tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
PENETRATING WOUNDS OF THE POPLITEAL ARTERY.
Authors: GEORGE W. MIEL
Journal: JAMA (1898)

Though of small experience in dealing with penetrating wounds of the popliteal artery, the especial gravity of this accident itself, or because complicated with other injury, and vice versa, has impressed me with the desire to look well into the subject, and giving my deduction, ask the criticism of this society. By carefully investigating a deep external wound in the vicinity of the popliteal artery, extended if need be by dissection, we exchange uncertainty for certainty. Should such a wound communicate with the artery, we should remember a small puncture-even if occluded, may ulcerate and occasion secondary hemorrhage, which should at least put us on our guard. An incised wound of more than an eighth of an inch requires ligation with complete division of the vessel between. A penetrating laceration of even less extent calls for the same procedure. A considerable laceration, and an uncomplicated gunshot division of the popliteal
Acetylsalicylic acid inhibits hepatitis C virus RNA and protein expression through cyclooxygenase 2 signaling pathways
Authors: Karina Trujillo-Murillo, Ana Rosa Rincón-Sánchez, Herminia Martínez-Rodríguez, Francisco Bosques-Padilla, Javier Ramos-Jiménez, Hugo A. Barrera-Saldaña, Marcos Rojkind, Ana María Rivas-Estilla
Journal: Hepatology (2008)

It has been reported that salicylates (sodium salicylate and aspirin) inhibit the replication of flaviviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis virus and dengue virus. Therefore, we considered it important to test whether acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) had anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) activity. To this end, we examined the effects of ASA on viral replication and protein expression, using an HCV subgenomic replicon cell culture system. We incubated Huh7 replicon cells with 2-8 mM ASA for different times and measured HCV-RNA and protein levels by northern blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and western analysis, respectively. We found that ASA had a suppressive effect on HCV-RNA and protein levels (nearly 58%). ASA-dependent inhibition of HCV expression was not mediated by the 5'-internal ribosome entry site or 3'-untranslated regions, as determined by transfection assays using bicistronic constructs containing these regulatory regions. However, we found that HCV-induced cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) messenger RNA and protein levels and activity and these effects were down-regulated by ASA, possibly by a nuclear factor kappa B-independent mechanism. We also observed that the ASA-dependent inhibition of viral replication was due in part to inhibition of COX-2 and activation of p38 and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Inhibition of these kinases by SB203580 and U0126, respectively, and by short interfering RNA silencing of p38 and MEK1 MAPK prevented the antiviral effect of ASA. Taken together, our findings suggest that the anti-HCV effect of ASA in the Huh7 replicon cells is due to its inhibitory effect on COX-2 expression, which is mediated in part by the activation of MEK1/2/p38 MAPK.These findings suggest the possibility that ASA could be an excellent adjuvant in the treatment of chronic HCV infection.
Failure of Outpatient Treatment of Drug Abuse: II. Amphetamines, Barbiturates, Hallucinogens
Authors: WILLIAM H. ANDERSON, JOHN E. O'MALLEY, AARON LAZARE
Journal: American Journal of Psychiatry (1972)

The authors report their experience over an 18-month period with 208 patients who abused amphetamines, barbiturates, and hallucinogens. Although treatment modalities of psychotropic medications and individual and group psychotherapy were offered, almost no patients became engaged in a therapeutic situation. Of 83 patients who were offered continuing care, eight returned for a single visit and one followed through with the recommended treatment.
RETRACTED: Collagen Prolyl Hydroxylases Are Essential for Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Daniele M. Gilkes, Pallavi Chaturvedi, Saumendra Bajpai, Carmen C. Wong, Hong Wei, Stephen Pitcairn, Maimon E. Hubbi, Denis Wirtz, Gregg L. Semenza
Journal: Cancer Research (2013)

