than 70% of new cancers will arise in people in the developing world

The public health potential of curative treatment seems limited as the cancers that will predominate—stomach, liver, and lung—are relatively unresponsive to current treatments

Rational approaches identify cancer prevention as a top priority

Tobacco control and hepatitis B vaccination are cost effective prevention strategies, with health benefits that reach beyond cancer

Development of cancer vaccines and low technology approaches to early detection and treatment offer an alternative to transferring the resource intensive procedures used in richer countries



Fig 1. 
The eight most frequent cancers in 1990, ranked by overall incidence world wide



By 2020, new cancer cases will double to 20 million a year Already, over half of new cancers arise in people in the developing world; by 2020 the proportion will reach 70%. Cancer deaths are also set to increase, from 6 million to …
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure
Authors: M. Wysocki, M. Antonelli
Journal: European Respiratory Journal (2001)

In acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure (HRF), oxygenation, reduction in the work of breathing and in dyspnoea may be achieved by delivering noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV). Several uncontrolled and 13 randomized controlled studies (RCS) were reviewed. Uncontrolled studies confirmed the feasibility and the possibility to improve arterial blood oxygenation with NIMV. The 13 RCS compared NIMV versus a conventional approach in a total of 720 patients with HRF. Endotracheal intubation was required in 186 of the 358 patients (median (95% confidence interval (CI)) 51%, (40–63%)) assigned to a conventional approach and in 107 of the 362 patients (29% (20–39%)) assigned to NIMV. Eleven of the 13 RCS found a reduction in the rate of endotracheal intubation with NIMV with an absolute risk reduction of 31% (30–33%). Ten of the 13 RCS found a reduction in the mortality rate which was 30% (19–40%) in the control group and 19% (13–26%) in the NIMV group. The mean absolute risk reduction was 15% (10–20%). In conclusion, noninvasive ventilation appears to be a useful method in avoiding endotracheal intubation and probably in reducing the morbidity of patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure.
The British Misery Association
Authors: J. O. Drife
Journal: BMJ (1995)

Hello! As a BMA politician I believe one must keep in touch with the grass roots at the coal face. This is why I have found time in my busy schedule to pen this message to each and every one of you. The BMA is seriously concerned that some doctors (very few, I grant you) are happy in their work, and it is my urgent task to stamp this out.

Much as I prefer hewing at the bread and butter of clinical work, it has fallen to me to fight your corner against Whitehall mandarins, Westminster apparatchiks, and Brussels bureaucrats. The …
Intramural Coronary Vasculature Prevents Transmural Radiofrequency Lesion Formation
Authors: Ithiel A. Fuller, Mark A. Wood
Journal: Circulation (2003)

Background— Blood flow near a radiofrequency (RF) lesion can reduce lesion size by convective cooling. It is unknown whether blood flow through small vasculature within an RF lesion can prevent transmural lesion formation. Methods and Results— In 40 rabbit right ventricle preparations, 2 epicardial RF lesions were created straddling a selectively perfused (0 to 12 mL/min) marginal artery (diameter, 0.34±0.1 mm). RF lesions were created at either 60°C or 80°C and delivered either sequentially or simultaneously. Conduction through the lesion area was measured. The lesions were analyzed histologically. At a perfusion rate of 0 mL/min, all RF lesions were transmural and without conduction. As little as 1 mL of flow through the artery during RF delivery could prevent transmural lesion formation by preserving a cuff of tissue along the length of the vessel. High-energy delivery (45 W) and very high tissue temperatures (93°C) were needed to overcome the protective effect of vascular perfusion at 12 mL/min. The volume of preserved myocardium was related to arterial perfusion rate, artery diameter, and lesion temperature but not to the sequence of RF delivery (sequential versus simultaneous). Conduction persisted through the RF lesion in 20 experiments. Conduction through the lesion was related to the arterial perfusion rate and volume or cross-sectional area of preserved myocardium. Conclusions— Flow through even small intramyocardial vessels can prevent transmural lesion formation and preserve conduction through an RF lesion. These findings may represent an unrecognized obstacle to the creation of linear RF lesions in the clinical setting.
Restricting Zap70 Expression to CD4+CD8+ Thymocytes Reveals a T Cell Receptor–dependent Proofreading Mechanism Controlling the Completion of Positive Selection
Authors: Xiaolong Liu, Anthony Adams, Kathryn F. Wildt, Bruce Aronow, Lionel Feigenbaum, Rémy Bosselut
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (2003)

