tbuckley/cabot-search huggingface dataset:
Diversity in the oesophageal phenotypic response to gastro-oesophageal reflux: immunological determinants
Authors: R C Fitzgerald
Journal: Gut (2002)

Approximately 10% of adults experience gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms with a variable oesophageal response. A total of 60% have no endoscopic abnormality, 30% have oesophagitis, and 10% have Barrett's oesophagus. We investigated whether the inflammatory cell infiltrate and cytokine profiles of these clinical phenotypes merely vary in severity or are fundamentally different.Patients with reflux symptoms and a normal oesophagus (n=18), oesophagitis (n=26), and Barrett's oesophagus (n=22 newly diagnosed, n=28 surveillance) were recruited. Endoscopic and histopathological degrees of inflammation were scored. Cytokine expression was determined by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry.In oesophagitis, endoscopic and histopathological grades of inflammation correlated highly. mRNA expression of proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) were increased 3-10-fold compared with non-inflamed squamous or Barrett's oesophageal samples. There was a modest increase in anti-inflammatory IL-10 but no increase in IL-4. In Barrett's oesophagus, 29/50 had no endoscopic evidence of inflammation and histopathological inflammation was mild in 17/50 and moderate in 24/50, independent of acid suppressants. Expression of IL-1beta, IL-8, and IFN-gamma was similar to non-inflamed squamous mucosa. IL-10 was increased 1.6-fold similar to oesophagitis. IL-4 was increased fourfold, with 100-fold increase in IL-4/T cell receptor expression, compared with squamous oesophagus or oesophagitis.Barrett's oesophagus is characterised by a distinct Th-2 predominant cytokine profile compared with the proinflammatory nature of oesophagitis. The specific oesophageal immune responses may influence disease development and progression.
493 Phase III comparison of telbivudine vs lamivudine in HBeAg-positive patients with chronic hepatitis B: Efficacy, safety, and predictors of response at 1 year
Authors: E. Gane, C.L. Lai, Y.E. Liaw, S. Thongsawat, Y. Wang, Y. Cheng, J. Heathcote, J. Rasenacks, N. Bzowej, N. Naoumov, G. Chao, B. Fielman, N. Brown
Journal: Journal of Hepatology (2006)
Variation in Mammographic Breast Density by Time in Menstrual Cycle Among Women Aged 40-49 Years
Authors: E. White, P. Velentgas, M. T. Mandelson, C. D. Lehman, J. G. Elmore, P. Porter, Y. Yasui, S. H. Taplin
Journal: JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute (1998)

Background: Mammography is less effective for women aged 40–49 years than for older women, which has led to a call for research to improve the performance of screening mammography for younger women. One factor that may influence the performance of mammography is breast density. Younger women have greater mammographic breast density on average, and increased breast density increases the likelihood of false-negative and falsepositive mammograms. We investigated whether breast density varies according to time in a woman's menstrual cycle. Methods: Premenopausal women aged 40–49 years who were not on exogenous hormones and who had a screening mammogram at a large health maintenance organization during 1996 were studied (n = 2591). Time in the menstrual cycle was based on the woman's self-reported last menstrual bleeding and usual cycle length. Results: A smaller proportion of women had "extremely dense" breasts during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle (24 % for week 1 and 23 % for week 2) than during the luteal phase (28% for both weeks 3 and 4) (twosided P =.04 for the difference in breast density between the phases, adjusted for body mass index). The relationship was stronger for women whose body mass index was less than or equal to the median (two-sided P<.01), the group who have the greatest breast density. Conclusions/Implications: These findings are consistent with previous evidence suggesting that scheduling a woman's mammogram during the follicular phase (first and second week) of her menstrual cycle instead of during the luteal phase (third and fourth week) may improve the accuracy of mammography for premenopausal women in their forties. Breast tissue is less radiographically dense in the follicular phase than in the luteal phase. [J Nall Cancer Inst 1998;90:906-10]
The lymphoreticular system in triggering virus plus self-specific cytotoxic T cells: evidence for T help.
Authors: R M Zinkernagel, G N Callahan, A Althage, S Cooper, J W Streilein, J Klein
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1978)