Abstract The presence of hypoxia and fibrosis within the primary tumor are two major risk factors for metastasis of human breast cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activates the transcription of genes encoding collagen prolyl hydroxylases that are critical for collagen deposition by breast cancer cells. We show that expression of collagen prolyl hydroxylases promotes cancer cell alignment along collagen fibers, resulting in enhanced invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs. Finally, we establish the prognostic significance of collagen prolyl hydroxylase mRNA expression in human breast cancer biopsies and show that ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, decreases tumor fibrosis and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer. Cancer Res; 73(11); 3285–96. ©2013 AACR.
Psychotherapy in Action
Authors: Samuel Friedman
Journal: JAMA (1969)

Mindful of the maxim, De mortuis nil nisi bonum, the reviewer approached this posthumously published work with some slight trepidation. Happily, the concern proved unwarranted: this short volume stands tall on its own merits. The initial chapter, concerned with what one might designate the psychological homeostasis of man, deals with theoretical concepts which Cameron regarded as useful toward understanding the workings of psychotherapy. Each human organism, semi-autonomous in nature, in constant interaction within itself and with its environment, reacts differently because of variations in genetic, maturational, experiential, and internal evolutionary factors. As befits the title of the book, the author pictured the therapist as an active and continual participant in the process, not as a detached observer. Although by no means disregarding the influences of early life, Cameron emphasized especially causative factors operating in the immediate present: "Far too many therapists are still looking only at the earliest periods of
Within Germinal Centers, Isotype Switching of Immunoglobulin Genes Occurs after the Onset of Somatic Mutation
Authors: Yong Jun Liu, Florence Malisan, Odette de Bouteiller, Christiane Guret, Serge Lebecque, Jacques Banchereau, Frederick C Mills, Edward E Max, Héctor Martinez-Valdez
Journal: Immunity (1996)
Measures of reversibility in response to bronchodilators in chronic airflow obstruction.
Authors: G E Packe
Journal: Thorax (1991)

The mechanism of immune activation induced by a plasmid-encoding GM-CSF (pGM-CSF), administered in combination with a DNA vaccine encoding the envelope of HIV, was studied. Injecting pGM-CSF i.m. into mice 3 days before DNA vaccination primarily induced a Th2 response. Simultaneous administration of the DNA vaccine plus pGM-CSF activated both a Th1 and a Th2 response. When the plasmid was injected 3 days after DNA vaccination, enhancement of Th1 immunity predominated. These results suggest that the timing of cytokine expression determines the phenotype of the resultant Th response. After 3 days of pGM-CSF injection, the increased percentages of CD11c<sup>+</sup>, CD8<sup>+</sup> cells were observed in the regional lymph nodes<i>.</i> In addition, many infiltrated cells, including S-100 protein-positive cells, were found in the pGM-CSF-injected tissue. The importance of these S-100<sup>+</sup> cells or both CD8<sup>+</sup> and CD11c<sup>+</sup> cells, especially that of dendritic cells (DCs), was also studied. DCs derived from bone marrow and cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing IL-4 and GM-CSF were incubated with DNA vaccine and then transferred into naive mice. Mice receiving DCs showed strong HIV-1-specific Th2 immune responses. Our results suggest that DCs play important roles in the activation or modification of the Th2-type immune response induced by DNA vaccination.
Selenium and Breast Cancer
Authors: G. N. Schrauzer
Journal: JAMA (1991)

To the Editor.—  The antiproliferative and antitumorigenic effects of selenium are so well documented that results of epidemiologic studies suggesting the absence of a protective effect against human cancers 1 must be subjected to special scrutiny. In principle, inverse associations between cancer risk and variables of selenium status will only be detectable if the selenium gradient in the study population is sufficiently large.  Hunter et al 1 utilized toenail selenium levels as indexes of selenium status of nurses from 11 US states. The mean toenail selenium levels of 0.822 ±0.18 μg/g are comparable with those previously observed 2 for adults in Georgia (0.81 ±0.14 μg/g) or Boston, Mass(0.74±0.13 μg/g), two relatively low-selenium regions of the United States. The narrow range of the values indicates that the dietary selenium intakes of the majority of subjects were similar, and from their magnitude it follows that they were below the threshold at which
THE OCCURRENCE OF NUCLEASES IN CULTURE FILTRATES OF GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Maclyn McCarty
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1948)