Although T cell receptor (TCR) signals are essential for intrathymic T cell-positive selection, it remains controversial whether they only serve to initiate this process, or whether they are required throughout to promote thymocyte differentiation and survival. To address this issue, we have devised a novel approach to interfere with thymocyte TCR signaling in a developmental stage-specific manner in vivo. We have reconstituted mice deficient for Zap70, a tyrosine kinase required for TCR signaling and normally expressed throughout T cell development, with a Zap70 transgene driven by the adenosine deaminase (ADA) gene enhancer, which is active in CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes but inactive in CD4(+) or CD8(+) single-positive (SP) thymocytes. In such mice, termination of Zap70 expression impaired TCR signal transduction and arrested thymocyte development after the initiation, but before the completion, of positive selection. Arrested thymocytes had terminated Rag gene expression and up-regulated TCR and Bcl-2 expression, but failed to differentiate into mature CD4 or CD8 SP thymocytes, to be rescued from death by neglect or to sustain interleukin 7R alpha expression. These observations identify a TCR-dependent proofreading mechanism that verifies thymocyte TCR specificity and differentiation choices before the completion of positive selection.
A History of Respiration
Authors: Lester S. King
Journal: JAMA (1965)

The binding is sturdy and the paper glossy, but the contents are lamentable. The author has, apparently, an interest in medical history, and this is certainly praiseworthy. But interest alone is not enough. We might reasonably expect sound scholarship and broad acquaintance with primary sources. And furthermore, an adequate exposition.  The actual text comprises exactly 101 pages. Of this number, 17 are completely taken up with full-page illustrations. In 12 others, while there is a little text, more than half the page shows either an illustration or else blank space. And 19 full pages represent a verbatim quotation from Malpighi.  Less than 60 full pages, each less than 300 words, remain for the author's own exposition. This starts with primitive man and comes right up to the present time, and includes anatomy chemistry, clinical physiology, and control of respiration. A lot of names are mentioned, and there are some thumbnail
ANNEXATM-R: A PHASE 3 RANDOMIZED, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL, DEMONSTRATING REVERSAL OF RIVAROXABAN-INDUCED ANTICOAGULATION IN OLDER SUBJECTS BY ANDEXANET ALFA (PRT064445), A UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE FOR FACTOR XA (FXA) INHIBITORS
Authors: Alexander Michael Gold, Mark Crowther, Gallia Levy, Genmin Lu, Janet Leeds, Lee Barron, Pamela Conley, Janice Castillo, John Curnutte, Stuart Connolly
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2015)
Anaphylactoid Reaction to a Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor in a Patient Who Had a Reaction to a Cyclooxygenase-1 Inhibitor
Authors: R. Robert Schellenberg, Saul H. Isserow
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2001)

To the Editor: Recent studies1–3 have suggested that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors can be safely used in patients with asthma who have documented intolerance to COX-1 inhibitors such as aspir...
SOME MOLECULAR CHARACTERISTICS OF ERYTHROPOIETIN FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES DETERMINED BY INACTIVATION BY IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Wendell F. Rosse, Roger J. Berry, Thomas A. Waldmann
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1963)

A crude, urine-derived, erythropoietin-containing preparation was subjected to inactivation by high-energy electrons and low-energy x rays. The molecular weight was calculated to be about 27,000 by use of target theory computations. Inactivation characteristics to low-energy x rays suggest that the molecule is asymmetric and is about 10 times as long as it is wide. The result of irradiation of erythropoiesis-stimulating material from renal and cerebellar hemangioblastoma cysts from patients with polycythemia suggests that the biologically active molecule from these sources has the same or nearly the same size as that derived from urine of an anemic patient.
Fibrin Thrombus in Unstable Angina and NSTEMI
Authors: Yasumi Uchida, Yasuto Uchida, Takeshi Sakurai, Masahito Kanai, Seiichiro Shirai, Toshihiro Morita, Yuko Maezawa, Yoshiro Maezawa
Journal: JACC. Cardiovascular imaging (2011)
BRITISH MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 63rd Annual Meeting in London: The Medical Instituations of London: The Rise and Fall of the Private Medical Schools in London
Authors: D. Power
Journal: BMJ (1895)