The thymus determines the spectrum of the receptor specificities of differentiating T cells for self-H-2; however, the phenotypic expression of T cell's specificity for self plus virus is determined predominantly by the H-2 type of the antigen presenting cells of the peripheral lymphoreticular system. Furthermore, virus specific helper T cells are essential for the generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T cells. For cooperation between mature T cells and other lymphocytes to be functional in chimeras, thymic epithelial cells and lymphohemopoietic stem cells must share the I region; killer T-cell generation also requires in addition compatibility for at least one K or D region. These conclusions derive from the following experiments: A leads to (A X B)F1 chimeric lymphocytes do produce virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell activity for infected A but not for infected B cells; when sensitized in an acutely irradiated and infected recipient (A X B)F1 these chimeric lymphocytes respond to both infected A and B. Therefore the predominantly immunogenically infected cells of chimeras the radiosensitive and by donor stem cells replaced lymphoreticular cells. In this adoptive priming model (KAIA/DB leads to KAIA/DC) chimeric lymphocytes could be sensitized in irradiated and infected F1 against KA and DC but not against infected DB targets. In contrast KBIB/DA leads to KCIC/DA chimeras' lymphocytes could not be sensitized at all in appropriately irradiated and infected F1 recipients. Thus these latter chimeras probably lack functional I-specific T helper cells that are essential for the generation of T killer cells against infected D compatible targets. If T cells learn in the thymus to recognize H-21 or K, D markers that are not at least partially carried themselves in other cells of the lymphoreticular system immunological interactions will be impossible and this paradox situation results in phenotypic immune incompetence in vivo.
Studies on the role of cephalic-vagal stimulation in the acid secretory response to eating in normal human subjects.
Authors: C T Richardson, J H Walsh, K A Cooper, M Feldman, J S Fordtran
Journal: Journal of Clinical Investigation (1977)

These experiments were performed to determine the importance of cephalic-vagal stimulation in the acid secretory response to eating in normal human subjects. Cephalic stimulation was induced by a modified sham feeding (MSF) technique, during which subjects chewed and expectorated appetizing food. The response to MSF was compared with that to gastric distention with 600 ml NaCl, glucose, or food. In addition, we measured the extent to which cephalic stimulation augments acid secretion that has been stimulated simultaneously by these other mechanisms. Our conclusions are as follows: (a) cephalic stimulation accounts for approximately one-third of the acid secreted when all mechanisms act simultaneously (food-distention plus MSF); (b) within the limits imposed by the maximal secretory capacity, the response to MSF is approximately the same, regardless of whether acid secretion is otherwise unstimulated or is stimulated simultaneously by gastric distention with NaCl, glucose, or food; and (c) gastric distention prolongs the response to cephalic stimulation.
Establishment of transplantable porcine tumor cell lines derived from MHC- inbred miniature swine
Authors: Patricia S. Cho, Diana P. Lo, Krzysztof J. Wikiel, Haley C. Rowland, Rebecca C. Coburn, Isabel M. McMorrow, Jennifer G. Goodrich, J. Scott Arn, Robert A. Billiter, Stuart L. Houser, Akira Shimizu, Yong-Guang Yang, David H. Sachs, Christene A. Huang
Journal: Blood (2007)
Eoxins: A new inflammatory pathway in childhood asthma
Authors: Christine Sachs-Olsen, Marek Sanak, Astri Maria Lang, Anna Gielicz, Petter Mowinckel, Karin Cecilie Lødrup Carlsen, Kai-Håkon Carlsen, Andrzej Szczeklik
Journal: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (2010)
Planning and implementing a nationwide football-based health-education programme
Authors: Jiri Dvorak, Colin W Fuller, Astrid Junge
Journal: British Journal of Sports Medicine (2011)