1. All of the thirty-six strains of group A hemolytic streptococci tested were found to elaborate ribonuclease and desoxyribonuclease during growth in liquid cultures. Both enzymes are released into the medium. 2. Desoxyribonuclease is consistently produced in greater amount than ribonuclease. The concentration of desoxyribonuclease in the culture increases logarithmically during active growth of the organisms. 3. Under the conditions employed, the presence of specific substrate or enzymatic split products of the substrate did not influence the production of either nuclease. 4. The failure of viscous desoxyribonucleic acid to serve as a source of the purine growth factor required by certain strains of group A streptococci was shown not to be referable to the inability of these strains to form desoxyribonuclease. 5. The determination of nuclease activity provides another criterion for evaluating purification procedures used in the attempted isolation of substances such as streptokinase and proteinase from the supernates of streptococcal cultures.
MicroRNA-122 plays a critical role in liver homeostasis and hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Wei-Chih Tsai, Sheng-Da Hsu, Chu-Sui Hsu, Tsung-Ching Lai, Shu-Jen Chen, Roger Shen, Yi Huang, Hua-Chien Chen, Chien-Hsin Lee, Ting-Fen Tsai, Ming-Ta Hsu, Jaw-Ching Wu, Hsien-Da Huang, Ming-Shi Shiao, Michael Hsiao, Ann-Ping Tsou
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (2012)

MicroRNA-122 (miR-122), which accounts for 70% of the liver's total miRNAs, plays a pivotal role in the liver. However, its intrinsic physiological roles remain largely undetermined. We demonstrated that mice lacking the gene encoding miR-122a (Mir122a) are viable but develop temporally controlled steatohepatitis, fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These mice exhibited a striking disparity in HCC incidence based on sex, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.9:1, which recapitulates the disease incidence in humans. Impaired expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) contributed to steatosis, which was reversed by in vivo restoration of Mttp expression. We found that hepatic fibrosis onset can be partially attributed to the action of a miR-122a target, the Klf6 transcript. In addition, Mir122a(-/-) livers exhibited disruptions in a range of pathways, many of which closely resemble the disruptions found in human HCC. Importantly, the reexpression of miR-122a reduced disease manifestation and tumor incidence in Mir122a(-/-) mice. This study demonstrates that mice with a targeted deletion of the Mir122a gene possess several key phenotypes of human liver diseases, which provides a rationale for the development of a unique therapy for the treatment of chronic liver disease and HCC.
The Effect of Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor on Neutropenia and Related Morbidity in Chronic Severe Neutropenia
Authors: Arnold Ganser
Journal: Annals of Internal Medicine (1989)

Study Objective: To define the clinical and hematologic effects of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF) on patients with chronic severe neutropenia. Design: Open-label, phase II study of rhGM-CSF. Setting: Inpatient hematology and surgery clinic at a university medical center. Patients: Four consecutive patients with chronic severe neutropenia, which in two cases was complicated by severe infection, in one case by perianal fistula, and in one case by complete rectal prolapse. Two patients had chronic idiopathic neutropenia; one patient had congenital neutropenia (myelokathexis); and one patient had autoimmune neutropenia. Interventions: The rhGM-CSF was given intravenously or subcutaneously at starting dosages of 150 to 1000 μg/m2 body surface area · d for 12 to 14 consecutive days. Two patients received a second course of daily rhGM-CSF treatment after a nontreatment interval of 14 to 20 days. Measurements and Main Results: In all four patients, the absolute neutrophil counts increased from less than 0.25 X 109/L to 3.2 to 19.2 X 109/L within 2 weeks of beginning rhGM-CSF therapy. Two patients had life-threatening infections that resolved during therapy. The two other patients had major ano-rectal surgery during rhGM-CSF treatment and had no postoperative infections. Conclusions: In patients with chronic neutropenia, rhGM-CSF may increase neutrophil counts. This therapy may be a useful adjunct to antibiotic therapy for patients with infection and perioperatively for patients having anorectal surgery.
Hysterectomy Among Women of Reproductive Age-Reply
Authors: Richard C. Dicker
Journal: JAMA (1983)