I myself strongly incline to the view that an infintesimal amount of the poison of enteric fever in drinking water is eufficient to cause the disease in those consuming the water.Indeed we know, from eminent bacteriological research, that the bacillus of enteric fever is, when present in water, there only in proportion relatively small; and that the organism even when present in water in the bulk, may be entirely absent from the small quantity submitted for exa- mination.And again, other microbes may be present so numerously in typhoid-polluted water as to render obscure, and even to prevent recognition of, the scantily present bacilli of typhoid fever.This was prominently brought for- ward in the case of the Worthing outbreak of 1893. (See also AppendiX A.); and again finds place in the report of the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Water Supply.On the question of the amount of polluting material necessary to induce typhoid as the result of consumption of water, Professor Odling seems to regard " a very considerable dose " as -essential; and others appear to hold the same view.But Dr. Sims Woodhead admits that in respect of typhoid, knowledge on this point is not definite.He even says that the entry into a domestic cistern of one single specimen of the bacillus of typhoid might, by reason of multiplication in the cistern, prove a danger to all the household consuming the water.Coming to an actual occurrence, additional to that of Caterham, where the evacuations of a single typhoid patient may be regarded as in all probability the start- ing point, indeed, the vera causa of an alarming epidemic of the same disease, I would here like to draw special attention to the prevalence of the malady at Blackburn in 1881.The outbreak embraced in all 260 attacks in the period February to May of that year (No. 128),-and Dr. Airy, in his careful and elaborate report, sets forthwith great clearness the details of the occurrence.I shall have occasion at a later stage to refer at greater length to this instance of waterborne typhoid, but treating of it here from the point of on March 1st, 1830.He died in Great Portland Street on then finish his demonstration.He was convivial to a fault, January 10th, 1833, just before the opening of the session, and took great delight in inviting his class to his house without a single shilling, everything having been spent in on certain evenings to "drink punch and smoke."He amassing his osteological collection.He was so poor, in fact, generally accompanied his invitation to these meeUngs that, a subscription was raised to pay his funeral expenres.with some remarks on the advantages of keeping within
Homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia with spared chylomicron formation
Authors: Y. Harano, H. Kojima, T. Nakano, M. Harada, A. Kashiwagi, Y. Nakajima, T.H. Hidaka, T. Ohtsuki, T. Suzuki, A. Tamura, T. Fujii, T. Nishimura, T. Ohtaka, Y. Shigeta
Journal: Metabolism (1989)
Effect of Khellin on Coronary Artery Insufficiency as Evaluated by Electrocardiographic Tests
Authors: MAURICE M. BEST, WALTER S. COE
Journal: Circulation (1950)

The effectiveness of khellin in 9 patients with angina pectoris was evaluated electrocardiographically by means of the exercise tolerance, anoxemia and ergonovine tests. Normalization occurred in the majority of the previously abnormal tests following khellin therapy. A beneficial effect was noted on symptoms accompanied by a reduction in nitroglycerin requirement. Mild toxicity, as a result of khellin therapy, was observed in 3 cases.
IL-10 inhibits allergen-specific TH2 cytokine production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ragweed allergies
Authors: J Sun, Susanna Goncharova, M Conway, A Dalrymple, Elizabeth C Cates, Martin R Stampfli, B Wong, Susan Waserman, Manel Jordana
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2002)
Prospective comparison of secretin-stimulated MRCP with manometry in the diagnosis of sphincter of Oddi dysfunction types II and III
Authors: J. Baillie, J. Kimberly
Journal: Gut (2007)

from the problems of cross-sectional design.A further development of the aetiological research of GORD would therefore be to assess incident cases of GORD.Such research would supply us with a reliable estimation of the incidence of GORD and also increase the validity of the aetiological research of GORD.
Traitement endoscopique curatif des tumeurs ampullaires débutantes (ampullectomie). Résultats à long terme de la première étude prospective multicentrique
Authors: R Gincul, B Napoleon, JY Scoazec, T Ponchon, J Escourrou, JM Canard, J Boyer, M Barthet, JC Saurin, P Ponsot, R Laugier, T Helbert, D Coumaros
Journal: Endoscopy (2010)