Communicable and non-communicable diseases place enormous social and economic burdens on developed and developing countries. Health education leading to changes in people's attitudes and behaviours remains the best approach for reducing the problem of communicable diseases while there is evidence that programmes providing regular physical exercise and advocating a controlled diet can reduce the prevalence of many non-communicable diseases. Hence, the delivery of health education and physical activity within a single coherent programme offers great potential for simultaneously addressing both health issues. Since 2006, FIFA has developed and tested a novel football-based health-education programme for children entitled '11 for Health', which is aimed at increasing children's levels of physical activity while also delivering 11 simple health messages. When new interventions of this type are published in the scientific literature, it is often not possible to describe important background information about the project that could assist other researchers in developing and implementing similar programmes. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by describing the aims and objectives, organisation, planning, implementation and monitoring requirements needed to deliver FIFA's '11 for Health' programme, first as a pilot project and subsequently as a nationwide project, through a tripartite arrangement between FIFA, the national Football Association and the Government Ministries in Mauritius.
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Levels in an Expanded Market Basket Survey of U.S. Food and Estimated PBDE Dietary Intake by Age and Sex
Authors: Arnold Schecter, Olaf Päpke, T. Robert Harris, K.C. Tung, Alice Musumba, James Olson, Linda Birnbaum
Journal: Environmental Health Perspectives (2006)

Our objectives in this study were to expand a previously reported U.S. market basket survey using a larger sample size and to estimate levels of PBDE intake from food for the U.S. general population by sex and age.We measured concentrations of 13 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in food in 62 food samples. In addition, we estimated levels of PBDE intake from food for the U.S. general population by age (birth through > or = 60 years of age) and sex.In food samples, concentrations of total PBDEs varied from 7.9 pg/g (parts per trillion) in milk to 3,726 pg/g in canned sardines. Fish were highest in PBDEs (mean, 1,120 pg/g; median, 616 pg/g; range, 11.14-3,726 pg/g). This was followed by meat (mean, 383 pg/g; median, 190 pg/g; range, 39-1,426 pg/g) and dairy products (mean, 116 pg/g; median, 32.2 pg/g; range, 7.9-683 pg/g). However, using estimates for food consumption (excluding nursing infants), meat accounted for the highest U.S. dietary PBDE intake, followed by dairy and fish, with almost equal contributions. Adult females had lower dietary intake of PBDEs than did adult males, based on body weight. We estimated PBDE intake from food to be 307 ng/kg/day for nursing infants and from 2 ng/kg/day at 2-5 years of age for both males and females to 0.9 ng/kg/day in adult females.Dietary exposure alone does not appear to account for the very high body burdens measured. The indoor environment (dust, air) may play an important role in PBDE body burdens in addition to food.
The Medicolegal Dilemma— An Interment of Truth
Authors: Franklin G. Ebaugh
Journal: JAMA (1963)

THUS RUNS A CLASSICAL DESCRIPTION of psychosis. Would that the nature of legal insanity be equally clear-cut in revealing itself against the backdrop of modern civilization in which the members are highly interdependent. The tests of criminal responsibility in the majority of the states are derived from the English M'Naghten Rules.<sup>1</sup>Was the accused laboring under such a defect of reason from disease of the mind that (1) he did not know the nature and quality of the act he was doing or (2) did not know that it was wrong? These rules have not been rendered obsolete by the remarkable strides in psychiatric knowledge since their introduction in 1843. They were untenable even by the psychological knowledge of that day. Indeed, these rules represented a backward step in the laws of England. Forty-three years earlier, Erskine, who defended Hadfield<sup>2</sup>on the charge of attempting to assassinate
Improved infarct-related arterial patency after high dose, weight-adjusted, rapid infusion of tissue-type plasminogen activator in myocardial infarction: Results of a multicenter randomized trial of two dosage regimens
Authors: Richard W. Smalling, Richard Schumacher, Douglas Morris, Karen Harder, Francisco Fuentes, Russell P. Valentine, Louis L. Battey, Michael Merhige, Douglas E. Pitts, Henry A. Lieberman, Akira Nishikawa, Ajit Adyanthaya, Allan Hopkins, Elliott Grossbard
Journal: Journal of the American College of Cardiology (1990)
Drug company fined pound2.2m for abusing its dominant position
Authors: C. Dyer
Journal: BMJ (2002)

A UK drug company must pay a fine of £2.2m ($3m; €3.5m) for abusing its dominant market position to drive out competitors, the competition commission's appeal tribunal ruled last week.

In its first case the tribunal, set up under the Competition Act 1998, upheld a ruling last March by the director general of fair trading against Napp Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, makers of MST Continus, a slow release morphine tablet taken by terminally ill patients with cancer. But the tribunal cut the £3.2m fine imposed by the director general to £2.2m.