In Reply.—  Dr Fribourg has ascribed loftier intentions to our report than we had. Our primary objective was to report the annual number and rate of hysterectomy among women of reproductive age by age, race, geographic region, and surgical approach. Our only purpose in citing the controversy over unnecessary hysterectomy and the recent reports of cardiovascular disease was to indicate that factual information on the trends and differences in hysterectomy rates by important demographic variables might be helpful to those who want to study the determinants of hysterectomy.  We agree with Dr Fribourg that the subject of justifiability of surgical procedures is a difficult one. Before branding a given procedure unnecessary, one should be able to distinguish between honest differences in competent clinical decision making, good but misguided intentions, and dishonorable motives on the part of the physician. One also should know the duration and degree of the patient's disability,
Propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate for portal hypertension in cirrhosis: Long-term hemodynamic and renal effects
Authors: Rosa Maria Morillas, Ramon Planas, Eduard Cabré, Amparo Galán, Juan Carlos Quer, Faust Feu, Joan Carles García Pagán, Jaume Bosch, Miquel Angel Gassull
Journal: Hepatology (1994)

The effect on kidney function, vasoactive systems and ascites outcome of long-term treatment with propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate, a combined therapy proven more effective than propranolol alone in decreasing portal pressure in the cirrhotic patient, is unknown. Thirty cirrhotic patients who survived acute variceal bleeding and were treated with propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate were studied. Portal and systemic hemodynamics (n = 15), inulin clearance, free water clearance, plasma renin activity, aldosterone concentration and prostaglandin E 2 excretion (n = 20) were measured before and after 3 mo of treatment. In addition, data on ascites outcome in the entire series after a mean follow-up of 9.6 mo were compared with those of 30 patients undergoing elective sclerotherapy and with those of 30 patients treated with propranolol alone matched for age, sex, presence of ascites, Child-Pugh class and mean follow-up length included in other randomized controlled trials. Combined therapy significantly decreased the hepatic venous pressure gradient and azygos blood flow. In addition, no changes in inulin clearance, free water clearance, plasma renin activity, aldosterone concentration and prostaglandin E 2 excretion occurred, despite a mild decrease in mean arterial pressure. Moreover, no differences among the three groups of patients studied in ascites outcome were found. These results suggest that long-term treatment with propranolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate does not impair kidney function, vasoactive systems or ascites outcome in cirrhotic patients. (Hepatology 1994;20:1502-1508).
The Fragility of the U.S. Vaccine Supply
Authors: Frank A. Sloan, Stephen Berman, Sara Rosenbaum, Rosemary A. Chalk, Robert B. Giffin
Journal: New England Journal of Medicine (2004)

The authors discuss the vaccine industry in the United States and explain why the nation is vulnerable to vaccine shortages. They describe the Institute of Medicine's proposal for a federal subsidy program to provide stronger incentives for companies to develop new vaccines and to manufacture existing ones.
Former Patients Give Mental Health Clients a Boost
Authors: Rebecca Voelker
Journal: JAMA (1994)

AT THE Bronx Psychiatric Center in New York, peer pressure isn't necessarily discouraged. In fact, patients treated for schizophrenia, substance abuse, and other mental health conditions posted better outcomes after participating in a demonstration program that incorporated former psychiatric patients, known as "peer specialists," as members of case management teams. "This turned out to be a more interesting and complex story than most of us originally anticipated," said David Shern, PhD, director of evaluation and services research at the State of New York Office of Mental Health in Albany. Shern's colleagues presented their findings at the annual meeting of the American Public Health Association. <h3>Is Experience the Best Teacher?</h3> The program in New York is one in a growing number of studies attempting to gauge the impact of former patients working as adjuncts to mental health professionals, said Chip Felton, MSW, the study's principal data analyst and a research scientist
Biomechanics of lumbar spine injury in young Australian fast bowlers
Authors: René E D Ferdinands, Max Stuelcken, Andy Greene, Peter Sinclair, Richard Smith
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2010)