Introduction: La résection endoscopique des lésions néoplasiques ampullaires débutantes (adénome ou adénocarcinome intramuqueux) s'impose progressivement comme le traitement curatif de référence. Les séries de la littérature sont cependant rares et rétrospectives. Nous présentons les résultats de la première étude prospective multicentrique française.
Quantitation of the monoclonal plasma cell component in bone marrow from patients with serum paraproteinemia and nondiagnostic marrow morphology
Authors: Vanessa Gordon, Werner Bezwoda, Dennis Derman, Sydney Kramer, Barry Mendelow
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (1986)

Abstract Twenty‐one patients with serum monoclonal gammopathy but lacking acceptable morphological evidence of myelomatosis were studied with reference to the degree, if any, of monoclonal plasma cell expansion in aspirated marrow samples, enriched for plasma cells and analysed with respect to light chain distribution. Four of these patients had a biopsy‐proven plasmacytoma of bone. Bone marrow aspirated from sites distant to the tumor showed clear evidence of infiltration by monoclonal plasma cells in two of the cases studied; the other two patients had normal results. Of the 17 other cases, 14 showed evidence of a monoclonal plasma cell component qualitatively concordant with the serum paraprotein as one would expect. These cases could be subdivided into those with myeloma (six cases) and those with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (eight cases) on the basis of conventional biochemical and radiological criteria. Three of the 17 patients, however, did not show evidence of monoclonal plasma cell infiltration, despite the presence of lytic lesions. It is important to recognize this minority group that simulates myeloma but that may well reflect alternative pathology that has not been identified.
A STUDY OF THE SKIN IN FIVE HUNDRED CASES OF DIABETES
Authors: ARTHUR M. GREENWOOD
Journal: JAMA (1927)

This paper is a study of the dermatologic conditions found in 500 diabetic patients of Dr. Elliott P. Joslin and Dr. F. Gorham Brigham. It was undertaken so that we might know more of the skin conditions to be expected in diabetes, and also because of the comparatively recent writings relative to the association of hyperglycemia and skin disease. It seemed reasonable to assume that we should find an abnormally high incidence of skin diseases in diabetic patients if high blood sugar has any connection between them other than coincidental, or as part of a complex of other conditions. The blood sugar average of these cases done by the Folin-Wu method was 0.19, well above the normal, whose upper limit is generally considered to be 0.11 per cent.<sup>1</sup> Textbooks<sup>2</sup>on diabetes mention the following skin complications as commonly present in diabetes, and generally assume these to be due
Intracardiac Electrophysiologic Techniques in Recurrent Syncope of Unknown Cause
Authors: JOHN P. DiMARCO
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1981)

Twenty-five patients with recurrent episodes of syncope, unexplained despite thorough medical and neurologic evaluation, underwent intracardiac electrophysiologic study with programmed stimulation. Electrophysiologic study yielded a presumptive diagnosis in 17 patients: nine with rapid ventricular tachycardia induced by programmed stimulation, three with intra-His conduction delays, one with symptomatic atrial flutter, one with sick sinus syndrome, and three with persistent hypervagotonia manifested as atropine-reversible prolongation of atrioventricular nodal refractoriness. Therapy based on these findings provided complete symptomatic relief in 14 and improvement in one of these 17 patients during a mean follow-up of 18 ± 10 months. Therapy based on electrophysiologic testing was ineffective in two of the 17 patients. Syncope persisted in four of the eight patients in whom electrophysiologic study did not define a probable arrhythmic mechanism. These observations indicate that full electrophysiologic evaluation with programmed stimulation is useful in the diagnosis and therapy of recurrent unexplained syncope.
Pituitary Adenomas that Show a Faint GH-Immunoreactivity but Lack Fibrous Body: Pit-1 Adenoma with Endocrinologically Low Activity
Authors: Akiko Yoneda, Toshiaki Sano, Shozo Yamada, Abdulkader Obari, Zhi Rong Qian, Elaine Lu Wang, Naoko Inosita, Eiji Kudo
Journal: Endocrine Pathology (2010)
Medicine on the Cambodian Border: Khao I Dang-Reply
Authors: Matthew L. Cartter
Journal: JAMA (1987)