The tribunal upheld orders to reduce the price of the drug, limit discounts to hospitals, and pay compensation to …
A MODIFIED FORM OF CONTINUED FEVER FOLLOWING THE EPIDEMIC LA GRIPPE.
Authors: JOHN H. HOLLISTER
Journal: JAMA (1892)

The remarkable epidemic of influenza which appeared on the confines of Russia in the autumn of 1889, and which during the following winter spread over nearly the entire area of the two Continents and which, in like manner and with even more fatal results re-appeared in the wrinter and spring months of 1890 and 1891, was conspicuous for the rapidity with which it traversed the two hemispheres, for the added intensity which it gave to our ordinary diseases and for the profound and prolonged prostration of those of its subjects who survived its fatal effects. Its differential diagnosis was the more difficult, by reason of its simulation of the ordinary symptoms of our endemic diseases. The numbers of our people that were affected, the unusal severity of their sicknesses and the alarming fatality which resulted therefrom, was proof beyond question that this epidemic was exerting a most profound influence upon
An Obscure Rider Obstructing Science: The Conflation of Parthenotes with Embryos in the Dickey–Wicker Amendment
Authors: Sarah Rodriguez, Lisa Campo-Engelstein, Candace Tingen, Teresa Woodruff
Journal: The American Journal of Bioethics (2011)

In 1996 Congress passed the Dickey-Wicker Amendment (DWA) as part of an appropriations bill; it has been renewed every year since. The DWA bans federal funding for research using embryos and parthenotes. In this paper, we call for a public discussion on parthenote research and a questioning of its inclusion in the DWA. We begin by explaining what parthenotes are and why they are useful for research on reproduction, cancer, and stem cells. We then argue that the scientific difference between embryos and parthenotes translates into ethical differences, and claim that research on parthenotes is much less ethically problematic. Finally, we contextualize the original passage of the DWA to provide an explanation for why the two were possibly conflated in this law. We conclude by calling for a public discussion on reconsidering the DWA in its entirety, starting with the removal of parthenogenesis from this prohibition of National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding.
SYNTHESIS OF SULFOMUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN THYROIDECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Dominic D. Dziewiatkowski
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1957)

The thyroid glands of rats were made non-functional by a single dose of iodine-131 on the 1st day after birth or by surgical removal on the 28th day. The incorporation of sulfate-sulfur into the sulfomucopolysaccharides of skeletons and pelts was found to be significantly depressed by thyroidectomy. Daily supplements of 5 or 10 gamma of L-thyroxine, started on the 28th day, increased the uptake of sulfur-35, although it did not reach normal in the 2 weeks of treatment. Autoradiograms of sections of tibiae and pelts confirmed the analytical data. The findings suggest that the synthesis of sulfomucopolysaccharides is depressed in thyroidectomized rats.
A New Approach to Psychiatric Drug Approval in Europe
Authors: Corrado Barbui, Irene Bighelli
Journal: PLoS Medicine (2013)

Corrado Barbui and Irene Bighelli question the current rules governing registration of new medicines in Europe, using the example of psychiatric drugs, and argue that the concept of absolute efficacy should be replaced by the concept of added value whereby evidence from studies comparing a new product with an active comparator should guide the drug approval process. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
Amyloid deposition is delayed in mice with targeted deletion of the serum amyloid P component gene
Authors: Marina Botto, Philip N. Hawkins, Maria C.M. Bickerstaff, Jeff Herbert, Anne E. Bygrave, Alan Mcbride, Winston L. Hutchinson, Glenys A. Tennent, Mark J. Walportz, Mark B. Pepys
Journal: Nature Medicine (1997)
C/EBPA gene mutation and C/EBPA promoter hypermethylation in acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics
Authors: Ying Lu, Wengang Chen, Wei Chen, Anthony Stein, Lawrence M. Weiss, Qin Huang
Journal: American Journal of Hematology (2010)