Cricket fast bowlers have a high incidence of serious lumbar injuries, such as lesions in the pars interarticularis. As lumbar loading is the causal mechanism of such injuries, the purpose of this study was to find relationships between lumbar spine kinetics, selected kinematic variables and the subsequent development of lumbar spine injury. At the beginning of the cricket season, the bowling techniques of 13 young fast bowlers (17.4 ± 1.9 years) from the Cricket New South Wales development squad were assessed using a three-dimensional motion analysis system (200 Hz). Using Kintrak software, kinematics and lumbar spine kinetics (forces and moments) were calculated about the L5/S1 joint during the arm acceleration phase. Towards the end of that season, each bowler underwent an MRI scan that took sagittal and axial sequences (T1 and T2) from T12 to S1. The largest kinetic values were lumbar compression forces and lumbar flexion moments. Maximum lumbar spine moments were associated with several kinematic variables such as front knee angle, pelvic and thoracic rotation at ball release and shoulder counter-rotation. There was an increased incidence of S1, L4 and L5 stress fractures and responses when shoulder counter-rotation exceeded 44°, lumbar compression force exceeded 8 time body weight (BW) and compression multiplied by flexion torque exceeded 20 BW 2 m. This study suggests that lumbar spine forces and moments are dependent on a number of fundamental kinematic descriptors of bowling technique. By modifying the technique, bowlers may be able to reduce lumbar loads to reduce the risk of lumbar injury.
Cell signaling pathways elicited by asbestos.
Authors: B T Mossman, S Faux, Y Janssen, L A Jimenez, C Timblin, C Zanella, J Goldberg, E Walsh, A Barchowsky, K Driscoll
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (1997)

In recent years, it has become apparent that minerals can trigger alterations in gene expression by initiating signaling events upstream of gene transactivation. These cascades may be initiated at the cell surface after interaction of minerals with the plasma membrane either through receptorlike mechanisms or integrins. Alternatively, signaling pathways may be stimulated by active oxygen species generated both during phagocytosis of minerals and by redox reactions on the mineral surface. At least two signaling cascades linked to activation of transcription factors, i.e., DNA-binding proteins involved in modulating gene expression and DNA replication, are stimulated after exposure of lung cells to asbestos fibers in vitro. These include nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade important in regulation of the transcription factor, activator protein-1 (AP-1). Both NF kappa B and AP-1 bind to specific DNA sequences within the regulatory or promoter regions of genes that are critical to cell proliferation and inflammation. Unraveling the cell signaling cascades initiated by mineral dusts and pharmacologic inhibition of these events may be important for the control and treatment of mineral-associated occupational diseases.
Delayed‐onset HIT caused by low‐molecular‐weight heparin manifesting during fondaparinux prophylaxis
Authors: Khalid A. Alsaleh, Sami M. A. Al‐Nasser, Shannon M. Bates, Ameen Patel, Theodore E. Warkentin, Donald M. Arnold
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2008)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a prothrombotic condition caused by platelet-activating antibodies that react with platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complexes. Delayed-onset HIT occurs after heparin is stopped. Fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide, is thought to be a safe alternative anticoagulant in HIT. We describe a patient with delayed-onset HIT triggered by low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) which occurred during fondaparinux prophylaxis and which was complicated by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. Patient serum contained high-titer anti-PF4/heparin antibodies demonstrating heparin-dependent platelet activation with serial dilutions. Confirmed delayed-onset HIT with LMWH has not been previously reported. Low dose fondaparinux does not necessarily prevent thrombotic complications of HIT.
EFFECTS OF CHRONIC EXCESS SALT FEEDING
Authors: Lewis K. Dahl
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1961)

Hypertension was induced in female rats by chronic feeding of sodium-containing salts in excess. The hypertension so induced appeared to be self-sustaining since about two-thirds of the animals failed to show a significant fall in blood pressure after withdrawal of these salts from the diet. Under the conditions of these experiments a lack of response to restriction of dietary sodium does not exclude an etiologic relationship between salt intake and development of hypertension.