<h3>In Reply.—</h3> The Khao I Dang refugee camp was the focus of activity for thousands of volunteers, and, for many of us, the experience enriched both our private and our professional lives. While many volunteers continue to work on the Thai-Cambodian border, it is important to remember that the politics of this region have never been simple. The Khao I Dang refugee camp was opened in 1979 after the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. For several years, it was the largest city of Cambodians anywhere, with a peak population of 140 000. For many Cambodian refugees, the only way to resettlement was to pass through Khao I Dang. The occasion of the camp's closing was my incentive to tell a story that I had been wanting to tell for several years— a story that would emphasize the universality of medical experience, even on the border of a war. Khao I Dang
17β-Estradiol Restores Endothelial Nitric Oxide Release to Shear Stress in Arterioles of Male Hypertensive Rats
Authors: An Huang, Dong Sun, Akos Koller, Gabor Kaley
Journal: Circulation (2000)

Background —Endothelial nitric oxide (NO)–mediated responses are impaired in arterioles of male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), but they are still present in female SHR. We hypothesized that in vitro incubation of arterioles of male SHR with estrogen will restore NO-mediated responses by upregulation of endothelial NO synthase. Methods and Results —Responses to increases in perfusate flow (from 0 to 25 μL/min) and to the calcium ionophore A23187 (5×10 −8 to 10 −6 mol/L), norepinephrine (NE; 10 −7 to 3×10 −7 mol/L), sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 10 −8 to 10 −6 mol/L), and adenosine (ADO; 10 −6 to 5×10 −5 mol/L) were studied in cannulated and pressurized gracilis muscle arterioles (≈75 μm in diameter) isolated from 12-week-old male SHR before and after incubation with 10 −9 mol/L 17β-estradiol (17β-E 2 ) for 16 to 18 hours. After incubation with 17β-E 2 , basal diameter of arterioles was significantly increased (by ≈10%), and flow-induced dilation was significantly enhanced (79.8±2.9 versus 103.7±3.7 μm at 25 μL/min), resulting in a lowered shear stress (62.0±9.1 versus 32.5±4.2 dyne/cm 2 ). Also, vasoconstrictions to A23187 were reversed to dilations (−18.7±2.2 versus 18.8±1.7 μm), and constrictions to NE were significantly attenuated (−30.7±3.0 versus −21.2±2.8 μm). These alterations were eliminated by ICI 182,780 (10 −7 mol/L), an estrogen receptor antagonist; 5,6-dichloro-1-β- d -ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (10 −5 mol/L), a transcription inhibitor; or N ω -nitro- l -arginine methyl ester (10 −4 mol/L), an inhibitor of NO synthase, whereas they were not affected by aminoguanidine (5×10 −5 mol/L), a specific inhibitor of inducible NO synthase. Arteriolar responses were not altered by incubation with 17α-estradiol. Conclusions —Estrogen, via a receptor-mediated pathway, upregulates endothelial NO synthase gene expression, leading to increased NO production, and restores the regulation of wall shear stress in arterioles of male SHR.
TCT-689 Percutaneous Closure Of The Left Atrial Appendage: Initial Experience In Latin America
Authors: Anibal A. Damonte, Costantino Costantini, Carlos Pedra, Alejandro Martínez Sepúlveda, Daniel Aguirre, Fabio Brito, Jose Condado, Fernando Cura, Leon Valdivieso, Leandro I. Lasave
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (2013)