Abstract In the current study, we investigated C/EBPA gene mutations and promoter hypermethylation in a series of 53 patients with CN‐AML. In addition, we also analyzed two other frequent mutations ( FLT3/ITD and NPM1 ) in these patients and correlated them with C/EBPA gene alterations. 13/53 patients were FLT3/ITD+/NPM1‐ , 11/53 patients were FLT3/ITD+/NPM1+ , 9/53 patients were FLT3/ITD‐/NPM1+ , and 20/53 patients were FLT3/ITD‐/NPM1‐ . Four of 53 cases displayed C/EBPA mutations, whereas 49 cases had only C/EBP A wild‐type alleles. Of the four positive cases, three patients had N‐terminal mutations only, whereas one patient had mutations in both the N‐ and C‐terminal region. Two of the four positive cases also harbored both FLT3/ITD and NPM1 mutation simultaneously, whereas the other two patients had neither FLT3/ITD nor NPM1 mutations. Furthermore, 7/53 cases displayed C/EBPA promoter hypermethylation. Interestingly, they were all in CN‐AML cases without FLT3/ITD or NPM1 mutations. None of the seven patients with C/EBP A promoter hypermethylation showed C/EBPA mutation. In conclusion, C/EBPA mutation and promoter hypermethylation can be detected at a relatively low frequency in de novo CN‐AML patients, suggesting they may contribute to leukemogenesis. C/EBPA mutation appears to be seen in “high‐risk” AML ( FLT3/ITD+/NPM1+ ; FLT3/ITD+/NPM1‐ or FLT3/ITD‐/NPM1‐ ), while C/EBPA hypermethylation appears to be more common in AML with FLT3/ITD ‐ / NPM1 ‐ and is not associated with C/EBPA mutation. Am. J. Hematol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CONCERNING SURVIVAL AND VIRULENCE OF THE MICROORGANISM CULTIVATED FROM POLIOMYELITIC TISSUES
Authors: Simon Flexner, Hideyo Noguchi, Harold L. Amoss
Journal: The Journal of Experimental Medicine (1915)

The minute microörganism cultivated from poliomyelitic tissues survives and maintains its pathogenicity in cultures for more than one year. Upon inoculation into monkeys poliomyelitis may fail to appear upon the first injection and yet follow from the effects of successive injections of the culture. Inoculations of cultures into monkeys which fail to produce paralysis may fail also to induce resistance or immunity. In this respect the action of the cultures resembles that of the virus as contained in infected nervous tissues. The lesions occurring in the spinal cord, medulla, and intervertebral ganglia of the monkeys which respond to the several inoculations of the cultures are identical with those present in the nervous organs of the animals responding to injection of the ordinary virus. Glycerinated nervous tissues derived from the monkeys responding to several injections of the cultures transmit experimental poliomyelitis to monkeys upon intracerebral inoculation. The microörganism inoculated may be recovered in cultures from the monkeys which develop poliomyelitis; but cultivation from the brain tissue is attended with the usual difficulties surrounding the obtaining of the initial growth. The microörganism cultivated from poliomyelitic tissues is adapted with difficulty to saprophytic conditions of multiplication, but once adapted growth readily takes place upon suitable media. When, however, as a result of inoculation into monkeys, the parasitic propensities of the microörganism are restored, it again displays the marked fastidiousness to artificial conditions of multiplication present at the original isolation. The experiments reported in this paper afford additional strong evidence in support of the view already expressed, that this microorganism bears an etiological relationship to epidemic poliomyelitis in the human subject and to experimental poliomyelitis in the monkey.
Hemodynamic and gas exchange responses to inhalation of nitric oxide in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome and in hypoxemic patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: L. Blanch, D. Joseph, R. Fernández, A. Mas, M. Martinez, J. Vallés, E. Diaz, F. Baigorri, A. Artigas
Journal: Intensive Care Medicine (1997)
VICIOUS READING DISTANCE AS A CAUSE OF ASTHENOPIA.
Authors: CHARLES HERMON THOMAS
Journal: JAMA (1898)

The review in outline of a single typic case must serve to illustrate the present topic. J. B. J., male, student, aged 15 years, consulted me in October, 1896; wearing weak, minus compound cylindricals giving vision 6/6 in each eye. It was stated that the refraction had formerly been hyperopic and the progress of the myopia rapid; had been refracted some months previously at competent hands and no additional myopia had since developed. Glasses were left unchanged. Muscular tests, including tropometer, gave no indication of heterophoria. Ophthalmoscope shows slight striation with slightly heightened color. Asthenopic symptoms were very distressing. He complained chiefly of brow pain on use of the eyes in reading, which was accompanied by nervous depression of a disabling character. These symptoms, however, were absent during vacation periods. He had much difficulty in his school work, was backward in his classes, at least two years behind those with